proba
float64 0.5
1
| text
stringlengths 16
174k
|
|---|---|
0.937633 |
Economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region has hit a roadblock, according to the United Nations Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 2016.
In the current financial year and the next, growth across the region is expected to stagnate at about 5%.
According to the report, the primary reason for this stagnation is slow exports and limited domestic demand.
Amidst all this negativity, the report sees India as an island of growth. However, the Indian economy is largely dependent on the implementation of proposed reforms. And though some progress has been made, the political deadlock in Parliament threatens this.
Here are some key numbers related to India in the report.
India's economic growth in 2015.
The report says India is the fastest growing economy in the world.
In 2014, India's economic growth was 7.3%.
Consumer inflation in India in 2015.
In 2014, inflation was 6.7%.
Though India suffered from drought brought on by a bad monsoon, inflation still went down due to reduction in global commodity prices, and government policies like anti-hoarding and suspending future trading.
India's share in the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of South and South-West Asia.
In the Asia-Pacific region, India accounted for 12.6% of the total GDP.
However, a major cause for concern is declining exports, due to low orders from advanced economies.
India's current account deficit has remained about 1% of GDP in 2015.
Main causes for concern in the Indian economy.
Household consumption is mostly concentrated in urban areas.
Rural consumption is low due to dwindling agricultural activity, and low rural wage growth due to lack of monsoons.
Large-scale infrastructure projects remain stalled.
Number of risks in the regional economy.
Growing debt (households and corporate).
Interest rate increase policy that may be followed by the USA.
Fluctuation in exchange rates due to low oil prices.
|
0.97992 |
- 20—26 May 2003: International Conference "Research on Nestorianism in China," Salzburg (Austria), jointly held by the Institute of Church History and Patrology of the University of Salzburg, the private Institute for the Christian Orient and the Monumenta Serica Institute, Sankt Augustin. Dem aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Geschichte der Kirche des Ostens (dem sog. Nestorianismus) war eine internationale Konferenz in Salzburg vom 20. bis 26. Mai 2003 gewidmet.
- 21—25 February 2003: The conference attempts to elucidate and interpret the meaning of seminal ideas in the West (Abendland) and China which on one side arouse fascination and lead to attempts for understanding and comparison but on the other side might prevent understanding (Verstehen), focusing on historical, philosophical, literary, and religious aspects. Diese Konferenz stand in der Nachfolge von zwei früheren Konferenzen in Smolenice, die beide von Prof. MARIÁN GÁLIK initiiert und organisiert worden waren ("Interliterary and Intraliterary Aspects of the May Fourth Movement 1919 in China", 13.—17. März 1989, und "Chinese Literature and European Context", 22.—25. Juni 1993). Nach den Vorstellungen der Organisatoren sollte die jetzige Konferenz jedoch über das Feld der Literaturwissenschaft hinausgehen und auch die Gebiete der Philosophie, der Geschichte und der Religion berücksichtigen.
- Also in 1997, the Monumenta Serica Institute, in cooperation with the Institute for Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, organized an international conference on Daoism held at Sankt Augustin from October 8—10. The proceedings were published in German as Dao in China und im Westen. Impulse für die moderne Gesellschaft aus der chinesischen Philosophie, ed. by Josef Thesing and Thomas Awe (Bonn: Bouvier, 1999).
- In 1997the Monumenta Serica Institute and the China-Zentrum organized an exhibition and an international colloquium (September 22—26, 1997) on the history of Jews in China "From Kaifeng to Shanghai — Jews in China".
- October 23—27 1995: Monumenta Serica Institute participated in organizing an international conference held in Xi'an, China. The conference was jointly held by the Institute for Philosophy of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the Monumenta Serica Institute and the China-Zentrum. The proceedings were published in the Chinese journal Zhongguo zhexue shi (History of Chinese Philosophy), No. 3-4 (1995).
International Symposium on the Occasion of the 400th Anniversary of the Birth of Johann Adam Schall von Bell, S.J. (1592—1666). Science — Philosophy — Religion.
- May 4—9. 1992: Monumenta Serica Institute, in cooperation with the China-Zentrum, organized the International Symposium. It was held at Sankt Augustin and attended by more than 70 scholars from fourteen different countries.
|
0.999998 |
Micro-sociology is the study of small groups and everyday human interactions.
What are the three parts of human personality identified by Sigmund Freud?
The three parts of human personality identified by Sigmund Freud are the Id, the Ego, and the Super Ego.
Gender identity is a person's internal identification of male, female, both, or neither.
|
0.976305 |
Write code and talk to users on any early stage startup. Find time to prioritise even lower tasks: they build your business.
Depending on the industry, customer type and addressable market at your disposal pick the right marketing tactic. Otherwise, it can leave you dead before you’ve even started.
At a fundamental level, marketing is about reaching people; start by understanding the behaviours of the people you’re trying to reach, and then choose a particular marketing tactic based on those exhibited behaviours.
If people respond with “Piss off. Don’t ever contact me again”, this tells you that you need to refine your message.
Getting significant attention among the target audience will not pay the bills; do enough to capture some of the early adopters.
Constantly be working on marketing tactics. No matter how successful your early tactics are, you cannot rely on them forever, eventually you need to reach a fatter part of the market.
Start with what the company wants to sell, and then tell people why they need it.
People don’t discover and buy a product just because of its features. Start your story with “Why” and discover goods for them.
Create the end-to-end story to capture attention and motivate action, before you build anything.
Have a crystal clear idea of what your company stands for to tell a compelling story about your product.
Marketing is not about a company’s mission but understanding why a customer would care about that mission, translating that understanding into a story, and ultimately make a purchase.
People don’t care about you but about themselves and their problems. A good story is a lot like the strings on a piano: When it hits something of the same frequency, it resonates and your story sticks.
Decide who your target customers are, what problems you can solve for them in a way better than anyone else can.
Once you’ve sold, claim about how effective your product will be in solving their problem to accelerate decision making.
Features can often connect the dots and put a story into a greater context, help to stand apart from the competition. Show customers what results they achieved with your product.
What’s most compelling to a buyer isn’t how they can measure customer satisfaction, but rather how they can take specific actions based on that insight.
Product and marketing are two sides of the same coin but aren’t two antithetical forces. Get your marketing and product teams in sync, and you’ll have created an advantage that nobody else can copy.
|
0.999691 |
Why do we choose particular colors for our home? It is because we either like them or have seen them in a magazine or someone's home. Most times it is because we have a favorite color deep in our mind and may not even be aware of it. But, some of us have trouble deciding on which colors we really want to use in our own home. So, what do you do?
1. Look around the room and see if there is a color you like in the items present.
2. Take the item (or a sample) to the paint store and choose some color samples that work with your item.
3. Tape the samples to the wall in the room you want to paint.
4. If you are happy with the sample you should only purchase a quart at this time. Why? It is hard to make a decision from a small paint sample. Or, ask the paint store if they can provide larger paint samples.
5. Paint a 5' x 5' square and live with it for a few days or more. Now you can place other items and fabrics near the color to see how they coordinate. Also, you can view the color during the day and at night when colors change due to the lighting.
6. If you're satisfied you can purchase the paint, pick the sheen and paint the walls!
|
0.99645 |
Do quantum correlations play a role in high temperature dynamics of many-body systems? A common expectation is that thermal fluctuations lead to fast decoherence and make dynamics classical. In this paper, we provide a striking example of a single particle created in a featureless, infinite temperature spin bath which not only exhibits non-classical dynamics but also induces strong long-lived correlations between the surrounding spins. We study the non-equilibrium dynamics of a hole created in a fermionic or bosonic Mott insulator in the atomic limit, which corresponds to a degenerate spin system. In the absence of interactions, the spin correlations arise purely from quantum interference, and the correlations are both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic, in striking contrast to the equilibrium Nagaoka effect. These results are relevant for several condensed matter spin systems, and should be observable using state of the art bosonic or fermionic quantum gas microscopes.
Figure 1: Physical realization. a, Proposed experimental procedure. The system of non-interacting spins is realized by creating a Mott insulator of spinful atoms (black and blue dots) in a deep optical lattice. In the limit of infinitely strong on-site repulsion, the spin interaction vanishes. The hole (black) is created at the beginning of the experiment by removing one of the atoms; its position and the spin correlations in the environment can be measured after a propagation time t using a quantum gas microscope. b, As the hole moves along the trajectory indicated by arrows (top) the spins on this path are reordered (bottom). c, Spin correlations are calculated by thermal averaging over all possible spin configurations. During its dynamics, the hole explores all alternative paths simultaneously. Due to its interplay with the spins, the hole permutes each of these environments differently, leading to non-vanishing spin correlations even after thermal averaging. Right panel: Spin correlations Col in the laboratory frame between the origin o (green site) and site l, whose coordinates are denoted by x and y. The calculations were performed at time t=1.1 in a spin S=1/2 environment.
Understanding the role of quantum coherence in dynamics of many-body systems at high temperatures remains a challenging open problem. Usually coherence is fragile and quickly destroyed by interaction with the environment and by local fluctuations inherent to thermal ensembles. Hence it is commonly assumed that observing quantum coherent dynamics requires preparing isolated quantum systems close to their ground states. Famous experimental demonstrations of quantum coherence, including interference of Cooper pairs in nanostructures (1); (2) or interference of atomic Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids (3); (4); (5) , have all been achieved under these conditions. On the other hand it has been argued that quantum interference can lead to strong deviations from simple classical dynamics. For example, the breakdown of spin diffusion was predicted for the Heisenberg model even at infinite temperature (6); (7); (8) . Several important examples can be found in biophysics: in photosynthesis the interplay of quantum interference and decoherence leads to a much faster energy transport than would be possible classically (9); (10); (11) ; quantum coherence has also been suggested to play a crucial role in bird navigation (12) and the chemistry of smelling (13) . Understanding how quantum interference can operate at high temperatures is therefore a crucial question, with tremendous potential for quantum information science (14); (15); (16) , condensed matter (17) and biology (18) .
Whereas it is well understood that the entanglement of a subsystem with its environment leads to dephasing that drives the subsystem towards classical behavior, the fate of quantum coherence created in the environment is much less discussed. It is conventionally assumed that the environment’s coherence quickly vanishes due to dephasing among its large number of degrees of freedom (19) . Here, we show however that this is not necessarily the case. We present a surprising example, where adding a single quantum particle to an infinite temperature spin environment can lead to appreciable dynamical correlations among the spins (Fig. 1). We consider a system of non-interacting spins on a two-dimensional lattice, which is routinely realizable with bosonic or fermionic ultracold quantum gas microscopes. In a deep optical lattice, on-site repulsion brings the atoms into a Mott state, where each site is occupied by exactly one atom. The spins are represented by internal degrees of freedom of the atoms, such as their hyperfine states (20) or nuclear spins (21) , with N=2S+1 degrees of freedom, modeling a spin S system. In the limit of strong on-site repulsion, the spins completely decouple, as virtual tunneling to the neighboring sites is suppressed. This realizes a non-interacting spin system discussed here. Removing a spin on one site creates a hole that can move on the lattice at no energy cost and permute the spins during its motion (22); (23); (24); (25) (Fig. 1 a-b). In contrast to a classical particle performing Brownian motion, that would only scramble the random spins along its path and keep the environment completely disordered, the quantum mechanical hole is capable of exploring alternative paths in parallel. As each path can lead to different permutations of the spins, the superposition of these outcomes creates entanglement in the spin bath. This leads to dynamical spin correlations in the environment, whereas individual sites remain paramagnetic. In contrast to the usual polaron effect, where a particle locally modifies its environment due to their interaction (26); (27); (28); (29); (30); (31); (32); (33); (34) , these correlations arise purely from quantum interference.
Our system is also closely related to the ideas of dissipationless decoherence (35); (36) , studied in the context of quantum information (16); (15) , condensed matter (37) and cosmology (38) . Even though there is no energy transfer between the hole and the environment, the hole’s propagation is slowed down as quantum coherence is suppressed due to its entanglement with the surrounding spins as was studied in Ref. (25) . The new insight of our work is that this process also induces spin correlations in the environment (Figs. 1 and 2), and therefore these correlations and decoherence are intimately related. The non-interacting system discussed here is special in the sense that the degrees of freedom in the environment are all degenerate, which suppresses the effects of dephasing. In fact, during the time scale of our simulations, these correlations remain finite.
We identify the interference terms that make the hole’s dynamics dependent on the environment’s spin S (25) . These terms are identical to those that generate spin correlations in the environment, and they vanish exponentially in environments of large spin. Finally, we find that the simple analytical model of a hole on the Bethe lattice (39) closely approximates the hole’s dynamics in a S→∞ environment within the time scales of the simulation. It has been suggested that the dynamics of the hole should cross over from the initial ballistic to diffusive behavior at long times (25) . However, this question remained inconclusive due to the limited time available for numerical simulations. The correspondence with the Bethe lattice provides further evidence that the hole’s dynamics indeed crosses over to diffusive behavior.
Dynamics of charge carriers in fluctuating and disordered spin background lies at the heart of many physical systems, including high-temperature superconductors (40); (41); (24) , the paramagnetic phase of supersolid 3He (42); (43); (44); (45) , organic materials (46) , manganites exhibiting colossal magneto resistance effect (47); (48) , and multicomponent ultracold atoms in optical lattices (49); (20); (50) . The Hubbard model provides a paradigmatic model of these systems, characterized by the nearest neighbor tunneling energy th and an on-site repulsion between the atoms. As the spinful atoms or electrons in each of these systems repel each other strongly, they occupy individual lattice sites, realizing a Mott insulator of spins (24); (49); (20); (50) . Assuming spin-independent on-site repulsion U, a spin interaction J of the order of t2h/U is provided by virtual tunneling to neighboring sites, leading to the so-called t−J model (24) . The spin coupling J then vanishes in the limit of large on-site interactions U→∞, realizing the non-interacting spin system studied here.
Despite its simplicity, the degenerate spin environment has surprisingly rich physics. As has been shown by Nagaoka (22); (23) , the ground state of the system becomes ferromagnetically ordered in the presence of a single hole, as this state provides free propagation to the hole so that it can minimize its kinetic energy. Here, we discuss the opposite limit of an infinite temperature spin environment, where the hole creates dynamical correlations among the spins. These correlations are of similar origin as the equilibrium Nagaoka effect, as they arise from the dependence of the hole’s dynamics on the surrounding spin configurations: locally ferromagnetic spin domains lead to enhanced quantum coherence and to faster propagation. As the hole acts on the spins in each spin background differently, the resulting correlations are not averaged out to zero due to thermal fluctuations. However, in contrast to the Nagaoka ground state, the correlations studied in this paper are both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic.
Figure 2: Spatial spin correlations. Induced spin correlations of the hole in a degenerate spin S=1/2 environment in the laboratory frame (left). The reference site j is denoted by green, whereas x and y specify the coordinates of the second site l. The reference site is chosen to be (0,0) for a, e and i; (0,1) for b, f and j; and (1,1) for c, g and k. The probability density of the hole, also discussed in Ref. (25) , is exhibited on the right. Results are shown at times t=0.6 (a-d), t=1.2 (e-h) and t=1.8 (i-l) in a spin S=1/2 system.
Physical realization. Fig. 1 a shows a possible experimental realization of our proposal. The non-interacting spin system is realized by creating a Mott insulator of fermionic or bosonis atoms in a deep optical lattice, with a single atom per site. Tuning the lattice depth allows one to reach the limit of strong on-site repulsion U≫th such that the spin interactions become negligible. The hole can be created by removing a single atom at at the origin o, with coordinates (0,0), using a quantum gas microscope that can optically address sites independently (51) . The microscope can also measure the hole’s position as well as the spin state at each site after a propagation time t. In order to account for thermal fluctuations at infinite temperature, this procedure has to be repeated many times, in each case with a different, random initial spin configuration, resulting in an averaging over all possible spin states, as we show in Fig. 1 c.
The dynamics of the hole is governed by the Hamiltonian Extra open brace or missing close brace, where the operator ^cl annihilates the hole at site l. As the hole moves from site l to j, the operator ^Pjl moves the spin at site j to site l. Since there is no energy cost of moving the spins around, the tunneling th is the single energy scale of the model, and it is chosen to be th≡1, which also determines the time scale of the dynamics. After a propagation time t, the probability of finding the hole at site j is given by pj(t)=⟨^c†j^cj⟩(t). Here, the non-equilibrium average denotes ⟨…⟩(t)=1NM−1Tr(^coei^Ht…e−i^Ht^c†o), where the trace sums over all possible spin configurations Tr(…)=∑Γ⟨Γ|…|Γ⟩ and the denominator accounts for the of number spin configurations in the environment of M sites.
Therefore, the appearance of ferromagnetic correlations always need to be accompanied with antiferromagnetic ones and vice versa.
The onset of spin correlations can be understood as follows. In each possible spin background, the hole permutes the spins slightly differently during its dynamics. For instance, locally ferromagnetic environments lead to slightly faster propagation due to interference terms: as the hole has no effect on ferromagnetically aligned spins, any pair of paths interfere. Spin correlations therefore evolve differently in time in each spin environment, and they are not averaged out by thermal fluctuations. Although an experimental realization of the infinite temperature spin background would involve averaging over all initial spin configurations, we estimate that the spin correlations can be observable in existing experimental setups (52); (50); (53); (54) already after a few hundred measurements with a good signal to noise ratio (Supplementary Material).
Quantum interference between paths. Similarly to the famous double-slit experiment (55) , the probability of finding the hole at any site is determined from interference between different paths. This leads to interference fringes in the probability density of the hole (25) . The hole’s dynamics can be represented in terms of these paths by expanding its time evolution e−i^Ht=∑∞n=0(−it)nn!^Hn (22); (23) . Each power of ^H generates a step of the hole to one of its z=4 neighboring sites. Therefore ^Hn corresponds to a collection of zn possible hole paths of total length n. During its time evolution, the hole is in the superposition state of all paths. Since the expectation value ⟨…⟩(t) of experimental observables, contains both the time evolution operator and its conjugate, we need to expand both of these operators in terms of paths of the hole. These are referred to as forward and backward time evolution paths, respectively. We determine the transition probability pj(t) by summing over interference terms between all pairs of forward (α) and backward (β) evolution paths ending at site j. In order that two paths can interfere in a given spin environment, the hole needs to end up at the same site along both paths, and they need to produce the same final spin state. As the hole moves along these paths, it generates the permutations ^πα and ^πβ on the spins. Thus, the transition probability to site j is given by pj(t)=∑α,β(−it)nβ(it)nαnβ!nα!⟨^π†β^πα⟩0, where the average denotes ⟨…⟩0≡⟨…⟩(t=0), and nα and nβ refer to the lengths of the paths α and β. The interference term between paths α and β is thus depetermined by the combined permutation ^π†β^πα=^π−1β^πα that is generated by the hole moving forward on path α to site j, and then returning to the origin on β. Due to the degeneracy of the spin environment, time-dependent observables cannot be evaluated using ordinary perturbation theory up to finite order in the hopping (56) (Supplementary Material). We therefore model the hole’s dynamics by sampling its paths using a real-time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm (57); (25) . In order to account for the tnn! expansion parameter and the large phase space consisting of zn paths we choose random walk paths of length n from the Poisson distribution Pn∝(zt)nn! (25) (Supplementary Material). The permutations generated by these paths are stored together with the acquired phase factors in and we take all pairs of these paths to evaluate their contributions to the transition probabilities and the spin correlations (Methods).We evaluate interference terms between paths by calculating the thermal average ⟨…⟩0 over all spin states exactly. This allows us to determine the spin correlations to high numerical accuracy, in contrast to earlier approaches (25) .
Figure 3: Interference terms. Interference of different pairs of paths in the same initial spin background (black and blue dots). a, By definition, the two equivalent paths (black full and red dashed lines) permute any spin state identically, making the final spin state the same. Therefore, these paths interfere in any spin background. The inequivalent paths shown in b however bring the spin configuration into orthogonal final states, therefore their interference vanishes. In contrast, the paths in c and d lead to the same final state as these paths permute the spins over locally ferromagnetic regions. The dashed region in d shows the permutation cycles generated by the hole moving along the paths. Spin correlations arise from interference between inequivalent paths b-d. However, these contributions vanish in environments of large spin S→∞. In these systems, the hole’s dynamics is determined only by interference between equivalent paths a.
The interference contributions between two paths strongly depend on how the spins are permuted as the hole moves along them. Paths that generate the same permutation of the spin environment ^πβ=^πα, are referred to as being equivalent. These paths restore the original spin configuration at the end of the combined path ^π†β^πα=1 irrespective of the spin background, leading to maximal interference ⟨^π†β^πα⟩0=1. For example, two paths that only differ in self-retracing components are equivalent (58) , as we show in Fig. 3 a. However, more complicated scenarios are also possible. The path traversing a two-by-two plaquette three times is equivalent to the trivial path, where the hole stays at the origin (59) .
Importantly, equivalent paths do not contribute to spin correlations. As they perform the same transformation on the lattice spins, thermal averaging makes the spin correlators vanish. Instead, spin correlations between lattice spins arise from pairs of inequivalent paths, that have different effect on the spins, ^πβ≠^πα. In these pairs, the combined forward and backward paths always contain loops, such as those shown in Fig. 3 b-d. Depending on the initial spin state, the paths in these pairs often create orthogonal final spin configurations (Fig. 3 b). Inequivalent paths can interfere only in specific initial spin states where ^π†β^πα acts over locally ferromagnetic domains that are restored by the combined permutation (Fig. 3 c-d). These terms thus make the hole’s propagation depend on the spin state of the lattice. Similar to the equilibrium Nagaoka effect, the correlations thus arise from the enhancement of interference terms in ferromagnetic spin domains.
Spin correlations. Fig. 4 a shows that the correlations build up gradually at short times and show slightly oscillating behavior at intermediate times. Whereas correlation between the origin and site (0,1) as well as that between sites (1,0) and (0,1) are ferromagnetic, we find antiferromagnetic correlations between the origin and site (1,1). Fig. 2 demonstrates that correlations exist between other sites that are further away from the origin. These correlations appear gradually as the hole approaches the surrounding spins. Within the time scale of our calculations, the correlations stay finite. Their long time behavior remains an open question, which could be addressed experimentally.
To illustrate how spin correlations with different signs emerge, let us consider the lowest order contribution to the correlation between the origin o and site (1,1). As shown in Fig. 4 b, the sites of the plaquette containing these two sites are labeled by letters A=o to D=(1,1). We thus investigate the spin correlations CAD(t). In this case the hole needs to end up at sites j=B or C at time t to obtain non-vanishing correlations. Due to symmetry, we only need to consider the case when the hole ends up at site C. As we mentioned earlier, spin correlations can only arise from inequivalent pairs of paths. The lowest order such pair ending at site C is shown in the upper and lower panels of Fig 4 c, and we denote them as α1 and α2, respectively. The diagonal matrix elements of the spin correlator vanish after taking the thermal average over all initial spin configurations, ⟨^π†α1^SzA^SzD^πα1⟩0=⟨^SzB⟩0⟨^SzC⟩0=0, and similarly for path α2. The interference terms between paths α1 and α2, however, yield a non-vanishing contribution for special initial spin states, where α1 and α2 result in the same final spin configuration. As the combined effect of the two paths ^π†α2^πα1 moves all spins to a neighboring site, the interference term is zero unless all three spins are ferromagnetically aligned. In the infinite temperature system, all spins take random values with equal probability 1/N. The probability of all three spins taking on the same configuration is given by ⟨^π†α2^πα1⟩0=1/N2. As interference terms between identical paths average out to zero due to thermal fluctuation, this term determines the sign of correlations CAD(t)=2(it)(−it)33!⟨^π†α2^πα1⟩0∝−t4/(3N2) at lowest order, which is negative due to the phase factors acquired by the hole along the two paths. Fig 4 a shows that the corresponding correlator CAD(t) stays antiferromagnetic at intermediate times as well, whereas CAB(t) and CBC(t) are ferromagnetic.
Figure 4: Time-dependent spin correlations. a, Correlations between sites neighboring the origin appear gradually and they stay finite during the time-scale of our calculation. Results are shown for a spin S=1/2 system. Letters A,B,C and D in b denote sites (0,0),(0,1),(1,0) and (1,1), respectively. Different curves in a show correlations between A-B (full line), A-D (dashed line) and B-C (dotted line). c Lowest order contributions to A−D correlations (gray dashed circle in b) arise from interference between paths encircling the two-by-two plaquette, with the hole ending up at B or at C. Interference between two such paths α1 (top) and α2 requires non-orthogonality of final spin states. Therefore, all three spins on the plaquette need to be identical.
Here, |Ca| denotes the number of spins in cycle a and N=2S+1 is the number of spin degrees of freedom. This interference term also contributes to the spin correlations between sites within the same ferromagnetic region, as we show in Methods. When the spins on sites π†α(j) and π†α(l) are within the same ferromagnetic domain, the matrix element ⟨^π†βSzjSzl^πα⟩ is simply given by Eq. (2). In contrast, it vanishes for all other combination of sites, as the spin correlations between independent domains average out to zero. We determine both the transition probabilities and spin correlations by Monte Carlo sampling the paths and using Eq. (2) to calculate the interference between each pair of paths (Methods).
When the number of spin degrees of freedom is large, it is very unlikely to find locally ferromagnetic regions in an infinite temperature bath. Since interference of inequivalent paths relies on these domains, these contributions vanish in the limit of large spins S=∞, as Eq. (2) shows. The strongest spin correlations can be observed in a spin S=1/2 system. Furthermore, the interference term is also exponentially suppressed if the paths permute a large number of spins differently. The largest contribution to spin correlations thus arises from the paths that have almost identical effect on the spins. This explains why the induced spin correlations are localized within a few sites in Fig. 2.
Hole dynamics. The dependence of the hole’s propagation on the spin S of the environment has been demonstrated numerically in Ref. (25) . Here, we show that this effect can be attributed to interference between inequivalent paths, that are also responsible for the spin correlations in the environment. Furthermore, we give a simple analytic approximation of the hole’s dynamics in a large spin S=∞ environment.
Figure 5: Bethe lattice model. a Bethe lattice of coordination number z=4 with the hole (black) at the origin. Solid and dashed lines indicate two interfering paths and the black star denotes their endpoint. These paths correspond to random walks of the hole on the two-dimensional lattice shown in b, with the lattice sites denoted by circles. c Comparison of the RMS distance of the hole in different models: blue dashed line corresponds to propagation on the Bethe lattice. The gray dashed line, red and blue dots show results in a ferromagnetic (S=0), a spin S=1/2 and S=∞ degenerate environment, respectively, which are reproduced from Ref. (25) . Inset: RMS distance of the hole on the Bethe lattice (blue dashed) and for a classical random walk (orange dots) at long times.
In the simplest case of a ferromagnet (S=0), all pairs of paths interfere with a maximal amplitude ⟨^π†^π⟩0=1. As shown in Fig. 5, the resulting propagation is ballistic, and the root mean squared (RMS) distance of the hole dRMS=(∑jpjr2j)1/2 grows linearly in time, with rj denoting the distance of site j from the origin. However, the propagation of the hole is slowed down in environments of finite spin, as a result of the suppression of interference terms between inequivalent paths, shown in Eq. (2). Thus, in the S→∞ limit, only equivalent paths contribute to the dynamics.
In order to gain insight into this limit, we investigate the propagation of the hole on the Bethe lattice (39) , shown in Fig. 5 a. The Bethe lattice is a tree graph, with the origin at the root level l=0. Each site has z=4 neighbors, that can be identified with left, right, up and down steps on the two-dimensional lattice. Each random walk on the Bethe lattice can thus be identified with one on the square lattice. The position of the hole on the Bethe lattice keeps full information of its two-dimensional path up to self-retracing components, and two paths interfere if and only if their endpoints are the same. Due to the geometrical constraint imposed by the graph, interfering paths cannot include loops. In particular, the Bethe lattice only allows interference between equivalent paths, that are identical except for self-retracing components, see Fig. 5 b. This construction covers most of the phase space of equivalent pairs, which determine the hole’s propagation in the S=∞ environment. Therefore, the hole’s dynamics in this system is expected to be well approximated by the Bethe lattice construction.
As two interfering paths on the Bethe lattice always permute the spins the same way, the hole’s dynamics on the Bethe lattice decouples completely from that of the spins. It therefore becomes a single particle problem that can be solved analytically (Methods). This behavior is reminiscent of the physics of spin-charge separation in a one-dimensional lattice (61); (62); (54) , which is equivalent to the Bethe lattice of coordination number z=2. In that case a hole moves coherently in the lattice, while keeping the order of the spins unchanged. Although the spin-configuration depends on the hole position, this does not introduce correlations between the spins. In two dimensions, the dynamics on the z=4 Bethe lattice is more subtle. Due to interference between equivalent paths, the average level of the graph grows linearly in time similar to one dimensional systems (Supplementary Material). However, this does not manifest as ballistic propagation on the square lattice. The RMS distance of sites on level l of the Bethe lattice becomes dl=(2l−32(1−3−l))1/2, which grows as dl∼√2l at large distances (Methods). Therefore, instead of ballistic propagation, we find that the hole shows diffusive behavior at long times dRMS∼√2DBethet, with a diffusion constant DBethe≈2.73. However, the diffusion is faster than that of a classical random walk, having a diffusion constant Dcl=2 (Methods).
The RMS distance is shown for different models in Fig. 5. We find the usual ballistic propagation in the S=0 ferromagnet, whereas the hole appears to cross over from ballistic to diffusive behavior in the S>0 case at intermediate times, as was discussed in Ref. (25) . Fig. 5 shows, that although the interference between inequivalent paths are small, they lead to faster propagation in the S=1/2 spin environment than in the infinite spin case. This difference is therefore due to the same interference terms that give rise to the spin correlations in the environment. The insight of our work is that the RMS distance of the S=∞ model and the Bethe lattice agree within error bars of our simulation, indicating that the behavior of the two models are in very good agreement at short and intermediate times. Therefore we expect that, similar to the Bethe lattice propagation, the hole’s dynamics will cross over from ballistic to diffusive behavior in an infinite spin environment.
Discussion. The spin correlations presented in this paper demonstrate a general paradigm of how originally completely disordered environment can acquire correlations due to quantum interference in the course of non-equilibrium dynamics of a particle. We emphasize that this mechanism is fundamentally different from the interaction-induced correlations in the bath discussed in Refs. (26); (27); (29); (28); (30); (31); (32); (33); (34) and can be observed at infinite temperature of the spin bath. Experimental realization of this phenomenon using ultracold atoms would provide an ideal opportunity for the study of entanglement between a particle and its environment that is usually challenging in other setups due to the fast decoherence in the environment. These experiments could also provide information on the long time dynamics of spin correlation, that remains an open question.
Further interesting questions arise about the effect of spin interactions, which appear naturally in experiments with smaller on-site interactions, whether in ultracold atomic or electronic Mott insulators. This would affect spin correlations even in an infinite temperature spin environment with interactions, as the spin correlations can be decohered by magnetic excitations of the environment. At lower temperatures, the energy cost of permuting spins leads to a strongly renormalized dynamics of the hole (63); (58); (59); (64); (65); (29); (30); (31); (66); (67); (68) . Understanding this limit, and especially the interplay of multiple holes with the environment could also lead to a better understanding of the role of doping in the cuprate phase diagram (63); (69); (40); (41); (24); (67); (68) .
We thank J. Carlström, N. Prokof’ev, G. Zaránd and J. van den Brink for enlightening discussions. The authors acknowledge support from Harvard-MIT CUA, NSF Grant No. DMR-1308435, AFOSR Quantum Simulation MURI, AFOSR grant number FA9550-16-1-0323, the Moore Foundation, the Harvard Quantum Optics Center and the Swiss National Foundation. I. L. was supported by the Hungarian research grant OTKA Nos. K105149 and SNN118028.
M. K.-N. and I. L. performed numerical and analytical calculations and wrote the paper. All authors developed theoretical concepts, discussed the results and commented on the manuscript.
Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Since the hole cannot create spin flips, the total spin Sztot=∑jSzj is conserved. The time dependence of the square of this operator can be expressed in terms of spin correlations, 1S2⟨c†oeiHt(Sztot)2e−iHtc†o⟩=∑jCjj(t)+∑j≠lCjl(t). The diagonal spin correlations are simply given by Cjj(t)=1−pj(t), the sum of these correlations is thus constant ∑jCjj(t)=M−1, where M is the number of sites of the system. We thus find, that the sum of off-diagonal spin correlations is conserved. Since it is zero in the initial state, we arrive at the sum rule ∑j≠lCjl(t)=0.
The contribution of paths α and β to the spin correlations Cjl(t) is given by (−it)nβ(it)nαnβ!nα!⟨^π†βSzjSzl^πα⟩. Here, nβ and nα denote the lengths of these paths. The non-orthogonality of the initial and the final spin states requires each permutation cycle of the combined path ^π†β^πα to be ferromagnetic. Therefore, if the spins on sites j′=π†α(j) and l′=π†α(l) are in the same permutation cycle, the above expectation value becomes ⟨^π†βSzjSzl^πα⟩=⟨^π†β^παSzj′Szl′⟩=S(S+1)3⟨^π†β^πα⟩. The S dependent prefactor in the previous equation arises from averaging the spin operators over all (2S+1) possible ferromagnetic spin configurations. For all other pairs of sites, the spins are independent, and the expectation value ⟨^π†βSzjSzl^πα⟩ thus averages out to zero in the infinite temperature spin environment.
We sample the time evolution operator using stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo (70); (25) . At the beginning of the simulation, we generate of the order of 2×108 random walk paths. The permutations generated by these paths are binned, and their phase factors in are added. The tnn! amplitudes are taken into account by sampling the path lengths n according to a Posson distribution Pn∝(zt)nn!. The resulting amplitudes λ are stored together with the corresponding permutations ^π as pairs (λ,^π). We take all possible combinations of forward (λα,^πα) and backward (λβ,^πβ) time evolution bins. We evaluate the many-body trace associated with each pair using Eq. (2) exactly. We add the interference contribution λ∗βλα⟨^π†β^πα⟩ to the histogram of the transition probabilities ~pj(t) and that of spin correlations ~Cjl(t) for each site j and l. At the end of the simulation, we normalize the histograms ~pj(t) and ~Cjl(t) by dividing them by ∑j~pj(t).
Evaluating the infinte temperature spin averages in Eq. (2) exactly allows us to sample the spin correlation with very small error bars, as compared to performing numerical averaging over different spin configurations (25) . However, around time t∼1.8, the phase space of important paths becomes significantly larger than the number of our samples. Since the number of path bins L also becomes very large, calculating the interference contributions of all the L×L pairs of path bins becomes impractical. Therefore, at longer times 2<t<3, we calculate the RMS distance using a slightly modified version of the algorithm of Ref. (25) , but with different set of forward and backward paths. Although this method provides noisy spin correlation data, it determines RMS distance at longer times very accurately, and requires only of the order of L steps.
In contrast to Ref. (25) , we sample the forward e−iHt and backward eiHt time evolution paths independently. The independent sampling becomes important at times longer than t∼1.8, when the phase space of paths becomes so large, that the quantum Monte Carlo procedure can sample it only sparsely. At these long times, two typical paths α and β will in general be long, and they therefore enclose large loops. According to Eq. (2), their interference ⟨^π†β^πα⟩0 is exponentially small.
Choosing the forward and backward time evolution paths from the same sample would lead to large systematic errors. In contrast to independent sampling, this procedure would over-sample those cases when the forward and backward paths are identical. However, these pairs have an interference of ⟨^π†α^πα⟩0=1, in contrast to the typically exponentially small interference of non-identical pairs. Therefore, the pairs consisting of identical paths overwhelm contributions from non-identical paths, leading to incorrect results. By sampling the forward and backward evolution paths independently, these errors can be avoided.
The hole’s propagation on the Bethe lattice can be solved analytically, as we show in the Supplementary Material. Here, we present a shorter, recursive solution. Expanding the time evolution in terms of random walks, we find that the wave function of the hole at level l is given by ψl(t)=1Ml∑∞n=0(−izt)nn!ρn,l, where Ml denotes the number of sites level l, with Ml=1/(z(z−1)l−1) for l≥1, and M0=1. The matrix ρn,l denotes the probability that a random walk path of length n ends up at level l. These probabilities can be determined using simple recurrence relations. At all levels l≥1, the probability of taking a step one level down on the graph is 3/4 and taking a step up has a probability 1/4. At the origin, the walker goes to level l=1 with probability 1. This leads to the following recurrence relations ρn+1,l=34ρn,l−1+14ρn,l+1 for l≥2, and for levels l=0,1 we get ρn+1,1=ρn,0+14ρn,2 and ρn,0=14ρn,1. We solve these equations iteratively, starting from the initial condition ρ0,l=δ0,l.
We determine the RMS distance dl of sites on level l, using an iterative procedure. When mapping the sites at level l of the Bethe lattice to the square lattice, we get the end points of all possible random walks of length l, involving no self-retracing components. In order to calculate the RMS distance for the end points of such random walks, we write down a recurrence relation between d2l and d2l−1. Let (xl,yl) denote the hole’s displacement in its lth step. We can assume without the loss of generality that the first step was taken to the right. The RMS distance of the endpoint can be written as d2l=d2l−1+2¯¯¯xl−1+1, where ¯¯¯xl−1 denotes the average number of right steps in the remaining path. This quantity is non-zero since the left-right symmetry of the walk is broken due to the initial step. However, after the first time the hole moves in the up or down direction, the left-right symmetry of the model is restored, and the remaining part of the path does not contribute to ¯¯¯xl−1. The probability of taking n steps to the right, and then an up or down step is given by (1/3)n(2/3). Summing up the series for all n<l−1, and adding the probability of taking all remaining l−1 steps to the right, (1/3)l−1, leads to ¯¯¯xl−1=(1−3−(l−1))/2. We thus obtain the recurrence relation d2l=d2l−1+2−3−(l−1), which can be solved exactly, yielding d2l=2l−32(1−3−l).
We compare the quantum dynamics of the hole to that of a classical particle performing Brownian motion. With the particle starting from the origin, its time evolution is governed by a transition rate matrix, assigning the transition rate 1 to each of its neighboring sites i and j. The probability distribution of the particle thus follows a classical diffusion equation, with a diffusion constant Dcl=2.
Friedman, J. R., Patel, V., Chen, W., Tolpygo, S. & Lukens, J. E. Quantum superposition of distinct macroscopic states. nature 406, 43–46 (2000).
Hofstetter, L., Csonka, S., Nygård, J. & Schönenberger, C. Cooper pair splitter realized in a two-quantum-dot y-junction. Nature 461, 960–963 (2009).
Andrews, M. et al. Observation of interference between two bose condensates. Science 275, 637–641 (1997).
Simmonds, R., Marchenkov, A., Hoskinson, E., Davis, J. & Packard, R. Quantum interference of superfluid 3he. Nature 412, 55–58 (2001).
Chin, J. K. et al. Evidence for superfluidity of ultracold fermions in an optical lattice. Nature 443, 961–964 (2006).
Blume, M. & Hubbard, J. Spin correlation functions at high temperatures. Phys. Rev. B 1, 3815–3830 (1970). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.1.3815.
Chertkov, M. & Kolokolov, I. Long-time dynamics of the infinite-temperature heisenberg magnet. Phys. Rev. B 49, 3592–3595 (1994). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.49.3592.
Lovesey, S., Engdahl, E., Cuccoli, A., Tognetti, V. & Balcar, E. Time-dependent spin correlations in the heisenberg magnet at infinite temperature. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 6, L521 (1994).
Engel, G. S. et al. Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446, 782–786 (2007).
Collini, E. et al. Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature. Nature 463, 644–647 (2010).
Panitchayangkoon, G. et al. Long-lived quantum coherence in photosynthetic complexes at physiological temperature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 12766–12770 (2010).
Ritz, T., Adem, S. & Schulten, K. A model for photoreceptor-based magnetoreception in birds. Biophysical journal 78, 707–718 (2000).
Turin, L. A spectroscopic mechanism for primary olfactory reception. Chemical Senses 21, 773–791 (1996).
Nielsen, M. A. & Chuang, I. Quantum computation and quantum information (2002).
Prokof’ev, N. V. & Stamp, P. C. E. Decoherence and quantum walks: Anomalous diffusion and ballistic tails. Phys. Rev. A 74, 020102 (2006). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.74.020102.
Morello, A., Stamp, P. C. E. & Tupitsyn, I. S. Pairwise decoherence in coupled spin qubit networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 207206 (2006). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.207206.
Novoselov, K. S. et al. Room-temperature quantum hall effect in graphene. Science 315, 1379–1379 (2007).
Lloyd, S. Quantum coherence in biological systems. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 302, 012037 (IOP Publishing, 2011).
Zurek, W. H. Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical. Physics today 44, 36–44 (1991).
Jördens, R., Strohmaier, N., Günter, K., Moritz, H. & Esslinger, T. A mott insulator of fermionic atoms in an optical lattice. Nature 455, 204–207 (2008).
Hofrichter, C. et al. Direct probing of the mott crossover in the su (n) fermi-hubbard model. Physical Review X 6, 021030 (2016).
Nagaoka, Y. Ground state of correlated electrons in a narrow almost half-filled s band. Solid State Communications 3, 409 – 412 (1965). URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0038109865902668.
Nagaoka, Y. Ferromagnetism in a narrow, almost half-filled s band. Phys. Rev. 147, 392–405 (1966). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.147.392.
Auerbach, A. Interacting electrons and quantum magnetism (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012).
Carlström, J., Prokof’ev, N. & Svistunov, B. Quantum walk in degenerate spin environments. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 247202 (2016). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.247202.
Landau, L. Über die bewegung der elektronen in kristalgitter. Phys. Z. Sowjetunion 3, 644–645 (1933).
Fröhlich, H. Electrons in lattice fields. Advances in Physics 3, 325–361 (1954).
Mishchenko, A., Prokofâev, N., Sakamoto, A. & Svistunov, B. Diagrammatic quantum monte carlo study of the fröhlich polaron. Physical Review B 62, 6317 (2000).
Zhang, Q. & Whaley, K. B. Exact time-dependent propagation of vacancy motion in the t-j limit of the two-dimensional hubbard hamiltonian. Phys. Rev. B 43, 11062–11070 (1991). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.43.11062.
Mishchenko, A. S., Prokof’ev, N. V. & Svistunov, B. V. Single-hole spectral function and spin-charge separation in the t−j model. Phys. Rev. B 64, 033101 (2001). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.64.033101.
White, S. R. & Affleck, I. Density matrix renormalization group analysis of the nagaoka polaron in the two-dimensional t−j model. Phys. Rev. B 64, 024411 (2001). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.64.024411.
Shchadilova, Y. E., Schmidt, R., Grusdt, F. & Demler, E. Quantum dynamics of ultracold bose polarons. Physical Review Letters 117, 113002 (2016).
Jørgensen, N. B. et al. Observation of attractive and repulsive polarons in a bose-einstein condensate. Physical Review Letters 117, 055302 (2016).
Hu, M.-G. et al. Bose polarons in the strongly interacting regime. Physical Review Letters 117, 055301 (2016).
Mozyrsky, D. & Privman, V. Adiabatic decoherence. Journal of statistical Physics 91, 787–799 (1998).
Gangopadhyay, G., Kumar, M. S. & Dattagupta, S. On dissipationless decoherence. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General 34, 5485 (2001).
Prokof’ev, N. & Stamp, P. Theory of the spin bath. Reports on Progress in Physics 63, 669 (2000).
Unruh, W. Decoherence without dissipation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 370, 4454–4459 (2012).
Ostilli, M. Cayley trees and bethe lattices: A concise analysis for mathematicians and physicists. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391, 3417–3423 (2012).
Lee, P. A., Nagaosa, N. & Wen, X.-G. Doping a mott insulator: Physics of high-temperature superconductivity. Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 17–85 (2006). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.17.
Sachdev, S. Quantum phase transitions (Wiley Online Library, 2007).
Sokoloff, J. B. & Widom, A. Magnetic ordering in solid helium-3. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 673–676 (1975). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.673.
Montambaux, G., Heritier, M. & Lederer, P. Vacancies in a quantum crystal of fermions. the spin polaron in solid 3 he. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 47, 39–89 (1982).
Kumar, P. & Sullivan, N. S. Anomalous low-temperature susceptibility of solid 3He at high molar volumes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 963–965 (1985). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.963.
Kumar, P. & Sullivan, N. S. Magnetic polarons in low-density solid 3He. Phys. Rev. B 35, 3162–3169 (1987). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.35.3162.
Lebed, A. G. The physics of organic superconductors and conductors, vol. 110 (Springer, 2008).
Tokura, Y. & Tomioka, Y. Colossal magnetoresistive manganites. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 200, 1–23 (1999).
Röder, H., Zang, J. & Bishop, A. R. Lattice effects in the colossal-magnetoresistance manganites. Physical review letters 76, 1356 (1996).
Greiner, M., Mandel, O., Esslinger, T., Hänsch, T. W. & Bloch, I. Quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a mott insulator in a gas of ultracold atoms. nature 415, 39–44 (2002).
Greif, D. et al. Site-resolved imaging of a fermionic mott insulator. Science 351, 953–957 (2016).
Weitenberg, C. et al. Single-spin addressing in an atomic mott insulator. Nature 471, 319–324 (2011).
Cheuk, L. W. et al. Observation of 2d fermionic mott insulators of k 40 with single-site resolution. Physical Review Letters 116, 235301 (2016).
Hilker, T. A. et al. Revealing hidden antiferromagnetic correlations in doped hubbard chains via string correlators. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.00642 (2017).
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., Sands, M. & Lindsay, R. B. The feynman lectures on physics, vol. 3: Quantum mechanics (1966).
Esterling, D. M. & Lange, R. V. Hubbard model. i. degeneracy in the atomic light. Phys. Rev. B 1, 2231–2237 (1970). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.1.2231.
Handscomb, D. The monte carlo method in quantum statistical mechanics. In Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, vol. 58, 594–598 (Cambridge Univ Press, 1962).
Brinkman, W. F. & Rice, T. M. Single-particle excitations in magnetic insulators. Phys. Rev. B 2, 1324–1338 (1970). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.2.1324.
Trugman, S. A. Interaction of holes in a hubbard antiferromagnet and high-temperature superconductivity. Phys. Rev. B 37, 1597–1603 (1988). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.37.1597.
Jones, H. F. Groups, representations and physics (CRC Press, 1998).
Ogata, M. & Shiba, H. Bethe-ansatz wave function, momentum distribution, and spin correlation in the one-dimensional strongly correlated hubbard model. Physical Review B 41, 2326 (1990).
Kruis, H., McCulloch, I., Nussinov, Z. & Zaanen, J. Geometry and the hidden order of luttinger liquids: The universality of squeezed space. Physical Review B 70, 075109 (2004).
Bulaevski, L., Nagaev, E. & Khomskii, D. A new type of auto-localized state of a conduction electron in an antiferromagnetic semiconductor. Soviet Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 27, 836 (1968).
Schmitt-Rink, S., Varma, C. & Ruckenstein, A. Spectral function of holes in a quantum antiferromagnet. Physical review letters 60, 2793 (1988).
Kane, C., Lee, P. & Read, N. Motion of a single hole in a quantum antiferromagnet. Physical Review B 39, 6880 (1989).
Mierzejewski, M., Vidmar, L., Bonča, J. & Prelovšek, P. Nonequilibrium quantum dynamics of a charge carrier doped into a mott insulator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 196401 (2011). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.196401.
Bonča, J., Mierzejewski, M. & Vidmar, L. Nonequilibrium propagation and decay of a bound pair in driven t−j models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 156404 (2012). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.156404.
Dal Conte, S. et al. Snapshots of the retarded interaction of charge carriers with ultrafast fluctuations in cuprates. Nature Physics 11, 421–426 (2015).
Shastry, B. S., Krishnamurthy, H. R. & Anderson, P. W. Instability of the nagaoka ferromagnetic state of the u=∞ hubbard model. Phys. Rev. B 41, 2375–2379 (1990). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.41.2375.
Sandvik, A. W. & Kurkijärvi, J. Quantum monte carlo simulation method for spin systems. Phys. Rev. B 43, 5950–5961 (1991). URL http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.43.5950.
|
0.949808 |
is it safe to add live sand to a tank thats already going?
Yep, if it's truely live sand, more of the critters will survive going into a tank that is already cycled. Depending on how much sand you add....you may want to monitor your ammonia and nitrite levels for a couple of dayss, incase a large number of the critters dies off.
|
0.947229 |
In Archery what does " let off' means or did I hear it wrongly? Was the commentator saying let go off.
Does it mean to draw the bow, pull the string back and release the arrow?
There is no way to tell what the commentator said, or whether you heard him or her wrongly.
But I would guess it means 'released the arrow'.
I heard either of let off or let go off. But the accent was very strong. I couldn't understand it clearly.
I suggest it was 'let go of'. 'Let go off' doesn't exist. If it was 'let go +noun' it would be substandard English.
To 'let off' does exist, with several meanings, but how it would be used in archery I can't say.
'Let the (something) go' is possible.
We can only speculate with no source, no sentence even, only context.
The usual archery term for letting the arrow fly is "release." A more archaic term is "loose." Nock, draw, and release, or nock, draw, and loose.
Can you give us the whole sentence you heard?
No, I can't. <-----Off-topic comments removed by moderator (Florentia52)----->But I will give you some links.
This is one more sentence.
For example, a 60-pound bow with 80% let-off only requires 12 pounds of force to hold at full draw.
There's a definition in your link.
Let-off is the amount of mechanical relaxation your bow achieves at full-draw (as a percentage of the peak draw weight).
That means the trigger movement. Right? The motion which propels the arrow. What is the need of using technical term. Just use " bend" or " release"
By the way, what exactly is the point of these crude and pointless images?
Is let the arrow go, possible?
The bow applies force to the arrow (measured in pounds). It has to do with how much force you must apply to the bow (or the bow applies to you) for the bow to apply an amount of force to the arrow.
It is a very technical term so it is hard not to explain it in technical terms.
As Hermione Golightly said "'Let the (something) go' is possible", so yes. Whether it's the technical term that archers use is another matter.
For this bow, when you pull the string all the way back, it takes 12 pounds of force to hold the string in place.
With a traditional long bow or recurve bow as you pull back on the string the resistance you feel increases steadily until you reach the full draw at which it is at its highest resistance.
However a compound bow uses a series of cam-like pulleys that allow the resistance to fall off significantly at the full draw. The advantage of this is that it becomes easier to aim when you don't have to hold such a strong draw.
As Myridon points out, that instead of having to hold 60 pounds of resistance per the example, you only have to hold 12 pounds, a much more manageable poundage. Not only does it make it easier to aim, it opens the sport up to people with less upper body strength.
