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Here's a weird situation: There is no app icon on your iPhone's1 home screen for an app you want to use, but when you go to install it from the app store, all you see is an "open" button instead of "install" (or the download from iCloud button.) Is the app installed or not? I found myself in this predicament after stopping an iTunes app syncing midway through the sync. In my case the app was Snapchat, and I was very frustrated!
In my case, I had just restored from a backup, so the app data was on my phone but the app itself wasn't. We also have suggestions for much more benign causes of this problem.
Here's the steps you can take to fix this problem, and get the app fully installed so the icon reappears on the home screen.
3) Think momentarily about whether this app has critical data stored on it. If so, I would recommend making a backup of your iPhone before proceeding, so you have any data for the app stored somewhere. Be sure to say yes if iTunes asks if you want to back up apps!
4) Plug your iPhone into iTunes, and look at the Apps tab. Search in the list of apps on the left for the app that is giving you grief. Press the remove button next to the app. Then press "Apply" in the bottom of the iTunes window to trigger an iTunes sync. After that, any trace of the app should be removed from the phone.
5) Try to find the app again in the app store. You may need to back out of the screen about the app and go back to it to force the page to update.
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0.99976 |
The U.S. said it had determined that Moscow used a nerve agent against a former Russian spy and his daughter in the U.K.
WASHINGTON, U.S. - Ties between the U.S. and Russia have not displayed any sign of improvement since 2017 when the U.S. President Donald Trump assumed office.
Trump, who had showered praise on the Russian President Vladimir Putin ever since he began his presidential campaign - assumed office at a time when Americas relationship with the country had sunk to new lows.
Russia annexed Crimea, destabilizing eastern Ukraine.
The Putin-led country then thwarted U.S. hopes to oust the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
U.S. Intelligence officials have also alleged that hackers commanded or orchestrated by Russian intelligence agencies led a campaign of cyber attacks targeting the U.S. Presidential elections of 2016 in a bid to swing the vote in Trumps favor.
Despite Trump repeatedly expressing his admiration for the strong leader Putin and facing criticism from domestic opponents for it - as the new U.S. President, he inherited all the issues that had caused ties between the two countries to sour in recent years.
Yet, post his election victory, Trump vowed to normalize relations between the two countries and emphasized the importance of creating a foundation of bilateral ties through trade.
Since then, ties between the U.S. and Russia have suffered further - even though domestic allegations of Russia collusion and international derision and taunts of being Putins Puppet over his repeated failure to confront the Russian leader over tough global issues have not curbed Trumps ambition of bettering ties.
However, those efforts have come close to collapsing several times since the U.S. has continued to slam sanctions against Russia over various issues - specifically its alleged meddling in the Presidential election of 2016.
Russias involvement is also said to have been alleged by the U.K., Europe and the U.S. - in the poisoning of a former Russian double agent, Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia - in Salisbury, with a Soviet-era nerve agent called Novichok.
While Trump first sought decisive evidence from the U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May to prove her claims that Russia and its President were involved in the attack - eventually the U.S. too witnessed bipartisan support to slam sanctions against Russia for the poisoning.
In April, to show solidarity with the U.K., which blamed Russia for the March 4 nerve agent attack on the former spy, and to display unity with Europe that acknowledged the British Prime Ministers claims - the U.S. too took action against Russia.
Following the attack and the subsequent allegations made by Mays government - European countries expelled 100 Russian diplomats.
A week later, the U.S. administration announced that it was expelling 60 Russian diplomats, labelling them spies.
This was the strongest such action taken by the U.S. government against Russia since 1986, and became the most forceful action taken against Moscow by Trump since he came to office.
Announcing the decision, U.S. State Department spokeswoman Heather Nauert told reporters that it had been determined that Russia has used chemical or biological weapons in violation of international law, or has used lethal chemical or biological weapons against its own nationals.
Nauert added that the sanctions would cover sensitive national-security controlled goods.
Meanwhile, another senior State Department official citing the 1991 Chemical and Biological Weapons and Warfare Elimination Act.
The official said that there would be exemptions for space flight activities, government space cooperation, and areas covering commercial passenger aviation safety, which would be reviewed on a case by case basis.
Adding, It is possible that trade affected could potentially reach hundreds of millions of dollars. Its up to Russia how dramatic the impact is.
The senior official added that a second batch of more draconian sanctions would be imposed after 90 days unless Russia gives reliable assurances that it will no longer use chemical weapons and allow on-site inspections by the United Nations or other international observer groups.
The official said, If those criteria are not met - it is up to Russia to make that decision - a second round of sanctions ...will to be imposed. They are in general more draconian than the first round.
Following the announcement by the Trump administration, a British government spokesman welcomed Washingtons decision.
The British government spokesman said, The strong international response to the use of a chemical weapon on the streets of Salisbury sends an unequivocal message to Russia that its provocative, reckless behaviour will not go unchallenged.
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0.999999 |
Complain to a rental car company for erroneous charges and long wait times with this sample complaint letter.
My experience renting a car from your company was so frustrating and the customer service level so poor that I am compelled to write this letter.
The trouble started when I showed up on time to retrieve the vehicle I'd reserved weeks in advance (ref: reservation number 123456789). I waited in line for 20 minutes only to learn that no cars were available. As I tried to wrap my head around the company's loose definition of "reservation," I noticed several other angry and/or frustrated customers.
Eventually, a car was presented to me, though not the model or class I had reserved (midsize vs. full). Additionally, the interior of the car was not clean; I found a number of candy wrappers and the floorboards were caked with dirt. At this point, I was running late to my destination, so accepted the vehicle after noting a scratch on the front passenger side bumper. The clerk, despite being intensely focused on various "upsells," said he would record the pre-existing damage.
The car performed well and my trip proceeded without incident. However, when it came time to return the vehicle I faced another long line. That was nothing, however, compared to the rude treatment I received during the return process. Imagine how surreal it felt to have the clerk point out the aforementioned bumper scratch and accuse me of causing it. Fortunately, we were able to track down my original clerk who hadn't noted the damage in writing but did remember the scratch.
I would like a refund for this rental. Additionally, I urge your company to review its internal practices. You have lost a customer today and judging from your waiting room, I'm sure I'm not the only one.
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0.99926 |
Generate more leads and grow your business with digital marketing.
Driving results from digital marketing takes a lot more than simply publishing a website and posting here and there on social media. A strong understanding of your customer and their goals is required, as well as learning how to nurture them through the buying process.
A digital marketing strategy takes the guesswork out of this process and resonates with your prospects, brings them to your website, and drives them into your sales funnel using multiple digital touchpoints such as pay-per-click advertising, marketing automation, and more.
We begin our research and analysis process by getting into the head of your target customer. We dig into their problems and goals, understand their demographics, research their online search habits and uncover their social media preferences. Doing so allows us to craft a digital marketing strategy tailored to your target customer based on their buying needs, internet usage patterns, and communication preferences.
What are the key value drivers of your product or service? What’s happening in your brand’s industry? What makes your product or service similar or different from your competitors? We take an outside look into these questions to analyze what you’re offering and then utilize the results to design a strategy.
A value proposition helps determine whether people will be interested to read more about your business or instead hit the back button, and the less known your company is, the better value proposition you need. We can help you develop and test a value proposition that will make your customers want to engage with your brand and purchase your product or service.
Building a strategy for your brand also requires knowing where your competitors stand. We undergo a proprietary competitive analysis process that dives deep into the search engine marketing, pay-per-click advertising, and content of your competitors to reveal where they are successful and where your opportunities lie to dominate them.
Want to rank on Google but unsure where to start? We’ve developed an industry-leading keyword research framework that allows us to uncover search query terms your customers are likely to be typing (or voice-searching) into search engines. This research allows us to inform your brand’s SEO and content strategy by using insightful data: the number of monthly searches for a keyword, the competitive history of a keyword, the value of a keyword, and the estimated cost-per-click.
Buyer personas are fictional profiles of your ideal customers and the journey they typically take to become your customer. We develop these profiles to better understand their behaviours and pain points so we can align your strategy to them.
Armed with insights gained from our research and analysis processes, we are able to develop a data-driven digital marketing plan based on hard facts. Your strategy may include: website optimization, content creation, SEO, email marketing, lead generation, and social media. All of these elements work together to form a multi-channel digital marketing strategy guaranteed to help you generate a positive ROI on your digital marketing investment.
Every brand has a story, and it starts with creating key messages that resonate with your customer while maintaining consistency across all touchpoints. Our plan includes targeted messages that become integrated into your online and offline content.
When it comes to Search Engine Optimization, content is king. Content draws your visitor in and convinces them to buy. Our strategy outlines a content plan aligned to your messages and goals, and may include recommendations for blogs, infographics, videos, webinars, and more.
Each part of your strategy has a clear budget based on the scope of your needs. We also break this budget down to indicate your anticipated cost-per-lead, resulting in no surprises regarding your ROI.
Start by building brand awareness, reaching new audiences, and driving new traffic to your website.
Now that you have more visitors, the goal is to get them to convert or share their contact information with you.
Now that you have new leads, you have to guide them through the buying process with timely content.
The lead is now a customer and now you need to keep them happy to generate repeat business.
WHY CHOOSE 44 NORTH DIGITAL MARKETING?
Quite simply, we have a system that works. Our system helps businesses save money finding new customers and then turns those customers into brand ambassadors. We do it all using a proven process of targeted and optimized digital marketing strategies. If you want to truly understand your customer and become equipped with the tools to reach them, we can make it happen with the perfect strategy.
Corey leads a fantastic team at 44 North Digital Marketing. These folks are more than just professionals with outstanding talents; they’re also super friendly, fun and positive, which makes partnering with them a real pleasure. Many thanks to Allison who provided timely support and insight; to Adriana, Jillian and Lauren for their creative and technical prowess, and to Ian for his video wizardry. All of you helped us re-create our digital brand in a way that was insightful and worked with our timing and schedules so it could be purposeful, and the results speak for themselves - we're so grateful! If you want to work with a team who knows digital marketing intimately, thinks strategically, will push back/challenge you when necessary and tell you like it is; and is open minded and fun to work with, you can't go wrong with 44 North Digital Marketing.
Corey and Jillian at 44 North were a pleasure to work with. As a Leon's franchise, we had some obstacles that we needed to overcome when branding ourselves and trying to stand out from the competition. They created an amazing website that helped us track our ROI and linked to the corporate website. They helped us with our display ads and email marketing as well as social. Highly recommend this team at 44 North!
You can trust that 44 North is in solid hands with Corey Shelson. The pride he has in his business stems from his passion for marketing and personal development. 44 North is an effective, efficient business run by a team fully capable to tackle any marketing strategy.
Quick, responsive service, nice creative work. And affordable!
Corey is professional and has excellent customer service! I was specific in what I wanted and needed in order to run my business and he listened, followed up and delivered! It goes a long way to have someone guide you and have your best interest top of mind! I can now count on a secure Email and website to run efficiently and will continue working with Corey to improve my visual platforms to ensure my clients are receiving the best service as well! Thank you Corey for providing me with outstanding service in excellent timing!
