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0.997988 |
I'm playing Galaxy Union, a 4X turn-based space strategy game by cybercritics.
The game places you at a random location in the galaxy (which is not randomly generated); your goal is to earn shares (achievements) by expanding your economy. There is no tutorial (only help text), no main menu, and an interface that takes some time to learn. Resources are elements found in the periodic table, which can be mined and sold on the market. You can file a patent for a specific product made from your resources; you can then manufacture that product at factories on your colonies. The market uses supply and demand to determine prices, so producing things that are in high demand is a good strategy. Colonization does not require ships (just an expensive up-front cost), and placing buildings on your colonies will generate raw resources and materials needed for production (water, power, labor). Space stations placed on gas planets can conduct research and collect the gases necessary for most patents. Fleets can be constructed to defend your systems, although they are very expensive to maintain. While Galaxy Union has a couple of interesting, unique gameplay mechanics, the game lacks user-friendliness with a number of unexplained or poorly documented features and an inefficient interface.
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0.99847 |
Find out about major insurers that provide coverage in your state.
*First-line biologic: Brand-name drug that does not require trial on another biologic product prior to utilization.
†Based on an analysis of major insurers that includes approximately 90% of commercially insured patients.
‡No biologic-step edit. Brand-name drug that does not require trial on another product prior to utilization.
§The Janssen CarePath rebate expires after $20,000 maximum annual benefit or 12 months from first eligible date of service, whichever comes first. Program is not available to individuals enrolled in federal or state subsidized healthcare programs that cover prescription drugs, including Medicare, such as the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit; Medicaid; TRICARE®; or any other federal or state healthcare plan, including pharmaceutical assistance programs.
||The Janssen CarePath rebate expires after $20,000 maximum annual benefit or 12 months from first eligible date of service, whichever comes first. Program is not available to individuals enrolled in federal or state subsidized healthcare programs that cover prescription drugs, including Medicare, such as the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit; Medicaid; TRICARE®; or any other federal or state healthcare plan, including pharmaceutical assistance programs.
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0.99977 |
I sincerely appreciate your open invitation to attend your event on this important issue, however, I find that I must respectfully decline.
As an activist with a complex identity, it is difficult for me to condone attending an event that, while seeking to explain and draw interest into a matter that is very near and dear to my heart, has managed to ensure that my participation in your event will be virtually impossible.
While I can appreciate that your event is being held in a wheelchair accessible venue, it is important to recognize that that in and of itself does not ensure that your event is indeed accessible. Had you publicized your event further than one week in advance I would have been able to contact you and request an interpreter in order for me to be able to attend. Additionally, while I appreciate that many events are being put together on a tight budget, when you inform me that your event is unable to provide interpretation services due to the cost required that tells me that there is a dollar figure attached to my participation, membership or sometimes allyship in this community. Furthermore, while attempts to find out if a video is captioned are appreciated, it would be best if that information was publicized on the event details. An even better response would be that upon finding out that a video is uncaptioned that the suitability of another video being shown was examined as well as banding together as an intersectional group to apply pressure to filmmakers to ensure that their videos are captioned and accessible.
As someone who identifies as genderqueer, there are also additional barriers to my participation. Does your event welcome people of all genders to attend? If this is a female- or male-only event, where is that line being drawn? What markers of male and female are people being judged by? While I recognize that female- or male-only spaces often exist to provide a sense of safety for those who may have experienced gender-based violence, this is something that those of us who identify outside of the gender-binary experience on a regular basis as well - often in ways that are sanctioned by spaces such as these. Will your event only use language that is caught up in a gender binary, or will there be room for those who fall outside the margins as well? Finally, is this event happening in a space where it is physically safe to be? Will those of us who do not fit the physical ideal of male or female be assaulted for using the washroom of our choosing? Are there gender neutral washrooms for those of us who would like to use them? Will even choosing where to pee be an act of activism and bravery on our parts?
Speaking of queer, is that an okay identity? Will speaking of someone of the same gender as an object of love be met with criticism and hostility or acceptance? Is it okay to bring my partner to the event as my partner, or do they need to be my “friend”? Will homophobic slurs, comments and ideas be shut down by the facilitator, or will they be the ones espousing them? Will it be safe to confront the oppression that happens within these walls or will doing so be an invitation to further harm and violence?
What about the multitude of other identities that have not yet been mentioned? Does the event offer childcare for those who would like to go, but have no one else to watch their children so that they can attend? Does the event respect views from diverse racial and religious backgrounds? Or is the issue only important from a white perspective? Is this a space or a group where racialized people feel comfortable? Where any of us can feel comfortable?
While I recognize that a truly inclusive event is next to impossible to coordinate, and that despite everyone’s best intentions, someone is likely to be excluded, that alone should not be an excuse for attempting to try. We all live a complex web of identities that are a constant act of juggling which identity is relevant to which situation, event, group and why. However, being Deaf does not prevent me from being genderqueer does not prevent me from being disabled does not prevent me from being queer does not prevent me from being Jewish does not prevent me from wanting to be there and lend my support and my solidarity.
Someone who cares but the movement didn’t have room for.
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0.94461 |
Research statistics show that January-February, the national cement output 240.52 million tons, an increase of 2.4% year on year growth rate slowed 8.4 percentage points; flat glass production 126.59 million weight cases, an increase of 5.6%, slowing 1.5 percentage points. fj3 China Industry Advisory Network industry report the market research industry analysis third-party market data providers .
China Industry Advisory Network industry report the market research industry analysis third-party market data providers Cement, flat glass prices generally stable. February, focusing on the average prices of building materials companies cement 353.9 yuan / ton, compared with last December rose 0.2 yuan / ton, an increase of 18.5 yuan / ton; flat glass 63.5 yuan / weight box, down 0.1 yuan more than last December / Weight boxes, rose 2.6 yuan / weight box. The end of February, companies focus on building inventory 18.08 million tons of cement, up 7.7 percent; 54.84 million weight cases of flat glass inventories rose 7.5%. fj3 China Industry Advisory Network _ industry report _ the market research industry analysis third-party market data providers .
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0.992601 |
Gwen Ifill is featured on quiz show, but may have to do some legwork to live up to such high billing.
PBS's Gwen Ifill was featured as an "expert" on Tuesday night's "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire," but may have to do some legwork if she's to live up to such high billing.
"When Richard Nixon wrote his famous letter, 'I hereby resign the Office of the President of the United States,' he addressed it to whom?"
The options: Henry Kissinger, Gerald Ford, Tip O'Neill, Alexander Haig.
Ifill was the expert for this question and host Regis Philbin told Ifill, "We have a question that she thinks is right down your alley and I do, too."
Ifill said that O'Neill must be the right answer. "I'm thinking that Tip O'Neill as the speaker of the House is in charge of succession, would be the guy."
The right answer? Henry Kissinger.
Ifill could be seen mouthing "Sorry!" as Jennifer walked off stage with a mere $1,000.
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0.999991 |
Victoria Police made the arrests after executing search warrants , with all the players and staff arrested from bottom- placed Victorian Premier League ( VPL ) club Southern Stars FC.
Police said many of the players arrested were from the United Kingdom and playing in Australia in their off- season.
Football Federation Australia received reports of irregular betting patterns VPL in August from Swiss -based intelligence agency Sportradar.
FFA passed on the information to police within 24 hours of receiving the alert , with the resultant police investigation culminating with Sunday 's dawn raids.
There were estimated betting winnings in Australia and overseas of more than $ 2 million identified in connection with the Alleged match- fixing ring , police said.
They said they would be looking to prosecute members of an overseas syndicate , believed to have been operating throughout Europe.
FFA chief David Gallop said the bets were placed mainly overseas.
Victoria Police deputy commissioner Graham Ashton said it was the biggest case of Alleged match- fixing in Australian sports history.
'This is the first case we've uncovered of this level of match- fixing in Australia , " said Ashton , who warned that Australia was susceptible to international match fixing.
'Further match- fixing risks are imminent in Australia , partly because of localized overseas betting on Australian sporting events due to our favorable time zone.
' It is vital that we continue gathering intelligence to take preventative action to make it difficult for organized crime to infiltrate our sporting codes.
He added: 'We hope this Sends the message that we're not a soft touch ... We'll be onto it.'Gallop said it was a reminder of how lower leagues are ' sea potentially susceptible to this kind of activity " given the absence of the checks and balances present at international and A -League matches.
" It's certainly alarming but it 's good to see the police and the Victorian government, with special (match fixing ) legislation , are coming in and addressing this issue quickly, " Gallop added.
The Southern Stars have played 21 matches this season for 16 losses and four draws, with Their only win a 1-0 victory over top- placed club Northcote City last month.
Those arrested are expected to face match- fixing charges , Which can attract a 10 -year maximum penalty .In addition to the criminal proceedings in Victoria , FFA will charge the people arrested today under the FFA 's National Code of Conduct.
They will face a range of sanctions including life bans from football Which would apply worldwide.
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0.999945 |
Why does the ghost of smallpox concern us now, when the last case, acquired through a laboratory accident, occurred in 1978? The answer is that the smallpox virus still exists, locked in high-security laboratories in the United States and the Russian Federation, and perhaps held in secret locations by countries or individuals that could use it to harm others. A number of factors need to be considered in choosing the smallpox virus as an agent of bioterror.
■ It spreads easily from person to person, mainly through close contact with respiratory secretions, but also by airborne virus from the respiratory tract, skin lesions, and contaminated bedding or other objects.
■ It can be highly lethal, with mortality rates generally above 25%. After the virus establishes infection of the respiratory system, it enters the lymphatics and bloodstream, finally causing lesions of the skin and throughout the body.
■ The virus is relatively stable, probably remaining infective for hours in the air of a building; viable smallpox has been demonstrated in dried crusts from skin lesions after storage for 10 years at room temperature in ordinary envelopes.
■ Large numbers of people are highly susceptible to the virus. Routine vaccination against smallpox was discontinued in the United States several decades ago.
■ The relatively large genome of the smallpox virus probably permits genetic modifications that could enhance its virulence.
■ Propagating the smallpox virus is dangerous and requires advanced knowledge and laboratory facilities.
■ A proven highly effective vaccine (vaccinia virus) is available. A protective antibody response occurs rapidly and prevents fatalities for 10 years or more. Smallpox is prevented even when the vaccine is administered up to four days after exposure to the virus.
■ Infected persons do not spread the disease during the long incubation period, generally 12 to 14 days; they only become infectious with the onset of fever.
■ The disease can usually be diagnosed rapidly, by the characteristic appearance of skin lesions that predominate on the face and hands, and by laboratory examination of material from skin lesions.
■ There is already widespread experience on how to watch for and contain the disease.
In a simulated attack on an American city in the summer of 2001, only 24 primary cases of smallpox grew in 2 months to 3 million, with 1 million deaths.This study probably greatly exaggerated the risk. Nevertheless, even though unlikely, the potential danger from a smallpox introduction has caused the United States to begin preparations for this possibility, including markedly expanding its stockpile of smallpox vaccine.
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0.938476 |
What is Diversity and Inclusion in the Workplace?
A workplace environment is a place where every employee should feel included and welcomed no matter their differences. It is important to understand that differences in opinions are completely normal, and may also add to great discussions and perspectives if treated in the proper environment. Diversity and inclusion in the workplace go hand in hand to establish a workplace community that is open to differences and create equal opportunity for each individual.
Diversity adds a unique atmosphere and perspective to the workplace. Each employee brings characteristics and qualities that promote different perspectives that will allow for a better understanding of the community at large. Diversity comes in many forms including physical appearances, educational background studies and sexual orientation. There are aspects of diversity that are more closely related to an employee’s personality or views such as hobbies outside of work, religious practices and beliefs as well as political views.
When an employee’s feels welcomed and included, they are more likely to perform better. Promoting and engaging a diverse workplace will allow your employees to feel comfortable and in turn produce the highest potential work. Diversity influences how we look at the community and also it also helps individuals form opinions. Having these diverse opinions opens the workplace to a variety of outlooks on any given project or scenario. Diversity in an organization is a necessity, and keeping it positive involves open communication between employees and leaders of the organization.
Though inclusion is much like diversity there are slight difference, that allow them to go hand in hand to achieve the highest ethical work environment. Inclusion allows for each individual at an organization to have equal opportunity, access to information and resources no matter their differences. Having equal opportunity allows for employees to contribute to an organization’s success fairly and without a hinderance. Actively including every employee’s ideas, concepts and perspectives will ultimately optimize your business’s success. It is hard for one individual to see things from multiple perspectives and creating an inclusive environment allows for everyone to voice unique perspective.
How can your company benefit from diversity and inclusion?
Bringing diversity and inclusion into a work environment has many benefits in enhancing the success of a business. Having diverse employees can ultimately lead to a competitive edge because the business world and client taste is constantly changing. Having employees with diverse opinions, views and taste allows for a broader knowledge of the population at whole. Integrating inclusion into a diverse workplace allows for this broader knowledge of our publics to be voices and to have equal opportunity in doing so. Establishing this open communication creates opportunity for diversity and inclusion to work hand in hand in promoting a positive and successful work environment.
As organizations adapt this new standard of diversity and inclusion in the workplace, it will continue enhancing and optimizing the success of businesses. Understanding what diversity and inclusion are in the workplace will create a positive and productive environment. To establish diversity and inclusion in your workplace request a discovery session with KPC to establish your unique goals and learn how our customized curriculum will transform your organization.
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0.999629 |
Mariah Carey and her fiancé James Packer have spent the last few days soaking up the sun on the French Riviera. And the couple looked in suitably good spirits as they arrived for a private dinner with friends in Saint-Tropez on Sunday night. The 46-year-old pop diva stole the spotlight in a plunging tight pink dress while billionaire James, 48, was spotted beaming with pride. Stealing the spotlight! Mariah Carey (left) looked suitably glamourous on holiday in Saint-Tropez, France on Sunday night, while her fiancé James Packer (right) took a notably more casual approach It is understood the couple were walking to an evening soirée with Hollywood director Brett Ratner and James' friend Ben Tilley. James looked like he'd caught the sun recently as he displayed a reddish tan, while Mariah flaunted her beautifully bronzed glow. Meanwhile, the Without You star showed off plenty of cleavage in her stylish bodycon dress which featured a low-cut neckline.lace front wigs No wonder he's smiling! Mariah, 46, displayed plenty of cleavage in tight pink dress with a plunging neckline You're a lucky man, James! The Australian billionaire couldn't stop smiling next to his glamourous fiancée Mariah gave onlookers a glimpse of her sun-kissed décolletage and also displayed her shapely legs in a pair sheer tights.
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0.973278 |
A red apple costs Rs. 25 and a green apple costs Rs. 50. What is the ratio of the cost of a green apple to the total cost of apples.
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0.999999 |
Why has the story lasted so long?
It was the first British victory of the war and as the First Sea Lord, Admiral Pound said, it set the standard for the Royal Navy for the rest of the war.
Winston Churchill saw the immense benefits from the success and, with speeches and march-pasts, he used it to raise morale throughout Britain and confidence in the allied cause among the neutral countries, especially in South America.
The battle also provides an easily comprehensible package combining successful interception of the enemy, a hard-fought battle won by a well-thought-out offensive action, better ships and well-trained men.
Finally there follows an intriguing diplomatic battle in Montevideo with its finale the spectacular scuttling of Graf Spee.
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0.999996 |
Who or what is a puffin?
The Atlantic Puffin is one of three Puffin species in the world. It is well known for its bright and colourful beak. The Puffin is a migratory animal, and only comes to land once a year to nest. Usually between May and August.
It digs a burrow into the ground where it lays the egg. Puffins are extremely good divers, being able to dive down to 60m for food. It is well adapted to life in the water, but is a clumsy flyer.
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0.997494 |
Who can apply for Grant of Probate?
The people who have the right to apply for a Grant of Probate are the Personal Representatives of the estate. These are usually the Executors named in the Will. There are different types of Grant depending on the circumstances and who is to deal with the estate.
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0.999988 |
Why does the theory and practice of co-creation need to be informed by systems thinking? Co-creation without a thorough understanding of systems thinking can be deeply problematic. Essentially, we need a theory and practice of systemic co-creation.
It is necessary for a diversity of perspectives to engage.
There is the synergistic innovation that results from this engagement.
The innovation is meaningful in a context of use.
This is already a systemic definition, up to a point: parts (perspectives) are engaged in a whole (a dialogue or other form of collective engagement) that generates an emergent property (synergistic innovation), which is meaningful in context (it is useful).
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0.972525 |
What we know: There is increasing international interest in linking agriculture with nutrition. At national level, countries are aligning agricultural policies with nutrition. Traditionally, the agriculture sector is evaluated on the basis of its contribution to income generation and economic growth; accountability for nutrition is weak.
What this article adds: In Burkina Faso, Kenya and Peru, there are constraints to putting into practice the commitments made at policy level on nutrition-sensitive agriculture. In agricultural programmes, nutrition is not prioritised, is poorly understood, is not integrated into monitoring systems, is poorly coordinated and lacks funding. There are examples of good practice to help overcome these constraints such as basic and on-the-job training initiatives, agricultural information systems that integrate nutrition indicators and screening, and the potential for nutrition results-based budgeting across sectors.
How do national agricultural policies integrate nutritional issues?
What are the main constraints to agricultural policies improving efforts to end under-nutrition?
How best could these constraints be alleviated?
Linking agriculture with nutrition and improving the nutritional impact of agriculture programmes and interventions is the topic of a growing international agenda. However, agricultural development does not automatically result in improved nutrition at the household or community level. In fact, while agriculture provides food and income it also requires investments, physical workload, time, etc., which compete with other uses that might also impact (positively or negatively) on nutrition.
There are seven main pathways between agriculture and nutrition, which show that agriculture can have both positive impacts and potential negative impacts on nutrition, particularly with respect to women’s use of time and control of income (see Table 1). Agricultural policies should maximise positive impacts while mitigating negative impacts with appropriate measures.
The limited priority given to nutrition within the agricultural sector.
The difficulties in adequately integrating nutrition into monitoring and information systems to allow cross-sectoral analysis on nutrition.
The poor inter-sectoral coordination around nutrition between agriculture and other sectors.
The lack of implementation of nutrition-sensitive interventions in the agricultural sector.
The inadequate level of funding for nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions and programmes.
Establishing results-based budget mechanisms that hold different sectors accountable for common goals (Peru).
The study authors looked at the role of a limited number of organisations and initiatives in relation to nutrition sensitive programming, including the European Commission, USAID, the UN Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Bank and the G8 supported New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition. Most are members of the Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) movement and have recently committed to improving their work on nutrition-sensitive agriculture at the G8 2013 Nutrition for Growth event. However, despite undeniable progress and growing commitments, it appears that actors have not yet given nutrition-sensitive agriculture the level of priority it requires. The recently established ‘Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition’ could be a vehicle for this, if it associates enough countries and civil society organisations with its work. Nutrition should also be made a high priority in international agriculture fora, particularly the CFS (Committee on World Food Security), as the most inclusive international policy forum focusing on agriculture, food security and hunger reduction.
The main finding of the report is that despite a rapidly growing agenda at the international level, including increased commitments from international institutions and donors, nutrition-sensitive agriculture is long overdue and toils to materialise at the level where it matters most. The constraints identified at country-level need to be addressed jointly, to transform the vicious circle of low consideration and underinvestment into a virtuous circle. To make agriculture more sensitive to nutrition at country level, the right set of incentives should be developed and embedded at different levels, from the highest policy framework to the day-to-day activities of extension workers in the field. These incentives should compensate for the lack of common language between agriculture and nutrition, the low level of knowledge on nutrition from the agriculture side and the weak accountability of the agriculture sector vis-à-vis nutrition. This last point is particularly important: the agriculture sector has for too long been evaluated on the basis of its contribution to income generation and economic growth, not on the basis of its contribution to better nutrition.
At the field level, the pathways between agriculture and nutrition are not that well-known. The role agriculture can play in nutrition should be made more explicit. The agriculture sector and the nutrition community should work together to identify what contributions the agriculture sector could bring to the fight against undernutrition in the country, depending on the context-specific determinants of undernutrition and characteristics of the agriculture and food systems. In Kenya, the Home Economics section of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) is an important actor which implements the nutrition mandate of the Ministry and provides support to nutrition-sensitive programmes. In fact, home economics officers are key nutrition information channels to change behaviour in the long term both at the national and at the local level.
Agriculture information systems rarely include nutritional and food consumption related indicators (such as the Household Dietary Diversity Score) into their methodologies and surveys. Better information and monitoring systems are needed linking agriculture and nutrition data. Such systems will support building and improving cross-sectoral analysis and dialogue around nutrition. This should include plans to monitor and mitigate the potentially negative consequences on nutrition that may arise from large scale, intensive agricultural investments. In Burkina Faso, the Permanent Agriculture Survey, implemented on a quarterly basis by the Ministry of Agriculture, has been collecting Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) measurements of a sample of children under five years since 2004. This was initially done following a recommendation from regional institutions, to understand better the Sahel ‘cereal balance failure’ showing that agricultural availability does not automatically result in an adequate nutrition situation.
Multi-sectoral coordination mechanisms around nutrition, when they exist, are often primarily related to the health sector, especially at the national level. There is thus an institutional challenge to increasing the participation of the agriculture sector in coordination bodies, to facilitate cross-sectoral dialogue around nutrition. In Peru, the MCLCP3 is a consultative body facilitating consultation and communication in the fight against poverty. Created in 2001, it is an example of where State institutions and civil society collaborate to adopt agreements and coordinate activities to combat poverty in each region, department, province and district. Its mandate integrates nutritional issues for each sector to contribute to common goals. Its main functions are to monitor the implementation of the different government programmes but also to carry out joint advocacy messages.
There is a lack of both basic and on-the-job training on nutrition available for agriculturalists and extension service staff. There is a need for training on both general nutrition knowledge and specifically on the links between agriculture and nutrition. The training efforts should focus in particular on extension agents, whose role makes it possible to spread messages on nutrition to farmers and communities, but should also include civil servants from Ministries of Agriculture at central level. Burkina Faso is currently reforming the National Agriculture School curricula to include nutrition courses in the basic training of agriculture students. This reform has been identified as an important step to change the mind-set of agriculture civil servants vis-à-vis nutrition.
dedicate specific attention to the role of women in agriculture (in particular through increased access to land, inputs and income) while making sure nutrition gains are maximised for both mothers and children (through introduction of timesaving technologies, childcare nurseries when appropriate, and nutritional education and awareness-raising).
In Peru, RBB (results-based budgeting) is a public management system that ties the attribution of resources to measurable results. This mechanism is implemented through budgetary programmes under the Ministry of Finance, and reflects priority areas of public investments by local governments. The possibility of funding food security and agriculture programmes which fully integrate nutrition and incentivise cross-sectoral collaboration through this RBB tool is currently being discussed at the government level and seems promising.
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0.99999 |
For Questions 1-9, please mark the letter of the correct definition of the given vocabulary word.
What are the following quotations examples of?
Literal involves people; figurative involves ideas.
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0.940896 |
Gdańsk on 25th anniversary of Solidarity, summer 2005.
The history of Solidarity begins in September 1980, at the Gdańsk Shipyards, where Lech Wałęsa and others formed Solidarity (Polish: Solidarność), a broad anti-communist social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-communist Left. Solidarity advocated nonviolence in its members' activities. The government attempted to break the union with martial law in 1981, and several years of repressions, but in the end it had no choice but to begin negotiations. The survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the Soviet Union ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime, but the whole of the Eastern bloc. It meant a break in the hard-line stance of the communist Polish United Workers' Party, which had violently ended a 1970 protest with machine gun fire (killing dozens and injuring over 1,000), and the broader Soviet communist regime in the Eastern Bloc, which had quelled both the 1956 Hungarian Uprising and the 1968 Prague Spring with Soviet-led invasions.
Solidarity's influence led to the intensification and spread of anti-communist ideals and movements throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc, weakening their communist governments. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the weakened government and Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December, Wałęsa was elected president. This was soon followed by the dismantling of the People's Republic of Poland, and the creation of the non-communist, democratic Third Polish Republic. These limited elections, where anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, sparked off a succession of peaceful anti-communist counterrevolutions in Central and Eastern Europe. Solidarity's example was, in various ways, repeated by opposition groups throughout the Eastern Bloc, eventually leading to the Eastern Bloc's effectual dismantling, and contributing to the collapse of the Soviet Union, in the early 1990s.
Since 1989, Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm, founded in 1996, as Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność or AWS), would win the Polish parliamentary election, but lose the following Polish parliamentary election of 2001. Currently Solidarity has little political influence in modern Polish politics.
The factors contributing to the initial success of Solidarity in particular, and dissident movements in general in the 1970s and 1980s, were the deepening internal crisis of Soviet-style societies due to degradation of morale, worsening economic conditions (shortage economy), and the increasing stress of the Cold War. Economic policy of Polish government, led by First Secretary Edward Gierek, after a brief period of boom, begun to slide into increasing depression from 1975, as the foreign debt mounted. The first strikes took place in June 1976, in Radom and Ursus. After they were stomped out by the government, the worker's movement received support from the intellectual dissidents, many of whom came from the Workers' Defense Committee (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR in Polish, formed in 1976). In 1977, KOR was renamed—Committee for Social Self-defense (KSS-KOR).
On October 16, 1978, the bishop of Cracow, Karol Wojtyła, was elected Pope John Paul II. A year later, during his first pilgrimage to Poland, millions of Poles attended his masses. The Pope called for respect of national traditions and stressed the importance of freedom and human rights while also denouncing violent action. He was later to define the concept of solidarity in his Encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (December 30, 1987).
The labor strikes did not just occur because of problems that emerged shortly before the unrest, but due to the difficulties of the government and the economy for over ten years.
Gdańsk Shipyard, the birthplace of Solidarity.
In July of 1980, the government of Edward Gierek, facing an economic crisis, decided to raise the prices while slowing the growth of the wages. A wave of strikes and factory occupations began at once. Although the strike movement had no coordinating center, the workers had developed an information network by which they spread news of their struggles. A group of "dissidents," the Committee for the Defense of Workers (KOR), set up originally in 1976 to organize aid for victimized workers, drew around them small circles of working class militants in major industrial centers. At the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, workers were outraged at the sacking of Anna Walentynowicz, a popular crane operator and well-known activist who became a spark that pushed them into action.
On August 14, the shipyard workers began their strike, organized by the Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża). The workers were led by electrician Lech Wałęsa, a former shipyard worker who had been dismissed in 1976, and who arrived at the shipyard on 1100 on August 14. The strike committee demanded rehiring of Anna Walentynowicz and Lech Wałęsa, raising a monument to the casualties of 1970, respecting of worker's rights and additional social demands.
Although government censorship spoke little about sporadic disturbances in work in Gdańsk and soon cut all phone connections from the coast to the rest of Poland, the transmissions of Radio Free Europe penetrating the Iron Curtain and spreading samizdat (bibuła) and grapevine gossip ensured that the ideas of the emerging Solidarity movement spread very quickly throughout Poland.
Monument of the fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970 was created in the aftermath of the Gdańsk Agreement, and unveiled on December 16, 1980.
On August 16, delegations from other strike committees arrived at the shipyard, with Bogdan Lis and Andrzej Gwiazda. This led to the creation of the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, MKS) under Lech Wałęsa. On the August 17, a priest, Henryk Jankowski, performed a mass outside the gate of the shipyard, on which 21 demands of MKS were put. No longer concerned simply with immediate local issues, the list began with the demand for new, independent trade unions. It went on to call for relaxation of censorship, the right to strike, new rights for the church, the freeing of political prisoners and improvements in the health service. The next day, a delegation of intelligentsia from KOR arrived, declaring their assistance with negotiations. Among the members of the KOR delegation was Tadeusz Mazowiecki. In the meantime, Mury (Walls) protest song of Jacek Kaczmarski became very popular among the workers.
On August 18, the Szczecin Shipyard joined the strike, under the leadership of Marian Jurczyk. The strike wave spread along the coast, closing the ports and bringing the economy to a halt. With the assistance of the activists from KOR and the support of many intellectuals, the workers occupying the various factories, mines, and shipyards across Poland came together. Within days, about 200 factories had joined the strike committee and by August 21, most of Poland was affected by the strikes, from shipyards of the coastal cities to the mines in Silesian Upper Silesian Industrial Area. More and more new unions were formed and joined the federation. By the end of the strike wave, MKS represented over 600 factories from all over Poland.
Due to the popular support of the citizens and other striking groups, as well as international support and media coverage, the Gdańsk workers held out until the government gave in to their demands. On August 21, a Governmental Commission (Komisja Rządowa) with Mieczysław Jagielski arrived in Gdańsk, and another one with Kazimierz Barcikowski was dispatched to Szczecin. On August 30 and 31, and September 3, the representatives of the workers and the government signed an agreement, formalizing the acceptance of many of the workers demand, including their right to strike. This agreement came to be known as the August or Gdańsk agreement (Porozumienia sierpniowe).
The program, although concerned with trade union matters, allowed citizens to bring democratic changes within the communist political structure and was universally regarded as the first step towards dismantling the Party monopoly. The main concern of the workers was the establishment of a trade union independent of communist party control and the legal right to strike. In creating these new groups, there would be a clear representation of the workers’ needs. Another consequence of the Gdańsk Agreement was the replacement of Edward Gierek by Stanisław Kania in September 1980.
Wieczór Wrocławia—daily newspaper of Wrocław, Poland, edition of March 20-21-21, 1981, with censorship intervention on first & last pages (under headline "Co zdarzyło się w Bydgoszczy? Pogotowie strajkowe w całym kraju" ("What happened in town Bydgoszcz? Strike alert in whole country"). Workers in the printing house decided to print this newspaper with the friar instead of text confiscated by censor. There is the original confirmation of "Solidarność" Trade Union on this copy of newspaper. It says the printing house chapel has decided to print this newspaper in this form.
Buoyed by the success of the strike, on the September 17, the representatives of Polish workers, including Lech Wałęsa, formed a nationwide trade union, Solidarity (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"). The name was proposed by Karol Modzelewski, and the famous logo was designed by Jerzy Janiszewski, designer of many Solidarity-related posters. On December 16, 1980, the Monument to fallen Shipyard Workers was unveiled. On January 15, 1981, a delegation from Solidarity, including Lech Wałęsa, met Pope John Paul II in Rome. Between September 5 and 10 and September 26 to October 7, the first national congress of Solidarity was held, and Lech Wałęsa was elected its president.
In the meantime, Solidarity was transforming from a trade union into a social movement. Over the next 500 days, following the Gdańsk Agreement, 9 to 10 million workers, intellectuals, and students joined it or its suborganizations (like Independent Students Union, Niezależne Zrzeszenie Studentów, created in September 1980, or "Rural Solidarity," NSZZ Rolników Indywidualnych "Solidarność," a union of farmers, created in May 1981). It was the first and only recorded time in the history that a quarter of a country's population have voluntarily joined a single organization. "History has taught us that there is no bread without freedom," the Solidarity program stated a year later. "What we had in mind were not only bread, butter, and sausage but also justice, democracy, truth, legality, human dignity, freedom of convictions, and the repair of the republic."
Using strikes and other protest actions, Solidarity sought to force a change in the governmental policies. At the same time, it was careful to never use force or violence, to avoid giving the government any excuse to bring the security forces into play. After over 27 Solidarity members in Bydgoszcz were beaten up on March 19, a 4-hour strike on March 27, the largest strike in the history of the Eastern bloc paralyzed the entire country and forced the government to promise that the investigation into the beatings will be carried out. The Communist Party of Poland—Polish United Workers Party (PZPR) lost its control over the society. Yet, while Solidarity was ready to take up negotiations with the government, the Polish communists were unsure what to do, issuing empty declarations and biding their time. In the background of deteriorating communist shortage economy and unwillingness to seriously negotiate with Solidarity, it became increasingly clear that the Communist government would eventually have to suppress the movement as the only way out of the impasse, or face a truly revolutionary situation. In the increasingly tense atmosphere, on December 3, the Solidarity declared that a 24-hours strike would be held if the government was granted additional prerogatives for suppressing dissent, and that a general strike would be declared if those prerogatives entered into use.
After Gdańsk Agreement, the Polish government was under increasing pressure from Moscow to take action and strengthen its position. Stanisław Kania was viewed by Moscow as too independent, and so on October 18, 1981, the Central Committee of the Party put him in minority. Kania lost his post as general secretary, replaced by Prime Minister (and Minister of Defence) Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski, who adopted a strong-arm policy.
On December 13, 1981, the government leader Wojciech Jaruzelski started a crack-down on Solidarity, declaring martial law and creating a Military Council of National Salvation (Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego, WRON). Solidarity's leaders gathered at Gdańsk were interned and isolated in facilities guarded by Służba Bezpieczeństwa, and thousands of Solidarity's supporters were arrested in the middle of the night. There were a couple of hundred strikes and occupations, chiefly in the largest plants and in several of the Silesian coalmines, but they were broken by paramilitary riot police ZOMO. One of the largest demonstrations, on December 16, 1981, took place at Wujek Mine, where government forces opened fire on the demonstrators, killing 9 and injuring 21. The next day, during protests in Gdańsk, government forces also fired at the demonstrators, killing 1 and injuring 2. By December 28, strikes had ceased, and Solidarity appeared crippled. Solidarity was decertified and banned on October 8, 1982.
The international community from outside Iron Curtain condemned Jaruzelski's action, declaring support for Solidarity. U.S. President Ronald Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland, and the CIA provided funds for the underground Solidarity. The Polish public also supported the remains of the Solidarity; one of the largest demonstrations of support for Solidarity became religious ceremonies, such as masses held by priests like Jerzy Popiełuszko.
Martial Law was formally lifted in July 1983, though many heightened controls on civil liberties and political life, as well as food rationing, remained in place through the mid- to late 1980s.
The murder of Jerzy Popiełuszko, a popular priest, sparked off a large wave of protests in 1984.
On April 22, 1982, Zbigniew Bujak, Bogdan Lis, Władysław Frasyniuk, and Władysław Hardek created the Temporary Coordinating Committee (Tymczasowa Komisja Koordynacyjna), which served as an underground leadership of Solidarity. On May 6, another underground Solidarity organisation (Regional Coordination Committee of NSSZ "S"—Regionalna Komisja Koordynacyjna NSZZ "S") was created by Bogdan Borusewicz, Aleksander Hall, Stanisław Jarosz, Bogdan Lis, and Marian Świtek. In June, the Fighting Solidarity (Solidarność Walcząca) organization was created.
Throughout the mid-1980s, Solidarity persisted solely as an underground organization, supported by the Church and the CIA. All of its activists were pursued by Służba Bezpieczeństwa, but still managed to strike back: On May 1, 1982, a series of anti-government protests gathered thousands of people (several dozens of thousands in Gdańsk). The protests took place again on May 3, during the festivities celebrating the Polish Constitution of May 3. More strikes took place in Gdańsk, from October 11 to 13, and again in May of the following year.
Lech Wałesa was released on November 14, 1982, but on December 9, the SB carried out a large anti-Solidarity action, arresting over 10,000 Solidarity activists. On December 27, all of Solidarity's assets were transferred to the official, pro-government trade union, All-Polish Agreement of Trade Unions (Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych, OPZZ).
Martial law was lifted on July 22, 1983, and an amnesty was given to many imprisoned members of the trade union, who were released from imprisonment. On October 5, Lech Wałęsa received the Nobel Prize for Peace, but the Polish government still refused to issue him a passport and allow him to leave the country; the award was received in his name by his wife. It was later revealed that SB had prepared fake documents accusing Wałęsa of various immoral and illegal activities—these were given to the Nobel committee in an attempt to derail the Wałęsa nomination.
On October 19, 1984, three agents of the Ministry of Internal Security murdered a popular pro-Solidarity priest, Jerzy Popiełuszko. As the truth about the murder was revealed, thousands of people declared solidarity with the priest by attending his funeral on November 3, 1984.
Frasyniuk, Lis, and Adam Michnik, members of the underground "S," were arrested on February 13, 1985, and sentenced to several years of imprisonment. During the trial, the judge had denied the accused the right to consult with their defense lawyers.
A meeting between USSR General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. President Ronald Reagan, the sign of improved relations between East and West.
On March 11, 1985, the Soviet Union found itself under the rule of Mikhail Gorbachev, a leader representing a new generation of Soviet party members. The worsening economic situation in the entire Eastern Bloc, including the Soviet Union, forced Gorbachev to carry out several reforms, not only in the field of economics (perestroika), but also in political and social structure (glasnost). His policies soon caused a mirror shift in the politics of Soviet satellites, such as the People's Republic of Poland. On September 11, 1986, 225 political prisoners in Poland were released. On September 30, Lech Wałęsa created the first public and legal Solidarity structure since the declaration of martial law, the Temporary Council of NSZZ Solidarność (Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność), with Bogdan Borusewicz, Zbigniew Bujak, Władysław Frasyniuk, Tadeusz Jedynak, Bogdan Lis, Janusz Pałubicki, and Józef Pinior. Many local Solidarity chapters then revealed themselves throughout Poland, and on October 25, 1987, the Country Executive Committee of NSZZ Solidarność (Krajowa Komisja Wykonawcza NSZZ Solidarność) was created.
Nonetheless, the Solidarity members and activists were still persecuted and discriminated against (albeit to a lesser extent than during the early 1980s), and there was a deepening divide between the Wałęsa faction, which wanted to negotiate with the government, and a more radical faction planning for an anti-communist revolution.
"High Noon, 4 June 1989"
By 1988, the economy was in a worse state than it had been eight years earlier. International sanctions combined with the government lack of will to reform intensified the old problems. Inefficient national enterprises in the planned economy wasted labor and resources, producing substandard goods for which there was little demand. Polish exports were low, both because of the sanctions and because its goods were as unattractive abroad as at home. There was no capital investment to modernize the factories, resulting in a shortage economy with long lines and empty shelves.
The reforms of Mieczysław Rakowski were too little and came too late. The changes in the Soviet Union increased social expectations but the Soviets had no will to prop their failing puppet state regime in Poland.
On April 21, 1988, a new wave of strikes hit the country, starting in the Stalowa Wola Steelworks. On May 2, workers from Gdańsk Shipyard joined the strike. That strike was broken by the government from May 5 to 10, but only temporarily; a new strike took place in the "July Manifest" mine in Jastrzębie Zdrój on August 15. The strike spread to many other mines by August 20, and on 22 the Gdańsk Shipyard joined the strike as well. The Polish communist government at that time decided to negotiate.
On August 26, Czesław Kiszczak, Minister of Internal Affairs, declared on television that the government was willing to negotiate, and 5 days later he met with Wałęsa. The strikes ended the following day, and on October 30, during a television debate between Wałęsa and Alfred Miodowicz (leader of pro-government trade union, the All-Polish Agreement of Trade Unions (Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych, OPZZ) Wałęsa scored a public relations victory.
On December 18, a 100-member strong Citizen's Committee (Komitet Obywatelski) had been created at NSZZ Solidarność. It was divided into several sections, each responsible for presenting a specific aspect of opposition demands to the government. Some members of the opposition, supported by Wałęsa and most of the Solidarity leadership supported the negotiations, although there was some opposition from the minority which wanted an anti-communist revolution. Nonetheless Solidarity under Wałęsa's leadership decided to pursue a peaceful solution, and the pro-violence faction never had any significant power.
In January 27, 1989, during a meeting between Wałęsa and Kiszczak the membership of the main negotiations teams were decided. In the negotiations, known as the Polish Round Table Agreement, 56 people would take part: 20 from "S," 6 from OPZZ, 14 from PZPR, 14 "independent authorities," and two priests. The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from February 6 to April 4, 1989. The Polish Communists, led by Gen. Jaruzelski, hoped to co-opt prominent opposition leaders into the ruling group without making major changes in the political power structure. In reality, the talks radically altered the shape of the Polish government and society.
Solidarity was legalized as the Solidarity Citizens' Committee (Komitet Obywatelski "Solidarność") and allowed to participate in the Polish legislative elections (1989). Election law allowed Solidarity to put forward candidates for only 35 percent of the seats in parliament Sejm, but there were no restrictions for the Senate candidates. Agitation and propaganda continued legally up to voting day. On May 8, the first issue of a new, pro-Solidarity newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza (Voting Gazette), was published. Posters with Lech Wałęsa supporting various candidates could be seen throughout the country.
Pre-election public opinion polls promised victory to the Polish communists, but soon after the first round of elections, it became evident that Solidarity fared extremely well, capturing 160 out of 161 contested Sejm seats, and 92 out of 99 Senate ones. After the second turn, it had won virtually every single seat—161 in Sejm, 99 in Senate. The total defeat of PZPR and its satellite parties came as a surprise to everyone involved. The new Contract Sejm, named so after the agreement reached by the communist party and the Solidarity movement during the Polish Round Table Agreement, would be dominated by Solidarity.
On June 23, a Citzen's Parliamentary Club "Solidarity" (Obywatelski Klub Parlamentarny "Solidarność") was formed, led by Bronisław Geremek. This club formed a coalition with two former satellite parties of PZPR: ZSL and SD, which chose this time to "rebel" against PZPR, which found itself in the minority. On August 24, Sejm chose Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a Solidarity representative, to become Prime Minister of Poland. He was a first non-communist Polish Prime Minister since 1945. In his speech, he talked about the "thick line" (Gruba kreska) which would separate his government from the communist past. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed.
Leszek Balcerowicz, Solidarity's expert on economics, was the author of the Balcerowicz Plan.
The fall of the communist regime marked a new chapter in the history of Poland as well as in the history of Solidarity. Having defeated the communist government, Solidarity found itself in a role it was much less prepared for, that of a ruling political party. Soon after, Solidarity's popularity began eroding. Conflicts between various factions inside Solidarity intensified, as seen in the disputes during the April (20-25) 1990 meeting of Solidarity delegates in Gdańsk. Wałęsa was elected the chairman of Solidarity, but his support eroded, while one of his main opponents, Władysław Frasyniuk, withdrew from elections altogether. In September Walesa declared that Gazeta Wyborcza had no right to use the Solidarity logo. Later that month, he declared his intentions to run in the Polish presidential election (1990). In December, Wałęsa was elected president, resigning from his post in Solidarity and becoming the first President of Poland elected by popular vote.
The following year, in February, Marian Krzaklewski was elected the leader of Solidarity. As President Wałęsa's visions and that of the new Solidarity leadership were diverging. Far from supporting him, Solidarity was becoming increasingly critical of the government and decided to create its own political party for the Polish parliamentary election (1991). That election was characterized by a very high number of competing parties, many claiming the legacy of anti-communism; NSZZ "Solidarność gained only 5 percent of total vote. On January 13, 1992, Solidarity declared its first strike against the democratic government: A one hour strike against the proposed raise in prices of energy. Another two hour strike took place on December 14. On May 19, 1993, deputies of Solidarity proposed a motion of no confidence for the government of prime minister Hanna Suchocka, which passed. Rather than accept the resignation of the prime minister, President Wałęsa disbanded the parliament.
Jerzy Buzek of Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność became the premier of Poland in late 1990s.