The amount of the resistance due to the cam action of the pulleys is called "let off".
|
0.982329 |
Why not let you kids get an early start on a foreign language? Learning while in a country where you can practice the language is the best way to learn, and it’s no different for your children. This is a specially designed kid’s class, with plenty of fun activities to break up the learning. Songs, coloring in, painting, dance, music and videos are designed to entertain and educate. Kids read using Spanish Children’s books and you will be surprised at the ability of your children to pick up this language quickly.
|
0.999927 |
The Callaway XJ Hot Junior set is small in size only! It features all of the same technology that Callaway includes in their X Series for adult golfers. It provides the perfect combination of forgiveness and performance to help kids play with confidence. This set includes a 16-degree aluminum driver, 24-degree stainless steel fairway wood, 30-degree #5 hybrid, a 7-iron, a 9-iron, sand wedge, XJ Hot 2-Ball putter and a lightweight Callaway XJ Hot stand bag.
What height junior is this set intended for?
This set is recommended for heights ranging from 51"-61"
|
0.999995 |
Why the fascination with superheroes?
Clark Kent, Dinah Lance, Barry Allen, Jean Grey, Erik Leshnerr, Harleen Quinzel and Peter Parker are some of the characters that exist in a comic book universe. They are superheroes, mutants, meta-human, vigilantes and villains.
In this past decade, comic books fans have been blessed with many superheroes movies such as X-Men franchise, the Spiderman trilogies which come from the Marvel Universe, and some superheroes movies originate from DC Comics.
This development has also managed to attract some fans and viewers who are not the fans of the comic books.
For the Marvel Universe, they have been set up way earlier than DC Comics with their movies like Hulk, Captain America, Iron Man and Thor leading up for their Avengers movies. Before that, they already have three movies from the X-Men however; they are from two different universes, as they are not set in a same or a parallel universe.
As for the DC Comics, there have been some movies but they did not decide to do an extended universe where all movies are connected until these recent years. Unlike the movie world, the television world has started off way early with their animated adaptations like X-Men Unlimited and Justice League.
Then, came television shows based on comic books such as Smallville, The Flash, Marvel’s Agent of Shields and the Defenders franchise. Not to mention, there are numerous new comic book-based television shows and movies in upcoming future waiting for their premiere date in shooting and in development.
Based on these developments, it is proven that the fan base of the comic books has expanded with many movie networks producing superhero movies.
However, not everyone shares the same sentiment as they would think of it as movies for kids but whenever this kind of movies came out, the cinema would be full of teenagers, young adults and even adults. For some, they are wondering what the appeals of these superheroes movies are. I mean, why the fascination with the characters especially superheroes from the comic book?
One of the reasons of the fascination with the superheroes are that they are relatable to their readers and viewers. It might seem to contradict with the relatable point as superheroes are so different with their superpower, abilities, costumes and a big pile of money, but they are relatable despite that.
However, as amazing as their superpowers are, the most relatable thing about them is about their behaviour, their emotions, their feelings and their life stories.
Even when the background of the superhero is from another planet such as Superman, the viewers and readers relate to the character by his struggles and shortcomings.
It is such amazing feelings to be able to relate ourselves to superheroes and draws strength and confidence from the characters.
For example, with Peter Parker or Spiderman, he is living such a complicated life without even putting his superhero life in the mix. He is an orphan, grew up with his uncle and aunty, lost his uncle in a robbery gone wrong, and he also loves to isolate himself because he is a nerd.
Peter Parker’s life will always be relatable to some people. As for Clark Kent or even Bruce Wayne, their lives have always been full of complications from being kids to an adult with growing up being a loner and have insecurity through puberty and most importantly in their road as a superhero and a beacon of hope.
Not only that, in X-Men universe, mutants isolated as they depicted as freaks so some of them got rejected and disowned and some of them got sent to school for the mutants.
Some people relate to the situation that somehow in the world, they are alone and earnestly looking for someone who has same similar experience as them. In a simple sense, they are looking for their people who can understand them.
Besides that, a world of superheroes also serves as a way of escapism. Escapism, as defined in Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a habitual diversion of the mind to purely imaginative activity or entertainment as an escape from reality or routine.
Being able to imagine myself in a superhero world setting and play out my imagination is such a whirlwind and amazing way to release stress. It also does not matter the stress is released either by watching some superhero movies or television shows or by even reading it.
Not only that, superheroes storyline in comic books is always related to current issues. When we look at various issues of comic books, we can find Nazis, corrupt polices or politicians and others. By having that kind of storylines, it will help readers and viewers to relate much easier as it is something that is relatable.
It also helps in making sure that we can get our perspective right, as it is usually depicted in the comic books, for example, a recent protest in Charlottesville is also portrayed in the comic book.
Thus, it is amazing to observe how the comic books play in our lives especially with the abundance of the superheroes movies in cinema nowadays and in the future.
However, as amazing and wonderful to see how and why the fascination with superheroes grow over times, the fans in the superheroes fandoms sometimes are the meanest of all in the online community. They tend to forget the lines between reality and fiction because some of them even went to laugh at someone, a case in point, a movie director’s family tragedy.
21, always trying to save the world. I believe I could, so I did.
|
0.928246 |
Emilio Frugoni (b. 30 March 1880; d. 28 August 1969), Uruguayan lawyer, professor, writer, and founder of the Uruguayan Socialist Party. Frugoni promoted Marxist and socialist ideas in highly regarded works such as Socialismo, batllismo y nacionalismo (1928), La revolución del machete (1935), Ensayos sobre marxismo (1936), and Génesis, esencia y fundamentos del socialismo (1947).
Frugoni was a supporter of Colorado Party president José Batlle y Ordóñez, whose first term from 1903 to 1907 marked an end to the country's long civil wars and the beginning of peace, prosperity, and undisputed Colorado control of government. Frugoni supported Batlle's important moral legislation (permitting divorce and ending the death penalty), state enterprises (strengthening of the state-owned Bank of the Republic and the Montevideo Electric Power System), support of labor (police neutrality in strikes and the promotion of an eight-hour work day), public works, and school construction. He also approved of Batlle's opposition to the church and to intransigent conservatism. In 1910 he supported the government against the threat of the "October Revolution" led by Nepomuceno Saravia, son of Aparicio Saravia, the famous Nationalist (Blanco) Party caudillo, and Basilio Muñoz, military commander of the Radicals.
Beginning in 1904 Frugoni promoted the formation of a Socialist Party that would constitute the country's workers as a political force. The Socialist manifesto that he authored in 1910 supported the constitutional order, in contrast to the Anarchists' destabilizing politics. As Socialist deputy to the national congress (1911–1914), he again collaborated with Batlle, who had been elected to a second presidential term, by authoring several important legislative projects aimed at socioeconomic reform on behalf of the working class. Frugoni's Socialist Party never came to rival the country's two traditional parties; it did not attract a significant working-class membership, perhaps due to the successes of Batlle's Colorado Party in implementing the greater part of its social program.
In subsequent years Frugoni was dean of the National University (1933). While serving as Uruguay's ambassador to the Soviet Union (1945–1948), he wrote La esfinge roja (1948), which praised the significant transformations of that nation but raised a voice of alarm about its denial of individual rights in favor of an omnipotent state. Between 1900 and 1959 he published twelve collections of lyrical poetry.
See alsoBatlle y Ordóñez, José; Uruguay, Political Parties: Socialist Party.
Milton I. Vanger, The Model Country: José Batlle y Ordóñez of Uruguay, 1907–1915 (1980).
Giudice, Gerardo. Frugoni. Montevideo: Proyección, 1995.
"Frugoni, Emilio (1880–1969)." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. . Encyclopedia.com. 21 Apr. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
|
0.999997 |
The next completed project from the logs we milled out into lumber last summer is our new pantry door. The old door was perfectly functional and attractive but it was a heavy door that had an 8-inch opening at the bottom which our intelligent German Shepherds figured out was there for them to open the door when they wanted. When we are not home we would rather they not go into the pantry where the food is kept. We trust them completely and they have never disappointed us in that respect but why tempt them into possibly doing something they would rather not have done. This completes project number two of the four projects we had planned when we milled out the lumber a few months ago.
The next project will most likely be a stand up closet for the loft area. We have been using a broken down and patched up dresser for clothes storage and would like a closet with shelves for storage with a side to put hanging clothes in. Living on a dirt road, especially on the up hill side, allows dust from the road to drift up the mountain and when we have our windows open to enjoy the summer temperatures we do get some dust that gets past our window screens and manages to get into the house. Having a closet will serve to protect our clothes from that fine dust. We have very few people drive down our road but no dust is better than a little dust.
Project number 2 is now complete. I ran the boards through my planer reducing them down to a 5/8th thickness, edge jointed them, then glued the boards together to make the door. I also prepared boards to replace the existing door frame which I squared up with shims so when the door was installed it would then fit properly and open and close without binding. Then after installation of the door itself I cut the trim molding and put a coat of wax/oil finish on it so residual future finger prints can be washed off. I would estimate the total time put into the door was somewhere between 8-9 hours spread out over a few days. We now have a very functional lighter door that we feel is attractive. It also matches the bathroom door which provides more equal visual consistency throughout the house.
The total cost for the door is zero. I probably did not use a tablespoon of gasoline to mill the logs out and I was able to reuse the hardware from the old door. I had some finish left from another project that I used to put a good finish and sealer on the door. No purchases were required and the cost for a new interior fully functional door was just right. Zero cost. Since I milled the lumber from logs I had selected I was also able to match and arrange the boards so they would present the most attractive appearance. That is now two projects done and two to go. I still need to make the closet previously mentioned and a new solid wood front door. Those two projects will be more expensive with the closet costing in the vicinity of $25-30.00, and the front door approximately $200.00, for new hardware and trim. I am still trying to formulate an appropriate design for the front door in my head. With or without lights and if lights how many? I have plenty of time to work this out since winter just started and we have months of time ahead to design an construct the door.
As I mentioned in the prior DIY topic the personal satisfaction from selecting a dead tree, reducing it to logs and then milling those logs into lumber with a specific project in mind is beyond description. When I look at that door I will see that dead tree at a very specific place on our property which was transformed into a door. It is a unique and special way of being connected to the land and the resources available to us.
|
0.962488 |
Why do we play video games? It’s a fairly simple question really, and the most obvious answer is, we play video games to have fun. Whatever your specific reason for playing video games, whether it’s an escape, a break from the world around you, you want a challenge or just something to do, whatever it may be, it comes down to, you want to have fun. After all, if you weren’t having fun, you could always be out working and earning money; not that work can’t be fun, but with that, the point is money. With video games though, really, as long as you’re having fun, it’s all worthwhile.
Of course, that can be said about any game, not just Super Mario Bros. 1. So, what’s that reminder doing in this review? Well, really, at its core, this game represents everything video games should be about, having fun. Fun isn’t a tangible thing, it’s not something you can wrap up in a box, put on a shelf and sell. If making a game fun was really that easy, everyone would do it, and it wouldn’t matter. While it’s easy to say you’re supposed to have fun playing a video game, having fun has different meanings to everyone, and it’s hard to get that perfected, stick it inside a piece of plastic, and ship it off to sell. That’s where this game comes in. This game is fun, made tangible, and now available for your purchase.
In reality, Super Mario Bros. is easy enough to explain. You are Mario, and the Princess has been kidnapped. You can go it alone or play with someone else, the other person controlling your brother, Luigi. Play alternates when someone dies, with each person acting independently of the other. So, if one if you makes it past three levels and dies, then the other person starts from the first level and might make it past five levels and die, and then it goes back to the other person who’s still on the third level. With two players, it’s an independent race to see who can save the princess first.
Controls are basic enough, the control pad moves you on the screen, holding down B allows you to run, and pressing A causes you to jump, or swim if you’re in water. You start on the left side of the screen and move to the right until you reach the end of the level, and move onto the next one. Along the way you’ll encounter a number of different enemies. Most of these enemies are dispatched by jumping on top of them and squishing them, although it might not be wise to jump on top of something with spikes poking out of it. You’ll also come across blocks with a question mark on them, which when you jump up and hit them will yield a coin, 100 of which give you an extra life, or an item to increase your life. You start off “small,” and if you hit a block with life inside like that, a mushroom will emerge which will cause you to become “big.” If, while big, you hit a block that contains life, it will be a fire flower, which allows you to shoot out fireballs with A, which can kill most enemies. Getting hit while big or with the flower will cause you to go back to being small, and being hit again will cause your death. There are 32 levels within the game, although there are a few hidden “warp zones” which will allow you to skip ahead to a further level if you find them.
That’s a general description of the game, but, it doesn’t really do it justice. It’s easy to explain what Super Mario Bros. is, describing what exactly makes it fun is something else. The fact of the matter is, not only is describing the game easy, but, in this day with all our advanced computers and whatnot, probably more than a few people reading this review, as well as myself honestly, could sit down and in a matter of a short amount of time make an exact copy of this game from scratch. It’s not really that hard. Making a game is easy, obviously there are a ton of companies now, not just the people sitting here reading the review, who can do that. Not only have other people and companies tried to take and improve upon Super Mario Bros. 1, but even Nintendo has tried to do so, with the Japanese version of Super Mario Bros. 2 (released in the US as part of Super Mario All-Stars, titled “The Lost Levels”). This game was basically an extension of the first game, in theory taking all the elements of the first one, and adding more levels, and a few new pieces of gameplay, such as strong wind gusts affecting a high jump. Now, this isn’t to say that the follow-up game was bad, it was still a fun game as well, but, whether creating or trying to improve on something fun, neither of them is easy. While it was still a very fun game, it in no way replaced Super Mario Bros. 1, where one might say “Yeah, the first one was ok, but the second one was everything it was and more, now we don’t need the first one anymore.” It still stands alone.
There are a number of elements which contribute to making Super Mario Bros. 1 fun. Simplicity for one thing. You don’t have to deal with all sorts of strategic planning, trying to judge a wind current, or work with a variety of different controls, or anything like that. You run, you jump, an occasionally you shoot fireballs. That isn’t to say the game is easy by any means. While, especially if one wants to use the warp zones, with practice one can easily zip through the game in a under half an hour, and even without using the warp zones, if you know what you’re doing it’s still not going to take much longer than that, there are still a number of challenging areas. There is a timer in each stage, set at 300 seconds. While this is usually more than enough time to complete any level, it does prove a sense of urgency, and at times can work itself a bit close. As well, it’s not as if you’re just running along a straight ground and occasionally jumping over a stray enemy, you’ll have to deal with a variety of enemies who you’ll have to tackle in different manners, as well as platforms and jumps and moving platforms and pits and other hazards like that. Still, while the game does provide challenge, it all comes down to its core of running and jumping, and that really is very fun.
Another thing is the levels. While you don’t have detailed landscaped and intricate designs, not only are the graphics more than adequate, you’ll explore a number of different areas, which will really draw you into the game. Running across an open plain, ducking into a sewer, up in the air, or in a castle, there are many places for you to explore. As well, it’s not as if you’re just running along with only one path choice, just jumping or ducking as required, there are different paths for you to take along the way. Not only major hidden things like warp zones, but also smaller hidden things like beanstalks and pipes. Mario, being a plumber and all, will occasionally come across a pipe he can go down, leading to underground areas, usually consisting of coins for him to gather and will then send him out further along. There are also beanstalks hidden inside of some blocks, which lead you up into the clouds, to move along up there for a bit, gathering coins and eventually coming back down to the ground. All of the levels are very fun to explore.
While much of this review might only sound like waxing nostalgic, and while there certainly are more than a few tangential issues that are covered, that shouldn’t in any way obscure the main point, that, even removing all else from around it, Super Mario Bros. remains an excellent game. Not only is it fun, but it will keep you coming back for more, just another run through the levels, seeing if there was a pipe or a block that you missed, or just because you wanted to give it another go-through.
Still, Super Mario Bros. stands as a reminder of everything that video games are supposed to be about, to have fun and to enjoy yourself. While games have progressed much since this, it all comes back to the reminder of, yes, games can provide you challenge or strategy or planning or any number of other things that games contain, but, most importantly, a game needs to be fun. Super Mario Bros. is, more than anything else, just a fun game. If you could make fun a tangible object and put it in a container, you’d want to put “Super Mario Bros. 1” on it.
|
0.995685 |
IN the February sessions of 1808 this disgraceful soldier was capitally indicted for assaulting Thomas Oldfield on the highway, putting him in fear, and forcibly taking from his person a sixpence and a penny-piece, his property.
It appeared from the evidence of the prosecutor, who was an athletic old man, that on the 10th of October, 1807, between nine and ten o'clock at night, he was passing over the fields from Pentonville towards town, when a man came up to him and asked him, with great apparent good nature, whether he had any money in his pocket. The prosecutor demanded why he asked the question; upon which the prisoner immediately changed his voice, and, with an oath, demanded his money. The prosecutor pulled from his pocket a sixpence and a penny and gave it to the assailant. As he took it he looked downwards, and asked how much there was. At that instant the prosecutor struck him a blow on his side, and he reeled from him. The prosecutor at the same moment perceived the prisoner clap his hand to his side, as if he were going to draw his side-arms; and, springing forward, he struck him another blow in his face, which brought him to the ground. He then jumped upon him, and kept struggling with him on the ground for nearly five minutes. The soldier then entreated he might be permitted to get up. The prosecutor replied he should get up, provided he delivered up his bayonet. This was assented to, and he gave up his side-arms; whereupon the prosecutor permitted him to get upon his legs. The prosecutor observed, at the same time, that if he attempted to come near him he was a dead man, as he was determined to run him through.
Just as the individual was making off, the prosecutor heard someone come up, and it was rather a curious coincidence that the person who came to his assistance should be his own son. The prosecutor, by this time exhausted by his exertions and his fears, had just strength enough left to exclaim: "That scoundrel has robbed me, and probably would have done me some mischief had I not overpowered him!"
The thief then made off, but the son followed him; he failed in the pursuit, and the thief effected his escape. The prosecutor, however, had retained the bayonet, and went the next day to the headquarters of the regiment. Having told his story, it was recollected that the prisoner had that morning appeared on parade with his face very much bruised and swelled. The bayonet, too, was proved to be the prisoner's, marked "31," and was more strongly corroborated by his being without one. The prisoner was accordingly apprehended, and, having no defence to set up against the case made out on the part of the prosecution, he was found guilty and sentenced to death.
The prosecutor, with equal eccentricity and humanity, told the judge that he hoped he would not hang the prisoner, and that if he was sent out of the country he should be satisfied -- which the Court assented to.
|
0.975903 |
How do you begin combining data from cloud applications with your internal databases to gain insight into your business? Maybe your organization is already using Google Data Studio as your analytics tool, but you're still learning about using it with multiple data sources.
To analyze data from diverse sources, you should maintain a data warehouse that consolidates all of your data in a single location. Most businesses take advantage of cloud data warehouses such as Amazon Redshift, Google BigQuery, and Snowflake.
You can extract the data you have in SaaS applications and databases and load it into your data warehouse using an ETL (extract, transform, load) tool. Once the data is available, your analysts can use it to create reports.
Most data analytics stacks comprise three tiers: ETL software, a data warehouse, and business intelligence (BI) software.
Stitch provides a simple, powerful ETL service for businesses of all sizes, up to and including the enterprise. Sign up and you can be moving data to a data warehouse in five minutes. Choose at least one of Stitch's integrations as a data source. Most businesses get more value out of their data as they integrate more data sources; for our example, we'll look at data from two separate SaaS applications.
If you don't already have a data warehouse, consider Google BigQuery, for which Data Studio has a native connector. BigQuery is free for 10GB of storage and one terabyte of queries per month.
Google Data Studio serves as the third layer of our data analytics stack. Data Studio is a free web-based tool that provides about a dozen different kinds of visualizations, including bar, pie, and scatter charts. Available connectors include common data warehouse platforms such as Google BigQuery and PostgreSQL.
Data Studio is currently in beta, and it's a little rough around the edges. While creating my visualizations I found the user interface got in my way as I worked. For instance, adding multiple dimensions or metrics pushes the data filtering controls below the bottom of the screen, and there's no scroll bar to bring them back. Also, controls for customizing the look and feel of visualizations are minimal.
I used some of Stitch's real data to build a data visualization for this post. Specifically, I used billing data stored in Salesforce, and joined it with support conversation data from Intercom to create a visualization of support conversations.
To run analyses with data from different sources, you should load the data into a data warehouse. Since Data Studio has native support for the BigQuery data warehouse, I set up a BigQuery account. Following our documentation, I added permissions to my BigQuery user that Stitch would need in order to load data.
Using Stitch makes extracting data from a source and loading it into a data warehouse easy. I logged in to Stitch and added new integrations for Salesforce and Intercom, following the instructions in our documentation. From Salesforce I selected the Account table to replicate. Stitch's Intercom integration automatically extracts data from all available tables. From both, I chose to replicate data going back to the beginning of the year.
Now I had data from two sources in BigQuery. To make it available in Data Studio, I signed in, then clicked on Data Sources, then the new (+) button, and followed Google's documentation for creating data sources. I selected my project, dataset, and table, then clicked Connect. The next screen lets you make changes to the fields in your table, including removing any you don't care about from your data source. When you're ready, click on Create Report or Explore, and your data source is created. After I did that, I went back to the Data Sources home page and renamed my data sources to something more memorable than the default.
I created a couple of preliminary reports to check the content and format of the fields in my tables. I clicked on Reports, then the new (+) button create a new report based on the data in a single table. I clicked on the table tool at the top of the window, then clicked and dragged out a rectangular area in the workspace. Data Studio created a table with a default metric and dimension that it chose seemingly at random from the available fields. I had to replace those values with the metrics I cared about. I ran through the process for my Salesforce Account and Intercom Users and Conversations tables, and the reports showed me that I had the data I needed.
A table like this, or a visualization based on one table's data, may be all you need for simple reporting. But I wanted to answer a more complex question.
Google says, "By default, charts in Data Studio get their information from a single data source." A data source may be anything for which Data Studio has a connector. When the data source is a data warehouse, the data source may be a table in a dataset you create, one people share with you, public datasets, and datasets based on custom queries.
Data Studio can join data from two sources in a single report using what it calls "data blending." The report I wanted would require joins from multiple tables, so data blending was not an option. Instead, I built a data source based on a custom SQL query.
I took an incremental approach to building my query in the BigQuery console. A look at the Intercom schema showed me that to associate the number of conversations with the Stitch customer ID, I'd need to join the Intercom Users and Conversations tables. The Users table contains a field called companies that contains information about the companies a given user is associated with. That field is a list that could contain multiple values – a nested data structure, in other words. Many data warehouses don't support nested data structures, but BigQuery does. It stores each list in an array.
Running this query in the BigData console gave me the data I wanted. The next step was to use it to create a new data source in Data Studio.
To use the new data source, I clicked Create Report, and Data Studio created an untitled report, which again I renamed to something meaningful.
It took a bit of doing, but in the end I got the visualization I wanted.
That's how you use an ETL tool like Stitch to move data from multiple sources into a data warehouse, then report on it using Data Studio. Sign up for a free trial of Stitch and start creating your own.
|
0.999963 |
What will you learn in a business leadership program? Read about graduate degree requirements, the pros and cons of a master's degree and doctorate and potential careers.
Earning a master's degree in business leadership can prepare you for a variety of careers that involve training employees, analyzing organizational structures, reviewing financial information and supervising projects. For example, you might work as a training and development manager, chief executive officer or management analyst. If you're willing to invest an extra four years of study in a PhD, you could qualify to take on teaching or consulting responsibilities.
Although advanced degrees in this field can open many doors for you, not all business leadership careers are expected to grow as quickly as others. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projected that from 2010-2020, top executive positions would only increase by five percent. For comparison, management analysts were expected to experience a 22% job growth, while managerial positions in the training and development sector could grow by 15%.
Most master's degree programs in business leadership can provide you with a better understanding of global business issues, management strategies and motivational techniques. The majority of these programs are designed for working professionals, so you'll more than likely be able to take classes on weekends or online. You might even have the opportunity to simultaneously earn related certificates in an area such as project management. Some programs only admit applicants who have related professional experience, although this isn't a requirement for all schools.
Some programs require you to also complete a final or capstone project. Optional internship opportunities are available as well.
There are business leadership master's degree programs out there that offer you the chance to complete most of your courses online and the remaining assignments or activities during monthly on-campus meetings with your cohorts. Entirely online programs are also available. Both program types are fairly common.
Look for opportunities to complete internships while enrolled in a business leadership master's degree program, especially if you'd like a career as a training and development manager. According to the BLS, some employers in this field prefer job applicants who have experience in their industry.
If you're interested in working as a management analyst, look for coursework that can develop your project management skills, since professionals who advance in this field are often responsible for overseeing teams. Some programs even include courses that can prepare you to meet the educational requirements for professional certification in an area such as project management.
Business leadership PhD programs also include interdisciplinary curricula that can help you to develop communication, teamwork and analytical skills. Program requirements might also emphasize policy development at the executive level. You might opt to complete field-based research projects as well.
To graduate from these programs, you'll have to pass comprehensive exams. Furthermore, most programs require you to spend about a year writing and defending a dissertation in your area of interest.
Although these programs are designed for working professionals, you cannot complete all requirements online. In addition to using an institution's online course management system, chat rooms and forums, you might still need to attend weekend class sessions on campus. These could take place a few times a year or up to twice a month.
A doctoral program allows you to specialize your research in an area that interests you. If you already have an idea of what industries you'd like to work in as a consultant, you might want to take this opportunity to familiarize yourself with the major issues affecting them. Honing your research skills could also pay off if you're looking to pursue an academic career as a university professor. The BLS explains that applicants' contributions to the field often play a role when schools are considering candidates for tenure-track positions.
|
0.999986 |
Single image rain streaks removal has recently witnessed substantial progress due to the development of deep convolutional neural networks. However, existing deep learning based methods either focus on the entrance and exit of the network by decomposing the input image into high and low frequency information and employing residual learning to reduce the mapping range, or focus on the introduction of cascaded learning scheme to decompose the task of rain streaks removal into multi-stages. These methods treat the convolutional neural network as an encapsulated end-to-end mapping module without deepening into the rationality and superiority of neural network design. In this paper, we delve into an effective end-to-end neural network structure for stronger feature expression and spatial correlation learning. Specifically, we propose a non-locally enhanced encoder-decoder network framework, which consists of a pooling indices embedded encoder-decoder network to efficiently learn increasingly abstract feature representation for more accurate rain streaks modeling while perfectly preserving the image detail. The proposed encoder-decoder framework is composed of a series of non-locally enhanced dense blocks that are designed to not only fully exploit hierarchical features fromall the convolutional layers but also well capture the long-distance dependencies and structural information. Extensive experiments on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively remove rainstreaks on rainy image of various densities while well preserving the image details, which achieves significant improvements over the recent state-of-the-art methods.
We introduce an end-to-end convolutional neural network for single image de-raining, called non-locally enhanced encoder-decoder network (NLEDN). Our framework contains a fully convolutional encoder-decoder network which has been proven able to learn complex pixel-wise mappings from large amount of input-output image pairs.
Particularly, in order to exploit the abundant structure cues in rain streak maps and the self-similarities in rainfree nature scenes, we propose the non-locally enhanced dense block (NEDB) as the basic component in our network architecture. We carefully integrate NEDBs with both encoding and decoding layers to enable the computation of long-range spatial dependencies as well as efficient usage of the feature activation of proceeding layers.
We compare our method against five existing methods, including DSC , GMM , DDN , JORDER , DID-MDN .
In this paper, we have introduced a non-locally enhanced encoder-decoder network framework for rain streaks removal from single images. It is designed as a concatenation of an encoder network followed by a corresponding decoder network, which are both composed of a series of tailored, non-locally enhanced dense blocks (NEDB). The NEDB is designed to not only fully exploit hierarchical features from densely connected convolutional layers but also well capture the long-distance dependencies and structural information by employing a non-locally weighting operation at a specific range of feature maps. Experimental results on both synthetic and real datasets have demonstrated that our proposed method can effectively remove rain-streaks on rainy image of various density while promisingly preserve the image texture similar to the rain streaks, which greatly outperforms the state-of-the-art. In our future research work, we plan to extend the proposed algorithm to a wider range of image restoration tasks, including but not limited to image denoising, image dehazing and image super-resolution.
Yu Li, Robby T. Tan, Xiaojie Guo, Jiangbo Lu, and Michael S. Brown. 2016. Rain Streak Removal Using Layer Priors. In Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition. 2736–2744.
Xueyang Fu, Jiabin Huang, Delu Zeng, Yue Huang, Xinghao Ding, and John Paisley. 2017. Removing Rain from Single Images via a Deep Detail Network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 1715–1723.
Wenhan Yang, Robby T. Tan, Jiashi Feng, Jiaying Liu, Zongming Guo, and Shuicheng Yan. 2017. Deep Joint Rain Detection and Removal from a Single Image. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
He Zhang and Vishal M. Patel. 2018. Density-aware Single Image De-raining using a Multi-stream Dense Network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.
|
0.995818 |
Zilda Arns Neumann earned comparisons to Mother Teresa with her work in Haiti.
(CNN) -- Zilda Arns Neumann, a Brazilian doctor and care worker dedicated to helping the people of Haiti, was among those who died in Tuesday's devastating earthquake. She was 75.
Brazilians were shocked at the loss of Arns, who founded a well-known charity in Haiti called Children's Pastoral. It specialized in providing education and aid to children, pregnant women, and families.
The Nobel Peace Prize nominee was back in the country attending a religion conference and teaching classes to motivate leaders and volunteers of her organization, according to a statement on the Children's Pastoral Web site.
For her work in Haiti, Arns earned comparisons to India's Mother Teresa, according to local media.
Her nephew, Brazilian Sen. Flavio Arns, told the state-run Agencia Brasil news agency that her death came after she finished a speech at a church. As people were leaving, she stayed behind to speak with the pastor and was inside when the structure collapsed, he said.
"The Arns family hopes that this awakening of international solidarity will continue beyond the tragedy imposed by nature, always in defense of full dignity to people," Flavio Arns said.
Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is among dignitaries who will attend Arns' wake Friday in Brazil, according to the Children's Pastoral Web site.
As of Thursday afternoon, Brazilian authorities had confirmed 15 Brazilians killed in the quake.
|
0.995617 |
In May, the grounds keeper at Spring Lake Golf Club built a circular green with an area of 100π square feet. In August, he doubled the distance from the center of the green to the edge of the green. What is the total area of the renovated green?
Since all we know about the relationship between the original and renovated greens is the doubling of the radius (i.e., distance from center to edge), we must find the radius of the new green based off the area of the original green.
The formula for the area of a circle is A=πr2. The area A = 100π, so we must solve for r in the equation 100π=πr2.
Divide both sides by pi to yield 100=r2.
Since the original radius is 10 ft, the renovated green has a radius double that: 20 ft.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
Note: The question asked for the "total area" not the additional area.
|
0.997469 |
Of the two emotions, fear is much more powerful than greed. This has been demonstrated time and time again with a variety of studies, but can be summarized with the following point: If I told you there was an 80 percent chance an investment would make money, most people would be favorably inclined to consider the investment. However, if I said there’s a 20 percent chance you will lose money with this investment, most people would say that is too risky and decline the offer. Yet this is obviously the same investment simply referenced two different ways. Fear of loss is a tremendous power that often overcomes common sense and causes long-term investors to make dangerous mistakes.
|
0.743729 |
Fall is a great time of year to perform important home maintenance. Autumn creates plenty of predictable yard work, such as raking leaves and cleaning gutters. However, there are a number of chores that are less obvious but just as important in order to get a house in tip-top shape before winter.
Additional lighting – As the days get shorter, sprucing up walkways with ground lighting adds ambiance and an added level of safety. Inexpensive solar lights have improved in quality and can be installed without running wire.
Bring in lawn furniture – If there’s room, it’s best to bring patio tables and chairs into the basement or garage for the winter. It’s also a good time of year to add a fresh coat of paint if the items are looking worn.
Mulch garden beds – Adding fresh mulch around landscaping can help protect perennial plants and keep weeds down. It’s a fall home maintenance project that can also reduce work next summer.
Clean the fireplace – For homeowners that utilize their fireplace or wood-burning stove during winter, this is one of the most important items. Hiring a professional to clean and inspect a chimney can improve efficiency and reduce the risk of fire and CO poisoning. In other words, this tip can save lives.
Check your humidifier – Ensure whole-home humidifiers have a clean water panel and are working properly. Homeowners who aren’t protecting their properties with a whole-house humidifier should visit com. Proper humidification protects wood floors, instruments, art and furniture from dry air.
Improve air purification – When fall begins, it’s also a good reminder that it’s time to replace air cleaner filters. A whole-home air purifier can also trap fall allergens, bacteria and viruses, helping to keep families healthy all year round.
|
0.918789 |
What has been the apparent favorite card for some key leaders?
A great strategist will have the capacity to draw on a wide range of possible actions to find success. He will, however, tend to have favorites, especially if a given strategic principle is working or has worked in their past. Here are some leaders and their observed favorites.
A question to ask, did their strategic preference match their situation, did it develop from the situation, or both? Also, where you have leadership efforts that failed at the end, the failures often happened when the leaders moved off their usual style, for whatever reason. Failing to maintain the discipline of their strategic approach was what happened to Lee when he ordered Pickett's Charge up the center of the Union lines and Napoleon when he forsake advantages of maneuver at Waterloo.
Powerful people tend to figure out a strategic approach that works for them and stick with it. If the person you study is an adversary, that can help you determine what will be your best counterstrategy? Put another way, one of the best known pieces of strategic advice from Sun Tzu is to know your enemy as you know yourself. The Art of War: Sun Tzu Strategy Card Deck provides a way to do just that.
If you are successful, then you probably also have a card you play very well. Do you know what it is? If you have not been as successful as you would like, then you may not have found your card or the right place to play it.
Mitt Romney at 3 OCT Presidential Debates - 10 of Clubs "Challenge your adversary's plans with an aggressive defense that is prepared to receive him." Good counter to a 5 of Spades used by Obama. Obama's performance shows quite clearly the card Romney should play next.
|
0.987854 |
1. This appeal has been preferred by the State of Rajasthan against the judgment and order dated 14th March, 2007 passed by the Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court, Jaipur Bench. By the impugned judgment, the Division Bench partly allowed the appeal filed by the respondent-GirdhariLal, modified the sentence and convicted him under Section 306 IPC instead of 304B IPC. For the said offence, the Division Bench sentenced him to undergo five years rigorous imprisonment and fine of Rs.1000/-, in default he has to further suffer six months rigorous imprisonment. Since the respondent-Girdhari Lal had already undergone imprisonment for a period of more than six years, the High Court directed to release him forthwith, if not required to be detained in any other case.
2. The case of the prosecution in nutshell is that: The informant-Jugal Kishore(PW.1) - father of the deceased Babita in his written complaint on 11th August, 1998 informed that his daughter-Babita (since deceased) was married to respondent-Girdhari Lal four years back. Her in-laws were harassing Babita in connection with demand for dowry from the initial days of her marriage. Earlier also the in-laws of Babita made attempt to set her ablaze and neighbourers rescued her. Later, the in-laws assured her parents that they will not harass Babita, but she was burnt to death on 10th August, 1998.
3. On the said complaint a case under Section 304B and 498A IPC was registered and investigation was commenced. After the investigation chargesheet was filed. In due course, the case came up for trial to the Additional Sessions Judge, Jhunjhunu. The charge under Section 304B IPC framed against the respondent was denied by him who claimed trial. Altogether 9 witnesses were examined in support of the case of the prosecution. In his explanation under Section 313 Cr. P.C., the respondent claimed innocence. Two defence witnesses were also examined. The trial court on appreciation of evidence and on hearing the parties convicted the respondent under Section 304-B IPC and sentenced him to undergo life imprisonment. On appeal, as noticed above, the Division Bench of the High Court partly allowed the appeal, convicted the respondent under Section 306 IPC instead of 304B IPC and sentenced him to undergo five years rigorous imprisonment with fine of Rs.1,000/-, in default he has to further suffer six months rigorous imprisonment.
4. Learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the deceased-Babita died within 7 years of her marriage under unnatural circumstances and respondent did not inform the parents of the deceased regarding the incident. The burden to prove innocence lies on the respondent after the prosecution has proved that the deceased died under the unnatural circumstances within seven years of marriage. Further, according to the learned counsel for the State, the High Court has failed to appreciate that Jugal Kishore (PW.1), Nand Lal (PW.4) and Smt. Bimla(PW.7) have made statements regarding harassment and torture by the in-laws of the deceased in relation to the demand for dowry which has been corroborated by the statement of other witnesses and the documents on record. The aforesaid facts were not properly appreciated by the High Court while converting the conviction from Section 304B IPC to 306 IPC and reducing the sentence from life imprisonment to five years imprisonment.
5. Learned counsel appearing for the respondent on the other hand supported the decision rendered by the High Court.
6. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and gone through the materials on record.
7. Coming to the evidence adduced at the trial, we notice that Babita died of burn injuries within 5 to 6 years of her marriage with respondent-Girdhari Lal, thereby the death occurred otherwise than under normal circumstances. A bare look at the postmortem report (Ext.P-6) shows that the deceased died because of the extensive burns. Therefore, the question that arises for determination is whether Babita's death is an instance of dowry death or whether she was driven to commit suicide by her husband?
8. The main ingredient of the offence under Section 304B which is required to be established by the State is whether "soon before her death "Babita was subjected to cruelty and harassment by her husband, "for or in connection with demand of dowry", to allege "dowry death". Jugal Kishore (PW.1) is himself the complainant and is the father of the deceased-Babita. He stated that his daughter was married to Girdhari Lal about 6 or 7 years back. The said statement was recorded on 12th June,2000 and the incident occurred on 10th August, 1998. Shyam Lal Mahajan, another resident of the Village Chhavsari, where the marriage of Babita was solemnised, by his statement stated that the marriage of Babita was solemnised with accused Girdhari Lal in the year 1992-93. Similar was the statement made on 12th June, 2000 by Jagdish Prasad (PW.3) and he stated that the marriage of Babita was solemnised with the accused Girdhari Lalabout 6 or 7 years back. Therefore, it is clear that the death of Babita happened within 7 years of her marriage.
9. The death of Babita was caused by the burn injuries and therebydeath occurred otherwise than under normal circumstances. The statement made by Dr. J.P. Bugalia (PW.6) proved the fact that death was caused due to the burns. He stated that on 10th August, 1998 he was working as Medical Jurist in B.D.K. Hospital, Jhunjhunu. He along with Dr. P.S. Sahu conducted the postmortem of Babita who was admitted in the Hospital on 10th August,1998 at 1.50 p.m. and died during the treatment at 4.00 p.m. There were burn injuries all over her body.
10. So far as the harassment and cruelty are concerned, Rajender Prasad (PW.8) stated that Girdhari Lal used to beat her for dowry. Jugal Kishore(PW.1) has also supported the fact that she was being subjected to cruelty in connection with dowry demand by stating that Girdhari Lal used to beat and harass Babita for dowry after her marriage. Once he was asked not to do so but he did not mend his ways. He also stated that Girdhari Lal earlier tried to burn her alive by pouring kerosene by confining her in a room and when he came to know about this incident, he went to her in-laws house along with Shyam Lal, Phool Chand, Rajender, Jagdish, Neki Ram and Man Roop where Girdhari Lal and his father begged their pardon for their act of burning her alive and assured that they will not repeat the incident. Bimla Devi (PW.7), mother of the deceased stated in her statement that the accused Girdhari Lal and Babita came to their village Chhavsari one month prior to the incident and stayed there for one hour. Jugal Kishore was not present at the house at that time and Babita told her mother to send her father to her in-laws because Girdhari Lal used to harass her. This statement clearly indicates that Babita was being subjected to cruelty and harassment soon before the death.
11. Now, the question arises as to whether Babita was subjected to such cruelty and harassment by her husband soon before her death for, or in connection with the demand of dowry. The period which can come within the term "soon before" cannot be put within the four corners of time frame. It is left to the Court for its determination depending upon the facts and circumstances of each case. In the present case, Jugal Kishore (PW.1) and Bimla Devi (PW.7)has made ominous statements regarding demand of dowry that after the marriage demand of dowry was made by the in-laws. It is not made specific as to whether Girdhari Lal demanded dowry.
12. Section 113B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 which deals with the presumption as to dowry death reads as follows:1 Section 113B. Presumption as to dowry death.-When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her death such woman has been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death.
Explanation.- For the purposes of this section, "dowry death" shall have the same meaning as in section 304B of the Indian Penal Code(45 of 1860).
In the present case there is no evidence on record to come to the definite conclusion that soon before her death, Babita was subjected to cruelty or harassment by her husband, Girdhari Lal for, or in connection with any, demand of dowry. In absence of such ingredient the presumption that Girdhari Lal had caused the dowry death cannot be drawn. The prosecution thereby cannot take advantage of Section 113B of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
13. Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 relates to presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married woman which reads asfollows:2 113A. Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married women.-When the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband.
Explanation - For the purposes of this section, "cruelty" shall have the same meaning as in section 498A of the Indian Panel Code (45 of 1860). In the instant case, it is established from the ocular and documentary evidence that Babita was subjected to cruelty and harassment.
As a result of such treatment of cruelty and harassment she was driven to meet the suicidal death. She had committed suicide within a period of 7 years from her marriage and that her husband had subjected her to cruelty. Therefore, the Appellate Court rightly presumed, having regard to all other circumstances of the case, that such suicidal had been abetted by her husband Girdhari Lal and convicted him for the offence under Section 306IPC. Hence, no interference is called for.
14. We find no merit in this appeal. The appeal is dismissed.
|
0.987513 |
Personal Finance I write about money and markets.
In early March David Weild, a former vice chairman of Nasdaq, appeared before a subcommittee of the House Financial Services Committee in Washington to discuss a proposal intended to help small companies raise money. While there he planted the seed for something else: a new stock exchange.
Weild's new exchange sounds old-fashioned and ridiculous, at first. His market would move more slowly than today's market, and it would cost more to buy and sell a stock. But he argues that the tradeoff would result in getting badly needed capital to small companies. He thinks he's getting traction. "As one friend told me, You've gone from wack job to conventional wisdom in the short space of three years,'" says Weild, 54, who spent 15 years at Prudential Securities before moving to Nasdaq.
What's driving him is the drop both in listed companies and initial public offerings--from over 500 a year in the 1990s to only 155 a year in the past decade. Some observers say the fall is merely cyclical or an indication that many small companies these days require less capital. But Weild blames regulations that transformed the stock exchanges' business model. Taking companies public and encouraging investment no longer drives profits for exchanges. What does is short-term and derivatives trading, which is behind the current wave of exchange mergers, including Deutsche Borse 's planned takeover of NYSE Euronext .
Over the last decade exchanges saw traditional marketmakers replaced by computers. Stockbrokers, who once got on the phone and talked up stocks to retail investors, couldn't compete with cheaper online brokers. After the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act, which had separated commercial from investment banks, banks didn't need to provide as much support like research and liquidity to attract underwriting business.
Trading costs were reduced, agrees Weild, but he says all these changes conspired to hurt small companies that wanted to go public, as they could not rely on the usual marketmakers and brokers to support their stocks.
His exchange would restore the incentives for marketmakers, stockbrokers and investment bankers to help small stocks. He would start by widening the minimum bid-ask spread (known as the tick size), which was narrowed in 2001. That change led to a greater reliance on computers, which buy huge volumes of stocks and flip them in microseconds. That keeps them concentrated in larger, more liquid stocks. With a wider spread, marketmakers could buy stocks in hopes of placing them with buyers for a profit a few minutes or days later, helping small-cap stocks.
He would also consider setting minimum and maximum brokerage commissions to lure stockbrokers back to the business of calling investors. His exchange might also require members to do research, including into small-company stocks.
Weild's campaign includes reaching out to venture capitalists who would love to see more IPOs. "The bottom line is it is a mistake for regulators to look at small-cap companies the same way they treat IBM , GE and Cisco ," says Pascal Levensohn of Levensohn Venture Partners in San Francisco.
Weild has met with ten members of Congress so far this year to lobby for regulations that would allow his model. It's daunting, but he insists that leaving the current system in place will "ruin the country for the next generation."
|
0.897118 |
Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (1773-1860), governor, was born on 23 July 1773 at Brisbane House, near Largs, Ayrshire, son of a family of ancient Scottish lineage. He was educated by tutors and attended both the University of Edinburgh and the English Academy, Kensington. In 1789 he was commissioned an ensign in the 38th Regiment, which next year he joined in Ireland; there he struck up a long and profitable friendship with a fellow subaltern, Arthur Wellesley. From 1793 to 1798 he served in Flanders as a captain, from 1795 to 1799 in the West Indies as a major, and from 1800 to 1803 he commanded the 69th Regiment in Jamaica as a lieutenant-colonel, earning high praise from the governor, Sir George Nugent. From 1803 to 1805 he served in England, but when the 69th was ordered to India went on half-pay in Scotland because of his health.
He then was able to indulge his interest in astronomy, which he developed after nearly being involved in a shipwreck in 1795, and in 1808 he built at Brisbane House the second observatory in Scotland. In 1810 he was promoted colonel and elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1812 at Wellington's request he was promoted brigadier-general. He commanded a brigade which was heavily engaged in the battles of the Peninsular war from Vittoria to Toulouse, and continued to practise his astronomy so that in Wellington's words, he 'kept the time of the army'. In 1815 he was created a K.C.B., received the thanks of parliament, and commanded a brigade in the American war. From 1815 to 1818 he commanded a division in the army of occupation in France and in 1817 he was created a K.C.H. (G.C.H., 1831). He returned to England in 1818 and next year married Anna Maria, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall of Makerstoun, Scotland, whose surname he added to his own by letters patent on 14 August 1826. In 1815 he applied for appointment as governor of New South Wales, but the post was not then vacant; in November 1820 on Wellington's advice Brisbane, then in command of the Munster district in Ireland, was appointed. He arrived in the colony on 7 November 1821 and took over from Governor Lachlan Macquarie on 1 December.
Brisbane's policies for the colony were usually sensible answers to pressing problems, based on Commissioner John Thomas Bigge's report and the instructions derived from it, modified by his own impressions. Though he was on good terms with Macquarie he condemned the latter's 'system' and told Earl Bathurst later that he had changed New South Wales in so many ways that if Macquarie had returned 'he would not have recognised the place'.
When Brisbane arrived 340,000 acres (137,593 ha) of promised grants had still to be located and there were many confused permissive occupancies and nebulous promises. Lands were occupied and transferred without legal title, and boundary disputes seemed never ending. Proper survey was essential for a workable policy of alienation to be evolved, and the Ripon regulations of 1831 were made to a large extent possible by the practical development of the policies which Brisbane had implemented.
In 1822 he issued tickets-of-occupation which enabled land to be immediately occupied without a preliminary survey and graziers to be given security against trespass without the land being permanently alienated. Additional assistant surveyors were appointed to reduce arrears in the surveying and granting of land, but Brisbane promised land only to those with the inclination and ability to use it productively, forbade the acceptance of chits signed by irresponsible persons as valid titles, and gave tickets-of-occupation only when extra stock had actually been obtained. He granted land to sons of established settlers only if their fathers' properties had been considerably improved, and to immigrants in proportion to their capital. He was reluctant to make grants to his newly-appointed officials, even though this subjected him 'to a most unpleasant feeling'. In order to promote settlement of the colony by settlers who really wanted to improve the land and to deter speculators with fictitious capital, he insisted that grantees should maintain one convict labourer, free of expense to the Crown, for every 100 acres (40 ha) they were given, and he maintained this rule against criticism from the Colonial Office that it would hamper settlement. Brisbane insisted that although the regulation had been temporarily unpopular genuine settlers did not oppose it, for convict servants were coming to be looked on as a boon. It would help to control the intense demand for land, though even that check would not be sufficient. 'Not a cow calves in the colony but her owner applies for an additional grant in consequence of the increase in his stock', he wrote. 'Every person to whom a grant is made receives it as the payment of a debt; everyone to whom one is refused turns my implacable enemy'. He asked the British government 'to fix an invariable proportion of land to be cultivated in every grant' and to appoint a Commission of Escheat, for without it, since a judgment by Barron Field, the 'clearing and cultivating clauses' in the grants had become 'a dead letter'. The instructions on the disposal of crown lands which were sent from London in January 1825 owed so much to Brisbane's advice that he found 'great satisfaction' in noticing 'the very prominent similarity' between them and the practice he had been following in New South Wales.
Acting on one of Bigge's suggestions Brisbane in 1824 had begun selling crown lands, at 5s. an acre. 'While the system of free grants exists, there is little chance of extensive improvement taking place generally in the colony, as the improver of land can never enter the market in competition with the individual who gets his land for nothing', Brisbane told Bathurst. Between May and December 1825 more than 500,000 acres (202,345 ha) were sold. In land policy Brisbane had recognized the need to encourage men of capital, though at the same time opposing over-lavish land grants. Seeing the need for consolidation rather than expansion, and for more accurate surveys of the settled areas, he gave less encouragement to land exploration than either his predecessors or successors, but he continued, as instructed, to organize coastal surveys.
Brisbane received from Bathurst full instructions on convict affairs, derived from Bigge's report. These were based on the belief that Macquarie had been too lenient and too extravagant, and Brisbane conscientiously carried them out. He rigidly adhered to the rules against the premature granting of tickets-of-leave. He reduced the number of road-gangs, whose members often indulged in dissipation and crime, and the numbers employed on public works in Sydney, and organized in their place gangs to clear land for settlers in return for payment to the government; this greatly speeded up the rate of clearing. He ordered convict mechanics to be hired instead of being assigned; this brought in revenue and made for a more efficient distribution of labour. He established new centres of secondary punishment as Bigge had recommended, first at Moreton Bay and later at Bathurst's suggestion on Norfolk Island, and he sent educated convicts to be confined first at Bathurst and later at Wellington valley, but he opposed excessive corporal punishment, reprieved many prisoners sentenced to death and was criticized by Bathurst for his improvidence in granting pardons.
Brisbane set up an agricultural training college and was the first patron of the New South Wales Agricultural Society, founded in 1822, which among other activities, financed the importation of livestock. On Bathurst's instructions, he drastically reduced the assistance given to new settlers and so, by making it virtually impracticable to begin farming without capital, helped to improve production. He conducted experiments in growing Virginian tobacco, Georgian cotton, Brazilian coffee and New Zealand flax, but unfortunately without much success.