We engaged 44 North Digital Marketing to design and develop a new website as well and plan, film and produce a promotional video for our new business. The team at 44 North delivered more than promised. Our project was executed on time, and on budget. The website research phase was in-depth. They told us things about our competitive environment that provided us great insight into how to structure our service offerings. The design phase was collaborative - we felt like we were involved at every step allowing our unique wants and needs to be expressed by their creative and copy writing team. The execution was flawless - they really know how to run a smooth project. Timelines were set, expectations were aligned and deadlines met. The videos produced are highly professional and vividly bring to life everything that the Gasparotto Group does for its clients and can do for prospective ones. We continue to use 44 North for all of our marketing needs and highly recommend them to anyone else looking for an agency to work with.
Fantastic team and fantastic work. 44 North has been a true pleasure to work with!
One of the most knowledgeable, dedicated and extremely diligent team of professionals I have ever had the pleasure of meeting and conducting business with.
44 North is a group of professionals that pays attention to your needs, comes up with creative solutions, delivers on time and on budget. The customer service has been top notch, they have taken care of any glitches, answered my questions on time and professionally and provided me with training videos. Extremely happy with this amazing group.
We used Corey and his team at 44 North to market a development project. Corey was able to put a plan together that explained how we would navigate the process of taking the project to market and the costs associated with each step. The team met their implementation timelines and updated us at every step along the way. Once the campaign was active his team was able to provide accurate statistics and compare it to established metrics that either supported the marketing strategy or allowed us to refine the approach. Our first campaign and experience with 44 North was extremely successful. I would highly recommend the team at 44 North to anyone that sees potential for digital marketing to assist in their marketing.
I've had the pleasure of working with Corey and his team at 44 North Digital Marketing on a number of media projects. They are incredibly professional, very efficient and easy to work with, timely, detail oriented and produce very high quality digital marketing content.
Saw Corey present at the Xcelerate Summit. Great resources and well informed in the world of online marketing and sales funnels.
The team at 44 North Digital Marketing was the perfect fit to update our online presence. Experienced with many different platforms which show you exactly what will work best for you needs and how they are being effectively employed. If you want to get noticed online 44 North Digital Marketing is the way to go.
Corey's Digital Marketing workshop provides a ton of great information and value to our student entrepreneurs. He uses real examples to show the importance of digital marketing and his workshop is full of useful takeaways and tips.
Corey and his team at 44 North worked with us intimately throughout the definition, need analysis, design, refinement, and implementation stages to ensure that our website met all of our digital marketing needs.
44 North Marketing was absolutely amazing to work with. Corey and the team are professional and knowledgeable. They were able to take my vision for marking to the next level; gaining more traction in a just couple of months than I ever had with other companies over much more time. The detailed reporting with an explanation of how we are doing and where we need to focus on is fantastic. I couldn't be happier with 44 North, and highly recommend them to anyone big or small in size.
I have to say that working with 44 North digital marketing was unbelievable. Their patience and understanding of what I wanted was above and beyond of what I could of expected. The attention to details of the logo I wanted was first class! I must say I didn’t think the vision I had in my head would be able to be copied in physical form but they did it and way better than I expected! Thanks again guys for all your hard work and dedication to me until I was 100% satisfied! You guys are the best!
As a professor of entrepreneurial marketing at the Ivey School of Business I am always looking to grow my knowledge base in order to be better able to enhance the learning of my students. I encountered Corey and the team at 44 North Digital Marketing and was super impressed! They know not only the fundamental principles of marketing, but how to cost-effectively apply them across a multitude of digital media platforms. I highly recommend 44 North Digital Marketing as a great source of guidance in this new age of marketing.
Bright team. We’ve been very impressed with their ability to help us promote our in-restaurant advertising platform. Highly recommended for any B2B and B2C digital marketing needs.
44 North continues to go above and beyond for our company. They helped us with our brand new website, and we could not be happier with the result. They also continue to go out of their way to help us with questions that we have that pop up out of the blue, where most companies would not take the time to ensure we completely understand. If you need help launching a new website or help with getting new customers, the 44 North team is who you need. They have helped us break through barriers and increase our ROI in all of our digital marketing efforts!
Corey Shelson is excellent to work with. He's professional but friendly, does his best to understand the client's vision and needs, is timely and helpful with communication and follow-up (via email and phone), and produces great end-products. Would recommend a conversation to see if 44 North suits your needs!
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0.999999 |
Q. Please tell me about the native plant called "boneset."
Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum, is a common perennial that is native to the eastern United States and Canada, with a range from Nova Scotia to Florida. Other common names for boneset are feverwort, sweat plant, and thoroughwort. The Native American name for boneset translates into ague-weed (ague is the name for malarial fever ). The common name, boneset, comes from breakbone fever, an influenza-like illness causing severe bone pain that was treated with Eupatorium perfoliatum.
Historically, boneset was commonly included in medical herb gardens and used as a folk medicine for treatment of flus, fevers, colds and a variety of other maladies. Though some authorities claim the name boneset refers to a former use of the plant to aid the healing process for broken bones, others claim that the name is in reference to the plant's use as a diaphoretic in the treatment of an 18th century influenza called break bone fever. All parts of the plant are quite toxic and bitter. Also commonly called thoroughwort.
Boneset prefers a damp environment and is found in marshes and meadows, often at the edge of a wooded area, and notice invading home gardens. But, the bees and butterflies seem to enjoy it. Although boneset can reach a height of 5 ft (1.5 m), it is usually only 2–4 ft (0.6–1.2 m) tall. It has an erect, round, hairy stem that branches at the top. The leaves are large (4–8 in, or 10–20 cm, long), directly across from one another, and are joined at the stem. Lower leaves are large, and they become progressively smaller higher up the plant. They are spear shaped with toothed edges and pointy tips, have prominent veins, a rough topside, and a downy, dotted, sticky underside.
Genus name comes from the Greek name for these herbaceous and shrubby plants in honor of Mithridates VI Eupator, 132-63 B.C., King of Pontus, who reportedly discovered the medicinal uses for some Eupatorium species plants.
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0.999834 |
How often do developers struggle with this question? I hope I’m not alone in the regard. There are lots of times when we have to make a decision about doing something technically or academically correct versus doing it the realistic way. Lots of simple things such as hard coding values into source code or using string values instead of DateTimes.
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0.96673 |
Jack Kesy is well-known for his work on movies like 12 Strong (2018), Baywatch (2017) and Death Wish (2018). Also, he is widely known for the mysterious role of a villain in applauded superhero movie Deadpool 2, which was premiered on 18 May 2018.
The 33-year-old actor, who played rock star-turned-vampire Gabriel Bolivar in the hit horror TV show, The Strain was once arrested by the police in New York City on 5 May 15. What was the reason behind for his arrest? To know the reason, keep reading the article!
Jack Kesy, age 33, celebrates his birthday on 27 August every year. He was born and raised in New York City. Jack stands at the height of 6 feet 2 inches tall.
Jack in his early age lived in Italy and East German, however, he studied theatre in London. Since Jack is a private person, no information regarding his family can be obtained.
Talking about his career, Jack had not landed himself in any big movies like Deadpool 2 before his career. To be able to appear in such a high profile production Deadpool 2, it is one of the greatest career heights for him. In this movie, Jack portrays a role of villain, Black Tom against Ryan Renolds where Black Tom can operate energy through plants.
Besides that, he has recently made his appearance in movie Baywatch (2017) and is also set to star in Horse Soldier and Death Wish.
Jack is also famous for his vampire role as Bolivar, who is a world-famous rock star in the UTV TV series, ‘The Strain.’ His notable role also includes movie Claws, a comedy-drama.
Appearing in a high profile production like Deadpool 2 it is naturally a great way for Jack Kesy to make his name for himself.
The talented actor not only had a superhero flick on his resume in 2018, but he is also set to star in an upcoming American action thriller film, Blood Brother directed by John Pogue. In the movie, he is set to play the role of Jake Banning.
Also due to his impressive dedication and also acting credibility, Jack Kesy has already even bagged the role of John in a post-production thriller movie, Demented.
He also starred in the TV series, The Alienist (2018) Henry Wolff in an episode ‘The Boy on The Bridge’, which was premiered on 22 January 2018.
Jack Kesy with such an incredible talent, in the next few years, will definitely earn much wider recognition in the acting industry.
Is Jack Married? Or Dating Someone?
Jack Kesy's is quite secretive when it comes to his personal life. He does not have a girlfriend or a wife to show leading him to be normally labeled as a gay. Since there are no any hints that suggest if the actor is married the gay rumors have been further solidified.
It looks that Jack is quite busy focusing on his career and does not have much time to think about dating and affairs. It might be that he provides top priority for his works rather than being busy in love affairs.
So, nothing can be said or assumed about his love life or married relationship until he himself revealed the fact.
The actor made headlines when he was arrested on charges of cocaine possession on 15 January 2015.
He got caught when he was ordering cocaine from a dealer at the bar Pianos on Ludlow and Rivington streets. Jack was taken to court and charged with drug-related offense and pleaded not guilty. He was, however, later released on the bail-bonds of $10,000.
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0.962954 |
For the American architect, see Edward Charles Bassett.
Edward Murray Bassett (February 7, 1863 – October 7, 1948), "The Father of American Zoning", and one of the founding fathers of modern-day urban planning, wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States, adopted by New York City in 1916, and a U. S. Representative for New York.
Bassett was born on February 7, 1863, in Brooklyn, New York, son of merchant Charles R. Bassett and Elvira Rogers Bassett. He attended Hamilton College and Amherst College, graduating from the latter in 1884. While at Amherst he was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity. From 1884 to 1886 he attended Columbia University Law School, and taught at a private school run by R. D. Dodge in Brooklyn. In 1886 Bassett graduated from Columbia and was admitted to the bar, and began practicing law in Buffalo, New York. He married Annie R. Preston on May 14, 1890 and had five children, including inventor and engineer Preston Bassett and geologist Isabel Bassett Wasson.
After returning to New York City in 1892 to practice law, Bassett served on the Brooklyn School Board from 1899 to 1901 and chaired the Local School Board from 1901 to 1903.
In 1903 Bassett was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives, representing New York's 5th congressional district. He served one term from March 4, 1903 to March 3, 1905, but declined to run for reelection so he could serve at the local level. Major projects he worked on included bankruptcy law, the Panama Canal, advocating a canal route through Nicaragua, and opposing high tariffs.
In 1907 Bassett was appointed by Governor Charles Evans Hughes to the New York Public Service Commission, where he served until 1911. During this time he aided in the development of the Dual Contracts (also called the dual subway plan) for the New York City Subway, which resulted in subways connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn for the first time, and he also championed the streamlining of train movement by abolishing stub-end terminals in favor of the "pendulum" method of train movement. He was vice-chairman of the Brooklyn Committee on City Plan, for which a report was published in 1914. He was chairman of the Heights of Buildings Commission in New York City, the final report of which 1916 presented the first Zoning Resolution of the City of New York, which was the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States. He consequently served posts of counsel to the Zoning Committee of New York, the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, and the New York City Planning Commission. A member of the Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning, Bassett was appointed by then U.S. Commerce Department Secretary Herbert Hoover to serve as president of the National Conference on City Planning. Two articles written to commemorate the centennial of the first New York zoning ordinance in 1916 highlighted his role in its creation." Carl Weisbrod, the current chairman of the City Planning Commission,] credited Mr. McAneny and Mr. Bassett with creating a revolutionary document couched in accepted common-law and constitutional doctrines: that landowners are not entirely free to create nuisances to those around them; and that local governments may police conduct in the name of public health, safety and welfare." "Bassett (1863- 1948) served as chairman for both zoning commissions and has been called the “father” and “midwife” of American zoning for the prominent role he played in establishing New York’s code and helping to institute the system around the country."