In the resulting Polish parliamentary election of 1993, it became evident how much Solidarity's support had eroded during the previous three years. Even though some among the Solidarity tried to distance themselves from the right-wing government and assume a more left-wing stance, Solidarity was still identified with the government and suffered from the increasing disillusioment of the population, as transition from communist to a capitalist system failed to raise living standards substantially, while the shock therapy (Balcerowicz's Plan) generated much opposition. In the elections Solidarity received only 4.9 percent, 0.1 percent below the required 5 percent to enter the parliament (it still had 9 senators, 2 fewer then in the previous Senate of Poland). The victorious party was the Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Democratic Left Alliance)—a post-communist left-wing party.
In an ironic twist, Solidarity joined forces with its past enemy, the All-Polish Agreement of Trade Unions (OPZZ), and some of the protests were organized by both trade unions. In the following year, Solidarity organized many strikes related to the situation of Polish mining industry. In 1995, a demonstration in front of the Polish parliament was broken by police (now known as Policja), using batons and water guns. Nonetheless Solidarity decided to support Lech Wałesa in the Polish presidential election (1995). In a second major defeat for the Polish right-wing, the elections were won by a SLD candidate, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who got 51.72 percent of the vote. Solidarity's call for the new elections went unheeded, but the Polish Sejm still managed to pass a motion condeming the 1981 martial law (despite SLD voting against it). In the meantime, the left-wing OPZZ trade union had acquired 2.5 millions members, over twice as many as the contemporary Solidarity (with 1.3 millions).
In June 1996, the Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność (Solidarity Electoral Action) was founded as a coalition of over 30 right-wing parties, uniting liberal, conservative and Christian democratic forces. It was victorious in the Polish parliamentary election (1997) and Jerzy Buzek became Prime Minister. However, controversy over the reforms relating to domestic affairs, the entry into NATO in 1999, and the accession process to the European Union, combined with much infighting within the party the AWS and corruption (the famous TKM slogan) eventually resulted in the loss of much public support. AWS leader Marian Krzaklewski, lost in the Polish presidential election (2000) and in Polish parliamentary election (2001) AWS failed to elect a single deputy to the parliament.
Currently, Solidarity has around 1.5 million members but has a negligible political significance. In its mission statement it declares that: "[Solidarity]… basing its activity on Christian ethics and Catholic social teachings, conducts activity to protect workers' interests and fulfills their material, social, and cultural aspirations."
↑ 1.0 1.1 Manfred B. Steger, Judging Nonviolence: The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists (Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-93397-8), p. 114.
↑ Paul Wehr, Guy Burgess, and Heidi Burgess (eds.), Justice Without Violence (Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1994, ISBN 1-55587-491-6), p. 28.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 International Socialism, The rise of Solidarnosc. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
↑ BBC News, The birth of Solidarity. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
↑ Douglas J. MacEachin, U.S. Intelligence and the Confrontation in Poland, 1980-1981 (Penn State Press, 2004, ISBN 0-271-02528-X).
↑ William D. Perdue, Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland (Praeger/Greenwood, 1995, ISBN 0-275-95295-9), p. 9.
↑ Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1996, ISBN 0-87113-633-3), p. 86.
↑ George Weigel, The Final Revolution: The Resistance Church and the Collapse of Communism (Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-516664-7), p. 149.
↑ Paul A. Kubicek, Unbroken Ties: The State, Interest Associations, and Corporatism in Post-Soviet Ukraine (University of Michigan Press, 2000, ISBN 0-472-11030-6), p. 188.
↑ solidarnosc.org, Homepage. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
Ash, Timothy Garton. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity. Yale University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-300-09568-6.
Eringer, Robert. Strike for Freedom: The Story of Lech Walesa and Polish Solidarity. Dodd Mead, 1982. ISBN 0-396-08065-0.
Kenney, Patrick. A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989. Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11627-X.
Kenney, Patrick. The Burdens of Freedom. Zen Books Ltd, 2006. ISBN 1-84277-662-2.
Osa, Maryjane. Solidarity and Contention: Networks of Polish Opposition. University of Minnesota Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8166-3874-8.
Ost, David. The Defeat of Solidarity: Anger and Politics in Postcommunist Europe. Cornell University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8014-4318-0.
Penn, Shana. Solidarity's Secret: The Women Who Defeated Communism in Poland. University of Michigan Press, 2005. ISBN 0-472-11385-2.
Perdue, William D. Paradox of Change: The Rise and Fall of Solidarity in the New Poland. Praeger/Greenwood, 1995. ISBN 0-275-95295-9.
All links retrieved October 10, 2015.
The Birth of Solidarity BBC.
The rise of Solidarnosc, Colin Barker, International Socialism, Issue: 108.
History of "Solidarity (History of)"
This page was last modified on 12 October 2015, at 20:01.
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How can I help my sister break out of her celebrity fantasy?
My older sister has infatuations with male celebrities that are so serious that they keep her from having real relationships. In her mind no real man thats around here compares to the people in her head and on posters on her walls. She is 33 and she still has posters like a little teenager on her bedroom walls. I am worried about her but am not sure how to get her to change. I think underneath it all she is scared to get hurt so she plays it safe by living in a fantasy world. I do not think she is happy but she is too scared to change. Whenever I or any of my friends has problems in our relationships she uses this as evidence against real love but she does not see the good part. She refuses to get fixed up. She is pretty but to my knowledge she has never had a real relationship in her whole life. Is there anything I can do for her? She is 10 years older than me so she has always acted like she is wiser but it is obvious that she is not.
Because I know very little about your sister apart from that she has infatuations with male celebrities, I can’t really help you with the psychology of her behaviour. I think you have perceived correctly that she is keeping herself safe from the reality of genuine relationships with all the inherent emotional ups and downs and possible pain by clinging to fantasy, but unless we know her reason for this avoidance, and there will be a reason, we are groping in the dark. Having said this, I think the best way you can help your sister is to recommend she see a counsellor, even if she sees nothing wrong with her behaviour, if only just to check in for a mental health assessment, as there is a possibility that depression or anxiety could be driving this fantasy life, and/or that your sister has had some negative experiences with men in her early life. Failing that, the best you can do is to be a friend to your sister, listen carefully and empathically when she shares with you about her life and issues, and be there for her if and when her fantasy world collapses.
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How many runs per URL?
Sitespeed.io is highly configurable, let’s check it out!
--browsertime.connectivity.downstreamKbps, --downstreamKbps This option requires --connectivity be set to "custom".
--browsertime.connectivity.upstreamKbps, --upstreamKbps This option requires --connectivity be set to "custom".
--browsertime.connectivity.latency, --latency This option requires --connectivity be set to "custom".
--browsertime.selenium.url Configure the path to the Selenium server when fetching timings using browsers. If not configured the supplied NodeJS/Selenium version is used.
--browsertime.userAgent, --userAgent The full User Agent string, defaults to the User Agent used by the browsertime.browser option.
--browsertime.preURL, --preURL A URL that will be accessed first by the browser before the URL that you wanna analyze. Use it to fill the cache.
--browsertime.preScript, --preScript Selenium script(s) to run before you test your URL. They will run outside of the analyze phase. Note that --preScript can be passed multiple times.
--browsertime.postScript, --postScript Selenium script(s) to run after you test your URL. They will run outside of the analyze phase. Note that --postScript can be passed multiple times.
--browsertime.scriptInput.visualElements, --scriptInput.visualElements Include specific elements in visual elements. Give the element a name and select it with document.body.querySelector. Use like this: --scriptInput.visualElements name:domSelector . Add multiple instances to measure multiple elements. Visual Metrics will use these elements and calculate when they are visible and fully rendered.
--browsertime.block, --block Domain to block. Add multiple instances to add multiple domains that will be blocked.
--browsertime.basicAuth, --basicAuth Use it if your server is behind Basic Auth. Format: username@password.
--browsertime.firefox.preference, --firefox.preference Extra command line arguments to pass Firefox preferences by the format key:value To add multiple preferences, repeat --firefox.preference once per argument.
--browsertime.chrome.android.package, --chrome.android.package Run Chrome on your Android device. Set to com.android.chrome for default Chrome version. You need to run adb start-server before you start.
--browsertime.chrome.android.deviceSerial, --chrome.android.deviceSerial Choose which device to use. If you do not set it, the first found device will be used.
--browsertime.chrome.binaryPath, --chrome.binaryPath Path to custom Chrome binary (e.g. Chrome Canary). On OS X, the path should be to the binary inside the app bundle, e.g. "/Applications/Google Chrome Canary.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome Canary"
--crawler.maxPages, -m The max number of pages to test. Default is no limit.
--crawler.exclude Exclude URLs matching the provided regular expression (ex: "/some/path/", "://some\.domain/"). Can be provided multiple times.
--grafana.host The Grafana host used when sending annotations.
--graphite.host The Graphite host used to store captured metrics.
--graphite.webHost The graphite-web host. If not specified graphite.host will be used.
--graphite.annotationTitle Add a title to the annotation sent for a run.
--graphite.annotationMessage Add an extra message that will be attached to the annotation sent for a run. The message is attached after the default message and can contain HTML.
--graphite.annotationTag Add a extra tag to the annotation sent for a run. Repeat the --graphite.annotationTag option for multiple tags. Make sure they do not collide with the other tags.
--budget.configPath Path to the JSON budget file.
--budget.suppressExitCode By default sitespeed.io returns a failure exit code, if the budget fails. Set this to true and sitespeed.io will return exit code 0 independent of the budget.
--budget.config The JSON budget config as a string.
--influxdb.host The InfluxDB host used to store captured metrics.
--influxdb.username The InfluxDB username for your InfluxDB instance.
--influxdb.password The InfluxDB password for your InfluxDB instance.
--webpagetest.key The API key for you WebPageTest instance.
--webpagetest.script The WebPageTest script as a string.
--slack.hookUrl WebHook url for the Slack team (check https://<your team>.slack.com/apps/manage/custom-integrations).
--slack.channel The slack channel without the # (if something else than the default channel for your hook).
--s3.endpoint The S3 endpoint. Optional depending on your settings.
--s3.path Override the default folder path in the bucket where the results are uploaded. By default it's "DOMAIN_OR_FILENAME/TIMESTAMP", or the name of the folder if --outputFolder is specified.
--s3.region The S3 region. Optional depending on your settings.
--s3.acl The S3 canned ACL to set. Optional depending on your settings.
--gcs.path Override the default folder path in the bucket where the results are uploaded. By default it's "DOMAIN_OR_FILENAME/TIMESTAMP", or the name of the folder if --outputFolder is specified.
--html.assetsBaseURL The base URL to the server serving the assets of HTML results. In the format of https://result.sitespeed.io. This can be used to reduce size in large setups. If set, disables writing of assets to the output folder.
--name Give your test a name.
You can analyse a site either by crawling or by feeding sitespeed.io with a list of URLs you want to analyse.
If you want to test multiple URLs, then just add them. Each page will be tested with a new browser session, browser cache cleared between each URL.
Note: Spaces are used to delimit between the URL and the alias, which is why the alias cannot contain one.
Aliases are great in combination with sending metrics to a TSDB (such as Graphite) for shortening the key sent, to make them more user friendly and readable.
You can also add alias directly from the command line. Make yore that you pass on the same amount of alias and URLs.
Pass on multiple –urlAlias for multiple alias/URLs.
If you wanna do more complicated things like log in the user, add items to a cart etc, checkout scripting.
You should throttle the connection when you are fetching metrics. We have a special section on how you emulate connectivity for real users. Make sure you read that parts of the documentation!
You can set the viewport & user agent, so you can fake testing a site as a mobile device.
The simplest way is to just add --mobile as a parameter. The viewport will be set to 360x640 and the user agent will be Iphone6. If you use Chrome it will use the preset Apple iPhone 6 device.
docker run --rm -v "$(pwd)":/sitespeed.io sitespeedio/sitespeed.io:8.15.0 https://www.sitespeed.io --browsertime.viewPort 400x400 --browsertime.userAgent "UCWEB/2.0 (MIDP-2.0; U; Adr 4.4.4; en-US; XT1022) U2/1.0.0 UCBrowser/10.6.0.706 U2/1.0.0 Mobile"
Mobile testing is always best on actual mobile devices. You can test on Android phones using sitespeed.io.
In 4.1 we released support for recording a video of the browser screen and use that to calculate visual metrics like Speed Index. This is one of the main benefits for using our Docker images, as it makes for an easy setup. Without Docker, you would need to install all the dependencies.
By default we will categorise the current main domain as first party and the rest as a third party. And you probably wanna categorise requests yourself as first or third parties by adding a regex.
You can keep all your configuration in a JSON file and then pass it on to sitespeed.io, and override with CLI parameters.
The CLI will always override the JSON config.
You can choose to send just a summary (the summary for all runs), individual runs (with URL), only errors, or everything, by choosing the respective slack.type.
We have added a special section for that!
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Can I remove a hedgerow?
Native species hedgerows and traditional Devon hedge banks are important landscape features, and wildlife habitats and are often of historic value.
They enrich the landscape, are a key component of the established local scene, are frequently highly diverse in terms of species present and, in many cases, are also of historic significance marking ancient field or parish boundaries.
They often provide valued wildlife habitats, hosting many threatened species such as dormice. Hedgerows may also be protected by conditions attached to planning permissions for a development and/or property covenants.
Development should conserve and enhance the existing hedgerow network and opportunities to create new native hedgerows and banks should be taken, where appropriate. New native hedgerows and banks may be required as mitigation under planning permissions.
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This Chinese New Year's Day, spend some time in decorating your home to give it a fresh look, and make a new beginning as you welcome the year of the dragon. Here is an overview of what Chinese New Year decorations you can use.
It is a tradition to adorn the houses with blooming plants and flowers that are a symbol of growth and prosperity. The flowers used widely during this occasion are plum blossoms which are arranged with bamboo and pine springs.
This reflects the family gatherings that are organized on such occasions. The bamboo is the symbol of compatibility between two or more people.
Evergreen pine plants are also used for decorations, as they symbolize longevity. You can use plants like water lily, peony, and azalea to give your home a completely different look.
A special highlight of the Chinese New Year decorations is the candy tray.This is actually known as the tray of togetherness and it includes a variety of sweet treats and candies symbolizing good relationships between family members.
These items are arranged in the tray in an octagon or a circle. This is followed by the family members placing a red envelope with a gift of money at the center of the tray. This gift is known as "Lai See".
Oranges and tangerines are used for home decor on Chinese New Year, as these are considered to be a sign of abundant happiness. The tangerines with their leaves symbolize strong family ties and bonding.
Every New Year in the Chinese calendar is symbolized by an animal figure. So, Chinese New Year decorations often include animal figures for adorning the houses.
You can use Dog shaped danglers. These danglers can be hung along the hallway or close to the entryway.
You can choose Chinese lanterns made of bright red and golden paper that's adorned with fabric tassels.This can serve as a fantastic piece of decoration for the ceilings. Classic accordion style lanterns in red and yellow, with printed Asian flowers and string tassels, are a popular choice for Chinese New Year decorations. Red and golden colors are considered as auspicious by the Chinese and they feel that these colors bring good luck and prosperity to one's life.
Red colored table cloth, and golden napkins and plates serve as the perfect items to give a festive look to your table. You can use a dragon figurine made of bold red and golden colors as the table centerpiece.As an alternative, you can go for a centerpiece with shiny metallic cutouts in red and golden colors. The Chinese characters of health, wealth, good luck, happiness, and longevity are often printed on these cutouts. These centerpieces often have a golden string attached at its top so that they can be hung over the table.
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There isn't a definitive answer to this question. You should look at each home for its individual characteristics. Generally, older homes may be in more established neighborhoods, offer more ambiance, and have lower property tax rates. People who buy older homes, however, shouldn't mind maintaining their home and making some repairs. Newer homes tend to use more modern architecture and systems, are usually easier to maintain, and may be more energy efficient. People who buy new homes often don't want to worry initially about upkeep and repairs.
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William Mellis Christie (5 January 1829 – 14 June 1900) is the namesake for the Canadian Mr. Christie brand of cookies and biscuits.
Christie was born in Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the only child of John Christie and Jane Grant. He apprenticed as a baker before arriving in Canada in 1848.
With Alexander Brown, Christie co-founded a city bakery, which became Christie, Brown and Company in 1853. By the 1880s, Christie's was considered to be the largest manufacturer of biscuits in Canada.
The firm's primary plant in Toronto covered 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2). The business opened a $1 million biscuit factory in Winnipeg, Manitoba, a region of spring wheat, in February 1932.
The product had a market base in all parts of the country but does not appear to have penetrated export markets to any degree before his death. The product line, of which there were more than 400 varieties of cakes and biscuits, was carefully monitored for quality by Christie himself. "Pirate cookies", with an oatmeal and peanut butter combination, was the most popular of all brands.
In October 1934, George Morrow and his brother Frederick K. Morrow owned the Christie, Brown Company, and had controlling interest in the Gold Dust Corporation, the American Linseed Company, the Standard Milling Company, the Ward Baking Company, United Cigar Stores Limited, and United Stores, Inc.
The no par common stock of the Christie, Brown Company was removed from the list on the New York Stock Exchange in March 1932.
Today Mr. Christie is a brand under Nabisco and as part of Mondelez International with products in the Canadian market. Mr. Christie Bakery and Outlet was located at 23 Park Lawn Road in Etobicoke before closing.
1848 September – Age 19 - Christie gets his first job working as a baker in Toronto for a company called William McConnell. The shop is located on Yonge street at what was then the north end of Toronto. He is paid $4.00 per month plus given room and board. He does his baking at night and delivers the baked goods by handcart to customers in nearby Yorkville.
1850 - Age 21 – Christie leaves his job at William McConnell and goes to a neighbouring bakery managed by Alexander Mathers and Alexander Brown.
1853 – Age 24 – Christie and newfound partner George Maver take over the business from Alexander Mathers and Alexander Brown. Has some financial troubles the following two years, but by 1856 has got the business turning a profit.
1856 – Age 27 - Christie manages to buy out his partner, purchase the shop and hire three assistants.
1858 – Age 29 – Christie wins first prize at the Toronto exhibition for his biscuits.
1860 – Age 31 – Christie Forms a partnership with his father-in-law, James McMullen, and focuses exclusively on biscuit making. With five staff he produces more than 4,300 boxes of biscuits by hand each year, bring total annual sales to $13,000.00.
1864 – Age 35 – Christie starts focusing on the wholesale trade.
1868 – Age 39 – The business enters a period of strong growth and he needs capital to expand. He seeks out his former employer, Alexander Brown for help and the two become business partners in Christie, Brown and Company. Later that year they install steam powered machinery at their busy Yonge street shop.
1870 – Age 41 – The workforce has now doubled to 12 and sales have quadrupled.
1872 – Age 43 – Christie moves the factory to downtown Toronto and by 1874 the business consumes an entire city block (Duke and Frederick Streets) what is now Adelaide and Frederick streets, currently the home of George Brown College).
1876 – Age 47 - Christie travels to the Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia and wins silver and bronze medals for his biscuits.
1878 February – Age 49 – Christie buys out Alexander Brown's share of the business and becomes the sole owner, but maintains the name Christie, Brown and Company.
1880 - Age 51 - Christie opens a sales office in Montreal. At this point the staff in Toronto number 120 and grow to 375 by the year 1900.
1899 - Age 70 - Christie, Brown and Company incorporated as a joint-stock company. He owned all 5,000 shares but this structure was, at least partly, designed with a view to dealing with his estate after death. Christie died of bone cancer the following year in Toronto.
1900 June 14 – Age 71 - Christie dies at his Queen's Park home (now Regis College) and the business, worth $500,000, passes on to his only living son, Robert Jaffray Christie. Christie is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.
1920 – Robert Jaffray, struck with cancer, sells the bakery to a group of New York investors. A non-compete clause is included which stipulated that no Christie would go into the baking business.
1928 - Nabisco acquires Christie, Brown and Company.
On March 21, 1855 at the age of 26 Christie married 25-year-old Mary Jane McMullen. In 1856 their first daughter, Mary Jane (Pollie) was born. (She subsequently married James Jackson Palmer in 1875) Two years later, their second daughter, Anne Elizabeth was born. In 1860, their first son, James E. Christie was born and in 1864, Mary Jane delivered their third daughter, Fanny Laura Christie. In 1868, tragedy struck only eight months after the birth of Christie's second son, William "Willie" Christie, when an illness, disease or virus claimed the lives of 8-year-old James and 8-month-old Willie. Christie also had a third son: Robert Jaffray.
^ National Biscuit in Winnipeg, Wall Street Journal, February 22, 1932, pg. 4.
^ Morrow Group Gets McClellan, Wall Street Journal, October 16, 1934, pg. 1.
^ Listings Approved By Stock Exchange, New York Times, March 24, 1932, pg. 30.
This page was last edited on 31 March 2019, at 04:29 (UTC).
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The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The Library was originated from the royal library by Charles V in 1368, opened to the public in 1692, and became the first free public library in the world in 1793.
The Library holds over ten million books, three hundred fifty thousands manuscripts as well as a large number of maps, coins, and others. All works published in France are deposited to the Library by law established in 1537. The Library also maintains Gallica, a digital library established in 1997.
France is known for its cultural contributions to the world. In 1980s, François Mitterrand, twenty first President of France, initiated a national cultural project which included a renewal of the Library, renovation of Musée du Louvre, and construction of L’Opéra de la Bastille. The construction of a new library building was completed in 1994. The Library is one of the best libraries for medieval, modern, and contemporary European literature in the world.
The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368. It expanded under Louis XIV and became open to the public in 1692. The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during the radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergy were seized. By an act of the revolutionary French National Convention, the Library became the first free public library in the world in 1793.
Following the series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings on the rue de Richelieu designed by Henri Labrouste.
On July 14, 1988, President François Mitterrand announced the construction and the expansion of one of the largest and most modern libraries in the world, intended to cover all fields of knowledge, and designed to be accessible to all. Using the most modern data transfer technologies, which could be consulted from a distance, and which would collaborate with other European libraries. In July 1989, the services of the architectural firm of Dominique Perrault were retained. The construction was carried out by Bouygues. After the move of the major collections from the rue de Richelieu, the National Library of France opened to the public on December 20, 1996. It contains more than ten million volumes.
The library retains the use of the rue de Richelieu complex for some of its collections.
Four tall buildings of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, seen from the right bank of the Seine river. On the left side, the Simone-de-Beauvoir footbridge and on the right side the Bercy bridge.
François Mitterrand site, East entrance/exit.
The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture. Its mission is to constitute collections, especially the copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited, conserved on site, and made available to the public. It produces a reference catalog, cooperates with other national and international establishments, and participates in research programs.
The library holds about 5,000 Greek manuscripts, which are divided into three fonds: Fonds grec, fonds Coislin, and supplément grec.
In 1997, the digital library was established for online users. As of April 2006, Gallica was made available on the Web: 90,000 scanned volumes, 1,200 full-text volumes, 500 audio documents, and 80,000 images.
The Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (Library of the Arsenal) in Paris is one of the branches of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
The collections of the library originated with the private library of Marc-René, 3rd marquis d'Argenson (1722–1787), installed in 1757 in the residence of the Grand Master of the Artillery, at the heart of the ancient Arsenal of Paris. The Arsenal itself was founded by King François I in the sixteenth century, later rebuilt by Sully, and expanded by the architect Gabriel Germain Boffrand in the eighteenth century. Paulmy had assembled a magnificent collection, particularly rich in medieval manuscripts and prints. In 1786, he also acquired the collection of the duc de la Vallière, but then sold the entire library to the comte d'Artois.
The library was sequestered by the state during the French Revolution, and was greatly expanded by many valuable items seized from the abbeys of Paris and also by the archives of the Bastille. On April 28, 1797, it was declared a public library.
In 1824, the writer Charles Nodier became librarian and held in the Arsenal some of the most reputable literary salons of the day. In the 19th century the collections became increasingly focused towards literature, especially drama. Between 1880 and 1914 the library acquired a copy of every periodical published in Paris. In 1934 it became a department of the Bibliothèque nationale.
The library today holds approximately one million volumes (including 150,000 pre-1880 volumes), just over 12,000 manuscripts, 100,000 prints, and 3,000 charts and plans. Its collecting policy concentrates on French literature from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century, publications connected with the archives and manuscript collections (fonds) already held, bibliophilia, the history of the book and bookbinding, and the history of the Arsenal itself and its occupants.
Archives of the Bastille: The archives of the Bastille date from 1660 onwards. They comprise prisoner dossiers (including those of the marquis de Sade and other famous prisoners), the archives of the Lieutenancy of Police of Paris, the Chambre de l'Arsenal and the Chambre du Châtelet, private papers of the officers of the Bastille, and a portion of the papers of the Royal Family.
Fonds Prosper Enfantin: Paul-Mathieu Laurent, known as Laurent de l'Ardèche, was a disciple of the Saint-Simonist Prosper Enfantin and librarian of the Arsenal. In 1865, he acquired the papers of Enfantin, which are a rich source for the history of Saint-Simonism.
Fonds Lambert: In 1969, Pierre Lambert, a bookseller who had devoted his life to collecting items connected with the writer Joris-Karl Huysmans, bequeathed his collection to the library. It includes manuscripts, letters, works that belonged to Huysmans, and original editions of his works.
Louis-Sébastien Mercier Papers: In 1967, the library acquired the papers of Louis-Sebastien Mercier (1740–1814), who had had a great influence on the evolution of the theatre and in particular on realistic drama. He is particularly known for his descriptions of Paris. The collection contains biographical documents and correspondence, articles, notes, the manuscripts of Nouveau Paris and his plays and works of poetry and philosophy.
Fonds Lacroix: Paul Lacroix, known as Bibliophile Jacob, worked at the Arsenal for several years. After his death in 1884, the library acquired most of his personal papers, including his collection of autographs, contained in letters from writers, musicians and philosophers, both contemporary with Lacroix and older.
Fonds Péladan: In 1936, the Arsenal acquired all the papers of Joséphin Péladan (1858–1918), a spiritualist writer who was fascinated by the occult and in 1891 founded his own church.
José-Maria de Heredia Collection: The daughters of the poet José María de Heredia, who was librarian of the Arsenal from 1901 until his death in 1905, gave the library a collection of portraits, manuscripts, works and letters concerning their father and themselves. One of them, Marie de Régnier (whose pen name was Gerard d'Houville), bequeathed her library to the Arsenal. The library is also very rich in items connected with the writer Pierre Louÿs, Heredia's son-in-law.
Fonds Georges Douay: Georges Douay, Parisian man-about-town, theatre fan, and composer of songs and operettas, assembled a collection (mainly printed) on French theatre from the sixteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, which he bequeathed to the Arsenal in 1919.
Archives Parlementaires: The official, printed record of the French National Assembly from the 1789 Revolution forward.
Prints: The print collection comprises portraits, many caricatures of the Revolution and the Restoration, a topographic series of plans and views of cities, and major series of the 18th century Italian, German and English schools bought by Paulmy during his travels throughout Europe.
Charts and Plans: Paulmy acquired a magnificent series of military reconnaissance plans that had been made for his uncle, the comte d'Argenson, who was Minister of War.
Music: The Arsenal's collection of manuscript and printed music almost exclusively comes from the eighteenth century, except for a few medieval manuscripts. Most of the music collection was assembled by Paulmy.
The library is also rich in occult documents. These include the original manuscripts of The Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin and the Book of the Penitence of Adam.
The Cabinet des Médailles, or Cabinet de France, more formally known as Le département des Monnaies, Médailles et Antiquités de la Bibliothèque Nationale, is a department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, housed in its former premises in rue de Richelieu. The Bibliothèque Nationale has new premises in the Tolbiac district, Paris 13e.
The Cabinet des Médailles is a museum presenting numerous coin collections and antiquities, with its distant origins in the treasuries of the French kings of the Middle Ages. The disruptions of the Wars of Religion inspired Charles IX to create the position of a garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi a "guardian entrusted specifically with the medals and ancient coins and antiquities of the Crown." Thus the collection, which has been augmented and never again dispersed (the first royal library, assembled at the Palais du Louvre by Charles V, which contained 973 volumes when it was inventoried in 1373, was dispersed during the following century), passed from being the personal collection of the king to becoming a national property—a bien national—as the royal collection was declared during the Revolution. A stage in this aspect of its development was the bequest of the collection of pioneering archeologist comte de Caylus, who knew that in this fashion his antiquities would be most accessible to scholars. Other collectors followed suit: when the duc de Luynes gave his collection of Greek coins to the Cabinet Impérial in 1862, it was a national collection rather than simply an Imperial one he was enriching. The State also added to the treasury contained in the Cabinet des Médailles: A notable addition, in 1846, was the early sixth century gold Treasure of Gourdon.
The Cabinet—a term which in French implies a small private room for the conservation and display of intimate works of art and for private conversations, rather than a piece of furniture— took a stable shape under Henri IV, who nominated connoisseur Rascas de Bagarris garde particulier des médailles et antiques du roi, the "particular guardian of the medals and antiquities of the King."
The Sassanian "Cup of Chosroes," from Saint-Denis, where it was treasured as "King Solomon's Cup"
Earlier printed catalogs of parts of the collection had been published. Pierre-Jean Mariette, urged by the comte de Caylus, published a selection of the royal carved hardstones as volume II of his Traité des pierres gravées (Paris, 1750).
Louis XIV of France, an acquisitive connoisseur, brought together the cabinet de curiosités of his uncle Gaston d'Orléans and acquired that of Hippolyte de Béthune, the nephew of Henri IV's minister Sully. In order to keep the collections closer at hand, he removed them from the old royal library in Paris to Versailles.
When Louis' great-grandson Louis XV had attained majority, the Cabinet was returned to Paris in 1724, to take up its present space in the royal library that was designed under the direction of Jules-Robert de Cotte, the son of Mansart's successor at the Bâtiments du Roi. In the Cabinet des Médailles, the medal-cabinet delivered in 1739 by the ébéniste du roi Antoine Gaudreau figures among the greatest pieces of French furniture. Other medal cabinets were delivered for Louis XIV by André-Charles Boulle. The cabinet also still houses its paintings by Boucher, Natoire, and Van Loo.
The Cabinet des Médailles is considered the oldest museum in France. It is located in the former building of the Bibliothèque Nationale, 58 rue Richelieu, Paris I, and can be visited for free every afternoon (13:00-17:00), seven days a week.
↑ BnF, La BnF en chiffres. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
↑ Théophile Marion Dumersan, Histoire de Cabinet des Médailles, antiques et pierres gravées, avec une notice sur la Bibliothèque Royale et une description des objets exposés dans cet établissement (Paris: chez l'auteur, 1838).
Dh̐ưerent, Catherine. 2006. "Document Management at the French National Library." Records Management Journal. 16 (2): 97-101.
DOM Multimedia. Books and Kings. Discovery of Art. West Long Branch, NJ: Kultur, 1999.
Favier, Jean. 1996. "The History of the French National Library." Daedalus: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 125 (4): 283.
Hinshaw, M. 2005. "Incarcerated Landscape The French National Library Is As Austere and Off-Putting As Any Work of Civic Design Could Possibly Be." Landscape Architecture. 95 (3): 166-168.
Jackson, W. V. 1999. "The French National Library: A Special Report." World Libraries. 9: 3-30.
Netzer, M. 2007. "The Leadership and Management Development Programme in the French National Library." IFLA Publications. 126: 100-105.
Renoult, D.1996. "Digitisation and Preservation in the French National Library." European Libraries Cooperation. 6 (4): 465-471.
Riding, Alan. "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google." New York Times. April 11, 2005. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
Smith, Jeanne. 1995. "The French Collection: Treasures from the Bibliotèque Nationale to Go on View." Library of Congress Information Bulletin. 54 (15): 334-347.
History of "Bibliothèque nationale de France"
This page was last modified on 7 June 2016, at 16:06.
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TL;DR: Email2git is a patch retrieving system built for the Linux kernel.
The Linux project’s email-based reviewing process is highly effective in filtering open source contributions on their way from mailing list discussions towards Linus Torvalds’ Git repository. However, once integrated, it can be difficult to link Git commits back to their review comments in mailing list discussions, especially when considering commits that underwent multiple versions (and hence review rounds), that belong to a multi-patch series, or that were cherry-picked.
As an answer to these and other issues, we created email2git, a patch retrieving system built for the Linux kernel. For a given commit, the tool is capable of finding the email patch as well as the email conversation that took place during the review process. We are currently improving the system with support for multi-patch series and cherry-picking.
Email2git is available through two interfaces: as a cregit extension, and as a simple commit ID based search tool.
The online cregit interface displays the Linux source code with highly accurate contributor information. The source code is divided into “code tokens” and can return the author of each token with an increased accuracy compared to the current line-level granularity of git blame.
As of today, email2git extends cregit by linking the tokens in a particular kernel release with the original patch introducing them and the email discussions reviewing them.
In your browser, navigate to https://cregit.linuxsources.org, then navigate by clicking on the appropriate directories until you find a source code file of interest. Click on the file to open it. Then simply click on a code token while browsing the source code to display the links to the patch / discussion.
Image 1: Linux source code as displayed on cregit.linuxsources.org.
The different colors in the source code represent the different contributors. The interface lets users hover over the “tokens” to display basic information such as commit date, commit message summary, and author.
Image 2: Tooltip displaying detailed information about the commit that introduced the token.
Now, users can also click on the token to display a list of links to the reviewed patch versions and email discussions (reviews) that introduced that token into the main kernel tree.
Image 3: Links to patches being displayed after user clicks on a token.
Since patches are often sent to multiple different mailing lists, we provide the links with all the different patches (when available) to give you access to as much discussion as possible.
We believe that email2git is a great addition to cregit, since it provides easy access to in-depth authorship information to anyone browsing the source code.
However, we understand that developers may be looking for reviews and discussion about a specific commit ID instead of having to browse the full code base on cregit. To address this, we created a simple commit ID based search. Paste the commit ID into the search box to retrieve the patch and discussion.
Image 4: commit-based patch search.
Do not hesitate to email us at[email protected] if you have any questions. We welcome any feedback and suggestions!
We will be presenting email2git at Linux Plumbers 2018 on September 13 in the following talk: “email2git: A Cregit Plugin to Link Reviews to Git Commits” if you would like to speak with us in person.
Alexandre Courouble is a Master’s student working under the supervision of Dr. Bram Adams at Polytechnique Montreal. As a part of his degree, he is working on email2git and on a research project aiming at measuring Linux developers’ expertise using dedicated metrics. Alex gave a related talk on cregit titled “Token-level git blame” at the 2016 Linux Plumbers Conference.
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Yesterday I received a call from a distressed friend who had suffered some leakage while driving to pick up her kids from daycare and school. She asked me to "bring a towel!". Unfortunately I was too far away to help and she had to suffer considerable embarrassment while collecting her kids.\n\nI had a similar experience before I began to wear Depends. I was in the city and unfortunately I had an accident. I was alone; I didn't have a cell phone and had to catch public transport home. The stench was absolutely horrendous; I felt so embarrassed and humilated. I kept my head down the whole way home. \n\nThe next day I called my doctor and he recommended that I start wearing Depends. I am incredibly sympathetic to the predicament my friend found herself in and have recommended that she go to her Doctor to find out what is wrong and have advised her to ask about wearing protection so that such incidents dont occur again.\n\nHas anyone else had a similar experience? If so, what did you do?
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Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is the title of five different video games based on the television series of the same name, which were released for the Sega Genesis (Mega Drive), Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Game Gear, and Sega CD. The Nintendo versions of the game were released by Bandai, while the Sega versions were published by Sega themselves.
The SNES version of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is a side-scrolling action game composed of seven stages, with two different gameplay styles. In the initial five areas, the player controls one of the five original Power Rangers (Jason, Zack, Kimberly, Billy, and Trini) as they're sent to a location that is being invaded by Rita Repulsa's Putty Patrolers. The player begins the area as their selected character's civilian form, who will fight enemies using their unique hand-to-hand fighting style. When the player confronts that level's boss, they morph into their Ranger form, which fully refills the health meter and enables a greater range of attacks, wall jumps, and body blows. As a Power Ranger, the player is armed with that Ranger's signature Power Weapon and a special 'bomb' attack which damages all enemies on the screen. The bomb is a one-time attack and can only be replenished by picking up a rare 'bomb' item in the stage. In the final two areas, the player will control the Megazord and fight against a giant monster. The Megazord is equipped with the Power Sword, which charges up with special attacks using an energy meter on the bottom of the screen. When the enemy monster is defeated, Megazord charges up its sword for a finishing move.
The Super NES version of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers was developed by Natsume, who previously worked on the Chojin Sentai Jetman video game for the Family Computer released exclusively in Japan. The Famicom Jetman game feature a structure similar to MMPR on the Super NES, in which the game consisted of standard side-scrolling levels where the player controls one of the Rangers and fight against human-sized enemies, followed by end-level boss battles where the player controls the team's giant robot in a fighting game-like combat system. Natsume would go on to develop all the subsequent Power Rangers on the Super NES (Power Rangers: The Movie, Power Rangers: The Fighting Edition and Power Rangers Zeo: Battle Racers), as well as the Gekisou Sentai Carranger video game for the Sufami Turbo add-on in Japan.
The Game Boy version is a side-scrolling action game as well with five levels, each consisting of two segments. In the first segment, the player will control one of the five original Power Rangers as they fight the Putty Patrollers throughout the stage in order to reach their goal. The player can switch between a standard punch attack or a Power Weapon attack that will gradually consume their life gauge when used. When the player reaches the end of the level, they will control the Megazord and fight a giant monster. Like the Rangers, the Megazord can switch a regular sword attack and a lightning bolt sword attack that will consume a great portion of the life gauge.
The Sega Genesis/Mega Drive version is a one-on-one competitive fighting game, featuring two different game modes, a Scenario Mode where the player competes against a series of CPU-controlled opponents and a Battle Mode for two players. Like most fighting games, the objective is for both players to fight each other until either one drains the vitality of the other. Each character has two basic attacks (normal and fierce), as well as a set of command-based special moves.
In the Scenario Mode, the matches consist of two segments: the player will fight against a regular sized monster as one of the Rangers during the first segment and after the defeating the monster the first time, they will battle a giant version of the same. Initially, only the five original Rangers and the Megazord, are available. The scenario mode consists of five stages with the following adversaries in order of appearance. In Battle Mode, the player can choose between the six Rangers, the two zords, and one of the four monsters in a standard best-two-out-of-three match. The Megazord, the Dragonzord, and Cyclopsis cannot be matched against any of the six Rangers and vice versa. Additionally, neither player can choose the same character.
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Is there any obesity virus? What should one do to stay away from obesity virus?
While there are several studies carried out to determine whether or not obesity is caused by a virus, there is no definitive evidence for the same. Obesity is primarily the result of an unhealthy diet and an unhealthy lifestyle. It is characterized by a drastic increase in weight and can be very uncomfortable and debilitating. Obesity may be accompanied by other disorders like hypertension, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. The most effective way to treat obesity is to follow a healthy diet and proper eating habits.
A healthy diet should include foods that are nutritious and yet low in calorie content. This is important because several foods in your everyday diet may be very high in calorie content and are thus harmful for you. Substitute such foods with their low calorie counterparts in your everyday diet. For instance, replace milk with skimmed milk to reduce your calorie intake. You can also replace your refined white flour with whole wheat to knock some calories off your meals. Whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables are a nutritious and wholesome addition to your diet. In addition, these foods are also low in calorie content and are a healthy addition to your everyday diet.
In addition to following a healthy diet, you should also practice healthy eating habits. This includes eating all meals in a day at regular intervals. Eating at irregular times and skipping meals lead to obesity. This is because skipping a meal increases your appetite for the next meal and this leads to overeating. Alternatively, skipping a meal may also lead to gastrointestinal problems like acidity, gas and indigestion. You can effectively take care of these problems by increasing the number of meals you eat in a day. This can be done by reducing the amount you eat in a particular meal and increasing the number of meals in a day. This will ease your digestive process and will help control your weight effectively. Other digestive disorders that interfere with the body’s metabolism can also lead to obesity. Always ensure that you provide an adequate gap between your meals and nap time. This will ensure proper functioning of your digestive process and helps treat obesity effectively. Never lie down immediately after a meal as this can cause digestive problems and contributes to weight gain. Ensure that there is at least a three hour gap between dinner and bedtime to help control your weight.
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If you’re a Harry Potter fan, you know one of the most powerful magical objects is the Elder Wand, which was fashioned from the wood of the Sambucus niger shrub, native to the warmer regions of Europe and North America.
Elderberries may not be magic, but they have long been applied to swelling and wounds, and have more recently been used as a treatment for cold and flu. The delicious purple-black berries are still enjoyed as jams and jellies, and they make a popular form of wine.
In the fall, elderberries turn a deep purple, showcasing their high concentrations of antioxidant flavonoids, anthocyanins, and quercetin, all believed to account for the medicinal actions of this plant’s berries and flowers.
European herbalists traditionally used elderberry for pain relief and to promote the healing of injuries. They later learned from North American Native peoples that the plant was useful for infections, coughs, and other conditions, too.
Additional uses include as a laxative for constipation, stimulating general immune function, chronic fatigue syndrome, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis. Essentially, if anything from your nose to your throat to your lungs is infected or affected, turn to these berries.
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Islam was gradually revealed to humanity by a number of earlier prophets, but the final and complete revelation of the faith was made through the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the 7th century CE.
Muhammad (pbuh) was born in Mecca in Saudi Arabia in 570.
He was a deeply spiritual man, and often spent time in meditation on Mount Hira.
One night in 610 he was meditating in a cave on the mountain when he was visited by the angel Jibreel who ordered him to "recite". After some difficulty Muhammad (pbuh) found that he was reciting words which he came to understand were the words of God.
During the rest of his life Muhammad (pbuh) continued to receive these revelations. The words were remembered and recorded, and form the text of the Holy Qu'ran, the Muslim scripture.
Realising that God had chosen him as his messenger Muhammad began to preach what God had revealed to him.
The simple and clear-cut message of Islam, that there is no God but Allah, and that life should be lived in complete submission to the will of Allah, was attractive to many people, and they flocked to hear it.
Muhammad's (pbuh) popularity was seen as threatening by the people in power in Mecca, and Muhammad (pbuh) took his followers on a journey from Mecca to Medina in 622.
This journey is called the Hijrah (migration) and the event was seen as so important for Islam that 622 is the year in which the Islamic calendar begins.
7 years late Muhammad (pbuh) had gained so many followers that he was able to return to Mecca and conquer it.
From this time on he was generally accepted as the true final Prophet of God (pbuh).
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What are some key challenges to anticipate during the implementation process?
Our consultations with stakeholders experienced in implementing a Housing First program revealed several challenges to anticipate. We organize these challenges into 10 sections: 1- Getting multidisciplinary teams to work together; 2- Working with participants in adjusting to their responsibilities as tenants; 3- Working with landlords in fulfilling their responsibilities as landlords; 4- Supporting participants in the community; 5- Dealing with difficult emotions and burnout in clinical/housing staff; 6- Reorienting program goals; 7- Developing a Housing First philosophy and sense of community; 8- Engaging people with lived experience; 9- Housing and re-housing; and 10- Ensuring Housing First model fidelity. Each section then describes experience-based strategies from stakeholders with Housing First implementation experience, as well as implementation knowledge gained from At Home/Chez Soi.