Brisbane looked forward to getting the 'Colony on to its own Resources' and regarded the achievement of economy in government expenditure as one of his major successes. In 1822, on the advice of Frederick Goulburn, colonial secretary, and William Wemyss, deputy commissary general, he initiated currency reforms by which commissariat payments were to be made in dollars at a fixed value of 5s. or about one-eighth above their intrinsic value. This attempt to set up a dollar standard was intended both to reduce expenditure and to provide the colony with a coinage which would prevent a repetition of the issue of store receipts as practised by the former commissary, Frederick Drennan, and it would discourage imports by depreciating the local currency. But the system was not a success and after the terms on which the dollars would be received had been modified the dollar standard was replaced by a sterling exchange standard on instructions sent from London in July 1825. In 1823 all commissariat supplies were called by tender, though the introduction of price competition hurt small farmers and favoured the larger ones; when only three month's grain was bought by tender, instead of a year's at a fixed price, a minor depression occurred, but this was partly due to the suddenness of the change.
Brisbane was devout and broadminded in religious matters, and prepared to support any sect that did not threaten the state. He encouraged Wesleyan societies, advocated and gave financial aid to the Roman Catholics, but opposed what he regarded as extravagant demands by the Presbyterians, considering them wealthy enough to build their own church. He supported Bible and tract societies. He attempted to encourage education by appointing a director-general of all government public schools, but this was quashed by the Colonial Office. He believed that clergy, like government officials, should not indulge in private trade, which of course made him unpopular with Samuel Marsden. His policy towards Aboriginals was ambivalent. On one occasion he ordered some to be shot; on another he imposed martial law beyond the Blue Mountains because of 'the aggressions of the Native Blacks'. However, he favoured compensating them for lost land, and in 1825 granted the London Missionary Society 10,000 acres (4047 ha) as an Aboriginal reserve.
Like other governors, Brisbane found the emancipist-exclusive quarrel a major difficulty, and the success of many of his policies was vitiated because some of his officials ignored him and favoured the exclusives. Brisbane himself did not have great faith in the future of a colony based on emancipists; but though he preferred the large-scale immigration of free settlers, especially those with capital, his cautious liberalism was to the emancipists' tastes. Unlike the exclusives, they gave him a warm farewell. Brisbane appears to have believed, as he said at a public meeting just before he left, that free institutions could be safely established in New South Wales. In 1824 he did not apply any censorship when William Charles Wentworth's Australian began publication, and ended control of the Gazette by government officials. He ordered the holding of Courts of Quarter Sessions at which there would be trial by jury, an experiment which Chief Justice (Sir) Francis Forbes reported to have been very successful; they were abolished by the Act of 1828, but not before the exclusives had grossly misused them at Parramatta in their vendetta against Henry Grattan Douglass. The Legislative Council set up by the New South Wales Act of 1823, which began meeting in August 1824, operated calmly under his rule and began the process of reducing the powers of the governor from the autocracy of the past.
At first Brisbane had too few men to do the work of government; by 1824 he found himself with a number of departmental heads appointed independently of him, varying in ability, at odds with each other and the government. He thought Judge Barron Field and Judge-Advocate (Sir) John Wylde responsible for much of the party feeling in the colony, and was heartily glad to see them go in 1824, but John Oxley, Saxe Bannister and Frederick Goulburn were also sources of trouble. Men like George Druitt, John Jamison, Marsden, John Dunmore Lang, the Macarthurs and the Blaxlands frequently made vicious misrepresentations in London about Brisbane's administration. They gave the governor much to contend with and, though he 'evinced a forbearance amounting to Stoicism', in the end he felt compelled to remove some 'exclusive' magistrates for grossly improper behaviour. It was partly to counter their misrepresentations that he sent Dr Douglass to London in February 1824, but his patronage of Douglass, who was in trouble with the War Office, in the end contributed to his recall. Brisbane did not find Goulburn easy to work with and in January 1824 asked for an assistant-secretary. Goulburn refused to carry out some of Brisbane's instructions; he suppressed letters or answered them without reference to the governor; on 19 April 1824 he even claimed that the governor's proclamations and orders were invalid unless they went through his department. Such conduct Brisbane clearly could not countenance and he protested to the Colonial Office; the reply in December was the recall of both governor and secretary, and in November 1825 Brisbane departed.
Brisbane did not concern himself with all the details of his administration; but a governor could no longer attend to everything. The colony had expanded in size in recent years, and Macquarie had ruined his health and peace of mind by a concern with every administrative detail and petty squabble as Governor (Sir) Ralph Darling was soon to do also. Brisbane had worked well with Lieutenant-Governors William Sorell and (Sir) George Arthur in Van Diemen's Land, which was still under his jurisdiction, and he had no trouble there. Unfriendly contemporaries, Marsden, Archdeacon Thomas Scott and the Macarthurs, found Brisbane amiable, impartial but weak. His enemies accused him of a lack of interest in the colony, but this was untrue. Judge Forbes, whom he found 'a great blessing', praised his work; an emancipist address on his departure spoke of 'a mild, an unpartial, and a firm administration'; but soon afterwards John Dunmore Lang was to make what became the standard comment on his governorship; 'a man of the best intentions, but disinclined to business, and deficient in energy'. Of the quality of his intentions there is little doubt: highly patriotic, and regarding New South Wales as being of considerable moral, political and strategic value to the United Kingdom, he was genuinely concerned in its future progress. The stock criticisms, that he was weak and lacked interest in administrative detail, either because he was lazy or more concerned with 'star-gazing', are very misleading. 'In place of passing my time in the Observatory or shooting Parrots, I am seldom employed in either. And Altho' I rise oftener at 5 o'clock in the Morning than after, I cannot get thro' the various and arduous duties of my Government', he wrote. Brisbane had been a very respected and successful soldier, as indicated by Nugent's admiration and Wellington's occasional recorded praise and continued championship. Brisbane's dispatches are permeated with bitter realism about the greed and duplicity of leading colonists, and his policies for the colony were usually sensible. He was ready to delegate work to subordinates who were too often untrustworthy, but he was extremely diligent in the duties which he undertook himself as pertinent to his office. Sensitive, respectful to others, and never vindictive, he was rather out of his element when surrounded by the arrogance of the New South Wales magistracy, the disloyalty and factiousness of officials and the explosive rifts in colonial society. At the same time a more forceful man, living in Sydney not Parramatta, who ignored his wife and infant family (two of whom were born in the colony and a third on the voyage home), would probably have had more success in overcoming his difficulties. It was an unhappy period in Brisbane's life and, as Wellington commented on his recall, 'there are many brave men not fit to be governors of colonies'.
His astronomical activities had continued in Australia and indeed were probably a reason for his seeking the appointment. He built an observatory at Parramatta and made the first observations of stars in the southern hemisphere since Lacaille's in 1751-52 of which he published an account. 'Science' was 'not allowed to flag'. When he departed he left his astronomical instruments and 349 volumes of his scientific library to the colony, as he wanted his name to be associated with 'the furtherance of Science'; but he had had to leave most of his observatory work to Christian Rümker. There is little reference to astronomy in his letters after 1823, but he kept up his interest and in 1828 reported on the subject to the Royal Society, London. His astronomical achievements indeed brought him as much fame as his military and vice-regal career. When in 1823 Oxford University made him a D.C.L. he wrote that 'no Roman General ever felt prouder of the Corona Triumphatus … than I do on this occasion'. In 1826 he built another observatory at Makerstoun. Later he became president of the Edinburgh Astronomical Institution and did much to make the Edinburgh Royal Observatory highly efficient. In 1832 he was elected president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in succession to Sir Walter Scott. In 1836 he was created a baronet, in 1837 awarded a G.C.B. and in 1841 promoted general. In 1826 he had been given command of the 34th Regiment; in 1836 he was offered the command of the troops in the North American colonies, but refused on grounds of ill health, as he did in 1838 when offered the Indian command. In 1858, when he was 'the oldest officer in the Army' he twice sought a field-marshal's baton; but though asked for without emolument it was refused. Much of his later life was occupied in paternal works at Largs. He improved its drainage, endowed a parish school and the Largs Brisbane Academy. Predeceased by his four children, he died on 27 January 1860, after enjoying locally great popularity and respect.
Brisbane letters (National Library of Australia).
J. D. Heydon, 'Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall (1773–1860)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/brisbane-sir-thomas-makdougall-1827/text2097, published first in hardcopy 1966, accessed online 22 April 2019.
|
0.999999 |
Spes Bona has long been a household name in Namibia and is best known for selling high quality vehicles and having established a sound reputation for honest business practice. Pieter Senekal, Managing Director of Spes Bona Motor Company has always had a zeal for business and his relentless efforts and a passion for the motor vehicle industry have led to expansion of the business at a high rate.
Since 2003 Spes Bona has opened up a second pre owned vehicle branch, introduced Auto Armor and VPS to the market, as well as opening a Fiat and Alfa Romeo dealership. March 2008 saw the launch of the rental company called Spes Bona Rent A Car and Spes Bona Fiat / Alfa Romeo was launched in 2010. This site will showcase the different companies under Spes Bona name with a brief history on the establishment and growth of the business since 1975.
Pieter’s father Jan Senekal was employed as sales manager for Terry’s Motors who sold up to 120 used cars per month and was one of the largest motoring groups at the time. As with most new businesses launching, Jan did not have a huge amount of starting capital and when he opened up the first branch of Spes Bona Motors opposite Windhoek Municipality in today’s Independence Avenue, he only had five cars to sell.
Pieter still chuckles and says that a family friend who also owned a used car dealership visited the Spes Bona dealership and decided to lend the family cars on consignment to sell. Things weren’t easy and everybody had to work hard to ensure the success of the dealership. Jan Senekal sold, serviced and repaired all vehicles and his wife Ina applied herself to a multitude of tasks starting from cleaning, book keeping to running all types of errands, both driven by the desire to build a future for themselves.
In 1983, Spes Bona Motors moved to their own premises in Independence Avenue, where you’ll find their Platinum Select division today. In 1988, after appointing a manager to run the Windhoek branch the Senekals expanded the operation with a dealership in Mosselbay. At 16 years of age Pieter also started helping out at the dealership during his holidays and spare time and then decided to work at Spes Bona full time in 1991. This led to the opening of a 2nd branch in Mosselbay in 1994, which Pieter ran.
Ten years after moving to Mosselbay (1998) the Senekals had reached a point where it was time to decide on the future of their Namibian branch and to this purpose Pieter traveled to Windhoek to evaluate the options.
However, true to his style, when he crossed into Namibia on his way up, his mind was already made up to make things work. Pieter resolved to turn Spes Bona into the very best used car dealership, and as they say, “the ball started rolling”.
Asked, what makes him different, Pieter is quick to point out, that he doesn't see himself as being different. His point of view on business is that one needs to do something because you enjoy it, not just for the financial rewards. He rather views himself as one of very few people who enjoy what they do, his outlook being that everything in life is controlled by your attitude and your mindset.
|
0.997995 |
Micro (AAA), Mignon (AA), Baby (C), Mono (D).
and charge state. The maximum charge/discharge current is 5 A.
|
0.989115 |
Ask HN: How do you stay focused while programming/working?
I often find myself "needing" to take a mini-break after just a few minutes of concerted effort while coding. In particular, this often occurs after I've made a tiny breakthrough, prompting me to reward myself by checking Twitter or HN. This bad habit quickly derails any momentum. What are some tips to increase focus stamina and avoid distraction?
Find something else to reward yourself with. For example, a drink of flavored water or a sip of coffee/tea. Also, try coding offline. I always do my best programming when offline– pencil and paper is the best.
If you've already implemented a method in pseudocode, you can use StackOverflow/documentation/Google/etc to look up the actual API calls once you're translating the program into code.
Do you have any examples of good pseudocode? I have tried this method but feel as if I am not doing it in an effective manner?
And while writing pseudocode how do you know the level of depth and detail to include.
While not pseudocode per se - my offline coding is predominantly outlining structures and data flows; so how I would structure the application (classes etc - where what code would reside etc). Then I expand from the structure to start moving the data objects themselves around (also giving an overarching structure to the data objects as well), where the flow / control logic starts coming again. Sometimes I'll write a few transformers / mappers there as well if they're needed when sending / fetching data from a few places.
Usually you can speed this up greatly by following the conventions of a framework; for webapps I would design the models/controllers/routes/views, mobile apps would be navigation tree, views (screens), components, and if there's a lot of data, then mappers/reducers etc. So it's usually small descriptions (even one or two words) of what a given class/object/action is doing, where it's coming from and where it's going. I can then expand this to be very specific with fields, routes etc, and what they're all doing.
Having that basic, overall structure done offline means I can approach the coding with purely an implementation mindset and don't have to worry about the "big picture" when doing all the small bits - when you start coding immediately you're on a bit of a discovery path with the big picture, and the implementation details, and changing stuff on the fly etc, which can be rather time consuming / side track into different places and so forth.
Most of what I do is just take data from one place, change it somehow, and present it somewhere else - so it makes the above fairly easy and effective for my work.
This is helpful. Going to try this today!
Learn python. Seriously, I fell in love with python when I noticed it looked just like my psuedo code.
As to your question of depth, I start at the highest level if abstraction I can get away with, assume that some magic function exists and does what you need. If said function isn't in the standard library, implement it if it's simple, implement it, just know that you're getting closer to actual code the more of these functions you flesh out, and some of them are likely to be libraries, you'll want to look up later.
I fell in love too. Fist language that I actually was able to feel I understood. Its been about a year since I started.
Your feedback on depth is really helpful. Thanks!
It's not exactly new and exciting, but I found that listening to calm, instrumental music helps me focus. Mostly Ambient. If you do not like electronic music, Stars Of The Lid or Bohren & Der Club Of Gore are very much worth checking out.
Also, https://mynoise.net/ has worked wonders for me.
In both cases, it seems that unstructured audio input, like, occupies the parts of my mind that would otherwise distract me.
> It's not exactly new and exciting, but I found that listening to calm, instrumental music helps me focus. Mostly Ambient.
I've heard that videogame soundtracks are designed to not be distracting; to help focus.
It's playing mostly chillstep and slow electronic music with decent or no vocals.
binaural beats are something similar. They've helped me focus.
I normally leave everything until the last minute which means I have no choice but to be incredibly focused and motivated to deliver on my commitments.
I've always had a reputation for delivering late but this has gotten better over time as I learn to account for unknowns and my definition of "last minute" has gotten more realistic.
Over the years I have tried fruitlessly to make myself more proactive and have consistently failed. I do my best work under pressure and am now focused on embracing who I am and finding a way to make that successful instead of trying to change it. There is a name for this - the Eisenhower method - but it's not a strategy I do deliberately, it's just naturally who I am.
So how do I focus? When there's no time to waste it just comes naturally. I take mini-breaks too, but then my subconscious very quickly kicks me back into gear.
Mini breaks are fine. Just blacklist certain things from your breaks if you find they're bad for you. I find "boring" breaks to be the best - sleep, looking at nature, chatting with a co-worker.
Discipline only goes so far. This doesn't happen if your motivation is high enough as you'd just lock back into the project once you've regenerated.
Treat motivation as a supplement. You might be looking at HN as your mind craves more motivation.
Think of people, not cash rewards. Who will this project help? Users? Stakeholders? If you have to think of cash, think of how you could spend it on making other people happier... donations to the poor, buying mom a gift, taking your child to a theme park.
You might also be motivated by creative impulses. Bookmark projects you admire. It can be roadmaps and devlogs. Open them up again when you're feeling demotivated or need a break.
I go for a smoke :-) But you could walk around the house or block. I get so many good ideas while sitting there smoking for a few minutes, in the backyard gazing into the trees. I think when/if I stop smoking, I'll pick a spot outside to go to and sit for a few minutes. Its pretty amazing, usually the answer to the next problem pops into my head. Probably the vast majority of my good ideas come in those few-minute breaks.
I signed up for brain.fm (http://brain.fm/) after it was posted here a year or so ago. Can absolutely recommend it!
Had a quick look, but don't like that they appear to hide their pricing. I will not sign up just to find out their pricing or "learn more".
A lot of the good stuff is off the shelf. L-Theanine for focus. Creatine monohydrate for more RAM (thinking faster, less brain fog).
About stuff off the shelf: I bought Focus Pep (https://www.amazon.com/Addrena-Stimulants-Boosting-Dietary-S...) a year ago or so off Amazon (I believe they are only sold through Amazon). Well, they helped me tremendously. I would take them minutes after I would wake up and I would then consequently have a want and go for a three mile run every day of the week. Then I would go to several of my classes and be focused to the dot. You could even say, I felt I was in a confident "flow" state when I took them. I ended having an all time best sleep schedule, since I took them in the morning so by nighttime I was so exhausted I would fall asleep early and wake up early. But the period when I took them, I would get sweaty easily, my entire being would be jittery, and I would not feel hungry throughout the day. I eventually got off them because I didn't feel natural and at ease, I always had an anxious need to do something. Though now that I'm not on them, I'm more prone to: being sad, overthinking about things, having trouble falling asleep and getting out of bed, not having a want to exercise, etc.
Try getting your hands on the tyrosine and the bacopa individually. Those two can be very useful. I take both.
The Vitamin B12 is potentially interesting; I have that in a spray form (on my table right here actually) which I'm trying to remember to take in the morning.
The caffeine is likely added as "energy sugar", ie to give the product a noticeable boost. Caffeine does work, but the toll it takes (and its predominantly psychological effect) is well known.
The Guarana seed extract, Bitter Orange Fruit Powder, DMAE, White Willow Bark, and Huperzine-A I can't comment at all about, but have been filed away.
The Carnitine and Choline I can't remember about right now... I think those are interesting, but I haven't properly tested my reaction to those just yet.
I'm guessing the pepper was added to increase absorption (it's supposed to rev the gut up and help digestion, and not in a bad way, but everyone works differently and sometimes this plan backfires).
When it comes to natural health, getting all the compounds individually and then figuring out the doses you need generally has the best effect.
This is generally more expensive (agh, so expensive...) but the results are worth it. I have quite a few issues (anxiety, cognition/problem-solving, mood, memory, stamina, nervous system, ...) and, well, the only reason I'm not 100% on top of my game is because I can't afford to take more than I'm taking right now (which ironically is the reason I don't have the mental consistency to get a job at this point xD). The products do work.
Huh, I've been taking 3-5g of creatine mono every day for ~5 years and have never heard of it having mental benefits until now.
It's a lot like RAM. You notice it when you're not on it. I think the most obvious effect is humor... while on it, I'm quicker to see an opportunity for a joke. I assume it applies for finding breakthroughs faster.
you haven't demonstrated that you need focus, what you have tho is shown that you have a bad habit. Kill the bad habit, you are aware of it. So new Twitter or HN or any win. Replace it with something else, pump your fist. Have a win book, write down your win and move on to the next. If you have a todo list, cross it off. Best of luck.
right on, break the habit and focus will follow.
SelfControl.app is still my favorite Mac app ever. Add a list of sites to block, set a timer, go. I have a huge blacklist. I enable a 24 hour every night. This way I don’t even have a chance to start procrastinating the next morning.
The crazy thing is how many times you’ll try to go to one of your addicting sites even though it’s blocked. SelfControl acts as a great circuit breaker in this case, and can also show how bad the addiction is.
If I want to read HN, I have to do it on my phone. If I’m looking at my phone, I know I’m screwing around, so it doesn’t last long.
I built something just for email. https://dndemail.com keeps your inbox empty and only delivers your new messages on a set schedule. That keeps me out of my inbox and focused on my real to do list.
It’s pretty personal by its nature. Basically every site I enjoy. Social networks, blogs, news aggregators, etc. One exception is that YouTube is allowed, since I never procrastinate by watching YouTube videos (thankfully it seems I’ve been spared from that particular vice).
Try the pomodoro technique, the concept is 25 minutes of work to 5 minutes of break time.
As interesting as an idea as this appears, I am hesitant to think that it would do anything other than distract me even more.
Its not 100% effective since I can still use my phone, but it helps. Unfortunately I haven't found a good Mac alternative that allows you to update your filter list in bulk.
IMO, the specific situation you're describing (wanting to check in on HN) does not have a 1:1 relationship with the bigger picture you're associating it with (focusing in general).
I've discovered that I also periodically want to check HN, imgur, etc periodically.
Fundamentally, this is because I really (really...) need to setup an intelligent social tracking system that tells me about interesting things that I will probably want to intervene in RIGHT NOW, whether inconvenient or not, because of some ascribed value (for example being able to comment on a relevant discussion, reach out to someone in the context of some opportunity, etc). I primarily check in on HN for this reason; "is there relevant discussion happening right now." While I don't have the system I just described, I'm trying to be it myself.
Of course this doesn't really scale or work, but it's incredibly fun to pretend I'm competently keeping up with everything because the activity of "just making sure" is one of those simple, predictable activities that has statistically low chance of disappointment (or concrete negativity/malice) and statistically high chance of low-effort reward (except for those 183 times where it was boring, which I ignore those because superstition is powerful), and... oh hey, there goes my day.
When I realized this recently I was able to at least stare the problem in the face. Now I can work on swinging in the direction of closure for this whole... thing of "keeping up" that I've deliberately been cultivating lack of closure of, for the sake of addiction, and hopefully get myself focused and back on track.
Nobody else goes for a nice sativa?
Do try to get evaluated for medical conditions; stuff like sleep apnea, ADD, smoking, depression etc. can all affect this. If you are suffering from something beyond bad habits that's very important to know. And I know several of these are cpnsidered to be overdiagnosed so try to see a serious therapist who will see you over multiple longer sessions before coming up with a diagnosis to get rid of you.
Don't expect anything huge, but the effect that I see with simple binaural beats is a slight calming and improved focus. It seems to quiet the urge to goof off and compulsively check sites like this. No it's not on right now.
Disclaimer - I wrote this https://betterself.io to help me out here. It's helped me get much better, but certainly isn't perfect. It's open-sourced at https://github.com/jeffshek/betterself/.
Someone posted this quote a while back, and it stuck with me. "Think of your mind every morning as a clean desk, and every time you get distracted via social, game, etc, you put something on it. It then gets progressively harder to do work with a messier desk. The best way is to just always have a clean desk."
I logged habits and supplements for over a year. Things that were effective were having a lot of strong routines that pull you in the right direction.
X) Have some type of metric you are measuring to. For me it was RescueTime and WakaTime. How productive was I for this week compared to last?
1A) Have your phone on DnD or Airplane Mode.
1) Start the day off with SelfControl app. Add the timer to lock out all disractions until X PM every day.
4) Eat the same foods that won't make you groggy / crap. This sounds masochastic in some way, but it's much easier than it sounds once you get used to it. For instance, the same oatmeal for breakfast is a great way to set a routine.
5) Track what supplements and food you were taking that improved productivity.
6) Inversely, see what supplements or diets you might be taking that does the opposite.
7) Set up a sleep routine. Melatonin at 3mg is a sweet spot. Getting six hours of sleep every night is the perfect amount for me. Everyone varies. The point is don't take "one size fits all advice" for something so crucial to your life. Less than 5 and I was easily distracted. More than 7 and I was groggy. There's a lot of information about how to sleep better. The point is to find a way to maximize sleep quality ... six hours in a city is going to be very different from six hours of sleep in a quiet area.
8) I've tried a lot of supplements. The most effective ones on productivity were ones that helped me with anxiety (so the opposite of caffeine). I eliminated a lot that didn't do anything.
9) Have a track / music that you listen to that starts you in a groove. For instance, I have a EDM Mixtape that I've probably listened to over a thousand times this year. You'll find that a lot of high throughout writers do something similar. The music helps build a habit of "okay, it's time to do work now"
10) Find the right setting / environment that makes you productive. Face a wall. Accept the fact if you can't work from home, then don't.
11) Go for walks when you're bored. Admit to yourself when you're not being productive and you're just spinning your wheels.
12) Exercise. Missing gym workouts (even though it was like 1-2 hours) was a sharp drop in total productivity.
13) Pomodoros. Start with 25 minutes and keep on going up (I average hour long Pomodoros now). When you get distracted in a Pomodoro, have a note card called "Distractions" and write what you want to to do there. That way your mind can stop obsessing about "New Avengers Trailer" if it knows it's going to get there after the break.
When you first start with Pomodoros, have a notebook of how many Pomodoros you did. Make it a goal to do just five pomodoros a day. You'll be impressed how hard that is initially.
14) No lying to yourself. Everytime I've said "this time is different for a YouTube video about anything mildy interesting", I've regretted it.
16) Have a deadline to finish something.
To give some backdrop, this has made me really productive throughout the last year without burning out. I've worked 60+ hours before at startups and just BURNED out, whereas now I can definitely push that easily without hitting that same wall. I integrated all these habits one by one when I was certain through quantitive evidence it was working.
Can't say much about helping social life though. This definitely takes a hit when you try to maximize productivity and flow at the expense of social life.
At work, I put on Moby for a few hours. At home, I just keep telling myself I'm not a millionaire yet, keep going.
I wish that's all it took, but there are some severe procrastinators for which that's not enough.
Found a new job. Went from funding it hard to work 3-4 hours a day to 60 hour weeks being easy. Don't recommend that long as family everything.
Spotify. Some of the playlists are really good for focus(Deep focus, Mellow beats etc). I generally listen to ambient/postrock.
Use Pomodoro timer to help, give some short break after a long-time focusing.
I don't know if this will help you at all, but perhaps it will.
First off, I think there's a myth about productivity. That you are only productive when you are writing code. That's not true.
The way I work is that I need to have a fully formed idea of the solution to a problem before I start writing code. That doesn't mean it's the correct solution. But I have to start with an idea of how I'm going to solve the problem.
Sometimes that takes 10 seconds, if it's a new feature. Sometimes it takes 10 days if it's a bug I don't understand. Sometimes it's 10 hours for a totally new project. Could be anything. But I always start with documenting things in my way: offline. Your notebook and a good pen are your friends.
I do my best thinking at this state away from the computer and away from code. I do it best walking around. Once I think I know how to solve the problem (usually wrong for larger projects and bugs; usually right for new features in an existing project), write down what you intend to do on paper. I know Project Management tools exist for this task, but they don't have the same connection for me as physically writing something down.
As I'm doing that writing, I'll realize a lot of things that are bad about this approach and correct myself. And then my brain will start to organize tasks and group them. While I'm going through this exercise, I will set checkpoints for myself. If it's a ticket for a bug that needs to get fixed today, well, maybe I'll get lucky, and it's one and done. Other times, not so much.
I also try to organize my work segments vs. my thinking segments around my meeting schedules. Because even when my day is broken up by meetings, I'm still probably thinking about my problem.
Building in your checkpoints by planning your work this way has been very helpful for me, not because I need to check facebook or twitter or HN, but because it represents tangible progress.
But if you actually look at my workflow, it's a constant iteration of think a lot, followed by pounding out some code for a few minutes. Sometimes that ratio is very small on the code side, and sometimes it's quite large on the code side.
Without making comments as some other people have about medical or mental problems, I would suggest this: that there's a lot to be gained from working in very small chunks and that if you're worried about momentum, perhaps that's the problem you should be trying to address. Momentum is a tremendously overloaded word, and you shouldn't be trying to evaluate yourself based on your ability to obtain or maintain it.
I have a fairly similar pattern to what you are talking about. Solve a thing; then think about the next thing; then solve that. No one has ever complained about my productivity. On the contrary, people sometimes wonder how I can get so much done when I spend so little time "working."
Different people work in different ways, and I don't think that's a thing to worry about. I've really never very much experienced what people call the zone in programming. I certainly do as a musician when I'm practicing my violin. My girlfriend hates when I practice violin because I absolutely cannot be taken out of that mental space.
As a developer, I don't care about the context switch or the momentum or focus. I can go back and forth. No big deal. So I can understand why this can be problematic. But it might not be.
Questions to ask: are you being told that you aren't productive enough? Are you feeling like you aren't doing good enough work? Or enough good work? Where is this criticism coming from? Is it external or internal? Why do you want to change your patterns?
One of the things that technology companies need to realize is that there are more ways to be productive than just by being in your chair.
I'm my most productive when I'm not writing code. I'm my most productive when I'm solving the problem. And then the code is just a translation of what I've figured out.
When I follow this path, I find that my thoughts are more often wrong than right, and I don't have to worry about getting up and thinking or rewarding until I've fixed my thinking about the problem and proven it to myself through code and tests. And when I get into that mindset, I can't stop until I've corrected myself and crossed everything off the list in my notebook.
Take that for what's it's worth. I'm just one person. And I could be wrong about all of this. But I think I understand a little of what you're talking about, and this is how I deal with it.
A short walk and breath of fresh air is one of the more consistently serendipitous things that help creative work. Music helps too, though silence can help too - it depends on your emotive response at the time I guess.
>"if -- while I am working on something difficult -- I had the capacity to just make time fly quicker, then I'd have no problems with stamina or keeping focused, by design. Furthermore, it would be a momentary-enough challenge to /become fun/. So how do I hasten the passage of time when work is hard?"
The answer to this is: unimpeded flow = mastery. Extrinsic obstacles are easy to spot but one's intrinsic obstacles take much longer to become aware of..
Only after intuition replaces the tendency to hesitant deliberation will deliberate action come easily. As you gain experience, you subvocalize less and operate 'fluidly' at the right mental level of semantics.. With mastery comes the use of "the voice as an object that can be seen as the lever of thought" . Just think of the last time you were amazed by a display of talent or performance by someone that left you so amazed you wished for a few minutes more of their time.
- you could improve to the point that coding gains a new and desiring appeal.
I don't stay focused. I'm a human not a code robot.
|
0.99062 |
Despite the defensiveness of NFP promoters, the occasional critic does speak against NFP. And if one looks carefully at what the critics say, there is much to be considered. Michael Malone's book exposes many logical fallacies in the arguments of NFP promoters, and asks critical questions which NFP promoters cannot and have not answered. "The Case Concerning Catholic Contraception" is the final major work which Michael Malone undertook before his death in 2000. He addresses the matter of contraception through the eyes of the perennial teaching of the Catholic Church, and tackles the thorniest issues that are involved. The book includes a Foreword by Dr. Jay Boyd, author of "Natural Family Planning: Trojan Horse in the Catholic Bedroom?" (available on Amazon). Perhaps the most controversial of Michael Malone's criticisms of NFP is his questioning of the validity of making a distinction between periodic continence (NFP) and artificial contraception. He goes so far as to claim that NFP is equivalent to artificial contraception, asking the hard questions: "Can NFP genuinely be considered any less a species of 'scientific harlotry' than pills or latex? In fact, is it not even more so, considering the excessive amount of time, study, research, and even person-to-person counseling which must be exercised in order to assure successful contraception?" While there is some legitimate line-drawing between NFP and artificial contraception, it is not true that just because NFP is not the same as contraception, a couple using NFP cannot possibly have a 'contraceptive mentality'. Currently, NFP is touted as a licit form of birth control (whether it is called 'birth control' or 'birth regulation' or 'fertility awareness'), at the expense of the teaching on the need for 'serious reasons' to use it, and without mentioning the virtue of producing a large family. When its promoters point out that NFP is 'as effective' as various forms of contraception 'if you follow the rules', they employ the same language and imply the same kind of thinking as we see in those who advocate the use of contraception. When it is proclaimed that NFP is "99% effective" there is no other way to understand "effective" except as "successful in preventing conception". Is it really incorrect to call this a 'contraceptive mentality'? Whether that label fits any, most, or all NFP users is a moot point. In quibbling over the label, we deny the fact that we Catholics have bought into the current cultural myth that family 'planning' is better than family 'happening'. In some respects, debating NFP is a secondary issue. The real point of the conversation - whether we use the term 'artificial contraception', 'contraceptive mentality', or 'birth control' - is this: birth control is not now, nor ever has been, a Catholic value. Without confronting the "birth control" mentality that is behind it, we remain stuck fighting the "symptoms" rather than the "cause." NFP is only an issue because "birth control" has entered discussions of marriage as an authentic Catholic value. The "extreme cases make bad law" phenomenon is here in spades: what should be an exceptional situation has become a "way of life" - as evidenced by the fact that dioceses and parishes are requiring NFP classes for couples intending to marry in the Church. Michael Malone lays out the case against NFP very carefully and clearly in his book. His conclusion is, briefly: "Finally, the purpose and design of NFP is intentionally to avert or frustrate - even if temporarily through recourse to infertile periods - the very possibility of conception. As a contrived, conscious, and calculated act of the will, this system of birth control serves to make a mockery of the fundamental purpose of Matrimony and robs the marital union of its divinely-designed objective..."
|
0.811221 |
NORAID or the Irish Northern Aid Committee is an Irish American fundraising organization founded after the start of the Troubles in Northern Ireland in 1969, best known for raising funds for the Provisional Irish Republican Army.
NORAID was organized and directed by Michael Flannery, who in the 1920s was a member of the IRA North Tipperary Brigade.
Unionist politicians and the British, Irish and United States governments have accused NORAID of being a front for the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), and that it was involved in fundraising for IRA arms importation from North America since the early 1970s. This accusation has always been denied by NORAID. NORAID's former leader, Martin Galvin, was banned from the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The charge was also disputed by historian Ed Moloney who stated that the funds raised by NORAID went largely to the families of IRA volunteers, and that Clan na Gael was the principal financial backer of the Provisional IRA.
By the late 1980s NORAID was a loose federation of local branches centred on fundraising. Sinn Féin, the political party associated with the IRA, wanted NORAID to expand its activities. At the end of 1988, NORAID agreed to try to broaden its appeal and its executive committee was expanded. Sinn Féin sent an organizer to the United States, and more time and money was devoted to lobbying and propaganda.
Then president Pat O'Connell said "Americans are fed up with their own nation's politics. They sure as hell don't want to get involved in Irish politics. They only want to give money for the prisoners and their families, not for political lobbying." O'Connell subsequently opened a separate NORAID office in the Bronx.
A letter later published in New York's two Irish weeklies charged that under Martin Galvin and others, NORAID was "being steered in a direction toward politics and away from its original humanitarian objectives." The first name among forty-one signers was Michael Flannery, who in 1986 had quietly resigned from NORAID. Galvin joined Noraid in the early 1970s, and became the committee's publicity director and editor of its weekly newspaper, The Irish People. He later joined the group's board of directors. Galvin split with Sinn Féin in the mid-1990s over the direction of the Northern Ireland peace process.
NORAID has in the past supported "Project Children", a New York-based organization founded in 1975, to provide summer vacations for children from Northern Ireland away from sectarian strife.
In 1994, Sinn Féin was de-listed as a foreign terrorist organisation by the US State Department after the start of peace efforts in Northern Ireland. NORAID was supportive of the peace process and the subsequent Good Friday Agreement and is nowadays highly supportive of Sinn Féin.
In May 1981, the United States Department of Justice won a court case forcing NORAID to register the Provisional Irish Republican Army as its "foreign principal", under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. In his decision, US District Court Judge Charles S. Haight, Jr. wrote: "The uncontroverted evidence is that [Noraid] is an agent of the IRA, providing money and services for other than relief purposes." NORAID lawyers appealed the decision but lost.
A compromise was reached which allowed NORAID to include a written disclaimer against the court ruling stating the document had been signed under duress and that NORAID maintained that the IRA was not its "foreign principal". Federal attorneys agreed to this, and NORAID resumed filing its financial returns in July 1984.
Irish Northern Aid is an American based membership organization that supports through peaceful means, the establishment of a democratic 32-county Ireland.
Our Strategy: To develop a broad coalition of supporters for Irish Unity through organizing and educating the public, our members, political leaders, and the media.
To support the current Peace Process, including the full implementation of the Good Friday Agreement which was endorsed by the vast majority of the Irish people.
Membership: In keeping with the principles of the 1916 Proclamation, Irish Northern Aid is open to anyone who shares these values.
↑ Bandit Country: Toby Harnden, ISBN 0-340-71737-8.
This page was last modified on 31 March 2016, at 01:48.
|
0.999279 |
A cap reduces games played. That makes matching worse. We tried a cap in the WC and it wasn't particularly great. As it stands the ranking system puts a fairly soft cap at about 40 games.
This is a matching issue, and something I am trying to get Cyanide to deal with by implemented a rookie team protection mechanism, i.e. by reducing the max TV-gap for rookie teams to, e.g., 300TV and increasing it by 20TV per game up to the current 500TV.
There are a total of 7 teams in the current ladder with >=40 games played, and between them they have played 321 games; there are 38 teams with >=30 games played. I think you're overstating the problem. Death is part of BB and some teams play to kill players.
Actually most teams which qualify play about 30 matches, so those players are working from a false perception.
The balance is actually pretty good in CCL, certainly far better than other matchmaking environments. Yes, Chaos and Orcs are played more than other races, but you find that in pretty much all open environments. That said, I don't think your suggestion would change the balance at all: people already have a finite team life of 6 weeks.
What you describe is not what happens. Set a cap and people see it as a requirement and we saw really large dropoffs at the end.
The ranking system takes games played into account.
I hope they do something like this.
Take last season, or the season before, then. You still get small numbers of teams with that many games played: 20 in S9, 14 in S8 etc.
Why does who is in the top 100 matter? The competition is within races, not between races: it becomes between races once you get to the playoffs.
|
0.999884 |
Create a first-rate dining experience by offering your patrons great food, service and attractive furnishings. The wood chair will offer a classic, elegant look when furnishing your establishment. This chair will make an attractive addition to your restaurant, pool hall, lounge, bar or other high traffic venue. This chair is easy to clean, which is an important aspect when it comes to a business. This chair was designed to withstand the daily rigors in the hospitality industry, but will also provide a warm and inviting quality to your home. The durable frame is stabilized with mortise and tenon construction. The floor glides help protect your floors and ensure smooth gliding. This elegantly styled chair will highlight your home or business without disappointment.
|
0.991709 |
Width: 1000mm = 10 hooks.
Width: 1500mm = 16 hooks.
Width: 2000mm = 20 hooks.
|
0.990615 |
And Step VII is the last step of the rearrangement as the desired arrangement is obtained. As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the questions the appropriate step for the given input.
Q1. Which of the following is eighth from the left end of Step VIII in the above arrangement?
Q2. How many steps are needed to complete this arrangement?
Q3. Which step are the elements ’11 Unique Them’ found in the same order?
Q4. What is the position of ‘ Lock' in Step V?
Q5. How many steps are required after the step III?
|
0.99998 |
Text mining is the process of exploring and analyzing large amounts of unstructured text data aided by software that can identify concepts, patterns, topics, keywords and other attributes in the data. It's also known as text analytics, although some people draw a distinction between the two terms; in that view, text analytics is an application enabled by the use of text mining techniques to sort through data sets.
Text mining has become more practical for data scientists and other users due to the development of big data platforms and deep learning algorithms that can analyze massive sets of unstructured data.
Mining and analyzing text helps organizations find potentially valuable business insights in corporate documents, customer emails, call center logs, verbatim survey comments, social network posts, medical records and other sources of text-based data. Increasingly, text mining capabilities are also being incorporated into AI chatbots and virtual agents that companies deploy to provide automated responses to customers as part of their marketing, sales and customer service operations.
Text mining is similar in nature to data mining, but with a focus on text instead of more structured forms of data. However, one of the first steps in the text mining process is to organize and structure the data in some fashion so it can be subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Doing so typically involves the use of natural language processing (NLP) technology, which applies computational linguistics principles to parse and interpret data sets.
The upfront work includes categorizing, clustering and tagging text; summarizing data sets; creating taxonomies; and extracting information about things like word frequencies and relationships between data entities. Analytical models are then run to generate findings that can help drive business strategies and operational actions.
In the past, NLP algorithms were primarily based on statistical or rules-based models that provided direction on what to look for in data sets. In the mid-2010s, though, deep learning models that work in a less supervised way emerged as an alternative approach for text analysis and other advanced analytics applications involving large data sets. Deep learning uses neural networks to analyze data using an iterative method that's more flexible and intuitive than what conventional machine learning supports.
As a result, text mining tools are now better equipped to uncover underlying similarities and associations in text data, even if data scientists don't have a good understanding of what they're likely to find at the start of a project. For example, an unsupervised model could organize data from text documents or emails into a group of topics without any guidance from an analyst.
Sentiment analysis is a widely used text mining application that can track customer sentiment about a company. Also known as opinion mining, sentiment analysis mines text from online reviews, social networks, emails, call center interactions and other data sources to identify common threads that point to positive or negative feelings on the part of customers. Such information can be used to fix product issues, improve customer service and plan new marketing campaigns, among other things.
Other common text mining uses include screening job candidates based on the wording in their resumes, blocking spam emails, classifying website content, flagging insurance claims that may be fraudulent, analyzing descriptions of medical symptoms to aid in diagnoses, and examining corporate documents as part of electronic discovery processes. Text mining software also offers information retrieval capabilities akin to what search engines and enterprise search platforms provide, but that's usually just an element of higher level text mining applications, and not a use in and of itself.
Chatbots answer questions about products and handle basic customer service tasks; they do so by using natural language understanding (NLU) technology, a subcategory of NLP that helps the bots understand human speech and written text so they can respond appropriately.
Natural language generation (NLG) is another related technology that mines documents, images and other data, and then creates text on its own. For example, NLG algorithms are used to write descriptions of neighborhoods for real estate listings and explanations of key performance indicators tracked by business intelligence systems.
Using text mining and analytics to gain insight into customer sentiment can help companies detect product and business problems and then address them before they become big issues that affect sales. Mining the text in customer reviews and communications can also identify desired new features to help strengthen product offerings. In each case, the technology provides an opportunity to improve the overall customer experience, which will hopefully result in increased revenue and profits.
Text mining can also help predict customer churn, enabling companies to take action to head off potential defections to business rivals as part of their marketing and customer relationship management programs. Fraud detection, risk management, online advertising and web content management are other functions that can benefit from the use of text mining tools.
In healthcare, the technology may be able to help diagnose illnesses and medical conditions in patients based on the symptoms they report.
Text mining can be challenging because the data is often vague, inconsistent and contradictory. Efforts to analyze it are further complicated by ambiguities that result from differences in syntax and semantics, as well as the use of slang, sarcasm, regional dialects and technical language specific to individual vertical industries. As a result, text mining algorithms must be trained to parse such ambiguities and inconsistencies when they categorize, tag and summarize sets of text data.
In addition, the deep learning models used in many text mining applications require large amounts of training data and processing power, which can make them expensive to run. Inherent bias in data sets is another issue that can lead deep learning tools to produce flawed results if data scientists don't recognize the biases during the model development process.
There's also a lot of text mining software to choose from. Dozens of commercial and open source technologies are available, including tools from major software vendors, including IBM, Oracle, SAS, SAP and Tibco.
How do you use text mining tools in your organization?
Found in Translation: How AI Technology Helps Make the Most of Your Customer ... –Attivio, Inc.
why should use text mining in data warehouse?
it is because text data mining is u get a pattern on basis of data and if u ll have small data one can never be accurate so for any data mining we use data warehouse else the results wont be accurate , no pattern would be made .
|
0.990242 |
After three and a half years of exploring the world, it"s time for me to explore my own country. Exploring the US on a road trip has long been on my list of travel priorities, and the time was finally right. There are so many places to explore in the US, from the forests and beaches of the northwest to the national parks of the mountainous states.
|
0.999714 |
Make Scottish cheese scones from this tried and true recipe, which has been passed down from mother to daughter.
While they don't keep well for long, these scones are a delightful treat!
Scones originated in Scotland where they are pronounced “skahns,” which rhymes with “John.” These cheese scones are Jane’s mother's recipe. Her mother lived during World War II. Enjoy a taste of Scotland!
1. Pre-heat oven to gas mark 7, 425 degrees F, or 220 degrees C.
2. Sift the flour with the dry ingredients into a large mixing bowl, then rub in the butter using fingertips until mixture is crumbly. Then mix in the grated cheese.
3. Beat the egg in a small bowl with 2 tablespoons of the milk, then mix this in to form a soft dough which will leave the sides of the bowl clean. Add a little more milk if you need to achieve this.
4. Roll out the dough on a floured surface to about 2 cm (3/4 inch) thickness and use a round 4-6 cm (3 inches, approximately) cutter to make the individual scones.
6. Cool on a wire tray. They are best served warm, and don’t really keep too well, although can be revived by gentle heating through the next day.
|
0.990293 |
Chicos en Argelia en mobifriends. ¡Conócelos! Es gratis, muy fácil y divertido.
¡Entra a formar parte de una gran comunidad de chicos y chicas que buscan chicos y chicas de Argelia como tú! Conocergratis. Busca y conoce uncon el Chat, mensajes y mobis.
¿Quieres conocer chicas en Argelia , y/o conocer chicos en Argelia?
hi I'm Hichem from AlgeriaI'm looking for a good woman to stable.
Hola. Soy Joe, me considero una persona audaz Me gusta probar todo lo nuevo Me encanta conocer nuevas culturas y personas, Considero el matrimonio una cosa muy sagrada así que tomo todo mi tiempo en elegir a mi socio. Trabajo en línea por lo que tengo un montón de tiempo libre y en ese momento escucho música y tomar clases de natación. Si quieres saber más sobre mí, envíame un mensaje.
I am Nabil 24 years old. am a person who loves life, thinks about the future, mature, loyal and and the most important is thatI am a compassionate person . I speak Arabic, French, and English . I have a master degree and I have intentions to be a university teacher . I look for a person who is serious, smart and beautiful .
Life is a piece of of theater. Choose well your role before it kicks you out scene. If you know what abstraction is, you will know that nothing worths take everything for serious nor to takeem as a joke. I take things in a medium position. I love reading and writing, enjoying my time in nature. I love philosophy and psychology, and I've learned many things from life and I'm still learning. I am starved for knowledge and sciences, as they are a piece of thislife. I love computers and IT security. I am curious to find and discover new things and new people.
vivo en busca de ka felicidad y aventuras románticas.
Hola, yo estoy aquí para divertirse, hacer amigos y aprender español. Yo te puedo ayudar con Inglés o francés. Si usted quiere saber de mí me envían un mensaje.
As a person I like to think of myself as confident. I’m a very humble man. I understand that there’s a time to give and be loving and understanding. I also believe in standing up for what I believe and not being walked on. I’m always there for my friends and loved ones. I don’t run from adversity. I care what people think of me because I believe in being the best man I can be. I want people who come across me to think “hey what a cool guy”. It’s not about attention for me. It’s about the importance of ones own honor and respect for those around him.
i would like to think of myself as an outgoing ,sensitive yetmanly kinda guy i like sports, films and music .something ilook for would be a nice educated spontaneous young women who's up for an adventure.
|
0.942038 |
I have a raspberry Pi 2 that I've installed MyController on. This works fine, I can access it via the browser. I have also wired up an NRF24L01+ module to the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. And I have followed the steps under "install and build", which seem to have worked fine. I didn't make any changes to the conf file. However now Im stuck. How do I setup the Raspberry Pi with the NRF24L01+ as a gateway in the MyController Gateway setup page in Safari?
Background: I have a raspberry Pi 2 that I've installed MyController on. This works fine, I can access it via the browser. I have also wired up an NRF24L01+ module to the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi. I have also set up the raspberry pi as a gateway in the MyController Gateway setup page in Safari. It found it and it seem to work.
However to my question. How do I know if the Raspberry Pi gateway with NRF24L01 work? How can I monitor what the Raspberry Pi gateway receive? Is there a similar way as the "Serial Monitor" that I use in the Arduino application, when accessing Arduino Uno via USB?
If there is I need to monitor this via OSX Terminal.
Today i tried to use the sketch Water Meter Pulse Sensor in mysGateway.cpp but i run into alot of errors, you have any idea?
#define SLEEP_MODE false // flowvalue can only be reported when sleep mode is false.
#define MAX_FLOW 40 // Max flow (l/min) value to report. This filters outliers.
unsigned long SEND_FREQUENCY = 30000; // Minimum time between send (in milliseconds). We don't want to spam the gateway.
// Check that we dont get unresonable large flow value.
[OK] machine detected: SoC=BCM2835, Type=RPi, CPU=armv6l, REV=000e.
i was able to get a bit further by replacing all "unsigned long" declarations with "uint"
I probably miss something, but why are trying to compile the arduino sketch on Raspberry Pi???
As @Toyman implies, we haven't ported the full Arduino environment here. This should mainly be used for running the Serial/Ethernet gateway directly on your RPi.
You cannot just run any MySensors example without risking to make heavy adaptations/implementation on your own.
Also, if you want to print something don't use Serial.print() or Serial.println(), use printf() or debug().
as @hek said, the main focus now is to be used as a gateway, with time adding sensors will become less problematic.
I have it almost working. Regarding the interrupt, I have to pull-up to 3.3V the io pin through a resistor of 10k?
1476724216: Invalid protocol "MQTT" in CONNECT from 127.0.0.1.
1476724216: Socket read error on client (null), disconnecting.
Tried an alternative mosquitto broker on another server too - same error.
@marceloaqno I finally have the MQTT gateway working after upgrading mosquitto to the latest build... I had installed mosquitto with apt-get under Wheezy which apparently pulled an older version. In retrospect probably should have just upgraded to Jessie from the outset! Working perfectly now (still under wheezy though FWIW)... thanks!
My port is named ttyUSB20. You should substitute whatever you have named your port.
Thanks I'll test it. But it seems like I've jumped over a step or two. Or something isn't working. Nothing happened when I wrote "Make" in Terminal, so I jumped over this step. I guess that might be the problem.
Do I have to configure (./configure -help) or can I use the default values when I connect the NRF24L01 to the GPIO pins?
@b0rmann what happened? Did you fixed the problem you described in your last message?
@marceloaqno I have it completely working now. A Raspberry Pi PulseCounter for water/gas/electricity consumption measurements with ethernet/mqtt. I can post my code here if you want.
@ericvdb Congrats! oops, sorry about my mistake.
make: *** No rule to make target 'clean'. Stop.
Based on this it seem to all be ok on the Raspberry Pi side.. So I uploaded the "MockMySensors" sketch to my Arduino Uno with NRF24 connected. Below is the code and failure message I get from the Arduino. Do I need to set a gateway address or something?
I want to use my rPi to generate random soft serials for my sensors.
Could all three "gen" commands output the line to put in SecurityPersonalizer.ino like it does when using the "set" commands?
@Christian-Simonsen you need to be within the MySensors folders to execute commands configure and make.
@NiklasO Done (#622). Thanks for the sugestion.
Thanks for letting me know, didn't know that not running it from the specific folder would have an impact.
I reconfigured it as you recommended. and restarted the gateway, with the result below.
What is the best way to test if the gateway work? What sketch should I use on the arduino? and how do I see in Terminal that the mysGateway receive the transfer successfully?
why node 2 and node 3 send messages directly and via node 10?
24.6 - is actual value from 2/251, but gateway receive this value from 3/0 How is it possible?
Is there anyone here that can give me some one-to-one support this evening to setup the Raspberry Pi + NRF24L01 as a gateway with MyController, and a Arduino Uno + NRF24L01 as Sensor node. I'm stuck after trying various things over the past week, so looks like I need some additional skills/knowledge to get the first setup working.
hi, the gateway works but how display sensors in domoticz?
@nico you need a sensor to send data to GW and assuming you have GW added to Domoticz, Domoticz will add up corresponding values to "Devices"
I have a gateway and 1 sensor ,obviously.