Most of Bassett's work, both private and on committees, concerned city planning, zoning and the legal issues surrounding these fields. Bassett is credited with developing the "freeway" and "parkway" concepts, and for coining the term "freeway" to describe a controlled access urban highway, based on the parkway concept but open to commercial traffic.
Bassett died in Brooklyn, Kings County, New York, on October 7, 1948 at the age of 85 years. He is interred at Ashfield Plains Cemetery, Ashfield, Massachusetts.
^ "Edward Bassett". Find A Grave. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ "Edward Bassett, 'Father' of Zoning". New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ "Edward Bassett". Govtrack US Congress. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ "Edward Bassett". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Wilhelm, Carl. Bassett shaped Gotham's towers. Brooklyn Eagle, May 9, 1926, p. 10.
Milestones in American City Planning: from the Plan of Chicago to the Crash. National Building Museum, Spring 1992.
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0.999811 |
I'm going to watch my first game of World Cup 2014 tomorrow as Germany [insert World War II joke here] plays Argentina [insert Boys From Brazil joke here] in the finals. It's funny to me how some of my friends on Facebook love the World Cup but decry every other social injustice in the world. FIFA is a horrible organization that exploits the countries that host the games and it should be no surprise that the next three World Cups are in Brazil, Russia, and Qatar. It's doubtful that any democracy with strong anti-corruption laws would want to host the World Cup ever again.
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0.93434 |
You are on the run behind enemy lines with just the contents of your escape tin and the clothes you stand in, what should you do?
British fighter and helicopter pilots, Special Forces operatives and other specialists who are likely to be shot down or ambushed deep behind enemy lines receive excellent training in Escape and Evasion (E&E) procedures. Indeed this training is so good that selected operatives, soldiers and airmen from friendly nations are also often to be found on these courses.
However, it is not just the fast jet jockey and winged dagger trooper who could find themselves in the role of unwelcome guest behind enemy lines, being hotly pursued by a hunter killer force. Once the shooting starts, at any time it could happen to YOU.
1]Your unit has been decimated after being surrounded by the enemy, but you have managed to escape.
2]Your defensive position has been overrun by the enemy but you have survived and must get away before they start mopping-up.
3]Your patrol becomes lost behind enemy lines.
4]You have accidentally strayed through the enemy front line.
6]You have managed to escape from a POW camp further into occupied territory.
7]You are on a peace-keeping mission when your unit is taken hostage or ambushed and all are captured except yourself.
The list is endless, but ask yourself honestly these two questions. If I found myself in any of the above situations, would I know exactly what my very first move should be? And then, as the minutes tick by, what should I do next?
Now you are probably thinking that you should start water gathering, building a shelter and instituting all the other 'surviving in the wilds' skills. Wrong! Long term evaders such as downed pilots, or escapers from permanent POW camps deep inside enemy territory, may need to travel for weeks or even months before reaching friendly territory, so 'wild' survival skills are very important For them. However, only a very few soldiers ever become long term evaders.
Most Escape and Evasion (E&E) in any conflict is short term, lasting anything from about one hour up to48 hours.
What is most important in short term evasion is to understand the few basic rules of E&E based around anti-capture and anti tracking techniques. Without this knowledge, the chances are that you will be shot, taken prisoner or recaptured very quickly.
If you don't understand the fundamental anti-tracking skills, the chances are that you will not be able to use your survival skills without tipping off the enemy. So it is important that you learn the basic ground rules of short term escape and evasion first.
b] The longer you remain a prisoner, the further you will be sent behind enemy lines.
c] Your captors will very probably be front line combat troops. These soldiers will likely have neither the interest, the time, nor the training in handling POWs. The longer you remain in captivity, the greater the chance of being sent to a secure POW camp with guards who have been specially trained in preventing escapes.
d] Once incarcerated in a purpose built POW camp, the rules of E&E will change drastically (to be covered in a future article).
Being captured by an enemy is a severe psychological shock, even for experienced soldiers. Only those who have experience of such an event can appreciate the desire to talk to captors, sometimes without being able to stop. You must steel yourself from the very first moment of captivity to say as little as possible. Under the Geneva Convention you are expected to give your name, rank, number and date of birth (this allows the Red Cross to hopefully keep track of your movements and health condition as well as to notify your next of kin that you have survived) but resist the desire to say anything else.
After capture, most soldiers adopt one of two attitudes. They either try to appeal to their captors by smiles and other friendly gestures, or they show defiance by scowling, cursing or exhibiting signs of aggression. Do neither!
You must attract as little attention from your captors or jailers as possible. This will prevent you from being singled out for interrogation, when you will be under closer guard, and will greatly help your chances of escape.
To play the grey man, stand or sit motionless with head slightly bowed. Avoid eye contact, but if forced to look at the enemy, focus on your opponent's forehead and show no emotion. Speak only if spoken to.
This most important Escape Rule also applies to the Evasion Phase. You may have just escaped from POW custody, be the surviving member of an ambushed patrol or have been overlooked as enemy assault troops overran your position.
In any of these situations, you could be captured at any moment. You must now travel as far and as fast as you can. The further you escape from your last point of contact with the enemy, the wider the arc or area the hunter-killer force will need to search for you and the greater the area that tracker dogs may have to cover to pick up your scent.
The larger the evading group is, the easier it will be to track down. If possible, try and break down into pairs as this could split up the team tracking you or even leave them all tracking just one spoor. In most situations, two heads are better than one and when rest becomes a necessity, one can remain on guard while the other sleeps.
An evader has a very limited view of events around him and it's very easy to assume that he has given the enemy the slip. Often this is a mistaken view. Besides which, always assuming you are being hunted focuses the mind and this should lead to you making less mistakes.
The sensible soldier will always carry a minicompass in his Survival Tin plus one hidden in his clothing. This is one of the most treasured E&E possessions. To allow for all eventualities though, learn to make an emergency compass by magnetizing a needle and sitting it on a free floating leaf on water. Practice now as you won't get time when you are an evader.
Maps are important. Before a mission make a simple map on a sheet of paper from your waterproof notepad. Show just the basic routes, roads, rivers and major topographical features, then sew it into your uniform.
Don't assume the 'Hay Barn' mentality. In other words, never hide in obvious places. The barn on the hill will look tempting refuge with hide, but this is also the first place the hunter force will search.
Never pass-by anything that could be of use. a discarded bin liner or even a plastic fertilizer bag can make an emergency waterproof over garment. An abandoned steel helmet, not too common in these days of composites, makes a good cooking pot but look out for any metal container that will do this job and also transport drinking water.
You must camouflage signs that you have passed, and especially your footprints, from man trackers. This is because the most common form of track to find and easiest to follow is the markings you leave on the ground-known as ground spoor. an even better find for an experienced tracker is a full boot print (a confirmed spoor) from which he will be able to tell how fast you are moving, how tired you are and much more information on you.
With a consecutive pair of prints he can tell how fast you are traveling, what distance you are covering and even if you are carrying a load. Despite your boot probably having the same tread pattern as the rest of the guys in your unit, individual wear marks and tread damage make your boots as individual as your fingerprints. No wonder trackers call full boot prints a confirmed spoor.
Consequently, avoid walking on soft muddy ground. Instead try to find hard, rocky surfaces. Remember, though, not to disturb loose rocks as these would give a tracker recognizable, though less useful, ground spoor.
Of course there will be times when you have no choice but to walk on soft or muddy ground, so remember the following techniques. They may only temporarily confuse trackers, but they may gain you valuable time.
a) Often there are harder ridges on either side of well used, soft, muddy paths. Walk legs astride on these ridges.
b) Step carefully into existing footprints.
c) Walk backwards or on tiptoe.
d) Walk in a stream. Remember not to leave scuff marks or other ground spoor on the bank as you enter or leave the stream.
a) Don't break branches in your way - gently bend them aside.
b) If you can't bend it, go under, over or around it.
c) If you snag or tear clothing, don't be in such a hurry. Check to see that you have not left a small piece of cloth or telltale fibers behind you.
Tracker dogs follow the microscopic body scent particles that continually fall from your body and settle on or just above the ground. Their remarkably sensitive noses will follow your previous route as accurately as if you could draw the dog a map. Even so, there are ways to slow down, confuse and even defeat tracker dogs.
a) Use a vehicle or even a bicycle. This will not only break the scent chain, but will put you further ahead of the pack much quicker and with less fatigue.
b) On foot, follow an erratic path through tangled undergrowth. This usually tangles the running lead of the dog and its handler, slowing them down.
c) Use well traveled animal or human track ways. Even better, follow an erratic path through a farmyard, as a large collection of new scent may temporarily confuse the dog and hinder progress.
d) When you reach water, don't just cross it. Walk in running water for a short distance before exiting on a part of the bank where your spoor will not show.
e) If you can only find narrow waterways such as ditches, with still water in them, walk in them but cross diagonally, doubling back on yourself at least once to confuse the dog.
f) If practical, wash regularly, but never use anything scented.
g) If you cannot wash, roll around over the ground you are traversing, to add country scents to your own. However, remember that a man who has rolled in a dung heap smells just like a man who has rolled in a dung heap, to a well trained tracker dog with a good nose.
h) Don't allow yourself to come in contact with strongly smelling substances such as smoke or animal droppings. If an article of clothing becomes contaminated and you have to discard it, make sure you bury it, or better still hide it under rocks in a stream. Now wash hair and skin. if also contaminated.
i) Try to outrun the dogs. A tracker dog has to move comparatively slowly so, as stated before, escape as quickly as possible.
It should almost go without saying, that you practice the basic rules of camouflage and concealment when resting, laying-up, approaching a dangerous area, etc. You should also practice camouflage and deception when traveling.
a) Avoid busy or populated areas and keep your distance from any civilians you see.
b) Don't act suspiciously or appear to be nervous as this wilt attract attention.
c) Never walk in an upright, military fashion-adopt a tired slouch.
d) Try to at least keep the appearance of being clean and keep shaving if you can.
e) If traveling in countryside, carry a spade or some other farming implement.
f) Keep your uniform on underneath any civilian clothing as otherwise you could be shot for being a spy.
g) Keep your watch in your pocket.
h) If approached by the locals, unless you speak and look like a native of the area, pretend to be deaf and dumb or perhaps even half-witted. The latter often works.
Rule 12 - Disguise Your Hide.
Sooner or later you will need to lay-up or rest. Again, leave no traces of your presence.
It is a good idea to rest for 5-10 minutes in every hour that you travel. Don't just stop anywhere though. Choose an area of good cover and try to leave no trace of your LUP (Laying Up Point).
a longer LUP occurs when you sleep. lie facing the ground, and if you have a ground sheet or something similar, cover yourself with it. This should concentrate your scent in one place. Before you leave, cover your sleeping area with soil and natural debris to mask the scent.
Always bury any food waste, camp fire debris, feces, urine or anything connected with your stay. Try not to contaminate your skin with waste material. Finally, cover disturbed soil with natural debris. Waste on the surface will attract flies in warm weather and will be easily spotted by human trackers, and a dog's nose will pick up the scent a long way off.