The separation of housing and clinical services is a key component of the housing first model. In some instances, the goals and priorities of these teams might differ and require accommodations. Clinical teams, housing teams and landlords, for example, might have different perspectives and competing goals in the case of a problematic tenancy characterized by disruptive visitors. These differences may lead to teams feeling that they are working in isolation from one another or feeling tension between them. For example, one team (e.G., clinical team) may feel that participants are being re-housed (e.G., by the housing team) without accountability for prior eviction(s), which may make it more difficult for participants to learn from their experiences. It will be important to develop program strategies and protocols to resolve some of these challenges.
What are some strategies for ensuring that the goals of all teams can be effectively met?
1. Avoid blame and acknowledge and embrace differences as well as common purpose/values.
It is important that various stakeholders, including housing and clinical teams avoid blaming each other when challenges arise. Acknowledging the different goals and perspectives of stakeholders is important in developing an atmosphere of effective problem-solving and communication. It is important for teams to “take a step back” and identify the common goals that each team has for participants (I.E., to support participants to maintain stable housing), acknowledge and embrace differing goals, and determine how these differing goals might fit into the larger common goals.
2. Promote ongoing communication between teams.
Stakeholders emphasized communication as the key to ensuring that the goals of all teams can be met effectively. While housing and clinical teams function separately in housing first implementation, it is essential that these teams remain in regular contact and communication with each other. Having teams housed within the same building or within close vicinity to one another has been an effective strategy in this respect. In addition, ensuring that both teams are present at meetings, where they can see each others’ accomplishments, challenges, and strategies has been an effective strategy.
While housing and clinical teams function separately in housing first implementation, it is essential that these teams remain in regular contact and communication with each other.
In fact, many stakeholders have suggested having weekly meetings where case managers and housing teams meet together. Including a housing team member in the regular case management team meetings has been effective as well. In the moncton site of the at home/chez soi project, the rural act team would join meetings with the urban act team in order to remain “in the loop”. In the toronto site, both housing and clinical teams participated in joint meetings in order to keep current with each others’ work and to engage in joint problem solving discussions.
3. Develop clear protocols, roles, and responsibilities.
Stakeholders described the importance of developing clear accountability structures, in which different teams and stakeholders can clearly identify their roles and responsibilities, and those from other teams. In addition, developing consistent protocols that can be accessed and referenced by all stakeholders is an effective strategy. For example, having a clear protocol establishing the roles and responsibilities of housing teams versus those of clinical teams, will guide all parties in their respective roles. At the toronto site of the at home/chez soi project, housing and clinical teams actually developed their protocols together, which encouraged cooperation, sense of ownership, team-building, and clarity. Another example would be having a protocol that describes how to deal with more complex situations (e.G., a challenging tenant-landlord relationship) that is accessible to all stakeholders – landlords, participants, and housing and clinical teams. This will ensure that all stakeholders are clear on program expectations and what their roles are in working toward a resolution.
During the implementation process, tensions can arise when stakeholders believe that some participants are having difficulty adjusting adequately to their role as a tenant and are not accountable for being evicted from their housing.
What are some strategies for promoting participants’ accountability for maintaining their housing?
1. Supporting participants from the beginning through basic skills training.
Stakeholders emphasized the importance of having teams work with participants at the beginning of their housing experience, in order to learn basic skills for maintaining a home. Helpful skills, for example, would include: apartment cleaning and maintenance, how to purchase and cook food, how to manage one’s finances, and any other skills that participants would like to learn. One of the stakeholders from the Moncton site of the At Home/Chez Soi project said, “We were cleaning toilets with them. They saw us at the same level as them, not the nurse as being way up high. We were with them doing the same things, and it started a good bond right at the beginning”.
2. Working with participants to reflect and learn.
In order to encourage participant accountability for their choices, it is helpful to see any evictions or potentially negative experiences as a learning process and an opportunity to redirect one’s thoughts and behaviours to make the next housing experience different from the last (for participants and for landlords). For example, some stakeholders suggested that after a first eviction, the worker should sit down with the person to help them reflect on what went wrong, help them develop strategies for avoiding the same thing from happening again (e.g., if it was because they invited the wrong people into their place because they felt isolated or were not able to set boundaries, help them with those issues), and help them reflect on the consequences of what’s happened (e.g., that their range of housing choices may be more restricted because of their actions). Workers can then ask the participant to take on a leadership role in exploring other housing units, while ensuring that they are communicating with the participant in a motivating, supportive manner.
During implementation, tensions can arise when stakeholders believe that landlords are having difficulty adjusting adequately to their responsibilities as a landlord. In many instances this challenge will reflect a landlord not acting in accordance with their respective roles and responsibilities as stipulated by provincial law (e.G., the Ontario residential tenancies act in Ontario). The implementation challenge will be to hold both program tenants and landlords accountable to their roles and responsibilities.
What are some strategies for working with landlords in fulfilling their responsibilities as landlords?
Clinical and housing team members in the at home/chez soi project believed that the role of housing teams is partially that of an educator. They found that being communicative and firm about the legal rights of program tenants was an effective strategy to ensure that landlords fulfilled their responsibilities. Additionally, there was a wide consensus that education on mental health and addictions was very helpful for landlords in being able to better empathize with particular tenants.
There was a wide consensus that education on mental health and addictions was very helpful for landlords in being able to better empathize with particular tenants.
In some instances, landlords may simply lack the skills to problem solve. Having events where housing and clinical workers, and other landlords are present to collaboratively problem solve is important. It has been suggested that hosting lunches are an effective way to engage landlords.
In the scatter-site model of housing, participants live in the community, and the team does home visits, often over a wide geographical area. Geographic dispersion can be a challenge for workers, especially for sites implementing Housing First in rural areas or in large urban communities. Living independently (and alone) in the community can also be a challenge for participants, and lead to feelings of isolation and boredom. In addition, there are difficulties associated with getting around in the community without adequate transportation. Finally, another key challenge in helping to supporting participants in the community is ensuring that culturally-informed practices and services are provided for all participants.
What are some experience-based strategies for dealing with doing community-based work when implementing housing first?
1. Creating positive relationships with program participants.
It is imperative that all stakeholders involved in the process of implementing a Housing First program understand the importance of developing secure and positive relationships with participants.
The following videos demonstrate how trans-formative these relationships can be for both participants and staff.
2. Create community spaces and other resources for feeling connected.
Multiple stakeholders have described participant feelings of loneliness and boredom when they move away from their community while living on the streets to their own apartment units. They discussed the importance of connecting participants to community resources early on to help curb these experiences of isolation. Some strategies that have helped participants deal with these feelings have included the creation of community drop-in spaces, some of which have been kept open 365 days per year, 7 days per week, 24 hours per day, where participants could speak with case managers (whether their own or not) if they felt lonely. Peer support workers are exceptional resources in facilitating processes around creating community spaces. For example, the Moncton site of the At Home/Chez Soi project had a drop-in centre with services available, as well as phones and computers for people to use. They maintained an open door policy and participants were able to make coffee, socialize, and participate in leisure activities. Hosting weekly, monthly, or annual lunches for participants in order to create sense of community has been suggested as well.
Other helpful strategies may include watching television or listening to the radio as a helpful tool for overcoming early feelings of isolation. It is recommended that teams be proactive in terms of helping participants get their phone and cable connected in order for them to engage in these types of activities.
3. Facilitating connections with participants by mobilizing the resources of the broader community.
Another strategy for staying connected entails finding creative ways of facilitating connections with participants by mobilizing the resources of their broader community. While service teams are still responsible for making a certain number of visits with participants, they can help participants to develop a broader support network. For instance, they can encourage family members of participants to connect regularly with participants and find out if they need any additional support. In addition to team members, family members may help participants with transportation to doctor’s appointments or other meetings that participants would like to attend. Partnering with local pharmacies that agree to deliver medications to participants is another strategy.
4. Be flexible and creative about connecting with participants.
Visiting and trying to get in touch with participants that live far from service team offices (e.g., in rural areas or large urban settings) can be challenging and very time consuming. One strategy for dealing with this challenge is for teams to be creative and flexible in doing the home visits. In large urban communities, it may be helpful to divide the community into catchment areas, and divide service teams so that they are responsible for smaller areas of space, which will decrease transit and driving time. Another suggestion made by stakeholders was to “double-up” on visits. For example, if one worker happened to be planning a visit to a certain client in a particular area, they could also arrange to see another client in that area, even if the original plan was for another worker to make the visit (as long as this is okay with the participant, of course). Providing participants with cell phones so that service-providers and participants can connect with one another would be helpful as well. Finally, it is suggested that home visits decrease in frequency as participant stability increases, as long as participants and workers are both comfortable with this. Instead of going for a house visit, workers and clients have enjoyed meeting for coffee somewhere convenient for both of them.
5. Adapt program implementation to local contexts.
Adapting Housing First implementation to local contexts is important to satisfy varying needs of diverse groups and individuals within diverse settings. For example, Housing First programs implemented in rural settings will often differ from implementation in more urban settings. It is possible to achieve both program fidelity and effective adaptation to local contexts. For example, Housing First was implemented in rural Vermont, where the Pathways Housing First team employed telecommunication strategies to effectively support participants within the community. Another example was in the large urban setting of Toronto, where Housing First was adapted to creatively connect with participants of varying ethno-racial groups. In order to facilitate better access to programs for participants in Winnipeg, services were strategically located within the inner city and other locations where there were large numbers of Aboriginal people.
Protecting the cultural safety of all participants is paramount throughout implementation, especially to create positive relationships with program participants. Culturally-informed practices and services must be provided for participants (e.g., ethnoracial communities and Aboriginal communities). Click here to learn about Winnipeg’s Aboriginal Health and Wellness Centre’s Ni-Apin Intensive Case Management (ICM) team, that adapted housing alternatives based on the cultural needs of Aboriginal participants of the At Home/Chez Soi project, while maintaining high program fidelity.
Throughout program implementation, staff may experience difficult or triggering emotions, as they work very closely with participants and form caring relationships with them. Some staff with lived experience may experience vicarious trauma, which needs to be taken very seriously. Additionally, it is likely that someone will die throughout the program, causing staff members to experience vicarious traumatization.
What are some strategies for dealing with difficult emotions and staff burnout when implementing housing first?
1. Encourage self-care of staff.
Encourage staff to try and identify when they are experiencing difficult emotions or being triggered by the experiences of participants. Tell staff that self-care is essential and create a work environment that allows staff to engage in self-care measures. For example, include “self-care days”, where staff can leave work early or take time off of work. Encourage staff to ask for help if they need it and emphasize that asking for help does not indicate failure. Keep in mind, as well, that not all clinicians are open to the involvement of peer support workers, so you may want to try to find spaces where peer support workers feel welcome and appreciated. Additionally, some staff with lived experience may experience vicarious trauma, and staff members may experience vicarious traumatization if someone in the program dies. Both formal and/or informal strategies need to be in place to help staff members deal with these experiences and the feelings associated with them. An open-door policy needs to exist for staff to reach out for help, and staff members need to be supported through these experiences. Finally, create an environment of hope and positivity; one that highlights and celebrates even the “small wins” of participants and staff.
Encourage staff to ask for help if they need it and emphasize that asking for help does not indicate failure.
2. Take advantage of team-based case management.
Team-based case management, including team meetings offers a chance for debriefing and problem solving to happen, which facilitates self-care. Stakeholders have found that as they developed their network of community resources, the burden on the individual workers decreased.
Help team members understand that burden on the teams should diminish over time. Team members should anticipate that when teams first start up, because a larger number of new participants come into the program at once, it will likely be a challenging time, before the team gets “over the hump”. The experience in the At Home/Chez Soi project was that as case managers gained confidence and expertise in the model and began to see the benefits to participants, the initial sense of “fragility” of the teams went away and was replaced by a sense of resilience. Even so, stakeholders suggested some strategies for ensuring that this maturing process could happen. For example, it is recommended that when teams are being formed, to be sure to secure a “critical mass” of case managers that had already had some experience with the approach, and ensure there is a proactive strategy in place for training in the case of employee turnover. Key informants also suggested that teams ensure that not too many new participants were brought into the program at once, during the initial start up phase.
Consumers will be in different stages of recovery, and experience different challenges throughout the implementation of Housing First programs. Project teams may be working with some participants who are facing substantive challenging with regards to maintaining stable housing and are therefore more focused on meeting their basic needs, while other participants may be moving toward employment and beginning to disengage from the process of requiring continued assistance.
What are some strategies for reorienting program goals when implementing housing first?
1. Meet participants where they are.
Stakeholders have suggested that teams work with each individual participant at the level that they are at. For example, for one participant who is finding it difficult to meet their basic needs of acquiring food and maintaining housing, it may be unrealistic for them to start thinking about long-term career goals. Another participant, however, may have become experienced in meeting their basic needs and maintaining their home, and therefore, may be ready to engage in the process of obtaining work.
2. Think about alternatives to scatter-site housing.
For people whom the scatter-site model of housing is not working, or for people who do not wish to live in independent housing, begin to think of alternatives or modifications that can be made for particular participants. For example, one of the sites in the At Home/Chez Soi project developed an alternative living arrangement (more of a step-up/step-down facility) for participants who did not feel comfortable living completely on their own.
3. Ensure access to external resources and expertise.
Challenges around how to help people that don’t appear to be improving in their level of stability, or participants with complex needs have arisen throughout the implementation process of the At Home/Chez Soi project.
Make sure you have access to individuals and teams to bring more expertise or a “fresh look” at people with complex needs or who seemingly aren’t getting better. This can be done through consultation with relevant experts/clinicians (e.g., head injury, solvent use, or other serious co-occurring substance use experts).
Additional training will likely be necessary for learning how to deal with complex trauma, such as motivational interviewing strategies, and/or harm-reduction strategies. Furthermore, additional training around difficult tenancy issues (e.g., hoarding, violence, disruptive visitors, or other challenging behavior within housing setting) may be necessary.
4. Develop innovative, creative job procurement and job maintenance opportunities both within your program and through partnerships, education, and advocacy.
Issues around job procurement and job maintenance have all been discussed during consultation sessions with stakeholders that have implemented Housing First. Being able to envision or create job opportunities for participants where they otherwise would not have existed has been fundamental to Housing First implementation in some communities. In rural communities, for example, search for opportunities around farming projects or selling items at local markets or in connecting with local farmers to participate in farm work. Consider developing job or volunteer opportunities within the Housing First program, including cleaning apartment units for other participants, helping other participants with moving in to their homes, pet-sitting, and other tasks. Facilitate community dinners and hire participants to host and set up the events. Create partnerships within the community, in order to foster vocational opportunities for participants. Educate the community through discussion forums and other events that promote participant involvement and develop ideas around job opportunities. You may want to consider hiring a specialist(s) with a background in vocational assistance to facilitate some of the aforementioned strategies, and can advocate for participants in finding vocational and volunteer opportunities that match their skills and desires.
Creating job opportunities for participants where they otherwise would not have existed has been fundamental to Housing First implementation.
With Housing First being a relatively newer model of housing, especially in Canada, challenges can arise with regards to how to create a philosophy that follows the values of the Housing First, and how to build a sense of community among a wide range of stakeholders involved in the implementation process (e.g., health and mental health teams, other support services, consumers, funders, landlords, and peers). For example, some service team members, landlords, and other stakeholders may hold attitudes and philosophical beliefs that are antithetical to Housing First values (e.g., attitudes opposing recovery-orientation or harm-reduction) and can interfere with the atmosphere and sense of community for others associated with the program.
What are some strategies for developing a housing first philosophy and sense of community when implementing Housing First?
1. Hiring and training processes are key elements of creating team cohesion.
When hiring staff for your project, keep in mind that value orientation is essential to creating a Housing First philosophy. It is essential to hire the “right people”. Staff members should be creative, flexible, compassionate, client-centred problem-solvers that can “think outside the box”. What are staff views on harm reduction and recovery-oriented strategies? How do staff members feel about working in a cohesive team of various stakeholders, rather than working independently? These are some key questions to consider through the hiring process. It is highly recommended to hire people with lived experience, as well as people with diverse perspectives/disciplinary backgrounds. It is also helpful to reassess team members who have not adapted to the Housing First model throughout program implementation evaluations. You might find that you have to change your team in order to ensure that staff members are a good “fit” for implementing a Housing First program.
Multiple stakeholders expressed their gratitude for the training they received prior to implementation of the At Home/Chez Soi project, especially since they were new to the Housing First model. Training needs to include recognition of the difficulty associated with working with participants with complex traumas (e.g., post traumatic stress), and needs to be focused on working with diverse populations, and those experiencing crises. In addition to training, weekly (or daily) team meetings have been helpful for staff members to talk openly, express their frustrations and feelings, and to feel that they are not working alone, but in a cohesive team. Create an institutional space for working through problems collectively, and implementing a “learning as we go” philosophy, where bumps or setbacks along the way are viewed as learning experiences rather than failures. Housing First approaches are team-based and embrace full engagement with participants and other stakeholders who work collectively to achieve positive outcomes. Shared leadership and team structures are integral to creating a cohesive environment.
2. Ensure fidelity to Housing First philosophical principles.
While adapting Housing First programs to local contexts, it is also important that stakeholders make decisions based on Housing First principles and determine if the program is adhering to such principles (discussed later in this module). Continually assess how Housing First principles are being used, and remind all stakeholders about the importance of consumer choice in all aspects of the implementation process, as well as the importance of applying creative and motivational strategies when working with participants. For example, if a person chooses not to engage in treatment, staff is encouraged to hone their skills in harm reduction motivational interviewing, and work with the participant in learning alternative strategies for illness management.
3. Build close relationships with landlords.
Develop strong and close relationships with landlords from the beginning, even prior to program implementation. Be honest with landlords about the challenges that some participants face; don’t share personal information about participants, but provide landlords with an overview of the different types of clients being supported by the program. Emphasize that there will be a strong, cohesive team that will be supporting the participant, and ensure that the team will intervene as needed, to protect the needs of both participants and landlords. A recommendation from a site of the At Home/Chez Soi project is to draw on community agencies that have preexisting relationships with landlords, because they often have an existent stock of available housing units. For example, the Winnipeg site of the At Home/Chez Soi project partnered with their regional health authority that had already established relationships with landlords, and this helped them build relationships with landlords as well. For more detailed information about initiating and sustaining relationships with landlords, click here.
A critical element of implementation is establishing secure, honest relationships with those funding your Housing First program. Make sure that the funder(s) understand the philosophy and values of the program (e.g., if the funder expects participants to be “housing ready”, they may not be an appropriate match for the program). Spend lots of time, and use creative strategies to go over the program elements, terminology, values, and philosophy with funder(s), and be honest with them from the beginning. Explain that problems should be anticipated, but can be managed effectively through having realistic expectations and engaging in collaborative teamwork.
The engagement of people with lived experience is imperative to successful implementation of Housing First programs, yet complex to integrate into more traditional housing and clinical environments. It can be challenging to integrate people with lived experience into meaningful roles with housing and clinical teams, as well as to form peer advisory groups. For example, skeptical attitudes of staff, lack of awareness of the benefits of peer involvement, tokenism, and role strain for peers may be challenging. Peer involvement entails, at a minimum, hiring peer support workers, finding mechanisms for getting feedback from participants, and active involvement in Housing First planning, and all subsequent stages of Housing First (see: Implement, Evaluate and Sustain).
What are some strategies for engaging people with lived experience when implementing Housing First?
1. Hiring peer support workers.
Active engagement of peer support workers is integral to successful implementation of Housing First programs. It is essential to recognize that having peer support workers as part of the process in a tokenistic way is undesirable. Peer support workers must be viewed and treated as valuable individuals with knowledge, experience, and abilities about experiences of mental health and/or homelessness that cannot be found elsewhere. Stakeholders have found that hiring peer support workers to work with participants and create social networks for participants to be highly valuable for participants and staff alike. Peer support workers can hold training sessions for service providers to advise them on how to work collaboratively with participants. They can also be part of the collaborative process. For example, involvement of peer support workers in home visits has been found to facilitate more openness and increased engagement of participants in the process. Peer support workers must be hired on a full-time basis, so that they are valued equally to non-peer workers, and to avoid tokenism. To avoid role strain and overburden from multiple role responsibilities of peer support workers, peers should be hired from outside of the program. It may also be helpful to hire peers that are further along in their own recovery, to establish more distance between being a participant and a supporter.
Active engagement of peer support workers is integral to the successful implementation of Housing First programs.
2. Hold debriefing sessions for peer support workers and other staff members.
Peer support work can be challenging in organizational settings that lack inclusive language and power structures, and one in which the inclusion of peer-support workers is new. This can lead to marginalization of peer support workers, as they become excluded from the rest of the team. Additionally, some peer support workers decide to keep their lived experiences private (e.g., in clinical service team settings), which can leave them feeling vulnerable and powerless in certain situations. One strategy to work through these issues would be to hold debriefing sessions (e.g., sharing circles), where peers can discuss ongoing issues they are experiencing and work together to come up with helpful strategies. These sessions can include peer support workers only, or can include other staff members as well, which may lead to breaking down of barriers between staff members.
3. Ensure that processes are in place to elicit feedback about the program from participants.
Involving people with lived experience entails finding ways of ensuring that Housing First program staff understand the experiences of their participants, and develop strategies to elicit their feedback about program strengths and shortcomings. One suggestion from a peer advisor for the At Home/Chez Soi project was to hire a “peer ombudsperson” as a source of objective support for participants if they experience issues around service provision. The peer ombudsperson should have knowledge and experience in homelessness and housing, and should be affiliated with an organization outside of the program being implemented, so that they remain objective.
Involve peers in all aspects of program implementation, and normalize their presence and involvement. Since peer involvement is rare in more traditional clinical environments, it may take more time for clinicians to understand or experience the benefits of peer involvement. However, when clinicians see that the team is open to and enthusiastic about peer involvement, they may respond more positively.
5. Ensure meaningful involvement of peers.
Peers have a valuable perspective that can greatly aid in implementation and facilitate both buy-in and accountability with program participants. It is important to honor the expertise of peers by giving them full-time stable employment. Additionally, the formation of peer advisory groups is highly recommended, and peer advisory group members should be present at all operations meetings to give their perspectives. One group of peers/participants from the At Home/Chez Soi project came together to form the “Speaker’s Bureau”, as a means to engage other people with lived experience and society at large – a place to connect, discuss, educate, and combat homelessness together.
Challenges around housing and rehousing participants, especially when it comes to finding an adequate range of apartments or places that facilitate participant choice, and especially for those who are having more significant difficulty finding housing that adequately fits their needs are common issues in implementing Housing First. It can be a challenge to acquire housing in markets with low vacancy rates and high costs of housing, where the guaranteed income provided by Housing First is likely less of a motivator. When re-housing participants who have been evicted, it is difficult to ensure that evictions do not lead to a poor reputation of the program within the community, or poor reputation of particular participants amongst landlords. Furthermore, it is often especially difficult to rehouse participants who engage in certain activities, such as prostitution, drug use, or dealing drugs. However, re-housing is an important part of participants learning to become tenants and engaged citizens after periods of homelessness. It is important to negotiate re-housing in ways that avoid evictions and maintain positive relationships with landlords wherever possible – particularly in communities where landlords are likely to talk to other landlords about their experiences with tenants.
What are some strategies around housing and rehousing when implementing Housing First?
1. Understand the housing environment and be creative with it.
Know the housing environment within the community that you are working to house participants. Be creative and flexible about the types of housing opportunities that exist but can easily be overlooked. For example, look for family-owned units, where participants may be potential candidates for housing. If a participant is having difficulty finding housing in a particular community, try searching outside of that community for potential options.
2. Carefully consider the fit between the person and the environment.
Stakeholders with Housing First experience emphasized the importance of considering the fit between program participants and housing situations. Participants are more likely to be successful when housing is a good match to their preferences and needs. For example, some stakeholders shared that in rural environments, apartments with fewer tenants worked well for some participants and noted that smaller apartments were easier for individuals with histories of incarceration to manage. Stakeholders explained that focus should be on helping participants become accountable tenants and responsible in managing their apartments.
To ensure a good fit between participants and housing, it is helpful to explore a range of housing types and sizes options. Participant choice of housing tends to focus on both location and the size of the apartment, as well as other factors. Stakeholders shared that some participants preferred small apartments, as they were less overwhelming to maintain. Other participants preferred to live with families and required a bigger space.
3. Hire dedicated, creative staff committed to housing participants.
If there is only one team member devoted to housing, consider hiring another person early on to assist. As mentioned earlier, try to determine the fit needed between a participant and their housing requirements. For example, wheelchair accessibility may be important for one participant, while another participant may prefer to live in an apartment with a vibrant social environment. Matching participant preferences and choices to their housing may prevent eviction and a need for re-housing later on. A stakeholder suggested that to encourage choice, housing teams should try to show participants 2-3 different housing options before the person decides where they want to live. Consider developing a checklist for clients to help them make decisions about what type of housing would be best for them.
4. Keep flexible money available.
According to one site in the At Home/Chez Soi project, having flexible money available for putting things in storage, insurance costs, moving costs, and covering damages in apartment units were integral to keeping people housed.
Evictions are costly to landlords and difficult experiences for participants. The reality of early implementation is that some tenancies will not work for various reasons. At Home/Chez Soi stakeholders suggested that in many instances landlords were cooperative with housing moves, allowing participants to break their lease in addition to other accommodations. It is important to normalize failed tenancies and evictions and cooperate with all stakeholders to make these experiences as positive as possible.
Conducting fidelity assessments to determine if your Housing First program was implemented as intended and ensure that it is adhering to the Housing First principles is essential. Fidelity assessments can be conducted at multiple time points, including earlier in the implementation process and later in the implementation process. Developing an External Quality Assurance team to conduct fidelity assessments to determine if the project showed high fidelity to the Pathways Housing First model was an effective strategy employed by the At Home/Chez Soi project. The Quality Assurance team rated Housing First programs on specific fidelity items (e.g., adherence to Housing First principles of Housing Choice and Structure) based on key informant interviews, consumer focus groups, and participant chart review. Furthermore, based on additional key informant interviews and focus groups, qualitative researchers evaluated factors that helped or hindered the achievement of program implementation and fidelity, as well as stakeholder perceptions of what accounted for fidelity strengths and challenges, lessons learned about the Housing First theory of change, and landlord/caretaker issues.
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0.999999 |
Do you know what paracord is or are familiar with the term? This is a product that is typically used in parachutes as suspension lines. However, it has become a go-to product for survivalists and outdoor enthusiasts as it can be used in many different ways since it is so versatile. In fact, there are many types of paracord projects you can make for emergency preparation, and even outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, and fishing.
If you want to be prepared for a vast array of scenarios, then starting on paracord projects can be a start in the right direction. You can use a section of paracord, for example, to hang a makeshift tent using tarps or even make a multi-purpose survival bracelet.
The most important thing to keep in mind about paracord projects is using the best product. You do not want to use an inferior paracord that has been made in China or elsewhere. Durable paracord has seven strands of cord and is the type you will need.
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0.981379 |
Why do marginalised people go to railway stations?
For those who are homeless, stations seem to be the best place available to respond to basic needs. In fact, stations provide services, shops, transportation, toilets, food and restaurants, banks, post offices, information, special assistance, healthcare and even arts in some cases. And, in terms of relationships, they facilitate connections between people.
Unlike the stations, the neighbourhoods where they are located are often very ugly ones. Cheap shops, faded buildings, low-quality hotels, hustlers, illegal business seem to be the common features of transit areas. Such surroundings do have an impact on the presence of marginalised people in the stations, for it is the station to supply to the lacks of the city around, and to grant a relatively pleasant environment to any social group, included vulnerable persons, and young people, who are able to spend their time, build their relationships, being both in groups or alone, in (almost) total freedom and anonymity.
As a matter of fact, passengers’ flow makes everyone invisible in a railway station, or in transit areas in a broader sense. Youth can be independent here, come from suburbs, go elsewhere in town, meet friends or comrades, or rivals as well. In this special microcosmos, reflecting all the contradictions occurring in the city, life for some people can be very challenging, and so it is for youngsters, often vulnerable and bereft of positive models to follow.
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0.95427 |
Image Credit: Brian M., Fishers, IN The author's comments: This is a parody. I love aprodies, so I made one. I love the Twilight Saga, but the Parodies are just as good. Please comment and rate!!! *Dramatic piano Music* (Edward and Bella stand outside of Bella's house by the truck) Bella: It's my birthday Edward:So....? Bella: Kiss me. Edward *Scared look* uhh... Okay? *They kiss* (At the Cullen Mansion thingie. Everyone is in a circle) Alice: It's time! It's Time! Bella, open your presents. Bella: But I don't like- Alice *Devilish look* OPEN THEM!!! Bella: Okay, Okay! Sheesh. *Bella opens package and gets a papercut. Blood squirts out everywhere* Bella: Ahhh!! Call a doctor!! Jasper: *Looks at bella and licks lips* tasty..... Edward: NOOO!!! *Pushed bella into piano* Bella: OW! Edawrd: Sorry......*Hits Jasper* I was trying to protect you....... Bella: You didn't do a good enough job. *Walks away. Emmett: Remind me why you like her? Edward: *sighs* I don't know anymore...Let's leave her. EVERYONE: YEAH!!!! (Edward and Bella are outside in woods) Edward: Bella I'm leaving. Bella: But Edwrad- Edward: *hides behind a tree* bella: *Hyperventalates* *Jacob comes out of nowhere* Bella: Jacob! I love you now that Edward's not here! Jacob: *Shrugs* I'll take it! (*Later on*) Bella: Let's build a bike! Jacob: When did you like Bikes? Bella: Shut up and build us some bikes that we can ride romantically into the sunset with....*Smiles and looks lovingly away* (Daydream) Jacob: Hop on Bells! bella: *Smiles brightly* OKAY Jackee! *Hops on and rides off a cliff into the sunset* (End Daydream) Bella: *Shakes herself out of daydream* Jacob: FINSIHED!! Bella: Let us ride into the sunset! Jacob: Where have you been all month.....? Bella: *Hops on back of the bikes* Let's go Jake! I wanna feel the adrenaline rush! Jacob: *Gulps* Kay then.... Bella: *Sees figure of Edward* EDDY! Edward: I'm not real! Leave me alone! Bella: *Crashes into a rock* Kay then *Sniffle* (Bella and Jacob at Bella's house) Alice: Ding-DONG! I'm at the door! *Knocks on door and then breaks it down* *BElla and Jacob stare with eyes wide open* Bella: Alice!!*Hugs her* Alice: Bella! *Sniff-Sniff* You smell great.... Bella: I'll go away now.... Alice: NO! Edward thinks you're dead. He's Gunna go commit suicide! Bella: Can vampires do that? Alice: Only the sparkly, magical, soft,non-sharp-toothed Cullens can! *Beams with pride* Jacob: Bella don't go! Bella: No, Jake. Now that Edwrad's back, I love him. You will just have to wait your turn. Jacob: But I'm a werewolf! Bella: *Eyes widden* When did that happen?!? Jacob: A While ago. We just didn't mention it cause it was so obvious. Did you see any of the New Moon trailers? That ruined everything! Bella: True. I still gotta go. Jake: *Whimpers* (Outside in Rome) Alice: GO BELLA! Bella: OKAY! *Trips over fountian* Ouch!!! Edward: *Walks into sun* Bella: EDWARD NO!!! Edward: *Looks at Bella* GOD! Can't this chick leave me alone? Bella: *Hugs Edward* RUNNN!!!! Edward:*Sigh* You won't let me be, will you? Bella. No. I'm persistant *Insane laugh* Edward *Sarcastic laugh* yes you are....*Sigh* Let's go home. (On a plane home) Bella: Okay. Edward- um...I've been meaning to ask you something. .. Edward: *Sigh* What is it, Bella. Bella: Will you marry me? Edward: *Scoffs* NO! Bella:*Grab's Edwards Earlobe* Do it or I'll seduce you.... Edward: Okay okay!!!!! Bella: *Smiles* YEA!!!!!
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0.957448 |
Denver is the central city of a conurbation region in the U.S. state of Colorado. The conurbation includes one continuous region consisting of the six central counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas and Jefferson. The region includes the adjacent county of El Paso in the south and reaches to Fort Collins, Larimer County in the north. The Denver region is part of the Front Range Urban Corridor.
The United States Office of Management and Budget has delineated the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area consisting of ten Colorado counties: the City and County of Denver, Arapahoe County, Jefferson County, Adams County, Douglas County, the City and County of Broomfield, Elbert County, Park County, Clear Creek County, and Gilpin County. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population was 2,645,209 as of July 1, 2012, an increase of +4.00% since the 2010 United States Census, and ranking as the 21st most populous metropolitan statistical area of the United States.
The Office of Management and Budget also delineated the more extensive Denver-Aurora Combined Statistical Area comprising the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood Metropolitan Statistical Area, the Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area, and the Greeley Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The percent population change from April 1, 2010, to July 1, 2011.
The most prosperous parts of the area are in the south, while the most industrialized areas are in the northeast, specifically in the northern part of Denver proper and extending to areas such as Commerce City in Adams County. Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market.
The center of the metropolitan area sits in a valley, the Denver Basin, and suffers from air pollution known colloquially as the brown cloud, building up if the air is stagnant as it often is in the winter. Severity of pollution in this area has varied enormously over the years. In the late 1980s the area was frequently in violation of multiple National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Regional Air Quality Council (RAQC) was formed in 1989 to create plans to address the problem. Through a variety of measures the area's air quality was improved and in 2002 the EPA designated the area in compliance with all federal health-based air quality standards. Denver was the first major city in the United States to reach compliance with all six of these standards after previously violating five of them Since then the EPA introduced a new standard for small particulates and made the existing ozone standard stricter. In 2003 the new ozone standard was frequently exceeded in the area and was occasionally exceeded as far away as Rocky Mountain National Park. The RAQC hopes to implement plans enabling the area to comply with the new standards by 2007.
Though Arvada, Aurora, Boulder, Brighton, Broomfield, Denver, Lakewood and Longmont have their own individual sister city relationships, the Denver Regional Council of Governments (DRCOG) as a whole has a sister city relationship with the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq.
^ a b "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas".
^ "Colorado Counties as of May 1, 2011".
^ "Town of Bennett - Government". Colorado.gov. Town of Bennett. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^ "Bagdad–Denver region partnership". Denver Regional Council of Governments. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
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0.838273 |
Did you meet the goal of getting new windows installed in your house? If you spend a large amount of money on the windows to make sure that they are of a high quality, it is important to make sure that they are taken good care of so they will be durable. Basically, you must make sure that prompt repairs are made when it is necessary, as well as that the glass panes are cleaned in a professional manner. Neglecting to take care of your windows will also lead to your house losing curb appeal. This article has a few helpful tips in regards to making sure that your new home windows are properly taken care of.
Although it might not seem like cleaning the windows on your own can pose any problems, it is actually wise to leave the task to professionals. The reason why is because using the wrong type of products on the glass panes can lead to them getting scratched up. You would then end up with windows that might need to be replaced faster than you planned for. Professional windows cleaners will use commercial tools for removing dirt in a gentle manner. Paint can be removed from the glass panes without damage being caused as well.
A wise investment that you can make for your home windows is to get the frames inspected by a professional every now and then. If the frames are made of wood, the inspections should be more frequent. The reason why is because pests and outside elements can destroy wood faster than some of the other materials that frames are commonly constructed up. When it comes to pests, make sure the inspector looks for signs of termite and carpenter ant damage. If you don't make sure damaged frames are repaired soon enough, you can end up needing to get them rebuild, which can be costly.
If any of the glass panes happens to get chipped, scratched, or cracked, it is in your best interest to get them repaired. Damage to the panes will only get worse if no repairs are made, as a small crack can quickly get larger. If you only notice scratches in the glass, a professional can likely buff them away and make the glass look new. However, large cracks in the glass might point to the panes needing to be replaced altogether. The best time to get your windows inspected is after severe storms, as it is easier for rocks and other debris to be thrown into the glass and cause damage. Make sure you schedule glass replacement right away if it's necessary.
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0.97835 |
What is the meaning of the asterisk in front of a CAS number?
An asterisk in front of a CAS number denotes that it is invalid according to the CAS registry specifications (https://www.cas.org/content/chemical-substances/checkdig). For some databases, these invalid CAS numbers are the original ones as provided by the donator with other ID information like SMILES, Chemical Name, etc. Since we are not allowed to change/correct the original chemical IDs, the system recognizes them as unique and uses them for the identification of the corresponding chemicals.
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0.947387 |
You’re a professor of the History of Science, but also a pilot. What initially attracted you to aviation?
I always wanted to fly an airplane as a child. I grew up in New York City, where flying is no simple matter. Later, when I was teaching at Stanford, I learned how to fly a little single-engine plane. That experience opened up a whole range of questions for me about airspace, regulations and control, and radio communication.
Then I learned to fly instrument-based planes. I was fascinated by the technology; it formed a material palimpsest of many eras of communication. Radio communication has highly stylized features that have become anachronistic. For example, radio stations are identified through Morse code. Over the last few decades Morse code has almost disappeared. Now it’s so cheap to use voice and satellite relay communication. But there is something fascinating about these exchanges via 19th-century technology. If a plane is in trouble, the tower will ask the pilot, “Souls on board?” to find out how many people are on the flight. Or when the plane is about to take off, the tower will say, “Cessna niner one seven three, clear to take off,” and give the runway number. Only the controller is allowed to say “take off”—they don’t want that word floating around because other pilots might think it’s meant for them. To confirm, you don’t say, “Cessna niner one seven three, taking off.” Instead, you say, “Niner one seven three, rolling,” or something similar. There are many other examples, like saying the number “niner” because that avoids confusion with the German nein.
Do you fly with a copilot?
No, I don’t. But one of the important things about having two pilots in large planes is the system of call and response. There’s always a checklist. Remember when, in 2009, that US Airways plane hit those geese and had to land in the Hudson River? Even though they only had a couple of minutes before hitting the water, the pilot and copilot were calling out their checklist.
When you’re flying a single-pilot plane, you often repeat that dialogue on your own. You’re taught to say each step out loud: “Landing gear extended, three in the green, flaps certain position,” and so on. You go through the list, calling out and responding to yourself. There’s a sociality in a crew of one; the pilot behaves as if he or she were two people.
It’s like getting into the box of the simulator, an imagined world.
In a two-pilot plane, there’s a dynamic. The copilot needs to challenge the pilot if he or she sees something wrong, and pilots are taught to respond. Like so much of flying, these methods evolved in response to accidents and now figure prominently in safety training.
Have you ever done “contact flying”—using only landmarks or visual cues for orientation?
That’s how you learn to fly. There’s a distinction between visual flight rules and instrument flight rules. I once had a teacher out in California who said, “You can’t only look at the instruments. You’ve got to look outside of the airplane, focus on the ground, and recognize the configuration of things in a way that will allow you to get back!” When I first learned to fly, I assumed that seeing from the air would be similar to looking at a map. I thought it would be obvious where airports were, that they would just stand out, especially at night. But they don’t. You have to learn to see distant brown smudges as airports.
Airports are often obscured by buildings and trees. And their lights, which seem bright on the field, can get lost among other lamps when seen from the air. When you’re approaching an airport, you’re not very high, and you can get forced even lower by cloud cover, so flying low, by sight, is one of the first things examiners test. In one of my qualifying exams, the examiner had me fly at 800 feet or so. When you navigate that closely to the ground, you don’t see big, long-distance points of orientation. But you learn tricks; you learn to use specific markers. Around Boston, the landscape has certain characteristics: the confluence of the Merrimack and Concord rivers serves as a siting point for planes approaching Hanscom Air Force Base. Vertical objects are good too—the radio tower array at Needham stands out. And near the coast, the shoreline tells you where you are. Learning to fly involves recognizing the land.
Another instructor said, “You come out of the clouds peering into the gauges and screens; suddenly, you’re near the airport. You’ve got to adapt to that.” So, how do you deal with that transition? Like everything else, it’s routinized. You have to keep scanning your instruments, as well as the situation outside of the window. So the world through the window becomes just another instrument in the scan.
How do the aeronautical charts for instrument flying differ from those for visual flying?
Language and sound are incredibly important, but there’s also the “cone of silence,” an area of airspace in which you don’t hear anything. And that’s precisely the idea: when you don’t hear anything, it signifies something—a nice contradiction.
Air traffic control establishes what you have called an “architecture of air”—the regulated and structured airspace within which aircraft move.
Above each airport, there’s what looks like an inverted wedding cake, a funnel-shaped regulatory space, which is defined by radial distances from the tower, and governs the way planes exit and enter the airport. Each layer of this inverted cake has different rules. To enter certain layers, the pilot may have to ask, “May I enter this space?” using a specialized form of communication, and the tower has to answer, roughly, “Yes, I have identified you on radar and you may enter.” Other layers are less restricted. These regulated zones begin to look like a city of inverted ziggurats—circular, cylindrical ziggurats.
Airspace is not the only space that is highly regulated. In the areas surrounding airports, land use, and, of course, wildlife, need to be monitored and managed to make aviation as secure as possible.
There’s also a controlled bio-space to prevent wildlife and airplanes from colliding. Wildlife managers at airports have to think about the environment as mobile, changing, and connected. They have to see beyond airport boundaries; the airport is much bigger than its site. Regulatory airspace and ether space go far beyond the airport; the control, the dialogue between airplanes and the tower, extend much further.
Different kinds of scapes are superposed on the airport but extend way past the chain-link fences that surround the airport property. I disagree with Marc Augé’s notion that an airport is a “non-space.” It’s actually the space that we live in all the time. Our cities are, in fact, enclosed by regulatory and biological territories of the airport. In cities like Boston or New York, you can’t build a building or add stories to existing buildings if they are going to intrude into ascending or descending flight paths.
The idea of the trading zone is based on the observation that we often treat spaces and even discourse or procedures as if each is a separate language, a separate world utterly disjunct from others. Instead, I was interested in what happens at the boundaries between different technical cultures, and how this is similar to what happens at the boundaries between two natural languages. A local jargon, or pidgin, eventually develops into a creole. Anthropological linguists study intermediate linguistic zones, not simply as compromises or symbioses. Often these hybrid structures will appropriate more syntax from one language, and more semantics from another. In some cases, several languages are coordinated locally in complex ways.
Could your concept of the trading zone be applied to the study of airports? Airports involve different interest groups that often demonstrate contradictory approaches.
Indeed, airports involve all sorts of competing views. You have wildlife preservationists, local communities, businesses, national regulatory authorities. So the airport and its surroundings represent a coordinated system of zones—the bio-scape, the regulatory-scape, the etherscape. But they don’t always fit together easily. For example, when a runway protection zone is extended beyond the airport, the authorities have to buy out property owners through easements, and they restrict the owners’ ability to build additional stories on their houses or to allow their trees to grow above a certain height. Then you have the potential for conflict. So all these issues have to be worked out through a local accord, and not necessarily on the basis of shared fundamental values.
In Germany they use the word Querschnittsplanung.
Exactly. In planning, the different systems of landscape, transportation, water, etc., ultimately have to be studied comprehensively. Designers and planners have to mediate all the different opinions, interests, and professions.
You can agree with a practice even if you disagree with its fundamental meaning. The trading zone and the idea of trading languages needs to be both practice oriented and language oriented—practice and language can be a continuum.
The airport zone and the airspace above and near the airport are also the areas where the most aviation-related accidents occur. Your chapter in Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century deals with aircraft accidents; with human and technological failure; and, more specifically, with the tension between what you describe as “the desire to understand an accident in all its complexity of contributing causes,” and “a pervasive institutional demand to locate a more localized probable cause.” You are working on a book now that uses the word “crashing” in its title.