I have added serial GW but anyone sensor appear, i'm sure that the sensor works, and the gateway also (see with the command mysGateway -d).
How do you know that the GW was added to Domoticz? Logs please?
For MY_NODE_ID you can select any number. Just make sure that each new sensor node that you create has a different node number so like start out at MY_NODE_ID 1 and when you make another sensor node you can #define MY_NODE_ID 2 and so on.
Next load it up to the Arduino, open the serial monitor, and see what happens. If you watch the serial monitor on the arduino you will see it present itself to the gateway and then you can confirm it in the debug log on the raspberry pi.
I think it is pretty normal to have the problems you are having. I uninstalled and reinstalled the gateway 3 times on the Raspberry Pi before I finally got it all figured out. Once you get it running it is a glorious thing.
looks like a power issue with the nrf24 module.
@b0rmann Can you provide a full debug log of all involved nodes?
Can I attach one or more DallasTemp sensors on the Raspberry Pi gateway?
Im now building a few extra sensor nodes, so I can test without the Raspberry pi. Hopefully I can atleast get them talking based on Arduinos first. Before testing the Raspberry Pi.
@Christian-Simonsen multimeter will not detect issues with the power feed (noise or unstable). It just says that you voltage under zero load is 3.3V.
@mfalkvidd Alright The thing is that I have my Raspberry Pi as a Gateway today near my server rack and would like to measure the temperatur. Maybe I just get a Nano to do the work for me. Just would have been great to use the Raspberry.
@carlyler Thanks for pointing that out.
@jerseyguy1996 Are you using a decoupling capacitor?
@marceloaqno Yes its 220 uF. It was all I had handy. I read somewhere that this may be a problem specific to the arduino nano. I may give it a try with the pro mini. Although I'm not sure what that may have to do with it.
Edit: I tried the same sketch on an arduino pro mini and it worked fine. When I simulated a loss of connection by walking out of range of the gateway it immediately reestablished the connection when I got back within range. The only difference is that the pro mini is running at 8 mhz whereas the nano runs at 16 mhz. Not sure how that affects things.
Just sleep longer. It sends one heartbeat every time the node wakes up.
Have you been able to resolve that problem yet? I have tried multiple radios with different capacitors and powersources grounded to the Raspberry Pi.
Sadly not. I ended up creating an serial gateway (arduino with NRF24L01 and a USB connector) and connected this to the Raspberry Pi, rather than connecting the NRF24L01 directly to the GPIO pins. This worked perfectly straight away.
Too stubborn to give up, yet.
I would like to try this, but my pins19-23 are already used by other hardware. Has anyone tried using the SPI1 Pins?
@dopeeye I had this issue and unfortunately changed several things at once and got rid of it. However, one thing I noticed was I had different versions of mySensors in my library directory since I downloaded the examples package. Therefore the sensor was likely compiling on a different version than the Gateway. You might want to check that.
If you could post more of your logs (sensor and gateway) it might help.
When running as a service, is there a way to watch the debug log?
@alesc looks like this commit in the development branch broke the code.
before running configure should get the code to the latest stable release.
EDIT: Sorry, that won't work because the Raspberry Pi stuff didn't exist when MySensors 2.0 was released. You'll have to do git pull instead, to get tekka's fix.
Big thumb up for the amount of work supplied !!!
But no success with the "mysGateway" install : should i go back to serial gateway with an arduino ?
wiki, then everything came up nicely. I feel it is some permission issue that I have not tried to figure out yet.
|
0.979789 |
What is the first thing that comes into your mind when people mention “Hawaii”? Is it the endless beaches, or the deep blue see or the fierce tropical sunshine? None of them are wrong, because they are all symbolic of the Aloha state. Hawaii is comprised of a chain of 137 islands. We usually think of the eight main islands when we are talking about Hawaii: this is because the other 129 islands are too small even for living.
Hawaii has the world's most active volcano, the crater of Kilauea on Mauna Loa. Sandy beaches, towering volcanoes, and lush valleys attract thousands of tourists each year to visit this tropical paradise.
Hawaii does not connect with the American continent. It is located in the northern Pacific Ocean and is the most ethnically and racially diverse state of any state in the union. It is also one of only two states where Caucasians are not the biggest section population. Hawaii contains the highest rate of ethnic Asians and there are also Polynesians among others. Native Hawaiians preserve many of their customs and traditions even though more and more new residents move into the islands. Hawaii is the also only state that has an official native language.
In Hawaii’s past history, statehood had been proposed many times, however it was not until 1959 that Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.
|
0.9139 |
Venus young new surface material - expanding or growing planet?
Venus rotation appears to have slowed down an incredible amount in only a few years, its days length seems to have reduced by just over six minutes in just over 10 years. This is unexplainable according to current science theories. Unless one set of the data is eventually proven to be wrong.
If Venus's rotation is slowing down as it grows larger (similar to ice skaters when spinning) then is there any possible evidence for new material on the planet?
Venus may have an unexpectedly youthful face, and that's good news for scientists interested in the planet's more modern blemishes. A new look at Venus' craters suggests that the surface might be up to 620 million years younger than previous estimates, a discovery that has implications for signs of relatively recent volcanic activity.
Although it is commonly called Earth's twin due to its similar size and bulk composition, Venus looks nothing like our watery world. It is a hot, desolate place, with over 1,600 major volcanoes or volcanic features—more than any other planet in the solar system. However, it's long been assumed that all its volcanic activity occurred in the past, either in one large burst or several smaller, episodic spasms.
Then last year, scientists studying data taken by the European Space Agency's Venus Express orbiter found four bright spots in a relatively young region known as Ganiki Chasma. The spots seemed to indicate that volcanic activity hadn't quite called it quits on the planet.
According to geologist Patrick McGovern of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Texas, the surfaces around the volcanic mountains of Venus are thought to be younger than the overall surface of the planet. But with an estimated surface age of up to 800 million years, it wasn't clear whether those volcanoes were spouting lava millions of years ago or a few months ago.
Science theory originally predicted that the planet Venus was the twin of Earth and that it was old, cold and geologically dead. Due to Venus being the complete opposite (as apparently predicted virtually only by Immanuel Velikovsky and Rupert Wildt) we now have to have the Greenhouse gas theory for Venus, which is now being used for Earth.
The dating of space bodies such as asteroids, active asteroids (comets), moons and planets is normally done by counting the meteoroid impact craters on their surface and how eroded or new they look.
Mercury and the Moon are covered with impact craters; their surfaces are very old. Venus has fewer craters; its surface has been covered recently (in the last 500 million years!) by lava flows that obscured the older craters. Much of Earth's surface is recycled through plate tectonic activity (and erosion), so Earth also has few craters.
This relies on periods of meteor bombardment including the famous Late Heavy Bombardment of the planets, especially the inner planets. And that all the theories are correct. But there are now growing doubts and evidence about the dating of the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Did the LHB (Earth or lunar cataclysms) actually ever take place? Was it in that relatively short time period?
Can the dates and theories be trusted as they have not predict successful and a good theory predicts? Could the craters be formed by some other process?
For the Late Heavy Bombardment to have taken place modern science theory is now getting dangerously close to the general ideas (not dates) of Worlds in Collision by Immanuel Velikovsky, with sciences theories of migrating planets.
When combined with the revised scaling between asteroids and craters, Bottke found that the estimated age for Venus' skin would change significantly: down to about 180 million years old.
"If you have on average a younger surface age for the planet, it means overall that volcanoes are going to be younger than that," McGovern says. "It's an exciting result because it gets us closer to having a more active planet."
McGovern also pointed to research from 2011 that suggested crater floors on Venus are filled with basaltic lavas, leading the authors to estimate a planetary surface age of about 150 million years—close to Bottke's range. According to McGovern, this research is still being debated, which makes the new results even more significant.
"That's vital, coming at it in from an interdisciplinary angle," he says. "Things are converging for a younger Venus."
Could Earth and Venus have new surface due to them expanding, producing, extruding, revealing new rock/material? Not just a layering from volcano output.
We know basically nothing about the planet and surface of Venus. Any data we have gathered is interpreted and fitted into pre existing theory that was developed before we had any data on the planet.
But Venus hasn't garnered as much attention as planets such as Mars, despite suggestions that it could help researchers understand how life emerged on Earth. That's partly due to the planet's punishing heat and extreme surface pressure, which makes exploration a challenge even for the toughest robots we can fling at it.
Aside from the Russian Venera missions of the late 1970s, most of the recent spacecraft studying the planet have only captured a brief glimpse on their way to other worlds. As a result, planetary scientists have a relatively small collection of images to use for surface studies.
|
0.949782 |
The Vukovar massacre, also known as the Vukovar hospital massacre or the Ovčara massacre, was the killing of Croatian prisoners of war and civilians by Serb paramilitaries, to whom they had been turned over by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), at the Ovčara farm southeast of Vukovar on 20 November 1991, during the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre occurred shortly after Vukovar's capture by the JNA, Territorial Defence (TO), and paramilitaries from neighbouring Serbia. It was the largest massacre of the war and the worst war crime in Europe since World War II up until that point.
In the final days of the battle, the evacuation of the Vukovar hospital was negotiated between Croatian authorities, the JNA and the European Community Monitor Mission in cooperation with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The JNA subsequently refused the ICRC access to the hospital despite the agreement and removed approximately 300 people from its premises. The group, largely consisting of Croats but also including Serbs, Hungarians, Muslims and two foreign nationals who fought on the side of the Croatian National Guard, was initially transported to the JNA barracks in Vukovar. Several prisoners were identified as hospital staff and removed from the group to be returned to the hospital while the rest of them were transported to the Ovčara farm south of Vukovar. Once at the farm, the prisoners were beaten for several hours before the JNA pulled its troops from the site, leaving the prisoners in the custody of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries. The prisoners were then taken to a prepared site, shot in groups of ten to twenty and buried in a mass grave.
The mass grave was discovered in October 1992 and guarded by the United Nations Protection Force which had deployed to the area earlier that year. In 1996, 200 sets of remains were exhumed from the grave by International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) investigators. Croatia believes 61 others were buried in a different grave on the site, while ICTY prosecutors believe that figure stands at 60. The ICTY convicted two JNA officers in connection with the massacre, and also tried former Serbian President Slobodan Milošević for a number of war crimes, including those committed at Vukovar. Milošević died in prison before his trial could be completed. Several former members of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitary units have been tried by the Serbian judiciary and convicted for their involvement in the massacre. In February 2015, the International Court of Justice ruled that the siege, massacre and simultaneous atrocities committed elsewhere in Croatia did not constitute genocide.
The site of the mass grave is marked by a monument and the storage building used at Ovčara farm to hold the prisoners in captivity before their execution was rebuilt as a memorial centre in 2006. By July 2014, the centre had been visited by about 500,000 tourists.
In 1990, ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats worsened after the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica – HDZ). The Yugoslav People's Army (Serbian Latin: Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence (Croatian: Teritorijalna obrana – TO) weapons to minimize resistance. On 17 August, the tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs. The rebellion was centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin, approximately 60 kilometres (37 miles) north-east of Split, as well as parts of Lika, Kordun, Banovina and eastern Slavonia. In January 1991, Serbia, supported by Montenegro and Serbia's provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo, unsuccessfully tried to obtain the Yugoslav Presidency's approval for a JNA operation to disarm Croatia's security forces. The request was denied, and a bloodless skirmish between Serb insurgents and the Croatian special police occurred that March. This prompted the JNA itself to ask the Federal Presidency to grant it wartime authority and declare a state of emergency. Even though the request was backed by Serbia and its allies, on 15 March, the Federal Presidency declined. Serbian President Slobodan Milošević, preferring a campaign to expand Serbia rather than to preserve Yugoslavia with Croatia as a federal unit, publicly threatened to replace the JNA with a Serbian army and declared that he no longer recognized the authority of the Federal Presidency. As the JNA came under Milošević's control, the JNA abandoned its plans to preserve Yugoslavia in favour of expanding Serbia. The first casualties of the conflict occurred by the end of March. In early April, the leaders of the Serb revolt in Croatia declared their intention to unite the areas under their control with Serbia. These areas came to be viewed as breakaway regions by the Government of Croatia.
At the beginning of 1991, Croatia had no regular army. To bolster its defence, Croatia doubled its police numbers to about 20,000. The most effective part of the Croatian police force was a 3,000-strong special police comprising twelve battalions organised along military lines. There were also 9,000–10,000 regionally organised reserve police in 16 battalions and 10 companies, but they lacked weapons. In response to the deteriorating situation, the Croatian government established the Croatian National Guard (Croatian: Zbor narodne garde – ZNG) in May by expanding the special police battalions into four all-professional guards brigades. Under the control of the Croatian Ministry of Defence and commanded by retired JNA General Martin Špegelj, the four guards brigades comprised approximately 8,000 troops. The reserve police, also expanded to 40,000, was attached to the ZNG and reorganised into 19 brigades and 14 independent battalions. The guards brigades were the only units of the ZNG that were fully equipped with small arms; throughout the ZNG there was a lack of heavier weapons and there was poor command and control structure above the brigade level. The shortage of heavy weapons was so severe that the ZNG resorted to using World War II-era arms taken from museums and film studios. At the time, the Croatian weapon stockpile consisted of 30,000 small arms purchased abroad and 15,000 previously owned by the police. To replace the personnel lost to the guards brigades, a new 10,000-strong special police was established.
Map of military operations in eastern Slavonia, September 1991 – January 1992.
After Croatia launched the Battle of the Barracks on 14–15 September to capture the JNA's facilities in Croatia, the JNA launched a small-scale operation against Vukovar to relieve the city garrison. At the same time, it began large-scale mobilisation in preparation for its campaign in Croatia. It was met with widespread refusal of mobilised personnel to report to their designated units, desertions and an overall lack of enthusiasm for the campaign. The response rate was particularly poor in Central Serbia, where only 26 percent of those called up reported for service. This resulted in low troop availability, forcing the JNA to deploy fewer infantry units.
The JNA's offensive operations, directly associated with the campaign in the east Croatian region of Slavonia, were launched on 20 September. The assault on Vukovar gradually became the main effort of the campaign as the JNA was repeatedly unable to capture the city. The fighting in and around Vukovar lasted months and eventually drew in the JNA's main armoured force, which had previously been slated to advance west towards Serb-held areas in western Slavonia. In addition to relieving its Vukovar garrison, the JNA wished to dissipate the Croatian forces in the city so that they would not pose any threat to its rear in the event that the campaign progressed west of Vinkovci.
The JNA was reinforced by local Serb-manned TO units and Serbian paramilitary volunteers who were meant to replace those reservists that had failed to respond to their call-up. The volunteers were often motivated by ethnic hatred, looted countless homes and committed numerous atrocities against civilians. After more than two months of fighting, the Croatian forces surrendered on 18 November. Vukovar sustained significant damage due to the JNA's artillery and rocket barrages. By the end of the battle, over 700,000 shells and other missiles had been fired at the city, at a rate of up to 12,000 per day.
On 17 November, Major General Andrija Rašeta, the commander of the JNA 5th (Zagreb) Military District, notified the European Community Monitor Mission (ECMM) that the JNA accepted in principle the quick evacuation of vulnerable persons from Vukovar. At the time, it was estimated that there were about 400 people trapped in the city's hospital, but the actual number was later discovered to be about 450. This included about 40 patients receiving treatment for severe injuries sustained over the preceding few days and about 360 patients recovering from wounds suffered earlier on. In addition to these individuals, some civilians had taken shelter in the hospital in the final days of the battle. They moved there expecting to be evacuated from the city, even though the hospital itself was subjected to daily artillery attack. Furthermore, a number of Croatian troops took refuge in the hospital posing as patients or staff.
On 18 November, the Tripartite Commission, consisting of representatives of Croatia, the JNA and the ECMM, discussed methods of evacuation with representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Médecins Sans Frontières and the Malteser International. On the night of 18/19 November, Rašeta and Croatian Health Minister Andrija Hebrang signed an agreement on the evacuation. The agreement guaranteed that the evacuees would travel via the route Lužac suburb–Bogdanovci–Marinci–Zidine junction–Nuštar–Vinkovci. They were to be handed over to international authorities at the Zidine junction, the hospital was to be placed under the control of the ICRC and the ECMM was to oversee the entire operation. Hebrang notified the hospital director Vesna Bosanac of the agreement and told her that ICRC teams would arrive. That evening Siniša Glavašević, a radio reporter who had covered the entire course of the siege from within the city, broadcast his final report from the hospital. Glavašević himself hoped to leave the city with the ICRC, fearing for his life should the Serb paramilitaries capture him.
A bomb dropped on Vukovar Hospital by a Yugoslav Air Force jet on 4 October 1991 penetrated several floors to the basement. The patient occupying the bed directly beneath escaped uninjured. The damage has been preserved as a memorial to the battle.
On the morning of 19 November, the ECMM became aware that organised resistance had ceased in Vukovar, but it did not receive any information on the fate of the hospital patients. Consequently, the head of the ECMM, ambassador Dirk Jan van Houten, contacted Rašeta asking him to intervene on the ECMM's behalf. That day, a JNA unit arrived at the hospital and Bosanac was taken to meet JNA Colonel Mile Mrkšić. According to Bosanac, Mrkšić told her that he was not obligated by the evacuation agreement. Even though the ICRC was not granted access to Vukovar by JNA officers at the scene, in the early evening of 19 November, ICRC representative Nicolas Borsinger managed to reach the hospital claiming he had an appointment with "a general". Once there, Borsinger found a JNA captain in charge of the facility who agreed to grant the ICRC access. Borsinger then rejoined the ICRC convoy that was moving towards the hospital to evacuate it. The hospital was also toured by French reporter Agnès Vahramian that day, and there she recorded an interview with Jean-Michel Nicolier, a wounded Frenchman who fought alongside Croatian forces in Vukovar. Vahramian offered Nicolier a press pass to try to get him out of the city, but he refused.
On the morning of 20 November, the ICRC convoy reached Vukovar, only to be stopped at a bridge near the hospital. An armoured vehicle blocked access to the bridge leading to the hospital, and a JNA officer at the scene, Major Veselin Šljivančanin, refused to let the ICRC pass. In order to facilitate negotiations with the ICRC at the scene, BBC reporter Martin Bell volunteered his interpreter. In a confrontation recorded by television cameras, Šljivančanin told the ICRC personnel: "This is my country, we have conquered this. This is Yugoslavia, and I am in command here!" The ECMM personnel that had arrived at the Zidine junction to meet the returning convoy were informed by the JNA that the evacuees would instead be turned over to them in Bosanski Šamac, in northern Bosnia, on 22 November. While Šljivančanin held back the convoy, the prisoners were smuggled out of the hospital in buses in another direction. In total, approximately 300 people were taken away from the hospital.
Later on 20 November, Šljivančanin and Colonel Nebojša Pavković informed the press that the JNA would provide buses to transport the wounded out of Vukovar. Instead, at about 10:30, the buses took the prisoners to the JNA barracks on the southern edge of Vukovar, where 15 men were separated from the group and returned to the hospital after being identified as hospital staff. During their stay in the barracks, the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries threatened the prisoners. Croatian Serb leaders opposed moving the prisoners to detention facilities in Serbia, claiming they wished to prosecute them for alleged crimes committed against Serbs. After spending two hours at the barracks, the buses took the prisoners to the Ovčara farm near the village of Grabovo. The group largely consisted of Croats, but also included several ethnic Serbs, Muslims, ethnic Hungarians, the French national Nicolier, and one German national who fought in defence of Vukovar. It also included Rašeta's nephew, who worked at the Vukovar hospital pharmacy at the time. The group of taken to Ovčara consisted of 261 people. Sources disagree as to whether the group included one, or two women, one of whom was five months pregnant. The age of the prisoners ranged from 16 to 72. The youngest among them was 16-year-old Igor Kačić.
Once they reached Ovčara, ten kilometres (six miles) away from Vukovar, the captives were ordered from the buses one-by-one and forced to run the gauntlet past dozens of JNA troops and Serb paramilitaries towards a farm storage building. Slavko Dokmanović, a former mayor of Vukovar, was one of the armed men involved in beating prisoners. As the captives were beaten, they were also stripped of their personal belongings, money and jewelry. Over the course of the day, the JNA military police failed to prevent soldiers of the Croatian Serb TO and Serbian paramilitaries from beating the prisoners in the storage building. They were beaten using sticks, rifle butts, chains, baseball bats, and in one instance a wounded prisoner was beaten with his own crutches. By sundown, at least two men were beaten to death. In addition, one of the captors shot five prisoners, including one Frenchman, who is presumed to be Nicolier. Seven or eight men were returned to Vukovar on orders of the JNA, presumably released at the intervention of their Serb neighbours. Ultimately, Mrkšić ordered the JNA military police to withdraw from the farm, leaving the prisoners in the custody of a Croatian Serb TO unit led by Miroljub Vujović, commander of the Croatian Serb TO in Vukovar, and the Leva Supoderica paramilitary unit. Leva Supoderica was a volunteer unit set up by the Serbian Radical Party (Serbian Latin: Srpska radikalna stranka; SRS) in Šid, Serbia, and subordinated to the JNA's 1st Guards Mechanised Brigade.
At about 18:00, the prisoners were divided into groups. Each group of 10 to 20 was loaded onto a truck and transported several hundred metres (yards) from the building towards a wooded ravine. When the prisoners reached the previously prepared execution site, they were shot and buried in a mass grave using a bulldozer. After 15–20 minutes, the truck would return empty to pick up the next group. The final group of prisoners was executed just outside the farm building itself. By 22:00 that evening, all of the prisoners had been killed. Most sources place the number of victims at around 260. This figure has been used by ICTY prosecutors. Some estimates of the death toll go as high as 264. The Croatian authorities believe that the total figure stands at 261. The massacre was the most severe individual war crime committed in Europe since World War II until that point.
Croatian Serb forces turned Ovčara into a prison camp in early October 1991. Aside from the massacre, 3,000–4,000 male prisoners were temporarily held in the Ovčara camp at some point during autumn of 1991 before being transported to the prison in Sremska Mitrovica or to the local JNA barracks, which was the transit point for Serbian detention camps such as Stajićevo and Begejci. Following a series of political agreements concluded in 1991 and a ceasefire between the JNA and Croatia in early 1992, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed for peacekeeping in certain parts of Croatia, including Vukovar and its surroundings. It began its deployment in March 1992.
A black marble monument has marked the site of the Ovčara mass grave since 1998.
Forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow learned of the massacre during his visit to Zagreb in October 1992. Snow travelled there as a United Nations (UN) team member sent to investigate reports of war crimes. In a meeting Snow had with the dean of the Zagreb University School of Medicine, he was introduced to a former soldier who claimed to have survived the massacre and told Snow where it took place. Three days later, Snow went to Vukovar and drove to Ovčara accompanied by Royal Canadian Mounted Police Sergeant Larry Moore who was deployed to the region with the UNPROFOR. At the site, Moore spotted a human skull in the mud. A few days later, the UN declared the site a crime scene and deployed Russian UNPROFOR troops to guard it.
Snow put together a four-man team including himself to conduct a preliminary investigation of the site before the winter, and the team arrived at the site in December 1992. They examined the site still under guard by the Russian troops, excavated the skull spotted by Moore and the rest of the body, as well as another set of partially covered remains. The team excavated a one metre (3.3 feet) trench across the site. That allowed them to detect a few more bodies and infer the size of the grave. The information they obtained led Snow to conclude that the grave may contain more than two hundred bodies. The investigators also found spent cartridges consistent with standard Yugoslav-built AK-47s on one side of the grave and bullet holes in trees on the opposite side, leading them to conclude that a firing squad had stood on one side of the pit and fired across or into it.
Croatian authorities launched initiatives to exhume the bodies buried at Ovčara in 1993 and 1994, but those were unsuccessful. A five-member Commission of Experts appointed by the UN Secretary General came to Ovčara to exhume the victims in October 1993. However, they were prevented from carrying out their work by the local Croatian Serb administration. After the Croatian Serb authorities blocked several attempts to further investigate the mass grave at Ovčara, still under constant guard by the Russian peacekeepers, the site was visited by then-U.S. Ambassador to the UN Madeleine Albright in January 1994. She used the occasion to stress U.S. support for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which had been set up in 1993.
The political situation in the area did not change until 1995. That year, Croatia militarily defeated the Croatian Serbs in offensives codenamed Flash and Storm, in May and August respectively. That left eastern Slavonia as the last remaining Croatian Serb-held area. Gradual restoration of the area to Croatian rule was agreed upon in November through the Erdut Agreement, and the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) peacekeeping mission was deployed to implement the agreement.
The exhumation of the remains at Ovčara began on 1 September 1996 while the site was still under the constant guard of peacekeepers. The exhumation was conducted by ICTY personnel and the Physicians for Human Rights, with Croatian observers at the site. The excavation works uncovered a mass grave encompassing approximately 30 square metres (320 square feet) and containing a heap of intertwined bodies. Most of the bodies exhibited evidence of multiple gunshot wounds. By 24 October, 200 sets of remains were recovered from the grave. The remains were transported for forensic examination to the Zagreb University School of Medicine. In the four years preceding the exhumation, Croatian authorities collected ante-mortem information on presumed victims, built a modern morgue at the School of Medicine and trained geneticists in DNA analysis to allow for the identification of those who could not be identified by ICTY investigators using traditional methods. By October 2002, 184 victims were identified, largely using DNA analyses, and the figure was increased to 194 by 2010. Glavašević's remains were among those exhumed at Ovčara.
Croatian authorities suspect that a further 61 individuals killed at Ovčara were buried there as well. They suspect one or more additional mass graves exist in the general area, or that the bodies originally buried at the site were moved to a secondary grave. Nevenka Nekić, the Croatian author of a book on Nicolier, claims that an additional shallow grave was excavated at Ovčara in November 1991 and that Nicolier and 60 others were buried there. According to her, they were exhumed by Croatian Serb authorities and moved to a secondary location in early 1992 because the grave was so shallow that body parts protruded through the ground surface.
In November 1995, the ICTY indicted Mrkšić, Šljivančanin and JNA captain Miroslav Radić for war crimes related to the Ovčara massacre. The group was subsequently termed the "Vukovar three" by the media. The ICTY also charged Dokmanović, mayor of Vukovar at the time, with war crimes in connection with the massacre in a sealed indictment in March 1996. He was arrested by UNTAES troops in Operation Little Flower and transferred to the ICTY via Čepin Airfield on 27 June 1997. The operation was the first arrest of a person indicted by the ICTY by any UN force in the former Yugoslavia. Dokmanović's trial never produced a verdict, however. He hanged himself in his ICTY prison cell on 28 June 1998, several days before a verdict was to be announced. The ICTY also linked Serb warlord Željko Ražnatović and his paramilitary formations to the massacre, but he was assassinated in Belgrade before he could be brought to trial.
Mrkšić surrendered to the ICTY in the Netherlands in May 2002. Radić and Šljivančanin were arrested in Serbia in May and June 2003 respectively. The arrests were made shortly before the expiration of a deadline set by the U.S. Congress linking financial assistance to Serbia to its cooperation with the ICTY. In 2007, the ICTY convicted Mrkšić and Šljivančanin, but acquitted Radić. Mrkšić received a 20-year prison sentence, while Šljivančanin was sentenced to five years in prison. In 2009, Šljivančanin's sentence was increased to 17 years in prison on appeal and finally reduced to ten years following a review of the judgment in 2010.
The ICTY also indicted Milošević, as well as Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović of the Serbian State Security Service, Croatian Serb political leader Goran Hadžić and the leader of the Serbian Radical Party Vojislav Šešelj for various war crimes, including those committed in Vukovar. Milošević's trial ended without any verdict upon his death in March 2006, while the Vukovar-related charges against Stanišić and Simatović were dropped from their indictments even before the pair were acquitted on all counts in 2013. In March 2016, Šešelj was acquitted on all counts pending appeal. Hadžić died of cancer in July 2016, before his trial could be completed.
As of 2015[update], Serbian authorities have convicted 15 people in connection with the Ovčara massacre. In 2010, Vujović and Stanko Vujanović (deputy commander of Croatian Serb TO in Vukovar) were convicted and sentenced to 20 years in prison along with eleven others, all of them former members of the Croatian Serb TO or Leva Supoderica. Predrag Milojević, Đorđe Šošić, Miroslav Đanković and Saša Radak were sentenced to 20 years in prison, Milan Vojnović and Ivan Antonijević were sentenced to 15 years in prison, Jovica Perić was sentenced to 13 years, Nada Kalaba was sentenced to 11 years, Milan Lančužanin was sentenced to seven, and Predrag Dragović and Goran Mugoša were given five-year prison sentences. In December 2013, these convictions were set aside by the Constitutional Court of Serbia and the case was returned to the Court of Appeals for a new trial. In February 2015, Vujović, Vujanović, Milojević, Radak, Šošić and Đanković were released from custody based on a decision of the Supreme Court of Cassation pending a retrial by the Court of Appeals. In a separate trial completed in 2014, Serbian authorities convicted and sentenced Petar Ćirić to 15 years in prison for participating in the massacre as a member of Leva Supoderica. In February 2015, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the siege and ensuing massacre did not constitute genocide, though it confirmed that serious crimes had taken place.
Since 1998, the victims of the Battle of Vukovar and the events that occurred in its immediate aftermath are commemorated annually on 18 November by a procession starting at the Vukovar hospital and reaching the city's memorial cemetery. In 2014, the event drew 80,000 participants. A monument sculpted by Slavomir Drinković that marks the site of the mass grave at Ovčara was unveiled on 30 December 1998. Monuments of the same design have subsequently been used to mark all the other mass graves from the Croatian War of Independence. The massacre itself has come to be referred to as the Vukovar massacre, the Ovčara massacre, or the Vukovar hospital massacre. It was by far the largest massacre committed during the Croatian War of Independence.
In 2006, the Ovčara Memorial Centre, designed by Miljenko Romić, opened at the site of the former Ovčara farm. The centre opened in a remodeled storage building where prisoners were held on 20 November 1991 before they were executed. The dim interior of the building, accessed through a glass-encased foyer, features illuminated photographs of 200 victims exhumed from the mass grave and the 61 missing who were executed at Ovčara. The concrete floor contains encased spent cartridges and the Spiral of Evil (Croatian: Spirala zla) sculpture displaying the names of 261 victims. The ceiling contains 261 lighting fixtures symbolising the number of victims. The centre also contains an exhibition of personal belongings and documents found in the mass grave. The completion of the centre was funded by the City of Zagreb at the cost of 2 million kuna (c. 270,000 euro). By July 2014, the centre was visited by about 500,000 people. In the same year, Croatia launched an education programme which entails visits to the centre by eighth-grade pupils, and 50,000 pupils are scheduled to visit the centre annually. In 2010, Serbian President Boris Tadić visited the memorial centre and the mass grave site, as the first Serbian head of state to do so. He laid wreaths at the site and apologized on behalf of the Serbian state.
Several victims of the massacre are honoured individually in Vukovar. There is a monument honouring Kačić together with his father who was killed on 2 October 1991 during the Battle of Vukovar, a bridge in the city is named after Nicolier, and one of the city's schools is named after Glavašević.
^ Woodward 1995, p. 170.
^ Hoare 2010, pp. 118–119.
^ Ramet 2006, pp. 384–385.
^ Hoare 2010, p. 119.
^ Engelberg & 3 March 1991.
^ Sudetic & 2 April 1991.
^ a b c CIA 2002, p. 86.
^ EECIS 1999, pp. 272–278.
^ Ramet 2006, p. 400.
^ CIA 2002, pp. 98–99.
^ a b CIA 2002, p. 98.
^ Marijan 2012, p. 264.
^ CIA 2002, p. 99.
^ CIA 2002, pp. 100–101.
^ Stover & Weinstein 2004, p. 8.
^ Horton 2003, p. 132.
^ a b c d e f Chenu & 18 November 1995.
^ a b c Novi list & 9 April 2013.
^ Dnevnik & 17 November 2006.
^ a b c d e f Klein, Jones & McDowell 1998.
^ Nazor & March 2011.
^ Lončar 2010, p. 29.
^ Little & 23 June 2011.
^ a b Stover 2011, p. 55.
^ a b Ivanković & 18 November 2010.
^ a b Vuković & 3 October 2012.
^ a b LeBor & 28 September 2007.
^ Bell & 22 August 2011, 12:55–13:10.
^ Kurspahić 2003, p. 79.
^ a b c Kovacevic & 9 March 2004.
^ a b c d Cassese 2009, p. 820.
^ a b Stover 2011, p. 56.
^ a b Bell & 22 August 2011, 21:50–23:10.
^ Armatta 2010, p. 190.
^ a b Bradarić & 18 November 2012.
^ a b Ottaway & 7 January 1994.
^ Stover 2011, pp. 56–57.
^ Bijelić & 27 September 2004.
^ Rašović & 3 June 2012.
^ a b c d Stover 2011, p. 57.
^ a b c Tagirov & 8 July 2004.
^ Politika & 15 January 2008.
^ a b Harden & 26 January 1993.
^ Politika & 1 July 2013.
^ ICTY & 22 July 2011, p. 11.
^ Hudson & 25 September 2007.
^ Armatta 2010, p. 191.
^ a b Borovac & 18 November 2014.
^ Bell & 22 August 2011, 23:50–24:10.
^ Stover & Peress 1998, pp. 108–109.
^ Trbovich 2008, pp. 299–300.
^ a b Stover 2011, p. 52.
^ Stover 2011, pp. 52–53.
^ a b c Marjanović & 19 January 2014.
^ United Nations & 27 May 1994, p. 1.
^ United Nations & 27 May 1994, p. 79.
^ a b Ramet & Matić 2007, p. 46.
^ Partos & 13 June 2003.
^ Ramet & Matić 2007, p. 60, note 37.
^ a b United Nations & 1 October 1996, p. 5.
^ The New York Times & 24 October 1996.
^ Stover & Weinstein 2004, p. 89.
^ Bradarić & 20 November 2010.
^ Dnevnik & 4 November 2014.
^ Perlez & 5 January 1996.
^ BBC News & 15 January 2000.
^ Hoare 2005, p. 220.
^ Clark 2014, pp. 134–135.
^ Clark 2014, p. 135, note 15.
^ BBC News & 31 March 2016.
^ BBC News & 12 July 2016.
^ a b c Derikonjić & 14 February 2015.
^ Derikonjić & 14 December 2013.
^ Lisjak & 25 November 2014.
^ Blair & 3 February 2015.
^ BBC News & 3 February 2015.
^ Butigan & 18 November 2014.
^ HRT & 30 December 1998.
^ Biluš & 19 June 2007.
^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, p. 312.
^ Gow 2003, p. 163.
^ Cencich 2013, p. 120.
^ Glas Slavonije & 17 November 2012.
^ Butigan & 23 November 2006.
^ Flego & 7 July 2014.
^ Bradarić & 31 October 2014.
^ BBC News & 4 November 2010.
^ Bradarić & 18 October 2014.
^ Index.hr & 5 November 2007.
Armatta, Judith (2010). Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-4746-0.
Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). The Balkans: A Post-Communist History. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781134583287.
Cassese, Antonio, ed. (2009). The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191553448.
Cencich, John R. (2013). The Devil's Garden: A War Crimes Investigator's Story. Lincoln, Nebraska: Potomac Books. ISBN 9781612341729.
Clark, Janine Natalya (2014). International Trials and Reconciliation: Assessing the Impact of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. London, England: Routledge. ISBN 9781317974758.
Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. London, England: Routledge. 1999. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.
Gow, James (2003). The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes. London, England: C. Hurst & Co. ISBN 9781850656463.
Hoare, Marko Attila (2005). "Crime and the Economy in Serbia after Milošević". In Ramet, Sabrina P. Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society under Milošević and After. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 212–226. ISBN 9780295802077.
Horton, Richard C. (2003). Second Opinion: Doctors, Diseases and Decisions in Modern Medicine. London: Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-587-0.
Kurspahić, Kemal (2003). Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace. Washington, D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-39-8.
Ramet, Sabrina P.; Matić, Davorka (2007). Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-587-5.
Stover, Eric; Peress, Gilles (1998). The Graves: Srebrenica and Vukovar. Zurich, Switzerland: Scalo. ISBN 9783931141769.
Stover, Eric; Weinstein, Harvey M (2004). My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54264-7.
Stover, Eric (2011). The Witnesses: War Crimes and the Promise of Justice in The Hague. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812203783.
Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195333435.
Woodward, Susan L. (1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 9780815722953.
Klein, Jacques Paul; Jones, David Sterling; McDowell, Paul J. (1 April 1998). "Operation Little Flower: The United Nations' apprehension of an indicted war criminal". Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin. Fort Huachuca, Arizona: United States Army Intelligence Center. ISSN 0026-4024 – via Highbeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
Lončar, Marko (May 2010). "Činjenice o "Optužnici" koju je pročitao Siniša Glavašević" [Facts on the "Indictment" Read by Siniša Glavašević]. National security and the future (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: St. George Association. 11 (2–3): 9–60. ISSN 1332-4454.
Marijan, Davor (November 2012). "Zamisao i propast napadne operacije Jugoslavenske narodne armije na Hrvatsku u rujnu 1991. godine" [The Conception and Failure of the Offensive Operation of the Yugoslav National Army in September 1991]. Journal of Contemporary History (in Croatian). Croatian Institute of History. 44 (2): 251–275. ISSN 0590-9597.
Bell, Martin (22 August 2011). Return to Vukovar (Radio broadcast). BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
Bijelić, N. (27 September 2004). "Štuka se hvalio da je streljao" [Štuka Boasted about Shootings]. Večernje novosti (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
Biluš, Marina (19 June 2007). "Slavomir Drinković – kipar patriot na čelu stoljetne akademije" [Slavomir Drinković – Patriot Sculptor Heads Century-old Academy]. Nacional (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
"Bio je književnik i novinar, a postao je simbol Vukovara" [He was a Writer and a Journalist, and Became a Symbol of Vukovar] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 4 November 2014.
Blair, David (3 February 2015). "International Court of Justice clears Croatia and Serbia of genocide". The Daily Telegraph. London, England.
"Bodies Link Officers To Croat Executions". The New York Times. New York City. 24 October 1996.
Borovac, Marina (18 November 2014). "Dvaput smo bili na identifikaciji žrtava Ovčare, ali..." [We Went to Ovčara Victims' Identification Twice, but...]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Bradarić, Branimir (20 November 2010). "Susretom "Grad - to ste vi" zaključen Dan sjećanja" [Meeting "City - It Is You" Concludes the Day of Remembrance]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Bradarić, Branimir (18 November 2012). "Otkriven spomenik za legendu obrane i najmlađu žrtvu Ovčare" [Monument to a Defence Legend and the Youngest Victim of Ovčara Unveiled]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Bradarić, Branimir (18 October 2014). "Pješački most u Vukovaru ponio ime po francuskom dragovoljcu Jean-Michelu Nicolieru" [Pedestrian Bridge in Vukovar Named After French Volunteer Jean-Michel Nicolier]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Bradarić, Branimir (31 October 2014). "Matić s učenicima u Vukovaru: Istina o ratu je jedna jedina" [Matić With Pupils in Vukovar: There is a Single Truth about the War]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Butigan, Sanja (23 November 2006). "Spomen-dom Ovčara: Svi imaju isti datum smrti" [Ovčara Memorial Centre: Everyone's Date of Death is the Same]. Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Butigan, Sanja (18 November 2014). "Vukovar je zaslužio mir i dostojanstvo - jedinstvena je poruka sudionika Dana sjećanja" [Vukovar Deserves Peace and Dignity - Single Message of those Attending the Remembrance Day]. Glas Slavonije (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Chenu, Georges-Marie (18 November 1995). "18 novembre 1991, la chute de Vukovar" [18 November 1991, Fall of Vukovar]. Le Monde (in French). Paris, France. (Subscription required (help)).
Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 December 2013). "Ustavni sud ukinuo presudu za Ovčaru" [Constitutional Court Sets Aside Ovčara Judgment]. Politika (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
Derikonjić, Miroslava (14 February 2015). "Okrivljeni za zločin na "Ovčari" na slobodi posle 12 godina" [Accused for Ovčara Crime Released after 12 Years]. Politika (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia.
Engelberg, Stephen (3 March 1991). "Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Flego, Miroslav (7 July 2014). "Ovčaru i Memorijalno groblje posjetilo oko pola milijuna turista" [Ovčara and the Memorial Cemetery Visited by about Half a Million Tourists]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
"Mjesta stradanja ratne '91. godine" [Places of Suffering in Wartime Year of 1991]. Glas Slavonije (in Croatian). Osijek, Croatia. 17 November 2012.
"Goran Hadzic, Croatian-Serb war crimes defendant, dies at 57". London, England: BBC News. 12 July 2016.
Harden, Blaine (26 January 1993). "Serbs Accused of '91 Croatia Massacre; U.S. Doctors Believe 200 Wounded Men Were Taken From Hospital and Shot". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. – via Highbeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
Hudson, Alexandra (25 September 2007). "U.N. Tribunal to Rule in Vukovar Massacre Case". London, England: Reuters.
Ivanković, Davor (18 November 2010). "Na Ovčari su ubijeni i Srbi, ali i francuski i njemački dobrovoljci" [Serbs were Also Killed at Ovčara, as well as French and German Volunteers]. Večernji list (in Croatian).
Kovacevic, Tamara (9 March 2004). "Profile: The 'Vukovar Three'". London, England: BBC News.
LeBor, Adam (28 September 2007). "Serb Officer is Jailed over the Massacre of 194 Croats Snatched from Hospital". The Times. London, England. (Subscription required (help)).
Lisjak, Tatjana (25 November 2014). "Petar Ćirić osuđen na 15 godina robije za mučenja i ubojstva na Ovčari" [Petar Ćirić Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison for Torture and Murders at Ovčara]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
Little, Alan (13 March 2004). "Vukovar massacre haunts Serbs: Serbia is still in denial about the crimes that were committed in its name". London, England: BBC News.
Little, Alan (23 June 2011). "Croatia Vukovar War: Overcoming a Legacy of War". London, England: BBC News.
Marjanović, Vedran (19 January 2014). "Ivan Grujić: Vojska Jugoslavije prebacila je 1995. ostatke nestalih Hrvata u grobnice po Srbiji" [Ivan Grujić: Yugoslav Army Transferred Remains of Missing Croats to Graves in Serbia in 1995]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia.
"Na Ovčari otkriveno spomen-obilježje žrtvama srpske agresije" [Memorial to Victims of Serb Aggression Unveiled at Ovčara] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Croatian Radiotelevision. 30 December 1998.
"'Na srpskom likvidirati ne znači streljati'" [Liquidate in Serbian Does not Mean to Shoot]. Politika (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia. 15 January 2008.
Ottaway, David B. (7 January 1994). "UN Envoy Demands Probe Of Mass Grave in Croatia". Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago, Illinois – via Highbeam Research. (Subscription required (help)).
"Osnovna škola u Vukovaru nosi ime Siniše Glavaševića" [Elementary School in Vukovar Named After Siniša Glavašević] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Index.hr. 5 November 2007.
Partos, Gabriel (13 June 2003). "Vukovar Massacre: What Happened". London, England: BBC News.
Pavelić, Boris. "Let the Tragedy Speak for Itself". Belgrade, Serbia: B92.
Perlez, Jane (5 January 1996). "In Montenegro, an Indicted Soldier Is Still a Hero". The New York Times. New York City.
"Petru Ćiriću 15 godina zatvora za zločin na Ovčari" [Petar Ćirić Receives 15 Years in Prison for the Crime at Ovčara]. Politika (in Serbian). Belgrade, Serbia. Tanjug. 1 July 2013.
Rašović, Renata (3 June 2012). "Priča o dragovoljcu u tuđini koji nema grob" [Story of Volunteer in a Foreign Country Who Has no Grave]. Večernji list (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia.
"Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts". The New York Times. New York City. Reuters. 19 August 1990. ISSN 0362-4331.
"Serb leader Tadic apologises for 1991 Vukovar massacre". London, England: BBC News. 4 November 2010.
"Serbia radical Vojislav Seselj acquitted of Balkan war crimes". London, England: BBC News. 31 March 2016.
Sudetic, Chuck (2 April 1991). "Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Tagirov, Tatjana (8 July 2004). "'Oni ne bi ni mrava zgazili'" [They Wouldn't Hurt an Ant]. Vreme (in Serbian) (705). Belgrade, Serbia.
"UN court dismisses Croatia and Serbia genocide claims". BBC News. London, England. 3 February 2015.
"Vesna Bosanac: Iz bolnice su odovodili civile i ranjenike kojima se potom izgubio svaki trag" [Vesna Bosanac: They Took Civilians and Wounded from the Hospital who were Never Seen Again]. Novi list (in Croatian). Rijeka, Croatia. HINA. 9 April 2013.
Vuković, Vinko (3 October 2012). "Priča o hrvatskom domoljubu Jeanu Michelu Nicolieru, mučki likvidiranom na Ovčari, zaslužuje da ode u svijet" [Story of Croatian Patriot Jean Michel Nicolier, Brutally Killed at Ovčara, Deserves to be Heard Throughout the World]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Split, Croatia.
"Vukovar: Muzej u bolnici" [Vukovar: Museum in Hospital] (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Nova TV (Croatia). HINA. 17 November 2006.
Wood, Paul (15 January 2000). "Gangster's life of Serb warlord". London, England: BBC News.
"Brief Chronology 15 January 1996 – 15 January 1998". United Nations.
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (27 May 1994). "Letter Dated 24 May 1994 from the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council" (PDF). United Nations.
Nazor, Ante (March 2011). "Vukovar i vukovarska bolnica (dijelovi kronologije), studeni 1991. (IV. dio)" [Vukovar and Vukovar Hospital (Parts of the Chronology), November 1991 (Part 4)]. Hrvatski vojnik (in Croatian). Ministry of Defence (Croatia) (334). ISSN 1333-9036.
"The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Goran Hadžić, First Amended Indictment" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 22 July 2011.
"Report Of The Secretary-General on the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium" (PDF). United Nations. 1 October 1996.
|
0.91932 |
What is the best way to get rid way of unwanted hair for men or women ? That depends on your skin and hair color. If you have light skin and dark hair you are the best candidate for laser removal using the lightsheer 810nm diode laser, if your skin is dark you are better off with a 1064 NDYAG laser.
Laser hair removal machines work by producing only the part of light that is absorbed by the dark color (pigment) of the hair. This assures that only the hair follicle is destroyed by the laser beam and that the surrounding skin is not affected. Hair is only effectively treated when it is in the growth phase, as only 15% of hairs are in this phase at any given moment , you can expect at least 6 treatments to get rid of 90% of hairs.
Stick to the schedule so that you can get the hairs in the growth phase, usually every 4- 6 weeks. This depends on the region and each individual; the technician will give you a customised schedule.
Do not wax or use chemical hair removal such as nair as this will make the treatments less effective. Shave the day of the treatment.
After 2-3 weeks the treated hairs will be pushed out by new growth, if this does not occur tell the technician before the next treatment.
|
0.999991 |
What types of things are you into?
The question above uses the structure "to be into something," which refers to something you like or are interested in, like a hobby or interest.
For example: I'm into music and dancing.
|
0.90993 |
Are you Suffering from scoliosis in colorado springs?
I grew up in New Jersey, the pharmaceutical capital of the country. I've been immersed in 'healthcare' my whole life, so I've seen it from many of its angles. I have 15 years of experience working in hospitals, a pharmacy, in-house at a pharmaceutical company, and in many field-based roles in pharmaceutical and over-the-counter healthcare sales. On the opposite end of the healthcare spectrum, I've also been a caretaker of someone with a terminal disease, and have been a back pain patient with scoliosis for 18 years.
I was diagnosed with scoliosis in 1995 at 11 years old. I can remember having some back pain, but, at that age, it felt like the muscle soreness I would get after sports or dance practice. Based on my school nurse's recommendation, my mother took me to see an orthopedist - one who came to her with beaming recommendations. My mother began her career as a nurse, steadily rising to the top of the ranks of hospital administration, so she felt that modern medicine was the gold standard, and her recommendations were as good as gold.
After analyzing my x-rays, the orthopedic surgeon noted that I had a spinal curvature of 32-degrees. Because the curvature was located in the thoracic region of my spine, I only had two options for treatment: 1.) extensive back surgery to insert a metal rod through my spine to mechanically straighten it, or, 2.) wear a back brace so large that it would encase my head. Option 1 was out the door because we couldn't afford that surgery, and it was scary to think about the possibility of not being able to move (or play sports, or dance, or anything like that!) with a metal rod in my spine. Option 2 was also out the door because I got made fun of in school enough for being a super nerd. I was not adding more fuel to the fire by coming to school looking like a robot.
With no other options, we did nothing. I felt no symptoms of my scoliosis, so I just didn't pay any attention to it. In fact, I didn’t really pay much attention to my health at all. With all the ‘healthcare’ influence in my life, I ironically grew up in and maintained an extremely unhealthy lifestyle – working around the clock, not getting enough sleep or exercise, a diet of soda and fast food, and social participation in cigarettes and copious amounts of alcohol. I wasn't overweight in the least, and, at the time, I didn’t feel like my lifestyle choices were affecting my life negatively, so I didn't think there was anything wrong it. In fact, I thought I was invincible because I could do so much and be so successful on barely any food and sleep.
Then, I turned 25, and, still thinking I was invincible, naïvely signed up for an Olympic-distance triathlon without really knowing what went into it. I barely finished (but I finished!) and reality of my health slapped me in the face. I started to notice my back pain after that race, and it was clear to me that I was not as "young" as I thought I was, and I needed to make some serious changes. I began seeing a chiropractor in New Jersey to address my back pain, and tried to incorporate healthier food options and exercise, but it was simply a struggle, especially in the constant hustle and bustle of the New York City area.
In July of 2011, I was in a car accident that totaled my car and left me with bulging discs in my cervical spine and 2 herniated discs in my lumbar spine to add to the scoliosis. With my reluctance in changing my health for the better, I was almost positive that this was divine intervention. I continued treatment under my chiropractor, but the pain was so bad following the accident, I needed CII pain medications to ease the pain so I could sleep. I was doing physical therapy, but I didn’t feel like it was helping much. Now, I really had to do something to fix this pain, because I was not going to end up addicted to percs and still stuck with a bad back.
I moved to Colorado Springs a month and a half later, and by the good fortune of LivingSocial, I found Dr. Molly Kallenbach of Thrive Health Systems. Her initial x-rays showed my spinal curvature at 25-degrees. From 1995-2011, I saw a 7-degree decrease in curvature. I didn’t really have anything concrete to attribute to that, but I was happy with the small improvement over the years. For the next 18 months, Dr. Molly and I began to explore my scoliosis from a number of angles. We worked together on a very specific treatment plan that included adjustments, massage, traction, exercise, and even supplements. At the end of those 18 months, we did follow up x-rays which showed my spinal curvature now at 15-degrees! In 18 months, we saw a 10-degree decrease in curvature, and I am SO HAPPY with these results. I no longer need any pain medication because I rarely have back pain - even with the herniated discs - and I'm still improving! I don’t plan on ever returning to an orthopedist.