Opinions vary as to exactly when you are safe enough to light a fire. However, sometimes it is crucial to purify food or water by cooking or boiling, to provide warmth to prevent hypothermia.
If you have to light a fire, ideally you should dig a fire pit deep enough to hide the flames. Try not to make the fire too big and ensure that flames to not show above ground. Use only small pieces of fuel.
Dig a separate air shaft at an angle to the pit as this will make the fire burn quicker and prevent excessive smoke. If the ground is too hard to dig, is too waterlogged, or a fire pit is impractical for some other reason, light the fire under a canopy of leafy foliage to disperse smoke. Alternatively, light a surface fire against a high wall.
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0.982616 |
Some people are terrified to speak in public or in front of a group. These simple steps can help you do better at it, even if you don't like it.
It is always easier to speak about something you know. For example, it would be easier for me to speak about baseball, a game I have played and watched since childhood, than to speak about cricket, which I have only seen played a few times.Research the topicEven if it is a subject you know, take the time to brush up. Before speaking to your company's sales directors about the new product your team developed, take the time to review the specifications so they are fresh in your mind.
Depending on the speech, you may write out the entire text of the speech or you may just jot down some notes on cards. Review what you write down and make sure it flows in a logical way. Fix it if it doesn't.
Deliver your speech out loud to yourself and, if appropriate, to a few others. Do it out loud because the words always come out right in your head, but if you have to speak them you'll catch some problems before hand. Then do it again. Keep doing it until you are comfortable.
Waving hands distract an audience. Find something do to with your hands. If there is a podium, rest them on it. One hand in your pocket can look okay, but both hands in your pockets looks bad. Hold papers (calmly) in one hand by your side, but don't wave them around.
A smile on your face will make your audience respond more positively to you. It will also help you feel better. Obviously, if you are delivering a speech to your department that they are all getting laid off you don't want to smile, but in almost every case it will help you.
If you use a joke to open your speech, make sure it's a good one. It should be funny without offending anyone. It helps to keep it as closely related to the topic as possible. And it should be new.
I agree with your point on researching the audience. This helps you serve the audience better. For me, I usually interview the event planner or person-in-charge about the audience 2 weeks ahead of time.
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0.979846 |
What is resistance to change in your workplace and how does it manifest itself? Resistance to change is the act of opposing or struggling with modifications or transformations that alter the status quo.
Employees put up a wall when they are poorly introduced to changes, when it affects how they work and when they don't see the need for the changes. They also experience resistance when they're either not involved in the decision making process or if they're left out of the procedural aspects of the process.
When employees believe their input was considered, they are less likely to experience resistance to change. Smart employers recognize this is a given before employees are asked to make any changes.
First things first: be mindful that you aren't the reason behind the resistance. You can cause serious resistance when you introduce change to your organization. You have enough to deal with when it comes to managing the stages of change adoption. Why add the stress of managing employee resistance?
Avoid all of this by taking your employees' feelings into account. And pay attention and care to all the details from the inception to implementation of the changes in order to minimize employee backlash.
Managing resistance to change is challenging for many reasons. Resistance to change can be covert or overt, organized, or individual. Employees may realize they don't like or want a change and resist publicly, and that can be very disruptive.
In a worst-case scenario, employees can be forceful in their refusal to adopt any changes and thus, bring the confrontation and conflict to your organization.
Employees can also feel uncomfortable with the changes introduced and resist, sometimes unknowingly, through their actions, their language and in the stories and conversations they share in the workplace.
Covert resistance to change can damage the progress of your desired changes seriously as it is more difficult to deal with resistance that isn't visible, demonstrated or expressed except in these type of actions.
However resistance to change is caused or happens, it can be a big threat to the success of your business, and can affect the speed at which your organization adopts an innovation. It affects the feelings and opinions of employees at all stages of the adoption process. Employee resistance also affects the productivity, quality, interpersonal communication, employee commitment to contribution, and the relationships in your workplace.
How do you spot resistance to change? Listen to the gossip and observe the actions of your employees. Note whether employees are missing meetings related to the change. Late assignments, forgotten commitments, and absenteeism can all be signs of resistance to change.
Something as simple as listening to how employees talk about the change in meetings and hall conversations can tell you a lot about resistance. Some employees may come to you for help navigating the changes. They may also share that the level of resistance is bringing them down.
Some employees will publicly challenge the change, why it was needed or how it is unfolding. An employee who has a higher position and more seniority may be more resolute in his or her resistance. Less well-positioned employees may resist collectively in ways such as a work slowdown, staying home from work, misunderstanding directions, and, in rarer cases, organizing the workplace to bring in a labor union.
Resistance to change appears in actions such as verbal criticism, nitpicking details, loudly and verbally failing to adopt, snide comments, sarcastic remarks, missed meetings, failed commitments, endless arguments, lack of support verbally, and even, in a worst-case scenario, committing outright sabotage.
Employees also resist change by failing to take action to move in the new direction, quietly going about their familiar and accustomed business in the same ways as always, withdrawing their interest and attention, and failing to add to the conversations, discussions, and requests for input.
Resistance to change can intensify if employees feel they have been involved in a series of changes that have had insufficient support to gain the anticipated results. They become change weary when this year's flavor-of-the-month is quality.
Organizations are constantly evolving, which means (continuous) change is inevitable. Last year's change was continuous improvement, employee involvement, and team development. This year it's a focus on serving internal customers, and three years ago, employees were asked to adopt a new management structure in a lean, agile workplace. With things constantly changing, it's no wonder employees end up being resistant.
Resistance is intensified because you need to gain support for the current change, which employees may or may not see in their best interests. You will also need to justify the former change and the need to change—again. Employees only have so much energy to contribute at work and you don't want to abuse it.
In an organization that has a culture of trust, transparent communication, employees who are involved and engaged, and positive interpersonal relationships resistance to change is easy to see—and also much less likely to occur.
In such a work environment, employees feel free to tell their boss what they think and to have open exchanges with managers about how they think the changes are going. They are also more likely to share their feelings and ideas for improvement.
In a trusting environment, employees think about how to make the change process go more smoothly. They are likely to ask their managers what they can do to help.
When a change is introduced in this environment, with a lot of discussions and employee involvement, resistance to change is minimized. Resistance is also minimized if there is a widespread belief that the changes are needed. Find out more about how to reduce employee resistance to change.
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0.990932 |
Why program in Component Pascal?
BlackBox Component Builder is an open-source IDE and a framework (collection of modules) written in the programming language Component Pascal which is a superset of the language Oberon-2 developed by Niklaus Wirth. BlackBox provides facilities for document creation, program compilation, module execution, and interface design. Component Pascal is module based. Each module is a unit of compilation and a unit of execution. There is no explicit linker. Modules are brought into memory when specified. There is no need for "header" files. Symbol files are automatically generated by the compiler for those elements of a module that are specifically marked to be exported.
The component classes (e.g. for text or form components) follow the principle of black box inheritance (interface inheritance instead of implementation inheritance), hence the name "BlackBox".
The compiler is very fast. The language is strongly typed. Data structures are automatically garbage collected when no longer referenced. The framework comes with a complete set of documents explaining the meaning and use of each module. The download size of the BlackBox framework is only about 6MB.
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0.991157 |
What are the differences between the two different types of conferencing.
There are two main types of video communications, video conferencing, and Webcasting.
Here we will explain the differences.
Most people have experienced video conferencing, whether at work in a dedicated video conferencing room or personally using Skype, Google Hangouts or Facetime.
Videoconferencing is a personalised communication where participants are able to view and talk to each other and share content such as a presentation. Specialist video conferencing equipment or software is required to take part in a conference and generally videoconferencing is ideal for small meetings with only a few participants.
Webcasting is perfect when a party needs to present to a large number of people on a global basis. Webcasts are fully scaleable and 1000’s of people can simultaneously watch on computers, tablets and even smartphones simply using a web browser without any specialist equipment or software.
High quality video, the inclusion of video feeds from laptops and other equipment, along with pre-recorded video and on screen graphics creates a dynamic experience for viewers.
Interactivity in the form of questions and surveys can also be implemented in the webcast, although two way video and audio is not generally included.
Organisers often make the mistake of trying to use traditional video conferencing (VC) to communicate to large groups of dispersed viewers. The requirement of specialist VC software and hardware means that many people are unable to connect, and we believe VC is simply not scalable over 20 participants.
The scalability and multi-device support of Webcasting allows thousands of viewers to view on whatever device they choose, and Webcasts can also be recorded and made available to view after the event ‘On Demand,’ allowing viewers to watch at the time convenient to them.
Although Videoconferencing has its place, webcasting is the only choice for broadcasting events to a wide audience.
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0.999941 |
What services do deck and patio builders in Vaughan, ON provide?
To help you choose the ideal style, configuration and materials for your deck or patio, your deck and patio contractor will survey your Vaughan, ON lot and your home to come up with a design that complements your exterior as well as being structurally sound. He or she will recommend sizes, heights and construction materials that suit your lifestyle and climate, as well as explain the best stain or finish options. Additionally, deck and patio professionals can provide insight into additional components such as outdoor kitchens, patio covers, fire pits, outdoor lighting, arbors and more.
Your deck and patio professional might work closely with another Vaughan, ON lawn and landscape professional. Here are some related professionals and vendors to complement the work of decks, patios & outdoor enclosures: Landscape Architects & Landscape Designers, Garden & Landscape Supplies, Stone, Pavers & Concrete, Landscape Contractors, Building Supplies.
Find a deck and patio builder in Vaughan, ON on Houzz.
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0.990724 |
What's wrong with simplicity of value?
The thesis that human values have high Kolmogorov complexity - our preferences, the things we care about, don't compress down to one simple rule, or a few simple rules.
Thou Art Godshatter describes the evolutionary psychology behind the complexity of human values - how they got to be complex, and why, given that origin, there is no reason in hindsight to expect them to be simple.
But in light of Yvain's recent series of posts (i.e., if we consider our "actual" values to be the values we would endorse in reflective equilibrium, instead of our current apparent values), I don't see any particular reason, whether from evolutionary psychology or elsewhere, that they must be complex either. Most of our apparent values (which admittedly are complex) could easily be mere behavior, which we would discard after sufficient reflection.
For those who might wish to defend the complexity-of-value thesis, what reasons do you have for thinking that human value is complex? Is it from an intuition that we should translate as many of our behaviors into preferences as possible? If other people do not have a similar intuition, or perhaps even have a strong intuition that values should be simple (and therefore would be more willing to discard things that are on the fuzzy border between behaviors and values), could they think that their values are simple, without being wrong?
I don't understand what you or Yvain mean by "values" anymore, but perhaps we can make some progress without focusing on the word.
To borrow Eliezer's examples, do you think you would discard the value of boredom given enough time to reflect? Would you discard the desire to not be optimized too hard by an outside agent? Would you discard sympathy for other conscious humans? Complexity of value is not merely about complexity of taste buds. The things that we deeply care for, and wish to continue caring for, are complex as well.
As for those people who profess to value simplicity of values, I'm willing to bite the bullet and claim that most of them wouldn't agree to lose the complex stuff listed in the previous paragraph.
To borrow Eliezer's examples, do you think you would discard the value of boredom given enough time to reflect?