The title of my forthcoming book is Building Crashing Thinking—playing off of Martin Heidegger’s famous work, Building Dwelling Thinking. It is about our built environment and the objects we use. It also involves the recognition that catastrophic failure and accidents are part of our the world, and affects how we think, how we understand the self. I’m interested in the back and forth between self and technology. The book is about how technologies reshape the self, and how they discipline us to comport ourselves. It also involves a reverse idea that certain notions of the self are prerequisites for certain kinds of technology to exist at all.
Is there a relationship between being a pilot, or being in a plane, and the scholarly work that you do?
Flying, especially instrument flying, is incredibly abstract—knowing your speed, climb, orientation, and direction by combining instrument readings with only the white haze out the window. At the same time, I like the immense materiality of it. Piloting a plane is very physical. Not just when things go wrong and it becomes all too physical, but in the everyday experiences—the motion of the plane, the feeling of the wind, the shaking of the engine, the noises, the smells. You really need to be in the moment of perception.
I like the idea of creating a visual picture on the basis of things that are nonvisual; the way we move back and forth between images and abstract ways of understanding the physical and nonphysical world. I like the physical world; I like things; I like machines; I like natural objects and human-made objects; I like the encounter; I like running; I like moving in the world.
It fascinates me that this very physical encounter we have with the world around us is associated in such remarkable ways with these extraordinary abstractions. General relativity is tied both to black holes and to the satellite-based navigation of planes. Flying is about calculations—and also about engine vibrations and the stink of aviation fuel. I love the doubling of something so concrete with something so ethereal. I think this is where my deepest fascination lies—in the oldest Greek sense of aesthetic that was linked to perception itself, a corporeal appreciation of the world. It’s fascinating and sort of funny how these high, abstract concepts can be joined to humble experience. It’s a kind of humor that I never get tired of.
Sonja Dümpelmann is Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, editor of A Cultural History of Gardens in the Age of Empire (2013), and author of the forthcoming Flights of Imagination: Aviation, Landscape, Design (2014).
Peter Galison is the Joseph Pellegrino University Professor in History of Science and Physics at Harvard University; he is the author of, among other titles, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (1997), and coauthor with Lorraine J. Daston of Objectivity (2007).
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0.986153 |
Review articles are the summary of current state of understanding on a particular research topic. They analyze or discuss research previously published by scientist and academicians rather than reporting novel research results. Review article comes in the form of systematic reviews and literature reviews and are a form of secondary literature. Systematic reviews determine an objective list of criteria, and find all previously published original research papers that meet the criteria. They then compare the results presented in these papers. Literature reviews, by contrast, provide a summary of what the authors believe are the best and most relevant prior publications. The concept of "review article" is separate from the concept of peer-reviewed literature. It is possible for a review to be peer-reviewed, and it is possible for a review to be non-peer-reviewed.
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0.999985 |
Should you rent or buy a home and what are the long-term costs? On the one hand, you're tired of your landlord. On the other hand, buying a home likely means borrowing a lot of money. As well, when buying a home you must make a down payment, money that could otherwise be invested or put into savings. What should you do?
Important notice: This calculator assumes that if you rent, you will invest all the money you would have used as a down payment. In addition, the calculator assumes that the money saved from renting relative to owning a home would also be invested. Many (perhaps even most) people may be tempted to spend rather than invest the savings. For those with less than iron self discipline, buying a home could constitute a form of forced savings.
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0.989941 |
How much was raised during the Lisk ICO?
Lisk raised 14,052 BTC during its initial coin offering in Q1 of 2016. The price of BTC back in 2016 on the end day of the ICO was at 413.42 USD., which equates to 5,809,378 USD.
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0.999996 |
I cannot write a review as you no longer sell my exact model mower. It is now 3 years old. Having said that, I love it. 5 stars.
I will begin my five star review with the buying process. I spoke with Shannon at the company and explained my mowing needs to her. When I posed a question or two that she could not answer with absolute certainty, she got the answers from her technical staff. I was not originally looking at this model but she and the technical staff assured me I needed this machine and I would love it. They were correct!
It shipped to my door in under a week and is it ever a beautiful machine. I did not have the instructions for uncrating the mower so I contacted Shannon again. She immediately e-mailed the illustrated instructions and the uncrating adventure began. In addition to some metric sockets and wrenches to disassemble the crate, I found a cordless Milwaukee Sawzall to be invaluable. After I cut away some of the lower crate assembly (steel square tubing) and removed all of the upper shipping tubing, I was ready for gas and oil and hooking up the included battery. I hit the starter twice (once to prime the fuel system) and the mower came to life. I ran it for a couple minutes on low speed and checked for leaks or odd noises. Everything checked out perfectly. Okay, time to try out my new mower. I started cutting grass that was 7-8" high with the deck set on 3.5" and that was effortless, even running wide open throttle. The cut is beautiful! I tried the mower out on some slopes I have and the mower felt totally surefooted on approximately a 20 degree slope mowing back and forth. The mower did an awesome job. I have some steeper slopes (on the dam side of a pond) with which to contend and I will ease my way into them with the Bradley. While operating the mower, I made some observations. The mower is quieter than I thought it would be. The mower has great traction. The steering is very sensitive compared to a home owner zero turn that I have. After mowing about a half acre with the new mower, I am getting pretty used to the steering. I only have three acres to go. The mower does not come with an hour meter but I think I will add one. It's a great tool for planning maintenance.
In summary, my review is based on first impressions since I just got the mower today. The mower is a beast and quite agile. I am impressed with the customer service of the company and with the quality of the mower. Everything is heavy duty. I have a neighbor who wants one after seeing me mow with mine. If he springs for one, I can help him uncrate it since I now have the experience.
Great value. I have been running my compact stand on 48 for almost a year commercially and love it. Well built and easy to operate, great value for the money.
Purchased my compact 48 from Bradley Mowers in Bradley IL. The dealer there is fantastic very helpful and made sure I knew all the functions of the mower before I took it home. Let me start out by saying this machine is a beast! If you want a quality cut at a fast pace this is the machine for you! The overall build of the mower is one of the best I have seen. Heavy duty steel, bolts, wheels everything is very well built. Even the paint job is good. Very high quality at a very fare price. The stability of the machine is very good on slopes, it weighs a fair bit so it stays put, even in damp grass. One thing I can say "I wish" was better is that the controls are a little low. I'm average height 5'-11" and they are a bit low for me. Other than that I have no complaints. I highly recommend this machine for anyone wanting to cut down on there yard time. I'm not a commercial mower but this defiantly has the quality that can withstand daily use.
It surprises me to see that there are only five reviews of the 48" Bradley Stand-On as of today; what does not surprise me is that they are all five stars! Come to think of it, what really surprises me is that I don't see Bradley mowers everywhere I look; that tells me that a lot of people just didn't do their homework before buying their mower-- if they had, we'd see a LOT more of these red beauties at work! Other reviewers have mentioned the quality of construction that is so evident in these machines... I mean, they are built like an army tank, no joke. The aspect I want to mention is Bradley's ease of operation. The controls are well-placed and straightforward, so the learning curve is a breeze. Even more important to me as an arthritis sufferer is the Bradley's smooth ride, courtesy of those big tires and the shock-absorbing operator platform which allows the legs to cushion most of the jolts which are imparted to the operator's spine on any sit-down mower. Lastly, how about that price? Check out comparable mowers like the Ferris and Bobcat stand-ons (I said comparable, not better) and you'll find that while they'll cost a lot more than the Bradley, you won't necessarily be buying more. I'm glad I purchased mine!
I bought my Mower back in July and have used it several times in many different grass conditions and it has handled it like a boss! Customer Support has been A+ , I drove 540 miles one way to pick it up in Illinois and the dealer there was awesome! Answered any questions i had! I would love to see a forums added to Bradley's website!
Built like a tank. This machine gets the job done. Impressive power. I had some hill work today and this mower took care of it.
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0.999977 |
How is it that in America the image of Jesus Christ has been used both to justify the atrocities of white supremacy and to inspire the righteousness of civil rights crusades? In The Color of Christ , Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey weave a tapestry of American dreams and visions--from witch hunts to web pages, Harlem to Hollywood, slave cabins to South Park, Mormon revelations to Indian reservations--to show how Americans remade the Son of God visually time and again into a sacred symbol of their greatest aspirations, deepest terrors, and mightiest strivings for racial power and justice. The Color of Christ uncovers how, in a country founded by Puritans who destroyed depictions of Jesus, Americans came to believe in the whiteness of Christ. Some envisioned a white Christ who would sanctify the exploitation of Native Americans and African Americans and bless imperial expansion. Many others gazed at a messiah, not necessarily white, who was willing and able to confront white supremacy. The color of Christ still symbolizes America's most combustible divisions, revealing the power and malleability of race and religion from colonial times to the presidency of Barack Obama.
Harvey, Paul, 1961-, Hillgartner, Malcolm.
Harvey, Paul,1961-, Harvey, Paul,1961-|Author, Hillgartner, Malcolm.|Narrator, hoopla digital.
How is it that in America the image of Jesus Christ has been used both to justify the atrocities of white supremacy and to inspire the righteousness of civil rights crusades? In The Color of Christ, Edward J. Blum and Paul Harvey weave a tapestry of American dreams and visions--from witch hunts to web pages, Harlem to Hollywood, slave cabins to South Park, Mormon revelations to Indian reservations--to show how Americans remade the Son of God visually time and again into a sacred symbol of their greatest aspirations, deepest terrors, and mightiest strivings for racial power and justice. The Color of Christ uncovers how, in a country founded by Puritans who destroyed depictions of Jesus, Americans came to believe in the whiteness of Christ. Some envisioned a white Christ who would sanctify the exploitation of Native Americans and African Americans and bless imperial expansion. Many others gazed at a messiah, not necessarily white, who was willing and able to confront white supremacy. The color of Christ still symbolizes America's most combustible divisions, revealing the power and malleability of race and religion from colonial times to the presidency of Barack Obama.
hoopla:MWT10024167|eAudiobook|Audio Books|Unabridged.|English|Blackstone Audio, Inc. ,|2012.|1 online resource (1 audio file (12hr., 24 min.)) : digital., hoopla:MWT11711578|eBook|eBook||English|The University of North Carolina Press,|2012.|1 online resource, ils:.b20250575|Book|Books||English|University of North Carolina Press,|c2012.|340 p. : ill. ; 25 cm.
The color of Christ : the Son of God & the saga of race in America / Edward J. Blum, Paul Harvey, The color of Christ : the Son of God & the saga of race in America [electronic resource] / Edward J. Blum, Paul Harvey, The color of Christ : the Son of God and the saga of race in America [electronic resource] Blum, Edward J.
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0.998828 |
Our modern game of ice hockey is played with such high levels of speed and chaos that it demands that we adjust our training methods to meet the challenge.
Use of small area modified games gives us the opportunity to have our players learn how to develop the skills and understanding needed for success. Combining short drill sessions with many game situations help to create the optimal practice.
The use of these games allow for players to become good decision makers, forcing them to think independently and creatively to solve the problems in their own game. Coaches and players get the opportunity for proper feedback while keeping a positive flow to practice sessions. This form of communication (questioning) allows the athlete to better understand all aspects of skills for playing the game.
When creating games for practice sessions, keep in mind how tactically complex the game appears to many of the players. Two of our goals are to try to simplify the game of hockey and help the players identify and improve the skills needed to be successful.
Do not limit yourself to these options and let your own creativity be your guide (or that of your players … you will be amazed at their input). Continually introduce new skills to highlight and challenge in game situations.
Is this allowing the game to teach hockey sense? I do believe that we, as coaches, can help players decipher the game, but to me learning is achieved through the experience gained by playing the game. Allow the small area modified game to be the teacher and watch how smoothly it transfers to a full ice game. Replicate the game in practice and develop players who can make sense out of chaos.
I have included a few examples of the types of small area modified games that you might consider using with your team.
Organization: The rink is split into 4 to 6 areas, with 6 players in each area. When your team is on offense, you use all three to work the puck between the cones. The defensive team uses two defenders with the third player behind the cones to receive any puck played through the cones. If there is a turnover, the transition occurs. Encourage defense to be aggressive.
Purpose: Find the open man, use specific moves or passes, smart movement off the puck. Works well as a warm up.
Objective: Create a game situation where players have multiple outlets. Defensively, we encourage players to be aggressive, block passing lanes, and take good angles. Offensive players try to score. Half the team is at one end and half at the other end.
Change of possession: If white starts with four and blue with two, on a change of possession or a goal, blue adds two players and two white players drop out. Coaches allow players to dictate who moves in and out.
Parameters: 1) number of touches and 2) skill parameters, i.e. takeover, give & go, etc.
Questions: What themes will this game cover? What adjustments would you make?
Organization: This is a cross-ice game of 3 on 3 played with the blue line and boards as boundaries. We have added conditions to include a center line (offensive line) using cones to help players get used to this idea. Each has 2 defenders and 1 attacker. Attackers stay in own half. Defenders can only cross the center line if the puck is passed by his partner (Puck can’t be carried across the line). If the attacker loses the puck, his defender must return to original end. We are creating game situations of 2 vs. 1 breakout, 2 vs. 2 in zone and offensive play. The defender becomes the 2nd wave of the attack, but a quick counter attack could leave his team defending a 2 vs. 1 situation. Change every 20-30 seconds. Be sure to have the goalies handle the puck and leave room behind the net for creative play. Put 2 in offensive end and work on down low offense.
Purpose: These conditions are only a few of what you can use. This is a great format for teaching concepts of play, good puck support and defending principles. One important point is how hard the attacker has to work to get open and see where his support is coming from.
Playing Area: Blue line to end boards. Nets are placed back to back. Participants are in the neutral zone if they are not playing. Coach is in the neutral zone with pucks.
Rules: You can play with one puck and one goalie, three pucks and one goalie, or three pucks and two goalies. You can allow the players to score on one goal or they can score on both goals. Only allow certain number in offensive or defensive zones.
Questions: Why would you want the goalie to defend both goals? Why would we allow more than one puck? Why have we placed the nets in the middle of the zone? Do you want odd number situations? Are there skills the players must perform before they can shoot? What aspect of team play is covered in this game?
Bill Beaney, a pioneer in the small area games, has led Middlebury College to eight Div. III National Championships, including an NCAA record five in a row.
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0.993256 |
Where is Transylvania? And The Banat?
I was asked where some of the cities which many consider to be a part of Transylvania are-- and if they are a part of what some consider Transylvania, Romania.
It is considered sometime a part of Transylvania, but I suspect that is for historical purposes. in fact there was a short lived Banat republic, but a part of the Banat went to Romania, and the other to the Kingdom of Serbia.
A Romanian city Timisoara is a part of the Banat, but the 2002 census which Romania did made it clear it considered the Banat a part of Transylvania, which can cause no end to confusion for many people. it is similar to who has home and places in Transylvania, the Romanian royal family and the English Royal family as well as many others.
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0.953749 |
How safe is your business from the threat of a cyber attack and what measures, if any, do you have in place when worse comes to worse?
Dealing with a data breach can be daunting and confusing for a small business. It'll be useful for you to know that you can prepare for this worse case scenario. Creating a data breach management plan is a good starting point. But what does that mean? It's a document that outlines the steps that you'll take when you have a data breach.
1. Containment and recovery - identify who'll investigate a data breach and who needs to assist in the containment, for example your IT person, as he or she can change the access codes or take down a section of your website. Can you recover any of the losses or limit the damage by for example using a back up system to restore lost or damaged data?
2. Assessment of ongoing risk - beyond the immediate containment you'll have to assess the potential impact of the breach for individuals, if it's serious and substantial and how likely they are to happen. Are there risks for individuals physical safety or reputation, of financial loss or a combination of these and other aspects of their life? These questions will help you determine your next steps.
3. Notification of breach - informing individuals about the breach will enable them to take steps to protect themselves and sometimes there may be a need to inform third parties for example the police, insurers, a governing body, banks and credit card companies. Certain organisations have to inform the Information Commissioner in the event of a breach. Further details on this can be found here: https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-pecr/security-of-services. There must be a proportionate and appropriate response notification - informing all 50 000 of your customer base if only 500 are affected, is likely to be disproportionate.
4. Evaluation and response - evaluate the effectiveness of your response and keep your management plan up to date with any changes, for example if a responsible staff member leaves. As part of your evaluation identify where the biggest risk lies, for example keeping sensitive personal information, and establish where your security weak points are and address them.
If you have a plan on how to act in event of a data breach, it takes away the stress and possible confusion that you might otherwise have faced.
Last year 74% of small businesses in the UK suffered a data security breach, according to the Information Security Breaches Survey 2015 by HM Government. So if it can happen to the likes of TalkTalk and Sony Pictures (estimated losses of £60m and £24m respectively) then it could happen to your business.
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0.999209 |
Description Error: Server Error The server encountered an error and could not complete your request. If the problem persists, please report your problem and mention this error message and the query that caused it.
500 Server Error. Error: Server Error. The server encountered an error and could not complete your request.
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0.999999 |
What is the recent USCIS policy for laid-off H-1B holder to file H-1B extension with change of employer petitions, where the previous employer has laid-off the H-1B holder?
The AC 21 memorandum stated that once AC 21 regulation is released, it will give a window of 60 days to file a H-1B portability case. The USCIS Service Centers one time had an informal practice to allow from 30 days to 90 days depending on the specific Service Center to file a portable H-1B petition by a new employer using "extraordinary circumstances" exception to the requirement for "timely" filing of extension application in the H-1B regulation.
However, the Service later hardened its leniency practice, even stating that the USCIS would take "no tolerance policy," and lately people have witnessed a massive denial of untimely filed extension applications. For example, the VSC no longer prescribes a "systematic approach" for handling H-1B extension with change of employer petitions where the previous employer has laid-off the alien, and the VSC instructs the officer to deny late filed extension of stay applications/petitions unless the officer determines that the petitioner/applicant has satisfied all four criteria for exception under section 214.1(c)(4).
In other words, the VSC has made it clear that there is no such leniency policy for any fixed period of time and each case will be determined on its own merits. Accordingly, there are heightened risks involved for people to file a untimely extension petition unless there is indeed a very compelling reason or circumstance involved.
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Relation to Mahler: Teacher. Mahler considered Bruckner as his precursor, for his compositions with dissonances, unprepared modulations and itinerant harmonies that helped define contemporary musical radicalism.
Died: 11-10-1896 In 1895 emperor Franz Josef I, Emperor (1830-1916) offered him free quarters in the Belvedere Palace. There, after a morning spent working on the Ninth Symphony (the finale is incomplete), Bruckner died on 11-10-1896. Aged 72.
Buried: 00-00-0000 He is buried in the crypt of the monastery church at Sankt Florian, immediately below his favorite organ.
Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character, and considerable length. Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, and roving harmonies. Unlike other musical radicals, such as Richard Wagner or Hugo Wolf who fitted the enfant terrible mould, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular.
This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. His works, the symphonies in particular, had detractors, most notably the influential Austrian critic Eduard Hanslick, and other supporters of Johannes Brahms (and detractors of Wagner), who pointed to their large size, use of repetition, and Bruckner's propensity to revise many of his works, often with the assistance of colleagues, and his apparent indecision about which versions he preferred. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers, including his friend Gustav Mahler, who described him as "half simpleton, half God".
The birthhouse of Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) in Ansfelden.
Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden (then a village, now a suburb of Linz) on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckner's family were farmers and craftsmen; their history can be traced to as far back as the 16th century. They lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called "Pruckhner an der Pruckhen" (bridgers on the bridge). Bruckner's grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776; this position was inherited by Bruckner's father, Anton Bruckner senior in 1823. It was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment.
Music was a part of the school curriculum, and Bruckner's father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child. He entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children.
After Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckner's father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast and respected organist. Here, Bruckner completed his school education and learned to play the organ excellently. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a Pange lingua - one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life. When his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work.
Bruckner's father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old. The teacher's position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to choir practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the monastery's great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837, and he sometimes played it during church services. Later, the organ was to be called the "Bruckner Organ". Despite his musical abilities, Bruckner's mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841. After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, he was sent as a teacher's assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were horrible, and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, teacher Franz Fuchs.
Despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled; a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckner's main personal characteristics during his whole life. He would stay at Windhaag from age 17–19, teaching subjects that did not have to do with music. Prelate Michael Arneth noticed Bruckner's bad situation in Windhaag and awarded him a teacher's assistant position in the vicinity of the monastic town of Sankt Florian, sending him to Kronstorf an der Enns for two years. Here he would be able to have more of a part in musical activity.
The time in Kronstorf was a much happier one for Bruckner. Compared to the few works he wrote in Windhaag, the Kronstorf compositions from 1843-1845 show a significantly improved artistic ability, and finally the beginnings of what could be called "the Bruckner style". Among the Kronstorf works is the vocal piece Asperges (WAB 4), which the young teacher's assistant, out of line of his position, signed with "Anton Bruckner m.p.ria. Comp[onist]". This has been interpreted as a lone early sign of Bruckner's artistic ambitions. Otherwise, little is known of Bruckner's life plans and intentions.
Priory in Sankt Florian where Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) lived on many occasions during his life.
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). Library in Sankt Florian's Priory.
After the Kronstorf period, Bruckner returned to Sankt Florian in 1845, where, for the next 10 years, he would work as a teacher and an organist. In May 1845, Bruckner passed an examination, which allowed him to begin work as an assistant teacher in one of the village schools of Sankt Florian. He continued to improve his education by taking further courses, passing an examination giving him the permission to also teach in higher education institutes, receiving the grade "very good" in all disciplines.
In 1848 he was appointed an organist in Sankt Florian and in 1851 this was made a regular position. In Sankt Florian, most of the repertoire consisted of the music of Michael Haydn, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger and Franz Joseph Aumann.
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). The "Bruckner Organ" in Sankt Florian.
In 1861, Bruckner studied further with Otto Kitzler, who was nine years younger than him and who introduced him to the music of Richard Wagner, which Bruckner studied extensively from 1863 onwards.
Bruckner considered the earliest orchestral works (the three orchestral pieces, the March in D minor and the Overture in G minor, which he composed in 1862-1863) mere school exercises, done under the supervision of Otto Kitzler. He continued his studies to the age of 40. Broad fame and acceptance did not come until he was over 60 (after the premiere of his Seventh Symphony in 1884). A devout Catholic who loved to drink beer, Bruckner was out of step with his contemporaries. In 1861 he had already made the acquaintance of Franz Liszt who, like Bruckner, had a strong, Catholic religious faith and who first and foremost was a harmonic innovator, initiating the new German school together with Wagner.
In May 1861 he made his concert debut, as both composer and conductor of his Ave Maria, set in seven parts. Soon after Bruckner had ended his studies under Sechter and Kitzler, he wrote his first mature work, the Mass in D Minor. From 1861 to 1868, he alternated his time between Vienna and Sankt Florian. He wished to ensure he knew how to make his music modern, but he also wanted to spend time in a more religious setting.
Year 1880. Card received by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) from Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). Unsigned card, with two lines of music: a fragment of the trio in the march in Franz von Suppe (1819-1895)'s Faninitza, and the Valhalla theme from Richard Wagner (1813-1883)'s Ring. References to the bible verses Mattew 24:15 and Mark 13:13.
He later accepted a post at the Vienna University in 1875, where he tried to make music theory a part of the curriculum. Overall, he was unhappy in Vienna, which was musically dominated by the critic Eduard Hanslick. At the time there was a feud between advocates of the music of Wagner and Brahms; by aligning himself with Wagner, Bruckner made an unintentional enemy out of Hanslick. However, he was not without supporters; Deutsche Zeitung's music critic Theodor Helm, and famous conductors such as Arthur Nikisch and Franz Schalk constantly tried to bring his music to the public, and for this purpose proposed 'improvements' for making Bruckner's music more acceptable to the public. While Bruckner allowed these changes, he also made sure in his will to bequeath his original scores to the Vienna National Library, confident of their musical validity.
07-04-1893, Year 1893. Letter received by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) from Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). Thanks Mahler for his Good Friday (31-03-1893) performance of his Te Deum and Mass in D minor, and for his support against his critics.
13-11-1893, Year 1893. Letter received by Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) from Anton Bruckner (1824-1896). Photostat. Hans Richter (1843-1916) has called him a fool for refusing to make further cuts.
Biographers generally characterize Bruckner as a "simple" provincial man, and many biographers have complained that there is huge discrepancy between Bruckner's life and his work. For example, Karl Grebe said: "his life doesn't tell anything about his work, and his work doesn't tell anything about his life, that's the uncomfortable fact any biography must start from."
Anecdotes abound as to Bruckner's dogged pursuit of his chosen craft and his humble acceptance of the fame that eventually came his way. Once, after a rehearsal of his Fourth Symphony in 1881, the well-meaning Bruckner tipped the conductor Hans Richter: "When the symphony was over," Richter related, "Bruckner came to me, his face beaming with enthusiasm and joy. I felt him press a coin into my hand. 'Take this' he said, 'and drink a glass of beer to my health.'" Richter, of course, accepted the coin, a Maria Theresa thaler, and wore it on his watch-chain ever after.
Bruckner was a renowned organist in his day, impressing audiences in France in 1869, and England in 1871, giving six recitals on a new Henry Willis organ at Royal Albert Hall in London and five more at the Crystal Palace. Though he wrote no major works for the organ, his improvisation sessions sometimes yielded ideas for the symphonies. He taught organ performance at the Conservatory; among his students were Hans Rott and Franz Schmidt. Gustav Mahler, who called Bruckner his "forerunner", attended the conservatory at this time (Walter n.d.).
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) in Year 1894.
Bruckner was a lifelong bachelor who made numerous unsuccessful marriage proposals to teenage girls. One such was the daughter of a friend, called Louise; in his grief he is believed to have written the cantata "Entsagen" (Renunciation). His affection for teenage girls led to an accusation of impropriety where he taught music, and while he was exonerated, he decided to concentrate on teaching boys afterwards. His calendar for 1874 details the names of girls who appealed to him, and the list of such girls in all his diaries was very long. In 1880 he fell for a 17-year-old peasant girl in the cast of the Oberammergau Passion Play.
His interest in young girls seems to have been motivated by his fear of sin; he believed that (unlike older women) he could be certain that he was marrying a virgin. His unsuccessful proposals to teenagers continued when he was past his 70th birthday; one prospect, Berlin hotel chambermaid Ida Buhz, came near to marrying him but broke off the engagement when she refused to convert to Catholicism. He suffered from periodic attacks of depression, with his numerous failed attempts to find a female companion only adding to his unhappiness. It has been suggested that Bruckner himself died a virgin.
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) wearing the Order of Franz Joseph (portrait by Josef Büche, Year 1896).
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896) in Year 1896.
Bruckner died 11-10-1896 at 16:00 clock, according to the death book, a heart valve defect. His mortal remains were embalmed according to his will. In the party written in the name of his siblings Rosalia and Ignaz, can be read that on 14-10-1896 he was transferred to the Karlskirche by the funeral home (IIIrd district, Heugasse Nr. 3, Upper Belvedere), which was re-blessed and buried on 15-10-1896 in the monastery basilica of St. Florian. Bruckner's sarcophagus, which is placed below the organ, bears the inscription "For eternity I will not shame", the final line of the Tedeum.
Funeral Anton Bruckner (1824-1896), Year 1896.
Sometimes Bruckner's works are referred to by WAB numbers, from the Werkverzeichnis Anton Bruckner, a catalogue of Bruckner's works edited by Renate Grasberger. The revision issue has generated controversy. A common explanation for the multiple versions is that Bruckner was willing to revise his work on the basis of harsh, uninformed criticism from his colleagues. "The result of such advice was to awaken immediately all the insecurity in the non-musical part of Bruckner's personality," musicologist Deryck Cooke writes. "Lacking all self-assurance in such matters, he felt obliged to bow to the opinions of his friends, 'the experts,' to permit ... revisions and even to help make them in some cases."
This explanation was widely accepted when it was championed by Bruckner scholar Robert Haas, who was the chief editor of the first critical editions of Bruckner's works published by the International Bruckner Society; it continues to be found in the majority of program notes and biographical sketches concerning Bruckner.
Haas's work was endorsed by the Nazis and so fell out of favour after the war as the Allies enforced denazification. Haas's rival Leopold Nowak was appointed to produce a whole new critical edition of Bruckner's works. He and others such as Benjamin Korstvedt and conductor Leon Botstein argued that Haas's explanation is at best idle speculation, at worst a shady justification of Haas's own editorial decisions. Also, it has been pointed out that Bruckner often started work on a symphony just days after finishing the one before.
As Cooke writes, "In spite of continued opposition and criticism, and many well-meaning exhortations to caution from his friends, he looked neither to right nor left, but simply got down to work on the next symphony." The matter of Bruckner's authentic texts and the reasons for his changes to them remains politicised and uncomfortable.
Bruckner's symphonies are all in four movements (though he was unable to complete the finale of the Ninth), starting with a modified sonata allegro form, a slow movement in ABA’B’A’’ form (except in the Study Symphony, the First and the Sixth), a scherzo in 3/4 time, and a modified sonata allegro form finale. (In the Eighth, Ninth, and the first version of the Second, the slow movements and scherzo are reversed. The revised version of the Fourth features a scherzo – the "Hunt scherzo" – in which the outer sections are in 2/4 meter, not the customary 3/4.) There is a marked preference for the use of consistent four-bar periods. They are scored for a fairly standard orchestra of woodwinds in pairs, four horns, two or three trumpets, three trombones, tuba (from the second version of the Fourth), timpani and strings.
The later symphonies increase this complement, but not by much. Notable is the use of Wagner tubas in his last three symphonies. Only the Eighth has harp, and percussion besides timpani (though legend has it the Seventh is supposed to have a cymbal clash at the exact moment Wagner died). With the exception of Symphony No. 4, none of Bruckner's symphonies have subtitles, and most of their nicknames did not originate with the composer. Trademarks of Bruckner's works are powerful codas and grand finales, as well as the frequent use of unison passages and orchestral tutti. His style of orchestral writing was criticized by his Viennese contemporaries, but by the middle of the twentieth century musicologists recognized that Bruckner's orchestration was modeled after the sound of his primary instrument, the pipe organ, i.e. alternating between two groups of instruments, as when changing from one manual of the organ to another.
Otto Kitzler, Bruckner's last composition teacher, set him three final tasks as the climax of his studies: a choral work (Psalm 112), an overture (the Overture in G minor), and a symphony. The last, completed in 1863, was then Bruckner's Study Symphony in F minor. Bruckner later rejected this work, but he did not destroy it. While it certainly reminds one of earlier composers such as Robert Schumann, it undeniably also bears the hallmarks of the later Bruckner style. Kitzler simply commented that the work was "not very inspired". It was first performed in 1924 and not published until 1973 and is occasionally listed as "Symphony No. 00".
Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor (sometimes called by Bruckner "das kecke Beserl", roughly translated as "the saucy maid") was completed in 1866, but the original text of this symphony was not reconstructed until 1998. Instead, it is commonly known in two versions, the so-called Linz Version which is based mainly on rhythmical revisions made in 1877, and the completely revised Vienna Version of 1891, which begins to reveal his mature style, e.g. Symphony No. 8.
Next was the "nullified" Symphony in D minor of 1869, the so-called "Symphony No. 0", a work which was so harshly criticized that Bruckner retracted it completely, and it was not performed at all during his lifetime, hence the nickname of this symphony.
His next attempt was a sketch of the first movement to a Symphony in B-flat major, but he did no further work on it afterwards. There is a single, recent commercially available recording of this sketch: Ricardo Luna, Bruckner unknown, CD Preiser Records PR 91250, 2013.
The Symphony No. 2 in C minor of 1872 was revised in 1873, 1876, 1877 and 1892. It is sometimes called the Symphony of Pauses for its dramatic use of whole-orchestra rests, which accentuate the form of the piece. In the Carragan edition of the 1872 version, the Scherzo is placed second and the Adagio third. It is in the same key as No. 1.
Bruckner presented his Symphony No. 3 in D minor, written in 1873, to Wagner along with the Second, asking which of them he might dedicate to him. Wagner chose the Third, and Bruckner sent him a fair copy soon after, which is why the original version of the Wagner Symphony is preserved so well despite revisions in 1874, 1876, 1877 and 1888–9. One factor that helped Wagner choose which symphony to accept the dedication of was that the Third contains quotations from Wagner's music dramas, such as Die Walküre and Lohengrin. Most of these quotations were taken out in the revised versions.
Bruckner's first great success was his Symphony No. 4 in E flat major, more commonly known as the Romantic Symphony, the only epithet applied to a symphony by the composer himself. The 1874 version has been seldom played; success came in 1878 but only after major revisions, including a completely new scherzo and finale, and again in 1880–1, once again with a completely rewritten finale. This version was premiered in 1881 (under the conductor Hans Richter). Bruckner made more minor revisions of this symphony in 1886–8.
Bruckner's Symphony No. 5 in B flat major crowns his most productive era of symphony-writing, finished at the beginning of 1876. Until recently we knew only the thoroughly revised version of 1878. In 2008 the original concepts of this symphony were edited and performed by Akira Naito with the Tokyo New City Orchestra. Many consider this symphony to be Bruckner's lifetime masterpiece in the area of counterpoint. For example, the Finale is a combined fugue and sonata form movement: the first theme (characterized by the downward leap of an octave) appears in the exposition as a four-part fugue in the strings and the concluding theme of the exposition is presented first as a chorale in the brass, then as a four-part fugue in the development, and culminating in a double fugue with the first theme at the recapitulation; additionally, the coda combines not only these two themes but also the main theme of the first movement. Bruckner never heard it played by an orchestra.
Symphony No. 6 in A major, written in 1879-1881, is an oft-neglected work; whereas the Bruckner rhythm (two quarters plus a quarter triplet or vice versa) is an important part of his previous symphonies, it pervades this work, particularly in the first movement, making it particularly difficult to perform.
Symphony No. 7 in E major was the most beloved of Bruckner's symphonies with audiences of the time, and is still popular. It was written 1881–1883 and revised in 1885. During the time that Bruckner began work on this symphony, he was aware that Wagner's death was imminent, and so the Adagio is slow mournful music for Wagner (the climax of the movement comes at rehearsal letter W), and for the first time in Bruckner's oeuvre, Wagner tubas are included in the orchestra.
Bruckner began composition of his Symphony No. 8 in C minor in 1884. In 1887 Bruckner sent the work to Hermann Levi (1839-1900), the conductor who had led his Seventh to great success. Hermann Levi (1839-1900), who had said Bruckner’s Seventh Symphony was the greatest symphony written after Beethoven, believed that the Eighth was a confusing jumble. Devastated by Hermann Levi (1839-1900)'s assessment, Bruckner revised the work, sometimes with the aid of Franz Schalk, and completed this new version in 1890. Cooke writes that "Bruckner not only recomposed [the Eighth]... but greatly improved it in a number of ways.... This is the one symphony that Bruckner did not fully achieve in his first definite version, to which there can be no question of going back."
The final accomplishment of Bruckner's life was to be his Symphony No. 9 in D minor which he started in August 1887, and which he dedicated "To God the Beloved." The first three movements were completed by the end of 1894, the Adagio alone taking 18 months to complete. Work was delayed by the composer's poor health and by his compulsion to revise his early symphonies, and by the time of his death in 1896 he had not finished the last movement. The first three movements remained unperformed until their premiere in Vienna (in Ferdinand Löwe's version) on 11 February 1903.
Bruckner suggested using his Te Deum as a Finale, which would complete the homage to Beethoven's Ninth symphony (also in D minor). The problem was that the Te Deum is in C major, while the Ninth Symphony is in D minor, and, although Bruckner began sketching a transition from the Adagio key of E major to the triumphant key of C major, he did not pursue the idea. There have been several attempts to complete these sketches and prepare them for performance, as well as completions of his later sketches for an instrumental Finale, but only the first three movements of the symphony are usually performed.
"The Bruckner Problem" is a term that refers to the difficulties and complications resulting from the numerous contrasting versions and editions that exist for most of the symphonies. The term gained currency following the publication (in 1969) of an article dealing with the subject, "The Bruckner Problem Simplified," by musicologist Deryck Cooke, which brought the issue to the attention of English-speaking musicians.
The first versions of the Bruckner's symphonies often presented an instrumental, contrapuntal and rhythmic complexity (Brucknerian rhythm "2 + 3", use of quintolets), the originality of which has not been understood and considered unperformable by the musicians. In order to make them "performable", the symphonies, except Symphonies No. 6 and No. 7, have been revised several times. Consequently there are several versions and editions, mainly of Symphonies 3, 4 and 8, which have been deeply emended by Bruckner's friends and associates, and it is not always possible to tell whether the emendations had Bruckner's direct authorization.
Bruckner was a devoutly religious man, and composed numerous sacred works. He wrote a Te Deum, settings of five Psalms (including Psalm 150 in the 1890s), a Festive cantata, a Magnificat, about forty motets (among them eight settings of Tantum ergo, and three settings of both Christus factus est pro nobis and Ave Maria), and at least seven Masses. The three early masses, composed between 1842 and 1844, were short Austrian Landmessen for use in local churches and did not always set all the numbers of the ordinary. His Requiem in D minor of 1849 is the earliest work Bruckner himself considered worthy of preservation. It shows the clear influence of Mozart's Requiem (also in D minor) and similar works of Michael Haydn. The seldom performed Missa solemnis, composed in 1854 for Friedrich Mayer's elevation, was the last major work Bruckner composed before he started to study with Simon Sechter.
The three Masses Bruckner wrote in the 1860s and revised later on in his life are more often performed. The Masses numbered 1 in D minor and 3 in F minor are for solo singers, mixed choir, organ ad libitum and orchestra, while No. 2 in E minor is for mixed choir and a small group of wind instruments, and was written in an attempt to meet the Cecilians halfway. The Cecilians wanted to rid church music of instruments entirely. No. 3 was clearly meant for concert, rather than liturgical performance, and it is the only one of his Masses in which he set the first line of the Gloria, "Gloria in excelsis Deo", and of the Credo, "Credo in unum Deum", to music. In concert performances of the other Masses, these lines are intoned by a tenor soloist in the way a priest would, with a line of plainsong.
"Anton Bruckner arrives in Heaven". Bruckner is greeted by (from left to right): Liszt, Wagner, Schubert, Schumann, Weber, Mozart, Beethoven, Gluck, Haydn, Handel, Bach. (Silhouette drawing by Otto Böhler).
As a young man Bruckner sang in men's choirs and wrote music for them. Bruckner's secular choral music was mostly written for choral societies. The texts are always in German. Some of these works were written specifically for private occasions such as weddings, funerals, birthdays or name-days, many of these being dedicated to friends and acquaintances of the composer. This music is rarely performed. Biographer Derek Watson characterizes the pieces for men's choir as being "of little concern to the non-German listener". Of about 30 such pieces, a most unusual and evocative composition is the choral Abendzauber (1878) for tenor, yodelers and four alpine horns. This work, which was never performed in Bruckner's lifetime, can be heard on YouTube.
Bruckner composed also 20 lieder, of which only a few have been issued. The lieder, which Bruckner composed in 1861-1862 during his tuition by Otto Kitzler, have not been edited or WAB classified. The last-known owner of this important source (Ms. Kress, Munich) deceased, apparently without descendants. The present location of the Studienbuch is unknown; it may be lost. The Austrian National Library holds a photocopy, possibly the only surviving source of it (PhA 2178), but does not give permission for publication.
Bruckner composed also five name-day cantatas, as well as two patriotic cantatas, Germanenzug and Helgoland, on texts by August Silberstein. Germanenzug (WAB 70), composed in 1863–1864, was Bruckner's first published work. Helgoland] (WAB 71), composed in 1893, was the only secular vocal work Bruckner thought worthy enough to bequeath to the Vienna National Library.
A String Quartet in C minor Bruckner, also composed in 1862, was discovered decades after Bruckner's death. The later String Quintet in F Major of 1879, contemporaneous with the Fifth and Sixth symphonies, has been frequently performed.
A Symphonisches Präludium (Symphonic Prelude) in C minor was discovered by Mahler scholar Paul Banks in the Vienna National Library in 1974 in a piano duet transcription. Banks ascribed it to Gustav Mahler, and let orchestrate it by Albrecht Gürsching. In 1985 Wolfgang Hiltl, who had retrieved the original score by Rudolf Krzyzanowskiwith, let publish it by Doblinger (issued in 2002). According to scholar Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs, the stylistic examination of this "prelude" shows that it is all Bruckner's. Possibly Bruckner had given a draft-score to his pupil Krzyzanowski, which already contained the string parts and some important lines for woodwind and brass, as an exercise in orchestration.
Bruckner's Two Aequali of 1847 for three trombones is a solemn, brief work.
Bruckner also wrote a Lancer-Quadrille (c. 1850) and a few other small works for piano. Most of this music was written for teaching purposes. Sixteen other pieces for piano, which Bruckner composed in 1862 during his tuition by Kitzler, have not been edited or WAB classified.
Jascha Horenstein made the first electronic recording of a Bruckner Symphony (#7), with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1928.
Bruno Walter, who acted as an "ambassador" for Bruckner in the United States, made celebrated recordings of symphonies 4, 7 and 9 late in his career and wrote an essay on "Bruckner and Mahler". Otto Klemperer made one of the first two recordings of Bruckner (the Adagio of the Eighth Symphony from 1924). Wilhelm Furtwängler made his conducting debut with the Ninth Symphony in 1906 and conducted Bruckner constantly throughout his career. Other Bruckner's pioneers were F. Charles Adler and Volkmar Andreae.
Hans Knappertsbusch was unusual in continuing to perform the first published editions of Bruckner's symphonies even after the critical editions became available. Eugen Jochum recorded Bruckner's numbered symphonies many times, as did Herbert von Karajan. Günter Wand, in addition to audio recordings, also made video recordings of his Bruckner concerts. Georg Tintner received acclaim late in life for his complete cycle of recordings on the Naxos label.
In Japan, Bruckner's symphonies were championed by Takashi Asahina, and multiple concert recordings of each symphony conducted by Asahina have been issued on compact disc.
The Romanian conductor Sergiu Celibidache did not conduct all of Bruckner's symphonies, but those that he did conduct resulted in readings of great breadth, possibly the longest accounts of the works on record. This is especially true in the case of the Eighth Symphony, which lasts over 100 minutes. Although he never made commercial recordings of Bruckner, several recordings of concert performances were released after his death. His pupil Cristian Mandeal recorded in the years 1980 the nine numbered symphonies with the Cluj-Napoca Philharmonic Orchestra.
Eliahu Inbal recorded an early cycle which featured some previously unrecorded versions. For instance, Inbal was the first conductor to record the first version of Bruckner's Third, Eighth, and the completed finale to the Ninth. Daniel Barenboim (1942) recorded two complete cycles of Bruckner's symphonies, one with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the other with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Sir Georg Solti also recorded a complete cycle with the Chicago Symphony. Bernard Haitink (1929) recorded all of Bruckner's numbered symphonies with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, and re-recorded several symphonies with the Vienna Philharmonic and Berlin Philharmonic. Stanislaw Skrowaczewski recorded all the symphonies, including the two non-numbered (the so-called "00" and "0"), with the Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester Saarbrücken.