The best part about this story is that Dr. Molly’s care actually changed my life in more ways than one. After exploring and incorporating the natural and non-invasive treatment modalities used by Dr. Molly in my treatment plan, I became more and more interested in preventative health, and eventually decided to change my career path. In October of 2012 (just a little over a year after moving to Colorado Springs and beginning treatment with Dr. Molly), I left my 15-year ‘healthcare’ legacy to immerse myself in the healthy lifestyle that runs through the veins of the city of Colorado Springs, and begin my transformation into a Health & Wellness Coach. At the time that I write this, I have earned certification in a number of fitness areas, including Power Yoga, Zumba, Schwinn Indoor Cycling, Core 3-D, and Personal Training. In the next year, I will earn Certifications in Yin Yoga, Yoga Sculpt, Group Fitness Instruction, and Health Coaching, among others, I’m sure. Just like Dr. Molly incorporates all her knowledge into a holistic treatment plan, I hope to one day incorporate all my health and wellness knowledge to help others reach their goals.
I share this story because I think it's important to know that alternative healthcare options are out there if you are willing to try them and do the work. While I do still believe modern medicine may be required in specific situations, it is certainly not the only option out there. I am SO happy I've changed directions and am now moving toward a life of TRUE health and wellness, and a career supporting such. Thank you, Thrive Health Systems and Colorado, for completely immersing me in the opposite extreme.
|
0.999323 |
и так далее, то равновесие сместится в направлении, в котором кислород вступит в реакцию, и его концентрация за счёт этого понизится, а концентрация повысится. Это произойдёт в прямой реакции, и следовательно, теперь равновесие смещается в сторону прямой реакции (вправо), неизбежным результатом этого явится увеличения числового значения константы равновесия.
стехиометрического состава объемом 0,1 л. кислорода и 0,2 л. водорода, то общий объем горючей смеси будет равен 1,2 л. где содержится 1,0 л. кислорода и 0,2 л. водорода. Числовое значение константы этого неэквивалентного состава будет равно числовому значению константы горючей смеси стехиометрического состава имеющего объем 3 л. где содержится 1,0 л. кислорода и 2,0 л. водорода. По завершению реакции стехиометрический состав 0,1 л. кислорода и 0,2 л. водорода образуют воду, а 0,9 л. кислорода остаются в камере сгорания для следующего цикла. Строго говоря, соотношение компонентов горючей смеси в данном случае будет по массе 80:1, где 90% кислорода находится в камере сгорания до подачи горючей смеси стехиометрического состава 8:1.
But quotients of two constants division (under the given external conditions) values and – are constant. It is called a constant of equilibrium and is designated as .
and so on, the equilibrium will shift in the direction in which oxygen enters the reaction and its concentration due to this fact will decrease, at the same time the concentration of H2O will increase. This will occur during the direct reaction, and as a consequence the equilibrium will shift towards the direct reaction (right side) and it will inevitably result in an increase in the numerical value of equilibrium constant.
Quantitative calculations referring to equilibrium constants are the subject of one of the major parts of physical chemistry. But even in the qualitative form the expression for an equilibrium constant gives valuable indications about mutual influence of concentrations of separate components in equilibrium system. If into system , which velocity under the law of acting masses is equal to , surplus oxygen is added, for example, increasing thereby velocity of direct and reverse reactions accordingly, the inevitable result of it is an increase in numerical value of equilibrium constant. From the above-stated it follows that if in the chamber of combustion of hydraulic engine of internal combustion (HEIC) as in the closed chemical system, there is 0.9 l of oxygen where combustible mixture of having stoichiometric composition in volume 0.1 l of oxygen and 0.2 l of hydrogen is supplied the total volume of combustible gas mixture will be equal to 1.2 l which contains 1.0 l of oxygen and 0.2 l of hydrogen. Numerical value of a constant of this nonequivalent composition will be equal to numerical value of a constant of a combustible mixture of stoichiometric structure having volume of 3 l containing 1.0 l of oxygen and 2.0 l of hydrogen. After reaction is completed stoichiometric composition of 0.1 l of oxygen and 0.2 l of hydrogen form water, and 0.9 l of oxygen remains in the chamber of combustion for the next cycle. Strictly speaking, the ratio of components of a combustible mixture in this case will be 80:1 by weight where 90 % of oxygen is in the chamber of combustion before combustible mixture of stoichiometric composition 8:1 is supplied.
|
0.999993 |
US 'at boiling point': Town halls target Trump's agenda Jump to media player Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley faces residents in his home state during a town hall - and many are not happy.
Asylum seeker confronts Republican senator Jump to media player Republican Senator Chuck Grassley faced tough questions from his constituents at a town hall meeting.
Angry protesters harangue Republicans Jump to media player Three Republican members of Congress faced large crowds and angry questions about their response to President Donald Trump's policies.
The place where Trump started winning Jump to media player What do voters who gave Trump his first primary win think of him now?
Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley faces residents in his home state during a town hall - and many are not happy.
|
0.999062 |
Which way to social harmony?
The cycle of violence that began on January 5 is still continuing. So far over 120 people have died, 66 of them by petrol bomb. Killing people by throwing petrol bombs is a heinous act and must be stopped immediately. The law enforcement agencies must identify, arrest and bring the perpetrators to justice. At the same time, they must also stop extra-judicial killing and abuse of their power to arrest.
It is the responsibility of the government to maintain public order and provide safety and security to the citizens. We hope the authorities will be successful in bringing an end to the present cycle of violence and achieve social harmony. Lack of social harmony has its costs. Disharmony is reflected in discord, disunity and conflict. Conflict may lead to violence, and unchecked and sustained violence may end up causing havoc.
On the other hand, the maintenance of social harmony has its dividends. One of the dividends is the creation of 'social capital.' Social capital, as distinct from financial capital, is formed when people of all walks of life in a society work shoulder to shoulder, and it can complement financial capital. Creating social movements and social resistance by uniting people can effectively solve many social problems.
It should be noted that sometimes there are linkages between politics, power and identity-based violence. Powerful politicians and rulers often exploit identity-based differences among people for their own selfish ends. Sometimes politically powerful groups promote religious and ethnic conflicts and violence to dispossess the vulnerable of their lands and other immovable possessions. In Bangladesh, we have many examples of such economically motivated violence against minorities.
To understand and mitigate political violence, one needs to make a distinction between policies and fundamentals relevant to a nation-state. It is normal that political parties will have differences in policies. Such differences in policies are usually the reflection and affirmation of a pluralistic society.
However, political parties are expected to have consensus on certain fundamentals. Political parties may agree to a minimal consensus, such as showing mutual respect and tolerance, and practicing democratic values and norms. Mutual respect and tolerance keep the communication channel between political rivals open and allows dialogues and discussions to resolve contentious issues. It also allows reasonable voices and moderates to play constructive roles to avoid conflict and violence. Needless to say that when moderates are silenced extremists take over. Unfortunately, in Bangladesh, our major political parties have little respect and tolerance for each other. Nor do they practice democratic norms.
The wider the areas of consensus on fundamentals in a society, the stronger is its foundation and lower is the prospect of debilitating political conflicts and violence, which can tear a society apart. Thus, achieving social harmony requires expanding the range of consensus among political rivals. It requires reaching a new consensus on fundamentals if the original consensus, reflected in the country's Constitution, breaks down.
In Bangladesh, the original consensus, contained in our 1972 Constitution, was violated time and again by convenient amendments, especially by the 15thAmendment, which unilaterally changed about a third of our Constitution, including some of its 'basic structure.' In fact, the 15th Amendment, by abolishing the provision of the caretaker government, subverted the process of peaceful transfer of power. With such subversion of peaceful transfer of power, we may not, unfortunately, have peace in the country in the foreseeable future. Thus, to achieve sustainable social harmony in our country, we need to develop new consensus on constitutional issues, including on the issue of peaceful transfer of power in the future.
It should be noted that there is an intimate relationship between poverty and violence. If we look around the world, we find that violence is more prevalent in poorer countries, and the poor are the overwhelming victims of such violence. In fact, poverty and violence go hand in hand and they affect each other. Thus, Gary Haugen and Victor Boutros, in their bestselling book, The Locust Effect (Oxford University Press, 2014), eloquently argue that the end of poverty requires the end of violence.
We have found through our own experiences that improving the socio-economic conditions of the people can also prevent violence. Broad-based socio-economic development can transcend identity-based differences among people.
To conclude, political violence has become a serious problem in Bangladesh, which is threatening the stability of our social, economic and political systems. Our democratic process is now in serious danger because of continuing violence. Combating this persistent violence and maintaining social harmony in a sustainable way would require political settlement through confidence building, dialogues and discussions to reach consensus on broad ranges of fundamental issues, including constitutional issues.
|
0.999988 |
A talk about React VR, WebVR and UX design for VR web applications, given at ReactConf 2017, Santa Clara, CA.
2. geildanke.com @fischaelameer You should care about WebVR.
6. geildanke.com @fischaelameer Virtual Reality is tricking our eyes and brain to think of a 2D image to be in 3D.
7. geildanke.com @fischaelameer Virtual Reality changes the way we relate to technology.
43. geildanke.com @fischaelameer Goodbye, UX metaphors!
44. geildanke.com @fischaelameer Goodbye, UX metaphors!
45. geildanke.com @fischaelameer Goodbye, UX metaphors!
102. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
103. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
104. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
105. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
106. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
107. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
108. geildanke.com @fischaelameer no acceleration do not move the horizon or the camera always keep a low latency and a high frame rate avoid flicker and blur add a stable focus point support short usage abstract design is better than realistic do not make your users sick!
109. geildanke.com @fischaelameer You are responsible for the well-being of your users!
|
0.999763 |
Testing the water to find like-minded people who have an interest in working together to create an intentional community on Mars. This Martian intentional community would be a living model for both social responsibility and environmental responsibility. It is a place for those seeking: freedom for exploration and learning, freedom from the current problematic human conditions, freedom to grow and be civilized, freedom to love, be loved and be connected, freedom to be intelligent, peaceful, gentle, and kind.
|
0.999999 |
Create an iconic symbol of freedom.
Celebrate a monumental blend of architecture and sculpture with the LEGO Architecture Statue of Liberty set.
The LEGO Architecture Statue of Liberty set is an impressive LEGO interpretation that faithfully reproduces the monument’s harmonious blend of sculpture and architecture with its intricately detailed shield-lined pedestal, brick detailing and columned balconies. The beautifully crafted Lady Liberty statue features a flowing robe, broken shackles, 7-ray crown, iconic tablet and an upraised arm bearing a golden torch. Finished with a decorative nameplate, this model delivers a highly satisfying building experience to all with an interest in architecture, travel, history and design and makes a truly symbolic centrepiece for the home or office.
|
0.940593 |
Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who was known for his work in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. He was a leading pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solution, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules".
After graduating from Elgin High School in Elgin, Illinois in 1927, Flory received a bachelor's degree from Manchester College (Indiana) (now Manchester University) in 1931 and a Ph.D. from the Ohio State University in 1934. His first position was at DuPont with Wallace Carothers.
Flory's earliest work in polymer science was in the area of polymerization kinetics at the DuPont Experimental Station. In condensation polymerization, he challenged the assumption that the reactivity of the end group decreased as the macromolecule grew, and by arguing that the reactivity was independent of the size, he was able to derive the result that the number of chains present decreased with size exponentially. In addition polymerization, he introduced the important concept of chain transfer to improve the kinetic equations and remove difficulties in understanding the polymer size distribution.
In 1938, after Carothers' death, Flory moved to the Basic Science Research Laboratory at the University of Cincinnati. There he developed a mathematical theory for the polymerization of compounds with more than two functional groups and the theory of polymer networks or gels.
In 1940 he joined the Linden, NJ laboratory of the Standard Oil Development Company where he developed a statistical mechanical theory for polymer mixtures. In 1943 he left to join the research laboratories of Goodyear as head of a group on polymer fundamentals. In the Spring of 1948 Peter Debye, then chairman of the chemistry department at Cornell University, invited Flory to give the annual Baker Lectures. He then was offered a position with the faculty in the Fall of the same year. He was initiated into the Tau Chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma at Cornell in 1949. At Cornell he elaborated and refined his Baker Lectures into his magnum opus, Principles of Polymer Chemistry which was published in 1953 by Cornell University Press. This quickly became a standard text for all workers in the field of polymers, and is still widely used to this day.
Flory introduced the concept of excluded volume, coined by Werner Kuhn in 1934, to polymers. Excluded volume refers to the idea that one part of a long chain molecule can not occupy space that is already occupied by another part of the same molecule. Excluded volume causes the ends of a polymer chain in a solution to be further apart (on average) than they would be were there no excluded volume. The recognition that excluded volume was an important factor in analyzing long-chain molecules in solutions provided an important conceptual breakthrough, and led to the explanation of several puzzling experimental results of the day. It also led to the concept of the theta point, the set of conditions at which an experiment can be conducted that causes the excluded volume effect to be neutralized. At the theta point, the chain reverts to ideal chain characteristics - the long-range interactions arising from excluded volume are eliminated, allowing the experimenter to more easily measure short-range features such as structural geometry, bond rotation potentials, and steric interactions between near-neighboring groups. Flory correctly identified that the chain dimension in polymer melts would have the size computed for a chain in ideal solution if excluded volume interactions were neutralized by experimenting at the theta point.
Among his accomplishments are an original method for computing the probable size of a polymer in good solution, the Flory-Huggins Solution Theory, and the derivation of the Flory exponent, which helps characterize the movement of polymers in solution.
see Flory convention for details.
In modeling the position vectors of atoms in macromolecules it is often necessary to convert from Cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) to generalized coordinates. The Flory convention for defining the variables involved is usually employed. For an example, a peptide bond can be described by the x,y,z positions of every atom in this bond or the Flory convention can be used. Here one must know the bond lengths <math>l_i</math>, bond angles <math>\theta_i</math>, and the dihedral angles <math>\phi_i</math>. Applying a vector conversion from the Cartesian coordinates to the generalized coordinates will describe the same three-dimensional structure using the Flory convention.
He accepted a professorship at Stanford University in 1961, became the Jackson-Wood Professor there in 1966 and retired from there in 1975. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules." He remained active after his retirement, and consulted for IBM for some years. He and his wife Emily Catherine Tabor (now deceased) had three children, Susan, Melinda and John. Susan has two children, Elizabeth and Mary. Elizabeth has three children, Katy Greer, Margaret Greer, and Sam Greer. Paul J Flory died of a heart attack in Big Sur, California in 1985. Melinda has 3 children Susanna, Jeremy and Charles and 3 grandchildren.
He was posthumously inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 2002.
Flory, Paul. (1953) Principles of Polymer Chemistry. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-0134-8.
Flory, Paul. (1969) Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules. Interscience. ISBN 0-470-26495-0. Reissued 1989. ISBN 1-56990-019-1.
Flory, Paul. (1985) Selected Works of Paul J. Flory. Stanford Univ Press. ISBN 0-8047-1277-8.
^ Pecora, Robert (November 1986). "Obituary: Paul John Flory". Physics Today 39 (11): 116–117. Bibcode:1986PhT....39k.116P. doi:10.1063/1.2815221.
|
0.991649 |
Widely recognized as one of the most creative and influential musicians of the 20th century, Jimi Hendrix pioneered the explosive possibilities of the electric guitar. Hendrix's innovative style of combining fuzz, feedback and controlled distortion created a new musical form.
Because he was unable to read or write music, it is nothing short of remarkable that Jimi Hendrix's meteoric rise in the music took place in just four short years. His musical language continues to influence a host of modern musicians, from George Clinton to Miles Davis, and Steve Vai to Jonny Lang.
Throughout the latter half of 1965, and into the first part of 1966, Jimmy played the rounds of smaller venues throughout Greenwich Village, catching up with Animals' bassist Chas Chandler during a July performance at Caf‚ Wha? Chandler was impressed with Jimmy's performance and returned again in September 1966 to sign Hendrix to an agreement that would have him move to London to form a new band.
Switching gears from bass player to manager, Chandler's first task was to change Hendrix's name to "Jimi." Featuring drummer Mitch Mitchell and bassist Noel Redding, the newly formed Jimi Hendrix Experience quickly became the talk of London in the fall of 1966. The Experience's first single, "Hey Joe," spent ten weeks on the UK charts, topping out at spot No. 6 in early 1967.
Back in America, Jimi Hendrix built his own recording studio, Electric Lady Studios in New York City. The name of this project became the basis for his most demanding musical release, a two LP collection, Electric Ladyland. Throughout 1968, the demands of touring and studio work took its toll on the group and in 1969 the Experience disbanded. The summer of 1969 brought emotional and musical growth to Jimi Hendrix.
In playing the Woodstock Music & Art Fair in August 1969, Jimi joined forces with an eclectic ensemble called Gypsy Sun & Rainbows featuring Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, Billy Cox, Juma Sultan, and Jerry Velez. The Woodstock performance was highlighted by the renegade version of "Star Spangled Banner," which brought the mud-soaked audience to a frenzy.
Unfortunately, Hendrix was unable to see this musical vision through to completion due to his hectic worldwide touring schedules, then tragic death on September 18, 1970. Fortunately, the recordings Hendrix slated for release on the album were finally issued through the support of his family and original studio engineer Eddie Kramer on the 1997 release First Rays Of The New Rising Sun.
The music of Jimi Hendrix embraced the influences of blues, ballads, rock, R&B, and jazz a collection of styles that continue to make Hendrix one of the most popular figures in the history of rock music. From demo recordings to finished masters, Jimi Hendrix generated an amazing collection of songs over the course of his short career.
|
0.960097 |
Pope Leo XIII (March 2, 1810 - July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903, succeeding Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his predecessor and John Paul II. He is known as the "Pope of the Working Man." He is perhaps best known for the concept of subsidiarity, the principle that everything that an authority does should aim to enhance human dignity and that power should reside and decisions should be taken at the lowest possible level. By defending the right to work and the right to reasonable wage and working condition, Leo XIII helped to re-position the Church as a defender of the working class, whereas earlier it had been closely identified with the elite. He was critical of both communism and capitalism. The latter required regulation to safeguard workers' rights; the former was godless, nor could all people be equally compensated, since people's abilities and skills are unequal. He is credited with opening up Catholic Church to engagement and dialogue with society, civil government, and with the world of science and secular learning.
Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Lodovico Pecci and his wife, Anna Prosperi Buzi. He received his doctorate in theology in 1836, and doctorates of civil and Canon Law in Rome. While in the minor orders, he was appointed domestic prelate to Pope Gregory XVI in January 1837. He was ordained priest on December 31, 1837, by the Vicar of Rome, became titular archbishop of Damietta in 1843, and apostolic nuncio to Belgium on January 28, 1843. In that country, the school question was then warmly debated between the Catholic majority and the Liberal minority. Pecci encouraged the struggle for Catholic schools, yet he was able to win the good will of the Court, not only of the pious Queen Louise, but also of King Leopold I, who was strongly liberal in his views. The new nuncio succeeded in uniting the Catholics. Upon his initiative, a Belgian College in Rome was opened in 1844.
Pecci was named papal assistant in 1843. He first achieved note as the popular and successful Archbishop of Perugia from 1846 till 1877, during which period he had to cope, among others, with the earthquake and subsequent famine that hit Umbria in 1854. In addition to his post in Perugia, he was appointed Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono in 1853.
In August 1877, on the death of Cardinal De Angelis, Pope Pius IX appointed him camerlengo, so that he was obliged to reside in Rome. Pope Pius died February 7, 1878, and during his closing years the Liberal press had often insinuated that the Italian Government should take a hand in the conclave and occupy the Vatican. However, the Russo-Turkish War and the sudden death of Victor Emmanuel II (January 9, 1878) distracted the attention of the government, the conclave proceeded as usual, and after the three scrutinies Cardinal Pecci was elected by forty-four votes out of sixty-one.
Leo XIII worked to encourage understanding between the Church and the modern world. He firmly re-asserted the scholastic doctrine that science and religion co-exist, and required the study of Thomas Aquinas. Although he had stated that it "is quite unlawful to demand, defend, or to grant unconditional freedom of thought, or speech, of writing or worship, as if these were so many rights given by nature to man," he opened the Vatican Secret Archives to qualified researchers, among whom was the noted historian of the Papacy Ludwig von Pastor. Leo XIII was also the first Pope to come out strongly in favor of the French Republic, upsetting many French monarchists, but his support for democracy did not necessarily imply his acceptance of egalitarianism: "People differ in capacity, skill, health, strength; and unequal fortune is a necessary result of unequal condition. Such inequality is far from being disadvantageous either to individuals or to the community." His relations with the Italian state were less progressive; Leo XIII continued the Papacy's self-imposed incarceration in the Vatican stance, and continued to insist that Italian Catholics should not vote in Italian elections or hold elected office. In his first consistory, in 1879, he elevated his older brother, Giuseppe, to a cardinal.
Leo XIII was the first Pope of whom a sound recording was made. The recording can be found on a compact disc of Alessandro Moreschi's singing; a recording of his performance of the Ave Maria. He was also the first Pope to be filmed on a motion picture camera. He was filmed by its inventor, W.K. Dickson, and he blessed the camera afterward.
Leo XIII is most famous for his social teaching, in which he argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed. The former is flawed unless safeguards to uphold social justice are in place. The latter is godless. His encyclical Rerum Novarum focused on the rights and duties of capital and labor, and introduced the idea of subsidiarity into Catholic social thought. He encouraged the formation of lay-associations among the Catholic rank and file. On the other hand, he insisted on papal authority over that of national Catholic hierarchies, and on the importance of the Papal Legates, or Nuncios, to each national hierarchy.
A full list of all of Leo's encyclicals can be found in the List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.
"For all the books which the Church receives as sacred and canonical, are written wholly and entirely, with all their parts, at the dictation of the Holy Ghost: and so far is it from being possible that any error can co-exist with inspiration, that inspiration not only is essentially incompatible with error, but excludes and rejects it as absolutely and necessarily as it is impossible that God Himself, the supreme Truth, can utter that which is not true (Providentissimus Deus).
The 1896 bull, Apostolicae Curae, declared the ordination of deacons, priests, and bishops in Anglican churches (including the Church of England) invalid, while granting recognition to ordinations in the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches although they were considered illicit. However, he was interested in the possibility of reconciliation with the Anglican communion, and entered into conversations on unity.
His 1899 apostolic letter, Testem Benevolentiae, condemned the heresy called Americanism. Some American Catholics were accused of advocating such principles as the total freedom of the press, separation of church and state, and other liberal ideas that were though inconsistent with the doctrines of the church.
Among the activities of Leo XIII that were important for the English-speaking world, one might certainly count the encyclical "Apostolicæ Curæ" of 1896, on the non-validity of the Anglican orders. Furthermore, Leo restored the Scottish hierarchy in 1878. In British India, he established a Catholic hierarchy, in 1886, and regulated some long-standing conflicts with the Portuguese authorities.
The United States at many moments in time attracted the attention and admiration of Pope Leo. He confirmed the decrees of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884), and raised to the cardinalate Archbishop Gibbons of that city in 1886. Leo was not present at Washington on the occasion of the foundation of the Catholic University of America. His role in South America will also be remembered, especially the First Plenary Council of Latin America, held at Rome in 1899, and his encyclical of 1888, to the bishops of Brazil on the abolition of slavery.
American newspapers criticized Pope Leo because of his attempt to gain control of American public schools. One cartoonist drew Leo as a fox unable to reach grapes that were labeled for American schools; the caption read "Sour grapes!"
The number of states with diplomatic mission in the Vatican increased during Leo's papacy. Non-Christian nations also started to enter into diplomatic relations.
While on a pilgrimage with her father and sister in 1887, the future Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, during a general audience with Pope Leo XIII, asked him to allow her to enter the Carmelite order. Even though she was strictly forbidden to speak to him because she was told it would prolong the audience too much, in her autobiography, Story of a Soul, she wrote that after she kissed his slipper and he presented his hand, instead of kissing it, she took it in her own hand and said through tears, "Most Holy Father, I have a great favor to ask you. In honor of your Jubilee, permit me to enter Carmel at the age of 15!" Pope Leo XIII answered, "Well, my child, do what the superiors decide." Thérèse replied, "Oh! Holy Father, if you say yes, everybody will agree!" Finally, the Pope said, "Go… go… You will enter if God wills it" [italics hers] after which time, two guards lifted Thérèse (still on her knees in front of the Pope) by her arms and carried her to the door where a third gave her a medal of the Pope. Shortly thereafter, the Bishop of Bayeux authorized the prioress to receive Thérèse, and in April 1888, she entered Carmel at the age of 15.
While known for his cheerful personality, Leo also had a gentle sense of humor as well. During one of his audiences, a man claimed to have had the opportunity to see Pius IX at one of his last audiences before his death in 1878. Upon hearing the remarkable story, Leo smiled and replied, "If I had known that you were so dangerous to popes, I would have postponed this audience further."
Leo XIII was the first Pope to be born in the nineteenth century. He was also the first to die in the twentieth century: He lived to the age of 93, making him the longest-lived Pope. At the time of his death, Leo XIII was the second-longest reigning Pope, exceeded only by his immediate predecessor, Pius IX (unless one counts St. Peter as having reigned from the time that Jesus is said to have given him "the keys to the kingdom" until his death, rather than from his arrival in Rome). Leo's regal length was subsequently exceeded by that of Pope John Paul II on March 14, 2004.
Leo was not entombed in St. Peter's Basilica, as all popes after him were, but instead at St. John Lateran, a church in which he took a particular interest.
Born in the nineteenth century and still Pope in the opening years of the twentieth, Leo XIII's most significant contribution lies in his effort to reposition the church as a defender of the poor rather than as the guardian of the rich, elite, and powerful. This emphasized the church's pastoral mission, which he helped to strengthen. His concern to reconcile the teachings of the church with new ideas about social justice and democracy as well as with scientific advances encouraged his successors to look for ways of rethinking how it understood the relationship between theological truth, and general knowledge.
↑ Pope Leo XIII, Aeterna Patris. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
↑ leo XIII, Rerum Novarum. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
↑ Leo XIII, Ave Maria. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
Benigni, U. "Pope Leo XIII." In Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910.
O'Reilly, Bernard. Life of Leo XIII—From An Authentic Memoir—Furnished By His Order. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company, 1887.
Pope Leo XIII: text with concordances and frequency list.
This page was last modified on 25 June 2018, at 21:53.
|
0.994526 |
These symbols should make it easy to figure out what danger they represent.
A trivia quiz called Caution! - Warning Signs. Test your knowledge about Caution! - Warning Signs with this online quiz.
|
0.999982 |
What will you learn in a recreational therapy program? Read about degree requirements, the pros and cons of a bachelor's degree and master's degree and potential careers.
Recreational therapy is the use of recreational activity to promote wellness in patients. Recreational therapists can work in a variety of environments, including rehabilitation facilities, psychiatric hospitals, nursing homes, prisons and schools.
Recreational therapy is a growing field, and as the baby-boom generation grows older, the need for recreational therapists is predicted to grow, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The BLS projected that employment for all recreational therapists would grow by 17% between 2010 and 2020.
Generally, a bachelor's degree is the education requirement for pursuing this career. Many employers also look for applicants that are certified by the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification.
Source: *U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (May 2011 figures), **Salary.com (July 2012 figure).
Bachelor's degree programs in recreational therapy, such as the Bachelor of Science in Therapeutic Recreation, can provide instruction on using music, sports, art, crafts, and a number of other activities to improve clients' physical and emotional health. These types of programs are largely science-based, with a strong focus on medical concepts. In addition, you will find courses in psychology, as well as physical activities. Most programs will require an internship prior to graduation. You may also have to complete field experience in addition to the internship.
Sources: *National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification.
Coursework for this degree involves medical and psychological education. You will also complete courses that tie these concepts into therapeutic use for clients. Your studies will generally include both lecture and practical experience.
In addition to standard coursework, you will likely be required to complete an internship. Due to the hands-on nature of this degree, this internship can be fairly lengthy and may be the equivalent of several courses' worth of academic credit.
Online programs are available for this degree, though they are rare. Because the degree requires a significant amount of hands-on education, degree courses are often better taught in person.
There are online programs that offer continuing education in the geriatric specialty of therapeutic recreation. In addition to continuing education credits, some of these programs offer certification within the specialty. These courses are generally information based, building on the knowledge and hands-on experience earned in the baccalaureate program.
A good way to get ahead with this degree is to gain experience in the field you wish to work in. Many of the areas where a recreational therapist may find work are also in need of volunteers. If you intend to work in a hospital setting, seeking a volunteer position at a hospital would be a good choice. If you intend to work in geriatrics, you may wish to volunteer at a nursing home. If you want to work with children, perhaps you could find a local library or activities program that needed assistance. Volunteering may also help you connect with future potential employers, giving you a further advantage when seeking employment after graduation.
The BLS also notes that job prospects should be best for recreational therapists who have certification, such as the Certified Therapeutic Recreation Specialist credential. However, this will require an internship and passing an exam.
Advanced programs, such as the Master of Science in Recreation Therapy, are not as common. These programs are designed to provide a further understanding of therapeutic recreation, as well as specialize in a particular field of recreational therapy. Graduate-level classes in this program can be small, rarely having more than fifteen students.
Though a bachelor's degree in recreational therapy is most directly related to the master's degree, there are many disciplines that would serve well as a basis for the master's degree, including psychology, education, and communications. Entering the program with a degree other than recreational therapy may require you to take leveling classes in order to be eligible for certification after graduation.
In addition to coursework, you will be required to complete an internship, thesis, or final project for the program. Some programs will require the internship in addition to a thesis or final project.
Master's degree programs in recreational therapy are rare. Currently, online programs at this level are not available. As much of this program requires practical experience, campus-based classes will better provide you with education in the skills in this field. Although they will provide different training, you can find programs in related fields, such as occupational therapy.
Experience in recreational therapy is important with potential employers. Finding internships or volunteer positions will help in finding positions after graduation. Seeking extra education in arts, such as painting, music, or sculpture, may also help in getting ahead with a master's in recreational therapy. An increased knowledge of the arts will likewise increase the variety of techniques that can be applied to your therapeutic work. This may open opportunities in groups that are looking for a particular type of recreational therapist, such as for musical therapy or therapy involving outdoor activities.
|
0.999911 |
Scars on Broadway is the first studio album by Scars on Broadway, a band consisting of System of a Down members Daron Malakian and John Dolmayan. The album contains fifteen tracks, all written by Malakian.
The album opened at #17 on the Billboard 200 with 24,000 copies.
As of April 2010, the album has sold 83,000 copies in the US.
Following System of a Down's hiatus in May 2006, guitarist Daron Malakian announced his new project — Scars on Broadway — a band which would include System of a Down drummer John Dolmayan and himself. Malakian and Dolmayan experimented with different musicians, for a period of nine months in 2007 the band took form and forged its sound in intense rehearsals and recording sessions under Malakian’s direction, at his home studio and Sunset Sound; with musicians Danny Shamoun on keyboards, Dominic Cifarelli on bass, and Franky Perez on guitar and backing vocals. The band begin recording their debut album in September 2007.
"It will probably be something very heavy mixed in with traditional Armenian and thrash, death, doom, black and dark metal influences. When, or even if, the music comes out, it will still be structured, just like System of a Down's music is."
This electronic idea was demonstrated in all 2005 concerts in which Malakian, instead of merely singing the chorus to the song "Sugar" or "War?", as well as "Old School Hollywood" from Mezmerize, distorted his voice electronically with a Vocoder. Malakian stated the sound will be influenced by classic rock such as David Bowie, Brian Eno, Yes, Neil Young, and Roxy Music, shifting his songwriting away from System of a Down's "frazzled metal" to more "song-based" work. "I don't feel we're the mosh-pit band," says Malakian. "That's just where I'm comfortable as a writer right now."
On May 2, 2008, the album was announced. A week later, the band was signed to Interscope Records.
The band released "They Say" as their first airplay single on March 28. The music video for the track was released on June 27. A second single, "World Long Gone", was released on September 8, featured a music video directed by filmmaker Joel Schumacher.
Reviews for the album were mixed, with several reviewers criticizing the lyrics. The BBC's Al Fox gave the album a negative review, stating "It's tough to write a review so overwhelmingly negative in response to somebody’s heartfelt outpourings but this kind of old-school rock is tired, worn out, and has as little relevance to today's world as a classical string quartet playing the millionth version of a 300-year-old concerto." Similarly, Consequence of Sound gave the album a "D" rating, stating "Scars On Broadway is most definitely worth hearing – if you’re a die-hard fan of Malakian’s vocals. It’s sadly an overall novelty work, with lyrics that unfortunately toe the line of absolute absurdity in some cases".
Rolling Stone, in a 3.5 out of 5 review, stating "as Scars on Broadway, Malakian shaves System's punk-dervish and metallic-vengeance extremes into straight-on rock glazed with New Wave keyboards and impish-angel harmonies. It is a cleverly barbed normality." Allmusic, also giving the album 3.5 out of 5 stars, praised the album's instrumentals but criticized the lyrics. Billboard.com's Gary Graff stated of the album "Malakian and SOAD drummer John Dolmayan have indeed brought something new for their fans to love—and perhaps even for non-fans as well, given the more direct and accessible nature of Scars' music. The duo still delves into SOAD-style idiosyncracies [sic] via the sonic tumult and machine-gun dynamics of such tracks as "Serious," "Exploding/ Reloading," "Chemicals" and "World Gone Long," but Scars is just as apt to delve into the poppier melodicism of "Funny" and "Insane," the full-on funk of "Enemy" or the metallic muscle of "Stoner Hate."
All tracks written by Daron Malakian.
^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - SCARS ON BROADWAY's Debut Lands In Billboard's Top 20". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - SCARS ON BROADWAY Announces Comeback Show". Roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
^ "System Of A Down Aren't Breaking Up — They're Going On Hiatus". Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "Covering Up Old Wounds: Scars On Broadway". www.gigwise.com. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "In the Studio: System of a Down Side Project Scars on Broadway Trades Metal for Melodic Rock". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SYSTEM OF A DOWN Members Recording 18 Songs For SCARS ON BROADWAY Debut". 29 September 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY Sets Release Date For Debut Album". 2 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "System Of A Down members launches new band – NME". 30 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY Signs With INTERSCOPE". 9 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY's DARON MALAKIAN Has His 'Say'". 27 May 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY: 'They Say' Video Available". 27 June 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "System Of A Down side project ready to roll". Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY: 'World Long Gone' Video Posted Online". 9 September 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY Taps JOEL SCHUMACHER For 'World Long Gone' Video Shoot". 19 August 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ a b c "Scars on Broadway". Metacritic.
^ a b "Scars on Broadway - Scars on Broadway". Allmusic.
^ "Scars On Broadway: Scars On Broadway". The Aquarian Weekly.
^ a b "Scars On Broadway : Scars On Broadway : Review : Rolling Stone". 25 July 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ a b Fox, Al. "BBC - Music - Review of Scars on Broadway - Scars on Broadway". Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ Thompson, Ben (9 August 2008). "CD: Rock review: Scars on Broadway, Scars on Broadway". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ a b "Album Review: Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". 6 August 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "SCARS ON BROADWAY DO BETTER THAN THEIR SH*TTY, SH*TTY BAND NAME MAY SUGGEST - MetalSucks". 7 August 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway". 1 August 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
^ "Australiancharts.com – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Swedishcharts.com – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Longplay-Chartverfolgung at Musicline" (in German). Musicline.de. Phononet GmbH. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway | Artist | Official Charts". UK Albums Chart. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Top Tastemaker Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Scars on Broadway: Scars on Broadway" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Lescharts.com – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Charts.org.nz – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Scars on Broadway – Scars on Broadway". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
This page was last edited on 22 January 2019, at 15:51 (UTC).
|
0.934127 |
Ask a representative of a charitable organization what type of charity he or she represents, and the correct, if incomplete, answer will often be, “We’re a 501(c)(3) organization.” This basic qualification will likely be only part of the answer sought. Most tax-exempt charitable institutions–private foundations, public charities and the variety of hybrids between–share this basic qualification under Internal Revenue Code (“Code”) Section 501(c)(3), which exempts them from most of the income tax provisions of the Code, excluding, for example, the unrelated business taxable income provisions of Code Sections 511-514.
Exactly where does your own organization fit into this taxonomy of tax-exempt charitable organizations? The answer will be important to donors and their advisors, who frequently will want to ensure that contributions to the institution qualify for the highest, “public charity” deductibility thresholds: 50 percent of adjusted gross income (“AGI”) for cash, and 30 percent of AGI for appreciated assets. Similarly, grant-making organizations such as private foundations, which are generally prohibited from making grants to other private foundations at the risk of loss of their own exempt status, are highly motivated to determine whether or not a grant candidate is a public charity.
On the lower rungs of the tax-exempt hierarchy are private foundations, which qualify under Code Section 501(c)(3) and do not fall within one of the public charity exceptions under code Sections 509(a)(1), (2) or (3). The “private” designation arises due to the fact that the foundation receives most or all of its support from a single donor or family. Because of perceived past abuses, private foundations are subject to close scrutiny through a series of penalty taxes, euphemistically termed “excise taxes,” designed to keep them on the straight and narrow. These taxes–imposed on acts of self-dealing, failure to distribute income, excess business holdings, jeopardy investments and taxable expenditures–are familiar to many planned giving officers to the extent they also apply to charitable remainder trusts.
In order to discourage gifts to private foundations, Congress has mandated that a contribution of cash to a private foundation may be deducted only up to 30 percent of AGI, and that a contribution of an appreciated asset must be reduced to its cost basis, and even then may be deducted only up to 20 percent of AGI. A temporary exception to this harsh “reduce-to-basis” rule applies to publicly traded stock, and is set to expire on May 31, 1997. Contributions which cannot be used in the year of transfer qualify for a five-year carryover.
Typically, the private foundation must refrain from carrying on its own activities, and has to be content with the relatively passive role of making grants “upstairs” to public charities. Even a scholarship grant or a grant to an individual for special research is generally not permitted, except with the Service’s prior approval of “grant-making procedures” conforming to the regulations issued by the Treasury Department.
Occupying a special domain between the realms of private foundations and public charities, private operating foundations, described in Code Section 4942(j), may carry on their own activities, with the prior blessing of the Service. The private operating foundation remains “private,” in the sense that it usually receives contributions from a single donor or family, but it enjoys some of the status of a public charity–including the higher deductibility thresholds which apply to such institutions.
In order to receive these enhanced blessings, the private operating foundation must expend substantially all its income directly for charitable purposes. In addition, it must meet any one of the following requirements: (a) It must devote at least 65 percent of its assets to charitable purposes; (b) It must normally distribute at least two-thirds of its “minimum investment return” (i.e., 5 percent of the value of its investment portfolio) to qualified public charities; or (c) It must receive substantially all its support from the general public, and not more than half of its support from gross investment income.
In contrast to private foundations are public charities—the institutions to which most planned giving officers owe their allegiance. Because they are perceived as enjoying “public” support in one form or another, these public charities have traditionally enjoyed a lower threshold of IRS scrutiny than their private foundation cousins. “The public is watching the public charity,” so goes the theory, “so the IRS doesn’t have to.” In addition to qualifying under Code Section 501(c)(3), these public charities also qualify under Code Sections 509(a)(1), (2) or (3). It is also rather important to know which of these parenthetical numbers applies to a particular institution.
“Automatic” Public Charities. Some types of charitable institutions manifest their “public”-ness simply by their very nature. For example, churches, conventions or associations of churches; certain hospitals and medical institutions; certain educational institutions; and governmental units are “automatic” public charities. Other institutions are not quite so fortunate.
“Support Test” Public Charities. Other public charities must demonstrate affirmatively and regularly that they enjoy the support of the general public. Code Section 509(a)(1) “support test” public charities, which generally include community foundations for example, must show that they ordinarily receive at least 1/3 of their total support from contributions from the general public. An organization which finds this test too rigorous may seek to qualify under an alternate 10 percent “facts and circumstances” test, under which it can receive as little as 10 percent of its total support from the general public, so long as other factors, including the public nature of its board of directors for example, demonstrate its essentially “public” nature.
The other variety of “support test” public charities are those which are defined in Code Section 509(a)(2). These charities often enjoy a combination of gifts from and purchases by members of the general public, as does a symphony orchestra, for example. In addition to demonstrating that it normally receives at least 1/3 of its total revenue from the general public, the Code Section 509(a)(2) organization must also show that not more than 1/3 of its revenue comes from its investments.
Supporting Organizations. Yet another type of public charity is, strangely enough, one which bears many similarities to a private foundation–it usually enjoys the support only of a single donor or family, after whom or which it is named. On the other hand, this last type of public charity, the supporting organization, enjoys “automatic” public charity status, so long as it meets certain tests. The supporting organization must not be “controlled” by the founding family; that is, the number of independent trustees or directors must always exceed the number of family trustees or directors, according to the Service.
In addition, the supporting organization, as its name implies, must “support” one or more Code Section 509(a)(1) or (2) public charities through direct grants, or by carrying on activities in which the supported institution engages. With the increasingly dim prospect for private foundations, the supporting organization is currently enjoying something of a renaissance and re-evaluation.
How should the planned giving officer go about determining exactly where his or her institution fits into the taxonomy of tax-exempts? The best source is the letter (or letters) of determination issued to the organization by the IRS. In some cases, the organization’s letter of determination will indicate that the organization is in an “advance ruling period,” a sort of trial-run for fledgling would-be public charities. At the end of the advance ruling period, the organization must demonstrate that it qualifies under the “support test” public charity rules. If it cannot, it is relegated to private foundation status (or worse).
The other source is IRS Publication 78, which lists charitable institutions and uses a number code to indicate where they fit into this taxonomy. For example, if an entry in Publication 78 shows no number after an organization’s name, the organization is a public charity; a “3” after the name indicates a private operating foundation; a “4” indicates a private foundation, and so forth.
The planned giving officer is frequently the first representative of a charity who will be asked what type of charity the organization is, and for all of the reasons summarized above, it would be best if the officer can supply a complete, accurate answer to this important question.
|
0.999972 |
Q: Which online schools in Iowa offer bachelor’s degree programs?
A: There are many online schools in Iowa that offer bachelor’s degree programs. Most online schools cater to adult students returning to their academic career after gaining experience in the workforce. Therefore, many online colleges accept a large amount of credits from their inbound students, and some require an associate’s degree to apply for their online bachelor’s degree. This makes it imperative that applicants for online bachelor degrees do their research to make sure the online school they are applying to utilizes their academic background and life experience. There are many online schools in Iowa that offer bachelor degree programs, the larger universities with name-recognition around the world include institutions like Iowa State University, Upper Iowa University, and the University of Iowa. There are also lesser known, but highly regarded institutions that offer online bachelor degrees like Graceland University, Mount Mercy University, and Buena Vista University. Iowa has increasingly become a bastion of online education, as the state has organized around initiatives and associations like The Iowa Distance Learning Association, a non-profit that was formed to promote the development and application of distance learning and training, and The Iowa Community College Online Consortium, which is a 7-college partnership of state schools that pool their resources to create a large selection of online courses and curriculum that cater to the specific career goals of its students. This organizational support has helped online schools in Iowa to rank as some of the best online colleges in the nation.
One of the major online schools in Iowa that offers a large variety of majors to choose for an online bachelor’s degree is Iowa State University. ISU offers a Bachelor of Liberal Studies (BLS) degree, that allows students to choose from any of their online classes, encouraging them to choose the courses that they find most interesting, so self-motivated students will be rewarded with engaging material that they find personally stimulating. The BLS degree requires the completion of 120 credits, but up to 90 credits can be transferred from other accredited institutions, which makes it a practical choice for adults looking to continue their education.
Upper Iowa University’s Center for Distance Education has 32 unique bachelor degrees for their students to choose from. Their programs consist of three different online learning programs to provide students with the interface that best suits their academic strengths: Self-Paced: Web-based, Self-Paced: Paper/Email. Students can choose the pace they want to study at as well as how they feel most comfortable corresponding with their professors: via email, postal mail or online classroom. All of their programs have financial aid availability, making them one of the most versatile online schools in Iowa.
The University of Iowa boasts a staggering 617 online courses for their students to choose from. Those classes count towards the eight unique bachelor degrees that they offer online, including Bachelor of Liberal Studies, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and Bachelor in Radiation Sciences. They even have an online course sample site so that students can familiarize themselves with the online interface before deciding whether or not its right for them.
Q: Which online schools in Iowa offer bachelor's degree programs?
|
0.999993 |
Yes, see this movie. I was a little worried it'd be more horror-esque than weird, but the beauty of this film is that it manages to make you feel both extremely uncomfortable yet also extremely fascinated at times. Everyone in the Stoker family is a little messed up in the head, with the possible exception of the deceased father, and these issues comes to the forefront near the end of the movie. I wanted to give this film 4.5 out of 5 stars, but there were a few "false endings" that I think could have been eliminated; the ending of the movie, however, is sufficiently creepy, though.
Stoker is in theaters now and is rated R with a runtime of 98 minutes. 4 stars out of 5.
|
0.999969 |
How do bargaining and negotiation work among the partners of an international trade cartel? The international diamond cartel, established in 1888 and controlled by the South Africa-based DeBeers Corporation, faced a series of crises beginning in the late 1970s. Israel sought to upset the cartel's marketing order, Zaire looked for new agents for its wares, and the Soviet Union wanted better terms for its gems. In each case, DeBeers had to reach for different bargaining tools to preserve the order of the cartel.
|
0.950691 |
Amalfi Italy: Travel Information Resources and Tips.
Amalfi Italy is a popular tourist destination in the province of Salerno and is the town that gives its name to the Amalfi Coast. A unique landscape designed by bays, coves, cliffs and small villages perched on the mountain.
Amalfi is dominated by the majestic cathedral dedicated to Saint Andrew (Duomo di Sant'Andrea) , provides interesting evidence of its glorious past as a Maritime Republic.
The Amalfi Coast is the stretch of the Campanian coast, located south of the Sorrento Peninsula, overlooking the Gulf of Salerno is bordered to the west and east from Positano to Vietri sul Mare. It is a stretch of coast known throughout the world for its natural beauty, home to major tourist sites.
As already said, the Costiera Amalfitana takes its name from the town of Amalfi, the core of the Coast not only geographically but also historically. The Amalfi Coast is known for its diversity: each of the countries of the Coast has its own character and its own traditions.
Amalfi to its geographical connotation aims to tourists as enchanted and arduous resort. All the beaches, except those located in front of the city can be reached by long flights of steps or by sea. In both cases it is a unique experience where the contact point is the nature. The last beach of the town of Amalfi is "La Vite", 4 kilometers from the city center. It borders the village of Conca dei Marini.
The most interesting monuments to visit the Amalfi Coast are: the Cathedral of Amalfi and its cloister (cloister Paradise), the church of Santa Maria Assunta in Positano, the churches of San Salvatore del Birecto and Santa Maria Maddalena in Atrani , Villa Cimbrone and Villa Rufolo in Ravello, the churches of San Luca and San Gennaro in Praiano and their viewpoints, the church of San Pancrazio in Conca dei Marini and its viewpoint, the church of Santa Trofimena and the Roman villa in Minori, the collegiate church of Santa Maria a Mare and the castle of San Nicola de Thoro Plano in Maiori.
|
0.999528 |
U.S. forces prepare for deployment near Salaheddin province.
BAGHDAD, Iraq (CNN) -- Helicopter-borne U.S. and Iraqi troops fanned out into the countryside around the northern city of Samarra on Thursday in a new anti-insurgent assault, the U.S. military said.
The operation was launched as Iraq's parliament met briefly for the first time and the death toll from apparent reprisal killings in Baghdad rose.
About 1,500 U.S. and Iraqi troops were taking part in "Operation Swarmer," which began at dawn Thursday, said Maj. Tom Bryant, a spokesman for the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division.
"We have no reports of any Iraqi army or coalition injuries at all," Bryant said. "So far, the mission has been a great success."
Samarra, about 75 miles (121 kilometers) north of Baghdad, was the scene of the bombing February 22 of a revered Shiite Muslim shrine that triggered a surge in sectarian violence and brought the country to the brink of civil war.
Iraqi Foreign Minister Hoshyar Zebari called the targeted area "a hotbed for insurgents and terrorists."
Troops are attempting to cordon off a 10-mile-by-10-mile zone outside Samarra to hunt for suspected insurgents, Bryant said.
Villagers told CNN the area was home to a tribe believed to be sympathetic to insurgents, and periodic explosions could be heard into Thursday night.
More than 50 helicopters and 200 tactical ground vehicles were involved in the operation, the U.S. command in Baghdad said in a statement. Bryant said Iraqi troops slightly outnumber the U.S. forces taking part.
"The Iraqi forces, their [intelligence], their tips, are really what drove the operation," he said.
Zebari said the operation shows the "rising capabilities" of Iraqi forces, whose performance, President Bush has said, is the key to reducing U.S. troop levels in the nearly three-year-old conflict.
The operation is larger than the anti-insurgent campaigns U.S. troops led in towns along the Euphrates River last year, but considerably smaller than the September 2004 operation to retake Samarra from insurgents.
Another sweep through the Samarra area this month turned up "substantial enemy weapons and equipment caches," a military statement said.
Zebari said the area has been a transit point for insurgents looking to carry out attacks and "create another Falluja," referring to an insurgent command center in that western Iraqi city that was scene of a bloody offensive in 2004.
The current offensive is focused on three villages where fighters are believed to be based, according to Iraqi security sources. The targeted region is largely Sunni Arab, but has some mixed Sunni-Shiite areas.
The suspected insurgents being targeted are believed to be responsible for lootings and killings, including the deaths of three Al-Arabiya television journalists killed in Samarra when they were reporting on the shrine bombing.
Unlike many previous operations, including the 2004 campaign to recapture Falluja, no Western journalists accompanied the troops.
In Washington, White House spokesman Scott McClellan rejected suggestions that the timing of the operation was linked to efforts to turn around public opinion.
"This is a decision that is made by commanders," he said, adding that Bush was briefed on the operation but did not directly authorize it.
The death toll from apparent reprisal killings in Baghdad rose as Iraqi emergency police said they had found 31 new bodies across the capital -- 25 on Wednesday and another six Thursday.
Since a string of car bombings in a poor Shiite neighborhood killed at least 46 people Sunday, police have reported finding the results of grisly execution-style slayings daily.
More than 160 bodies have been recovered since Sunday. Many were shot to death, and some showed signs of torture.