I don't know, but at least it seems plausible that I might. It's clear that I have boredom as an emotion and as a behavior, but I don't see a clear reason why I would want to make it into a preference. Certainly there are times when I wish I wouldn't get bored as easily as I actually do, so I don't want to translate boredom into a preference "as is".
If I think about why I might not want a future where everyone has no boredom and could enjoy the same thing over and over again, what's driving that seems to be an intuitive aversion towards triviality (i.e., things that look too easy or lack challenge). And if I think more about why I might not want a future where things look easy instead of difficult, I can't really think of anything except that it probably has to do with signaling that I'm someone who likes challenge, which does not seem like something I really want to base my "actual preferences" on.
Would you discard the desire to not be optimized too hard by an outside agent? Would you discard sympathy for other conscious humans?
These are similar for me. If I think about them long enough, it just becomes unclear why I might want to keep them.
Also, perhaps "keep" and "discard" aren't the right word here. What you actually need to do (in this view of what values are), is affirmatively create preferences (e.g., a utility function) from your intuitions. So for any potential value under consideration, you need reasons not for why you would want to "discard", but for why you would want to "create".
This should've been obvious from the start, but your comment has forced me to realize it only now: if we understand reflective equilibrium as the end result of unrestricted iterated self-modification, then it's very sensitive to starting conditions. You and I could end up having very different value systems because I'd begin my self-modification by strengthening my safeguards against simplification of values, while you'd begin by weakening yours. And a stupid person doing unrestricted iterated self-modification will just end up someplace stupid. So this interpretation of "reflective equilibrium" is almost useless, right?
So this interpretation of "reflective equilibrium" is almost useless, right?
Do you agree that FAI probably needs to have a complex utility function, because most simple ones lead to futures we wouldn't want to happen? The answer to that question doesn't seem to depend on notions like reflective equilibrium or Yvain's "actual values", unless I'm missing something again.
Do you agree that FAI probably needs to have a complex utility function, because most simple ones lead to futures we wouldn't want to happen?
Perhaps you mean "there aren't any simple utility functions that I would choose to implement in an AI right now and let it run, knowing it would then take over the world" but I don't think that shows FAI probably needs to have a complex utility function. It could just be that I need more time to think things over but will eventually decide to implement a simple utility function.
Retreating further along the line of Eliezer's reasoning to find the point where you start to disagree: how about AIs that don't take over the world? For example, I want an AI that I can ask for a cheeseburger, and it will produce a cheeseburger for me while respecting my implied wishes to not burn the world with molecular nanotech or kill the neighbor's dog for meat. Do you agree that such a device needs to have lots of specific knowledge about humans, and not just about cheeseburgers? If yes, then how is the goal of solving the world's problems (saving kids in Africa, stopping unfriendly AIs, etc) relevantly different from the goal of making a cheeseburger?
It's not clear that a cheeseburger-making AI needs to have lots of specific knowledge about humans. As we discussed, one possibility is to give it a utility function that assigns negative value to anything consequential crossing some geographical boundary, except a cheeseburger.
More generally, the fact that we can't easily think of a way to solve a particular real-world problem (with minimal side effects) using an AI with a simple utility function is only weak evidence that such a simple utility function doesn't exist, since the space of utility functions simple enough to be hand coded is still enormous.
Even if there are some real-world problems that can't be solved using simple utility functions, I do not just want to solve particular problem. I want to get "what I really want" (in some sense that I can't define clearly, but is more like "my reflective equilibrium values" than "my current behavioral tendencies"), and it seems plausible that "what I really want" is less complex than the information needed to tell an AI how to solve particular problems while keeping the world otherwise unchanged.
I think Eliezer's "thou art godshatter" argument was meant to be generally applicable: if it was sound, then we can conclude that anyone who thinks their values are simple is wrong in an objective sense. We no longer seem to have such an argument (that is still viable) and those who are proponents for "complexity of value" perhaps have to retreat to something like "people who think they have simple values are wrong in the sense that their plans would be bad according to my values".
How about this restatement (focus), I think you agreed previously, and your response was more subtle that denying it. IIRC, you said that complex aspects of value are present, but possibly of low importance, so if we have no choice (time), we should just go the simple way, while still capturing nontrivial amount of value. This is different from saying that value could be actually simple.
There are many possible values, and we could construct agents that optimize any one of them. Among these many values only few are simple in abstract (i.e. not referring to artifacts in the world) and explicit form. What kind of agents are human, which of the many possible values are associated with them in a sufficiently general sense of value-association that applies to humans? For humans to have specifically those few-of-many simple values, they would need to be constructed in a clean way with an explicit goal architecture that places those particular abstract goals in charge. But humans are not like that, they have a lot of accidental complexity in every joint, so there is no reason to expect them to implement that particular simple goal system.
This is an antiprediction, it argues from a priori improbability, rather than tries to shift an existing position that favors simple values. At this point, it intuitively feels to me that simple values are unprivileged, and there seems to be no known reason to expect that they would be more likely than anything else (that has more data). This kind of simplicity is not the kind from Occam's razor: it seems like expecting air molecules in the room to keep in one corner, arranged on a regular grid, as opposed to being distributed in a macroscopically more uniform, but microscopically enormously detailed configuration. We have this brain-artifact that is known to hold lots of data, and expecting all this data to amount to a simple summary doesn't look plausible to me.
I think you agreed previously, and your response was more subtle that denying it. IIRC, you said that complex aspects of value are present, but possibly of low importance, so if we have no choice (time), we should just go the simple way, while still capturing nontrivial amount of value. This is different from saying that value could be actually simple.
Yes, this post is making a different point from that one.
But humans are not like that, they have a lot of accidental complexity in every joint, so there is no reason to expect them to implement that particular simple goal system.
But why think all that complexity is relevant? Surely at least some of the complexity is not relevant (for example a Tourette sufferer's tendency to curse at random, or the precise ease with which some people get addicted to gambling). Don't you need an additional argument to conclude that at least a substantial fraction of the complexity is relevant, and that this applies generally, even to those who think otherwise and would tend to discard such complexity when they reflect on what they really want?
Don't you need an additional argument to conclude that at least a substantial fraction of the complexity is relevant, and that this applies generally, even to those who think otherwise and would tend to discard such complexity when they reflect on what they really want?
Again, it's an antiprediction, argument about what your prior should be, and not an argument that takes the presumption of simple values being plausible as a starting point and then tries to convince that it should be tuned down. Something is relevant, brains are probably relevant, this is where decision-making happens. The claim that the relevant decision-theoretic summary of that has any given rare property, like simplicity, is something that needs strong evidence, if you start from that prior. I don't see why privileging simplicity is a viable starting point, why this hypothesis deserves any more consideration than the claim that the future should contain a perfect replica of myself from the year 1995.
When answer is robustly unattainable, it's pointless to speculate what it might be, you can only bet or build conditional plans. If "values" are "simple", but you don't know that, your state of knowledge about the "values" remains non-simple, and that is what you impart to AI. What does it matter which of these things, the confused state of knowledge or the correct answer to our confusion, do we call "values"?
If I think the correct answer to our confusion will ultimately turn out to be something complex (in the sense of Godshatter-like), then I can rule out any plans that eventually call for hard coding such an answer into an AI. This seems to be Eliezer's argument (or one of his main arguments) for implementing CEV.
On the other hand, if I think the correct answer may turn out to be simple, even if I don't know what it is now, then there's a chance I can find out the answer directly in the next few decades and then hard code that answer into an AI. Something like CEV is no longer the obvious best approach.
Eliezer's justification for extending the "complexity of evolved motivation" to the "complexity of reflective equilibrium value", as far as I can tell, is that he knows or strongly suspects that the relevant reflective equilibrium involves people leading good lives, with the word "good" to be filled in by fun theory along the lines of what he's posted in the fun theory sequence, which in turn refers back to complex evolved motivation. That seems plausible enough to me, but I agree the aforementioned extension isn't an automatic step.
I think it would be reasonable if Eliezer thinks his own reflective equilibrium involves people leading such "good" lives, but not if he thinks everyone has similar reflective equilibria. I know he draws heavily on the notion of psychological unity of humankind, but it seems insufficient to ensure that people share the same "reflective equilibrium value" as opposed to "evolved motivation", given that people start off with different moral intuitions and the process of reflecting on those intuitions seems more divergent than convergent. Again, for people who already have a strong intuition that morality or their values should be simple, it seems quite plausible that they would end up with "reflective equilibrium value" that is quite simple compared to "Godshatter".
Such an intuition may not survive 1) a better intuitive understanding of how human psychology can make some things seem simple even when they are not, and 2) a better intuitive understanding of how all the usual arguments for Occam's razor apply to facts but not to values.
people start off with different moral intuitions and the process of reflecting on those intuitions seems more divergent than convergent.
Why do you believe this? What sorts of examples do you have in mind?
Deciding what to count as a preference/pain/pleasure: can storing a bigger number in a register make a being ten times more valuable? If we start with a complex AI with a utility function we think valuable, and then gradually strip out all the intelligence/memory/capability how does this diminish its moral value?
In other words, it sounds like you're saying human values are complex because all values are complex. But that doesn't by itself prove that human values are much more complex than those of a pleasure maximizer, which is a claim that I take to be included in the "value is complex"/"thou art godshatter" idea.
ETA: Though your point may well be sufficient to support the particular implication that we're unlikely to get the values right by hard-coding them or having them randomly emerge.
Though your point may well be sufficient to support the particular implication that we're unlikely to get the values right by hard-coding them or having them randomly emerge.
If someone thinks it's pretty likely that their preferences (as endorsed in reflective equilibrium) can be captured by some form of utilitarianism, then their time could easily be better spent trying to narrow down the exact form of utilitarianism (with the aim of hard-coding it) instead of trying to figure out how to specify and implement something like CEV.
Utilitarians haven't made that much progress on these issues in the last 60 years, and there are a lot of them. Do you have a further argument for why this could easily be the case?
There's little progress in the sense of resolving disagreements, but if someone thinks what is important is not public consensus on a particular form of utilitarianism, but just what they would endorse in reflective equilibrium as an individual, and they already have fairly strong intuitions on what kind of utilitarianism is right (which some people seem to), then that seems sufficient to make "narrow down the exact form of utilitarianism" a potentially better plan than "implement CEV" from their perspective.
I meant that there's been little progress in the sense of generating theories precise enough to offer concrete recommendations, things that might be coded into an AI, e.g. formal criteria for identifying preferences, pains, and pleasures in the world (beyond pointing to existing humans and animals, which doesn't pin down the content of utilitronium), or a clear way to value different infinitely vast worlds (with all the rearrangement issues discussed in Bostrom's "Infinitarian Challenge" paper). This isn't just a matter of persistent moral disagreement, but a lack of any comprehensive candidates that actually tell you what to do in particular situations rather than having massive lacunae that are filled in by consideration of individual cases and local intuitions.
This seems to me more about the "C" than the "EV." I think such a utilitarian should still be strongly concerned with having at least their reflective equilibrium extrapolated. Even a little uncertainty about many dimensions means probably going wrong, and it seems that reasonable uncertainty about several of these things (e.g. infinite worlds and implications for probability and ethics) is in fact large.