Carlo Maria Giulini made a specialty of Bruckner's late symphonies as well as No. 2. Giuseppe Sinopoli was in the process of recording all Bruckner's symphonies at the time of his death. Gennady Rozhdestvensky has recorded a complete cycle of the eleven symphonies, including the two versions of Symphony No. 1, the three versions of Symphony No. 3, as well as its 1876 Adagio, the two versions of Symphony No. 4, as well as its 1878 "Volkfest Finale" and Mahler's reorchestration, and Samale and Mazzuca's completion of the finale of Symphony No. 9.
Private secretary Frederick Eckstein (1861-1939).
See also Gustav Mahler Compositions controversial (1).
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This article is about the football. For the field hockey player, see Muhammad Qasim (field hockey).
Muhammad Qasim (born 1 May 1984) is a retired Pakistani professional footballer who played for Khan Research Laboratories throughout his professional career as a right-winger. He has also represented Pakistan on international level.
Qasim has won league title with Khan Research Laboratories for four times, winning his first league title in 2009-10. Qasim won further three back to back league titles in 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13. Qasim has also won National Football Challenge Cup with KRL on six occasions including four back to back cup wins from 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. He won the two more cups in 2015 and 2016. Qasim also won Geo Super Football League with Islamabad United in its inaugural season.
Qasim started his footballing career with Ravi FC Islamabad before joining Islamabad United for the Geo Super Football League. Qasim won the inaugural season of Geo Super League, scoring 3 goals in 6 appearances.
Qasim joined Khan Research Laboratories after conclusion of Geo Super League. He played his first national league game in 2007-08, where he ended the season on third position with KRL and scored 9 goals in 18 appearances.
Qasim missed the 2008-09 season due to a knee-injury.
Qasim along with Khan Research Laboratories won their first ever league in 2009-10 after drawing 0-0 with Army on the final day of the league. Both teams ended on 60 points each, with Khan Research Laboratories winning the league on goal differences.
Qasim was made club's vice-captain in the 2010-11 season. Qasim started his and KRL's season with a 2-0 victory against PAF, Qasim scored the opening goal in 37th minute. On 3 October 2010, Qasim scored his second goal of the season in the 6th minute, as KRL defeated Navy 2-0 in the game. Qasim netted his first hat-trick of the season in a 4-0 thumping of PEL scoring goals in 23rd, 33rd and 52nd minutes of the game, it marked as his ninth hat-trick of the career. On 3 December 2010, Qasim scored the only goal of the game against Afghan in the ninth minute. KRL defeated SSGC 3-0 with Qasim scoring second goal for the club in 54th after the left-winger Mehmood Khan broke the offside trap to assist the goal for him. On 12 December 2010, KRL defeated NBP 2-0 as Qasim scored goals in each half, scoring in 18th and 81st minutes respectively. Qasim ended the season as the top-scorer of KRL, scoring 11 goals in 30 games as KRL finished second in the table.
He earned his first international cap by head coach Akhtar Mohiuddin against Iraq in the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, a game which Pakistan famously drew 0-0 in Damascus, Syria with Qasim's strong running and work-rate giving a strong impression for the coaching staff and fans alike.
His first goal came in a friendly against Nepal at Pokhara on March 27, 2008 which Pakistan won 2-0 after a long run from his own half before a powerful shot that beat the Nepalese keeper. Qasim later scored an international hat-trick in the 9-2 record win against Guam in the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers.
^ "KRL face PAF in Pakistan Premier League today". FPDC. FPDC. September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "KRL START BRIGHTLY IN 2010 PPL AS WAPDA, ARMY, AND PEL REGISTER WINS". FPDC. FPDC. September 18, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "KRL CRUISE PAST NAVY DESPITE MISSING KEY PLAYERS". FPDC. FPDC. October 4, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "PMC ATHLETICO PICK VITAL POINT AGAINST ARMY, KRL DEMOLISH PEL". FPDC. FPDC. November 9, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "KRL spearhead Qasim slams ninth hat-trick of 2010 PPL season". FPDC. FPDC. November 10, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "WAPDA, KRL CLINCH TIGHT FINISH ENCOUNTERS. WOHAIB AND MUSLIM WIN IN PFF LEAGUE". FPDC. FPDC. December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "KRL OVERPOWER SSGC 3-0 WITH MEHMOOD OUTSTANDING". FPDC. FPDC. December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "WAPDA WIN 2010 PPFL TITLE, PFF LEAGUE NEWS INCLUDED". FPDC. FPDC. December 12, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "AFGHAN FC – KPT CLASH ON SUNDAY AS PPFL COMES TO FINAL 24 GAMES". FPDC. FPDC. December 18, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "KRL GRAB SECOND SPOT : DRAW PIA 0-0". FPDC. FPDC. December 18, 2010. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
^ "MUHAMMAD QASIM". Soccerway. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
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List of Achievements and how to Unlock them.
10,000,000 Points (5G) - All Game Modes, all difficulties allowed.
20,000,000 Points (5G) - All Game Modes, all difficulties allowed.
5,000,000 Points (5G) - All Game Modes, all difficulties allowed.
Arcade "Light" Clear (30G) - Clear Light difficulty in Arcade Mode, Continues allowed.
Boss Rush Mode Clear (30G) - Clear Boss Rush Mode.
Comprehensive Mission (30G) - All Sols destroyed.
Gallery Complete (5G) - All Gallery data collected.
Level 1-1 Boss Shot Down (10G) - Complete mission 1-1.
Level 1-2 Boss Shot Down (10G) - Complete mission 1-2.
Level 1-3 Boss Shot Down (10G) - Complete mission 1-3.
Level 1-4 Boss Shot Down (15G) - Complete mission1-4.
Level 1-5 Boss Shot Down (15G) - Complete mission 1-5.
Level 1-6 Boss Shot Down (15G) - Complete mission 1-6.
Level 1-7 Boss Shot Down (15G) - Complete mission 1-7.
Level 2-1 Boss Shot Down (20G) - Complete mission 2-1.
Level 2-2 Boss Shot Down (20G) - Complete mission 2-2.
Level 2-3 Boss Shot Down (20G) - Complete mission 2-3.
Level 2-4 Boss Shot Down (25G) - Complete mission 2-4.
Level 2-6 Boss Shot Down (25G) - Complete mission 2-6.
Level 2-7 Boss Shot Down (30G) - Complete mission 2-7.
Mission 1 (5G) - Level 1 Clear.
Mission 2 (10G) - Level 2 Clear with Flash Shot rate of 4.25 and Above.
Mission 3 (10G) - Level 3 Clear.
Mission 4 (10G) - Level 4 Clear with 1UP item acquired.
Mission 5 (10G) - Destroy entire tank regiment in Level 5.
Mission 6 (15G) - Destroy entire enemy fleet in Level 6.
Mission 7 (20G) - 100% clear on enemy destruction rate in Level 7.
Title [Ace] Acquired (35G) - Clear on Xbox 360 mode Normal Difficulty.
Title [Hero] Acquired (40G) - Clear on Xbox 360 mode Hard Difficulty.
Title [Legend] Acquired (45G) - Clear on Xbox 360 mode Very Hard Difficulty.
Vulcan Fighter (30G) - Clear 1st Round using Vulcan only, Continues allowed.
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Is Australia really worth your investment in having to study there at the given moment? What is great about this country is it lets you explore the very beauty and extravagance of what the places offers in the long run. If you are choosing to have some quality education in your life, then that country would surely give you the facilities to do so. What are you waiting for, go on ahead and come to such a place.
The country itself is practically the largest of the islands out there. If you do not know where to find some major cities around, then you could simply go to the coastline to locate some sites found there.
You would not only get the chance to experience some temperate climate and friendly locals, but you could also find some white beaches laying around. If you are an enthusiast for nature, then you could surely find a number of various fauna and flora out there. Most importantly, they offer the best in giving some quality education to any educational enthusiasts in you.
There are also tons of nationalities that call the country as their home. It is surely called the most multi-cultured country you could explore in the process. There is surely some diversity incorporated into such a rich country as you could almost see the prevalence of different cuisine, cultures, languages, and architecture around.
It is surely a destination for any student out there who is highly invested in learning some new stuff in their lifetime. Many experiences would surely be on your fate if you have decided to go to the beautiful country. You could travel to those tropical wetlands, those breathtaking landmarks, or even go there just to experience the very innovation and modernism of present-day architecture.
Going to the country would mean that students predominantly speak English there although it has a little bit of an accent involved. Many institutions out there are rather focused on the educational system that is going to be conveyed on the students. If you are a foreigner or an overseas student, then you could surely attain the fluency of English in no time.
In this country, there are many courses or subjects that is being made available in their own educational system. Along with this, having to Studiare in Australia would also offer you the best of the standards that is being made accessible to the students.
No surprise should ever be given on your part if there are a lot of students who are choosing to study there as time progresses. This is true in the case of various nations out there that want to achieve the very knowledge of speaking English efficiently.
You are also given the best in regards to the quality of living that you want to achieve with Vivere e Studiare in Australia. Along with the living cost, the tuition fees itself are also that cheap compared to other first world countries out there. There is also some assurance when it comes to the very safe environment that the country has to offer.
Find more info at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KS7m4Ov7JlM.
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The Israel National Trail stretches through the entire country of Israel - from the northern border with Lebanon, and down to the southernmost city of Eilat. The trail is famous worldwide for its combination of ancient biblical landscapes, as well as traversing through modern Israeli features. The difficulty of the trail is considered to be moderate overall, but can be more accurately divided into two sections. The northern half of the trail passes through the lush hills of the Golan, continues southward to the coastline near Tel Aviv, and follows the Green Line around the area of Jerusalem. This portion of the trail is pleasant and of relatively easy difficulty. However, the southern section of the trail goes into the more extreme desert conditions of the Negev, whose heat, terrain, and lack of water, make hiking significantly more difficult.
The northern section route goes through smaller mountains, hills, and forests, along with sections near the famous Sea of Galilee and the western coast. The terrain in this section is not particularly difficult, and is a great way to start the trail and become acclimated to the hiking environment. The desert region has some difficult terrain because of the sand, and some deep gorges, but the difficulty lies more so in the heat and lack of water.
There are numerous water sources for most of the trail - both in the form of natural streams, and towns along the trail. The issues arise in the desert section where there are no water sources at all (for up to six days at a time), and so some logistical planning is required to ensure availability of water. Some hikers will plant water caches ahead of time, though there is some risk that these will be stolen. Another option is to pay friends or services to bring water to specific places - which is more expensive, but also more reliable.
Similar to the water situation - there are ample opportunities for food and equipment resupply in the north. However, the Negev portion of the trail is very isolated, and hikers will need to arrange logistical planning ahead of time to have enough food in between resupply points. Therefore, it is crucial to plan the hiking itinerary for this section in advance.
During the two main hiking season, the weather is usually very pleasant, but you will need to plan the schedule out to avoid the rains in the north and the extreme heat in the south. The north will have heavier rains closer to the ends of the season, and the south will be hotter towards the start of the season. Because of this, it typically makes the most sense to start in the north and hike southward for optimal weather conditions. In the desert, sometimes it may be worthwhile to alter the sleeping schedule to take an afternoon nap during the hottest part of the day, and hike in the cooler mornings and evenings.
The INT is well-marked with a three-colored post of orange, blue, and white. Like most trails, certain areas may be difficult to navigate, especially in poor weather conditions in remote regions. Therefore, it is most prudent to have additional navigational equipment such as a map, compass, guidebook, and/or GPS. There is only one trail guidebook that is published in English, and white it is expensive, it almost certainly worth the high cost.
The only English guide to the INT - includes topographical maps, road maps, and day-by-day descriptions and guidelines for use over the course of the entire trail.
The most significant hazards are related to hiking the isolated desert sections with little access to water or supplies. These risks can easily be mitigated with proper advance planning. The entire trail is within the area of Israel that excludes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Therefore, it does not pass through any politically disputed areas, and the risk of politically-motivated violence is quite low along the trail. The southern region is populated with poorer Bedouin communities, where the crime rate is relatively high, which is why water caches may be stolen. It is important not to diverge too far from the trail, as there are some areas in the north with minefields (these areas are clearly marked with large warning signs). Additionally, there are some smaller animals and that pose a minor threat.
Israel has a large tourism industry, and the Israel National Trail is especially popular as a destination for more adventurous hikers looking for a mix of history, modernity, and nature. National Geographic has dubbed it one of the best hikes in the world. For these reasons, the trail is fairly popular, but more so among day-hikers and section-hikers. There are much fewer hikers that attempt a complete thru-hike, especially through the Negev desert.
Transportation to the trailheads is very straightforward. From Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv, there are bus lines that extend to Dan in the north, and to Eilat in the south. Along the trail in the north, public transportation is easily accessible when passing through local towns. However, the southern desert region is much more isolated, with few options for transportation.
The northern section of the trail has some accommodation available in the towns. Additionally, there are "trail angels" which are ordinary Israelis who offer supplies, food, or accommodation to hikers on the trail. As with other factors of the INT, accommodation is scarce in the Negev desert. Hikers will need to carry some form of shelter to take with them when developed accommodation is unavailable.
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RNAi has been harnessed in the field of biotechnology for gene silencing, gene knockout, and gene knockdown. The most commonly used tools for gene silencing are small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA), and microRNA mimics and inhibitors.
RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene regulatory system that promotes gene silencing through the use of non-coding RNA molecules called microRNAs. These short RNA sections are taken up by the RNA induced silencing complex (RISK) to target specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for degradation, therefore suppressing expression of the gene encoding the mRNA.
The endogenous pathway for microRNAs leading to RNAi begins with genomic DNA transcription of an RNA called pri-microRNA. It is then processed by the microprocessor complex, which contains a protein called DROSHA, into a pre-microRNA in a hairpin form.
It is then exported from the nucleus into the cytosol, where itis processed by Dicer into double-stranded, anti-parallel RNA. This duplex RNA is then loaded into the RISC complex and used to target a mRNA transcript for down-regulation of the target gene.
The earliest observations of RNAi were made in plants. At the time, it was known as post-translational gene silencing. Subsequent investigations identified RNAi activity in most eukaryotic organisms, including insects, parasites, mice, and human cells.
The natural function of RNAi and similar processes is believed to be protection of the genome against invasion by viruses and other mobile genetic elements. It also orchestrates functioning of developmental programs in eukaryotic organisms.
Protein discovery could lead to mosquito "birth control"
In plants, RNAi is known as post translational gene silencing (PTSG), and was first discovered in a search for transgenic petunias. R. Jorgenson et al. sought to upregulate a gene for chalcone synthase (chsA), which they believed would result in a more purple flower.
However, some of the transgenic petunia plants lost chalcone synthase activity, and came out variegated or with white sections. There was no loss of cytosolic chsA associated with the phenomenon. Subsequent studies in other laboratories also observed PTSG events. These have since been revealed to be RNAi-related processes.
Similar events were turning up in studies of fungi, which were called quelling. Fire et al. were the first to unequivocally demonstrate RNAi by introducing purified double stranded RNA (dsRNA) directly into Caenorhabditis elegans.
Dicer is a member of the RNase III family that produces dsRNA fragments of 22 nucleotides in length. It initiates the RNAi process by digesting dsRNA into uniform siRNAs.
Dicer is evolutionarily conserved in worms, flies, fungi, plants, and mammals. It has four protein domains, amino-terminal helicase, dual RNase III domains, a dsRNA binding domain, and the PAZ domain (common to other protein families).
RISK is a ribonucleoprotein that uses a single-stranded RNA template to recognize complementary mRNA and cleaves it.
Catherine Shaffer is a freelance science and health writer from Michigan. She has written for a wide variety of trade and consumer publications on life sciences topics, particularly in the area of drug discovery and development. She holds a Ph.D. in Biological Chemistry and began her career as a laboratory researcher before transitioning to science writing. She also writes and publishes fiction, and in her free time enjoys yoga, biking, and taking care of her pets.
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SUBURBS. The history of suburban development is long and complex. Some Cleveland suburbs are nearly as old as the city; they range from industrial (LINNDALE) and entertainment centers (NORTH RANDALL) to small, exclusive residential villages (HUNTING VALLEY) and large blue-collar cities (PARMA). Within commuting distance of a city, suburbs initially housed urban workers. Often dependent on city amenities, they remain administratively separate. In contrast to cities, most suburbs have more middle-class residents, lower population densities, and higher rates of homeownership. Several forces encourage suburbanization (growth at the city's edge), including the influence of the rural ideal, urban flight, transportation technology, overcrowded and environmentally unpleasant urban conditions, and private and public policy at local, state, and federal levels. Despite the diversity of Cuyahoga County suburbs, each community is inextricably tied to the history of the core city. This suburban history has 5 overlapping periods: 1) the urban ring, 1850-1900; 2) electrified streetcars and the first suburban rings, 1890-1930; 3) urban decentralization and the first automobile suburbs, 1920-1950; 4) automobile suburbs and suburban supremacy, 1950-80; 5) freeway construction and in/out county developments, 1970s-1990s. Each period produced different suburban landscapes and communities, while local geography, immediate historical context, and residents themselves account for suburban differences among suburbs of the same period or region (east, west, south).
Before 1850 Cleveland had several rivals and was surrounded by a series of independent rural townships, villages, and settlements. Lacking an inexpensive and reliable transportation system, it remained a dense settlement in which residents walked to work and shop. With continued population growth, Cleveland approached its geographic limits by the 1850s. New transportation technology encouraged the first suburban developments. In 1859 the EAST CLEVELAND RAILWAY began construction of a horse-drawn streetcar line (see TRANSPORTATION and URBAN TRANSPORTATION). During the 1860s and 1870s, other companies laid tracks to outlying areas, while dummy railroads like the Lakeview & Collamer on the east and Rocky River on the west brought vacationing urbanites to rural retreats. In the 1880s the Nickel Plate Railroad (see NICKEL PLATE ROAD) purchased and upgraded the dummy lines and began limited commuter service. The horse-drawn street railways opened nearby suburban land for residential development up to about 3 miles from downtown, where more affluent urbanites constructed large homes. Township and county governments could not match the city's educational facilities, paved and lighted streets, and fire and police protection. To gain these amenities, new suburbanites formed villages: the first EAST CLEVELAND (1866), GLENVILLE (1870), West Cleveland (1871), COLLINWOOD (1883), BROOKLYN (1889), SOUTH BROOKLYN (1889), and NOTTINGHAM (1899). They, too, found the costs staggering. Ultimately, most 19th-century suburbanites chose to join Cleveland to gain the best of both worlds: the bucolic suburban ideal and urban services. Expansion-minded Cleveland sought these mergers, initially absorbing the remainder of Cleveland Twp. (1850), its leading rivals, OHIO CITY (1854) and NEWBURGH (1873), and parts of neighboring townships (Brooklyn, Newburgh, and East Cleveland). Cleveland then annexed its neighboring villages: the first East Cleveland (1872), Brooklyn (1890), West Cleveland (1894), Glenville and South Brooklyn (1895), Corlett (1909), Collinwood (1910), and Nottingham (1913).
Electrified streetcar development in the late 1880s transformed the metropolis. Three times faster than horse-drawn streetcars (15 vs. 5 mph), they permitted radial suburban development up to 10 miles from the city center. The new technology arrived as Cleveland confronted a series of challenges: huge migrations from Southern and Eastern Europe; industrial and business expansion into residential neighborhoods; pollution from new industries; and corrupt government. Urbanites looked to the suburbs as both rural haven and escape from urban disorder. Unlike previous suburban developments, streetcar suburbs deliberately distanced themselves from the city. Privately owned, franchised electric streetcar companies (often controlled by land developers) laid out tracks on EUCLID AVE. (to Lee Rd. by 1893), Euclid Hts. Blvd. (to Edgehill by 1897); Detroit Ave. and Clifton Blvd. (to the Rocky River by 1894 and 1904, respectively). Almost immediately after completion of these lines, residents of outlying areas took advantage of Ohio's permissive incorporation laws and established villages: East Cleveland (1895), LAKEWOOD and CLEVELAND HTS. (both in 1903). Rapid population growth quickly raised them to city status: East Cleveland and Lakewood in 1911, and Cleveland Hts. in 1921. Nevertheless, Cleveland's first streetcar suburbs grew most quickly between 1910 and 1930: East Cleveland added 30,488 new residents, Lakewood's population increased by 55,328, and that of Cleveland Hts. by 47,990. A second suburban ring, linked to the downtown by streetcar or rapid transit, also formed. Made up of the older independent villages (BEDFORD and BEREA) and new suburban developments (EUCLID, GARFIELD HTS., MAPLE HTS., Parma, ROCKY RIVER, and SHAKER HTS.), these communities all obtained city status by 1931. In addition, 52 new villages incorporated.
Streetcar suburbs remained independent. With Cleveland overwhelmed by its own population growth, the new suburbs benefited from additional time and the scale of their own growth to establish services expected by urban dwellers. New suburbanites also sought to keep out unwanted urban elements; anti-annexationists often painted CLEVELAND CITY GOVERNMENT as corrupt (despite muckraker Lincoln Steffens's claims that it was one of the nation's best-run cities). East Cleveland rejected merger with Cleveland in 1910 and 1916 because "saloons might be established...we could not endure bar-rooms next to our houses" and because of the fear of immigrants and their institutions (see IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION). A dry Lakewood rejected annexation in 1910 and 1922 because it already had "ample school facilities, police, fire, city planning, zoning, and sanitary protection." Shaker Hts. developers strictly controlled access to community property and, through explicit deed restrictions even prohibited new immigrants and AFRICAN AMERICANS. After 1910 few suburban communities, save WEST PARK and Miles Hts., chose to join the city. Despite a population growth of almost 2.5 times between 1900-30, Cleveland's share of the county population dropped from 87% to 75%.
To aid the Depression-devastated housing market, the New Deal Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and later the Veterans Administration (VA) developed programs for homebuyers that provided the means and patterns for the American suburban explosion. Their home loan guarantees supported construction of single-family homes in new suburban areas and adopted guidelines from real estate and banking industries that required racial segregation (enforced through developer-instituted restricted covenants). By reinforcing existing segregation practices, these programs effectively blocked African American access to suburban housing. Although the U.S. Supreme Court struck down restrictive covenants in 1948, the FHA continued to require them. They were common in suburban tracts of the 1940s and 1950s, especially in Garfield Hts., Parma, PARMA HTS., and Maple Hts. Government programs subsidized white, middle-class residents who wished to leave the city, but effectively locked black residents into the ghetto. Finally, the Depression and World War II slowed housing construction, resulting in overcrowding and a severe housing shortage. When prosperity returned after the war, Clevelanders who had rented or doubled up with relatives sought their own homes. The demand, along with public policy, helped create the suburban explosions of the late 1950s-1970s. Unlike streetcar suburbs, which housed mostly skilled and white-collar workers, these post-World War II developments provided homes for industrial workers as well. During the 1930s, workers founded new unions, especially the UNITED AUTO WORKERS and UNITED STEEL WORKERS, under the banner of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. Following the war, these unions gained for their members liveable wages and job security that made suburban home ownership possible.
While automobiles date to the 1890s, they became dominant by the 1940s. In 1940 64% of all Cuyahoga County families owned an automobile. Most striking, in Shaker Hts., where the pioneering off-grade rapid-transit system provided the county's best public transportation, nearly 75% of principal income earners traveled to work in automobiles. Although some streetcar routes continued until the 1950s, overexpansion, congested routes, declining ridership, financial problems, and competition from automobiles doomed the streetcar.
The post-World War II period witnessed the most massive residential construction and suburban growth in Cleveland history. While significant population increases in the second ring of streetcar suburbs (Bedford, Euclid, Garfield Hts., Maple Hts., Rocky River, and Shaker Hts.) made these communities transitional automobile suburbs, the most spectacular growth took place outside older suburban communities. The first ring of automobile suburbs included the new cities of BAY VILLAGE (1950), LYNDHURST, and FAIRVIEW PARK (1951). Parma's 1931 population of 14,000 nearly doubled by 1950; the next decade added 54,000 new residents, making it the county's second city. A second ring of automobile suburbs experienced their greatest period of growth during the 1960s and 1970s; all save MAYFIELD HTS. (1950) gained city status at the beginning of the period: Parma Hts. (1959); BROOK PARK, NORTH OLMSTED, WARRENSVILLE HTS. (1960); and BEDFORD HTS. and SEVEN HILLS (1961). Population figures reveal suburban growth dynamics from 1940 to 1970, when the county's suburban population reached its peak. While Cleveland lost 127,457 residents, county suburbs grew by 631,042; the suburban share of the county's population jumped from 28% in 1940 to 62% in 1970. Collectively, suburban population exceeded the city's during the 1960s and the gap continued to grow, although more slowly (1990, 64%).
These figures mask another important shift in suburban population dynamics. From 1970 on, the county's suburban population began to decline; by 1990 it had shrunk by 63,000. While most county suburbs lost population or stagnated, growth remained strong on either side of the county's borders. Within Cuyahoga County, NORTH ROYALTON, SOLON, STRONGSVILLE, and WESTLAKE all registered significant growth from 1960-1990. Since 1970 the surrounding counties have experienced the most rapid suburban growth.
While peripheral suburban growth continued, older streetcar suburbs and the inner ring of automobile suburbs began to undergo aging and transformations. The population declined and changed as the more affluent left for newer homes and less affluent residents moved in. Older communities began to confront urban problems: an aging population and infrastructure, increased need for social programs, and an eroding tax base. At the same time, new construction began to alter the face of these communities; high-rise apartments and office buildings replaced older homes and business structures. As businesses increasingly chose suburban locations, streetcar suburbs such as Lakewood began to merge their older function of bedroom community with that of specialized satellite city for the metropolitan area.
The suburban explosion left a fragmented governmental structure in its wake. By 1994 one county, 38 cities, 19 villages, 2 townships, 31 school districts, 13 municipal court districts, 10 library districts, and regional authorities such as the CLEVELAND METROPARKS SYSTEM governed some aspect of the area. Since at least 1919, some residents expressed concern about this growing fragmentation. During the 1920s and early 1930s, reformers working largely through the CITIZENS LEAGUE sought city-county consolidation. Nevertheless, voters failed to approve county charter reform proposals in 1934 and 1959, but streetcar suburb residents who had earlier opposed annexation overwhelmingly supported both measures; resistance to REGIONAL GOVERNMENT came from the newer suburbs.
Streetcar and automobile suburbs developed very different landscapes and both have been modified over time. Despite considerable variation, streetcar suburbs produced a smaller and more dense environment. Cleveland's 3 streetcar suburbs averaged only one-fourth the size of the newest automobile suburbs: 5 vs. 21 square miles. In 1930 East Cleveland, Lakewood, and Cleveland had similar population densities; by 1990 these suburbs (10,000 residents per square mile) were more densely settled than Cleveland (6,600), and even more so than other suburbs: first-ring auto suburbs, 4,000; second-ring, 3,000; and third-ring, 1,000. Streetcar suburbs featured vertical, 2 1/ 2-story, single and double houses on narrow lots with front porches and detached garages. Automobile suburbs had wide lots with horizontal, 1-story or split-level, ranch-style homes, attached garages, rear decks, and patios replaced front porches. In streetcar suburbs, shopping was usually a short walk away in stores that lined the streetcar routes; small groceries, bakeries, butchers, and fruit and vegetable stores hugged the sidewalks of these arteries. Extensive apartment development and even hotels (ALCAZAR in Cleveland Hts., Lake Shore in Lakewood) added to the streetcar suburbs' density. The huge tracts of auto suburbs, often divided into cul-de-sac streets, restricted stores to strip development and new malls located along major arteries: access to them often required an automobile. While apartments were less typical in the early years of automobile suburbs, both suburban types have undergone significant new apartment construction. By 1990 only 37% of Lakewood's housing units were single-family; in Solon they made up 87%. In recent years, high-rise and cluster apartments/condominium construction have significantly increased the density of automobile suburbs. The most remarkable change on the suburban landscape has been the emergence of edge cities along interstate highways 71, 77, 90, 271, and 480. These new centers attracted mixed uses: blue- and especially white-collar employment, retail shopping, and entertainment. Most prominent are the new corporate headquarters and plants (AMERICAN GREETINGS CORP. and the PLAIN DEALER in Brooklyn) housed in modern, campus-style or high-rise structures, although new shopping malls (Great Northern in North Olmsted, Randall Park in North Randall), institutional headquarters (FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSN. in BEACHWOOD) also grace this environment. Motels and hotels are the most ubiquitous element. Increasingly, edge cities attract businesses and employment away from Cleveland, other suburbs, and small towns to this decentralized urban-like environment.
Suburban regions and individual suburbs have distinct identities, some assiduously cultivated and others imposed by outsiders. The 1836-37 Bridge War between Cleveland and Ohio City (see COLUMBUS ST. BRIDGE) represents a beginning of the spirited battles that spread east, west, and south within suburban development. A rich suburban folklore has grown up around these divisions and important differences do exist. Most social elites and many of their institutions gravitated to eastern suburbs, fewer went west and very few south. By 1931 66% of CLEVELAND BLUE BOOK entries lived in BRATENAHL, Cleveland Hts., East Cleveland, and Shaker Hts.; Cleveland claimed 28% and Lakewood 6%. By 1981 84% lived in 10 eastern suburbs, 9% in Cleveland, and 7% in 3 western suburbs. Early on, Cleveland Hts. and East Cleveland adopted city manager governmental forms, while Lakewood overwhelmingly rejected the reform measure. While eastern and western suburbs housed mostly white-collar workers, southern suburbs, surrounding major industrial employment centers, acquired significant number of blue-collar workers.
Ethnic clusters have also shaped suburban landscapes and lifestyles. Groups tend to migrate out of the city along nearby major arteries. The first Jewish migrants to 19th-century Cleveland settled in central city neighborhoods; eventually the center of Jewish population moved successively into Woodland, Glenville, and Kinsman. Despite restrictive covenants, Jews eventually transported their communities to the eastern suburbs; by the 1950s, Cleveland Hts. became the center (see JEWS & JUDAISM). By 1987 it had moved further east, with Jews dominating the populations of two communities, Beachwood (95%) and PEPPER PIKE (59%), and significant proportions of UNIV. HTS. (47%), Shaker Hts. (30%), SOUTH EUCLID (27%), LYNDHURST (24%), Mayfield Hts. (22%), and Cleveland Hts. (14%). While there were 25 synagogues on the east side, the west side had only one fledgling congregation. African American migrants also entered the city's central districts and moved east through Kinsman and HOUGH. Both within the city (Collinwood and Broadway) and in the suburbs, blacks confronted more significant barriers than Jews and other white ethnic groups. By 1970 black suburbanites made up a majority of only 1 suburban city (East Cleveland, 59%), and a significant minority in one other (Shaker Hts., 15%). The black population in Cleveland Hts., Euclid, and Maple Hts. was then less than 3%; it was minuscule in western suburbs. By 1990 African Americans dominated 3 suburban cities (East Cleveland (94%), WARRENSVILLE HTS. (89%), and BEDFORD HTS. (53%)) and made up significant proportions in Cleveland Hts. (37%), Shaker Hts. (31%), Euclid and Univ. Hts. (16% each), Garfield Hts. and Maple Hts. (15% each). Access remained difficult to western and outer suburbs: FAIRVIEW PARK had 42 black residents, Rocky River, 39, Bay Village, 23, Independence, 20, and Highland Hts., 19.
Americans of Polish descent have scattered more widely across the county. While some remain in SLAVIC VILLAGE, many have reaggregated in the southern suburbs of Garfield Hts., Maple Hts., and Parma, as have some of the key institutions of Cleveland Polonia. SLOVAKS and their institutions have also played important roles in Parma and Lakewood. Similarly, nationality halls and organizations, once common only to inner city ethnic enclaves, now grace suburban landscapes, suggesting their persistence in and adaptability to new environments.
Although less heterogeneous than Cleveland, no suburb is homogeneous. Most have discrete neighborhoods, but few are as diverse as Lakewood. From its suburban beginnings, Lakewood drew residents from every class—in 1930 the city had census tracts in the lowest and the highest income groups. Lakewood residents created a complex social geography of different landscapes based on economic status and ethnicity. Among these are several working-class neighborhoods, including the BIRD'S NEST, a working-class, Slavic urban village in the southeast; 3 neighborhoods of elites, including CLIFTON PARK in the northwest; and middle-class landscapes of single- and double-family homes in central Lakewood. Apartments along Clifton, Lake, and Edgewater roads in eastern Lakewood house others including singles, childless couples, and gays (see GAY COMMUNITY).
Suburbs also vary in terms of layout. While all suburbs exercised some form of planning, ORIS AND MANTIS VAN SWERINGEN's development of Shaker Hts. is unique for its extensive control over virtually every aspect of the community. In contrast to Shaker's carefully laid-out, curvilinear streets, segregated shopping district, and off-grade rapid-transit system, libertarian suburbs, such as Lakewood, reflect more utilitarian concerns with grid street patterns, high densities, and mixed land uses. Suburban history, then, is very dynamic; conditions can change rapidly, although once a pattern is established it can persist for some time. Technology, migrations, housing costs, employment, and the state of the areawide ECONOMY will continue to shape Cleveland's suburban history in the coming decades.
Schauffler, Mary. "The Suburbs of Cleveland: A Field Study of the Metropolitan District outside the Administrative Area of the City" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Chicago, 1941).
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0.961881 |
I am interested to immigrate to USA. I have a B.Com Law, LLB and LLM (Criminal Law).
I am currently a Prosecutor, and have 10 years criminal law experience.
I would like to know what my prospects are to find employment in the USA?
It's challenging. If you want to practice law, you'll need to take a bar exam. The requirements for bar exams can range. In some states you'll have to have taken specific classes to take a bar exam; some states will want to make sure your diploma is from a law school that's equivalent to an ABA-accredited school; etc.
Then, assuming you're able to pass a bar exam, you'll find that law firms may be hesitant to hire foreign lawyers. They tend to have many concerns, not the least of which is a costly and time-consuming visa sponsorship process.
If you do a master's degree program in the US (such as an LLM), you'd be able to go for an OPT visa, which would at least give you a bit of time to pound the pavement and work.
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0.999996 |
At which place did Mahatma Gandhi launch a Satyagraha to help the oppressed indigo farmers?
On the evening of 15th of April, 1917, thousands had assembled at Motihari railroad station in Bihar's East Champaran, sitting tight for a man who was bound to lift their lives out of hopelessness. It was 3 pm when Gandhi landed at the station from a prepare originating from Muzaffarpur. Little did the group inviting him to realize that Gandhi's visit would snowball into the main satyagraha (strategy of inactive political protection) that he would lead in the nation.
It was at Champaran that the change from Mohandas into the Mahatma started. This is the little-known story of Gandhi's first satyagraha, the development that started another section in India's freedom battle.
After his arrival from South Africa in the year of 1915, Gandhi built up the Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat. At that point, on his coach Gopal Krishna Gokhale's recommendation, he set out on an adventure to find India. He voyaged everywhere throughout the nation, from Calcutta and Shantiniketan in Bengal to Cawnpore, Rangoon, and Rishikesh.
Amid the 31st session of the Congress in Lucknow in the year of 1916, Gandhi met Raj Kumar Shukla, an agent of agriculturists from Champaran, who asked for him to go and see with his own eyes the tragedies of the indigo ryots (sharecroppers) there.
The ranchers were ineffectively made up for their indigo products and on the off chance that they declined to plant indigo, they needed to confront overwhelming tax assessment. The proprietors (for the most part British) would implement this framework through their operators, called gumasta, who executed the terms severely.
Subsequently, the diminished creation of much-required nourishment products and selective indigo cultivating (they were not permitted to develop some other yield notwithstanding amid the indigo off-season) had prompted untold sufferings for the ryot ranchers, including a starvation-like circumstance. In this way, when the news of Gandhi's entry achieved Champaran, it spread in the district like out of control fire and he was welcomed by expansive hordes of laborers at railroad stations up and down the path from Muzaffarpur to Motihari.
A day subsequent to achieving Motihari, M.K Gandhi left for the town of Jasaulipatti, he had found out about an inhabitant there who had been beaten and whose property had been annihilated by the landowners.
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0.999958 |
For the propagandists and the propaganda analysts, "our" propaganda is always "good" (actually is not "propaganda," per se) and "theirs" is always "bad." Nazi Germany's Josef Goebbels was a brilliant inventor of modern propaganda and its tools and rules. As eloquently pointed out by my dear friend and valued colleague, Michael Faulkner, throughout the decades of the Cold War the major part played by the Soviet Union in the wartime alliance against Hitler was ignored or downplayed. This continues to this very day. For example, in the U.S., the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp on January 27, 2015, in the United States was often noted without noting that it was the Soviet Red Army that did the liberating.
It has been widely noted the Western imperialist nations, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, very publicly dissed Russia on the 70th anniversary of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II. This despite the fact that the Soviet Union had the predominant role in the winning of World War II. Very briefly: it tied down the Germans on an increasingly difficult front which eventually, finally, after the United States and Great Britain delayed their pledged invasion of France from 1942 to 1944 became a Second Front (the Western allies followed Churchill's preferred serial invasion of the "soft underbelly of Europe through North Africa, Sicily and Italy); denied the Germans access to the oil of the Caucasus; used up enormous amounts of German equipment which they found increasingly difficult to continue to manufacture; killed many German and German-satellite soldiers who could have been used elsewhere; prevented the Germans from fully exploiting the Ukrainian agricultural heartland which they desperately needed, and so on and so forth.
Why the ongoing campaign of propaganda down to this very day to diminish the understanding of people in the West of the predominant role of the Soviet Union in winning WW II? Because of the necessity of carrying through to what became its eventual conclusion of "The 75 Years War Against the Soviet Union," and now to continue it against a prominent capitalist rival, that refuses to buckle under to U.S.-led Western capitalist imperialism. That war, which Winston ("Soft-underbelly-of-Europe-first") Churchill, as a leader of the original Western imperialist Intervention against the Russian Revolution, was instrumental in starting, began virtually the day after the beginning of the Russian Revolution, on November 7 (new calendar), 1917. Then Churchill, who was very happy to have the Soviet Union enmeshed in WWII for the reasons mentioned above, many years later signaled the beginning of the Cold War with his "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, MO on March 5, 1946, less than one year after the Allied victory in WWII.
Western propaganda since then has always couched the speech in terms of an announcement that Stalin had done this dreadful thing, and was dividing Europe. Actually, at that time Stalin was still very hopeful of establishing an era of "Peaceful Co-existence," (much as Khrushchev would later call for it in the early 1960s") (see Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin's Wars, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2006, chap. 10). It was the West that was dividing Europe, beginning with the independent, U.S.-led currency reform in what became "West Germany" (that led directly to the "Berlin Blockade," a fact never noted in Western propaganda about that event), the refusal to include the Soviet Union in the Marshall Plan for European recovery (which was at its center a scheme to rebuild German capital as quickly as possible as a blunt instrument aimed at the Soviet Union and its recovery as a major industrial power), and then the formation of the "North Atlantic Treaty Organization" (which is more correctly known as the "anti-Soviet Alliance" and now as the "anti-Russia Alliance").
Then continuing after World War II with greater or lesser intensity during the Cold War until the US-led Western imperial powers, in the last stages led by the arch-reactionaries Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, had spent the Soviet Union into the ground during the long-lasting arms race that characterized the Cold War period.
And now, as Mike Faulkner so dramatically illustrates, Western Imperialism is once again trying to bring Russia (not even the Soviet Union) to its knees and so pave the way for the expansion of Western capitalism into that sphere, even though Russia itself is a thoroughly capitalist country (albeit a very peculiar one). The appetite for the making of profits and the further accumulation of capital, which as Karl Marx laid out for us in such detail as the central characteristics of capitalism, for Western capitalist imperialism, is absolutely insatiable.
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0.999489 |
I had just finished writing something down about the "silly Station", which had turned out to be some kind of post office. I was standing at an intersection, and realizing that Silly was the name of an actual street and should have been capitalized--and we'd been misunderstanding the entire thing.
Simultaneously realizing this was a dream, I tried to hail some people walking by...and began asking them questions about how I was managing to be present there. I stretched out and attempted to lay in plain view and asked what I looked like.
observer1: "You look like an ocephalous."
Note I didn't know what that was, but achephalous means "without a head".
I asked another observer to confirm with me my model of my body. So I started by using my hand to point to various features of my body...but then decided I had to shake my hands and show where they were first. I went through all the basic parts, emphasizing my eyes and hands.
observer2: "Everything you just did was obvious."
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0.99999 |
Explain: Why Are Jeans So Long?
About one minute into my trip to the new Paige Denim store in the West Village yesterday, I was a little miffed. Not because some guy muttered something about "artfully destroyed jeans" to me as I walked in, but because I went there specifically for the Petites Line, which takes up about 1/16 of the store. Which brings me to my greater question: Why exactly are jeans so incredibly long? My "petite" jeans I bought yesterday came with a tag that reads, "This collection offers perfect proportions for the petite. Rather than simply cropping the length, this garment has been rescaled and tailored to accomodate [sic] the woman who is 5'4'' and under." Which is interesting, seeing as how the average height for the female American woman is 5'4'' (and that statistic doesn't take into account all the still-growing teenage girls who probably buy more jeans than all the rest of us combined). It's not that I'm naive about these things. I stare at and mull over fashion for a living, so I am fully aware that most designs are intended for people that don't even exist. But you'd think that such an ordinary item wouldn't be subject to the idea that everybody's 5'10 and 85 pounds (and I won't even bother to present the argument that making people-size jeans would help the cost since less fabric should equal less money - my petites are always the same price as their foot-longer counterparts). So does anyone have the missing piece of information to this mystery? Because it would really help my weekend.
"Blue Jeans are the Most Beautiful Things Since the Gondola"
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0.996763 |
Why do black women fear the 'fro?
As a black woman living in Canada, I often feel invisible when it comes to my natural hair. The television series da Kink In My Hair (which just wrapped up its first season on Global television) taps into a lot of the issues black women have with hair, but on the streets of Toronto, it's a whole other story.
Some people might be offended by what I have to say, and others might think: "It's just hair. Get a life." Fair enough. But, since freeing myself from the dependency of chemically relaxing my hair every eight weeks, I feel it important to use my voice.
Too many black women can't remember what it's like to feel their natural hair. I know several, who have not felt their scalp since Bobby Brown was a member of New Edition. And I have sat in hair salons with women who spend more money on their hair than their education.
I also know a lot of black women who secretly want to go natural, but fear the reaction at work, what their family will say, even that their partner will leave them. If hair is just hair, you'd think going natural would be just as easy as processing your hair.
Then there are weaves, a process by which synthetic or real hair is sewn into one's natural hair to give the appearance of long, flowing, straight hair. While many women, irrespective of race, wear weaves (they're common in Hollywood), black women wear them to cover up, not merely enhance, their natural state.
Talk about hair is so woven into the black female experience that people often make jokes about who has "good hair" and who has "bad hair." In the song "I Am Not My Hair," India Arie sings, "Good hair means curls and waves/Bad hair means you look like a slave." A lot of people might not have a clue as to what she's talking about, but, as a black woman, I sure do.
One of the first things I learned as a child was that "bad hair" was not the same as having a bad hair day. It was a matter of texture. "Good hair" was the complete opposite of nappy, tightly coiled hair.