In northern Iraq, one person was killed and three others injured in demonstrations marking the 18th anniversary of the gassing to death of thousands of Kurds in Halabja by Saddam Hussein's forces, police and hospital officials said.
Diyala province, north of Baghdad, continued to be a hotbed of violence.
In Khalis, a roadside bomb killed three girls and wounded five boys Thursday as students were leaving school, an official with the coalition press center in Diyala said.
A roadside bomb exploded near an Iraqi police patrol in Muqtadya, wounding seven officers and one civilian, the official said.
In the provincial capital of Baquba, a gunman killed one civilian and wounded another.
Iraq's newly elected parliament met for the first time Thursday and adjourned after 30 minutes.
The meeting begins the 60-day countdown during which time a president, two vice presidents and a prime minister will be selected.
The process likely will be difficult. The nominee for prime minister, Ibrahim al-Jaafari, is opposed by many Sunni, Kurdish and secular Shiite lawmakers, and their constituents, who are unhappy with his performance as transitional prime minister.
The death of a 24-year-old male detainee at Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison is being investigated. The prisoner died of apparent natural causes Wednesday, a U.S. military statement said. He was found unconscious, and CPR efforts failed, the military said.
CNN's Arwa Damon, Nic Robertson and Barbara Starr, and journalist Shirzad Bozorgmehr contributed to this report.
|
0.999249 |
Santa Evita is a 1995 novel by the Argentine writer Tomás Eloy Martínez. In a blend of fact and fiction, the novel focuses on the Argentine first lady Eva Perón, and tracks her embalmed corpse after her death from cancer at age 33. The book became a bestseller in Argentina and has been widely translated. Worldwide, it estimated to have sold 10 million copies, which makes it one of the best-selling books of all time.
The Name of the Rose (Italian: Il nome della rosa [il ˈnoːme della ˈrɔːza]) is the 1980 debut novel by Italian author Umberto Eco. It is a historical murder mystery set in an Italian monastery in the year 1327; an intellectual mystery combining semiotics in fiction, biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory. It was translated into English by William Weaver in 1983.The novel has sold over 50 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling books ever published. It has received many international awards and accolades, such as the Strega Prize in 1981 and Prix Medicis Étrangère in 1982, and was ranked 14th on Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century list.
Black Beauty is an 1877 novel by English author Anna Sewell. It was composed in the last years of her life, during which she remained in her house as an invalid. The novel became an immediate best-seller, with Sewell dying just five months after its publication, but having lived long enough to see her only novel become a success. With fifty million copies sold, Black Beauty is one of the best-selling books of all time.
The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires [le tʁwa muskətɛʁ]) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas.Situated between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age--Athos, Porthos and Aramis, "the three inseparables," as these are called--and gets involved in affairs of the state and court.
To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch.
The heroine, the young daughter of an unknown painter who has just died in Bermuda, leaving a collection of pictures, comes to New York to accept the hospitality of a chance friend of her father's and has to be present at the exhibition of his paintings. In a country house on the Hudson, she finds herself in an uncongenial environment, but events work out triumphantly.
The Horse Whisperer is a 1995 novel by English author Nicholas Evans. The book was his debut novel, and gained significant success, becoming the 10th best selling novel in the United States in 1995, selling over 15 million copies. This also makes it one of the best-selling books of all time.The book was made into a film, also titled The Horse Whisperer, directed by and starring Robert Redford.
The Scarlet Pimpernel is the first novel in a series of historical fiction by Baroness Orczy, published in 1905. It was written after her stage play of the same title enjoyed a long run in London, having opened in Nottingham in 1903.The novel is set during the Reign of Terror following the start of the French Revolution. The title is the nom de guerre of its hero and protagonist, a chivalrous Englishman who rescues aristocrats before they are sent to the guillotine. Sir Percy Blakeney leads a double life: apparently nothing more than a wealthy fop, but in reality a formidable swordsman and a quick-thinking escape artist. The band of gentlemen who assist him are the only ones who know of his secret identity. He is known by his symbol, a simple flower, the scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis). Marguerite Blakeney, his French wife, does not share his secret. She is approached by the new French envoy to England with a threat to her brother's life if she does not aid in the search for the Pimpernel. She aids him, and then discovers that the Pimpernel is also very dear to her. She sails to France to stop the envoy.
|
0.942654 |
In June 1816, a small group was invited to a Swiss Chalet overlooking Lake Geneva, called Villa Diodati, owned by their friend Lord Byron. Those invited to join Lord Byron at his chalet that summer were Lord Byron's current muse John William Polidori, and the esteemed writers Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife to be Mary Shelley (then still Mary Godwin).
The summer of 1816 is known throughout Europe and England as "the summer without sunshine". Following the most violent volcanic eruption known in modern times (considered a Level 7 Volcanic Eruption on a scale of 8) at Mount Tabmora in the Indonesian archipelago, there was such a great amount of dust in the atmosphere that it caused an acute but radical climactic change.
The entire summer Lord Byron had forced his friend and companion, John William Polidori, to suffer humiliation from his insults. Already considered to be a charismatic socialite whose personality was both manipulative and abusive, Lord Byron's voice was described by Amelia Opie, one of Byron's many his lovers, as being the "...voice as the devil tempted Eve with; you feared its fascination the moment you heard it".
Forced indoors due to the strange mixture of inclement weather and an almost complete lack of sunshine, the group took to reading aloud tales from the recently published "Fantasmagoriana", a French anthology of German ghost stories (based on "The Gespensterbuch", a five volume collection of German ghost and folk stories collected and rewritten by Johann August Apel and Friedrich Laun between 1811–1815). The group eventually decided to challenge one another to write, to see who could create the scariest story.
That summer, at Lord Byron's Swiss chalet, Mary Shelley wrote the notes for her classic horror story "Frankenstein, (The Modern Prometheus)", and the books "Dracula" and "The Vampyre", were conceived, as well.
John William Polidori's "The Vampyre", was an obvious opportunity for him to find catharsis by describing the destructive personality of Lord Byron while with him that summer. Three years later, in 1819, John William Polidori's "The Vampyre" was published by the New Monthly Magazine under the title “The Vampyre: A Tale by Lord Byron”, in an effort to appease Lord Byron and further humiliate John William Polidori. After several years of continued issues related to Byron's having received credit for his work, John Polidori took his own life at the age of twenty five by drinking cyanide.
|
0.999948 |
Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: 1.Outline one (1) job interview process, and document the methods that you must use to select the right person for available positions. Determine two (2) employment laws that you must consider in the process in question, and examine the key ramifications of the organization’s lack of enforcement of said laws. 2.Suppose your same organization decides on an unconventional workforce comprised primarily of independent contractors and temporary workers. Predict three (3) issues that you may encounter in building relationships with each type of worker. Next, examine two (2) laws that you must follow during the relationship building process, and specify the manner in which each law would help in the relationship building process. 3.Evaluate the effectiveness of the organization’s HR policies and processes that are designed to promote a diverse workforce. Next, outline one (1) strategy for the organization that recognizes affirmative action. Include a plan to mitigate both the glass ceiling effect and reverse discrimination within your organization. Support your response with at least two (2) examples that illustrate the major benefits of the plan to the organization. 4.Use at least three (3) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.
|
0.999889 |
Should You Play Poker Professionally?
Everyone wants to tell a beginner how to play, but everyone should be giving advice.
I want to outline 4 fairly common tips that are either incorrect, or much too simplistic to be of any real use.
Playing good hands is a good thing, right?
However, when you only play the best hands (like pocket aces,kings, queens), you'll run into a few problems.
You might win a small amount at the very lowest stakes, but this strategy won't work in most games. When you play this tight, you slowly lose your stack through blinds, and eventually, players will be smart enough to just get out of your way when you raise.
Additionally, when you only play the best hands, you stunt your growth as a poker player. How can you learn when you're never put into situations that require any tough thought?
Finally, you miss out on a ton of profitable hands. If you're only playing the best hands, you'll miss out on playing hands in good position. Maybe you can isolate a wild player with a hand like AJo. While it wouldn't be a premium hand, it's still one that dominates a lot of other hands with an ace in them and is likely a profitable one. This is just one of hundreds of situations where you can have profitable hands that aren't premium hands.
I'm not saying to play trash hands, but start learning the different reasons why you should play hands, beyond just "it's a strong hand".
Remember what Mike tells the professor in "Rounders"?
He says to: "play tight, but be aggressive. Always raise or fold, don't call."
The reason why this isn't terrible advice is that most beginners call way too much. However, calling can be the best play, and if you can only raise or fold, you'll either find yourself folding all the time, or getting into crazy situations.
One main reason that it can be bad is that there are a lot of maniacs out there on the tables. If you raise, they'll re-raise often. If you keep raising each other, it'll just end up a crapshoot most of the time, which isn't profitable, and far from optimal.
Another reason is that calling can be the best play. If you have great pot odds and a decent draw, calling to try to hit that draw can be right. If it's a deceptive draw, it can lead to a big payday, especially against bad players.
There's some truth in this advice, but there's also a big problem with it.
There are many types of bad players. The simplest to beat is the wild, aggressive players. To beat them, you really do just need to wait for good hands and let them "hand" themselves.
However, there are other types of bad players that are also common. The next most common type of bad player is the loose and passive player. These players almost never raise, but will call a lot. In order to beat these players, you can also play tight, but you need to make sure that you take the role as the aggressor once you have a good hand. You must extract as much value.
Finally, a third common type of bad player is the loose and weak player. These players will call almost anything pre-flop, but then fold unless they hit something. They essentially just want to "see what happens" without risking too much money. If you play tight against these players, you are making a mistake.
The correct strategy against this third type of player is to try and get in a lot of pots 1-on-1 with them. If you just play tight, you'll rarely get any real value from your hands. While you should still try to value bet, you make money off these players by trying cheap steals wherever on a frequent basis.
This comes with a huge caveat. Learning to read players based on their actions in past hands is crucial to becoming the best player you can be. However, if you don't have the fundamentals down first, reading the man isn't going to help you.
Everyone wants to the hero in a poker movie who doesn't even need to look at their cards to beat their opponent, but that's fiction. In real life, even the best players need to know what they're holding.
Start with the basics of understanding your own hand, how it changes throughout hands, and the odds of different things happening. Then move on to the other fundamentals like pot odds, position, and bet sizing. Once you have a good grasp of these, then you can move on to more advanced concepts like opponent behavior.
Be careful listening to any advice that tells you to "always do ____." Poker is a very complex game, and it takes time to see how everything interacts with each other. Never stop asking questions and thinking about all of your options.
The Weekly Shuffle is our Sunday column with our observations and commentary on the poker world. Have an idea for an article? Leave a suggestion on the feedback page.
|
0.94038 |
Hiring a cleaning lady: An anonymous user says that a cleaning lady costs $100 a visit, the cost of which is split among four roommates. The lady comes once a month, but " . . . arriving home to see my entire house spotless with no effort from myself makes me very happy."
Paying it forward: Dan Stewart, CEO of an email marketing company, says that he remembers what it's like to be poor and hungry. When he finds himself behind someone in the grocery line who is reducing their order because they can't afford it, he pretends to "find a hundred dollar bill on the floor and hand it forward." It makes him happy to help other people. Many of the other commenters seemed to agree that helping the underprivileged by donating to charity or using money to perform random acts of kindness can make one happy.
Spending on hobbies: Hobbies can get pretty expensive, but it can make people happy when they're doing something they enjoy. One user says that doing something creative makes her happy, but sometimes that creative activity may require a purchase of items such as a camera for your photography habit or sturdy shoes for those who love hiking.
Peace of mind regarding finances: For many, not having to worry about money gives them joy. Removing the stress of meeting bill deadlines and fending off debt collectors makes people happier.
Investing in other people: Some people get a lot of satisfaction from investing in other people. A Quora user says she gets "a great deal of pleasure out of signaling a vote of confidence in someone else — whether it's by investing in a young friend's business, or buying lemonade from some enterprising 8-year-olds."
Treating friends: Showing the most important people in your life that you care through presents is one way in which people use money to generate happiness. For example, treating your pal to dinner or "discovering their favorite tea and buying that one for their birthday."
Improving appearance: A commenter says that he used to have chronic acne until he found something to get rid of it. This made him "the happiest person on planet earth" since he said his acne was so bad that he couldn't shave his face. It costs him $10 a month, but it seems to have brought him a lot of joy.
What are some ways money made you happy?
|
0.979362 |
What about festivals? Can we not celebrate our religious festivals?
I feel this is a subjective question and must be dealt case by case. Instead of proposing a solution here, I would rather tell you the framework, base on which you can understand how we should deal with such situation.
Primarily I feel celebrate and not celebrate should not be our question. We must ask ourselves, why do we want to celebrate or why this festival is being celebrated. Once you see the reason behind it, probably you will automatically cease celebrating it without my explaining.
|
0.99984 |
In America, it is legal to kill. Since 1976, when the death penalty was reinstated, 1,178 human beings have died due to capital punishment (Death Penalty). Despite continual political debate on whether the death penalty is "cruel and unusual punishment," 63% of Americans are still in favor of the death penalty. This collective will to sentence criminals to death is fed by the media and by popular crime dramas, such as Law and Order, which portray those guilty of capital murder as crazed or depraved individuals unworthy of human mercy.
Americans pride themselves on their advanced economy, their free and democratic political institutions, and their conservative, religious background. Yet, despite these pretensions, America has only 5% of the world's population, but 25% of the world's imprisoned criminals. According to Amnesty International's annual report, 93% of all executions in 2008 took place in only six countries: China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, USA and Iraq (Death Penalty). Why would a supposedly advanced, democratic society, which is committed to championing human rights around the world, resort to such an inhumane means of punishing its criminals? The 1995 Oscar award winning movie Dead Man Walking addresses this issue by examining the judicial system, which condemns criminals to death, the attitude of the public, including law makers, churchmen and victims' family members, which approves of the death penalty; and the demoralization of the criminal himself. The conclusion of the movie is that the hegemonic discourse about criminals in America has developed into promoting "hate" for the criminals and demoting them to subhuman creatures, who should unarguably die. Popular media, in particular television crime dramas, influence the general opinions of lawmakers and the American public to view the criminal as faceless and inhuman. If one examines the popular television show Law and Order and similar shows, one generally finds the criminal portrayed as a callous murderer deserving death. While crime dramas like Law and Order have the ability to influence the general attitude of Americans on the death penalty, Dead Man Walking fights this hegemonic conviction by giving a face to the public's faceless condemned killers. This movie and other currents at work in American society have converged to indicate a change in the prevailing view of capital punishment in America.
Publication information: Article title: Less Human Than Human: American Crime Dramas' Influence on Capital punishment/Insandan Daha Az Insan: Amerikan Suc Dizilerinin Olum Cezasi Uzerine Etkileri. Contributors: Caldwell, Rose - Author. Journal title: Interactions. Volume: 18. Issue: 2 Publication date: Fall 2009. Page number: 25+. © Departments of English Language and Literature and American Culture and Literature, Ege University. COPYRIGHT 2009 Gale Group.
|
0.999997 |
How to start my search for ancestors?
The goal of the first stage of a typical genealogical research is collecting as much information about our ancestors as possible. This data will then become the basis for more advanced research in archives and libraries. The source of the initial information is usually the memory of our relatives, as well as various documents in the possession of our family. This type of data is rarely available in public archives. That's why interviewing our relatives is extremely important and well worth the effort. Old photos of people and places, as well as birth, baptismal, marriage and/or death records are often kept on the bottom of the cupboards or other such unlikely places. They are rarely looked at or thought of, but when organizing any genealogical research it is imperative to locate them as they often answer many questions regarding things long forgotten. They can help you narrow down the time frame and region of your future research thus making it easier.
Don't disregard the oral tradition of your family. However misleading it could be, where precise facts are concerned, it gives you needed insight into the family's history. Many pieces that you learn from it may prove themselves crucial in tracing your roots: names of places, facts from the general history your ancestors were participants and other knowledge about their region of origin. All this can ultimately contribute to the success of your first stage of research, i.e. identifying your ancestors' precise names, as well as places and dates of their births, marriages or deaths. This data provides you with the beginning of your next step which is often performed in an archive or library since this step deals with events that are no longer remembered. When conducting your initial research, keep in mind that oral tradition is often subject to errors.
You must always evaluate and weigh the authenticity of information you receive. If some data seems to be questionable, or is unable to be independently substantiated, try to avoid the extreme measures of either ignoring the information or treating it as proven. Don't be under the assumption that this information is accurate. Take the time to establish a proven documentation. In fact, it is sometimes better to know nothing about a given problem than to be led astray by imprecise information, which can make you waste a lot of time. Usually written data is reliable, especially if authorized by officials, although many books repeat unproven information from other sources. Oral tradition is the least certain source of information, even though it sometimes cannot be replaced, as mentioned above.
Always write down the information you have collected and its source. Whenever possible, make copies of the documents. The old script often differs significantly from the one used at present and the spelling of names sometimes needs to be confirmed by a professional, especially if you aren't familiar with the language on the document. Sometimes the names aren't even written anywhere but handed down from generation to generation. In a case like this, you should try to imagine all the various ways that that name may be spelled. When in doubt, they can always provide a hint for an expert.
Remember that the name of the parish church or a district town for a locality may be even more important than the name of the locality itself. On the other hand, the sole name of a province where your ancestors were born is usually too little to make the research possible. Try to find other people researching your surnames or dealing with the same area. You might try to contact your possible relatives, i.e. people with the surname you are researching. This is unfortunately not very helpful if the name is very common. Many surnames are, on the other hand, often limited to a specific region which may help you find the area of your ancestors' origin when other means are not available.
DECLARATION OF INTENT: - Early declarations (prior to 1906) forfeit allegiance to foreign sovereignties. They usually show nothing more than name, country of birth/or allegiance, date of application and signature... After 1906 however, is where a wealth of information can be derived from.. Usually contains name, age,occupation, personal description, date and place of birth, wife's name and her place of birth, present and last foreign address, vessel or ship sailed on and from what embarkation, port of arrival and date, and signature.
PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION: This is the second document to be filed after the declaration. Residency requirements had to also be met before the petition was issued. Again, before 1906 it contains little more than name, residence, etc...with any luck at all, it may contain more. After 1906, it contains the same data listed under the declaration and more...marital status, children's names, and names of two witnesses.
RECORD / CERTIFICATE of NATURALIZATION: The document that grants citizenship. After 1906, contains some of the aforementioned items but not as much detail.
You may take particular interest in the fact that any woman, between 1855-1922, automatically became a citizen when her husband was naturalized. Children under the age of 16 as well... If a person was between the ages of 16-21 when he arrived in the U.S. he was required to wait until after his 21st birthday to file the declaration.
If your immigrant ancestors married in the U.S., the petition helps identify where the (male) came from. This can be a totally different area than were the female originated from. If your ancestors were married in Poland, the information contained in the declaration & petition help identify the town in which both came from.
Most documents can be accessed at the Federal level in the County the naturalization took place in. If you still live in the area your immigrant ancestors were naturalized in, you can call the County Hall and ask if you can access the records yourself.
June 5, 1917. All men between the ages of 21 and 31 years of age were required to register.
June 5, 1918. All men who had become 21 years of age since June 5, 1917 were required to register. A supplemental registration was held on August 24, 1918, at which time men who had reached age 21 between June 5, 1918 and August 24, 1918 were required to register.
September 12, 1918. Provided for registration of all men between the ages of 18 and 21, and 31 to 45 years of age. This was the third and final World War I registration.
In order to request your ancestors draft registration from the National Archives, you must be able to supply a full name and the city and county of registration. For certain states and cities, a full street address is necessary. Should you need to supply a street address which you are unsure of, the most accurate way to achieve expediant results is to visit or call the local historical society of the city in question. Most historical societies have original or microfilmed copies of city directories for individual years.
You will need to identify the residence of your ancestor for both 1917 and 1918. Supply or use both of these addresses when searching for a draft registration. It is important to note that many draft registrations may be available at your local Family History Center. This information can possibly be obtained without assistance from the National Archives. The geographical system utilized for draft districts, is much like that of a "ward" on a U.S. census. Registration was broken down into Selective Service Exemption Districts. If you are able to use draft registrations on microfilm at your FHC, your results will be fast and easy if you are aware of the district number.
Please note, there is a $6.00 fee (US currency) that is required at the time your request is submitted.
It's a needle-in-a-haystack problem to find records for somebody who is known only to be born in Poland, Austrian Poland, Galicia, Silesia or other areas of the country, especially if the surname is common.
|
0.946424 |
B) The adjudicator is trying to determine whether or not the claimant has the ability--based on their limitations, their age, their work skills, and their education--to do some type of other work.
However, even when educational level becomes a factor, the highest level of educational attaintment that is factored into the process by the social security administration is high school graduation.
The grid rules themselves, which direct a decision of "disabled" or "not disabled" (based on factors mentioned in the preceding paragraph) will use the phrase High school graduate or more. There is no specific reference to post-secondary educational attainment, nor is such a level of educational attainment given any weight in the disability evaluation process.
Can an adult who has been to college get disability benefits? Since the social security administration does not really differentiate between high school graduation and college, we can say that having taken college coursework will not present any additional roadblocks to qualifying for disability benefits.
Whether or not one qualifies for disability benefits will largely depend on their ability (or lack thereof) to re-enter the workforce, either performing some type of work that they have done previously (relevant past work) or peforming some type of other work that takes into consideration their level of functioning, skills, and how old they are.
Getting approved for disability relies on the ability of the claimant (and/or their disability lawyer) to prove that there is at least one mental or physical or impairment that is severe enough that it may prevent the claimant from engaging in substantial and gainful work activity for at least one full year.
B) By whether or not the claimant has been able to engage in work activity to the level where they could earn a substantial and gainful income.
|
0.995117 |
If you need to add to the jar file the contents of a given folder, you can use the option -C (capital alphabet C).
For example, the command jar -cf app.jar -C bin . will go to the bin folder, and add all of its contents to the jar file app.jar.
|
0.999864 |
Is there anyone who doesn't love wandering around Anthropologie on a weekend? Typically, I'm infatuated by the home decor section but I've recently fallen in love with their beauty selections. Their collection is highly curated and feels very feminine and special, like little things you'd find in a Paris apothecary. They certainly carry well-known brands like Sunday Riley and Mario Badescu, but there's opportunity for all sorts of discovery with little known gems like Indie Lee, French Girl, and Make Beauty.
|
0.978625 |
Stroke is the second most common cause of death in people over 45 years of age in Colombia and is the leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. Cerebral ischemia is a stroke characterized by decreased blood flow due to the occlusion of one or more cerebral arteries, which can cause memory problems and hemiplegia or paralysis, among other impairments. The literature contains hundreds of therapies (invasive and noninvasive) that exhibit a neuroprotective effect when evaluated in animal models. However, in clinical trials, most of these drugs do not reproduce the previously demonstrated neuroprotective property, and some even have adverse effects that had not previously been detected in animal experimentation.
Statins are drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Several studies have shown that statin therapy in an animal model of focal cerebral ischemia reduces infarct volume, as well as markers of neurodegeneration, activates neuronal survival pathways, and improves performance on learning and memory tests. Given the implied therapeutic benefit and the limited understanding of the mechanism of action of statins in brain repair, it is necessary to address the biochemical and tissue effects of these drugs on synaptic proteins, such as NMDA receptors, synaptic adhesion proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins; these proteins are highly relevant therapeutic targets, which, in addition to giving a structural account of synaptic connectivity and function, are also indicators of cellular communication and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, which are widely affected in the long term post-cerebral infarct but, interestingly, are protected by statins when administered during the acute phase.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized countries and the most common cause of disability in adults worldwide . In Latin America, the main causes of the risk of death are cardiovascular accidents and stroke due to a sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, atherosclerosis, smoking, and hypertension. These diseases also increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer and vascular dementia .
Industrialized countries have turned their interest to the aforementioned health issues as increasing life expectancy has made them more prevalent in most of the world, becoming the silent epidemic of the current millennium. Developing countries are also increasing their life expectancy, and this disorder is beginning to become a public health problem with few current alternatives for healing.
Cerebral ischemia is a type of stroke characterized by a transient or permanent reduction in blood flow due to embolic or thrombotic occlusion of one or more cerebral arteries [4,5]. Depending on the duration of the reduced blood flow and infarct location, cerebral ischemia can cause various clinical manifestations, including paralysis or hemiplegia, aphasia, and deficits in learning and memory processes, among other clinical manifestations .
If blood vessels that supply blood to all or most of the brain become clogged, the injury is called global ischemia, which usually happens during a heart attack or severe systemic hypotension . However, if only the occlusion of vessels supplying blood to a certain area of the brain occurs, a focal ischemia is generated . Approximately 80% of cases of focal ischemia result from occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) .
In focal ischemia, the region that suffers the most severe degree of hypoperfusion progresses rapidly towards irreversible damage due to a necrotic death, which represents the ischemic core. This area exhibits low cerebral blood flow (<10% of the baseline value) and the irreversible failure of energy metabolism . The remaining hypoperfused tissue surrounding the ischemic core has an imbalance in the mechanisms of the autoregulation of blood flow and is known as the penumbra zone [11,12]. In this region, neurons show alterations in functionality, although they retain a minimum metabolic activity that preserves structural integrity for a longer period of time, following a pattern of apoptotic death (Figure 1A) [13,14]. The penumbra is potentially recoverable and, as such, represents a key target for therapeutic intervention in cerebral ischemia ; however, unless perfusion is improved or the cells become relatively resistant to the injury, the cells of the penumbra zone are at risk of dying within a few hours by necrosis [10,16].
Neurodegeneration and protection in a focal cerebral ischemia model in rats. A) Histopathology of focal cerebral ischemia (tMCAO) model in rats. a) Panoramic representative image of a whole rat brain with tMCAO injury. b) Contralateral and ipsilateral images from cerebral ischemic rat tissue with Hematoxilin-eosin staining at the −3,80 mm bregma. LH = left hemisphere, RH = Right hemisphere, square = Selected area from CA1 area. Scale bar = 1,7 mm. c), d), e) Left side representative images from Sham rats and Right side representative images from ischemic rats. c) Hematoxilin-eosin staining 100x from CA1 square in b). Scale bar = 50 μm. d) Hyperphosphorylated tau immunoreactivity (AT-8) staining 40X in CA1 area. Scale bar = 70 μm. e) Fluorojade staining 10x. Scale bar = 100 μm. B), C) and D) Comparative hypothetical model of synaptic proteins alteration following cerebral ischemia and Atorvastatin treatment. B) Sham, C) Ischemia and D) ATV-treated ischemia. B) Synaptic complexes formed by proteins of synaptic adhesion (cadherins and catenins), glutamate receptors, and scaffold proteins, such as PSD-95 are associated in a normal condition (Sh = Sham). C) Glutamate receptors are uncoupled from PSD-95 and are accumulated in the cytoplasm due to retention of subunits in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) because of the loss of transport toward synapses due to the alteration of microtubules and the cytoskeleton. Proteins that regulate the cytoskeleton, such as RhoA increased and synaptic complexes formed by the complex cadherins/catenins, glutamate receptors, and post-synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95 are lost. D) Model of protection by statins after cerebral ischemia. Synaptic complexes formed by proteins of synaptic adhesion (cadherins and catenins), glutamate receptors, and scaffold proteins, such as PSD-95 are restored in synapse, inducing neuronal connectivity. ISCH= Ischemia, ATV = Atorvastatin.
The interruption of blood flow into the brain due to ischemia results in the deprivation of oxygen and glucose, reducing the energy available for the operation of brain cells . Neurons in particular become unable to maintain the ion gradients needed for cell function and homeostasis , which results in excessive neuronal depolarization, increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters, and reduced capacity of the reuptake of these neurotransmitters by astrocytes. The overloading of glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals, leads to prolonged stimulation of AMPA ionotropic glutamate receptors (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) and NMDA receptors (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid), dramatically increasing the influx of calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and water into the neurons . Excessive accumulation of ions and the simultaneous dysregulation of various signaling pathways activate catabolic processes mediated by proteases, lipases, and nucleases, which disrupt neuronal function and lead to cell death [8,17].
After the establishment of neuronal connections during development, the synapse remains highly dynamic and undergoes changes in morphology and efficiency, which are dependent on activity. The presynaptic terminal includes the machinery for neurotransmitter release, while post-synaptic sites include proteins such as neurotransmitter receptors and signaling proteins that promote the response to the released neurotransmitter, which allows the transmission of information (Figures 1B, 2A) [19,20].
Schematic representations of cell signalling alteration following cerebral ischemia and Atorvastatin treatment. A) Sham, B) Ischemia and C) ATV-treated ischemia. A) NMDA receptors, synaptic adhesion proteins and PSD-95 are associated in the synapse. The stability of the actin cytoskeleton is regulated by the RhoGTPasas (Rac, RhoA) balance and microtubules by protein such as MAP2. B) After cerebral ischemia cell adhesion is lost by alteration in the cadherin-catenin complex; NMDA receptors and PSD-95 protein are distributed to the cytoplasm. The increased activity of RhoA, destabilizes actin cytoskeleton and GSK3b activation leads to tau hyperphosphorylation disassembling microtubules. C) Treatment with atorvastatin recovers the adhesion protein complex as well as the location NMDA receptor synapses associated to PSD-95. Additionally atorvastatin leads to AKT activation promoting cell survival. Recovery of the actin cytoskeleton is mediated by the increased activity of Rac and RhoA reduction, and finally atorvastatin stabilize microtubules.
Among neurotransmitter receptors, NMDA receptors have been extensively studied because they represent the largest subclass of glutamate receptors in mammalian excitatory synapses. They consist of four subunits, two of which are NR1 combined with NR2 (NR2A-D) or NR3 (NR3A-B) subunits . These receptors play a central role in synaptic transmission, neuronal plasticity, regulation of neuronal development, and connectivity, as well as in memory and learning processes, primarily due to their permeability to Ca2+ [22-24].
Located at the synapses, the NMDA receptors are not static proteins; in fact, the number and composition of NMDA receptors can be modified, which provides a dynamic mechanism for the regulation of synaptic efficacy and remodeling . Different regions of the receptor, as well as scaffold proteins, such as PSD-95, and other proteins of the postsynaptic density, all participate in the mechanisms of internalization of NMDA. NMDA receptors that bind to PSD-95 are stable in the membrane and are less likely to be internalized (Figures 1B, 2A), while receptors that are not bound to proteins of the postsynaptic density can be readily internalized. This mechanism can “remove” from the membrane surface NMDA receptors that are not permanent at the synapse .
The overactivation of NMDA receptors in cerebral ischemia induces excitotoxic cell death. Excessive activation of NMDA induces a rapid and specific transcriptional inhibition of the NR1 subunit promoter in a process that is strictly dependent on Ca2+ influx through the receptor. NR1 transcriptional inhibition results in a progressive reduction of its mRNA, which leads to a progressive reduction of the protein . Overstimulation of NMDA receptors can lead to a progressive decline in receptor activity because its functionality depends strictly on the expression of hetero-oligomers NR1/NR2 on the cell surface .
Studies have shown that NR2A and NR2B subunits play different roles in excitotoxic cell death . While inhibition of NR2B induces cell death and prevents motor and cognitive recovery , inhibition of the NR2A subunit leads to cell survival in a model of cerebral ischemia . In models of excitotoxicity, it has been seen that excessive activation of the NMDA receptors leads to increased intracellular calcium, which results in the activation of calpain, a protease that mediates cellular toxicity [31,32]. This protease efficiently cuts the C-terminal region of the NR2A and NR2B subunit, producing truncated subunits that lack certain sequences near serine-1303, which are critical to the formation of signaling complexes in the postsynaptic membrane . The end result is the uncoupling of NMDA receptors from scaffolding proteins, such as PSD-95 (Figures 1C, 2B), affecting synaptic function .
The results obtained in our research group show that subunits of NMDA receptors are expressed in the cytoplasm following ischemia , which may be related to a deficiency in the assembly of the different subunits making up the receiver and/or problems in the transport from the receptor to the synapses (Figure 1C). In the knockout mouse for NR1, both reduction in the dendritic distribution and accumulation in the cytoplasm of the NR2B subunit are observed, perhaps because of the loss of the assembly of functional NMDA receptors to the synaptic membrane or because NMDA receptors with NR2B subunits located in the synaptic density are internalized by endocytosis to perform autoregulation and avoid the continuous influx of calcium. It is known that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a mechanism that regulates the synaptic expression of NMDA receptors containing NR2B during synaptic maturation in processes such as long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) as well as in response to a ligand .
Transport from the receptor to and from synaptic sites may be lost due to alteration of the microtubules and damage to the actin cytoskeleton (Figure 1C), microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2) involved in the regulation of vesicle transport during development or regeneration of neuronal processes . Our work and other previous studies have found that these proteins are redistributed in the soma after the acute post-ischemia period [38,39], which is considered an indicator of excitotoxic damage and loss of microtubule stability [38,39] (Figure 1C). The actin cytoskeleton is primarily mediated by the Rho GTPases, proteins that regulate its maintenance, remodeling, and stability . The RhoA and Rac1 proteins are among the most studied of the Rho GTPases. In general terms, RhoA regulates actin assembly associated with processes of cellular shrinkage due to stress [41,42], while Rac regulates actin polymerization, which is related to axonal growth and stability and the increase of dendritic processes [41,43]. Our research shows that RhoA activity is increased in excitotoxic death processes (Figures 1C, 2B), and inhibiting this activity reduces markers of neurodegeneration as well as improves learning and memory processes in cerebral ischemia . Complementarily, in the acute post-ischemia period (24 hours), Rac1 activity decreases and this protein is redistributed in the soma and in aberrant neuronal processes, which forms part of the process of chronic neurodegeneration .
Disassembly of the cytoskeleton in cerebral ischemia mediated by RhoA activation and inactivation of Rac is associated with the disruption of synaptic adhesion mediated by the complex of cadherin/catenins and , proteins that are present in both presynaptic and postsynaptic sites. Cadherins promote cell adhesion, and their association with catenins allows the control of different intracellular signaling pathways [19,46,47]. Structurally, cadherins have an extracellular domain comprising most of the polypeptide chain, generally composed of five repetitions, four of which are capable of binding extracellular calcium. This extracellular domain mediates calcium-dependent homophilic interactions with cadherins of adjacent neurons. The cytoplasmic region includes the binding sites to a variety of proteins, including catenins . Catenins are cytosolic proteins that are basically subdivided into three groups: β-catenin, α N-catenin, and p120 catenin (p120 ctn). The distal region of the cadherin’s cytoplasmic domain includes the binding site for β-catenin, while the nearest region to the membrane contains the binding site for family members of p120 ctn. The protein α N-catenin binds to the complex by binding with β-catenin .
In our recent studies using a model of focal ischemia in rats, the levels of N-cadherin, p120 catenin, and ∝N catenin in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly reduced, as was their association with PSD-95 and glutamate receptors (NMDA and AMPA) (Figures 1C, 2B), which represents the loss of synaptic adhesion and of complexes associated with synaptic plasticity . Additionally, there was an interdependence between Rac activity and the ∝N catenin distribution in dendrites, which was lost in the event of glutamate excitotoxicity in primary neuronal cultures .
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is an essential protein downstream of Akt that is involved in the pathological process of brain damage. The PI3K/Akt signal transduction pathway may affect the activity of GSK-3β. Active Akt inhibits GSK-3β activity via phosphorylation . Sustained activation of GSK-3β is pro-apoptotic in cerebral ischemia, because this leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau, microtubule destabilization (Figure 2B) and cognitive impairment.
The foregoing are some of the cellular and biochemical events underlying the impairment and neuronal death after cerebral ischemia; however, it is important to understand the precise mechanisms of the proteins involved in the synapse, and their implication in morphological and functional recovery. Such knowledge is invaluable in the development of effective neuroprotective strategies to achieve an improved clinical outcome, which results not only in survival but also in a higher quality of life for patients who suffer acute cerebrovascular events, and to reduce or prevent long-term physical and mental consequences.
The pharmacological approach for inducing neuroprotection after an injury due to cerebral ischemia aims at blocking signaling pathways that trigger cell death, to induce synaptic connectivity, and functional recovery. The main goal is to limit the devastating consequences of reduced blood flow in the penumbra zone induced by reperfusion [14,51].
Statins are the drugs of choice for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia that lower low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides . The mechanism of action of these drugs is via competitive and selective inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis because it is responsible for the conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA to mevalonate, which is a precursor of cholesterol [52,53]. Studies such as the Heart Protection Study, in which statin therapy significantly reduces the coronary mortality rate and incidence of stroke, confirm the need for strict control of the lipid profile to reduce the overall risk and the mortality rate caused by cardiovascular diseases and stroke . Also, a recently completed clinical trial, NCT02225834 in phase IV, used Atorvastatin as acute stroke treatment to evaluate separate effects on immunoinflamatory markers and atherothorombosis; or a recently terminated clinical trial, NCT01364220 in phase III, used Rosuvastatin on early window for preventing recurrence of ischemic stroke.
However, in addition to their effect on the lipid profile, statins are also credited with effects that are independent of the reduction of cholesterol synthesis, called pleiotropic effects. By inhibiting the conversion of hydroxy-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to L-mevalonate, statins block the synthesis of important isoprenoids, such as farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), which are important intermediates for the post-translational modification of Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42) . Among the pleiotropic effects reported in cerebral ischemia are the improvement of endothelial function, the stability of the atherosclerotic plaque, the attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation, and the inhibition of the thrombogenic response . Previous studies conducted on cerebral ischemia showed that statins improve neurological function and increase cerebral blood flow [55-57], mitigating the effects of inflammation and post-traumatic hypoperfusion , in addition to protecting blood vessels and promoting the processes of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and synaptogenesis after cerebral ischemia .
Using an embolic model, simvastatin-treated rats showed a significant infarct volume reduction and neurological improvement compared to vehicle-treated group. Analyzing their homogenated brains by two-dimensional fluorescence Difference in Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) technology, observed that the protective effect of simvastatin can be attributable to oxidative stress response attenuation and blood–brain barrier protection after cerebral ischemia . There are some additional evidences in humans, where the treatment with statins is not only associated to a reduced incidence of stroke but with reduced stroke severity, as well . In a small pilot trial with simvastatin in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), Montaner et al. showed more cases of complete functional recovery after 3 months of treatment with simvastatin (40 mg/day) in comparison with the non-treated group (p < 0.05). The significant improvement was observed on the third day of treatment .
A study by Kawashima et al. showed that cerivastatin reduce the stroke-associated infiltration of inflammatory cells, superoxide production in the cerebral parenchyma, and cerebral damage caused by stroke, as well as delay the appearance of stroke-associated symptoms and death in stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats . Recently, we found that atorvastatin treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in an NR2B-dependent manner ; this trophic factor is involved in survival and is correlated with motor recovery and with spatial learning and memory (29). We also confirmed that statins activate the PI3K/Akt pathway (Figure 2C) and Ras/Erk, which transduce survival signals and in turn promote synaptic plasticity .
In an experimental model of focal cerebral ischemia, we describe that in addition to neurological recovery and the reduction of infarct volume and of neurodegeneration markers, statin therapy during the acute post-ischemia phase achieves the restoration of proteins involved in neuronal connectivity, such as NMDA receptors , synaptic adhesion proteins (cadherins and catenins) and cytoskeletal proteins (RhoA and Rac) . Atorvastatin restores the levels of N-cadherin, p120 catenin and ∝N catenin protein in the cerebral cortex and in the hippocampus along with the association of this complex of cadherins/catenins with the PSD-95 protein (Figure 1D) . These findings support the restoration of synaptic complexes in cerebral ischemia following statin therapy. Additionally, we have found that atorvastatin treatment prevents the cytoplasmic distribution of subunits of glutamate receptors (NR1, NR2B NMDA) and recovers their association with PSD-95 and with proteins of synaptic adhesion (Figure 1D) . The latter is related to the recovery of microtubule stability due to statin therapy, as MAP2 immunoreactivity is restored both in the somatosensory cortex and in the hippocampus [30,44], enabling the transport of the receptors and their stability at the synapses (Figure 1 D). The recovery of synaptic molecular complexes that involve NMDA receptors and synaptic adhesion proteins is correlated with a recovery of the motor and spatial learning and memory deficits caused by ischemia .
Complementarily, we describe that atorvastatin postischemia treatment tended to reduce RhoA activity which leads to recovery the actin cytoskeleton (Figure 2C) . By down-regulating Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways, statins increase the stability of eNOS mRNA and induce activation of eNOS through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway restoring endothelial function . The beneficial effects of Akt activation are not limited to eNOS phoshorylation but extend to the promotion of survival neuronal (Figure 2C).
It is becoming necessary to advance both theoretically and experimentally in the study of the factors involved in cerebral ischemia and in the rigorous evaluation of the drugs to be used and, with these results, to be able to impact more precisely a population at increased risk of suffering stroke. The purpose is to prevent, block, or meet the needs of the affected community not only in the short-term but also in the medium- and long-term post-cerebral infarct period. This development must be accompanied by training and improving the expertise necessary for diagnosis and for making decisions in clinical treatment inside and outside the therapeutic window as well as by prevention programs designed to reduce neurodegenerative disorders in general and to improve quality of life and access to health services.
According to the above, our work has specifically contributed to elucidating the mechanisms of pathogenesis and therapy in cerebral ischemia as well as to the understanding of the mechanisms and the cellular and molecular targets of protection by statins. Our previous results and the issues raised in this review allow us to recommend from preclinical study in rats that atorvastatin, a drug already on the market for human consumption as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia, could be used as a protective treatment during the first 6 hours post-ischemic infarct. Its administration for at least three days and ideally longer, with attention to the patient’s adherence to the drug and its quality, could potentially reduce or prevent the medium- and long-term severity of neurologic dysfunction and of emotional and cognitive compromise in patients.
In summary, statin therapy after a cerebral infarct blocks the spread of damage and helps to restore brain morphology and functionality, at least based on the induction of trophic factors such as BDNF and of cell adhesion proteins that generate a platform for synaptic proteins, such as PSD-95, and NMDA receptors to settle and generate synaptic connectivity, neurotransmission, and cognitive and motor function recovery.
We would like to thank AJE for editing the manuscript and Tania Marquez for assistance in maintaining the rat colonies in the SPF vivarium of the University of Antioquia. This research was supported by Colciencias (project # 111545921467); CODI, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
All authors reviewed, edited and approved the final manuscript.
|
0.918675 |
Recently I've found this paper : http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath280/kmath280.htm, dealing with the Newtonian precession .
It inspired me for making the following simulation , in which we have 2 stars each having Msun and are orbiting at 0.1 Au .
There's also a planet which has eccentricity 0.5 and is at 5AU .
The period of the planet is about 2 years .
After about 215 revolutions the aphelion has precessed over 360° as can be seen in this animation .
The driving force for the precession is here the torque the planet experiences by the rotating binary .
If , in the highy exceptional case, the planet starts in a polar orbit we meet an old friend : Kozai .
The planet starts precessing in the polar orbit but gets disturbed very slowly first , then gets excited and tilts away from his polar orbit to finally get an inclination of about 66° , which is overshoot . The planet then tends to the original polar orbit and the cycle starts over again .
Interesting! Is the planet orbit otherwise stable?
I wonder what would happen if you had two planets in the (non-polar) system. Would precession of their orbits cause instability?
The precession itself causes no instability . I've run a sim for 20 periods of precession and find no signs of instability , even with a two planet system .
I can post the results . However , if orbits are crossing the planets may influence each other .
Here's an animation of two planets . The inner is the same as in the previous animation. The outer orbits at 25% more distance as the inner planet .
I would have thought that the planets get into some kind of resonance whereby they never come close to eachother despite the crossing orbits... do you see that happening at all?
And also, does this precession happen at all if the planet's orbit a solo star instead of a binary? i.e. is the rate of precession already there but accelerated by the binary?
A single star with one planet does not show precession .
Adding another planet will give precession of both planets . This precession is small , as is the case in our solar system .
If we start with a binary all the planets will experience a strong precession . This is what I tried to show in the animations .
The reason of this precession is that the planets are attracted by two strong central stars which rotate around a common barycenter .
Hmmm. I wonder if the extreme precession shown above has anything to with this. I'd imagine it'd make planetary collisions more likely?
b : 19.23Mj, 5.30 Au, ecc 0.46? , orbiting M1.
I think I once again have the "." problem when inputting because the planets fly away just after starting .
I first created M2 around M1 , no problem , then created c and b around M1.
Is it possible to give the system a try ?
You can't have c and b orbit M1 without also orbiting M2, as M2 is only 2 million km away from M1. So you have to check the "barycenter" option under the "Reference Object" in the Create Objects interface when creating b and c.
I tried it and got it to work, but this system doesn't look very stable. With b & c at 3.62 & 5.3 AU, and high eccentricities, their orbits intersect each other.
Thanks Tony , I also thought there must be intersection.
Is it possible to post your sim as a .gsim file ?
Then I can compare to the .gsim file I got after the input .
|
0.999999 |
You are given an array \(a\) of length \(N\). You want to count the number of subarrays of length \(K\) whose sum is strictly larger than the sum of any subarray of length \(K-1\).
The first line will contain the integers \(N, K\ (2 \le K \le N \le 10^5)\).
The second line will contain \(N\) integers, \(a_i\ (|a_i| \le 10^4)\).
Output the number of subarrays of length \(K\) whose sum is strictly larger than the sum of any subarray of length \(K-1\).
|
0.999998 |
I never thought that it’s private, although it could be personal yet it’s public for there are over millions who are registered to this social media network. Privacy is the one you can’t ensure so it’s better to secure your personal details and other important information only to yourself. This will promote security, also lessen the risks to be a victim of internet crimes such as identity theft.
|
0.999998 |
Can you tell me how to calculate late fees on my monthly mortgage payments?
You would obviously know your monthly payment and your late payment terms can be found in your mortgage agreement. The due date is usually the first of the month with a ten-day grace period, but it is possible that these conditions are different for you. Again, checking your mortgage agreement will help you answer this question.
Your mortgage agreement will tell how you are charged if you submit a late payment. Usually, it is only a percentage of the monthly payment and you can easily calculate it once you know what the percentage is.
This seems easy enough, but difficulties arise when a late payment is not serviced for a number of months. That way more penalties may apply as per your late payment terms. This can also hurt your credit score pretty badly and cause higher interest rates to be charged to you in the future as you become a greater risk.
Let us take an example of this situation for clarification. Consider a loan with a monthly payment of $500, due on 1st of the month and a 4% late fee for first 2 months.
Now, suppose next month a payment of $500 is submitted on time and the late payment terms specify that after two months of late payments another 2% penalty would apply.
If you do not service the late payment for a month and submit regular payment on time it is still considered late, because your submitted payment would be considered short and failing to service a short payment results in a late payment fee.
|
0.999134 |
Since 2008, the recommendation is that all US children from 6 months to 18 years of age receive annual flu vaccinations, yet rates for flu shots are much lower than for more traditional childhood vaccines for diseases like measles, polio and whooping cough.
Parents who did not have their children vaccinated against the flu had more negative views about the vaccine.
Now, a recent national poll reveals that most American parents who do not have their children vaccinated against the flu do not rate the flu vaccine as highly as other childhood vaccines.
In January 2016, the University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health asked a national sample of US parents to compare the annual flu vaccine with other recommended childhood vaccines.
"Despite substantial public health efforts, flu vaccine rates for US children are well below national targets."
The poll finds that 59% of parents whose children did not receive flu shots this season regard the vaccine as less important than other childhood vaccines, whereas only 14% of parents whose children did receive flu shots had this view.
Overall, 35% of parents surveyed said they regarded the flu vaccine as "less important" than other childhood vaccines and 33% were of the view that it "works less well."
Also, 16% said they thought the flu vaccine "undergoes less testing" than other vaccines, while 15% of parents said they thought it leads to more side effects.
The proportion expressing these negative beliefs were higher in those parents who did not have their children vaccinated against the flu this season.
"In exploring why some parents do not have their child get the flu vaccine," notes Clark, "we found that many parents do not believe that flu vaccine is as safe, effective or important as the other vaccines their children receive."
Altogether, 1,367 parents completed the poll. Of these, 52% said their child had received the flu vaccine this season, with children aged 1-5 years being more likely to have had their shots than those between 6-17 years (60% and 49%, respectively).
Could parents be more confused about flu vaccine?
Clark suggests one reason parents might see the flu vaccine as ineffective is because it is different to other vaccines in ways that might confuse parents.
"For example, parents generally expect that vaccines will prevent their child from getting a disease," she explains. "But getting a flu shot for your child does not guarantee he or she won't get the flu, though generally, vaccinated children will have a less severe case."
This is a more complex concept to grasp than the simple message that if you get your child vaccinated against polio they will not get polio.
The idea of reduced risk rather than a guarantee of no disease may lead parents to wrongly believe the flu vaccine does not work, says Clark, who adds that the findings show many parents do not realize that flu can kill children.
Around 20,000 children under 5 have to be admitted to hospital in the US every year because of flu complications. In some cases these can result in death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The poll also reveals that parents find health care professionals talk differently about flu vaccine compared with other vaccines.
Parents whose children did not receive flu shots this season were three times more likely than parents whose children did get them to say their doctor recommends flu vaccine less strongly than other vaccines (32% and 9%, respectively).
"Health care providers should take note of the disparity in parental beliefs found in this poll, and ensure that they fully explain and strongly recommend annual flu vaccine for all children."
Meanwhile, Medical News Today recently learned that targeted school closure may help reduce flu spread in pandemics while incurring less social cost than more traditional policies, such as nationwide school closure.
Inferiority complex? Parents rate flu lower than other vaccines, Sarah J. Clark et al., C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health, Volume 26 Issue 1, published online 22 February 2016.
University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital news release, accessed 22 February 2016.
Paddock, Catharine. "Parents do not rate flu vaccine as highly as other childhood vaccines." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 23 Feb. 2016. Web.
|
0.968955 |
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most significant and longest-known bacterium of the genus Pseudomonas in human medicine. It occurs both on surfaces and in water, and colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Many of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have developed resistance to common antibiotics.
How is pseudomonas aeruginosa transmitted?
The pathogen is usually found in wet areas, for example the tap outlet, washbasins, toilets, dishwashers, bath water and drinking water can all be contaminated with the germ. A small dose is enough to infect humans. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterium can be transmitted directly from human to human and indirectly through contaminated objects and surfaces.
Infection with the germ can lead to pneumonia, wound and urinary tract infections. In the worst case, life-threatening sepsis (blood poisoning) can occur. Hospital patients, elderly people and infants are particularly at risk of infection.
In clinical settings, bacterial infection often leads to catheter-associated urinary tract infections or lower respiratory tract infections in respiratory patients. The treatment of infections is difficult. This is often only possible through a combination of various antibiotics, as many strains (particularly those transmitted in a medical facility) are resistant to many antibiotics.
|
0.980332 |
How far did your food travel to get to you?