One could argue that until recently there has been little motivation amongst utilitarians to formulate such precise theories, so you can't really count all of the past 60 years as evidence against this being doable in the next few decades. Some of the problems weren't even identified until recently, and others, like how to identify pain and pleasure, could be informed by recent or ongoing science. And of course these difficulties have to be compared with the difficulties of EV. Perhaps I should just say that it's not nearly as obvious that "hard-coding" is a bad idea, if "complexity of value" refers to the complexity of a precise formulation of utilitarianism, for example, as opposed to the complexity of "Godshatter".
Even a little uncertainty about many dimensions means probably going wrong, and it seems that reasonable uncertainty about several of these things (e.g. infinite worlds and implications for probability and ethics) is in fact large.
Is it plausible that someone could reasonably interpret lack of applicable intuitions along some dimensions as indifference, instead of uncertainty?
In other words, it sounds like you're saying human values are complex because all values are complex.
Yes, I'm more confident of this than of the godshatter thesis. With respect to the godshatter thesis, it seems fairly likely to me that reflective equilibrium does not wash away all our desires' complexity, because many values are self-defending, e.g. desire for varied experiences, protection of loved ones, etc. They seem not much more arbitrary than any form of hedonism particular enough to answer all the questions above, and so likely to rise or fall together (under conditions of reflection and self-control).
Many beliefs are also Self-defending, but that is little reason to hold onto them. There is no Reason for the same principle not to apply to beliefs about morality, which values implicitly are. Thus their Self-defending-ness doesn't necessarily mean that reflective equilibrium doesn't just throw them out as false theories rather than updating on them as raw data, though of course they are both. Or so one perspective would argue.
I believe that values are complex because I observe the apparent values to be complex and because I haven't seen a simple value system which wouldn't contradict both actual human behaviour and expressed preferences in some respect.
Are there reasons to think that there is a reflective equilibrium and that it is unique? Anyway, if I had to construct an equilibrium, I would try to make it as close to the unstable apparent values which I endorse now and since this system is complex, the approximation may be complex as well. It is certainly possible to define a simple equilibrious value system, but I would be wary to talk about human values then.
I don't see why such a "reflective equilibrium" should be well defined and/or unique.
I agree, and I would question the notion of reflective equilibrium myself on those grounds. Here I'm mostly using it as an example of what "actual values" might be, in contrast with "mere behavior", in order to point out that Eliezer's "Thou Art Godshatter" argument is not sufficient to show that our values are actually complex.
For those who might wish to defend the complexity-of-value thesis, what reasons do you have for thinking that human value is complex?
Humans have in their brains a lot of information about what morality is and is not, and it'd be silly to throw away all that information, especially considering that some of the simple underlying laws of morality might very well have some degree of context-sensitivity. Fundamental valuing of original contexts is one of the reasons I see that an FAI might bother to upload and run some humans or transhumans for a few septillions of years instead of only computing variations of convergent completely moral angelic computations instead.
I think a good bit of my value complexity comes from the fact that I live in a human body.
What I will find "tasty" is based on a huge number of factors, like amount and type of fat, salt, sugar, texture, temperature, weather, what I've eaten that day, what I've eaten that week, what else I'm eating, time of day, the chemical state of my body, culture, etc.
And as long as I live in this body, I think that I won't be able to self-modify enough to eliminate most of this complexity in what I like (and all else being equal, want).
I think that because Yvain's posts focus on the times when your "behaviors" and your "values" conflict and your behaviors end up sabotaging important values, it gives the impression that behaviors just aren't important to your conscious mind. I don't think that's entirely true. Our conscious mind sometimes works in harmony with our behaviors and sees them as terminal values.
Both Liking and Approving are essential parts of a fulfilled life. A world that maximizes one at the expense of the other is not a good world. And while a reflective equilibrium might be able to simplify what you Approve of, I don't think it can ever simplify what you Like.
ADDED: Thinking about the concept of reflective equilibrium, I think that it is more of a way to prioritize values and behaviors than a way to discard them. If we assign a behavior low value in a reflective equilibrium that doesn't mean the behavior has no moral value. It simply means that in cases where that behavior interferes with a value we approve of more strongly we may have to stop it in order to achieve that more important goal.
I think Yvain's main point is that sometimes our more egosyntonic goals interfere with our egodystonic ones, and that in a reflective equilibrium we would assign priority to our most egosyntonic goals. I don't think that egosyntonic and egodystonic are binary categories, however. I think they are a continuum. I have many goals that are not inherently egodystonic, but become so when they are chosen as an alternative to another, even more important goal. Sometimes we might need to suppress one of our less egosyntonic behaviors to prevent it from interfering with an even more egosyntonic one. For instance, I don't disapprove of my reading funny websites on the Internet, I just approve of it less than I approve of my writing a novel. But if I'd already gotten a good bit of work done on a novel, I'd stop not approving of reading funny websites. It would be bad to delete our less egosyntonic desires altogether, because someday in the future we might find a way to satisfy both of those goals at once.
Also, after this recent exchange I had, I'm also less sure than before that Yvain is 100% right that egodystonic, approving goals should always trump "liking" goals. I can think of many behaviors I want to suppress so I can engage more frequently in doing things I approve of. But I also remember times in the past when I decided, after some reflection, that the approving part of my mind was a huge prude and I should have more fun. Maybe the conflict between the facets of our brain isn't as clear cut as I thought.
Again, Yvain previously argued that what made something a value and not a behavior was that it was egosyntonic. So we can answer the question of whether or not value is complex by asking if many of our complex behaviors are also egosyntonic. I know that in my case they definitely are. And even when they aren't the reason they aren't is often because they are obstructing an even more egosyntonic desire, not because I don't approve of them at all.
Is it from an intuition that we should translate as many of our behaviors into preferences as possible?
I know that in my case, it's because many of these behaviors are positive experiences for me, and that it would be negative to reject them unless they seriously interfered with something else. Furthermore, many of these behaviors are things I value, I just value them a little less than other things, and wish they wouldn't keep subverting my efforts to accomplish those other things.
Sorry for the triple post, my internet is wonky.
So pure description length is all that interesting. More interesting is "model complexity" - that is, if you drew human value as a graph of connections and didn't worry about the connection strengths, what would the complexity of the graph be? Also interesting is "ideal outcome complexity" - would the ideal universe be tiled with lots of copies of something fairly simple, or would it be complicated?
I think that ideal outcome complexity is pretty definitely high, based on introspection, fiction, the lack of one simple widely known goal, evolution generating lots of separate drives with nonlinear responses, etc. But this only implies high model complexity if I don't value something that correlates with complexity - which is possible. So I'll have to think about that one a bit.
Biology 101 says that we can approximate most creature's values by treating them as resource-limited maximisers of their own genes. Current compression reduces the human genome to about 70mb, so that's a first estimate. Humans also spend some of their time acting as maximisers of the genomes of their symbionts (foodstuffs, pets, parasites, memes) - which if anything seems likely to add to the complexity of their values.
An obvious candidate for discussion here is Clippy, who has a simple, easy to define value system. Should we be suspicious of Clippy purely on the basis of their simple moral system, or is it the paperclip related content that's a problem?
Comparing "behaviour" and "values" as though they are the same sort of thing seems pretty strange.
It is probably best to think of those as different types of thing - and then there is no "fuzzy border".
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0.98744 |
How do you engage with people who are different in ways that matter to you?
People not like you, in terms of your core values, vision or ideas about how you would like to see things happen in your life or the world at large?
I often find myself tempted to devalue them in some way - to see them as less than fully human, - maybe stupid, maybe uninformed, maybe unaware, maybe narcissistic.
The labels that distance me from them can go on and on.
But, that mindset makes it challenging to honor and respect their fundamental human dignity, while also aiming for a path forward that includes both of our needs and values.
So, when I want to speak my truth gently but firmly and aim for a mutually beneficial, collaborative outcome, I use a series of questions like the ones on this worksheet to help me prepare.
As I strategically walk through some self-empathy and self-awareness and also then put myself in the other person's shoes, I'm often surprised at the shifts and relief I experience as I work through the steps.
And, these shifts then support me in cultivating more togetherness.
I'd love to know if these questions work for you too, and if there is anything you would change or add?
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0.983756 |
You are developing an ASP.NET MVC application to be used on the Internet. The environment uses Active Directory with delegation to access secure resources.
Users must be able to log on to the application to maintain their personal preferences. You need to use the least amount of development effort to enable users to log on.
You are designed a hybrid application that runs across a Microsoft Azure data center and your company#39;s on-premise enterprise environment.
How should you design the application? To answer, drag the appropriate item to the correct location or locations. Each item may be used once, more than once, or not at all. You may need to drag the split bar between panes or scroll to view content.
The Service Bus relay service enables you to build hybrid applications that run in both an Azure datacenter and your own on-premises enterprise environment. The Service Bus relay facilitates this by enabling you to securely expose Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) services that reside within a corporate enterprise network to the public cloud, without having to open a firewall connection, or requiring intrusive changes to a corporate network infrastructure.
The Service Bus relay enables you to host WCF services within your existing enterprise environment. You can then delegate listening for incoming sessions and requests to these WCF services to the Service Bus service running within Azure. This enables you to expose these services to application code running in Azure, or to mobile workers or extranet partner environments.
You are developing an ASP.NET MVC application that will run in a shared environment. The application requests the user#39;s password, and then uses the password to sign data.
Add the SecuritySafeCriticalAttribute attribute to the methods which process the password.
Store the password in a SecureString instance.
Encrypt the password on the web page, and decrypt the password in the MVC application.
Run the code that processes the password in its own AppDomain.
Application domains provide a unit of isolation for the common language runtime. They are created and run inside a process. Application domains are usually created by a runtime host, which is an application responsible for loading the runtime into a process and executing user code within an application domain. The runtime host creates a process and a default application domain, and runs managed code inside it. Runtime hosts include ASP.NET, Microsoft Internet Explorer, and the Windows shell.
For most applications, you do not need to create your own application domain; the runtime host creates any necessary application domains for you. However, you can create and configure additional application domains if your application needs to isolate code or to use and unload DLLs.
You are developing an ASP.NET MVC application in Visual Studio 2012. The application processes data for a bakery and contains a controller named BagelController.es that has several actions. The GetBagel action is defined in the following code segment.
The GetBagel action is the only action that should be accessed via a URL pattern. Routes to the other actions in the controller must be suppressed.
The default route must map to HomeController and the Index action. You need to build the routes.
You are building an ASP.NET web application.
You must test the web application in multiple browsers at the same time. You need to ensure that the application can use the Browser Link feature.
In the web.config file, set the value of the debug attribute to False.
In the web.config file, set the value of the debug attribute to True.
Use an external editor for webpages.
Enable source control server support.
Debugging must be enabled in the web.config file.
To enable Browser Link, set debug=true in the lt;compilationgt; element in the project’s Web.config file.
You are designing an HTML5 website.
You need to design the interface to make the content of the web page viewable in all types of browsers, including voice recognition software, screen readers, and reading pens.
Annotate HTML5 content elements with Accessible Rich Internet Application (ARIA) attributes.
Convert HTML5 forms to XForms.
Ensure that HTML5 content elements have valid and descriptive names.
Use HTML5 semantic markup elements to enhance the pages.
Use Resource Description Framework (RDF) to describe content elements throughout the entire page.
A: The aria-describedby property may be used to attach descriptive information to one or more elements through the use of an id reference list. The id reference list contains one or more unique element ids.
You are developing an application that uses many small images for various aspects of the interface.