Admittedly, some black women have naturally long, straight hair, but most of us do not. As such, this is not about burning down the relaxer factory, or snatching a weave off someone's head. It's about uncovering the truth: when a black woman turns on her television, reads a magazine, or watches a movie, most of the images of black beauty she sees are fake, and her natural self becomes even more difficult to love.
Amid all these images, and all the time spent thinking about how to "fix" their hair problems, black women across North America face harsh realities that are not being discussed. A lot of black women are stuck in low-paying jobs, we're barely seen on television and in film, and we're often negatively depicted as hypersexual vixens in hip-hop.
In the book Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women, Noliwe Rooks says African Americans spend three times more than other consumer groups on their grooming needs.
Further, according to a 1997 American Health and Beauty Aids Institute survey, African Americans spend $225 million annually on hair weaving services and products. While these figures are from the '90s, it is fair to assume that similar results would be found today, and would also be applicable in a Canadian context.
The biggest hurdle facing black people across the diaspora is a lack of history, especially when it comes to hair. Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America, by African American authors Ayana Bryd and Lori Tharps, is a good starting point. When you read books like this, you begin to understand why hair is socially, psychologically and culturally significant to the black female experience. While history is always a difficult subject for any oppressed people, you won't ever know where you're going unless you know where you're coming from.
I'm old enough to remember when people sported afros. I never quite understood why they did it when I was younger but since then, I've read numerous books and seen countless movies chronicling the period. When black people went natural in droves, it wasn't just about sticking it to The Man or a sign of cultural solidarity, it was also about self-love. The people who continued to straighten their hair were seen as turning their backs on their roots. Unfortunately, by the early 1980s, the Jheri Curl came along, and hair processing once again was the rule.
This history of hair alteration saddens me. Sure, all women have body image issues and anxiety about their looks. We're too thin, too fat, not pretty enough or not feminine enough. Yet people rarely discuss how black women have been chemically altering the natural state of their hair for more than 100 years, and continue to spend money they sometimes don't have to hook up a tight weave, just to be like everyone else.
In addition to hair, black women have a lot of other issues that are rarely discussed. For instance, according to the Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, black women are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Similarly, in the U.S., according to DepressionIsReal.org, a 2007 study found that depression among black women is almost 50 per cent higher than among white women. And black women are twice as likely as black men to suffer depression.
And so, it's not just about hair. It's about a lack of cultural awareness and an internalized negative pathology. In order to transcend a troubled past, you have to engage in an open and honest dialogue, but that requires acknowledging there's a problem. On one level, I can understand why black women do what they do to their hair (I used to do it too). Natural black hair can be very difficult to manage and sometimes you just want to try a new look. Having said that, there are lots of products, books, websites and hair salons that cater to natural styles, but it requires effort to find them.
The last thing I want to do is pass judgment or demand that all black women run out and grow an Angela Davis 'fro or Alice Walker dread-locks.
However, part of the process of healing is seeing yourself for who you are, and most important, accepting who you are.
There's no better time to take that journey than during Black History Month, which begins tomorrow.
Cheryl Thompson is a frequent contributor to Chart Magazine. She received her MA from Ryerson University's communication & culture program last year.
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My psychologist said personality disorders weren't mental illnesses and that they were just a way of being.. Is she right?
🤔 I would say they are definitely a mental illness. But I’m no professional.
Well, I don't know that they'd have the word disorder in them if they weren't, so that's odd? They're in the DSM-5 and all. Symptoms are believed to be learned behaviors by some, maybe that's what she's referring to? Idk, some psychologists have interesting opinions.
i would say it depends on the particular individual, since PDs are very broad, you would need to be more specific on what is being talked about. that being said, i personally believe that PDs like Borderline PD isn't actually a PD, but more of a "trauma" problem.
Now, i am basing that off people i've met in real life with the condition, and they really did not have the core aspects of what really makes someone have a PD, which is why i do not place them in the PD category. their issues revolve more or less one thing in particular, but their outward presentation, perception and understanding is the same as typical people.
Mind you, i have severe trauma myself and emotional abuse and disturbances up to this point, however, that is not a cause to why i am the way i am or why i always was the way i was, considering that the way that i started being or always was, was well, a gradual thing, relative to development without any particular traumatic experiences that in other words would cause me to first be like that, so no, Personality disorders, at least the one i have which i believe is actually a REAL personality disorder which is Schizotypal PD and covert narcissism ARE indeed real PDs, but the pseudo ones like Borderline, avoidant, and espicially schizoid PD, arent. It isn't suprising why the DSM wanted to remove schizoid PD, on the other end, self diagnosed "schizoids" usher out the same, which is kind of ironic because one would believe since they would deny it being a PD, that it should constitute to them having one, but well...that's just silly, because that belief is for neurotypicals.
now of course, everyone is entitled to their own opinion, however, i feel like the PD category has been overpathologized, in other words, there really should only one PD and the severity, particular qualitative severity of impairment to quality of life and functioning would be determined by the specific unique combination of traits that person is built of. and yes, it isn't rocket science to determine how much a person suffers and how difficult one's life is if you factor in things in the right way and understanding these variables have everything to do with quality of life and functioning.
take for example ego strength, most people get misdiagnosed with a PD and have high ego strength, when in fact, the opposite should be true, same with openness to experience which in many respects has to do with tolerating other people, whether it's their viewpoints, personality, etc, yet, most people are given a label of one of these when all it's doing is creating a logical fallacy. people who truly have a PD do not have high ego strength, not in any circumstance. people with PDs have PDs because of being inferior. You can call donald trump for example a narcissist, but he doesn't suffer from Narcissistic PD, it doesn't matter if he is as unstable / or unfit as he looks.
you can look at PDs like this, it's like comparing a cheap chinese made car vs a german sports car that is more durable, and hence, more superior. you aren't gonna say that the chinese car is traumatized for being the way it is, for not being able to adapt or compete with the german car, because it's already functioning at it's highest level or baseline functioning. you could perhaps inject nitrous oxide into the chinese car, the nitrous oxide being the typical psychiatric medication, but what little help you can offers is not enough to outweigh the negatives, so you end up blowing up the car, ( more harm than good ) for just a trivial / unrealistic / impractical improvement.
so as someone with a PD myself ( diagnosed with schizotypal PD and major depression ). i struggle just to exist on a daily basis, and of course, i have more than just the two i've mentioned, but it's unclear what i really suffer from and what medicines there are out there to help me, and i've been harmed enough by past psychiatrist medications. i've even be given the schizoaffective label from a previous psychiatrist, who insisted on prescribing an antipsychotic, which i took one type before that fucked me up so bad which was called latuda, on the third night, i could not take it anymore as i was lying in bed with severe agitation, distress, i developed convulsions, crying spells, difficulty breathing, my head was jerking back and forth, and was rushed to the hospital where i had to just lay there for a few hours as i was given ativan and some anti nauseau and the only thing i was told was i had to wait for the latuda to leave my system, the next few days i was very brain dead, and then after that, i eventually returned to a reasonable brain chemistry.
one psych said to me we try not label people these days..
I think everyone has some kind of PD. I have had so much trauma in my life I close it off by being a comic. They say most comedians have had severe trauma in their past.
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Due to travel's disruptive effect on the body's normal circadian rhythm (24 hour biological clock), the effect of travel on athletic team performance is a topic of great interest to schedule-makers in professional sports.
The rule-of-thumb among sleep experts and neurologists is that for every time zone crossed, synchronization requires 1 day.
Conventional NFL wisdom says: 1) teams in the Pacific time zone are at a disadvantage when they play a game in the Eastern time zone; 2) Eastern time zone teams do not experience the same disadvantage when they travel to the Pacific time zone.
Do data support this conventional wisdom? Regular-season games from 5 recent NFL seasons (1280 games) were classified according to 2 variables: i) number of time zone changes and direction of travel experienced by visiting team, ii) whether the home team won or lost.
The number of time zone changes traveling West to East is indicated by a positive number; the number of time zone changes traveling East to West is indicated by a negative number.
For example, if the Seattle Seahawks (Pacific time zone) play the New York Giants (Eastern time zone) in New York, the game is assigned the value of +3; if the same teams play in Seattle, the game is assigned the value -3.
If the Denver Broncos (Mountain time zone) play the Chicago Bears (Central time zone) in Chicago, the game is assigned the value +1; if the same teams play in Denver the game is assigned the value -1.
Since 1966 the home team has won 57.3% of regular season NFL games.
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0.923062 |
How many dollars do you think your business is throwing in a commercial dumpster every year? It may not seem like much, but a gallon of milk or a loaf of bread going to waste adds up to a big pile of dollar bills. Hidden food costs can seriously affect your cash flow every month. When I say hidden food costs, I’m talking about overstocking, spoilage, and waste. When you practice proper restaurant inventory you will uncover and reduce food waste costs, as well as maximizing the dollars spent on each product.
Assign a team of people who are responsible for the entire inventory process. These people should typically be analytical in nature and strong in math.
Train your team so that they understand the method of inventory you use. They need to be aware of your inventory categories such as issue units, purchase units, food inventory list, and more.
Make it routine to establish a set frequency for your inventory count. Whether it’s weekly, monthly, or yearly, it’s important that the more often you take inventory, the easier it is to identify and correct any problems.
Make inventory easy by organizing inventory sheets that align with the location of the products on the shelves. You will be grateful that you’re not running back and forth between locations.
Take a look at your menu. If you realize there’s an ingredient that is being wasted or spoiled because you don’t use it enough, you can find ways to cross-utilize it into other dishes. This also gives you an opportunity to improve your menu.
An easy way to save both food and money is to use a portion control scale. It ensures the amount of food you specify is what your employees are distributing.
Avoid overbuying fresh produce. This process is easier when you have control of your food inventory. When you know the exact amount of produce you use, you will avoid spoilage and end up saving money.
Keep everything labeled and organized. To stay organized, try using food labels to easily identify details such as what the item is, when it arrived, and when it must be used by.
Be aware of your refrigerator and freezer temperatures. If your refrigerator/freezer didn’t come with a standard thermometer, be sure to purchase one so you can monitor your equipment’s performance.
Surprisingly, many restaurants do not donate unused food. Yet 1 in 6 people in America face hunger. There are many food programs that would be happy to take your leftover food. So instead of your first thought being to dump it, consider donating it instead.
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I applied for a TD Bank credit card and I was wondering when and how I will be informed that I was approved?
Good afternoon, Carrie! This is a great question, and we'll be more than happy to help. Generally speaking, once your application has been submitted, you should expect to receive a decision by mail within 7-10 business days. If approved, you will also receive your new card, as well as additional details, including the approved amount. If this time frame of 7-10 business days has already passed, and you still have not received notice by mail, we'd like to recommend that you connect with a TD Credit Card Specialist, who will be happy to review your application status with you directly. To reach TD Credit Card Services, simply dial 888-561-8861, and for your convenience, Specialist are available to help 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Additionally, if you'd prefer, you're always welcome to visit your nearest TD Bank Store location for assistance. To take a look at Store locations and their hours, please visit http://go.td.com/1f9DSJR. Thanks for stopping by today, Carrie! We hope this information was helpful, and please enjoy your weekend.
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0.904055 |
What to consider when buying corporate uniforms?
Corporate uniforms improve your company image, make your company look more professional, your employees more visible and impressive, and market your business quite well. Also, they motivate your employees and instil team spirit and feeling of togetherness and belonging in the staff, making them work in the best interest of their company.Given the crucial roles that corporate work wear play in any business organisation, it becomes imperative to keep few important things in mind choosing uniform clothing for your company.
First you must decide who in your company would wear the corporate uniforms. Uniforms Australia are more appropriate for the employees who have to deal with the customers and public as opposed to those who have to sit in office all day long with little or no interaction at all with the public.
Once you have decided who will be wearing the corporate work wear you need to determine their responsibilities. The tasks that they have to carry out every day are a key factor in deciding how and what their corporate uniforms should be like. The uniforms must be appropriate to the kind of work that the employees have to carry in their day-to-day operations. If the uniform is not conducive to the nature of the job, the employees can not be successful in their job performance.
People want to be comfortable no matter where they are and what they are wearing. If you want your employees to contribute their best you must invest in comfortable corporate uniforms. If they feel relaxed and easy they will be able to do their job efficiently.
Style and appearance of the corporate uniforms is equally important. Corporate work wear must be impressive to look at. It must create a distinct impression on those who see and meet your staff. Uniforms Australia are available in a range of styles, designs, materials, and colours. You can choose the uniforms that you think will impart a unique individuality to your employees and will give away a nice image of your company. Since the style of corporate uniforms keep changing, it is better to invest in something with clean and timeless look. It will save you from the trouble of buying corporate uniforms every now and then.
Whichever style and design pattern you choose for your corporate uniform sit must be professional to look at. If the corporate workwear looks too casual it might not be able to create a lasting impression on your employees.
Finally, choose a reliable uniform clothing company to get quality uniforms for your staff. High quality uniforms are durable and long-lasting in nature and will save your money.
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If you have no defined goals for your website, there is no way you can measure success.
The first thing you should do is to define your goals. Let's say you work for an insurance company which enables consumers to calculate prices for insurances online. Then your overall goal could be to get as many as possible to complete such a calculation.
First, you need to reach new prospects by means of online advertising or other marketing activities. Your goal here is to make people click on your ads and go to your website.
Second, you need to engage your prospects by presenting relevant content that makes them start an online price calculation (or any other conversion process).
Third, you need to convert prospects into qualified leads or paying customers. Your conversion process must be carefully designed to avoid drop-outs.
Finally, you should retain leads or customers by, for example, inviting them to sign up for a newsletter or introduce other loyalty-builing activities.
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How often do you see people working on their laptops or tablets in coffee shops? Probably a lot, and this is going to become even more the norm as the traditional ‘workplace’ changes. For example, some companies don’t even give their employees personal workstations, and almost everyone is expected to be available 24/7. As a result, there is absolutely no place that is sacred from becoming a temporary workstation. Workers must now be able to access, share and collaborate on documents from anywhere, at any time.
If you are going to expect your employees to work off the clock, and to do so at home, in the car, in a hotel or the backyard, they are going to be far more effective and willing to do so if you make it as easy as possible. One way to do that is to provide them with a business-grade set of collaboration tools that make document sharing easy. Sending Word documents back and forth for markups among a group is tedious and is a recipe for version control tragedies.
Instead, consider the value of a complete collaboration tool that everyone can access from anywhere using any type of device that makes document access and collaboration easy and secure. Your employees and your bottom line will appreciate the increase in productivity.
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0.999166 |
Hinduism: gods, beliefs, symbols, practices..
From the ancient times Indian religion is known as Sanatana Dharma (sanatana=Eternal; dharma≈religion/ or that which leads to liberation) by the followers of the religion. They call it the Santana Dharma because they believe it is the same spiritual path that every person no matter how different they are is bound to follow, it is based on the belief that every soul evolves from lower consciousness towards higher until it finally attains liberation from rebirth or oneness with the universal soul (parabrahman or consciousness). Hinduism is not particularly rigid on the practices but on the principal that there is liberation and it is the ultimate there is. There have been numerous practices which are associated with Hinduism like Pooja (worship), Prarthana (prayer), japa, Bhajan (chanting).
Guru prescribes suitable practices for disciple's evolvement, thus there are no rituals that are must for a spiritual aspirant in this religion. With the decline of age (there are 4 ages Satya, Treta, Dwapara, Kali) It is believed that in lower ages people have no strength to understand purpose of spirituality, thus practices become major focus rather than the spiritual evolvement. However good practices are said to bind the aspirant in the right direction, thus many enlightened gurus themselves practice usual practices like prayer, worship, meditation and satsangs.
Hinduism according to hindu scriptures has been in existance for more than 10,000 years [note 1]. Researchers commonly agree that the hinduism has been in existance from 2000 BC.
According to hindu philosophy physical worlds which include universes, galaxies and solar systems appear 'during the day of Brahma' and merge back into consciousness during the 'night of Brahma'. Hindus believe there have been innumerable cycles of day/ night of Brahma. In the Hindu scriptures there are references to time before this day/ night cycle of Brahma [note 2], It is said that the Sanatana Dharma has been in existance in every day of the Brahma.
Lord Rama is the significant personality of TretaYuga. It is safe to say Vasishta, Vishwamitra, Valmiki and some other renowned sages also lived during This age. Teachings of Vasishta to Rama which is now known as 'Yoga Vasishta' is one of the highly appreciated spiritual books of Hinduism. Ashtavakra Gita is another notable contribution.
Lord Krishna incarnated on earth during the transiation of DwaparaYuga into Kaliyuga. His teachings to Arjuna are the pillars of Hindu philosophy. Lord Krishna's discussion with Arjuna on the battle field is known as 'Bhagavad Gita' (The song of the God).
Bhagavad Gita has the essense of all prehistoric teachings like Upanishads, thus considered the firm base of Hindu philosophy.
After Buddhism and Jainism gained promonance, people of that time did not give prominance to Upanishads, Gita and other practices from the ancient times. Shankaracharya re-emphasized the value of ancient wisdom.
Dnyaneshwar 1275–1296 Sant Dnyaneshwar interpreted Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, in common man's words. During his time asceticism, Rituals and caste system were misunderstood and wrongly practiced. He started Varkari Bhakti movement in the Maharashtra region.
Kabir being an householder achieved higher levels of realization which are even unattainable by ascetics and monks, he gave hope to the householders.
Kabir's prominent works are his poems and songs. Which are still highly valued and sung. Through these 'two lined' poems he has made it easy for even a common man to understand higher philosophies and ancient knowledge.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu 1486-1534 Chaitanya Mahaprabu being a great scholor himself, gave importance to Devotion, the movement he started is now very popular. ISKCON is continuing his works.
Paramahansa Yogananda popularized KriyaYoga in the west and in India. Paramahansa Yogananda's works have a common goal of uniting the religions of the west and the east through common spiritual relaities, Christianity and Hinduism in particular.
Note: There are four Yugas: SatyaYuga, TretaYuga, DwaparaYuga and Kaliyuga, they are said to span for 4800, 3600, 2400 and 1200 years respectively. SriYukteswar Giri, guru of Paramahansa Yogananda writes in his book 'The Holy Science' that the yugas are actually in Human years and must not be calculated in the demigods'. A day of demigods is approximately equal to an year on earth thus wrong calculation gives us 432,000 years of Kaliyuga, which is not proper.
There aren't definite number of sects in Hinduism, Each cultural group has its own practices. Below are few sects which are prominent among them.
Vaishnava: Vishnu, avatars of Vishnu are worshipped as the form of supreme God.
Mahabharata, one of the two Indian classic epics depicts the lives of sages who lived in satya yoga, tracing back to those stories we get those years to be 4800+3600+2400+1200 years from now i.e around 10,000 years in this yuga cycle.
For example in Yoga Vasishta there is a story of Sage Vasishta meeting Busunda the enlightened crow where day and night of Brahma are discussed.
Buddha, Mahavira, Guru Nanak are all considered in the history of the Hinduism because each of them either gave a new expression or re-emphasized/ de-emphasized certain practices. Their contributions to spirituality are significant, and the core of Sanatana Dharma is its spirituality.
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Поздравляю поклонников Руслана Алехно с таким событием - Руслан прошел отбор и будет представлять Белоруссию! Очень интересно послушать песню, с которой он прошел... Ее можно где-нибудь найти и послушать?..
Мое мнение: РАБОТАТЬ, РАБОТАТЬ и еще раз РАБОТАТЬ!
Ну что сказать - думаю, что Руслан может лучше, и выступит лучше. У него есть потенциал.
Но конечно многое будет зависеть и от того, какую сделают аранжировку и как поставят номер.
Интересно, когда будет решаться судьба представителя от России?..
Вот оно - 9 марта!
какие мнения - кто победит?
Уже все и так понятно. Сделали из нас лохов.
На предстоящем Евровидении будет много артистов нашей эстрады. В связи с этим будет особенно интересно следить за голосованием. Предлагаю устроить предварительный опрос.
Хм,а при чем тут Тина Кароль??
В этом году Украину представляет АНИ ЛОРАК!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Я конечно оцениваю реалистично всё.. Но не могу не проголосовать за Руслана, так же как и фанаты Билана не могут не проголосвать за их Димочку!
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How to choose a lens for my first DSLR?
I am considering buying my first DSLR.
How do I know whether I need a 18-200 lens, 17-85, or 18-55? Or something else?
Lens questions are probably the hardest gear recommendation questions to answer.
It's unclear if you're a seasoned photographer, or just starting out, so my question is geared towards a person new to photography.
Don't think about it. Buy a lens that fits in your budget. Make it easy and get the kit lens (the lens that is packaged with a camera body).
It won't have all the fancy bells and whistles, but it will be general purpose, won't break the bank, and will let you concentrate more on taking pictures and less about gear.
The bad habit I see with so many photographers who have an online presence is that they sweat the minute, technical details. It's fun to do, but it's also orthogonal to the real goal (imo): producing great photographs.
So, keep it simple. Get the kit lens. Learn what goes into make a great photograph (SUPRISE: IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH CAMERA GEAR!), and have fun. Then when your kit lens starts holding you back, come back and ask away.
I think it depends largely on whether you know what you want to take photos of or not. I think if you do then this will have an influence over the lens you choose, in terms of reach, maximum aperture and stabilisation.
I'd also consider a fast prime, such as a 50 f/1.8 that can be bought cheaply for most cameras, as a possible first lens. It's certainly the lens that improved my photography the most once I'd worked out what all of the controls did.
That depends entirely on what kind of shots you are most likely to make and how much weight you are willing to carry.
Other than that, you may want to check the maximum aperture of the lens. The smaller the number (say 2.0, 1.8 or even 1.4) the better the lens for low light situations and portrait shots.
Get a relatively inexpensive zoom lens, 17-55mm, 17-50, 17-85 or the like. After a while you'll start thinking "I wish I had a telephoto/wide-angle lens to capture this". When you know what you really like to shoot, choosing the second lens type is easier.
Go for the 50mm prime. Losing the zoom functionality will really change the way of shooting and makes you plan the photos and composition more. On the other hand, the learning curve might be a bit steep and you might end up thinking that having no zoom is a huge drawback.
If you intend on shooting people and portraits - especially in situations with limited natural light available - I suggest you go for the 50mm/1.8 (or a similar lens). It can still produce great photos in situations where your 'kit zoom lens' requires really long exposures and thus produces blurry, out-of-focus photos. Furthermore, the shallow depth-of-field makes portraits look much better.
I'd stay away from the 18-200 lenses. In general, that kind of do-it-all lenses tend to be compromises. If you're going to join the Nikon side, the Nikkor 18-200mm is said to be a good lens but then again its no bargain either. I think there isn't a decent 18-200mm lens for Canon.
I don't know if this factors into your decision at all, but one of the things I've been pretty surprised about is how well used equipment (especially lenses) tends to hold its value. It's very possible that you could get into a lens today and decide you want to change to something else in a year and sell the lens without taking a big bath.
You might find that the most effective way you can answer this question is to get any lens at all (of halfway-decent quality), and then shoot with it until you know why you've absolutely got to have something else!
I started with a 18-70 one (3.5-5.6) and later when I learned what I liked to shoot I bought additional lenses.18-200 is usually very expensive to buy for a first lens when you are not sure what kind of a photographer you are.
After playing around with some friend's cameras, I chose the 18-200 in the exact same situation. It is a bit pricey, but I love the flexibility of the lens. I have since picked up a couple more lenses, including a big heavy 70-200 f/2.8, and still like the 18-200 for a lot of situations. Especially when I was just getting started with the DSLR world, I didn't want to have to mess around with changing lenses and miss the shot.
The lens also seems to hold its value pretty well, I picked up mine for $600 and I see other folks selling them on Craigslist for $550, so if you end up deciding to go another way you won't have lost all that much money.
If you want to shoot small bugs and other macro stuff, obviously you need a macro lens.
If you want to shoot architecture or landscape, you'll probably want the widest lens possible.
If you want to shoot wildlife, you'll want a long lens (200+).
Probably, as a starter, you don't even know what you will take pictures of. In that case you might buy anything and start with that until you learn what you need.
As a starter I loved long lenses. 200mm and more. For me (and a lot of other fotogs I know) this wears off after a while.
Nowadays I take nearly all my pictures with a fixed 50mm lens. I do own 24-85, 18-200 and a few other zooms, but I just love working with the fixed lens more.
If I'd need to choose just one lens for the rest of my life, it would be a fixed 50mm.
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0.943501 |
Is this few number of calories too good to be true?
Forgive me for a long story, but I want to give the background before getting to my question..
The other day a coworker found a store about 15 minutes away from our workplace that specializes in low carb, low sugar/sugar free foods. They carry a variety of commercially made products (the most Walden Farms items I have ever seen anywhere), along with a wide variety of baked goods, frozen dinners and soups, all of which they produce in-house. They also carry "carbolite" ice cream and offer frappuchinos and milkshakes made with this ice cream. This business has been around for several years, I did find a newspaper article from the early 2000's making reference to their current store..
My coworker went there yesterday and bought one of their "famous pizzas", which comes frozen, wrapped in cellophane. It's 12" round, obviously homemade, has an extremely thin crust and is advertised as having (for the ENTIRE pizza) 130 calories, 16 grams of protein, 5 grams of carbs, and I don't remember the stats for sugar, fiber, etc. According to the store's website, the pizza contains "defatted soy flour, skim mozzarella cheese and tomato sauce". She heated it in the toaster oven for lunch and shared it with me. It wasn't bad and would serve as a satisfactory fix for when I get a pizza craving..
We both went there today and we each got one of their frappuchino's, made with the carbolite ice cream and "whipped cream". When asked, the counter person said there were "about 45-50 calories" in the frappuchino. I have to admit, this was the best d@mn thing I've had since before I started Medifast. Tasted like a thick, chocolate milkshake. Very filling and satisfying..
The store's website is extremely skimpy when it comes to nutritional information, and provides no "official" type documents providing the nutritional data for their products. The nutritional data provided in the store is either handwritten or home typed and taped to the counters or display case doors. The packaging for the in-store produced items either has no labels at all, or if there is a label it has no nutritional information listed, other than ingredients and heating instructions..
My question is, this is seeming to be too good to be true. But, how do I go about finding out the authenticity of their nutritional claims? Short of purchasing each item and sending them somewhere to be tested (don't even know where that would be), is there some kind of local government agency that oversees this kind of matter?.
Thanks for reading through this whole novel. Hopefully someone can help point me in the right direction!.
I was wondering what store that was as I live in Washingtonville and I see you live in Central Valley..
A lot of people will say 5 carbs but mean 5 "net carbs". They will try to trick you!..
Good point, "net" carbs are the carbs left after fiber subtracted,,,right? so just looked again, and soy flour has 6 grams of fiber for that same 1/4 cup,,,so leaves 4 net carbs per 1/4 cup/ but Medifast counts full % of carbs, but the pizza makers could be doing just the "net" Could get confusing, and doesn't take much for me!..
My apologies for not being more specific. I definitely mean these for Maintenance, not for during the 5&1 phase. Even during Maintenance though, I want to make sure that I am accurately tracking how many calories, carbs, etc. I'm consuming..
I think a lot of these products are pretty much "correct" in their nutritional listingsor at least "net carbs".
However, having been a successful Atkins dieterthese products are dangerous for the diet! (for me at least).
Atkins worked for me before all these "low carb" options became available. I used to search all over, especially when in a new place, for their "Low carb" or "Natural (which often carried LC)" or "World foods (also why did these carry LC??)" stores..
Basically, having the ability to eat all these once "off limit" items ruined Atkins for me. I stopped eating the fresh foods and "whole" foods I had been in the beginning. I also stopped being able to restrain how much of these items I ate..
For me, when I get to Maintenance (when ever that may be) I think I am going to choose the "real" food over the low carb variety. Real or even Light icecream, instead of low carb, because my brain goes Oh! this is high calorie! high fat! (even the light, compared to no icecream) can't have but a taste!.
At least that's the plan..
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0.999079 |
Reuters Editor-in-Chief Stephen J Adler called upon Myanmar to release two Reuters journalists on the anniversary of their arrests on.
"A year ago, Reuters reporters Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo were arrested in a setup by police intended to interfere with the reporting on a massacre in Myanmar. The fact that they remain in prison for a crime they did not commit calls into question Myanmar's commitment to democracy, freedom of expression, and rule of law,'' Adler said.
''Everyday they continue to be behind bars is a missed opportunity for Myanmar to stand up for justice. The people of Myanmar deserve the freedoms and democracy they have long been promised, and Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo deserve to be returned to their families and colleagues immediately," he added.
Wa Lone, 32, and Kyaw Soe Oo, 28, were found guilty in September last year after a trial at a Yangon district court in a landmark case that has raised questions about Myanmar's progress towards democracy and sparked an outcry from diplomats and human rights advocates.
Wa Lone, 32, and Kyaw Soe Oo, 28, were found guilty in September last year after a trial at a Yangon district court in a landmark case.
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0.924998 |
The Roman Ridge is a linear earthwork, originally comprising an earthen bank and a ditch that ran for approximately 27km from Sheffield to Mexborough. The monument runs along the eastern slope of Wincobank Hill and in this area appears to have been constructed on top of an outcrop of Parkgate Rock sandstone. Surviving sections of the Ridge run along the east side of Wincobank Hill, below the hillfort, and to the north of Beacon Road and Jenkin Avenue. North of Jenkin Road, a further section runs downhill towards Meadowhall. The monument is no longer a continuous feature, with sections having been levelled, quarried away or built over.
The name ‘Roman Ridge’ incorporates the old Sheffield dialect term ‘rig’, meaning a raised road, and derives from a 19th-century belief that the earthwork was a Roman road. Its method of construction, however, means that the Ridge is unlikely to be a Roman feature. The monument’s function is unknown but it may have been a defensive barrier or a boundary marker as the ditch is always on the side that faces the River Don, which formed a territorial boundary in the late Iron Age and the early medieval period. This indicates that the earthwork was built by people occupying land on its north and west sides.
The sections of the Roman Ridge on the north and south sides of Jenkin Road are Scheduled Ancient Monuments and have a visible bank and ditch. The section to the north of Beacon Road was discovered in the 1930s, following the clearance of woodland, and survives only as a ridge of outcropping sandstone. Parts of the Ridge may remain extant beneath the 20th-century playing field in this area. Prior to the identification of this section, the Roman Ridge was thought to run up the south slope of Wincobank Hill towards the hillfort.
Could you tell me what they would have built the Roman Ridge for?
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0.941613 |
The Yugoslav Cup (Serbian: Куп Југославије; Croatian: Kup Jugoslavije; Slovene: Pokal Jugoslavije, Macedonian: Куп на Југославија), officially known between 1923 and 1940 as the King Alexander Cup (Serbian: Куп Краља Александра Croatian: Kup Kralja Aleksandra, and between 1947 and 1991 as the Marshal Tito Cup (Serbian: Куп маршала Тита; Croatian: Kup maršala Tita; Slovene: Pokal maršala Tita; Macedonian: Куп на маршал Тито), was one of two major football competitions in the former Yugoslavia, the other one being the Yugoslav League Championship. The Yugoslav Cup took place after the league championships when every competitive league in Yugoslavia had finished, in order to determine which teams are ranked as their corresponding seeds. The Marshal Tito Cup trophy was based on a design by Branko Šotra.
The pre-WW II competition in the then Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the end of 1929) was held irregularly, and sometimes involved only regional selections, sometimes only clubs, and occasionally both clubs and regions. Between 1924 and 1927 the competition consisted of squads from the regional subassociations. Only the players with citizenship of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were eligible.
The winners of the 1928 and 1930 editions are unknown. Split XI, losing finalists in 1924 and 1925, was composed of Hajduk Split players only. After their third successive win in 1926, Zagreb obtained the golden cup of King Aleksandar to keep.
The competition format was an elimination championship where every competitive team was offered a chance to enter. Beginning in the lowest tiers of teams, the competition followed a one-game elimination format. Higher tier teams got berths in the second round, third round, and so on. The First League (Prva Liga) teams always began in the 1/16 finals, and the rest of the 16 berths being filled by lower tier teams who managed to make it to the round of 32.
Once the round of 16 was reached, the format would be changed to a two-game elimination format, being played at home and away for each team. At this point it became a First League ordeal, as the smaller teams had zero chance against the titans of Yugoslavian football. Historically, the finals were usually reached only by the better-performing First League teams (Partizan, Hajduk, Red Star, Dinamo, etc.).
No participation of Croatian and Slovenian clubs. The only Macedonian club dropped out of competition in Round of 16. The last Bosnian club left the competition in May 1992 in Semi finals stage.
Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence.
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0.955632 |
Although treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) usually entails consulting with a qualified mental health professional, there are a number of OCD self-help strategies that you can start using right now to help cope with your OCD symptoms.
Perhaps the most important OCD self-help strategy is to learn as much as you possibly can about your illness. OCD is a chronic illness that requires day-to-day management of symptoms instead of focusing on an ultimate cure. Having a chronic illness requires that you become an expert on your condition and getting informed is the first step.
If you have OCD, you know that OCD and stress go together. While there are a number of ways that people choose to cope with stress, not all coping strategies are equally effective in managing OCD and stress. In fact, some coping strategies can do more harm than good. An essential OCD self-help tool is to learn good coping strategies for dealing with stress like getting enough sleep, eating well, exercising, meditation and sticking with your treatment plan.
Like stress, OCD and excessive worry often go hand in hand. This worry can focus on the theme of your obsessions, the consequences of your illness or it can relate to everyday matters such as paying bills or performing well at work. Unfortunately, worrying can often consume quite a bit of energy and make it difficult to relax. Learning techniques for coping with worry, such as analyzing the probability of what you're worried about actually happening and deciding how to cope with the worst-case scenario should it happen, is a valuable self-help strategy.
Given that stress and worry are major triggers of OCD symptoms, one of the best ways to boost your OCD self-help skills is to learn and practice a number of relaxation techniques. Deep breathing, mindfulness meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation can be very effective additions to any OCD self-help strategy.
Most of us are familiar with the many physical benefits of aerobic exercise, including reduced cholesterol levels and lowered risk of heart disease and diabetes. However, there is growing evidence that exercise such as running may be an important OCD self-help strategy for reducing the frequency and intensity of OCD symptoms.
Originating in eastern spiritual traditions such as Buddhism, mindfulness emphasizes a non-judgmental awareness of bodily sensations, sights, sounds, thoughts, and emotions. There are a couple of ways in which mindfulness can help you cope with OCD. First, being mindful of distressing or disturbing thoughts may act as a form of exposure to feared obsessions, similar to a person who is afraid of dogs spending time with a dog to lessen the fear. Mindfulness may also help you become less invested in your thoughts and help you to realize that a thought is just a collection of words or images and is nothing to fear in itself. This can help to reduce thought-action fusion, a psychological process that can make OCD symptoms worse.
Alternative medicines such as herbal remedies have been growing in popularity in both Europe and North America. Many people with anxiety disorders such as OCD have tried alternative therapies at one time or another. One of the most popular herbal remedies for anxiety is St. John's Wort, although the evidence is mixed as to whether it is effective. Of course, consult with your doctor before starting any herbal treatment.
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Usually referred to as the flu or grippe, influenza is a highly infectious respiratory disease. The disease is caused by certain strains of the influenza virus. When the virus is inhaled, it attacks cells in the upper respiratory tract, causing typical flu symptoms such as fatigue, fever and chills, a hacking cough , and body aches. Influenza victims are also susceptible to potentially life-threatening secondary infections. Although the stomach or intestinal "flu" is commonly blamed for stomach upsets and diarrhea , the influenza virus rarely causes gastrointestinal symptoms. Such symptoms are most likely due to other organisms such as rotavirus, Salmonella , Shigella , or Escherichia coli .
The flu is considerably more debilitating than the common cold . Influenza outbreaks occur suddenly, and infection spreads rapidly. In the 1918–19 Spanish flu pandemic, the death toll reached a staggering 20 to 40 million worldwide. Approximately 500,000 of these fatalities occurred in the United States.
Influenza outbreaks occur on a regular basis. The most serious outbreaks are pandemics, which affect millions of people worldwide and last for several months. The 1918–19 influenza outbreak serves as the primary example of an influenza pandemic. Pandemics also occurred in 1957 and 1968 with the Asian flu and Hong Kong flu, respectively. The Asian flu was responsible for 70,000 deaths in the United States, while the Hong Kong flu killed 34,000.
Epidemics are widespread regional outbreaks that occur every two to three years and affect 5–10 percent of the population. The Russian flu in the winter of 1977 is an example of an epidemic. A regional epidemic is shorter lived than a pandemic, lasting only several weeks. Finally, there are smaller outbreaks each winter that are confined to specific locales.
The earliest existing descriptions of influenza were written nearly 2,500 years ago by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. Historically, influenza was ascribed to a number of different agents, including "bad air" and several different bacteria. In fact, its name comes from the Italian word for "influence," because people in eighteenth-century Europe thought that the disease was caused by the influence of bad weather. It was not until 1933 that the causative agent was identified as a virus.
There are three types of influenza viruses, identified as A, B, and C. Influenza A can infect a range of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, and birds, but only humans are infected by types B and C. Influenza A is responsible for most flu cases, while infection with types B and C virus are less common and cause a milder illness.
The annual death toll attributable to influenza and its complications averages 20,000 in the United States alone. In the United States, 90 percent of all deaths from influenza occur among persons older than 65. Flu-related deaths have increased substantially in the United States since the 1970s, largely because of the aging of the American population. In addition, elderly persons are vulnerable because they are often reluctant to be vaccinated against flu.
Hospitalization due to complications of influenza are common in children. Among children with chronic illnesses, about 500 children per every 100,000 between the ages of birth and age four are hospitalized annually due to influenza, while about 100 children per 100,000 without chronic illnesses are hospitalized annually. Among those with underlying high-risk conditions, infants younger than six months have the highest hospitalization rates (approximately 10–40 per 100,000 population).
Approximately one to four days after infection with the influenza virus, the victim is hit with an array of symptoms. "Hit" is an appropriate term, because symptoms are sudden, harsh, and unmistakable. Typical influenza symptoms include the abrupt onset of a headache , dry cough, and chills, rapidly followed by overall achiness and a fever that may run as high as 104°F (40°C). As the fever subsides, nasal congestion and a sore throat become noticeable. Flu victims feel extremely tired and weak and may not return to their normal energy levels for several days or even a couple of weeks.
Influenza complications usually arise from bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract. Signs of a secondary respiratory infection often appear just as the victim seems to be recovering. These signs include high fever, intense chills, chest pains associated with breathing, and a productive cough with thick yellowish green sputum. If these symptoms appear, medical treatment is necessary. Other secondary infections, such as sinus or ear infections may also require medical intervention. Children with heart and lung problems, as well as other chronic diseases, are at higher risk for complications from influenza.
With children and teenagers, it is advisable to be alert for symptoms of Reye's syndrome , a rare, but serious complication. Symptoms of Reye's syndrome are nausea and vomiting , and more seriously, neurological problems such as confusion or delirium. The syndrome has been associated with the use of aspirin to relieve flu symptoms.
Although there are specific viral culture tests available to identify the flu virus strain from respiratory samples, results can take several days. Therefore, doctors typically rely on a set of symptoms and the presence of influenza in the community for diagnosis. Specific tests are useful to determine the type of flu in the community, but they do little for individual treatment. Doctors may administer tests, such as throat cultures, to identify secondary infections.
Several rapid (30-minute) diagnostic tests for flu have become commercially available. These tests appear to be especially useful in diagnosing flu in children, allowing doctors to make more accurate treatment decisions in less time.
Essentially, a bout of influenza must be allowed to run its course. Symptoms can be relieved with bed rest and by keeping well hydrated. A steam vaporizer may make breathing easier, and pain relievers can mask the aches and pain. Food may not seem very appetizing, but an effort should be made to consume nourishing food. Recovery should not be pushed. Returning to normal activities too quickly invites a possible relapse or complications.
Since influenza is a viral infection, antibiotics are useless in treating it. However, antibiotics are frequently used to treat secondary infections.
A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of influenza viruses budding from the surface of an infected cell.
As of 2004, there were a number of antiviral drugs marketed for treating influenza. To be effective, treatment should begin no later than two days after symptoms appear. These medications are useful for decreasing the severity and duration of symptoms. Antivirals may be useful in treating patients who have weakened immune systems or who are at risk for developing serious complications. They include amantadine (Symmetrel, Symadine) and rimantadine (Flumandine), which work against Type A influenza, and zanamavir (Relenza) and oseltamavir phosphate (Tamiflu), which work against both Types A and B influenza. Amantadine and rimantadine can cause side effects such as nervousness, anxiety , lightheadedness, and nausea . Severe side effects include seizures, delirium, and hallucination, but are rare and are nearly always limited to people who have kidney problems, seizure disorders, or psychiatric disorders. Zanamavir and oseltamavir phosphate can cause dizziness , jitters, and insomnia.
Following proper treatment guidelines, healthy people under the age of 65 usually suffer no long-term consequences associated with flu infection. The elderly and the chronically ill are at greater risk for secondary infection and other complications, but they can also enjoy a complete recovery.
Most people recover fully from an influenza infection, but it should not be viewed complacently. Influenza is a serious disease, and approximately one in 1,000 cases proves fatal.
Common cold —A mild illness caused by upper respiratory viruses. Usual symptoms include nasal congestion, coughing, sneezing, throat irritation, and a low-grade fever.
Pandemic —A disease that occurs throughout a regional group, the population of a country, or the world.
A person need not be in one of the at-risk categories listed above, however, to receive a flu vaccination. Anyone who wants to forego the discomfort and inconvenience of an influenza attack may receive the vaccine.
Parents should make sure that their children who fall into any of the risk categories should be vaccinated against the flu. Pregnant women in the second or third trimesters should also be vaccinated. Flu vaccines are available through pediatricians or local public health departments. Parents should also make sure kids follow good hygiene practices, including regular hand washing, and covering the mouth when sneezing or coughing. Children may acquire secondary infections, such as ear infections or sinus infections, so parents should call the pediatrician if a child develops a high fever, sudden pain in the ears or sinuses, or develops a productive cough with thick yellow-green phlegm.
Subbarao, Kanta. "Influenza Viruses." In Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases , 2nd ed. Edited by Sarah S. Long et al. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, 2003.
Wright, Peter. "Influenza Viruses." In Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Edited by Richard E. Behrman et al. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2004.
Larkin, M. "Will influenza be the next bioweapon?" Lancet Infectious Disease 138 (January 7, 2003): 53.
Neff, M. J. "ACIP Releases 2004 Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Influenza." Annals of Internal Medicine 70) (July 2004): 199–204.
Stiver, G. "The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs." Canadian Medical Association Journal 138 (January 2003): 49–56.
"Flu." Health Matters , November 2004. Available online at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/flu.htm (accessed December 28, 2004).
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0.958611 |
Philadelphia's municipal election of November 5, 1957, involved the election of the district attorney, city controller, and the remainder of a term for one city council seat, as well as several row offices and judgeships. Democrats were successful citywide, continuing a run of victories racked up after the passage of a new city charter in 1951 despite growing divisions between factions of the party. Victor H. Blanc, the incumbent district attorney, led the Democratic ticket to victory. They held the city council seat and took two citywide offices that Republicans had won in 1953. In the judges' elections, most were endorsed by both parties but in the one race that pitted a Democratic candidate against a Republican, the Democrats were successful in seating their candidate, former Congressman Earl Chudoff.