Choosing foods grown closer to home makes for more nutritious and better tasting foods, reducing air pollutants and helping the local economy.
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), in 2007 the typical American meal had ingredients that on average originated from at least five foreign countries. Transporting this food to the U.S. requires several modes of transportation and the accompanying release of carbon emissions. Selecting food that has traveled a shorter distance reduces the demand for food that requires the long distance transportation air pollutants. In a study that the NRDC highlights in their November 2007 issue, when emissions from food grown locally was combined, it produced fewer carbon dioxide emissions than the import of one imported product.
Eating and purchasing food from the community supports your community by supporting the farms that grow the food and the businesses the farm in turn uses. The food less traveled is typically more nutritious and favored by many chefs for better taste. Chef Denene Vincent of Le Chat Gourmet attempts to source her food locally in order to find the best tasting ingredients.
The health tip for today is to decrease the miles your food travels and increase the distance your body travels.
|
0.999221 |
Can I purchase mens water and dive shoes at Anaconda?
Yes, mens water and dive shoes, also sometimes referred to as aqua shoes, are available in a range of styles and designs at Anaconda. Ideal for holidays, water sports activities such as boating, kayaking, diving, snorkelling and more, these shoes can offer a variety of options such as protecting your feet when wearing diving fins, providing extra speed through the water, or even offering you grip and stability when boating or sailing.
Why should I buy water shoes?
Superb Traction - A water shoe provides traction similar to what can be found on quality hiking shoes. More specifically, their design allows for excellent traction on wet, slippery surfaces typically found along rivers and lakes.
Front Toe Protection - Unlike sandals, the "closed toe" design of a water shoe provides protection to the toes, preventing scrapes, stubbed toes and ripped-off toenails.
No More Squishy Feet - Unlike running shoes, water shoes don't hold and absorb water. They drain nearly as fast as a sandal does, while their construction prevents them from absorbing water.
Top of Foot Protection - While styles vary from brand to brand, a water shoe always provides better top-of-foot protection than a sandal, preventing scrapes and bruises due to items being dropped on the foot.
Work Well Out of the Water - Whereas you can't always take a walking shoe or sandal into the water, water shoes can easily convert into a limited version of a "hiking shoe." Just be sure to dry the foot completely (to prevent blisters) and to wear a well-padded hiking sock.
What is the purpose of dive shoes?
Dive shoes are mainly for protection of your feet while under water. In theory, your dive boots, shoes or "booties" need to be of a similar thickness as your wetsuit, as different thicknesses give different levels of protection against cold, which is dependent on the part of the world and the time of the year when you will be doing your diving. As dive shoes are worn with fins, it is important to ensure that you have your dive boots before buying or renting your fins to get the correct fit.
How do I care for water or dive shoes?
Even though you may be spending much of your time in or around water, these shoes can still get dirty. If you shoes are made of neoprene, wetsuit cleaner will be the best product to use for cleaning them. For other man-made materials, general mild detergents can often be used too. Important is that the shoes are cleaned with water, especially if they have been immersed in seawater, and left to dry naturally before being stored away. Avoid storing in plastic bags, and don't be tempted to put paper in them to help them dry, as this will impede the airflow.
|
0.999929 |
Non-parametric as memorizing, in exactly the wrong way?
There is a cool view of the whole non-parametric Bayes thing that I think is very instructive. It's easiest to see in the case of the Pitman-Yor language modeling work by Frank Wood and Yee Whye Teh. The view is "memorize what you can, and back off (to a parametric model) when you can't." This is basically the "backoff" view... where NP Bayes comes in is to control the whole "what you can" aspect. In other words, if you're doing language modeling, try to memorize two grams; but if you haven't seen enough to be confident in your memorization, back off to one grams; and if you're not confident there, back off to a uniform distribution (which is our parametric model -- the base distribution).
Or, if you think about the state-splitting PCFG work (done both at Berkeley and at Stanford), basically what's going on is that we're memorizing as many differences of tree labels as we can, and then backing off to the "generic" label when memorization fails. Or if we look at Trevor Cohn's NP-Bayes answer to DOP, we see a similar thing: memorize big tree chunks, but if you can't, fall back to a simple CFG (our parametric model).
Now, the weird thing is that this mode of memorization is kind of backwards from how I (as an outsider) typically interpret cognitive models (any cogsci people out there, feel free to correct me!). If you take, for instance, morphology, there's evidence that this is exactly not what humans do. We (at least from a popular science) perspective, basically memorize simple rules and then remember exceptions. That is, we remember that to make the past tense of a verb, we add "-ed" (the sound, not the characters) but for certain verbs, we don't: go/went, do/did, etc. You do little studies where you ask people to inflect fake words and they generally follow the rule, not the exceptions (but see * below).
If NP Bayes had its way on this problem (or at least if the standard models I'm familiar with had their way), they would memorize "talk" -> "talked" and "look" -> "looked" and so on because they're so familiar. Sure, it would still memorize the exceptions, but it would also memorize the really common "rule cases too... why? Because of course it could fall back to the parametric model, but these are so common that the standard models would really like to take advantage of the rich-get-richer phenomenon on things like DPs, thus saving themselves cost by memorizing a new "cluster" for each common word. (Okay, this is just my gut feeling about what such models would do, but I think it's at least defensible.) Yes, you could turn the DP "alpha" parameter down, but I guess I'm just not convinced this would do the right thing. Maybe I should just implement such a beast but, well, this is a blog post, not a *ACL paper :P.
Take as an alternative example the language modeling stuff. Basically what it says is "if you have enough data to substantiate memorizing a 5 gram, you should probably memorize a 5 gram." But why? If you could get the same effect with a 2 or 3 gram, why waste the storage/time?!
I guess you could argue "your prior is wrong," which is probably true for most of these models. In which case I guess the question is "what prior does what I want?" I don't have a problem with rich get richer -- in fact, I think it's good in this case. I also don't have a problem with a logarithmic growth rate in the number of exceptions (though I'd be curious how this holds up empirically -- in general, I'm a big fan of checking if your prior makes sense; for instance, Figure 3 (p16) of my supervised clustering paper). I just don't like the notion of memorizing when you don't have to.
(*) I remember back in grad school a linguist from Yale came and gave a talk at USC. Sadly, I can't remember who it was: if anyone wants to help me out, I'd really appreciate it! The basic claim of the talk is that humans actually memorize a lot more than we give them credit for. The argument was in favor of humans basically memorizing all morphology and not backing off to rules like "add -ed." One piece of evidence in favor of this was timing information for asking people to inflect words: the timing seemed to indicate a linear search through a long list of words that could possibly be inflected. I won't say much more about this because I'm probably already misrepresenting it, but it's an interesting idea. And, if true, maybe the NP models are doing exactly what they should be doing!
Small changes beget good or bad examples?
If you compare vision research with NLP research, there are a lot of interesting parallels. Like we both like linear models. And conditional random fields. And our problems are a lot harder than binary classification. And there are standard data sets that we've been evaluating on for decades and continue to evaluate on (I'm channeling Bob here :P).
But there's one thing that happens, the difference of which is so striking, that I'd like to call it to center stage. It has to do with "messing with our inputs."
I'll spend a bit more time describing the vision approach, since it's probably less familiar to the average reader. Suppose I'm trying to handwriting recognition to identify digits from zero to nine (aka MNIST). I get, say, 100 labeled zeros, 100 labeled ones, 100 labeled twos and so on. So a total of 1000 data points. I can train any off the shelf classifier based on pixel level features and get some reasonable performance (maybe 80s-90s, depending).
Now, I want to insert knowledge. The knowledge that I want to insert is some notion of invariance. I.e., if I take an image of a zero and translate it left a little bit, it's still a zero. Or up a little bit. Of if I scale it up 10%, it's still a zero. Or down 10%. Or if I rotate it five degrees. Or negative five. All zeros. Same hold for all the other digits.
This is what I mean by small changes (to the input) begetting good example. A slightly transformed zero is still a zero.
Of course, you have to be careful. If you rotate a six by 180 degrees, you get a nine. If you rotate a cat by 180 degrees, you get an unhappy cat. More seriously, if you're brave, you might start looking at a class of transformations called diffeomorphisms, which are fairly popular around here. These are nice because of their nice mathematical properties, but un-nice because they can be slightly too flexible for certain problems.
Now, let's go over to NLP land. Do we ever futz with our inputs?
In language modeling, we'll sometimes permute words or replace one word with another to get a negative example. Noah Smith futzed with his inputs in contrastive estimation to produce negative examples by swapping adjacent words, or deleting words.
In fact, try as I might, I cannot think of a single case in NLP where we make small changes to an input to get another good input: we always do it to get a bad input!
In a sense, this means that one thing that vision people have that we don't have is a notion of semantics preserving transformations. Sure, linguists (especially those from that C-guy) study transformations. And there's a vague sense that work in paraphrasing leads to transformations that maintain semantic equivalence. But the thing is that we really don't know any transformations that preserve semantics. Moreover, some transformations that seem benign (eg., passivization) actually are not: one of my favorite papers at NAACL this year by Greene and Resnik showed that syntactic structure affects sentiment (well, them, drawing on a lot of psycholinguistics work)!
I don't have a significant point to this story other than it's kind of weird. I mentioned this to some people at ICML and got a reaction that replacing words with synonyms should be fine. I remember doing this in high school, when word processors first started coming with thesauri packed in. The result seemed to be that if I actually knew the word I was plugging in, life was fine... but if not, it was usually a bad replacement. So this seems like something of a mixed bag: depending on how liberal you are with defining "synonym" you might be okay do this, but you might also not be.
|
0.999996 |
What are the 3 major parts of an atom?
Draw a diagram showing the location of each part of the atom.
Draw a diagram showing the charges of each part of the atom.
Experiments done in the late 1960's and early 1970's showed that protons are made from other particles called quarks. Protons are made from two 'up' quarks and one 'down' quark.
Neutrons are uncharged particles found in the atomic nucleus. Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Experiments done in the late 1960's and early 1970's showed that neutrons are made from other particles called quarks. Neutrons are made from one 'up' quark and two 'down' quarks.
|
0.747113 |
A military band is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the armed forces. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The conductor of a band commonly bears the title of Bandmaster or Director of Music. Ottoman military bands are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching bands in the world, dating from the 13th century.
The military band is capable of playing ceremonial and marching music, including the national anthems and patriotic songs of not only their own nation but others as well, both while stationary and as a marching band. Military bands also play a part in military funeral ceremonies.
There are two types of historical traditions in military bands. The first is military field music. This type of music includes bugles (or other natural instruments such as natural trumpets or natural horns), bagpipes, or fifes and almost always drums. This type of music was used to control troops on the battlefield as well as for entertainment. Following the development of instruments such as the keyed trumpet or the saxhorn family of brass instruments, a second tradition of the brass and woodwind military band was formed.
Some police forces have their own police bands that provide similar function to a military band.
Depiction of the Ottoman military band in 1720. The notion of a military band originates from the Ottomans.
11th century book Divânu Lügati't-Türk mentions a prototype of the Mehtaran, as a "nevbet", Turkish military band tradition. Bands were formed by soldiers. 17th century traveler Evliya Çelebi noted that the Ottoman Empire had 40 guilds of musicians in the 1670s Istanbul. Ottoman military bands influenced European equivalents. Each regiment in the British Army maintained its own military band. Until 1749 bandsmen were civilians hired at the expense of the colonel commanding a regiment. Subsequently, they became regular enlisted men who accompanied the unit on active service to provide morale enhancing music on the battlefield or, from the late nineteenth century on, to act as stretcher bearers. Instruments during the 18th century included fifes, drums, the oboe (hautbois), French horn, clarinet and bassoon. Drummers summoned men from their farms and ranches to muster for duty. In the chaotic environment of the battlefield, musical instruments were the only means of commanding the men to advance, stand or retire. In the mid 19th century each smaller unit had their own fifer and drummer, who sounded the daily routine. When units massed for battle a band of musicians was formed for the whole.
Military bands can vary in function and duties based on their specific mission. Bands may perform for a variety of reasons such as special events, military parades, military review, military tattoos, public relations, and troop entertainment.
Military bands play ceremonial and marching music, including the national anthems and patriotic songs. A concert band's repertoire includes original wind compositions, arrangements of orchestral compositions, light music, popular tunes and concert marches found in standard repertoire. Modern-day military musicians often perform a variety of other styles of music in different ensembles, from chamber music to rock and roll.
Cameroonian military bands solely follows the French precedent for military music and military bands. The Yaoundé based Principal Music Band of the Cameroonian Armed Forces under the baton of Captain Florent Essimbi is the main military band of the country. The band was founded in 1959, a year before Cameroon gained its independence, as purely a brass band company. Because of its increase in musicians it was upgraded to a musical section 10 years later. It has retained its current name since 2004. The band currently and has previously relyed on its cooperation with the French Military and specifically its connections to musicians from the Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon.
Nigerian Police Band - This band considered to be the pioneer military band formation in the country, being established in 1892. Being mostly composed of buglers at the time of its founding, the band was originally composed of British servicemen, rather than native Nigerians.
Nigerian Air Force Band - This band is the most was the most recent military band to be founded, being founded in 1970. Enlisted musicians only joined a year later, and did not have its first director of music until 1975.
Nigerian Navy Band - It was founded in 1963 only months before Nigeria became a republic. It was founded at a time when the country's military needed musical support for ceremonial events.
Like Cameroon and Niger, the Armed Forces of Senegal follows the French military band format in all of its musical formations. The Mounted Squadron of the Red Guard of Senegal, being the premier ceremonial unit of its 1st Infantry Regiment, maintains a 35-member mounted fanfare band similar to that of the French Republican Guard. The mounted band leads the reset of the squadron in military parades and ceremonial processions in the capital of Dakar. Band musicians ride on white horses whose tails dyed red to match the official colors of the Red Guard.
The Armed Forces of Senegal is represented by a joint services band which, unlike the Red Guard mounted band, has a repertoire of a mix between Senegalese folk and classical music. This band was created in 1961 at the time of the founding of the armed forces and the independence of the country. the main music of the Senegalese armed forces was at the time formed by a majority of newly recruited young people with no musical knowledge. It was then necessary to count on the captain Jean Avignon who directed, for 12 years, the main music band of the nabal troops in Paris for the formation of the elements of Senegal. The Senegalese Gendarmerie also maintains its own fanfare band.
Given the history of the military forces in Americas, the military band heritage in this part of the world is a mix of various traditions, primarily drawn from Europe. Countries in the Americas belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations are generally modelled after their British counterparts. Trinidad and Tobago takes this tradition a bit further with the use of steelpans in its bands. Military bands throughout Latin America draws influence from the military bands found in France, Germany, Portugal, Italy and Spain. However, Haiti remains the only state in the region, whose military bands are primarily modelled after the French.
Argentina has longstanding connections with Germany, and their army bands reflect these traditional links. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was an exchange of marches between the Imperial German Army and the Argentinean Army: Germans gave Argentinians Alte Kameraden, while Argentinians gave Germans the Marcha de San Lorenzo, which was used in 1940 during the victory parade on the Champs Elysées following the defeat of France. Argentine military bands have field drummers and occasionally buglers and fifes (as is the case with the Tacuari Drummer military band of the Regiment of Patricians, which has two fifers) accompanying the main band.
Three bands belong to the oldest cavalry, artillery and infantry regiments of the Argentine Army, use band formations modeled on German and Italian traditions.
The Alto Peru Fanfare Band of the Argentine Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers is an all-brass mounted band.
The Alto Peru Fanfare Band of the Argentine Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers is an all-brass mounted band using the same brass and percussion instruments mentioned above. The ceremonial uniform design dates from 1813, and this band serves the President of Argentina.
The Tambor de Tacuari Band is the "Regiment of Patricians's regimental band. This regiment is the oldest and most prestigious Argentinean infantry regiment. Musicians wear the 1806 regulation uniform originally worn by the regiment, when it was raised in response to the British attack on Buenos Aires. The Patricios formally represent the Federal Capital as its honor band.
The Ituzaingó Band of the 1st Artillery Regiment "Brigadier General Tomas de Iriarte" is the official honor band of the Argentine Ministry of Defense. The band wears uniforms worn by Argentine gunners during the Argentina-Brazil War and later conflicts, with pith helmets as headdress.
Band of the Army NCO School "Sergeant Cabral"
Band of the 16th Infantry Regiment "Andes Rifles"
Band of the 10th Armored Cavalry Regiment "Pueyrredón Hussars"
Band of the 6th Armored Cavalry Regiment "Blandengues"
Band of the 5th Light Cavalry Regiment "General Martin de Güemes"
Band of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Regiment "Lieutenant Colonel Juan Manuel Cabot"
The Argentine Navy fields the Navy Staff Band, the Band of the Argentine Naval Academy and the Band of the Argentine Navy NCO School. Representing the Argentine Air Force are the Band of the Argentine Air Force Academy, the Band of the Argentine Air Force NCO Academy and the 1st Air Brigade Band.
Military-styled police bands are present in both the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Naval Prefecture.
The Barbados Defence Force Band (also known as the Zouave Band), is an element of the reserve units that is composed of members of The Barbados Regiment and the Barbados Coast Guard. The band is currently directed by Director of Music, Lieutenant Brian Cole. The musicians mainly range in ages between 18 and 50 years old and performs several types of music from light classics to Barbadian calypso. The BDF Band traces its history back to the West India Regiment Band, which is considered to be the precursor to Caribbean military bands. A full band was raised in 1978 as the Band and Drums of the Barbados Regiment and was fully resuscitated in 1987 for the occasion of the Trooping the Colour parade in Barbados. It remained active until the early 90s, and after a brief hiatus, the band was again revived as the Barbados Defence Force Band.
In Bolivia, the use of the Turkish crescent with the addition of vertical banners and standards is standard practice in its military bands (only the Bolivian Navy fields bagpipers and fanfare trumpeters in its bands, the latter being the case of the band of the Bolivian Colorados Regiment which uses them).
The Military Band of the Independence Dragoons (1st Cavalry Regiment), the official presidential band of Brazil and one of two senior bands under the Brazilian Army.
Since the late 1940s the Brazilian Marine Pipes, Drum and Bugle Corps uses brass (formerly bugles) and percussion instruments, as well as bagpipes and fifes. They represent both the Brazilian Marine Corps and the Brazilian Navy in all activities it participates. Its formation mirrors Portuguese and Italian military band traditions, as well as those of the United States drum and bugle corps of the early 20th century. The Brazilian Marine Corps also fields for public duties the Brasilia Marine Corps Band and the Central Band of the Marine Corps.
Other military bands include those of the Presidential Guard Battalion, the Independence Dragoons, and the Brazilian Air Force Academy Band. The band for the Presidential Guard Battalion is the only band in the Brazilian Army to include both a pipe band section and a drum corps. Personnel from both the Presidential Guard Battalion Band and the Band of the Independence Dragoons form part of the newly formed Army Marching Band and Pipes and Drums, formed in 2016. The Brazilian Marching Band and Pipes and Drums is composed of 74 musicians who play instruments ranging from instruments for marching bands to traditional instruments.
The band of the Royal 22nd Regiment at the Citadelle of Quebec, in 2018. The band is one of 59 bands in the Canadian Armed Forces.
Years of French and later British rule made their imprint in the creation of the Canadian military band tradition. The Music Branch of the Canadian Armed Forces is composed of six full-time bands of the Regular Force, and 53 part-time bands of the Primary Reserve. These bands serve the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy and the Royal Canadian Air Force. The Band Branch includes both concert bands, made up of brass, percussions, and woodwind instruments; and pipe and drum bands, formerly the Branch provided corps of drums and drum and bugle corps for ceremonial duties.
In addition to the bands of the Regular Force and Primary Reserve, the Royal Military College of Canada also maintains a pipe and drum bands. The Canadian Cadet Organizations, a youth program sponsored by the Canadian Forces, also maintain their own bands. Bands of Cadets Canada are modeled after their respective sponsored service branch.
Two Chilean mounted bands are of high interest: the Mounted Band and Bugles of the 1st Cavalry Regiment "Grenadiers" and the Band and Bugles of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment "Hussars" of the Chilean Army. Other bands include the band of the Army NCO School and the Bernardo O'Higgins Military Academy, also of the Chilean Army, the Band of the Chilean Marine Corps Basic School, the Band of the Arturo Prat Naval School and the Band of the Naval Politechnical Academy, all of the Chilean Navy and the Central Band of the Carabineros de Chile. Band formations on parade, mounted bands included, follow the German model, however only the Chilean Air Force Symphonic Band does not participate - the service is represented on parade by the Bands of the Captain Manuel Avalos Prado Air Force Academy and the Air Forces Specialities School. Another band formation and one with increasing public awareness is the military band of the Chilean Gendarmerie, which reports to the Ministry of Justice.
Military bands in Chile have the same instrumentation with added Bugles on the Corps of Drums, as German military bands, with a few unique additions. Another distinguishing features is the presence of the Turkish crescent in the military bands when they are on parade and the band's conductor being assisted by a bugle major.
The Military Forces of Colombia and the National Police of Colombia sport military bands and drum and bugle corps with formations similar to those in the United States, Italy, Germany and France. Military bands first reached Bogotá in the 16th century and was developed into active musical ensembles in the 20th century. In the late 1890s, military bands in the country were implemented based on the French model of these ensembles. The 37th Infantry Presidential Guard Battalion of the National Army of Colombia maintains a military war band and a corps of drums unit that serves under the command of the President of Colombia at his/her residence at the Casa de Nariño. Pipe bands are also used in the Colombian Navy's educational institutions (the Admiral Jose Prudencio Padilla Naval Academy and the Marine Basic School).
Barack Obama and Raúl Castro meeting with members of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Band.
Since the late 1960s the tradition of the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces Military Bands Department has been based mostly on the Russian tradition but also with a mix of the former American and Caribbean musical influence. The Band of the Ceremonial Unit of the Revolutionary Armed Forces has acclaimed high praise by many foreign leaders, including U.S President Barack Obama, who greeted bandleader Ney Miguel Milanes Gálvez and said that they did a "Good job" for their performance of The Star-Spangled Banner.
Given the long history of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic, it is no surprise that the military band tradition is a mix of the French and United States military band practice. Ceremonial bands are present not just in the Armed Forces but in the Dominican Republic National Police.
The Mounted Band of the Ecuadorian National Police uses brass, woodwinds and percussion (sans the timpani). The Ecuadorian Army's Eloy Alfaro Military Academy uses the same format as French bands but without the bugles, as they are part of the Corps of Drums. The fanfare band of the Presidential Mounted Ceremonial Squadron, also of the Army, is composed only of timpani, fanfare trumpets, a snare drum and sousaphones (when mounted).
The Presidential Guard Band (L'Orchestre de la Garde présidentielle) is the main military band unit of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Haiti. It was founded in 1972 as part of the Security Unit and Presidential Guard (L'Unité de Sécurité et de Garde Présidentielle) of the Haitian National Police. The band uses French and American military traditions in its activities, as well as sports many styles native to Haiti and the Caribbean region. One of Haiti's most revered military musicians, Occide Jeanty, is credited with revolutionizing Haitian military bands, putting songs and melodies in the era of the Haitian Revolution in the repertoire of those bands.
The Jamaica Regiment band performed with members of the United States naval band.
The Jamaica Defence Force funds and oversees 2 full-time military bands - the Jamaica Military Band (JMB) and the Jamaica Regiment Band (JRB). During war time, musicians will take on operational roles as Medical Assistants. Jamaican military bands follow the precedent set by British and other Caribbean military bands.
Military bands are in service within the Armed Forces of Paraguay and the National Police of Paraguay, following the former Imperial German band pattern.
The regimental band of the Presidential Life Guard Dragoons Regiment is the only active mounted band in the Peruvian Armed Forces.
Examples of Peruvian bands include the Mounted Fanfare Band Company of the Presidential Life Guard Dragoons Regiment "Marshal Domingo Nieto", the Band of the Chorrillos Military School of the Peruvian Army, the Lima Air Region Band of the Peruvian Air Force, the Peruvian Air Force Central Band, and the Casma Cadet Band of the Peruvian Naval School. These bands follow the Spanish and French practice, although with drums out front following the French model. The Presidential Life Guard Dragoons Regiment's regimental band is also the only mounted band in active service within the Peruvian Armed Forces.
The Peruvian Republican Guard Band, for 7 decades, provided music during state ceremonies, state funerals, and other events. The unit was disbanded in 1991 when the band was merged with that of the National Police's other predecessor services' bands. The Mounted Band of the Presidential Life Guard Dragoons Regiment, the other official presidential band, was established in 1905 along with the formation of the regiment, was disbanded in 1987 and remained inactive until 2012, when it was reactivated by Ollanta Humala, the President of Peru.
In addition to the military bands of the Peruvian Armed Forces, the military styled band of the National Police of Peru continues its heritage together with the bands of the Civil Guard and the Investigations Police.
Steelpans are a type of instrument used by the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Steel Orchestra.
Trinidadian military bands are unique in that they follow French and British traditions for military bands, however, use unconventional instruments such as Steelpans and native Trinidadian instruments. To this day, the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force Steel Orchestra (TTDFSO) is the only military steel band of its kind in the world. The TTDF's Trinidad and Tobago Regiment provides majority of the musicians who are assigned to the orchestra. Following a brief attempt create a similar type of marching band the 1960s, the TTDFSO was created on 2 June 1995 on the initiative of Chief of Defence Staff Carlton A. Alfonso and Sergeant Cecil James.
The American military band traditions date from the British era. From the American Revolutionary War onward military bands - and field musicians playing drums, fifes and bugles - marched in the same manner as their French counterparts. Ever since the American Revolution ended in 1781, American military bands march to the fast tempo of French military bands, owing to their fast marching pace as compared with the slow marching pace of British bands. The instrumental positioning, even though inspired by the British, is also a mix of other influences, including French and German influences.
During the American Civil War most Union regiments had both types of groups within the unit. However, due to changes in military tactics by the end of World War I field musical had been mostly phased out in favor of the brass bands - themselves the basis for today's American civil brass band culture and traditions. These performed in a concert setting for entertainment, as well as continued to perform drill and martial events. In the United States, these bands were increased in instrumentation to include woodwinds, leading to the modern military band traditions in the United States, and high school and college marching bands and concert bands.
The United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps performed at the Marine Corps War Memorial in 2015.
A uniquely American type of military band is the Fife and drum corps, with the Old Guard Fife and Drum Corps the only remaining band of this type in the United States military. The United States' military bugle bands are also the precursors of the modern day civil drum and bugle corps and the only one in active service today is that of the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps "The Commandant's Own".
The largest military marching band in the world is the "Fightin' Texas Aggie Band" of Texas A&M University. It is entirely composed of ROTC cadets from the university's Corps of Cadets and subdivided into two bands: the Infantry and Artillery bands of the Corps. The 4 other State Military Colleges and 4 Junior Military Colleges maintain bands of their own.
The National Navy of Uruguay maintains for ceremonial purposes the Band of the Uruguayan Naval Academy, which doubles as the official band of the service.
The Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army is the senior military band in the People's Republic of China.
Although inspired by Soviet military music throughout their history, the bands of the People's Republic of China, from both the People's Liberation Army (PLA) or the People's Armed Police play indigenous and locally composed military marches, during official ceremonies and other events as called for. The military bands of the People's Republic of China play a mix of foreign and native marches and musical pieces. During the Boxer Rebellion, the xenophobic Chinese General Dong Fuxiang who commanded the Muslim Kansu Braves, refused to allow his troops to play western musical instruments, making them play traditional Chinese instruments such as the Sheng Jia.
The Central Military Band of the People's Liberation Army is the senior military band in the country, with the band falling under the command of the Military Band Service of the People's Liberation Army of China, which is a directorate under the supervision of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission.
The PLA National Marching Band is a distinct unit attached to the PLA Central Band, which consists of 61 field drummers, state fanfare trumpeters, and buglers who are similar in marching style to the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps, and somewhat resembles United States college marching bands.
The band of the People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison is modelled similarly to the other garrison bands of the PLA. Along with the PLA Hong Kong Garrison, the police band for the Hong Kong Police provides similar functions to a military band. These bands will often play a mix of Chinese, and international marches.
In addition to the band of the PLA Hong Kong Garrison, military-styled bands in Hong Kong are typically modelled after British and Commonwealth military bands. As a result, a number of military-styled bands in Hong Kong will also make use of pipe bands, a common feature with military bands in the Commonwealth. The band of the Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps is modelled after the Royal Navy pattern.
The Public Security Police Force of Macau maintains a military-style band which reflects the region's Portuguese military traditions. This band is known as the Banda de Música da Polícia de Segurança Pública de Macau, or the Band of the PSP for short. The Band of the PLA Macao Garrison is also available in the region.
The Republic of China's Air Force Band is one of several bands in the Republic of China Armed Forces.
All these bands are inspired by American and German military band traditions, and their formation mirrors those used by United States military bands. Taiwan also has a great military drum and bugle corps tradition as well with a few military drum and bugle corps in active service, with their formations not quite similar to the American corps. Corps style marching bands may also be found in the Armed Forces Preparatory School and the Republic of China Army Academy.
The modern Indonesian military band tradition includes Japanese, Dutch, British and United States influences. Known locally as Ceremonial Bands (Korps Musik Upacara/Satuan Musik Upacara/Detasmen Musik Upacara), they form part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. The seniormost of these bands is the Paspampres Presidential Band, which is part of the Presidential Security Forces of the Republic of Indonesia. These bands are led by Conductors and Bandmasters and are of the headquarters element. Indonesia also maintains a "corps of drums" tradition, such ensembles being led by drum majors. Such ceremonial units are also part of the Dutch colonial legacy, as both the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army and the Royal Netherlands Navy included similar formations before independence.
Similar ceremonial bands are maintained by the Indonesian National Police.
The Israel Defense Forces Orchestra is the main musical ensemble of the Israel Defense Forces.
Even before the 1948 establishment of the State of Israel, military bands have been active and prominent in the region for many decades. As it refers to bands inside the current borders of Israel, the only known ones were small groups of soldiers organized in the country's first 20 years in existence. These bands were formed up of soldiers who served in battalions who were deployed in remote parts of the country. Israeli military bands reached what is considered to be their golden age during the late 60s and mid 70s. At the time, many famous and well-off actors and musicians based in Israel received their musical education not from a music school, but rather from military bands within the Army.
Today, the Israel Defense Forces Orchestra, which has similarities to American and British military bands, is the flagship ensemble of the IDF and responsible for live musical accompaniment at all national events taking place in the capital of Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Additionally, bands are also found in the Education and Youth Corps of the IDF's Manpower Directorate. The Outstanding Musicians Program of the IDF is the most common of the varied ways that young soldiers continue to develop and advance their musical skills during their military service within the Forces.
The Western military band tradition arrived in Japan during the Meiji Restoration, which saw the armed forces reformed to the standards of Western armed services. Today, the Japan Self-Defense Force sports a moderate number of military bands within all its service branches (The Ground, Maritime and Air Self-Defense Forces) which carry on a long heritage of Japanese military music beginning in the 1880s. The JSDF also carry on the Imperial practice of bugle call playing, which dedicated bugle platoons present in almost every unit using G major bugles similar to those used by the United States Army in the past.
Japanese military bands have a number of formations, modeled on those in the United States and the United Kingdom, and they are led by Drum Majors, Conductors and Bandmasters, while the bugle platoons are led on parades by a Bugle Major. Aside from ceremonial duties, military musicians have no secondary duties.
Until 1945, the Japanese Imperial Guard maintained mounted cavalry and dismounted bands that performed musical duties, alongside the rest of the bands of both the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Japanese Navy.
While retaining a lot of Soviet/Russian military music that was composed in the Soviet era, military bands in the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan and/or the Ministry of Internal Affairs perform indigenous marches that are native to Kazakhstan and were made by Kazakh composers. The Military Band Service is responsible for the organization, layout, and instruction of all military bands under its command. The most notable Kazakh military band is the Presidential Band of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is used for state ceremonies carried out by the State Security Service of Kazakhstan in the presence of the President of Kazakhstan in his/her position as the Supreme Commander in Chief of the national military. Military bands are also maintained in the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard, as well as in the 4 regional commands of the country. Most of the leadership in these bands also work in the State Concert Band of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The North Korean combined military bands are known for their complex marching styles.
The bands of the Korean People's Army and the Korean People's Internal Security Forces follow the general instrumental setup of Daechwitas, the Korean traditional military bands. They also resemble Russian and Chinese military bands, adopting the Soviet tradition of adding chromatic fanfare trumpeters when in massed bands formation. As in keeping with the Songun policy and Juche ideology within the KPA, as directly reporting units of its General Political Bureau, most of its repertoire is made up locally composed marches, plus classical and modern music adapted for the band.
North Korean bands are known around the world for their marching techniques and their complex marching maneuvers, some of which are only found in large college marching bands such as the Fightin' Texas Aggie Band, and a tradition which began in 1997. The military bands in the KPA and police bands in the KPISF are led by a Conductor or Director of Music, with a Drum Major joining him or her to mark the pace of the bands, if in massed bands formation, they are led by a Senior Director of Music, 2-6 conductors, 4-8 bandmasters and 5 to 6 drum majors (with 2 female drum majors included).
The Republic of Korea Army maintains a traditional daechwita band.
Although patterned after American and British military bands, the bands of the Republic of Korea are also inspired by the daechwita of the old Korean kingdoms. Their formation mirrors American and British military band formations. The Republic of Korea Army maintains a Traditional Band playing in the daechwita styles of old, using Korean traditional musical instruments.
When military bands were originally formed in South Korea, American military music was the primary type of musical accompaniment used by ROK bands, as the bands were formed with United States assistance, with later influences from bands of the other armed forces which assisted the ROKAF during the Korean War (Canada and Greece for example). Later on in the 1970s, Korean martial and traditional music were incorporated into the repertoire of the bands, including modernized adaptations of folk songs for performances during concerts.
Laotian military bands under the command of the Lao People's Armed Forces follow the military format and tradition of military bands from Vietnam. The Vietnam People's Army often provides music lessons to musical soldiers of military bands in Laos.
The bands of the Royal Malaysian Navy during the 2012 Hari Merdeka parade, in Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysian military bands are led by the percussion (snare drums either slung or mounted, bass drums, single and multiple tenor drums, cymbals and sometimes glockenspiels), and followed by the brass and woodwinds (with the addition of trumpets, mellophones, marching baritone, contrabass bugles and sousaphones), following a formation format that is similar to the Royal Marines Bands Service and former Royal Navy bands, and inspired by its long cultural heritage in music.
Band formations in the Tatmadaw follow the former British pattern, especially of the bands of the Royal Marines Band Service and the former Royal Navy bands. The Central Military Band of the Myanmar Armed Forces was formed on November 30, 1988 in the Hmawbi Township of the Yangon Region. The current director of music of the band is Lieutenant Colonel Min Thant Zaw, with the bandmaster being Warrant Officer Thet Naing Soe. The 240-member Myanmar Police Force Band, which is the country's oldest brass band (it was formed in 1945), also serves as a type of military band.
The Philippine Army Band is the main military band of the Philippine Army, and the seniormost marching band of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). It was founded as the Philippine Constabulary Band in the early 1900s, and was eventually reorganized into the Philippine Army Orchestra, and then the Philippine Army Headquarters Band. Currently, the Philippine Army Band is composed of 74 musicians who are under the leadership of Captain Ronel A. Rabot. It is an army service support unit, so, therefore, it is under the administrative command of the Philippine Army Reserve Command. The Philippine Marine Corps Drum and Bugle Team (MDBT) is the prime musical unit of the PMC and the only Drum and Bugle Corps in the entire AFP. It is inspired by the United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps and is based at Rudiardo Brown Marine Barracks in Makati City. The Presidential Security Group, the Philippine Navy, and the Philippine Air Force also maintain their own marching bands, as well as the paramilitary Philippine Coast Guard under the Department of Transportation.
The Singapore Armed Forces Band's drumline at the Virginia International Tattoo in 2017.
Until the 1990s the Singapore Armed Forces and Singapore Police Force band formations were similar to the Royal Marines Band Service, and Malaysian military bands. In the beginning of the 21st century this was changed to a format similar to British Army and Royal Air Force military bands. The Singapore Armed Forces Band form the Singapore Armed Forces musical arm, which plays a vital role in parades and ceremonies such as the Singapore National Day Parade.
The Tajik military bands follow the Russian and Persian precedent for military bands while adding traditional Central Asian instruments such as the Karnay. Although many military bands in Tajikistan were formed from former Soviet military bands based in the Tajik SSR, they have for the most part been relocated to neighboring countries and to Russia. Military bands have performed during the quinquennial Independence Day and National Army Day parades in Dushanbe on September 9 and February 23 since 1993, and have attended every military and state function at various locations, from the Kohi Millat to military tattoos in foreign countries. The Military Brass Band of the Commandant Regiment of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan is the seniormost military band in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan, being subordinate to the Ministry of Defence. The Air Force, National Guard, and the Internal Troops also maintain military bands in the country. The bands of regional garrisons (the Band of the Dushanbe Garrison or example) also provide musical support to the armed forces.
Military bands in Thailand were inspired by British military bands, although they play uniquely Thai military marches. The ceremony has been performed during the Trooping of the Colours ceremonies in Bangkok every December 2 since 1953, and at every military function attended by the Royal Family and other military officers and local executives, together with the general public.
Thai military bands' formations closely follow either that of the Royal Marines Band Service, being that the percussion are at the front rather than the middle, followed by the main band itself or that of the British Army's Household Division Foot Guards Bands, being that the percussion are at the middle of the main band. But another formation followed is that of the Brazilian military bands, wherein the percussion are in front of the brass and winds, with the bass drums as the lead instruments. These bands are led by a Drum Major and the Director of Music.
The United Arab Emirates Armed Forces Band is currently the premier military band in the UAE which consists of a marching band, a musical troupe, and a pipe band, all of which are based in Abu Dhabi. It was created in 1970 and since 1991, has been under the direct command of the armed forces general staff, rather than the United Arab Emirates Army. The uniform of the band (which is currently under the direction of Second Lieutenant Abdalla Abdul Karim Al Houti) consists of white trousers and a bright red tunic. The band has participated in several international events in various cities such as Cologne, New Delhi and Kuala Lumpur. When it is inside the country, the band usually accompanies the UAE Presidential Guard in official ceremonies. The Abu Dhabi Police Band has also been classified as a military band occasionally.
Band for the Military Honour Guard Battalion of the Vietnam People's Army.
Modern military bands that are part of the Vietnam People's Army are heavily influenced and inspired by military bands in Russia and China, as well as bands from their former pre-independence colonizer, France. The first modern military bands in Vietnam were organized between 1944 and 1954, during the first 10 years of the establishment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The Military Band of the General Staff Command of the Military Honour Guard Battalion of the Vietnam People's Army supports the ceremonial activities of the VPA. Military bands are also maintained in the Vietnam People's Public Security.
Military bands of Austria are for the most part similar to the German musical format, although some military bands lack a Corps of Drums, which is the most notable part of the German format. The Gardemusik Wien of the Guard Battalion is the seniormost band in the armed forces and is the one responsible for playing at all state ceremonies and events.
The first military bands in Austria were organized in 1741, with ensembles being restricted to infantry and artillery units. They reached their golden age between the 1820s and the mid-1840s, being inspired by French military tradition and reforms. Military bands at this point, were led by a director of music and were composed of 50-60 civilian musicians. By the turn of the 20th century, Austrian Military Music Bands included 178 regimental bands, which was composed of over 10,000 musicians.
The massed bands of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus (also known as the Central Band of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus) follow the Russian traditional model with elements of Belarusian music in its repertoire. Regional bands from each of the military commandants form the basis of the central band along with the Exemplary Band, the Band of the Honor Guard Battalion, and the Central Band of the Interior Ministry. The bands of the regional departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are also affiliated to the band as well.
An affiliated military brass band is also maintained in the Ministry of Emergency Situations, of which it has 25 musicians who have an extensive touring experience (military tattoos in Poland, Germany, Belgium, Denmark being notable examples).
The Belgian Armed Forces have three professional military bands, each representing one of the service branches. The oldest and largest of these is the Royal Band of the Belgian Guides (former cavalry) dating from 1832. The bands of the Belgian Navy and of the Royal Belgian Air Component both date from 1947. The combined bands are known as the Music Bands of the Belgian Defense and consist of a total of nearly 200 professional musicians, all of whom holds a diploma from the Royal Conservatory of Liège.
The Royal Danish Life Guard's Military Band.
Danish military bands are known to have been influenced greatly by the traditional German and Swedish examples that it often surrounded itself with. The Royal Life Guards Music Band is the seniormost military band in the Danish Defence, performing at all national events, especially ones involving the Monarchy of Denmark, the Danish royal family and foreign dignitaries. The squad-sized Mounted band of the Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron, which consists of one Timpani and nine bugles, is the only mounted military band in the country and is used during processions and ceremonial escorts.
The Royal Danish Naval Academy sports the navy's only military band, the Royal Danish Navy Band (Danish: Søværnets Tamburkorps), established in 1964 and composed of 24 cadets. The army also maintains several regimental and battalion bands such as the Slesvigske musikkorps, which are stationed at their home barracks.
Formed in 1819, Kaartin Soittokunta is one of six professional military bands in the Finnish Defence Force.
Band formations in Finland have been heavily influenced by Russian, German and Swedish military traditions. Finnish military music has an over 400 year history which began in 1544 when King Gustav I of Sweden promoted the strengthening of musical structure in the Swedish-Finnish army. The first Finnish military bands were composed of pipers, drummers, cavalry buglers and kettle drummers who began to serve on the front lines in the Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557). Gustav's son, John III, settled at Turku Castle after his father's death, and created his own personal court band, whose first directors were the Dutch-born Jören van Heiden and Blasius Fischer. This provided the basis for modern military bands in Finland. In the 1600s, a four-member band was added to the ranks of an army regiment on the basis of the Hautboist model in Europe. In the early 1700's, there was a period of repression of Finnish military music, which would only improve later on in the century. In the early 1800's, the last band to be founded in Swedish Finland was the Band of the Queen Dowager's Life Guard Regiment in Pomerania. Bernhard Henrik Crusell, who was a musician in the and an internationally known Swedish instrumentalist, is known as the "Father of Finnish military music" and has "Crusell's March", named in his honor.
Finnish military bands are the main hosts and participants of the biannual Hamina Tattoo.
Mounted members of the French Republican Guard Band, a fanfare band during Bastille Day in 2013.
Since the 17th century, France has sported one of the oldest military band traditions in all of Western Europe, providing the Western world with a collection of French marches composed by eminent composers from the Ancien Régime, the Revolution, the Napoleonic era up to the present. While modern instrumentation somewhat mirrors those of British and American military bands, it is based on uniquely French military music traditions. These bands are led by a conductor and a drum major.
There are four types of military bands today in France: military marching bands (subdivided into marching and mounted brass bands), Corps of Drums (only in the French Foreign Legion), Fanfare bands (attached to the marching band or as separate marching bands) and Pipe bands (more known in Brittany as the Bagad). Examples of these are the Marching, Fanfare, and Mounted Bands of the French Republican Guard, and the Central Band of the French Foreign Legion, the only remaining French military band to use the fife. The French Army Cavalry and Armored Branch maintain mounted and dismounted fanfare bands featuring cavalry trumpets and bugles plus kettledrums and marching percussion. Another example is the band of the French Chasseurs Alpins (the band of the 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade (France)), which uses the Alphorns in displays. French Armed Forces bands are also of the headquarters element from the regimental or brigade level onward and can also provide musical elements for civil and military events. These bands are distinguished by their service dress uniforms.
The Staff Band of the Bundeswehr during the funeral of German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.
The military bands of Germany have two or more components depending on instrumentation. Military bands in Germany's Bundeswehr today are only composed of a military band and a Corps of Drums. Another distinguishing features is the presence of the Turkish crescent in the military bands when they are on parade and the band's conductor being assisted by a Drum major, as well as the inclusion of fanfare trumpeters. The military bands of Germany have also influenced the development of military bands throughout South America.
Such bands are led by Drum Majors, Conductors/Directors of Music and Bugle Majors in the case of mounted, bugle and fanfare bands. During the Imperial era, such bands existed all over the German Empire, and later on during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich (but the mounted bands were reduced to only a few by that time). The bands of the Bundeswehr today are mainly composed of the band proper, Corps of Drums, and the occasional fanfare section, several bands have historical sections wearing period uniforms and playing either modern or classic instruments.
The National People's Army of East Germany's official band service was the Military Music Service of the National People's Army, organized into the same ensembles as in the Bundeswehr.
With the Hungarian Defense Forces Central Military Band (HDF Band) (Magyar Honvédség Központi Zenekar) being the official military band of the Hungarian Defence Forces, it represents the HDF on every occasion, including parades as well as ceremonies and has done this since its foundation in 1962. Military bands in Hungary have an over 120-year history dating back to the founding of the first military band in the capital of Budapest in the late 1890s. The central band also acts as the headquarters for all separate garrison bands.
An Italian Bersaglieri fanfare band. As they lack percussion instruments, the band marches at a jogging pace.
Italy has a long tradition of military music. Today, within the Italian Armed Forces, Italian military bands (called in the Italian language as both either banda or fanfara) have an instrumentation order similar to British, French, and American military bands, although it retains the Italian musical flavor and heritage.
Mounted bands in the Italian Army, Carabineri and the Polizia di Stato formerly used only the bugle and the natural trumpet from the 16th century, up to the middle of the 20th century, from the late 19th century till now also they use brass, woodwinds, timpani, single tenor drums, snare drums, cymbals and glockenspiels.
Brass bands belonging to the Bersaglieri have no percussion and march on the jogging pace of their attached units on the lead.
The Latvian National Armed Forces maintain a number of military bands, such as the Central Band of the Latvian Navy.
Latvia developed a tradition of having military bands right after it gained its independence in from the Russian Empire in 1918. In February 1919, Captain Ludvigs Bolšteins of the newly formed Latvian Army ordered an infantry company to form a band composed of 11 volunteers in what was considered to be the first military band in independent Latvia. Beginning in 1940 and again following the end of the German occupation in 1944-45, the Red Army began stationing army bands on its territory. As the Soviet band tradition grew and progressed over the years, bands of the Baltic Military District stationed in the Latvian SSR were aligned towards the standard of the Bands of the Moscow Military District. Since 1991, the Central Military Band of the Latvian National Armed Forces (also known as the NAF Staff Band) has been the flagship ensemble of the national armed forces and has participated in every protocol events. Officially coming under the command of the Latvian National Armed Forces Staff Battalion, it mostly performs in the presence of a major public figure, such as the President of Latvia.
Central Band of the Latvian Land Forces (sauszemes spēku orķestris) - Based in Daugavpils and mostly provides music for the Latgale.
Central Band of the Latvian National Guard (Zemessardzes orķestris) - Although it was officially founded in 2011, it actually succeeded a military band that was under the supervision of the National Guard and was active in the 90s. At the time, it was simply under the command of an Ordnance Battalion of the National Armed Forces. At present, the National Guard Band sports a saxophone quartet, jazz ensemble, a choir, and a big band, which combined totals up to 40 musicians. The current conductor of the National Guard Band is Captain Andis Karelis and Major Viesturs Lazdins.
The Musique militaire grand-ducale is the sole military band of the small country of Luxembourg, based in Conservatoire de Luxembourg. The band performs close to 50 concerts per year, mostly in Luxembourg City. The band is divided into a chamber orchestra, brass band, bugles and drums, an instrumental ensemble, as well as several quintets.
The Presidential Band of the Republic of Moldova played during Joe Biden's state visit to Moldova.
The Netherlands Armed Forces's military music component is made up of eight military bands and two field music formations, which perform ceremonial duties and give concerts to the public, these bands are a hybrid of the German, British, Spanish and French band traditions. The Central Royal Military Band of the Netherlands Army "Johan Willem Friso" is the main military band of the Netherlands, serving as the seniormost band of the entire armed forces. The band was formed in 1995 as a fusion of both the Royal Central Military Band of the Grenadier Guards Regiment and the Band of the Johan Willem Friso Regiment and thus is the largest and oldest among all the bands. The other 4 bands are the National Reserve Korps Fanfare Orchestra, the Brass Band of the Royal Netherlands Army Regiment of Engineers, the Fanfare Orchestra of the RNA and Mounted Fanfare Band Section and the Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers Brass Band. All 5 report to Headquarters, Royal Netherlands Army.
The Central Royal Military Band of the Netherlands Army is one of eight active military bands in the Netherlands.
The Royal Netherlands Navy is served by the Rotterdam Marine Band of the Royal Netherlands Navy, the Royal Netherlands Air Force by the Central Band of the Royal Netherlands Air Force and the Royal Marechaussee by the Central Brass Band of the Royal Marechaussee.
Of the many field music formations in active service during the Cold War only the Fanfare Band of the Royal Marechaussee is in service, together with the Royal Netherlands Air Force Traditional Drum and Bugle Corps, the 8 bands currently active were only few of the many bands that existed for public and ceremonial activities from the 19th century up to the 1990s in the Armed Forces.
Members of the Norwegian Royal Guards Band and Drill Team Company.
The Norwegian Armed Forces have several military bands that play a prominent role during ceremonies and parades. Norwegian bands date back to the 1620s, when drummers (tambur) were stationed at all military fortresses in the country. 5 brigade bands were established during the restructuring of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 1817. Following World War II, military bands became popular among civilians and government officials, eventually leading to the Norwegian Parliament to give the green light for establishing over six bands in 1953.
Polish Armed Forces military bands follow the Austrian model, but follow also the German and Russian band and march music tradition too. The main military band in Poland is the Representative Central Band of the Polish Armed Forces which is part of the 1st Guards Battalion, Representative Honor Guard Regiment and has served the leadership of Poland since 1918. All service branches of the armed forces also have their own military band. The representative ensemble of the armed forces also maintains a full chamber orchestra attached to the unit.
The Representative Band of the Polish Air Force was established in 2002, merging two military bands from Jelenia Góra and Oleśnica.
In addition to the central band, the three main service branches of the Polish military maintain their own representative bands.
The Representative Band of the Polish Air Force (Orkiestra Reprezentacyjna Polskich Sił Powietrznych) was established in 2002 following the merger of two military bands from Jelenia Góra and Oleśnica. The majority of band members are graduates of the former Military Music High School in Gdańsk, as well as graduates of Music Academies in Poland and abroad. It takes part in numerous festivals and tattoos in Western and Central Europe. In 2009, the Polish Air Force Band was the winner of the 44th annual Polish Armed Forces review of military bands. It is currently based with the 34th Air Defense Missile Squadron in Bytom and is placed inder the command of Lieutenant Krystian Siwek.