The application responds slowly when additional resources are being accessed. You need to improve the performance of the application.
Preload all the images when the client connects to ensure that the images are cached.
Combine all the images into a single image and use CSS to create sprites.
Host all images on an alternate server and provide a CDN.
Convert the images to .png file format and stream all images on a single connection.
You are developing an ASP.NET MVC application in Visual Studio 2012. The application contains sensitive bank account data.
The application must not display AccountNumber in clear text in any URL. You need to build the view for the GetAccounts action.
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0.974617 |
Stressed at Work? Sneak off into a meeting room and get your yoga on with me. This can be completed in even the most restrictive attire, so now there is no excuse to skip your yoga practice. There is a big emphasis on the neglected areas such as the side and front of the body, which when alleviated, can help to ease back pain and stiffness. This sequence will help you to unravel both physically and mentally so that you can continue to tackle a hectic day at work. As aways, be careful not to push through pain and if you're injured make sure you check with your physician before taking on this sequence.
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0.999541 |
Select records from the multiple table with join keyword. You can provide columns to be selected and where clause with associative array of conditions with keys as columns and value as column value. You needs to specify join condition between different tables and join type (left join, right join etc.) to select data. Along with these function parameters, you can set group by columnname, order by columnname, limit, like, in , not in, between clause etc. This function will automatically creates query for you and select data.
$sdb->query SELECT `firstName`,`email` FROM `users` LEFT JOIN `user_roles` ON users.role_id=user_roles.roleid RIGHT JOIN `user_blogs` ON users.userid=user_blogs.userid WHERE `gender`=?
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0.94505 |
How many stars do you give Bed Head Foxy Curls - Contour Cream by TIGI?
TIGI Bed Head Foxy Curls - Contour Cream is available to buy at lookfantastic, HQhair.com, Feelunique, Beauty Expert, and allbeauty.com.
Control your curls and fight the frizz! Cream encourages and supports curls whilst resisting humidity so your hair will be left sleek and smooth with frizz no where to be seen!
My go to curling product!
✨I love the entire Foxy Curl range from Tigi, but this has to be my absolute fave! It smells divine and the consistency is lovely and smooth. It makes my life so much easier to style my hair as I only have to apply to wet hair, blow dry and the curls just form themselves beautifully. Additionally, when I use my curling tongs, my curls are form really well. If both cases, my hair never looks flat and the longevity of my curls stay all day, and the contour of them looks beautiful. If you wants fantastic curls, then this is your go to product!
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0.999875 |
Describe what you’d like to achieve.
Forest Green Lawn and Landscaping is dedicated to providing you with the best in lawn care and landscaping at an affordable price. Servicing the Omaha Metropolitan area, we provide year round lawn, grounds upkeep and professional Landscaping services to businesses and residences. From mowing to snow removal and fertilization to aeration, we make your property the envy of all your neighbors.
Forest Green Lawn and Landscaping is committed to excellence by focusing on our customers.
Forest Green Lawn and Landscaping has been serving commercial and residential customers throughout the greater Omaha Metropolitan area since 1997. We started in a 10’x10’ garage and now operate from within a 15,000 square foot building on more than two acres. We are located in Midtown Omaha to conveniently serve the entire Metropolitan area. Forest Green Lawn and Landscaping is committed to excellence by providing the highest quality work and second-to-none customer service. We strive to maintain outstanding customer relationships and look forward to serving you now and in the future.
At Forest Green Lawn and Landscaping, we believe in making sure our customers are completely satisfied with our services. We pay attention to the details that make a difference, like making sure that all sidewalks and driveways are blown-off, a receipt is left in the door, and an indicator flag is placed in the yard. Our reputation depends on your satisfaction!
• Apply a slow release fertilizer to perennial planting areas.
• Cut back any perennials that may have been missed last fall.
• Apply a soil acidifier around the base of acid loving holly and boxwood.
• If additional mulch needs to be applied to planting areas, be sure not to exceed a 2-2 1/2″ layer.
• Sawfly larvae will be active on needled evergreens towards the middle or end of the month.
• Watch for aphids on tender shoots of perennials and new growth of some woody shrubs and trees.
• Divide perennials, this can be done effectively through the end of May.
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0.982186 |
Maybe I did not make it well, but I hope this guide can help.
Many new conlangers have problems in determining what words should be the basic words, and many new conlangers can get stunned when seeing a bunch of words in a language, especially nouns. While the diversity of natural languages(and conlangs) might indicate that the only constraint of conlanging is the imagination of conlangers, the same phemonemon can also be discouraging for new conlangers when they eager to have a guide of some basics.
Well, first, despite being highly controversial, every living beings need to survive, in order to survive, they need to eat, to drink, to sleep, to keep themselves warm, etc.; besides, they are very likely to eventually die or have at least seen the death of other organisms, and to counter the inevitable death, they need to reproduce to ensure the continuation of the species; also, to make sure they can survive, they need to have some ways to perceive the environment. These basic physiological needs can suggest a good amount of basic vocabularies; they are very likely to need to do something to ensure their own survivals or to do everything they want; moreover, a sentient being that has languages are very likely to have social relationships and requirements to socialize members within a society, which also leads a bunch of vocabularies.
While some words, like those for body parts, several words for natural objects like water and fire, and personal pronouns, can appear in languages spoken by any people regardless of the technological level they are in, the place they live and/or the social structure they have, others can vary considerably from people to people, for example, people living in tropical area don't have a native word for "ice" and "snow", hunter-gatherers that don't have much contact with the outside world don't have numerals above three or five, people living in small tribes that don't have fixed hierarchy are not likely to have words like "nobility", "government", "king", etc.(although they do have leaders and have a mechanism to manage the whole tribe), people living in middle ages didn't have modern technology like "electricity", "train", "computer", etc. and concepts related to them, etc.; also, many languages around the world have less distinctions of colour, they often have five or less basic colour terms, and the distinction of 11 or 12 basic colours like that of English is largely a modern phenomenon. So considering the geographic location, the technological level and the social structure of the speakers is necessary.
As for languages for 5 or less basic colour terms, a common pattern to sort colours is to put blue and green into the same category and to have the following five colour words: "white", "black", "red", "yellow", "grue(grue is a word for colour indicating both "green" and "blue")", an example of this is Classical Chinese, many other pre-modern languages also don't distinguish "blue" and "green" either. You can read https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_term and relevant articles for the evolution of colour terms.
A way to help creating new vocabularies is to translate texts, this can help you find the lexical gaps of your conlangs, but sometimes the texts you have chosen might involve concepts that are inappropriate for the people speaking a language, choosing a text involving modern life and translating it into a language spoken by medieval people or hunter-gatherers is not a good idea.
Metaphor is a very important tool for all natural languages to extend the meanings of words. All natural languages have metaphors and often use them extensively, you can also consider to use metaphors to extend the meanings of the words in your conlangs.
Besides, it seems that showing relative directions( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_direction ) in terms of body parts is also very common in many languages(e.g. "head" for "above, top"; "eye" for "front", "the back part of body" for "back, behind", etc.); as for compass directions, it is very common for natural languages to use things related to the sun or wind(Austronesian languages use winds from variousn directions for cardinal directions.) as referents, many languages connected "to rise", etc. with "east", as sun rises from the east and sets in the west(and it is also not uncommon for languages from the north hemisphere to connect "coldness" with north).
It is not uncommon to extend the meaning of an existing word to indicate related meanings, in many languages, there are several words that have many meanings and are very commonly used. For example, English "to get".
Also, it is actually pretty common for natural languages to derive indefinite pronouns(someone, something, anyone, anything, etc.) from interrogatives(who, what, etc.), and it is pretty common to have universal quantifiers(all, each, every, etc.) to bear some similarities to conjunctions(and, or, etc.), and again interrogatives are often involved in the formation of universal quantifiers. You can read http://wals.info/chapter/46 and http://wals.info/chapter/56 for more information.
Besides, you can go to Wiktionary and other online dictionaries to see the definition of words, and how other natural languages describe words to draw inspirations.
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0.929473 |
Since the thirteenth century it has been customary at Rome to confide to some particular cardinal a special solicitude in the Roman Curia for the interests of a given religious order or institute, confraternity, church, college, city, nation, etc. He was its representative or orator when it sought a favour or a privilege, defended it when unjustly accused, and besought the aid of the Holy See when its rights, property, or interests were violated or imperilled. Such a cardinal came to be known as a cardinal protector. In ancient Rome a similar relationship existed between the client (cliens) and his patron (patronus); as the power of the city grew, a still closer analogy is visible between the Roman institution and the modern ecclesiastical protectorate. Nearly every provincial city had its patronus, or procurator, in imperial Rome, usually a Roman patrician or knight, and such persons were held in high esteem. Cicero, e.g., was patronus of Dyrrachium (Durazzo) and of Capua, in which city a gilded statue was raised to him. In time the office became hereditary in certain families; Suetonius, in his life of Tiberius, says that the Claudian family (gens Claudia) was from ancient times (antiquitus) protector of Sicily and the Peloponnesus. The Roman Church adopted this, with many other imperial institutions, as one serviceable for external administration, not that the popes who first conferred this office and title sought to copy an ancient Roman usage, but because analogous conditions and circumstances created a similar situation. The office is conferred by the pope through the secretary of state, sometimes by spontaneous designation of the Holy Father, sometimes at the request of those who seek such protection. Such a cardinal protector had the right to place his coat-of-arms on the church, or main edifice, of the institute, or the municipal palace of the city in question. The first to hold such an office was Cardinal Ugolino Conti (Gregory IX), who sought thereby to paralyze the intrigues of his many enemies at Rome; at the request of St. Francis himself he was named protector of the Franciscans by Innocent III, and again by Honorius III. Alexander IV and Nicholas III retained for themselves the office of protector of the Franciscans. Indeed, the latter were long the only order that boasted of a cardinal protector; it was only in the fourteenth century that gradually the office was extended. As early as 1370 Gregory XI was obliged to restrain the abuses committed by the cardinal protector of the Franciscans; Martin V (1417-31) forbade the acceptance by the protector of a religious order of any payment for his protection. While Sixtus IV and Julius II defined more particularly the limits of the office, Innocent XII (1691-1700) must be credited with the final regulation of the duties and rights of a cardinal protector.
Kingdoms, empires, etc. must have had cardinal protectors previous to Urban VI (1378-89), since that pope forbade such cardinals to receive anything from the respective sovereigns of these states, lest through love of money they should be led to abet works of injustice. In 1424 Martin V forbade the cardinals to accept the protectorate of kings and princes, which prohibition was renewed in 1492 by Alexander VI. This prohibition was not renewed by Leo X in the ninth session of the Lateran Council of 1512; the cardinals, however, were urged to exercise the office in an impartial way and without human respect. At present the only state with a cardinal protector is the Kingdom of Portugal.
HIERONYMI PLATI, Tractatus de cardinalis dignitate et officio (Rome, 1836), xxxiii; HUMPHREY, Urbis et Orbis (London, 1896).
MLA citation. Benigni, Umberto. "Cardinal Protector." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03341a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by WGKofron. With thanks to Fr. John Hilkert, Akron, Ohio.