After the Democrats' electoral victories in 1951 and 1955, they hoped to further solidify their hold on city offices by ousting the few Republicans left in power. At the same time, however, they were faced with growing divisions within their own party. Democrats had won in 1951 by combining with reform-minded Republicans and independents. By 1954, however, some Democrats led by Council President James Hugh Joseph Tate tried to weaken the civil service reforms of the new charter by allowing city employees to become involved in electioneering once more. They fell just short of the two-thirds vote in Council to put their amendments on the ballot, but in 1956, Tate's faction again proposed charter amendments aimed at weakening civil service protections and this time found the required vote to put it on to the ballot for popular approval. The referendum failed in a vote that April.
The rift widened by 1957 as U.S. Senator (and former Democratic mayor of Philadelphia) Joseph S. Clark, Jr. joined his successor, Richardson Dilworth, in refusing to back the Democratic ticket, citing mismanagement and political cronyism. Republicans, led by City Committee Chairman Wilbur H. Hamilton, used the occasion to woo reform-minded voters by claiming their ticket was free of machine control, and that they "owe nothing to the political bosses." Meanwhile, voter interest in the off-year election was low despite extensive radio and print advertising by both parties.
In an arrangement that predates the 1951 City Charter, Philadelphia elects a District Attorney independent of the mayor's office. Dilworth had been elected to the office in 1951 but resigned in 1955 to run for mayor. Victor H. Blanc, a city councilman and former assistant district attorney, was elected to fill the unexpired term. Blanc was a veteran of both World Wars who, during his time on the council, led an investigation into corruption in construction at Philadelphia International Airport. In 1957, he ran for a full four-year term, but his connection with machine politics led Clark and Dilworth to withhold their endorsement of him. The Republican nominee was Emil F. Goldhaber, a local lawyer who had worked in the state attorney general's office and in private practice. He was unopposed in the primary. The split in the Democratic leadership made the district attorney's race the liveliest of the campaign, according to Philadelphia Inquirer writer Joseph H. Miller.
Blanc overcame the intra-party dissension to defeat Goldhaber, although his vote total was reduced to 56%, down from the 60% of the vote he received two years earlier. Blanc thanked the voters "who showed great faith" in him, and Goldhaber conceded by 10:30 p.m. on election night. Blanc would hold the position of district attorney until 1960, when he was appointed to the Court of Common Pleas. Goldhaber returned to private practice and was also later appointed to the bench, serving as a bankruptcy judge from 1966 to 1986.
Under the 1951 City Charter, Philadelphia elects a City Controller to sit at the head of an independent auditing department. The Controller approves all payments made out of the city treasury and audits the executive departments. As an independently elected official, the Controller is not responsible to the mayor or the city council. The office was created as one of the good-government reforms intended to reduce the corruption that had previously plagued city government and led to the reform coalition of 1951.
Republican Foster A. Dunlap had won the office in 1953, making it one of the few his party controlled in the city. The party renominated him without opposition. Democrat Alexander Hemphill was the organization-backed candidate, and he defeated political outsider George Glick without difficulty. Hemphill, who had worked with reformers in the campaigns that ultimately defeated the Republican organization in 1951, was a lawyer with a long history of involvement in Democratic politics. Unlike in the district attorney's race, the Democrats were united on the choice for city controller and Clark and Dilworth both publicly endorsed Hemphill. The result was a solid victory for the Democrats as Hemphill was elected by a thirteen-point margin.
The Republicans had also maintained their hold on the patronage-rich office of Register of Wills in 1953, electing attorney and former football star Robert C. Duffy, by a slim margin over the Democratic nominee, former Congressman Francis R. Smith. Duffy did not run for re-election, and the Republican nomination was contested between factions of the Republican party organization, a "regular" faction, led by Hamilton, former Sheriff Austin Meehan, and Board of Revision of Taxes President William F. Meade; and an insurgent faction led by ward leaders dissatisfied with the hierarchy's control over nominations. The establishment faction carried the day, winning the nomination for their man, Joseph P. Gorham. Democrats were more united on their choice, selecting Deputy State Insurance Commissioner Bernard J. Kelley in an uncontested primary.
Kelley was victorious, reversing the Republicans' gains of four years earlier and winning by a fifteen-point margin. The story was similar in the special election for the clerk of the court of quarter sessions (a court whose jurisdiction is now exercised by the court of common pleas). In the race to replace Democrat Joseph A. Scanlon, who died earlier in the year, Democratic state representative Louis Amarando defeated Republican Herbert R. Cain, Jr., by a 58% to 42% margin. As Miller wrote the next day, the "victory also demonstrated the supremacy of the [Democratic] party in Philadelphia from an organizational standpoint".
Voters in the 1st district also voted for city council in 1957 in a special election called after the death of Councilman Thomas I. Guerin the year before. Democratic ward leaders in the district, which covered most of South Philadelphia, nominated Emanuel Weinberg, leader of the 39th ward and a former state Deputy Secretary of Insurance. The nomination was not without controversy: Governor George M. Leader had fired Weinberg along with several other political appointees who were found, as The Philadelphia Inquirer reported, to have "enjoyed immunity from supervision and control and were permitted to pursue their private enterprises in addition to their State duties."
The nomination drew criticism from reform-minded Democrats, including Clark, who said the nomination showed "contempt for the independent vote." Weinberg's nomination also disappointed Guerin's widow, Mary C. Guerin, who ran as an independent. Guerin noted that Weinberg had been fired from his state job for good reason, saying "one would suppose that Governor Leader did not fire him for being late for work." Despite the split in Democratic support, Weinberg achieved a clear victory over Guerin and their Republican opponent, John Donnelly.
Although Pennsylvania's judges are elected in partisan elections, there had been a tradition of not challenging the re-election of incumbents, or "sitting judges." To that end, judicial candidates were typically endorsed by both major parties. The parties had followed the sitting judge tradition in 1951, but in 1953 the Democrats broke the informal pact and endorsed just three of the sitting judges. The result was an unusually intense contest for the thirteen seats available, which the Republicans won.
By 1957, the old order was mostly re-established as fourteen of the fifteen judges were endorsed for re-election by both parties and returned to office without opposition. The fifteenth, 75-year-old Joseph L. Kun, was President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and had served on the court for thirty years. In February, lawyers from the city bar association voted by a 2-to-1 margin to not endorse his re-election, calling him unqualified to hold office. Despite the bipartisan effort against him among the city's lawyers, Kun filed for re-election in both parties' primaries. Kun won the Republican nomination handily, but lost the Democratic nomination to Earl Chudoff, a member of the federal House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 4th congressional district. In November, Chudoff won easily, taking 58% of the vote. Kun, already in poor health, retired from the profession of law and died in 1961. Chudoff remained on the bench until 1974.
There were also thirteen seats open for magistrate, a local court, the duties of which are now performed by the Philadelphia Municipal Court. In the magistrate races, each political party could nominate eight candidates, and voters could only vote for eight, with the result being that the majority party could only take eight of the thirteen seats, leaving five for the minority party. The Democrats took the maximum number of eight magistracies, with incumbents Vincent A. Dean and William Cibotti leading the ticket. Republicans were held to just the five slots allotted them, with incumbent Benjamin W. Schwartz taking the most votes of his party's nominees.
In the primary ballot, voters agreed to divide the 35th ward into seven wards, accounting for the increased settlement in the city's Northeast section that made the ward extremely populous. The action brought the total number of wards to 58. The measure had support from both parties and passed overwhelmingly. In the general election, two loans questions were on the ballot: $16 million for general municipal improvements, and $10 million for water and sewer systems. Both measures passed.
^ a b c Inquirer 1957c.
^ a b Miller 1957e.
^ a b c Miller 1957f.
^ a b Wallace 1993.
^ a b Miller 1957g.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Inquirer 1957d.
^ a b c Committee of Seventy 1980, pp. 71–72.
^ a b c d e f Miller 1957c.
^ Miller 1957d, p. 12.
^ Miller 1953, p. 2.
^ a b Miller 1957b.
"Sitting Judge Policy 'Scrapped' By Democrats; GOP Offers Slate". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 15, 1953. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (November 4, 1953). "Republicans Victors In Phila.; Meyner Defeats Troast in N.J." The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 2 – via Newspapers.com.
" Phila. Vote At A Glance". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 5, 1953. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (February 18, 1954). "Council Unit OKs 6-Point Plan to 'Wreck' Charter". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
"Blanc Won His Spurs In Police, Airport Probes". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 9, 1955. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
Schraga, Saul (February 24, 1956). "Council Puts Ripper Up In Primary". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 11 – via Newspapers.com.
Schraga, Saul (April 25, 1956). "Voters Beat Proposal To Rip Up Charter". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 4 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (January 23, 1957). "Leader Fires Torquato Over Plush State Jobs, Orders 23 Others Suspended". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (February 2, 1957). "Bar Association Vows Fight To Defeat Kun". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (May 22, 1957). "Both Organization Slates Win Primary". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 5 – via Newspapers.com.
"Seven-Way Division for Giant 35th Ward Overwhelmingly OKd". The Philadelphia Inquirer. May 22, 1957. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (September 21, 1957). "Clark Adds Blast Against Pair Of Party Nominees". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
"Guerin Widow Bids For Council As Independent". The Philadelphia Inquirer. September 21, 1957. p. 12 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (October 27, 1957). "Voter Interest at Record Low as Election Day Nears". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. B11 – via Newspapers.com.
"Clark Refuses to OK Ticket; GOP Declares Candidates Unbossed". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 2, 1957. p. 11 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (November 5, 1957). "GOP Depending on Rivals' Split for Upset Today". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 12 – via Newspapers.com.
Miller, Joseph H. (November 6, 1957). "Democrats Take Every Office in City". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. 1, 3 – via Newspapers.com.
"Results of Votes for City Offices". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 7, 1957. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.
"Judge Joseph L. Kun Dies at 78; Served 30 Years on Bench". The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 16, 1961. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
"Victor H. Blanc Dies, Ex-D.A. and Judge, 71". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 17, 1968. p. 34 – via Newspapers.com.
"Alexander Hemphill, 64; served as city controller". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 31, 1986. p. 17-C – via Newspapers.com.
Simmons, Rose (May 18, 1993). "Earl Chudoff, 85, ex-judge, lawmaker". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. D8 – via Newspapers.com.
Wallace, Andy (October 6, 1993). "Emil F. Goldhaber, judge, 90". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. D7 – via Newspapers.com.
Committee of Seventy (1980). "The Charter: A History" (PDF). Philadelphia.
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What is an ethic? When people speak of a work ethic, they are usually referring to a set of beliefs, attitudes, customs and assumptions that effect a person's performance on the job. A biblical literacy ethic would include beliefs, attitudes, customs and assumptions that cause a person to be a thoroughly involved student of the word of God. The following statements provide a set of beliefs, attitudes and assumptions to comprise an ethic useful for biblical literacy. Consider the following scriptures. This is not meant to be exhaustive.
a. "God is wise in heart and mighty in strength"--Job 9:4.
b. "With Him are wisdom and strength, He has counsel and understanding"-- Job 12:13.
c. "Behold, God is mighty, but despises no one; He is mighty in strength of understanding"--Job 36:5.
d. "Have you not known? Have you not heard? The Lord is the everlasting God, The Creator of the ends of the earth. He will not grow tired or weary and His understanding is unfathomable"-Isa 40: 28.
e. "Blessed be the name of God forever and ever, for wisdom and might are His"-- Dan. 2:20.
f. "And now, O Lord God, You are God, and Your words are true, and You have promised this goodness to Your servant"--2 Sam. 7:28.
h. "You are near, O Lord, and all Your commandments are truth"--Ps 119:151.
i. "The word of the Lord endures forever"--1 Pet. 1:25.
c. Since God is immutable (free from change, totally consistent in action and thought, no irrationality), then His truth is consistent and rational. (Num. 23:19; Mal. 3:6; Gen. 21:33; Duet. 33:27) Truth is absolute and unchanging because God is absolute and unchanging in nature.
d. Since God has in his nature simplicity (free from conflict in nature, behavior or action) then truth is consistent and free of confusion or contradiction that is most prevalent in human judgment. (Duet. 6:6; I Cor. 8:4,6; Eph. 4:1-4; John 17:20,21) i.e. God's truth does not bring about "double jeopardy" but His judgments are truly equitable. The consistency of God's judgment stands Him apart from the nature of human judgment. Divine judgment is at the core of divine holiness in that God stands apart from human nature.
f. Since God is omnipotent (all-powerful), then His revealed truth in all forms is full of power that can influence and change the human events and the human heart for the better. Divine truth is bonded by the Holy Spirit (Gen. 1-3; Ps. 33: 6,9; Heb. 11:3; 2 Pet. 3:5; Rom. 1:16; Heb. 4:12).
3. We confess that the Bible called the Holy Scriptures (the 66 books) was originally given by God through inspiration of the Holy Spirit, entirely without error in concept, empowered by the Holy Spirit, being relevant to all ages & cultures, all-sufficient for life and godliness are useful for teaching, rebuking, correction, and training in righteousness so that the people of God are completely equipped for every good work. The Lord’s word is all-sufficient.
b. “The law of the Lord is perfect, converting the soul; the testimony of the Lord is sure, making the simple wise; the statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes; the fear of the Lord is clean, enduring forever; the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and the honeycomb, moreover by them there is greater reward”—Ps 19:7-11.
c. “God is able to make all grace abound to you, that always having all sufficiency in everything, you may have an abundance for every good deed”—2 Cor. 9:8.
d. “All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteous, that the man of God may be complete, thoroughly equipped for every good work”—2 Tim. 3:16, 17.
e. “For whatever things were written before through the perseverance and comfort of the scriptures might have hope”—Ro. 15:4.
f. “We also have the prophetic word made more sure, which you do well to heed as a light that shines in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts; knowing this first, that no prophecy of scripture is of any private interpretation, for prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit”—2 Pet. 1:19-21.
g. “For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation..”.—Ro. 1:16.
4. We acknowledge that God; who being personal in nature and desiring to reveal Himself and His ethical truth to humanity; revealed His truth as an expression of His grace while creatively utilizing various forms of communication (Jesus being the highest expression of God’s nature) to capture the imagination and appreciation for beauty He created within the human heart to bring us to a full relationship to Him and to a full knowledge of His will.
5. We humbly admit that it is not within the human heart to guide the direction of life: that the human heart is by all means deceitful; because of futility of mind; darkened in understanding; being alienated from the life of God; having ignorance within, because of being hardened to being beyond feeling; all humanity have given themselves over to opposition towards God in immorality. Therefore, all humanity has the universal need for the guidance from their Creator through His communicated truth found in the written word of God.
a. “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked; who can know it? I, the Lord, search the heart, I test the mind”—Jeremiah 17:9-10.
6. We affirm that an all-consuming respect for the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, understanding and wisdom to live a life worthy of the gospel for which we have been called. (Prov. 1:7; 2:5,6; 9:10; 15:32).
a. “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge”—Prov. 1:7.
b. “Then you will understand the fear of the Lord, and find the knowledge of God, for the Lord gives wisdom; From His mouth come knowledge and understanding”—Prov. 2:5, 6.
c. “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and the knowledge of the Holy One is understanding”—Prov. 9:10.
d. “Fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty of man”—Ecc. 12:13.
e. “The fear of the Lord is to hate the evil way; pride and arrogance and the evil way and the perverse mouth I hate”—Prov. 8:13.
7. We acknowledge that loving God with all of our heart, soul, mind and strength is the greatest motive for imitating God in all His values and morality while becoming disciples to Him—accompanied with an all-consuming conviction and confident expectation toward an eternal future supplied by God.
a. “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength”—Mk 22:34, Mat. 22:37 (Deut. 6:5).
8. We affirm that we are responsible for our own spiritual condition and maturity in the Lord and we acknowledge accountability to grow to our greatest potential within our ability.
9. We acknowledge that God requires of us only what we are capable of doing. When He requires of us to go beyond our abilities, God supplies the grace to achieve it to His glory.
10. We recognize that all believers are the expression of God’s power to save humanity, to transform each human heart from glory to glory by the work of the Holy Spirit, to set apart believers for ministry and to unite us through Christ Jesus who is our peace for the glory of Almighty God.
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Why Create A Financial Statement?
Understanding how to create and use a financial statement is the first step in running your home finances successfully. A financial statement is a document that helps you see what income you have coming in and how much money you have going out in expenses. This is very helpful because there is a lot of money lost because of recording errors. Most people don't record their finances at all so keeping this statement up to date is putting you ahead of the curve.
There are two parts to a financial statement. Income and expenses. These two are both placed on the statement. Income on top and expenses on the bottom. Subtract one from the other and then the total number that is left over is the positive or negative profit.
Listed below is a simple format of how to create a financial statement and a little explanation of each. In order to use this, all you have to do is transfer the bolded sections of this text below to another sheet of paper and add you own personal numbers.
Earned Income - This is any income that you earn from a job.
Passive Income - This is income from a business or real estate that you own and do not work at.
Portfolio Income - This includes stocks, bonds, and royalties.
Add these together and you get your total monthly income.
Taxes - Write down all the taxes you pay including what comes out of your pay check.
Mortgage or rent - This is the payment you make for your lodging.
Utilities - This is the payments you make for electricity, water, etc.
Maintenance - This would be items like fixing you house or backyard. Your fence or appliances would be another example.
Food and clothing - Any money you spend on food or clothing goes here.
Tithing - This is what you give at church or you could put charity donations as well.
Insurance - Put all your different insurance payments down.
Credit card - Write down your credit card payment amounts here.
Car loan - This is where you put down your car payment.
Student loan - This is where you put all your student loan payments.
Add these together and you will get your monthly expenses.
Next, subtract expenses from income and that will give you your net monthly income. This is how to create a cashflow statement which is part of a financial statement.
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Why do persons who exhibit symptoms of significant traumatic brain injury (TBI) often present with a pattern of neuropsychological assets and deficits that is suggestive of right cerebral hemisphere dysfunction?
Does this have any implications with respect to the presence or absence of NLD in such persons?
(1) There is a greater proportion of white/grey matter in the right than in the left cerebral hemisphere (Goldberg & Costa, 1981). Hence, an event, such as significant TBI, that can cause extensive neuronal stretching and shearing (and, in consequence, some degree of damage and/or dysfunction of myelin), is likely to cause much more disruption of systems within the right than of those within the left cerebral hemisphere.
(2) Systems within the right hemisphere are inferred to be principally responsible for intermodal integration and dealing with novel information within a developmental context (Goldberg & Costa, 1981; Rourke, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1995; Rourke, van der Vlugt, & Rourke, 2002). Most psychological tests that are thought to be "sensitive" to right hemisphere functioning (or deficit) are more novel in nature (e.g., Wechsler Block Design) than are those thought typically to reflect left hemisphere functioning (e.g., Wechsler Vocabulary). The latter (verbal) types of tests tend to be those that tap into overlearned, rote, verbal information that is "crystallized" to the point that it becomes somewhat impervious to perturbations of general white matter dysfunction. The systems within the right hemisphere are not thought to be specialized for, or capable of, this sort of intramodal functioning. Thus, if there are general white matter perturbations as a result of TBI, it is very likely that skills and abilities thought to be mediated primarily by systems within the right hemisphere will appear to be more impaired than are those thought to be mediated primarily by systems within the left hemisphere. This is, in one very important sense, the truth. However, this "truth" is not a reflection of more damage within the right hemisphere, but rather of more functional deficit of the skills and abilities subserved primarily by systems within the right hemisphere. In this sense, the basis for the exhibited "lateralized" deficits is functional/physiological in nature and does not necessarily imply more structural damage within the right cerebral hemisphere.
(3) Obviously, significant TBI may be confined to the right cerebral hemisphere. In such cases, one often sees the principal deficits as very similar, or even identical, to deficits that are among those considered to be primary in the NLD syndrome (see NLD Content and Dynamics): outstanding visual-spatial-organizational deficits; and, a predominance of somatosensory and psychomotor deficits on the left side of the body.
(4) As outlined in Question #29, children who exhibit the NLD syndrome (and, hence, may be suffering from significant impairment of right hemisphere systems) are very likely to "rush in where angels fear to tread," including out from between parked cars and into roadways filled with speeding vehicles. Similarly, they are more prone to fall from swings, slides, bicycles, and so on than are children who are developing their psychomotor, somatosensory, and visual-spatial-organizational skills at a normal rate. Thus, it may be the case that some children who appear to be suffering from greater impairment in skills and abilities thought to be mediated primarily by systems within the right cerebral hemisphere as a result of significant TBI were, in fact, deficient in these skills and abilities prior to the TBI they sustained.
In answer to the second question, all of the points (1) through (4) above, are relevant. More specifically, a decision regarding the framing of an inference with respect to the presence or absence of NLD prior to TBI involves a considered judgment regarding pre-TBI neuropsychological and psychosocial dimensions. One feature of particular interest regarding the framing of such an inference of pre-TBI NLD is the very wide diversity of psychosocial outcomes that are evident following TBI in both children (Butler, Rourke, Fuerst, & Fisk, 1997; Hayman-Abello, Rourke, & Fuerst, 2003) and adults (Warriner, Rourke, Velikonja, & Metham, 2003). One of these psychosocial outcomes (internalized psychopathology) is seen most frequently in persons with NLD (Casey, Rourke, & Picard, 1991; Pelletier, Ahmad, & Rourke, 2001; Rourke, 2000; Tsatsanis, Fuerst, & Rourke, 1997). But many post-TBI psychosocial outcomes are completely normal and most abnormal outcomes are seen only rarely in persons with NLD. These considerations have a number of clinical ramifications, some of which are as follows.
Clinical Implications. For adolescents and young adults who are thought to exhibit symptoms consistent with significant TBI plus a pattern of neuropsychological assets and deficits that would be consistent with NLD prior to their TBI, the bases for a reasonable inference of pre-TBI NLD are at least three-fold. Such persons usually present with the following: (1) a pattern of post-TBI neuropsychological assets and deficits that is concordant with NLD (with added features commonly seen in TBI); (2) levels and patterns of academic performance (e.g., superior single-word reading and spelling within a context of outstandingly impaired mechanical arithmetic performance) very often seen in persons with NLD; and, (3) a pre-TBI pattern of psychosocial functioning (internalized psychopathology) that is typical of persons at this age who have exhibited NLD for a very long period of time. If such conditions obtain, it is reasonable to infer the presence of a clinical comorbidity that a colleague of mine is wont to characterize as "measles (i.e., NLD) and a broken leg (i.e., TBI)." That said, it must be acknowledged that determinations of this particular type of comorbidity are fraught with difficulty, even for very experienced clinical neuropsychologists.
Butler, K., Rourke, B. P., Fuerst, D. R., & Fisk, J. L. (1997). A typology of psychosocial functioning in pediatric closed-head injury. Child Neuropsychology, 3, 98-133.
Casey, J. E., Rourke, B. P., & Picard, E. M. (1991). Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Age differences in neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional functioning. Development and Psychopathology , 3, 331-347.
Goldberg, E., & Costa, L. D. (1981). Hemispheric differences in the acquisition and use of descriptive systems. Brain and Language, 14, 144-173.
Hayman-Abello, S. E., Rourke, B. P., & Fuerst, D. R. (2003). Psychosocial status after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A subtype analysis using the Child Behavior Checklist. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 887-898.
Pelletier, P. M., Ahmad, S. A., & Rourke, B. P. (2001). Classification rules for Basic Phonological Processing Disabilities and Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Formulation and external validity. Child Neuropsychology , 7, 84-98.
Rourke, B. P. (1982). Central processing deficiencies in children: Toward a developmental neuropsychological model. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology , 4, 1-18.
Rourke, B. P. (1988). The syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Developmental manifestations in neurological disease, disorder, and dysfunction. The Clinical Neuropsychologist , 2, 293-330.
Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model. New York: Guilford Press.
Rourke, B. P. (1995). Introduction and overview: The NLD/white matter model. In B. P. Rourke (Ed.), Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Neurodevelopmental manifestations (pp. 1-26). New York: Guilford Press.
Rourke, B. P. (2000). Neuropsychological and psychosocial subtyping: A review of investigations within the University of Windsor laboratory. Canadian Psychology, 41, 34-50.
Rourke, B. P., van der Vlugt, H., & Rourke, S. B. (2002). Practice of child-clinical neuropsychology: An introduction. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Tsatsanis, K. D., Fuerst, D. R., & Rourke, B. P. (1997). Psychosocial dimensions of learning disabilities: External validation and relationship with age and academic functioning. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30, 490-502.
Warriner, E. M., Rourke, B. P., Velikonja, D., & Metham, L. (2003). Subtypes of emotional and psychosocial sequelae in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25, 904-917.
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Neil A. Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1955. He transferred to the NACA High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in July 1955, as an aeronautical research scientist. He became a research pilot later that year. Neil was named as one of nine astronauts for NASA's Gemini and Apollo Projects, leaving the Center for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, in September 1962.
Upon graduation from High School in 1947, Armstrong received a scholarship from the U.S. Navy. He enrolled at Purdue University to begin the study of aeronautical engineering.
In 1949, the Navy called him to active duty and he became a navy pilot. In 1950, he was sent to Korea where he flew 78 combat missions from the carrier USS Essex in a Grumman F9F-2 Panther. He received the Air Medal and two Gold Stars.
In 1952, Armstrong returned to Purdue University and graduated with a bachelors degree in aeronautical engineering in 1955. He later earned a masters degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.
At the High-Speed Flight Station (which later became the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center) Armstrong served as project pilot on the North American F-100A and -C aircraft, McDonnell F-101, and the Lockheed F-104A. He also flew the Bell X-1B (4 flights, first on August 15, 1957), Bell X-5 (one flight, the last in the program, on October 25, 1955) and the Paresev. On November 30, 1960, Armstrong made his first flight in the X-15. He made a total of seven flights in the rocket plane reaching an altitude of 207,500 feet in the X-15-3 and a Mach number of 5.74 (3,989 mph) in the X-15-1. He left the Flight Research Center with a total of 2450 flying hours in more than 50 aircraft types.
He was a member of the USAF-NASA Dyna-Soar Pilot Consultant Group, and studied X-20 Dyna-Soar approaches and abort maneuvers through use of the F-102A and F5D jet aircraft. Armstrong later accumulated a total of 8 days and 14 hours in space, including 2 hours and 48 minutes walking on the Moon. In March 1966, he was commander of the Gemini 8 mission that performed the first successful docking of two vehicles in space. As spacecraft commander for the Apollo 11 lunar mission, on July 20, 1969, he became the first human to set foot on the Moon. In 1970 he was appointed Deputy Associate Administrator for Aeronautics at NASA Headquarters. He resigned in 1971.
Neil wrote several technical reports and presented a number of research papers. In June 1962, the Octave Chanute Award was presented to Neil by the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences. Other awards received by Neil have included the NASA Distinguished Service Medal and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal.
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The 5 simplest ways to teach your child the most important bike skills.
Tell 'Em: Start with one pedalpointed at the handlebar. What You Should Know: This puts the pedal at roughly 2 o'clock, which lets riders give a solid pedal stroke to power the bike and keep it steady until the other foot finds the pedals.
Tell 'Em: Look straight ahead. What You Should Know: When a novice rider turns his head, his arms and shoulders follow, causing the bike to swerve. Next lessons: Keep the elbows and knees loose, and pedal smooth circles.
Tell 'Em: Slow down before you turn. What You Should Know: Slowing before entering a corner leaves room for error in cornering-as confidence grows, your child will learn to position the inside pedal up, and look through the turn, at the exit.
Tell 'Em: Ride like a car. What You Should Know: This keeps your kid from swooping and swerving on roads, running stop signs and riding on the wrong side of the road. It also reminds him or her to hold a line in groups.
Tell 'Em: Squeeze both brake levers at the same time. What You Should Know: This provides maximum braking and control. Jamming on the front brake alone can launch Junior over the handlebar, while using only the back brake limits the rider to just 20 to 40 percent of braking power and makes the bike more likely to skid.
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In Big Bang cosmology, the observable universe is what, in theory, can be seen from Earth. That is light, or other signals, which has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. The observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every place in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.
The word observable does not depend on whether modern technology actually allows detection of radiation from an object in this region. It simply means that it is possible in principle for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, there is much that we cannot see. We can see light only from as far back as when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons.
Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the visible universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the observable universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (that is, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years), about 2% larger.
The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years), putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.
↑ All electromagnetic radiation, and also gravitational waves, all of which are limited to the speed of light in a vacuum.
↑ Gott III, J. Richard et al (2005). "A map of the Universe". The Astrophysics Journal 624 (2): 463. doi:10.1086/428890. http://www.astro.princeton.edu/universe/ms.pdf.
↑ Planck collaboration (2013). "Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters". Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics.
↑ Davis, Tamara M.; Charles H. Lineweaver (2004). "Expanding confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 21 (1): 97. doi:10.1071/AS03040.
↑ Itzhak Bars; John Terning (2009). Extra dimensions in space and time. Springer. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-387-77637-8. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
↑ Lineweaver, Charles; Davis, Tamara M. (2005). "Misconceptions about the Big Bang" (PDF). Scientific American. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
This page was last changed on 8 August 2018, at 16:23.
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Give a general overview of what the picture is about: Where? & When?
This picture was probably taken in the USA (where?) in the morning (when?).
It shows a cowboy who is riding on a horse (what?).
2 Description - WHAT IS WHERE?
Describe the most important of the picture.
"The central focus of the picture is..."
"In the foreground / background ..."
Write positions in pictures at the beginning or end of your sentence.
The central focus of the picture is the cowboy on his horse.
You can see another cowboy in the background on the left.
There is a big tree at the top on the right.
You can see some more people in the background.
2 Description - WHO IS DOING WHAT?
describe the clothes, hairstlye, facial expression.
The cowboy is racing with his horse. Right now, his horse is jumping.The cowboy is probably middle-aged. He is wearing a cowboy-hat, a shirt, jeans and riding-boots. His horse is black. You cannot see the cowboy's face. The other cowboy is also riding his horse. He isn't riding as fast as the cowboy in the middle of the picture.
Why are the people there?
What do the objects & landscape tell you?
What will (maybe) happen later?
... probably happened before the picture.
... will probably happen after the picture.
The place looks like a cowboy range. The cowboy is probably there to win the race against the other cowboys. The horses produce a lot of dust. That tells me that they are racing really quickly. The start of the race probably happened before the picture. The horse will probably throw the cowboy off of his horse after the picture.
4 What do you think about the picture?
Tell your opinion about the picture.
It seems as if the horse of the first cowboy does not like to race because it is trying to throw the cowboy off. I don't like this picutre because I think that it is cruel to race animals. Maybe the cowboys could also use cars instead.
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In death as he was in life, John S McCain is an American patriot and hero, regardless of what Donald Trump may think or say. As the Vietnam war raged, McCain was held for five years as a prisoner of war at the so-called Hanoi Hilton. Rather than trade on his family's connections - his father and grandfather served as navy admirals - the young McCain elected to stay with his fellow prisoners, and was brutalized for his sense of duty and honor.
While Trump's nonstop effort to mar the late senator's memory should surprise no one, the response of McCain's Republican Senate colleagues to Trump's posthumous onslaught is both telling and disgraceful. The barons of the Senate live in fear of the president and his base. When Trump told Iowans in early 2016 that he could stand on New York's Fifth Avenue "and shoot somebody" and still not lose voters, he knew of what he spoke.
Senator Lindsey Graham, McCain's "best friend" and a naval reserve officer, is the most obvious case in point. Graham would only offer up tweeted mush in defense of his one-time "Amigo": "As to @SenJohnMcCain and his devotion to his country: He stepped forward to risk his life for his country, served honorably under difficult circumstances, and was one of the most consequential senators in the history of the body." We are comforted.
Later, Graham told reporters, "I think the president's comments about Senator McCain hurt him more than they hurt the legacy of Senator McCain. I'm going to try to continue to help the president." We know you are.
Graham continued, "My job is to represent the people of South Carolina. They want me to work with the president where I can. I've gotten to know the president. We have a good working relationship. I like him." In other words, Graham is scared silly of Palmetto State Republicans.
The polls tell the story, namely that embrace of Trump is a surefire way to defuse a prospective GOP primary. To illustrate, in 2017 Graham had one of the highest disapproval ratings in his home state of any senator, 40%. By January 2019, Graham's disapproval numbers had dropped to 32%.
Playing Trump's hatchet man at the Kavanaugh confirmation clearly paid off for Graham, and with McCain lying soundly in the grave, their friendship could lie there too. Said differently, if Graham could stand idly by as Trump trashed McCain, it was a green light for others to do the same.
Take Mitch McConnell, the Senate majority leader. McConnell gushed: "It was a blessing to serve alongside a rare patriot and genuine American hero in the Senate." On the other hand, not a word about the president's posthumous offensive.
Ditto the Arizona senator Martha McSally, who filled the vacant Senate seat left by McCain. McSally offered up the same anodyne gruel as McConnell, heaping praise upon the late senator, without mentioning Trump's conduct: "John McCain is an American hero and I am thankful for his life of service and legacy to our country and Arizona." For the record, the names Graham, McConnell and McSally will each appear on the November 2020 ballot.
By contrast, two senators who won't be running for re-election are Georgia's Johnny Isakson and Utah's Mitt Romney. Isakson faces the voters in 2022, Romney is newly elected, and their distance from the ballot box showed.
Isakson called Trump out by name: "The McCain family deserves better, I don't care if he's president of United States, owns all the real estate in New York, or is building the greatest immigration system in the world." For good measure, Isakson later labeled Trump's comments "deplorable".
As for Romney, he posited this rhetorical question: "I can't understand why the president would, once again, disparage a man as exemplary as my friend John McCain: heroic, courageous, patriotic, honorable, self-effacing, self-sacrificing, empathetic, and driven by duty to family, country, and God." No other Senate Republicans have come close to seconding Isakson or Romney.
As for decorum, it didn't make a difference in 2016, and don't expect it to make a difference now. The bottom line is that Trump has recast the Republican party in his own image. He embodies and channels the party's core - not McConnell in his banker's shirts. As Trump sees it, and the Senate GOP tacitly acknowledges, without the president the GOP would probably be lost.
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How do your brushes work?
When you brush your skin with an ionic body brush, you create a natural friction between the ion-charged copper bristles and your skin. That friction creates negative ions on the surface of your skin. Negative ions are very beneficial for the body (more on that below). In addition, using an ionic body brush enhances the usual benefits of using an ordinary body brush. In particular, dry brushing improves circulation, eliminates dead skin cells, stimulates the body’s lymphatic system (which promotes detoxification and helps eliminate toxins that can cause inflammation and illness), aids digestion, and reduces and even eliminates cellulite.
Negative ions are very important to the health of your body. Put simply, ions are atoms or molecules in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons. When there are more electrons than protons, the atom or molecule has a net negative electrical charge (these are known as ‘anions’). On the other hand, when there are more protons than electronics, the atom or molecule has a net positive electrical charge (these are known as ‘cations’).
Ions occur naturally and are often created through friction created between air and water. For example, a heavy rainfall, ocean waves crashing against a rocky shore, and a mountain waterfall can infuse the air and water with thousands of negative ions. Negative ions, which have long been known to have very beneficial effects on the human body, are inhaled through the air we breathe and the water we drink. Negative ions often explain why we experience a greater sense of calm and well-being after a cleansing rainfall, or when we spend time on the beach or near a waterfall. This enhanced state of well-being is the effect of thousands of negative ions beneficially impacting our biochemistry and energy levels.
Positive ions, on the other hand, have the contrary effect on our biochemistry and energy levels. Positive ions are generally produced by electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, x-rays, infrared radiation, televisions, radios, wireless internet, microwaves, and bluetooth devices. As a consequence of the abundance of electronics and technology in our world, we are constantly bombarded by positively charged ions.
Exposure to positive ions is typically highest in an office environment when we are in front of a computer screen, or at home in front of a television. Positive ions also tend to collect in environments where the air is stale and dust is prone to settle, such as in windowless office environments. Positive ions tend to make us feel tense, anxious, and irritated, and can contribute to various illnesses and other health problems. In short, positive ions create unhealthy environments, and repeated exposure tends to make our bodies crave negative ions all the more (hence why we often long for the outdoors after a long week at work).
Negative ions are often discussed in relation to what are commonly referred to as ‘free radicals’. Free radicals are molecules or atoms that have at least one ‘lone’ or ‘unpaired’ electron, but the molecule or atom does not carry a charge like an ion because the number of orbiting electrons still matches the number of protons. Free radicals are generated in our external environment. Free radicals are very harmful because they effectively try to ‘steal’ an electron from other atoms and molecules in order to become electrically ‘stable’. When free radicals come into contact with our bodies, they can cause significant damage to our cells and tissues.
You can fight free radicals by eating antioxidants, which are healthy compounds found in fruits and vegetables that provide ‘spare’ electrons which can neutralize free radicals and prevent them from doing damage to your body. In addition, dry brushing with an ionic body brush creates negative ions directly onto the skin through natural friction. The highly conductive composition of the copper bristles allows those negative ions to be absorbed into your body through your skin.
Using an ionic body brush therefore has the effect of providing your body with an excess of negative ions, which in turn provides your body with a multitude of ‘spare’ electrons which are ready to neutralize free radicals that come into contact with your body. In other words, regularly using an ionic body brush essentially creates a ‘protective ion shield’ around your body in addition to providing the many usual benefits of ordinary dry brushing.
How should I use my brush?
Our brushes are designed to be used without water, soap, or oil.
We recommend using your ionic body brush on a daily basis in order to detoxify the body, eliminate dead skin cells, stimulate the lymph nodes, aid digestion, and reduce the appearance of cellulite.
In addition, we recommend using your brush first thing upon waking up in the morning and before showering or bathing. This is an excellent practice which helps invigorate the body and also ensures that dead skin and toxins are washed away, giving you a healthy glow and leaving you refreshed and energized for the rest of your day. Many of our customers incorporate our brush into their morning cleansing routine and enjoy taking a cool shower immediately after dry brushing.
If you prefer to shower or bathe at night, then you can certainly incorporate dry brushing into your nightly routine. However, please note that dry brushing can have a stimulating effect on your body, which means that it may energize you rather than get you in the mood for sleeping! That said, everyone is different, so certainly give it a try and see how your body reacts.
We recommend brushing rhythmically and with light, smooth, and gentle strokes. Make sure to adjust the speed and pressure in order to match the sensitivity of your skin. Start by brushing the soles of your feet and then work your way up and inward.
We recommend brushing with long, straight strokes towards the heart. This is the direction in which lymph flows in your body, so brushing in this direction (as opposed to brushing in a circular motion or away from your heart) will have the most beneficial effect on your lymphatic system, which is responsible for detoxifying your body. In addition, brushing in this direction will help stimulate the nervous system and increase your blood circulation.
In general, it should take 3-5 minutes to brush your body thoroughly. You can use the brush on the entire surface of your body depending on the sensitivity of your skin, although many of our customers prefer to avoid brushing the delicate skin on their face, neck and chest. Please avoid brushing any skin that is irritated or broken and please exercise additional caution when brushing skin that has any abrasions or raised moles.
You will typically find it easier to dry brush while you are standing. However, you can also dry brush while you are sitting or reclining, so long as you always ensuring that you are brushing in the direction of your heart.
It is perfectly normal for your skin to be slightly flushed after using your brush. After you have finished brushing and have had a shower or bathed, we recommend that you apply lotion or oil to the areas that you have dry brushed in order to nourish and moisturize your skin. Coconut oil can be a great option. In addition, please make sure to drink plenty of water after dry brushing in order to facilitate the detoxification process. In fact, drinking plenty of water after brushing can greatly enhance the detoxification effect of the brushing process.
Any new dry brushing routine requires time to improve your health, so please be patient and consistently use your brush to enjoy excellent health results!
Please make sure not to use an ionic body brush if you are allergic to any metals. In addition, make sure to always brush your body when it is dry and never when it is damp or wet. We also recommend using a separate brush for each member of your household.
Are your brushes suitable for all skin types?
We are happy to say that our brushes are suitable for all skin types. Our ion-charged copper bristles are extra thin and made to be as soft as possible. You will be amazed to learn that copper can be made this soft!
Because the health benefits of using an ionic body brush are enhanced by the friction created between the bristles and your skin, it is essential that the bristles have a certain level of abrasiveness. If you have extra-sensitive skin, are new to dry brushing, or are accustomed to using a normal dry brush, then we suggest that you brush very lightly and slowly when you first start using your brush. If needed, you can also limit your brushing to the less delicate areas of your body where your skin is thicker (such as your arms and legs).
Your skin will eventually become accustomed to the copper bristles, and, when it does, you can brush faster and less lightly, and also brush the more delicate areas of your body with ease.
How will my skin feel after brushing?
Your skin will feel great after brushing! An ionic body brush feels very different than a typical body brush; in particular, ionic body brushes create a unique soothing effect and a pleasant tingling sensation on the skin. Your skin will feel more invigorated and refreshed than it would using a typical body brush.
How are your brushes made?
All of our ionic body brushes are handmade with love from the highest-quality sustainably-harvested beechwood, which is then beautifully smoothed and finished with natural wax.
Our ion-charged copper bristles are made from a high-quality alloy of copper and zinc, both of which are very important trace minerals. Copper aids in the formation of collagen, facilitates the absorption of iron, and plays a central role in energy production. In addition, zinc is essential for healthy hormone production, maintaining energy levels, supporting immunity, and promoting good digestion.
The unique molecular structure of our copper bristles permits negative ions (created by the friction between the copper bristles and your skin) to be directly absorbed by your skin and into your body.
In addition, each of our brushes features an outer ring of bristles made from beautiful all-natural and ethically-sourced boar hair.
How are the boar bristles sourced?
The boar bristles used in our brushes are obtained in a humane, loving and gentle manner. In particular, the boar bristles are obtained from a special breed of boar raised solely for its bristles. The bristles are carefully harvested using a process similar to the process used to shear wool from sheep. The boars are very well cared for, and the bristles are harvested throughout their long lifetimes.
Can I use two brushes?
Many of our customers enjoy dry brushing their body with an ionic brush on each hand. Although not required, brushing with two brushes can be a heavenly experience! In particular, it allows the user to create a natural brushing rhythm and finish thoroughly brushing much faster than with a single brush.
How should I clean my brush?
Copper is naturally anti-bacterial, so there is no need to clean your ionic body brush in the same manner as you might clean an ordinary brush. In order to keep your brush clean, we recommend brushing the bristles several times with a dry cloth, or tapping the brush with the bristles pointed down on a washable surface, such as a sink basin, in order to remove any skin particles. We suggest that you do this after every each use. Please make sure never to wash your ionic body brush with water or soap.
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Recently I have noticed that my preschooler is staring at people with disabilities. I keep telling him that it's not polite to stare. The other day while we were on an elevator with a man who was using a wheelchair, my son asked, "Why don't that man's legs work?" I had no idea how to handle this situation without making it worse than it already was.
Your response to your child's question must provide specific information and help the child to see the whole person, not just his disability. Explain to your son that the man might have been in an accident or had a disease that left his legs "not working." Ask your son to think of things that this person might have to do differently than he does because of the disability. Bear in mind that some children are afraid of illnesses and think that if a person has had an illness or an accident it may in some way be contagious. If this is the case with your child, you might want to add information to allay this fear.