The Representative Band of the Polish Land Forces (Orkiestra Reprezentacyjna Wojsk Lądowych) supports the everyday ceremonial activities of the Polish Land Forces from its headquarters in Wroclaw. It was established in 1952 by order of Vladislav Korchits, who was the then chief of Polish General Staff. In over 50 years, the band was led by acclaimed Polish musicians such as Major Czesław Kęstowicz, Captain Franciszek Minta, and Major Mariusz Dziubek.
The Representative Band of the Polish Navy has served the musical needs of the Navy since 1920.
The Representative Band of the Navy of Poland (Orkiestra Reprezentacyjna Marynarki Wojennej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) serves the ceremonial and musical needs of the Polish Navy. The band was formed in 1920 in the city of Puck, which was the then headquarters of the Polish navy. It was transferred to Gdynia with other units in 1925, and has been based there ever since. Its activities were suspended during World War II due to the occupation of Poland. The Polish government created a Big Band as part of the band in 1982.
The history of the Representative Band of the Polish Border Guard (Orkiestra Reprezentacyjna Straży Granicznej) dates back to 1956 and is closely related to the history of the Carpathian Brigade of the Polish Army. It has performed its current functions as a military band since 1973 and has been based in Podhale since its founding. It is known as a perfect interpreter of symphonic, brass and classical music. The band prides itself on the over 10,000 concerts that it has performed over the years and the several prizes and awards it has been given by musical and government officials in Poland and abroad.
The Military Music Service of the Romanian Armed Forces (Serviciul militar militar al Forțelor Armate Române) and the Military Music Inspectorate (Inspectoratul Muzicilor Militare) are the principal military band departments in Ministry of National Defense of Romania. It is responsible for the organization and instruction of military bands in the armed forces. It is currently housed at a military base on 13 Iuliu Maniu Boulevard, Bucharest. July 1 is considered to be the "Day of Military Music" (Ziua muzicilor militare), which is observed as a professional holiday.
The regimental band for the Michael the Brave 30th Guards Brigade during the visit of Petro Poroshenko to Romania.
In 1864, it became a special section in the Ministry of War, which controlled its subordinate military bands and music schools. The section became the basis for the subsequent establishment of the Military Music Inspectorate in 1867, which had Captain Eduard Hübsch being the first commander. In the nearly 30 years since Hübsch was the inspector of the military music, the special regulations for the bands of the band were elaborated and the military musicians were given a new status in the army. On May 26, 1895, inspector general Ion Ivanovici (the author of the most famous Romanian waltzes Waves of the Danube) endowed the inspectorate with new instruments, introduced a valuable and diverse repertoire, while supporting the training of future military instrumentalists. On October 10, 1936, the Military Music School was established, and was designed to ensure the training military music staff. In the middle of June in 1954, the representative military bands of each service branches of the Romanian People's Army were formed. The current inspector general of the military music service is Colonel Valentin Neacsu, who has served in this position since October 11, 2007, succeeding Colonel Ionel Croitoru.
Starting in the late 17th century with the birth of the regular Russian armed services, each unit of the Imperial army and navy formed their own bands using regular enlisted personnel and NCOs and led by officers as directors of music and bandmasters. This tradition stayed even in the Soviet era, and one of the finest band conductors of that era was Major General Semyon Tchernetsky, who founded and became the first director of music of the Central Band of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1951. Indeed, Russia has a long tradition of military bands and so many military marches have been composed by various composers through the years. These bands were modeled after the German military bands, with the addition of the chromatic fanfare trumpet. Some but not all Russian marches then were made in Germany and other locations as the rest were locally composed military marches. They would usually have a conductor, and a drum major using his mace with/or a bugle major playing the chromatic fanfare trumpet. Brass instruments formed the first tier of the formation followed by the percussion and the woodwinds. Mounted cavalry bands were similar to German ones but were different in many aspects.
Military bands (also loosely translated to Военный оркестр, which means Military Orchestra) when massed would add field drums and fanfare trumpets to the ensemble for large parades and state ceremonies. The formation used by these massed bands mirror today's formations.
By the time that the Soviet Armed Forces came into being in 1918, military bands began to change for the better. With the establishment of the Central Military Band by Semyon Chernetsky in 1927 came the birth of today's Russian and ex-Soviet Union military band culture. In the late 1920s and the 1930s the typical Soviet Massed military bands that perform on May 1, November 7 and from 1945 onward, May 9, would be composed of a Military band and a Corps of Drums marching past and until the 1970s would later join the military band in place.
Soviet massed military bands in the 1930s and 1940s tend to have a drum major, a conductor and an optional two to three deputy conductors in the front of the band. Mounted bands had the same formation, but with only a director of music and the optional mounted band drum major, only few bands sported woodwinds. The Soviet military bands of the pre-war days played not only on May Day and Revolution Day, but in the National Sports Day parades at the Red Square, the various sports competitions and other occasions and after the Second World War, at Victory Day celebrations across the USSR. In the 1930s, the Turkish crescent holders were shaking during the sports parades, but in the 1940s, they were not shaking them. Their formation mirrored those used by Russian military bands in the Imperial era.
Regional and local garrisons/military districts in Russia also maintain their own musical support services, such as the Military Band of the Eastern Military District.
By the 1950s, Soviet military bands evolved in instrumentation. Their positioning, especially in the Moscow bands, changed for the better as newly composed Soviet military marches soon created the Soviet military band sound common to Westerners during the Cold War days. A conductor and one to four drum majors and several bandmasters led the massed military bands of the Soviet Union in Moscow, Leningrad and republican capital cities into a new decade of progress for Soviet military music as many new compositions entered the songlist of marches played during state parades. The reform of the bands begun in 1948-1949 under the assistant director of the band service, Major General Ivan Petrov, and continued on until the 1970s. Bands from the Moscow Military District took part in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1980 Summer Olympics, which was the international television debut of Soviet military bands, broadcast to numerous countries around the world.
Today, military bands in the Russian Federation are also of the headquarters element from the regimental level onward, and also provide musical support to the different units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Protective Service, the Federal Security Service and the Ministry of Emergency Situations. The military bands here also provide musical support in civil and military events, in a wide range of groups and ensembles. Some can even continue the old Russian military band traditions by donning the old imperial military uniforms of the Russian Empire, especially the uniforms of the bands. Examples of such are the Central Band of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, the Exemplary Band of the Moscow Garrison Guard of Honor, the St. Petersburg Admiralty Band, the Central Band of the Western Military District and the Presidential Band from the Kremlin Regiment.
Military bands in Spain are of very long standing. There are reports of primitive bands dating from the Celtiberian tribal and Roman periods. However military music in the modern sense began with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, during the numerous Spanish military campaigns in Europe and the wider world, when the first bands were formed in the Tercios of the Spanish Army, equipped with fifes and drums and later with wind instruments of the period. The influence of Spanish military marching bands is very important, especially in Latin America and the Philippines. The characteristic marches are the "touch" of trumpets and horns, and the steady rhythm of drums, with contrasting festive spirit and martial beats.
Plain bugles are traditionally used in the bugle bands of the Spanish Legion.
Band formations in the Spanish Armed Forces, all under the Band Corps within the Common Corps, follow the British model, but Spanish bands tend to have the most senior bandsmen or bandsman, playing a tuba, positioned at the head of the band or at the second line. He or she is usually the band sergeant major or the band corporal, mostly stationed in between the trombone players or leading a file of tuba and euphonium players in some bands. Bugle bands are part of the Spanish musical tradition since the 19th century, when the bugle replaced the fife in the Spanish Army and Navy, and these bands consist of drummers and buglers (or trumpeters in the cavalry dismounted bands since the 20th century). Such formations, when massed together, are led by a Director of Music and a Drum Major (with a Bugle Major or a Trumpet Major depending on the specialty arm). The century-old Corps of Drums of the Regulares is led by a Drum Major and a Bugle Major with personnel playing snare, bass and single tenor drums, bugles, North African flutes and sometimes bagpipes, and the Spanish Royal Guard (as well as the 1st King's Immemorial Infantry Regiment of AHQ) sport Corps of Drums playing drums and fifes and wearing 18th century uniforms. Plain bugles, by tradition, are used in the bugle bands of the Spanish Legion and the Paratrooper Brigade instead of the valved bugles used by other bands and the trumpets and bass drum used by the Royal Guards. Within units based in Galicia and Asturias, military pipe bands are in service as well.
Only the Civil Guard and the Royal Guard retain mounted bands with cavalry trumpeters with the latter also having a mounted kettledrummer.
Traditionally, every Swedish regiment had a band. During the 20th century many of them were disbanded and in 1957 all remaining military bands were merged into one per garrison or disbanded entirely. The Swedish military music was made into a non-military organization in 1971 but this proving unsuccessful, the Royal Swedish Army Band was set up in 1982, followed by several other bands in the 1990s. As of 2010 the Swedish Armed Forces no longer have conscripts, but professional soldiers. The military musicians in the Swedish Armed Forces Music are now professional musicians with civil ranks (CR-1/8) or professional soldiers with military ranks (OR-1/5). Today, Swedish military music has undergone new cuts, retaining two bands only in the army and one in the navy and only a single field music formation. In addition, there are 26 bands in the Swedish Home Guard.
All three report to the Military Bands Department of the Life Guards.
The band for the National Guard of Ukraine perform during the Independence Day of Ukraine in 2018.
Since the Russian Army annexed Crimea in 2014 followed by the War in Donbass, Ukrainian military bands have been ordered to orient their marching styles, as well as their drum majors to military bands in the European Union and NATO armed services.
In May 2016, soldiers from the Band of the 44th Artillery Brigade in Ternopil performed Shche ne vmerla Ukraina nearly 300 metres underground, breaking a world record.
The oldest band in the British Army is the Royal Artillery Band, which can trace its origins to the Battle of St. Quentin, in 1557.
Since later medieval times and the formation of the first bands, the United Kingdom has had a strong military band tradition. The oldest military bands in the British Armed Forces is the Royal Artillery Band. The Band can trace its origins back to 1557 at the Battle of St. Quentin, although it was not made 'official' until 1762. A series of army reviews starting in 1994 reduced the number of British Army military bands from 69 to 22 bands.
The Royal Marines Band Service is the only musical wing presently active in the Royal Navy.
The Royal Marines Band Service is, since 1950 and the disbandment of the Fleet Divisional Bands, the only remaining musical wing of the Royal Navy in service. It currently consists of six Bands. Without doubt, groups of musicians existed in the Service before 1767, when Royal Marines Divisional Bands were formed at the naval dockyard-bases of Chatham, Plymouth and Portsmouth and the naval gathering-point of Deal in the Downs, and Marine bands (along with professional bands paid for by captains) plus their respective corps of drums provided music on board ships before and during battles of the Napoleonic Wars (e.g. during the long sail into action at the Battle of Trafalgar).
The Band of the Royal Marines School of Music in Portsmouth (The Training Band) brings the total number to six.
The Royal Air Force Music Services is the organization which provides military musical support to the Royal Air Force. Based at RAF Northolt (previously at RAF Uxbridge) and RAF Cranwell, it forms the central administration of one hundred and seventy musicians divided between the Central Band of the Royal Air Force, The Band of the Royal Air Force College, The Band of the Royal Air Force Regiment and Headquarters Music Services. These main military bands contain within their ranks the Royal Air Force Squadronnaires, Royal Air Force Swing Wing, Royal Air Force Shades of Blue, and The Salon Orchestra of the Central Band of the Royal Air Force.
Massed bands of the British foot guards during the 2007 Trooping the Colour, an annual ceremony in which the military bands provide the music.
In the United Kingdom, the Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry and Massed Bands of the Household Division perform at Trooping the Colour, an annual ceremony held every June on Horse Guards Parade to mark the official Queen's Birthday celebrations. The Massed Bands and the Mounted Band play a central role in this ceremony. The term "Massed Bands" denotes the formation of more than one separate band performing together, whether belonging to one or more regiments, or indeed countries.
The various volunteer reserve bands in the British Armed Forces' three services mirror those of the regular forces bands, as well as civil military styled marching bands (for example, The Royal British Legion, which maintains its own bands).
The RM/DYRMS formation is standard practice for Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom), Royal Marines Volunteer Cadet Corps and the Combined Cadet Force bands.
Uniformed organization-based and civil Corps of Drums mostly follow the format by most Army regiments while those with links to the light infantry do not use fifes at all. In the case of those that are part of the Sea Cadets and the RMVCC, they follow the RM (and former RN) Corps of Drums traditions, adding glockenspiels and in some bands wind and brass instruments.
The Liberty High School Grenadier Band in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania has been using the British General bands format since 1967, adapted and made suitable for the American high school marching bands with the addition of Sousaphones, Mellophones, Baritone horns and fewer trumpets. The LHSGB of about 300 is modeled after the Coldstream Guards with a bagpipe section modeled after the Scots Guards, a colour guard section, majorettes, fanfare trumpeters, and a drum major. This format is also used by several high school bands found in the United States. The format used by the RM and the DYRMS is the formation used by the Valley Forge Military Academy and College Regimental Band in Wayne, Pennsylvania, led and staffed by retired RMBS personnel, and by the United States Merchant Marine Academy Regimental Band, also modeled on the Royal Marines bands. Another American military academy, the Missouri Military Academy, has its band modeled in the same manner as the Royal Marines.
British style brass bands have the same positioning as the British Army brass bands as they are composed of only brass instruments, saxhorns and percussion. The same applies to carnival band formations, though these have the option to include woodwinds.
The Australian Army Band Corps, Canberra, 2013.
Australian military bands, and their formations on ceremonies and parades, are derived from those of the United Kingdom, with each service - Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force - having their own approach, based on the service military bands in the UK. For example, the Royal Australian Navy Band marches with drums at the front, whereas the bands of the other service branches has its trombone section at the front. The instrumentation also varies from band to band, as does the size of the ensemble.
The Royal Australian Navy Band maintains two sections of musicians, one based in Sydney and one near Melbourne (at H.M.A.S. Cerberus). Australian Army Band Corps has full-time bands based in Canberra, Wagga Wagga, Sydney, Brisbane and Townsville, as well as part-time (Reserve) bands in Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Perth, Sydney, Newcastle, Hobart and Darwin. There are also many Reserve pipes and drums bands attached to various units. The Royal Australian Air Force Band consists of a single 43 piece band based in Melbourne. The bands of all three services perform at Ceremonial functions, such as Commemoration ceremonies and ANZAC Day marches, in addition to providing music capability for their respective services.
The Republic of Fiji Military Forces sports only one military band, the Fiji Military Forces Band. The perform in the RFMF's ceremonial dress uniform, which consists of a red uniform with a traditional Fijian Sulu, which is also worn by the country's Presidential Palace Guards. The RFMF Band's formation is similar to their British counterparts, particularly the Royal Marines Band Service, which has their drum section at the front of the formation.
Military bands in New Zealand derive their formations from other Commonwealth and United States bands. In 2012, nine of the existing twelve New Zealand military bands were disbanded for reasons of economy. A single full-time band is now retained for each of the three armed services: the New Zealand Army Band, the Royal New Zealand Air Force Band, and the Royal New Zealand Navy Band. Despite this, there are many military bands in all three services who work separately from the New Zealand Defence Force. Military bands originated in the country in the early 1840s, during British rule. Since then, military bands have supported British and later New Zealand military events and commemorations. As of 2019, the Auckland-based Band of the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery is the oldest surviving military band on the country, being founded in 1864.
^ Turkish Cultural Foundation. "Military (mehter)". Retrieved 2013-08-09.
^ a b "Military Music in American and European Traditions | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "Mehter-The Oldest Band in the World". Tsk.tr. Archived from the original on 2014-01-01. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "A History of the Wind Band: The Baroque Wind Band". Lipscomb.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "Ottoman". Theottomans.org. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "Mehter Music Echoes Down The Centuries". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "Project MUSE - The impact of Turkish military bands on European court festivals in the 17th and 18th centuries". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-21.
^ "La Compagnie Musique principale des Armée". www.comitedesfetes-saumur.fr. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
^ "Obama Visits Cuba". Retrieved 2018-10-07.
^ Chou, Shih-Wen. "陸軍軍樂隊 (Army Military Band)". Taiwanpedia. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
^ "Объединенный военный оркестр, в составе которого выступили более 200 музыкантов, исполнил военные марши таджикских композиторов". Asia-Plus. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
^ "La Musique militaire des Émirats Arabes Unis". www.comitedesfetes-saumur.fr. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
^ "Orchestre d'harmonie du Ministère des Situations d'Urgence de la République du Bélarus". www.comitedesfetes-saumur.fr. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
^ Danish Defence. "INTRODUCTION TO THE GUARD HUSSAR REGIMENT`S MOUNTED SQUARDRON" (PDF). forsvaret.dk. p. 9. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Ministry of Defense of Republic of Moldova". army.md. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
^ "Військово-музичне управління Збройних сил України | Міністерство оборони України". archive.today. Retrieved 2018-09-25.
^ "Положення про військово-музичні підрозділи Збройних Сил України". Законодавство України (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2018-02-04.
^ "Bands of the corps". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
^ "Reserve Bands". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
CWO (Ret`d) Jack Kopstein CD ` When the Band Begins to Play: A History of Military Music in Canada (1992).
CWO (Ret`d) Jack Kopstein CD & Ian Pearson `The History of the Marches in Canada: Regimental/Branch/Corps` (Hignell Printing Ltd, 1994).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military bands.
|
0.999605 |
What made capitalism different from previous forms of manufacture and trade?
When giving defenses of capitalism, people often free markets or free enterprise as a "natural" freedom that's gone on since the dawn of civilization.
However, capitalism, both as an idea and organization of economy and political power, is only a few centuries old.
What really was going on economically before capitalism, that is similar enough to be considered by some to be basically the same thing today? Why was a new term coined and a new idea constructed?
As I said above, Wikipedia provides a fairly thorough explanation. Briefly though capitalism focuses on the role of capital in production. Summarizing a complex concept into a simple sentence, traditional societies produce for use, while capitalist societies produce for sale.
Traditional societies engaged in industry and commerce, but they did so with an immediate end in mind. They made things to use them and bought and sold things to acquire things to use.
Capitalist societies engage in industry and commerce with the option to accumulate capital. Industry continues to produce for use, but also for sale, and the sale accumulates capital that can be subsequently invested.
Capitalism permits accumulation of liquid capital, pooling of capital and investment of capital. Return on investment allocates capital more efficiently than any other economic system.
Obviously wikpedia's answer is superior; I'm merely trying to boil it down to a few sentences.
According to Marxism, both Feudalism and Slavery use non-economic means of coercion on workforce.
Capitalism is both a result of the environment and a factor building it.
Were you a farmer? All you needed was a plot of land (owned or rented), seeds, a few tools were all you need. If you were affluent enough, you could improve that with some oxen to help you plow the land, but that meant you had to feed them too.
Were you an artisan? Similarly, you would own your own tools, which would have been expensive but not that much.
Some capitalism was seen in the Modern Era (after the Middle Ages), with the trade companies. In those, the cost of preparing a trade expedition was too much for most individuals, so they would share the costs between them.
But the main difference was the Industrial Revolution. Industrial machines were very useful and increased production, but also they were too much expensive for the average individual to buy and maintain. So the individual worker no longer could sustain himself as an independent producer of goods (because without machines he could not make goods cheap enough), and was forced to work in the factories for the owner of the machinery (the capitalist) to (barely) sustain himself and his family.
Industrialization also lead to less reliance in highly specialized work (they were no longer smiths that had spent years learning the trades of their job, they were operators who knew of a small part of the production chain), so workers were easier to replace by others, thus reducing their bargaining power in relation to the employer.
And the increased production rate meant that less manpower was needed, so a surplus workforce was created that helped keep wages low. Also, the need to get raw materials and sell the surplus did provide a new impulse to the colonization of new territories.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged capitalism or ask your own question.
|
0.968886 |
How to uninstall windows 10? From Windows 1.0 to Windows 10, there has been a plethora of modification made within the operating system. Yet, not everyone fits perfectly with the changes and decides to get back with the older ones. The same happens with the users of Windows 10, and in such cases, users choose to uninstall Windows 10 and install older versions of OS.
It is a known fact that operating systems are the basic requirement of every device whether it is the computer or an Android device. People, on a global level, use the Window-based operating system, the reason being the highly user-friendly interface. Another big factor to rely on the Windows operating system is that the organization constantly works to bring up new changes that help people to be more productive with their tasks.
However, when users do not like new changes of Windows 10, they uninstall Windows 10 and downgrade other versions of Windows OS. If you are one of them and want to know how to uninstall Windows 10 from your computer, refer to the instructions below and execute the process manually.
Before you start to uninstall Windows 10 from your computer, make sure to back up all your data that you want to keep. Once done, proceed with the following instructions.
Once you complete the steps mentioned, restart your computer and check if you have successfully performed the steps on how to uninstall windows 10. You can also use tools to uninstall windows 10 quickly, just by launching the tool and following the on-screen steps.
In contrast, when you still see the same operating system, you may need to get help from some professional who will guide you manually on how to install Window 10 from your computer. There are possibilities that users fail to uninstall Windows 10 and stuck up with some fatal error. Some of the errors and messages are mentioned below.
Other issues may also take place, in any of such cases, it is recommended to get assistance to know how to uninstall Windows 10 from your computer or you may end up with complex issues.
|
0.925438 |
Phobos, gouged and nearly shattered by a giant impact crater and beaten by thousands of meteorite impacts, is on a collision course with Mars.
Phobos is the larger of Mars' two moons and is 27 by 22 by 18 km in diameter. It orbits Mars three times a day, and is so close to the planet's surface that in some locations on Mars it cannot always be seen.
Phobos is nearing Mars at a rate of 1.8 m every hundred years; at that rate, it will either crash into Mars in 50 million years or break up into a ring. Its most prominent feature is the 6-mile crater Stickney, its impact causing streak patterns across the moon's surface. Stickney was seen by Mars Global Surveyor to be filled with fine dust, with evidence of boulders sliding down its sloped surface.
Phobos and Deimos appear to be composed of C-type rock, similar to blackish carbonaceous chondrite asteroids. Observations by Mars Global Surveyor indicate that the surface of this small body has been pounded into powder by eons of meteoroid impacts, some of which started landslides that left dark trails marking the steep slopes of giant craters.
Measurements of the day and night sides of Phobos show such extreme temperature variations that the sunlit side of the moon rivals a pleasant winter day in Chicago, while only a few kilometers away, on the dark side of the moon, the climate is more harsh than a night in Antarctica. High temperatures for Phobos were measured at 25 degrees Fahrenheit (-4 degrees Celsius) and lows at -170 degrees Fahrenheit (-112 degrees Celsius). This intense heat loss is likely a result of the fine dust on Phobos' surface, which is unable to retain heat.
Phobos has no atmosphere. It may be a captured asteroid, but some scientists show evidence that contradicts this theory.
Discovery: Phobos was discovered on 17 August 1877 by Asaph Hall.
How Phobos Got its Name: Hall named Mars' moons for the mythological sons of Ares, the Greek counterpart of the Roman god, Mars. Phobos, whose name means fear or panic, is the brother of Deimos.
|
0.999946 |
What are the benefits of contingent staffing?
Companies with a strategic vision of the future often require particular skill sets for short-term projects. Rather than hiring full-time, salaried employees, these organizations can leverage contingent workers to affordably complete tasks on schedule.
The contingent workforce is made up of professionals who work on a per-project basis. These professionals may be known as contractors, consultants or freelancers. Depending on the type of work they are hired to complete, they may work remotely or on-site. A business can hire contingent staff on its own or leverage a staffing agency to find qualified candidates. These individuals pay their own taxes and do not count as payroll employees.
Generally, members of the contingent workforce are highly skilled. A primary employer advantage of the contingent paradigm is the ability to draw from a pool of qualified talent without needing to put up as much of an investment as permanent workers require. In most cases, contingent workers receive few or no additional benefits except any provided by the staffing agency.
However, it is important to remember that there is a tradeoff associated with utilizing contractors. They typically work independently from the business's management structure. They tend to receive fewer specific instructions from managers because they are expected to be highly competent in their fields. This also means that the employer has less control regarding how the contingent worker completes his/her work, the equipment that must be used, and the company policies attributable to the employee. Violating these parameters may make the employer liable, with the employee claiming that they should be considered a full-time employee rather than a contractor. For this reason, a number of employers rely on staffing firms to manage this process for them.
Contingent staff may work on-site or remotely.
When is contingent staffing necessary?
Companies in a growth phase benefit from using contingent labor by gaining skilled talent at a lower cost, compared to permanent employees. The lower administrative cost associated with contingent workers allows companies to continue to invest in their products and services without substantial financial risk.
The contingent option is ideal for organizations launching a new product, expanding into a new market or embarking on a project that is outside of the business's typical offerings. Administrators don't have to spend any time handling payroll, taxes and other typical associated tasks, which protects the employer's resources and generates more opportunities for building sustainable growth.
"Contingent workers are ideal for short-term projects."
Additionally, there will be times when a company needs a one-off project, and it doesn't make sense to hire full-time employees. For example, if a manufacturing business needed a graphic designer to develop marketing materials, the employer likely wouldn't need to hire someone permanently. Instead, management could rely on a staffing agency to draw an experienced designer from the agency's talent pool.
"The flexibility of the contingent hiring model can be particularly beneficial for employers," says Shakira Irizarry, Recruiting Manager for Beacon Hill's Pharma Division in Wakefield, Massachusetts. "If a company is trying to meet a deadline or just needs added expertise for a specific duration, it's much more efficient to engage a staffing firm to assist in finding the right specialized contingent candidate."
Larger organizations that regularly require additional staff members for short-term projects can partner with an agency to receive workers as the need arises. This way, if a manager finds freelancers s/he enjoys working with, it's easier to onboard the workers when they're needed. Plus, the risk of costly employee turnover decreases with use of contingent workers, thus freeing up additional resources for new projects.
How do you find contingent workers?
Finding top-performing contingent workers is as simple as calling a staffing agency. Whether an organization has one project in mind or a number of tasks requiring outside help, an agency can find the right talent and deploy it in a timely manner. Additionally, a staffing firm can provide flexible solutions, addressing talent needs across the entire supply chain. Common talent solutions include contingent workers, freelancers, scope-of-work contracts and part-time employees.
If your organization needs high-quality talent at a reduced cost compared to full-time staff, consider contacting the talent experts at Beacon Hill Staffing Group today. Our team can help you determine which talent solutions will drive growth and limit risk for your business.
|
0.989239 |
Teaching Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War? Explore this storehouse of Lincolnian history.
This website serves as an introduction to the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield, IL.
In addition to logistical information on visiting the library and museum (including floor plans, photographs, tips on planning school visits, exhibit information, and archival collection descriptions especially useful for researchers), the website also presents a substantial amount of digital material on Lincoln's life and times and Illinois history more generally.
New users may want to begin with an extensive timeline documenting major events in Lincoln's life. Teachers will be especially interested in the resources available in the website's Education section, which includes extensive guides to teaching the Gettysburg Address, teaching with objects, women's history, African American history, and celebrating Christmas at the White House.
The website also includes a Boys in Blue database of many Illinois soldiers who fought for the Union during the Civil War, as well as an oral history project documenting the lives of Illinois citizens from all walks of life. Current topics include war veterans and agriculture, with plans to include hundreds more interviews on statecraft, war and terror, family memories, and African American history.
|
0.96241 |
If creativity is all about thinking outside the box, expansion, and opening doors to new possibilities, David seems to be fearless.
In his book, Maps and Legends, Reading and Writing Along the Borderlands, Micheal Chabon says, "... I find myself writing about disturbing or socially questionable acts and states of mind that have no real basis in my life at all, but which, I am afraid, people will quite naturally attribute to me when they read what I have written." Sure, to some extent, everything we create comes from within, but does it have to completely define us? That's a bit limiting and narrow-minded.
If David writes an apocalyptic novel, inventing unimaginable outcomes involving God, does that make him some sort of scary sacrilegious weirdo or devil worshiper?
It makes him entertaining and thought provoking. Creative folks aren't trying to tell you how or what to think. That would be counterproductive to the general creative mantra of individuality. What we can do is provide content, ideas, different scenarios, and visual or auditory stimulation that help those around us--readers, art and music lovers, movie watchers--expand their thinking. Sometimes it takes what may be deemed as "over the top" to do the trick.
A few years ago, I read Holy Blood, Holy Grail, a nonfiction work by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln. Apparently Dan Brown based much of his novel, The Da Vinci Code, on its premise and research. It was one of the most interesting books I've ever read. I learned a tremendous amount. I carefully considered the historical information presented and the sources, and sorted out what I felt might be accurate and what might be a stretch. Then I balanced that against what I was taught growing up, in both church and school.
Later I decided that my mother, who is a devout Christian, might find it interesting. I thought the history provided might give her interesting insight into her own vast historical knowledge about the Bible and Biblical times. I wasn't asking her to believe any of it; I just felt that it was thought provoking and highly interesting content to add to the mix.
My suggestion didn't go over so well. I got an instant "NO," followed by an passionate lecture about what's wrong with the world, evil influences, lies, persecution of Christians, etc. While she went on and on, I kept thinking ... I should have known better.
What was she so afraid of?
David's novel apparently pushes some boundaries that may put a few folks up in arms. My opinion is: it's fiction! It's supposed to be entertaining, and perhaps thought provoking.
The ability to create great works often requires bravery.
I can't say that I always wanted to be a writer. That didn't strike me until much later in life, well after I'd graduated from university. It was a strange moment when it happened. I tend to read fantasy, and on one particular day I was reading what was supposed to be a critically acclaimed trilogy from a well known author. I struggled to get through the series. I forced myself to read the first two books thinking that I must be missing something. Then half-way through the last book of the trilogy I threw it on the bed and said, "Oh my god, I can do better." A little light went off that day when I realized that I could take a shot at writing.
I never finished reading the book. It was a little smarmy of me to think I could immediately write better than that particular author. It took years of working on this craft to get where I am now. And what's great is that I continue to grow as a writer. I've really enjoyed the journey.
I'm not sure that I can call it a creative interest, but in the early years of the Internet I was designing web sites and doing graphic work to help pay my way through university. I love beautiful web design/graphics/video. I only dabble in it since writing is my greatest vice. What's interesting is that you have to be pretty Internet-savvy as an author now, so it's a great marriage of two of my creative interests.
Even though I tend to be pretty vanilla on the quirkiness scale, I love quirky people and I see different as a completely positive trait. Who wants to conform? Also, I live in Canada, where we tend to celebrate our differences (cultural and otherwise). Also, I’m openly gay so I guess I fall into that “different” category.
As for creative people being different, I don't know. If you meet me in person, I'm pretty "ordinary" (whatever that means nowadays), so I can't say that creative people are all that different. Or maybe I'm not creative enough! LOL!
Do you believe being creative has caused you aberrations in life, helped you deal with life's aberrations, or both? Has being creative caused them?
No. Being openly gay? Yes. And during times of greatest difficulty I often turned to writing to help me through. So I guess that being creative has helped me to cope with what life has chosen to throw my way. But even more so, my sense of humour has made the difference. Laughter has helped me get through a lot of things in life. Without being able to laugh at oneself, I think we'd all go crazy.
From a creative standpoint, I've never really given it any thought. I just do what I do because I love it. Now, have I ever wondered if my writing was good enough to be published? Yes, I used to. But not so much any more. I was in a writing workshop for a couple of years and I spent a lot of time working on the craft of writing. It was a very humbling experience, but like with anything else, it got better with practice. And for the longest time I doubted if I would ever be good enough. As for “distinguishing myself,” I'm releasing my first novel as an e-book. I designed the cover and made the book trailer myself. So I'm certainly curious as to how the marriage of my various creative outlets will be received.
Rejection can be hard but over the years I've managed to get some perspective. When it comes to the creative arts, it's a very subjective world. I've had wonderful rejections from editors that said they loved the writing and would have acquired a book like mine a few years ago, but they're looking for something different right now. I've had editors not identify with any of the characters, yet others love them. So when it comes to success in the creative world, I think it's a lot about timing--having the right project land in the right person's lap at the right time. And until that happens, you continue doing what you do and enjoy it.
I write because I love it, not because I have to. And fortunately I don't rely on my creative outlets to pay the bills, so that takes a lot of stress out of it. As for motivation, there have been some very supportive people in my life and I have the most wonderful agent who has stood behind me all the way. Her confidence in me and my writing has been a significant boost.
Good question. In the beginning, I don't plan my projects. I just sit in front of the keyboard and see where my fingers take me. I've started projects that I've abandoned and others that I've completed. I've often thought of my fingers as channeling some unseen muse because I'm always surprised at what appears on the screen. Characters will introduce themselves or they'll do things that are completely unexpected, and what's exciting for me is that it's like I'm reading someone else's novel for the first time. It's great.
Later comes the hard part, and that's taking what I've started and molding it into a more coherent story. Sometimes I have to kill off characters that I've come to really like, but it needs to be done for the sake of the story. Despite how hard that may be, I really enjoy it. I love the editing process.
First, I suppose you must love what you're doing. When it becomes work, it's not creative anymore.
Second, I guess would be sacrifice. You must be willing to sacrifice some things in life in order to follow your creative pursuit, but I don't think it needs to be significant. We need to live our lives and quite honestly, life offers so much inspiration for the creative process. There's so much to draw upon around us in the things we do and the people we interact with.
So that brings me to the third characteristic: the desire to live life to the fullest. Without that, what's it all for?
|
0.995355 |
Object.length // length is a property of a function object, and indicates how many arguments the function expects, i.e. the number of formal parameters. This number does not include the rest parameter. Has a value of 1.
Object.prototype // Represents the Object prototype object and allows to add new properties and methods to all objects of type Object.
Object.create(MyObject) // Creates a new object with the specified prototype object and properties. The object which should be the prototype of the newly-created object.
Object.defineProperty(obj, prop, descriptor) // Adds the named property described by a given descriptor to an object.
Object.defineProperties(obj, props) // Adds the named properties described by the given descriptors to an object.
Object.entries(obj) // Returns an array containing all of the [key, value] pairs of a given object's own enumerable string properties.
Object.freeze(obj) // Freezes an object: other code can't delete or change any properties.
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, prop) // Returns a property descriptor for a named property on an object.
Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj) // Returns an object containing all own property descriptors for an object.
Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj) // Returns an array containing the names of all of the given object's own enumerable and non-enumerable properties.
Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj) // Returns an array of all symbol properties found directly upon a given object.
Object.getPrototypeOf(obj) // Returns the prototype of the specified object.
Object.is(value1, value2); // Compares if two values are the same value. Equates all NaN values (which differs from both Abstract Equality Comparison and Strict Equality Comparison).
Object.isExtensible(obj) // Determines if extending of an object is allowed.
Object.isFrozen(obj) // Determines if an object was frozen.
Object.isSealed(obj) // Determines if an object is sealed.
Object.keys(obj) // Returns an array containing the names of all of the given object's own enumerable string properties.
Object.preventExtensions(obj) // Prevents any extensions of an object.
Object.seal(obj) // Prevents other code from deleting properties of an object.
Object.setPrototypeOf(obj, prototype) // Sets the prototype (i.e., the internal [[Prototype]] property).
Object.values(obj) // Returns an array containing the values that correspond to all of a given object's own enumerable string properties.
obj.constructor // Specifies the function that creates an object's prototype.
obj.__proto__ // Points to the object which was used as prototype when the object was instantiated.
obj.hasOwnProperty(prop) // Returns a boolean indicating whether an object contains the specified property as a direct property of that object and not inherited through the prototype chain.
prototypeObj.isPrototypeOf(object) // Returns a boolean indicating whether the object this method is called upon is in the prototype chain of the specified object.
obj.propertyIsEnumerable(prop) // Returns a boolean indicating if the internal ECMAScript [[Enumerable]] attribute is set.
obj.toString() // Returns a string representation of the object.
object.valueOf() // Returns the primitive value of the specified object.
Array.length // Reflects the number of elements in an array.
Array.prototype // Represents the prototype for the Array constructor and allows to add new properties and methods to all Array objects.
Array.from(arrayLike[, mapFn[, thisArg]]) // Creates a new Array instance from an array-like or iterable object.
Array.isArray(obj) // Returns true if a variable is an array, if not false.
Array.of(element0[, element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Creates a new Array instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
arr.length // Reflects the number of elements in an array.
arr.copyWithin(target, start, end) // Copies a sequence of array elements within the array.
arr.fill(value, start, end) // Fills all the elements of an array from a start index to an end index with a static value.
arr.pop() // Removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
arr.push([element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
arr.reverse() // Reverses the order of the elements of an array in place --- the first becomes the last, and the last becomes the first.
arr.shift() // Removes the first element from an array and returns that element.
arr.sort() // Sorts the elements of an array in place and returns the array.
array.splice(start, deleteCount, item1, item2, ...) // Adds and/or removes elements from an array.
arr.unshift([element1[, ...[, elementN]]]) // Adds one or more elements to the front of an array and returns the new length of the array.
arr.concat(value1[, value2[, ...[, valueN]]]) // Returns a new array comprised of this array joined with other array(s) and/or value(s).
arr.includes(searchElement, fromIndex) // Determines whether an array contains a certain element, returning true or false as appropriate.
arr.indexOf(searchElement[, fromIndex]) // Returns the first (least) index of an element within the array equal to the specified value, or -1 if none is found.
arr.join(separator) // Joins all elements of an array into a string.
arr.lastIndexOf(searchElement, fromIndex) // Returns the last (greatest) index of an element within the array equal to the specified value, or -1 if none is found.
arr.slice(begin, end) // Extracts a section of an array and returns a new array.
arr.toString() // Returns a string representing the array and its elements. Overrides the Object.prototype.toString() method.
arr.toLocaleString(locales, options) // Returns a localized string representing the array and its elements. Overrides the Object.prototype.toLocaleString() method.
arr.entries() // Returns a new Array Iterator object that contains the key/value pairs for each index in the array.
arr.every(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns true if every element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
arr.filter(callback[, thisArg]) // Creates a new array with all of the elements of this array for which the provided filtering function returns true.
arr.find(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns the found value in the array, if an element in the array satisfies the provided testing function or undefined if not found.
arr.findIndex(callback[, thisArg]) // Returns the found index in the array, if an element in the array satisfies the provided testing function or -1 if not found.
arr.forEach(callback[, thisArg]) // Calls a function for each element in the array.
arr.keys() // Returns a new Array Iterator that contains the keys for each index in the array.
arr.map(callback[, initialValue]) // Creates a new array with the results of calling a provided function on every element in this array.
arr.reduce(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from left-to-right) as to reduce it to a single value.
arr.reduceRight(callback[, initialValue]) // Apply a function against an accumulator and each value of the array (from right-to-left) as to reduce it to a single value.
arr.some(callback[, initialValue]) // Returns true if at least one element in this array satisfies the provided testing function.
arr.values() // Returns a new Array Iterator object that contains the values for each index in the array.
|
0.993833 |
I was reading this great article on What B2B SEO Professionals need to know about Marketing Automation and it got me thinking about how closely related search engine optimization (SEO) is to marketing automation. SEO is used to draw more leads to your website. Marketing automation software is used to capture, profile, nurture, and convert leads after they have landed on your site. On the other side of the coin, an effective marketing automation strategy will enhance your SEO efforts. An important aspect of marketing automation is developing personalized and informative lead nurturing content. Posting and promoting relevant content will help to boost your search engine ranking, which in turn will send even more qualified leads to your website.
It is estimated that over 15 billion people conduct product searches online each month and that 70% of the world starts their buying process by researching their options online. There has never been a larger audience gathered in one place; there has also never been so much competition in one place. A high search engine ranking is the only way to keep your company ahead of your competitors. Think about the last time you conducted an online search. Did you look at any websites on the second or third page of the results? Unless someone is doing extensive comparison shopping, they will only look at the first few websites on the list. It pays to be on the first page of the results.
Companies need to focus on SEO before they employ marketing automation software. This will increase the number of leads the software is able to track. The software will then profile the leads and rank each one based on their likelihood for conversion. Leads that are showing signs of conversion will be immediately past onto the sales team. A marketing automation strategy should also involve nurturing any leads that are not ready to be passed onto sales. This could be done using customized email campaigns, newsletters, or helpful how-to articles. To continue the flow of new traffic, lead nurturing efforts must take SEO into consideration. Any content connected to your website is an opportunity to improve your search engine ranking using relevant and strategically placed keywords and meta-tags.
In today’s competitive marketplace, businesses need to employ any and every marketing technique that will give them a competitive advantage online. Their marketing strategy should always include SEO, social media marketing, and a complete marketing automation strategy. All of these strategic components will complement each other and enhance one another’s campaign results. They can even double or triple a company’s existing sales when they are effectively combined. That is why SEO is so necessary to the success of your marketing automation strategy.
https://www.leadliaison.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Lead-Liaison-Logo5.png 0 0 Lead Liaison https://www.leadliaison.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Lead-Liaison-Logo5.png Lead Liaison2013-09-23 06:00:072014-09-13 23:32:01Why is SEO Necessary for a Marketing Automation Strategy?
|
0.907209 |
representative Adam Schiff Adam Bennett SchiffSchiff "confident" – Pelosi is the ideal candidate for the post of President Schiff: Trump "dishonest with the American people" about the assassination of Khashoggi by the senator of the GOP: Trump's judgment on the assassination Khashoggi "inconsistent with the information" MORE (D-Calif.) Called Wednesday President Trump Donald John TrumpHyde-Smith prevails in the runoff in Mississippi after the public meeting between Trump, Cuomo and Tromo, at a meeting at the White House, to discuss an infrastructure project Ivanka Trump and Tim Cook visit the Idaho School District PLUS sit down for an interview in person with a special advocate Robert Mueller Robert Swan MuellerSasse: The United States should applaud Mueller's choice to lead the investigation into Russia and his team, claiming that the written statements of the president at the office of the special advocate were insufficient.
Schiff, who sits on the House's Intelligence Committee, said Mueller needed an opportunity to ask additional questions based on the president's answers.
"You really need a live interview with the president, because you have to be able to ask follow-up questions in real time," Schiff told CNN on Wednesday.
Schiff also said the committee, under the new Democrat leadership next year, would look for phone records related to the Trump Tower meeting in June 2016 between Trump campaign partners and a Russian lawyer who had promised to dirty the Democratic candidate for the presidency. Hillary Clinton.
"In terms of whether [the president] was aware of the meeting at Trump Tower, there is important and relevant information that we were not allowed to obtain [previously]"Schiff told CNN.
"One of the key documents, for example, we are going to study is telephone records that would indicate who participated in this call.[[[[Donald Trump Jr. Advocacy decision of Donald TrumpManafort (setback) is a setback for Mueller Mueller says Manafort has violated Intel Senate Senate Advocacy Agreement: Commission investigation on Russia will continue until 2019 MORE]had sandwiched between these calls to organize the meeting at Trump Tower, "he added.
Schiff has promised that the committee, which he is supposed to lead, will take further action under the leadership of the Democratic Party to continue unsuccessful investigations requested by the GOP-led House.
He also threatened to pressure acting Attorney General Matthew Whitaker, who is replacing the former Attorney General's President. Jeff Sessions Jefferson (Jeff) Beauregard SessionsTrump says that he has "no intention" to end Mueller Comey's investigation: Matt Whitaker "may not be the most common knife cutting edge of our drawer "Senate GOP discusses vote on Mueller Protection Bill MORE, on possible links with the White House or Mueller's investigation of Russia.
"If he participates in any way whatsoever to this inquiry about Russia, we will know if he has made any commitments to the President about the investigation, if he serves of secondary channel for the president or his lawyers about the investigation, he does anything that could interfere with the probe, "said Schiff earlier this month in an interview.
"Mr. Whitaker must understand that he will be called to answer."
|
0.999999 |
Complete the text on how Andrew dealt with money and put the words into the correct blanks.
When Andrew was growing up he was careful with his money. He got an from his parents every week , because he wanted to go to college. He opened a that paid good , so his savings grew. In college he didn't have much money, but he had a and stuck to it. He kept track of the money he spent , and when he bought things, he always paid in .
But then Andrew won $1 million in a and everything changed. He didn't invest in and bonds. Instead he went on a spree. He bought a house, a car and clothes and he spent a lot on travel and entertainment. Soon he had nothing left, so he applied for a and started charging his everyday . To pay his college tuition , he took out a , which he is still paying off. Andrew has a good job now, but he still hasn't got out of .
|
0.99987 |
SEARCH BY FIRST NUMBER "11" to "39"
The following Table gives you all of the numbers that start with "11" to "39", the Month and the Year that they were drawn since the beginning of Arizona's THE PICK lottery. The highest number that can be drawn is 39,40,41,42,43,44.
Numbers Beginning With "11" to "39"
|
0.737373 |
Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, son of the emperor Otto II and Theophano, daughter of the eastern emperor Romanus II, was born in July 980, chosen as his father's successor at Verona in June 983 and crowned German king at Aix-la-Chapelle on the 25th of the following December. Otto II had died a few days before this ceremony, but the news did not reach Germany until after the coronation. Early in 984 the king was seized by Henry II the Quarrelsome, the deposed duke of Bavaria, who claimed the regency as a member of the reigning house, and probably entertained the idea of obtaining the kingly dignity himself. A strong opposition was quickly aroused, and when Theophano and Adelaide, widow of the emperor Otto the Great, appeared in Germany, Henry was compelled to hand over the young king to his mother. Otto's mental gifts were considerable, and were so carefully cultivated by Bernward, afterwards bishop of Hildesheim, and by Gerbert of Aurillac, archbishop of Reims, that he was called "the wonder of the world." The government of Germany during his minority was in the hands of Theophano, and after her death in June 991 passed to a council in which the chief influence was exercised by Adelaide and Willigis, archbishop of Mainz. Having accompanied his troops in expeditions against the Bohemians and the Wends, Otto was declared of age in 995. In 996 he crossed the Alps and was recognized as king of the Lombards at Pavia. Before he reached Rome, Pope John XV, who had invited him to Italy, had died, whereupon he raised his own cousin Bruno, son of Otto duke of Carinthia, to the papal chair as Pope Gregory V, and by this pontiff Otto was crowned emperor on the 21st of May 996. On his return to Germany, the emperor learned that Gregory had been driven from Rome, which was again in the power of John Crescentius, patrician of the Romans, and that a new pope, John XVI, had been elected. Leaving his aunt, Matilda, abbess of Quedlinburg, as regent of Germany, Otto, in February 998, led Gregory back to Rome, took the castle of St. Angelo by storm and put Crescentius to death. A visit to southern Italy, where many of the princes did homage to the emperor, was cut short by the death of the pope, to whose chair Otto then appointed his former tutor Gerbert, who took the name of Sylvester II. In the palace which be built on the Aventine, Otto sought to surround himself with the splendor and ceremonial of the older emperors of Rome, and dreamed of making Rome once more the center of a universal empire. Many names and customs were introduced into his court from that of Constantinople; he proposed to restore the Roman senate and consulate, revived the office of patrician, called himself "consul of the Roman senate and people" and issued a seal with the inscription, "restoration of the Roman empire." Passing from pride to humility he added "servant of the apostle", and "servant of Jesus Christ" to the imperial title, spent a fortnight in prayer in the grotto of St. Clement and did penance in various Italian monasteries. Leaving Italy in the summer preceding the year 1000, when it was popularly believed that the end of the world was to come, Otto made a pilgrimage to the tomb of his old friend Adalbert, bishop of Prague, at Gnesen, and raised the city to the dignity of an archbishopric. He then went to Aix, and opened the tomb of Charlemagne, where, according to a legendary tale, he found the body of the great emperor sitting upright upon a throne, wearing the crown and holding the sceptre. Returning to Rome, trouble soon arose between Otto and the citizens, and for three days the emperor was besieged in his palace. After a temporary peace, he fled to the monastery of Classe near Ravenna. Troops were collected, but while conducting a campaign against the Romans, Otto died at Paterno near Viterbo on the 23rd of January 1002, and was buried in the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle. Tradition says that he was ensnared and poisoned by Stephania, the widow of Crescentius. The mystic erratic temperament of Otto, alternating between the most magnificent schemes of empire and the lowest depths of self-debasement, was not conducive to the welfare of his dominions, and during his reign the conditions of Germany deteriorated. He was liberal to the papacy, and was greatly influenced by the eminent clerics with whom he eagerly associated.
|
0.979351 |
What are the types of taxes in the Indian Financial System?
Taxes represent the amount of money we pay to the Government at predefined rates and periodicity. Taxes are the basic source of revenue to the Government using which it provides various kinds of services to the tax payers.
There are mainly two types of Taxes, direct tax and indirect tax which are governed by two different boards, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC).
a) Income Tax - This is most important type of direct tax and almost everyone is familiar with it. TDS is its famous synonym and whosoever is earning above a minimum amount (tax exemption limit) has to pay income tax.
b) Wealth Tax - This is in addition to the income tax and is levied if your net wealth exceeds Rs 30 Lakh at the rate of 1% on the amount exceeding Rs 30 Lakh.
*Note - In Budget 2013-2014 Finance Minister Mr P. Chidambaram introduced a surcharge of 10 percent on taxpayers with an annual taxable income of more than 1 crore (10 million) rupees.
c) Property Tax/Capital Gains Tax - This is levied on the capital gains arrived by selling property and stocks. Tax rates are different for long term and short term capital gains.
d) Gift Tax/ Inheritance or Estate Tax - Amount exceeding Rs. 50000 received without consideration by an individual/HUF from any person is subjected to gift tax as income under "other sources". There are exemptions like money received from relatives is not taxable. Marriage gifts and money received through inheritance are also exempt from gift tax. Inheritance tax was earlier in practice but has been repealed by the government.
e) Corporate Tax - Companies operating in India are taxed as per the corporate tax rate on their income. This tax is one of the major sources of revenue for government.
Service providers in India are subject to service tax, which is charged on the aggregate amount received by the service provider. Services like leasing, internet/voice, transport, etc are subject to service tax.
Custom duties are indirect taxes which are levied on goods imported to/exported from India. There are different rules for different types of goods and sectors. Government keeps on changing these rates so as to promote import/export of specific goods.
Excise duties are indirect taxes which are levied on goods manufactured in India for domestic consumption. Like custom duty, there are a number of rules which keep on changing as per government discretion.
Sales tax is levied by the government on sale and purchase of products in Indian market. As customers, whatever you buy from the market, you pay sales tax on it. Now, sales tax is supplemented with new Value Added Tax so as to make it uniform across country.
STT is levied on transactions (sale/purchase) done through the stock exchanges. STT is applicable on purchase or sale of various financial products like stocks, derivatives, mutual funds etc.
I have intentionally not presented details of various tax rates and tax slabs as they keep on changing at regular frequency. For details regarding correct rates and slabs it's recommended to visit government's income tax website.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.