It is best not to silence your child without providing information during situations like this one, because that will imply that asking the question was somehow wrong. It might also be useful for you to take the lead if you see your child staring at someone, and ask him if has questions about the person that you might be able to answer. The key to answering questions at this stage of your child's life is making sure that he has the most exposure possible to diversity so that the questions will be asked naturally as part of everyday life.
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On 12 March 1913 Canberra was officially named by Lady Denman, the wife of the Governor-General Lord Denamn.
To celebrate the occasion there is to be an anthology of writing by Canberra region writers spanning the 100 years to be published in late 2012 in the lead-up to the centenary celebrations. The editor is Irma Gold and the Publisher: Halstead Press.
Here is a link to '100 Years of Words' - a Blog set up for the project.
defines the origins of the name Canberra.
The name, Canberra, formerly rendered into Roman script as ‘Canburry' or ‘Canberry' by the earliest non-Aboriginal settlers in Ngambri country, is derived from the name of the Aboriginal ancestral group who once held sway in the region that now incorporates the Australian Capital Territory and surrounding areas.
'Canberra' was a corruption of the earlier anglised version, ' Canberry', of the original Aboriginal name for this territory: Ngambri. This name for the district, 'Canberry', was claimed as such in the Government Gazette, 22 January 1834 (p39) and was officially known as such from that time even though it was eventually changed to 'Canberra', perhaps to make it sound more 'European'.
A mountain of historical evidence overwhelmingly supports the assertion that the ancestral custodial group of this territory at the time the first 'European settlers' arrived in 1820-21 took their name from their traditional country: these were the Ngambi people. The name of the Australian Capital, Canberra, is derived from that of the Ngambi people and their ancestral country.
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The database administrator of your company created a public synonym called HR for the HUMAN_RESOURCES table of the GENERAL schema, because many users frequently use this table. As a user of the database, you created a table called HR in your schema. What happens when you execute this query?
A. You obtain the results retrieved from the public synonym HR created by the database administrator.
B. You obtain the results retrieved from the HR table that belongs to your schema.
C. You get an error message because you cannot retrieve from a table that has the same name as a public synonym.
D. You obtain the results retrieved from both the public synonym HR and the HR table that belongs to your schema, as a Cartesian product.
E. You obtain the results retrieved from both the public synonym HR and the HR table that belongs to your schema, as a FULL JOIN.
Which data dictionary table should you query to view the object privileges granted to the user on specific columns?
You need to display the employees who have not been assigned to any department. You write the SELECT statement: SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, DEPARTMENT_ID FROM EMP WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = NULL; What is true about this SQL statement?
A. The SQL statement displays the desired results.
B. The column in the WHERE clause should be changed to display the desired results.
C. The operator in the WHERE clause should be changed to display the desired results.
D. The WHERE clause should be changed to use an outer join to display the desired results.
A. You can use aggregate functions in any clause of a SELECT statement.
B. You can use aggregate functions only in the column list of the SELECT clause and in the WHERE clause of a SELECT statement.
C. You can mix single row columns with aggregate functions in the column list of a SELECT statement by grouping on the single row columns.
D. You can pass column names, expressions, constants, or functions as parameters to an aggregate function.
E. You can use aggregate functions on a table, only by grouping the whole table as one single group. F. You cannot group the rows of a table by more than one column while using aggregate functions.
10)In a SELECT statement that includes a WHERE clause, where is the GROUP BY clause placed in the SELECT statement?
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport contested by two teams, usually of eleven players each. A cricket match is played on a grass field, roughly oval in shape, in the centre of which is a flat strip of ground 22 yards (20.12 m) long, called a cricket pitch. A wicket, usually made of wood, is placed at each end of the pitch.
The bowler, a player from the fielding team, bowls a hard, fist-sized cricket ball from the vicinity of one wicket towards the other. The ball usually bounces once before reaching the batsman, a player from the opposing team. In defence of the wicket, the batsman plays the ball with a wooden cricket bat. Meanwhile, the other members of the bowler's team stand in various positions around the field as fielders, players who retrieve the ball in an effort to stop the batsman scoring runs, and if possible to get him or her out. The batsman — if he or she does not get out — may run between the wickets, exchanging ends with a second batsman (the "non-striker"), who has been waiting near the bowler's wicket. Each completed exchange of ends scores one run. Runs are also scored if the batsman hits the ball to the boundary of the playing area. The match is won by the team that scores more runs.
Cricket has been an established team sport for hundreds of years and is thought to be the second most popular sport in the world, after football (soccer). More than 100 countries are affiliated to the International Cricket Council, cricket's international governing body. The sport's modern form originated in England, and is most popular in the present and former members of the Commonwealth. In many countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean, which are collectively known in cricketing parlance as the West Indies, cricket is the most popular sport. In Australia, while other sports are more popular in particular areas, cricket has been described as the "national sport" and has had a role in forming the national identity. It is also a major sport in England, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe . Many countries also have well-established amateur club competitions, including the Netherlands, Kenya, Nepal and Argentina.
The sport is followed with passion in many different parts of the world. It has even occasionally given rise to diplomatic outrage, notoriously the Basil D'Oliveira affair (which led to the banning of South Africa from sporting events) and the Bodyline Test series in the early 1930s (which led to a temporary deterioration in relations between Australia and the United Kingdom).
The aim of the batting team is to score as many runs as possible. A run is scored when both batsmen successfully move to their respective opposite ends of the pitch. (The batsmen will usually only attempt to score runs after the striker has hit the ball, but this is not required by the rules—the batsmen can attempt runs at any time after the ball has been bowled.) Runs are also scored if the batsman hits the ball to the boundary of the playing area (this scores six runs if the ball crosses the boundary without having touched the ground, or four runs otherwise), or if the bowler commits some technical infringement like bowling the ball out of reach of the batsman.
The aim of the bowler's team is to get each batsman out (this is called a "taking a wicket", or a "dismissal"). Dismissals are achieved in a variety of ways. The most direct way is for the bowler to bowl the ball so that the batsman misses it and it hits the stumps, dislodging a bail. While the batsmen are attempting a run, the fielders may dismiss either batsman by using the ball to knock the bails off the set of stumps to which the batsman is closest before he has grounded himself or his bat in the crease.
Other ways for the fielding side to dismiss a batsman include catching the ball off the bat before it touches the ground, or having the batsman adjudged "leg before wicket" (abbreviated "L.B.W." or "lbw") if the ball strikes the batsman's body and would have gone on to hit the wicket. Once the batsmen are not attempting to score any more runs, the ball is "dead", and is bowled again (each attempt at bowling the ball is referred to as a "ball" or a "delivery").
The game is divided into overs of six (legal) balls. At the end of an over another bowler from the fielding side bowls from the opposite end of the pitch. The two umpires also change positions between overs (the umpire previously at square-leg becomes the bowler's umpire at what is now the bowling end, and vice versa). The fielders also usually change positions between overs.
Once out, a batsman is replaced by the next batsman in the team's line-up. (The batting side can reorder their line-up at any time, but no batsman may bat twice in one innings.) The innings (singular) of the batting team ends when the tenth batsman is given out, leaving one batsman not out but without a partner. When this happens, the team is said to be "all out". (In limited overs cricket the innings ends either when the batting team is all out or a predetermined number of overs has been bowled.) At the end of an innings, the two teams exchange roles, and the side that has been fielding bats.
The cricket field consists of a large, often circular or oval-shaped, grassy ground. There are no fixed dimensions for the field but its diameter usually varies between 450 feet (137 m) and 500 feet (150 m). The perimeter of the field, known as the boundary, is marked, often with a rope or a painted line.
Most of the action takes place in the centre of this ground, on a rectangular clay strip usually with short grass called the pitch. The pitch measures 10 × 66 feet (3.05 × 20.12 m). The longer dimension of the pitch is also a unit of length known as a chain.
At each end of the pitch three upright wooden stakes, called the stumps, are hammered into the ground. Two wooden crosspieces, known as the bails, sit in grooves atop the stumps, linking each to its neighbour. Each set of three stumps and two bails is collectively known as a wicket. One end of the pitch is designated the "batting end" where the batsman stands and the other is designated the "bowling end" where the bowler runs in to bowl.
The area of the field on the side of the line joining the wickets where the batsman holds his bat (the right-hand side for a right-handed batsman, the left for a left-hander) is known as the "off side", the other as the "leg side" or "on side".
Lines drawn or painted on the pitch are known as creases. Creases are used to adjudicate the dismissals of batsmen and to determine whether a delivery is legal.
For some limited-over matches, there are two additional field markings. A painted oval is made by drawing a semicircle of 30 yards (27.4 m) radius from the centre of each wicket with respect to the breadth of the pitch and joining them with lines parallel, 30 yards (27.4 m) to the length of the pitch. This line, commonly known as the "circle", divides the field into an infield and outfield. Two circles of radius 15 yards (13.7 m), centred on each wicket and often marked by dots, define the "close-infield". The infield, outfield, and the close-infield are used to enforce fielding restrictions.
The batting team always has two batsmen on the field. One batsman, known as the "striker", faces and plays the balls bowled by the bowler. His or her partner stands at the bowling end and is known as the "non-striker".
The fielding team has eleven players on the ground. One of them is the current bowler. The wicket-keeper, who generally acts in that role for the whole innings, stands or crouches behind the wicket at the batting end. The captain of the fielding team spreads his or her remaining nine players — the fielders — around the ground, positioned according to the team's strategy.
Overs:Each innings is divided into overs, each consisting of six consecutive legal deliveries bowled by the same bowler. For the definition of illegal deliveries, see Extras. No bowler may bowl two consecutive overs, so at the end of the over the bowler takes up a fielding position and another player bowls.
Ten out of eleven batsmen are out (dismissed); the team are said to be "all out".
The team has only one batsman left who can bat, one or more of the remaining players being unavailable owing to injury, illness or absence; again, the team is said to be "all out".
The team batting last reaches the score required to win the match.
The predetermined number of overs has been bowled (in a one-day match only, most commonly 50 overs).
A captain declares his team's innings closed (this does not apply in one-day limited over matches).
Typically, two-innings matches are played over three to five days with at least six hours of cricket played each day. One-innings matches are usually played in one day, and often last six hours or more. There are usually formal intervals on each day for lunch and tea, and brief informal breaks for drinks. There is also a short interval between innings.
The batsman may play a "shot" or "stroke", attempting to hit the bowled ball with the flat surface of the bat. If the ball brushes the side of the bat it is called an "edge". There is no requirement for the batsman to play a shot, and there is no requirement to run if the ball is struck. The batsman automatically scores runs if he hits the ball to the boundary. Shots are named according to the style of swing and the direction aimed. As part of the team's strategy, the player may bat defensively, blocking the ball downwards, or aggressively, hitting the ball hard to empty spaces in order to score runs.
Batsmen come in to bat in a batting order, decided by the team captain. The first two batsmen - the "openers" - usually face the most hostile bowling, from fresh fast bowlers with a new ball. The top batting positions are usually given to the most competent batsmen in the team, and the non-batsmen typically bat last. The batting order is not agreed beforehand, and if a wicket falls any player who has not batted yet may bat next.
The International Cricket Council (ICC) today announced the umpire and referee appointments for the Asia Cup which gets underway on 24 June in Pakistan.
Mike Procter of the Emirates Elite Panel of ICC Match Referees will oversee the matches staged in Lahore while Alan Hurst, also of the Emirates Elite Panel, will supervise the matches to be played in Karachi.
The ICC-appointed on-field umpires will be Simon Taufel of the Emirates Elite Panel of ICC Umpires and Brian Jerling, Ian Gould and Tony Hill of the Emirates International Panel of ICC Umpires.
Appointments for the second round matches will be announced in due course.
The Asian Cricket Council has declared adequate security arrangements are in place in Pakistan for next month's Asia Cup cricket tournament, an official said Monday.
The ninth edition of the Asia Cup will be held in Pakistan from June 24 to July 6, for which security arrangements were discussed at an ACC meeting held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on Sunday.
"Everything is in order and we are satisfied with the security arrangements made by Pakistan. We hope that the event will be held in a befitting manner," ACC chief executive Ashraful Huq told AFP.
Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) officials made a presentation on the tournament, which will feature India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Hong Kong and the United Arab Emirates.
Security has been top of the agenda for international teams touring Pakistan in recent years.
Australia put off their March-April 2008 tour to the country over security fears amid a series of suicide bombings.
However security has improved since national elections held on February 18, prompting Australia to reschedule their tour in two phases. They will tour Pakistan for a one-day series in 2009 and then for Tests the following year.
Huq announced that an awards ceremony will also be held during the Asia Cup to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the ACC's formation.
The 2011 Cricket World Cup will be the tenth time this tournament has been held, and will be held in the four Asian Test cricket playing countries India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The World Cup will be held during the months of February and March 2011.
The International Cricket Council announced its decision on which countries would host the 2011 World Cup on April 30, 2006.
Australia and New Zealand also bid for the tournament, and a successful Australian bid for the 2011 World Cup would have seen a 50-50 split in games, with the final still up for negotiation. The Trans–Tasman bid, Beyond Boundaries, was the only bid for 2011 delivered to ICC headquarters in Dubai ahead of the March 1 deadline. Considerable merits of the Australasian bid were the superior venues and infrastructure and the total support of both the New Zealand and Australian governments on tax and customs issues during the tournament, according to Cricket Australia chief executive James Sutherland. The New Zealand government had also given assurance that Zimbabwe would be allowed to compete in the tournament, following political discussions in the country whether their cricket team should be allowed to tour Zimbabwe in 2005. The Australasian bid also won the support of former West Indies captain Shivnarine Chanderpaul.
ICC President Ehsan Mani said the extra time taken by the Asian bloc to hand over its bid compliance book had harmed the four-nation bid. However, when the time came to vote, Asia won the hosting rights by ten votes to three. The Pakistan Cricket Board has revealed that it was the vote of the West Indies Cricket Board that swung the matter, as the Asian bid had the support of the four bidding countries along with South Africa and Zimbabwe. It was reported in Pakistani newspaper Dawn that the Asian countries promised to hold fund-raising events for West Indian cricket during the 2007 World Cup, which may have influenced the vote. However, chairman of the Monitoring Committee of the Asian bid, I. S. Bindra, said it was their promise of extra profits in the region of US$ 400 million that swung the vote, that there "was no quid pro quo for their support", and that playing the West Indies had "nothing to do with the World Cup bid".
International cricket politics lie at the heart of the dispute. Since cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Asia is of fundamental financial importance to the International Cricket Council. However, historically, international cricket has been controlled by the Old Commonwealth nations of England, Australia, and New Zealand, supported by South Africa. The centre of cricketing politics has moved, over time, with the money, and the Asian nations, particularly India under the guidance of Jagmohan Dalmiya, looking for greater control in the direction of international cricket, and in 2005 Dalmiya said that the Indian subcontinent should host every third World Cup.
On 11 April 2005, Pakistan Cricket Board chairman Shaharyar Khan announced an agreement about the allocation of games, though no decision on the location of semi-finals and final has been made. Three months later, PCB director Abbas Zaidi confirmed that India had been chosen to host the final, while Pakistan and Sri Lanka would host the semi-finals. This will be the first time Sri Lanka will host a World Cup semi-final, after hosting two group games during the 1996 World Cup. The opening ceremony will take place in Bangladesh. Australian cricketer Brett Lee will be performing the theme song for this World Cup.
Eden Gardens (Kolkata), Feroz Shah Kotla (Delhi), M. Chinnaswamy Stadium (Bangalore), M. A. Chidambaram Stadium (Chennai), Punjab C.A. Stadium (Mohali), Sardar Patel Stadium (Ahmedabad), Vidarbha C.A. Ground (Nagpur), Wankhede Stadium (Mumbai), Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium (Hyderabad).
One semi-final at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore.
Late in 2007, the four host nations agreed upon a revised format for the 2011 World Cup, in which 14 teams will participate instead of 16.
The first round of the tournament will be a round-robin similar to the one held in South Africa in the 2003 edition in which the 14 teams are divided into 2 groups of 7 teams each. The 7 teams play each other once with the top four from each group qualifying for the quarter-finals.
The format ensures that each team gets to play a minimum of six matches even if they are ruled out of the tournament due to early defeats.
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Track the history of infectious diseases decade by decade: the easily cured childhood illnesses of the 50s, the diseases spread by risky behaviors in the 60s, and the outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease in the late 70s, followed by the tragedies of human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, in the 80s and 90s.
Episode 6 Antibiotics: A Modern Miracle Lost?
Episode 7 Which Germs in Your Daily Life Matter?
Episode 13 Food-Borne Illness: What’s Your Gut Feeling?
Episode 17 Stay Out of the Hospital!
Episode 22 Bioterrorism: How Worried Should We Be?
Episode 24 Outbreak! Contagion! The Next Pandemic!
Food-Borne Illness: What’s Your Gut Feeling?
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For the town in England, see Boston, Lincolnshire.
Boston is the capital city of Massachusetts in the United States. It was founded in 1630. Boston is one of the oldest, wealthiest and most culturally important cities in the United States.
Boston was founded on September 17, 1630, by Puritan colonists from England. Boston's early European settlers called the area Trimountaine (Three Mountains). They renamed the town for Boston, England, in Lincolnshire because many important "Pilgrim" colonists came from there.
Most of Boston's early citizens were Puritans. Shortly after Boston's settlement, Puritans created America's first public school and America's first university, Harvard University (1636). Harvard is in the city of Cambridge, which is across the Charles River from Boston. Until the 1760s, Boston was America's largest city.
During the early 1770s, the British tried to control the thirteen colonies with taxes. This made people from Boston start the American Revolution. The Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and several early battles happened in or near the city. It held its first town meeting in Faneuil Hall in 1743.
Boston continued to grow and attract immigrants from around the world. Many immigrants came from Ireland, and gave Boston a very Irish culture that remains today. President John F. Kennedy was a member of an Irish-American family that lived in Boston. Many immigrants also came from Italy, and lived in Boston's North End, where Italian culture remains, with various Italian stores, restaurants, bakeries, and homes.
On 15 April 2013, two bombs exploded at the Boston Marathon.
Boston is located on the Shawmut Peninsula. The city covers 48 square miles. Boston Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean is located east of the city. A much larger metropolitan area surrounds Boston.
The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill, at 330 feet above sea level. The lowest point is at sea level. Boston is the only state capital in the contiguous United States with an ocean coastline.
Boston has a continental climate with some ocean effects. Summers are normally warm to hot, rainy, and humid, while winters alternate between periods of cold rain and snow, with cold temperatures. Spring and fall are usually mild. Existing wind patterns that blow offshore lower the effect of the Atlantic Ocean.
The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 73.4 °F (23.0 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average of 29.0 °F (−1.7 °C). Extremes have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.
Boston's location on the North Atlantic moderates its temperature, but makes the city very likely to suffer from Nor'easter storm systems that can produce much snow and rain. The city averages 43.7 inches (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 45.1 inches (1,150 mm) of snowfall per year.
The tallest towers in Boston are the Prudential Tower and the John Hancock Tower.
Boston has a culture that is quite similar to New England, such as a New England accent and foods that are mostly seafood, salt, and dairy products. Irish-Americans are very important in Boston's politics and religious activities. Boston people also have a style of talking which is called Boston slang.
It is often thought that Bostonians have a strong sense of culture. Perhaps this is because Boston is famous for being a very intellectual place, with much of its culture coming from its universities. The city has many complex theatres, including the Cutler Majestic Theatre, Boston Opera House, Citi Performing Arts Center, the Colonial Theater, and the Orpheum Theatre. The headquarters of Unitarian Universalism (UU) is located in Boston. The Christian Science movement has also made its home in the Boston area.
Boston has many historic places and Bostonians take pride in their city's history. The American Revolution began in Boston, and many of its leaders, such as Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, and Paul Revere were from the city. Many of the sites from the Revolution are preserved in the city, including Faneuil Hall, the Old State House, Park Street Church, and others. These form the "Freedom Trail", a walk that takes visitors past many historic places in the city.
Boston is one of the United States' most important cities in education and health care. Boston and the towns around it contain many of the country's leading universities. Harvard, MIT, and Boston University are some of the most famous.
Professional sports are an important part of life in Boston. The Red Sox play baseball at Fenway Park, the oldest stadium in Major League Baseball (1912). The Celtics, a basketball team, and the Bruins, a hockey team, both play at the TD Garden. Boston's football team, the New England Patriots, play in Foxborough, a town 22 miles south of the city.
In 2013, the population of Boston was 645,966. The population has grown 9.6% since 2000. Boston has 13,339 people per square mile. The population is 47.8% male and 52.2% female. The racial breakdown is shown in the Racial Groups table. The people from outside the United States are 178,805. 27.7% of the population come from outside of the United States.
The unemployment rate in Boston is 5.9% since June 2014. The 35th annual homeless census from 2015 said there were 7,663 homeless men, women, and children in Boston. The homeless population increased 5.6% since 2013. The number of homeless people sleeping on the streets decreased by 22.8% since 2013. However, the number of adults in emergency shelters has grown by 10.9%. In 2015, the homeless family population increased by 25%. The total number of homeless men, woman, families and children increased by 20.9% from 3,541 to 4,281.
Mayor Marty Walsh announced his goal to help those in need for a permanent housing solution. Agencies such as Pine Street Inn, Boston Healthcare, Project Hope, and Boston Public Health Commission are helping the homeless. The homeless are helped by reducing family evictions. Property management companies and nonprofits, such as Project Hope and the Department of Neighborhood Development, will increase affordable housing options. Boston Public Health Commission and the Department of Neighborhood Development will work together to provide support for treatment options and shelters. The Wyman Re-Entry Center has a 90-day residential substance-abuse and recovery program. The Safe Harbor serves adults with HIV. The project SOAR stands for Stability, Opportunity, Achievement, and Recovery, and helps clients maintain a healthy lifestyle and provide support in moving to permanent housing.
Over 85.6% of the population ages 20 years and over in Boston have a high school diploma or higher in 2013. Those with a Bachelor's degree or higher make up 45.2% of the population.
There are many more not listed here.
The MBTA runs the city's subway (known as "the T"), commuter rail, buses, and ferries. The main airport for the city is Logan International Airport.
Sumner Tunnel Route 1A South 1934 Toll of $3.50 for non-commercial vehicles and $5.25 for commercial vehicles.
Callahan Tunnel Route 1A North 1961 Repair work to this tunnel caused complete closure of the tunnel, which began at 11 pm on December 27, 2013 and ended on March 12, 2014.
Tobin Bridge 1950-02-27 Is more than two miles (3 km) from Charlestown to Chelsea over the Mystic River in Massachusetts. The bridge is the largest in New England.
↑ 1.0 1.1 "Boston Travel & Vacations". Britannia.com. 2006. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
↑ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
↑ "United States by Urbanized Area; and for Puerto Rico". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
↑ "United States by County by State, and for Puerto Rico". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
↑ "Alphabetically sorted list of Census 2000 Urbanized Areas" (TXT). United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Retrieved April 11, 2009.
↑ "ZIP Code Lookup – Search By City". United States Postal Service. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
↑ Univ. of Alabama geography dept. "US Map and State Capitals". CSGNetwork.com. Retrieved 2012-07-06.
↑ "Weather". City of Boston. 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
↑ Baker, Billy (2008-05-25). "Wicked good Bostonisms come, and mostly go". The Boston Globe. Boston.com. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
↑ "Boston Culture". Columbus Travel Media Ltd. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
↑ Phelan, Joseph (November 2004). "Boston Marathon". Artcyclopedia.
↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 City-Data. "Boston, Massachusetts". City-Data.com. Onboard Informatics. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
↑ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder – Results". census.gov.
↑ Boston Public Health Commission, (BPHC). "Annual Homeless Census. City of Boston 35th Annual Homeless Census Emergency Shelter Commission. (Winter 2014 – 2015". Boston Public Health Commission. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
↑ City of Boston. "Mayor Walsh Releases Results of 2013 Homeless Census". City of Boston. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
↑ Hanson, Melissa. "Callahan Tunnel closure begins at 11 p.m." Boston Globe. Boston Globe. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
↑ Abel, David (2007-10-23). "Work never stops on Tobin bridge: Costs rising as crews try to maintain old structure". The Boston Globe.
This page was last changed on 19 April 2019, at 22:55.
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0.983204 |
The Vitruvian Man (Italian: Le proporzioni del corpo umano secondo Vitruvio, which is translated to "The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius"), or simply L'Uomo Vitruviano (Italian pronunciation: [ˈlwɔːmo vitruˈvjaːno]), is a drawing by the Italian polymath Leonardo da Vinci around 1490. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally, so it isn't part of the normal exhibition of the museum. The drawing is based on the correlations of ideal human proportions with geometry described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius in Book III of his treatise De architectura. Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion among the classical orders of architecture. Vitruvius determined that the ideal body should be eight heads high. Leonardo's drawing is traditionally named in honor of the architect.
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0.902045 |
Any way to speed up lung recovery once you've quit smoking?
Here is an oft-cut-and-pasted, totally unsourced timeline on what you might expect with regard to your lungs.
You don't say how long you smoked, but that probably plays a role.
I smoked a pack a day for 11 years, then spent about 3 years quitting, starting again, quitting again and starting again before finally heaving them 2.5 years ago.
I'm pretty active, but I still feel the limiting effects those years had on my lungs. Really, the only thing you can do is excercise. Heavily. I ride a bike, do a lot of hiking and backpacking, play tennis and ride various cardio machines at the gym.
The coughing will go away pretty soon, though. Any lingering effect will be more like athsma - the feeling that you just don't have the same lung capacity of your nonsmoking friends. When my wife and I excercise together, I frequently note that I'm gasping for breath way before she is.
Too bad the lung brush was just a SNL skit!
You could try taking up a woodwind instrument, like the flute, if you want to exercise your lungs, without having to run outside.
The inside of your respiratory system is coated with cilia -- hairlike structures which move in a constant wave motion to sweep mucus and debris out. Smoking paralyzes and kills the cilia, which is why you develop a smoker's cough. It will take a few months after quitting for the cilia to regrow and do their job again.
There's not much you can do besides moderate excercise, eating well and sleeping well in order to raise your overall metabolism. Just be patient and don't push it too hard.
Drink at least a liter of water a day - it will help your cough be more "productive" (meaning it helps you expel mucous more easily). Breathing exercises in a steamy shower can help too.
I second the steam route. I use it for chest colds & sinus congestion from allergies, so when I quit smoking, I used steam for that as well. It helped a lot with the nasty morning cough. I recommend using a facial steamer, or boiling a pot of water, placing it on a flat surface, putting your face over it, and draping a towel over your head to create a tent between you and the pot. The steam is really effective in getting out old nastiness in your lungs.
Congratulations on quitting, and may you have no relapses from here on in.
That timeline is very interesting. I've always wondered about a 'safe' level of smoking... does one cigarette a week, for instance, have any effect? What about one every 2 days? etc. IE, is there some threshold that a healthy body can repair as it goes, without 'building up' damage, or does really anything hurt it for the long term?
That said (asked, really), double the speed of your bike rides, or build in sprints. Biking can either be like walking or sprinting, depending on how you do it. If you want a more aerobic & less muscular ride (I don't know the state of your legs), drop a gear or two below what you'd normally ride at, so your RPMs are way up. This is a much less efficient way to ride, but your quads will not need as much strength to get the same aerobic benefit.
If you have asthma, quitting may quickly improve your lung function. But if you have early stages of COPD (acute bronchitis and/or emphysema), the outlook is not so bright. Once your lungs or bronchial passages have developed scarring, alveoli breakdown, and inelasticity leading to lowered breathing volume and gas exchange, your lungs typically won't recover. You are left with permanently diminished breathing capacity, but quitting may slow the further progression of the disease process, and, over several years, may reduce your chances of contracting other complications, such as heart disease. That alone is worth a great deal, as severe COPD is a chronic, life threatening condition, with no curative treatment, that involves significant management effort and expense, but it is much worse having COPD that is also further complicated by secondary conditions such as heart disease.
In severe COPD cases, for younger people (typically late '40's to early '50s, without other significant disease issues, or obesity) lung volume reduction surgery and lung transplantation may be considered, but such procedures introduce further major management issues, and significant healthcare expense. If you are truly "coughing all the time," you should be checked immediately for lung cancer and COPD, as delaying treatment for either condition significantly degrades the success of treatment. You will at least establish a lung function baseline against which future changes in your respiratory health can be measured.
I'd nth the vigorous exercise—really work at lung capacity for short bursts. Anything that helps break up the gunk and get it flowing outwards helps. Still, the smoker's cough will be worse for the first several months than it ever was when smoking no matter what you do. This is a good thing and it passes. I speak from experience.
And, yeah, not to be patronizing, but good on ya!
Double the speed of your bike rides, or build in sprints.
Whoa, take it easy there. I don't agree with this advice unless the primary goal is to be competitive in races.
If you are excercising for health, exertion beyond a moderate level will yield diminishing returns. In fact, it's a bad idea to push hard in cardio activities unless you have established a base. Especially if you you are dealing with cardiovascular issues (like having just quit smoking!) Your heart is a muscle -- you have to strengthen it gradually without straining it.
Buy a Heart Rate Monitor from your local sports store, and use it when you're excercising. Focus on keeping your heart rate between 65% and 75% of your maximum. A common rule of thumb for the maximum heart rate is 220 minus your age.
The best thing for you is consistent and regular moderate excercise. An hour at a time three times a week. Don't slack off for two weeks and suddenly try to make up for it by riding hard for 50 miles. That'll do more harm than good.
You know the story of the tortoise and the hare, right?
And for the nth time, NO! What is it with these people who harm themselves for decades and then expect to be able to heal themselves instantly with a big bang of exertion?
Be realistic. Be restrained. Be patient. Be perserverent. Be disciplined. If you are all these things, then you can be hopeful.
Yes, though measurement of the exact thresholds can be elusive, the process is called hormesis.
OK IANAD! BUT: You've quit and you're exercising. I think you're doing the right thing. I did the same thing as you, and it will take a very long time before your lungs are the same as a lifelong non-smoker (depending on how long you smoked but I'm imagining it was for a substantial period of time) but I believe that by exercising you're doing another very important thing, namely ensuring that you don't go back to smoking. I've found that quitting AND exercising is a much more effective method than quitting alone. I just transferred my zeal for cigarettes to my zeal to be healthy and in good shape. Personally if you've quit totally and are exercising and eating right you should give yourself a pat on the back. You've done well! As for the lungs give them time. You spent a long time damaging them, they'll need a similar (if not longer) amount of time to get back to normal.
Unfortunately the RespiVest is not yet commercially available, but I feel sure I've seen similar products although I cannot think where. The makers of the RespiVest seem to doubt the efficacy of the PowerBreathe.
Of course neither of these devices actually "heal" your lungs, they will simply improve the performance of the muscles that you use to breathe. I've no idea how effective these methods are, particularly after smoking so much.
There are all kinds of exercises used to increase lung capacity caused by emphysema. Googling emphysema should find lots. One of the common ones is setting up a candle 1-1/2 to 2 feet away, blowing just enough to keep the flame bent, and working up the length of time you can keep doing it.
Try drinking a cup or two of mullein tea (also useful as a tincture). Mullein tends to bring crap up out of the lungs (even particles that have been there for years) and expands lung capacity--it is good for asthma, too.
If you do make the tea from leaves, strain it through a coffee filter to remove the little hairs from the brew.
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0.933005 |
A renovation project can be an enjoyable process, one that yields a home that is updated, stylish and meets your requirements.
That's the best case scenario, however just one mistake can sink your project. Let's take a look at seven renovating mistakes and how these can be avoided.
Plan your home renovation project carefully.
— You would think that a renovation project would be well planned, but some clearly are not. If you’re doing the job yourself, you need to plan the job out just as a contractor would. That means sketching out a blueprint, obtaining permits from your town and figuring out the costs. Do this job by the seat of your pants and you’ll get burned or find yourself out of cash.
— Saving money is important, but if you rely on cheap materials, you’ll pay for it in the end. Use only those materials that are right for the job. If you cannot afford quality materials, then put your renovation project off until you can.
— Every project should be approached with the right tools in hand. Use the wrong tools and you can wreck the tool and mess up your renovation. Buy, borrow, but do not steal the tools that you need to get the job done. Tools such as a circular saw can be rented.
— You may have a design idea in mind, but do you have the resources to do the work yourself? If not, be realistic and ask others to pitch in. If you can’t afford to pay for the service, consider bartering. But, also accept the assistance of a friend that wants to freely give it. Swallow your pride and ask for help.
— Your renovation project is a sound one, but it lacks one thing: a complete job. You be trying to save money by not updating your plumbing or electrical system, but you’ll run into trouble especially if your home is not up to code. Avoid hazards and do the job right from the start.
— You may be able to do the job without building permits, but that doesn’t mean you should. Besides, that’s illegal. You may be able to get away with not obtaining permits, but when it comes time to sell your home, your town will catch up with you. That means penalties and fines, perhaps costing you thousands of dollars in back property taxes.
— Your home is worth $200,000 and you poured more than $100,000 in renovations into it. Trouble is, your neighborhood home values are closer to $200,000, making your $300,000 home an oddity. Don’t expect to recoup much of your expenses when you decide to sell your home.
A home renovation project requires much consideration including a realistic evaluation of your time, talents and money. If you want a renovated home, you may find that selling your current home and buying a different home with your desired amenities in place is the best approach to take.
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0.726595 |
Every web designer should be aware of the benefits that open source technologies offer and how this type of technology differs from regular software. Among the many benefits the technology boasts, two major ones are that it makes web design solutions more cost-effective and time-efficient. This alone can help reduce the labor required to build a website. And that’s just the beginning; there are a plethora of ways that web designers can continue to benefit from the use of open source technologies.
What is Open Source Web Design?
The term “open source” describes a type of software that is developed and made available to the public for free. By allowing the public to access these projects at no cost, more people are able to produce quality websites without a significant investment of time or money. Since the projects cover a variety of eCommerce platforms, developers have more options.
One example of an eCommerce website is WordPress. WordPress is an open source web design tool that many website owners utilize to manage their blogs and other content. Another great example is Magento. If you want to learn more about open source technologies, these are good resources to explore, especially if you don’t have a lot of financial support.
Many designers gravitate to open source technologies because they offer more stability, reliability and flexibility than other forms of software that may be used to accomplish these same goals. Open source technologies make it easy to develop high-quality work without the significant effort that was required in the past. This improves the productivity levels in designers who want to make websites for a variety of companies in the industry.
Designers using open source technologies have also found that the designs are more linear and adaptable. These technologies are more reliable than other forms of technology, with some tools even guaranteeing an error-free platform. This means there are fewer chances of crashes and loss of valuable information.
In addition, open source technologies can help designers to correct problems easily, which can help save time. These technologies are typically more reliable than software, and there is rarely a need to upgrade the softwarebecause they integrate well with other programs.
Another benefit is the pre-build system skeleton that gives developers a head-start when working on websites. Using an open source platform can help developers save time and reduce costs to the client. WordPress and Magento make it easier to build platforms, and familiarity with how each works increases over time.
Open source projects have also recently embraced SEO, which allows developers to produce search engine-friendly sites. The client then has the opportunity to determine how the website works and they can put in complex features such as product comparisons, currency conversions, reviews and discounts.
If you need to develop a website, using open source technologies is a great way to make the process easier. The technology has numerous benefits that can assist people who want to be web designers. This is especially beneficial for small start-up companies that have limited capital. Explore your options with open source technologies and watch your productivity levels improve.
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0.999998 |
'Separation means cessation of service agreement with the organization.' Discuss the different ways of separation in light of this statement.
A poor fit between the employee and the organization.
Discharge - Discharge takes place when management decides that there is a poor fit between an employee and the organization. It could be a result of poor performance or because of some unacceptable behavior.
Layoff - Layoff means the “failure”, “refusal" or “inability” on the part of any employer to give employment to any number of workmen on account of shortage of raw material, accumulation of stock, breakdown of machinery or for any other reason.
Retrenchment - Retrenchment means “discharge of surplus labour or staff” by the employer on account of long period of layoff, or rationalization or improved machinery or automation of machines or similar other reasons.
A separation that occurs when an employee decides, for personal or professional reasons to end the relationship with the employer.
Resignation - Resignation or quit is a voluntary separation initiated by the employee. It may be on grounds of health, marriage, better opportunities elsewhere or may be compulsory when an employee is asked to resign to avoid termination.
Retirement - An act of retiring, or the state of being retired; withdrawal; seclusion; as, the retirement of an officer; the portion of one's life after retiring from one's career.
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0.999851 |
Membrane insertion of transmembrane proteins typically requires highly hydrophobic alpha helixes at the N-terminus, N-terminal signal peptides, tail anchors, or a combination of the three.
These processes occur co-translationally and are mediated by the SEC translocon and associated factors (especially GPI anchor transferases for tail-anchored proteins). However, my undergraduate research is focused on a viral protein which appears to be translated in association with SRP and co-translationally translocated to the ER by the translocon, but is not anchored to the membrane during translocation. This was shown (by others) by purification of the ER-associated fraction of the protein and centrifugation showing the majority pelleted with the dense, soluble fraction. A small fraction pelleted with the low density membrane-associated fraction, and my research further suggests that this membrane-associated fraction is important for its escape from the ER.
The protein I am studying functions in the cytoplasm, not in the ER or in the secretory pathway, and therefore its escape from the ER is essential for its function. The typical ERAD pathway for soluble proteins involves retrotranslocation through the Sec61 translocon channel (the same channel involved in co-translational translocation, but with different associated factors during ERAD), but this would result in unfolding of the protein prior to its retrotranslocation to the cytosol. On the other hand, the ERAD pathway for membrane proteins (the "dislocation pathway") appears to dislocate folded membrane proteins while retaining most or all of their tertiary/quaternary structure (previous citation and below).
How could the retrotranslocation pathway for soluble proteins be disrupted such that it would (infrequently) result in membrane insertion of this protein at an early step in retrotranslocation-coupled unfolding, such that the folded protein could follow the dislocation pathway into the cytoplasm?
I would appreciate any examples of similar processes in viruses or in eukaryotes, but any speculation on possible mechanisms - based on understanding of ERAD but lacking supporting examples - would also be greatly appreciated.
As this is unpublished research, I can't be too specific about what virus or even what model system I'm working in, but if there is additional information that would help, I'll be happy to provide it - if I can.
One final piece of information that is also relevant is that I suspect the protein's transmembrane or membrane-anchored domain is very close to its C-terminus. Another important question that this raises is whether retrotranslocation exclusively proceeds by feeding the N-terminus of a protein into the Sec61 channel, or if the C-terminus can be fed directly into the channel? If only the N-terminus could be fed into the channel, this would suggest most of the protein would have to be unfolded before the C-terminal domain became associated with the channel and was able to become membrane-associated, which voids the main benefit of the dislocation pathway; maintaining the folded state of the protein.
If somebody can answer only this question regarding the translocon (and provide some relevant reading), I would be incredibly grateful because it would suggest further literature search to help support the mechanism I am proposing.
Browse other questions tagged virus virology protein-folding membrane-transport or ask your own question.
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0.999426 |
What are the pros and cons of a behavioral counselor career? Get real job descriptions, career outlook and salary info to see if becoming a behavioral counselor is right for you.
Being a behavioral counselor can be a difficult yet rewarding career because it involves helping people who face personal and often emotional challenges. Check out these pros and cons to learn if becoming a behavioral counselor is the right career for you.
Behavioral counselors work with people who face personal challenges, such as substance abuse. Often times, counselors will work one-on-one or in small groups with patients. Behavioral counselors focus on coming up with explanations for patients' addictions or abuses and then creating solutions with help from the patients' families and support systems. Counselors can work alone or alongside other health care providers to develop treatment options that address the core of a patient's behavior.
Employment of counselors is expected to grow, but the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) finds that jobs for substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors should grow at an even faster rate. There were 85,180 substance abuse and behavioral abuse counselors employed across the U.S. in 2014. The BLS reports that employment of these types of counselors should increase by 31% from 2012-2022. The increase will likely be due to more awareness of addictions and a greater demand from people who want to work through their behavioral problems.
In 2014, the median salary for these types of counselors was $39,270, with a median hourly wage of $18.88, according to the BLS. Behavioral counselors can find work in a number of different settings, including hospitals, outpatient care centers, government organizations and community-based health centers.
Because of licensing requirements, you may need to earn a master's degree, according to the BLS. Undergraduate studies last about four years, and the most common majors for counselors are counseling, psychology and education. After you earn an undergraduate degree, you could earn a master's degree in counseling, addiction studies or behavioral counseling. Throughout your studies, you'll learn about human development, human behavior, addiction, assessment and rehabilitation. Most programs will require you to take part in research studies.
The BLS reports that education requirements for behavior disorder and substance abuse counselors may vary greatly; for instance, some employers may require counselors to hold a master's degree and state licensure, while other employers may only require a high school diploma, and possibly certification. Substance abuse counseling is a common area of study in 2-year associate's degree programs, and some schools offer certificate programs that could lead to licensure and certification.
Before you become a behavioral counselor, you may need to become licensed by undergoing more training and earning education credits. Once you complete the specialized training, you'll need to take a licensing examination. Some behavioral counselors choose to specialize in a specific field, such as substance abuse, gambling or eating disorders.
A private counseling organization in Indiana seeks a behavioral health counselor to provide counseling and treatment services for adults and children facing issues such as obesity and learning disorders. Candidates should have a bachelor's degree, but a master's degree is preferred. The employer also prefers candidates that are certified or licensed in Indiana.
A private counseling center in Nevada is looking for a counselor who can provide drug and alcohol counseling treatment for adults in an outpatient setting. Candidates should have a bachelor's degree and an interest in improving the lives of others.
A private counseling center in Massachusetts seeks a counselor who can provide intervention and treatment for male offenders who are in need of substance abuse therapy and cognitive-behavioral support. Candidates should have a bachelor's degree and experience working with a corrections department.
There are numerous opportunities for you to advance as a behavioral counselor and stay relevant to future employers. Many colleges and universities offer graduate and post-graduate certificates in behavioral health counseling. You'll learn about addiction and the human body and the latest trends in treatment options for patients. You may also be able to take part in workshops and conferences as a way to network with fellow behavioral counselors and learn new strategies. The National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists sponsors seminars about mental health issues, as well as onsite training for counseling centers and organizations.
If you're more interested in the research side of counseling, and you'd like to contribute to advancements in the field, you could consider becoming a psychologist. There are numerous specialties for psychologists, including school, forensic and developmental. You'll need to go through more schooling and earn a doctoral degree to become a psychologist. Job prospects for psychologists should be favorable, with a 12% growth in employment from 2008-2018, according to the BLS. Clinical, counseling and school psychologists earned a median salary of $68,000 in 2011.
Social workers help people overcome their personal struggles by connecting them to community-based resources and organizations. Like counselors, social workers are directly involved with the health and well being of their clients, but they have resources at their disposal that counselors may not. There are many different types of social workers, including those that work within schools, non-profit organizations and government institutions.
The most common education requirement for social workers is a bachelor's degree, but your job prospects may improve if you earn a master's degree in social work. Jobs for social workers will grow 12% from 2008-2018, according to the BLS. In 2011, child, family and school social workers earned a median salary of $41,000, while mental health and substance abuse social workers earned $39,000.
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