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0.960038 |
Modern visual recognition systems are often limited in their ability to scale to large numbers of object categories. This limitation is in part due to the increasing difficulty of acquiring sufficient training data in the form of labeled images as the number of object categories grows. One remedy is to leverage data from other sources -- such as text data -- both to train visual models and to constrain their predictions. In this paper we present a new deep visual-semantic embedding model trained to identify visual objects using both labeled image data as well as semantic information gleaned from unannotated text. We demonstrate that this model matches state-of-the-art performance on the 1000-class ImageNet object recognition challenge while making more semantically reasonable errors, and also show that the semantic information can be exploited to make predictions about tens of thousands of image labels not observed during training. Semantic knowledge improves such zero-shot predictions by up to 65%, achieving hit rates of up to 10% across thousands of novel labels never seen by the visual model.
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0.984293 |
What States Does Celery Grow In?
Celery can be grown in all the states of the United States except Alaska and Hawaii, according to the Old Farmer's Almanac. Because extreme heat and extreme cold prohibit the growth of this long-season crop, these states are excluded. Celery is grown in USDA growing zones 2 though 10; however, planting time varies considerably based on the location it is being grown.
According to the Old Farmer's Almanac, celery requires cool temperatures, constant moisture and fertile soil to thrive. In the northern United States, celery is considered a summer crop, while in the southern United States, it is considered a winter crop. The difference in growing season allows for the year-round commercial production of celery in the United States.
Celery can be started indoors eight to ten weeks before the last frost. If planting celery for a winter harvest, late summer sowing is recommended as long as daily temperatures range between 55 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Soak seeds in water overnight to reduce germination times, and supplement the soil with organic fertilizer or compost before planting. Celery requires a lot of water to develop thick, solid stalks so be sure to water generously, especially during hot, dry weather. Fertilize celery regularly, and add mulch around its base to prevent it from drying out.
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0.999692 |
Convert your image to the ICO format with this free online ICO conversion tool. You can also create a favicon.ico with this converter.
1, Using an Online PNG to ICO Converter Converting the image in PNG( or jpg, gif ) format to ICO format with an online application( for example, ) might be more efficient if you do not have a large quantity of icons to convert, an online conversion tool always allows you to perform the conversion task without registration and downloading any software, you can use any Internet browser in any operationg system to visit the web app. On ICOConvert.com, you can combine multiple PNG images into a single icon, split icons into images, or create an icon in circle or heart shape with ease. 2, Using Adobe Photoshop and the 'ICO FORMAT' Plugin Adobe Photoshop does not allow to open, edit or save an ico file directly, but with the assistance of a free and open source plugin named 'ICO FORMAT', you can open and save an icon file within Photoshop. To use ', just download the compressed archive from the official webpage, extract the package and copy the file 'ICOFormat.8bi' to the corresponding folder, for example, 'C: Program Files Adobe Adobe Photoshop Plug-Ins File Formats', then restart Photoshop. 3, Using GIMP is a well-known free image processing program, it works on Windows as well as Linux, GIMP allows users to read and write an icon without any restrictions.
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0.999928 |
Gorillaz are back! The world's most successful virtual band will make their highly anticipated return with a new studio album titled 'Humanz,' released by Parlophone Records!
Murdoc Niccals (bass), Noodle (guitar), Russel Hobbs (drums) and 2D (vocals) are - as always - joined by a stellar line up of featured artists which includes Jehnny Beth (Savages), Danny Brown, Benjamin Clementine, De La Soul, D.R.A.M., Peven Everett, Anthony Hamilton, Grace Jones, Zebra Katz, Kelela, Mavis Staples, Vince Staples, Popcaan, Pusha T, Jamie Principle and Kali Uchis, to name a few.
Gorillaz are singer 2D, bassist Murdoc Niccals, guitarist Noodle and drummer Russel Hobbs. Created by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett, their acclaimed eponymous debut album was released in 2001. The BRIT and Grammy Award winning band's subsequent albums are 'Demon Days' (2005), which peaked at #2 on the ARIA chart and was certified Triple Platinum, 'Plastic Beach' (2010) and 'The Fall' (2011).
A truly global phenomenon, Gorillaz have topped charts around the world and toured the globe from San Diego to Syria, picking up hundreds of millions of streams and record sales along the way. Gorillaz have achieved success in entirely ground-breaking ways, winning numerous awards including the coveted Jim Henson Creativity Honor and are recognised by The Guinness Book Of World Records as the planet's Most Successful Virtual Act.
are singer 2D, bassist Murdoc Niccals, guitarist Noodle and drummer Russel Hobbs. Created by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett, their acclaimed eponymous debut album was released in 2001. The BRIT and Grammy Award winning band's subsequent albums are 'Demon Days' (2005), which peaked at #2 on the ARIA chart and was certified Triple Platinum, 'Plastic Beach' (2010) and 'The Fall' (2011).
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0.698196 |
get the OnCollisionEnter or Stay from the parent?
I have here a little problem going on. I have a Cube with a BoxCollider and a Rigidbody on it.
I want to have sound effects from the Cube when it hits something with a specific force and when the Cube is sliding on the floor. So I wrote a script with OnCollisionEnter and OnCollisionStay and a AudioSource and put them into the Cube.
but now if the Cube hits the floor the OnCollisionEnter sound is canceled right after that because it will sometime slide on the floor a little bit and so the OnCollisionStay overwrites the sound that should to be played with the sliding sound.
so I came up with the Idea to make 2 AudioSources but on One Gameobject it wont work. so I put 2 emptys with AudioSources on the Cube and rewrote the script for each.
so how do I get the collision info to the child emptys?
here is the impact script from the child object.
don't know nothing about audio but did you try making 2 audio outputs?
like let say if you make only 1 int variable you overwrite it when you add it a new value.
so having 2 audio outputs somehow.
then I would be able to have more audiosources from 1 Gameobject and I could access it via script and all that in one Gameobject.
please read my answer down there.
The sound is canceled because you're using the same audio source for both sounds. Perhaps you should ignore the audio property of the GameObject and use two AudioSource objects and play the hit sound in one and the slide sound in other.
sooo.... what you 2 say is I should not use the OnCollisionEnter or Stay function in the empty Child objects because the children dont have any collider and its not possible to send the Collision info from the parent to the children??
and instead I should write the script for the Cube and I should just make 2 var : Audiosource in the script and tell the script on awake it should look in the children for the audiosources? I think that sounds ok.
information from the collsion that happens to the children?
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0.999952 |
I have gotten a number of comments recently concerning the distinction between a descriptive claim and a prescriptive claim.
Yes, but then you are only describing the reasons for which people actually do things. This is a descriptive theory of intentional action. How do you get from descriptive to prescriptive?
Actually, I describe the reasons people have for doing things. What people actually do is a combination of their desires and beliefs. If a person drinks a glass of water that happens to be poisoned, I describe why she actually drank the water (she was thirsty and she believed the water was not poisoned).
However, I can also prescribe that she not drink the water (because the relationship between the state of affairs that will result from drinking the water and her desires is not what she believes it will be).
At the root of it, if somebody wants to assert that there is some sort of objective moral truth (as I do), they had better be prepared to defend moral claims as being both (at the same time) descriptive and prescriptive. Insofar as it is a moral claim, it must be prescriptive. Insofar as it is objectively true, it must be descriptive.
I do need to clarify that by objective in this sense I do not mean independent of any mental state. I am talking about objective in the sense of refers to something in the real world. Mental states are a part of the real world, as are relationships between mental states and states of affairs in the world.
Relationships between mental states and sates of affairs in the world are clearly not objective in the sense that they are independent of any mental state. In the absence of mental states, they would cease to exist. However, they are still objective in the sense that you can point to something in the real world and say, "That's it," even if the thing you are pointing to is at least partially made up of mental states.
It does not follow that, just because a claim is descriptive that it cannot be prescriptive. If you begin with this assumption, then you are begging the question against any type of moral realism. This is a claim that has to be defended. It cannot be assumed. So, "Hey, your claim here is descriptive," is not proof that one is not talking about values (prescriptions). One needs to claim something more. One needs to claim, "Hey, your claim here has nothing to do with reasons for action."
If this is true, then one has proved that the claim being challenged has nothing to do with value.
Value exists as a relationship between reasons for action that exist and states of affairs.
True value claims are descriptive in that they are concerned with actual relationships between reasons for action that exist and states of affairs. The claim points to something real – even if that which is real happens to be a mental state (i.e., a desire).
True value claims are prescriptive in that they are concerned with actual relationships between reasons for action that exist and states of affairs. The claim points to a reason for doing something – an end or a goal – and identifies the action as an effective way to realize that goal or end state.
True value claims are descriptive and prescriptive at the same time.
Now, I also hold that desires are the only reasons for action that exist. Divine commands, intrinsic values, categorical imperatives . . . if any of these reasons for action actually existed, they would be relevant to moral claims. However, they do not exist.
Consequently, any claim of the form, "Here is a reason for action that the agent not drink the water – because God commands that no water be drank on Wednesdays and today is Wednesday." This type of claim is false. No such reason for action (or, in this case, inaction) exists.
Or, any claim of the form, "There is a reason for action that says that the woman ought not to drink the water in that women drinking water on Thursdays is intrinsically bad, and today is Thursday," is also false. If intrinsic values existed they would be morally relevant reasons for action. However, they do not exist. Therefore, any claim that refers to an intrinsic value is a false claim and does not describe a reason for action that exists.
Any claim that refers to a desire refers to a reason for action that exists. These claims can be true. They can also be false – if they refer to a desire that does not exist, or they assert a relationship between a state of affairs and a desire that is not true.
Of course, we also have the power to make claims about relationships between states of affairs and desires that people generally have reason to promote or inhibit. These types of claims are also real.
If an action bears a particular relationship to desires that people generally have reason to promote, then they have reasons for action to bring the social tools of praise and reward to bear to do the promoting. If an action bears a particular relationship to desires that people generally have reason to inhibit, then people have reason to bring the social tools of condemnation and punishment to bear to do the inhibiting.
In both cases, if you are describing a relationship between an object of evaluation and reasons for action that exist, you are also (at the same time) prescribing that object of evaluation in virtue of its relationship to reasons for action that exist.
Now, not all descriptive claims are prescriptive. This is true because not all descriptive claims refer to reasons for action. However, a descriptive claim that describes a relationship between an object of evaluation and a reason for action is, at the same time, prescriptive.
Evidence of descriptivity is not proof against prescriptivity.
Answers in Genesis: Believe in God or Die!
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The recent catastrophe and destruction brought on by Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma have led many to realize that disaster can strike anywhere and can wreak havoc on your home. But even though these disasters cannot always be predicted, you and your family can still be prepared for the road to recovery, and insurance can help. Here are some ways how.
1. Hire a public adjuster: If a natural disaster were to strike your home, you will need all the help you can get to recover as quickly as possible and resume your normal life. Public adjusters are independent insurance experts who can help navigate the aftermath of your home’s destruction. Even though they can be pricey (some charge around 12.5 percent of your settlement), the relief and recovery that comes with their work is well worth the price.
2. Make calls: In an event unique to your home, such as a fire, insurance companies will start slipping cards under your door and offering their services within a day. But unfortunately, with natural disasters such as hurricanes that affect many homes all at once, it can take a little longer for insurance companies to show up. Having to wait for days or weeks can be especially difficult as you and your family endure the aftermath of the disaster. So it doesn’t hurt to start making calls and describing your situation in detail to multiple insurance agents. By calling, you’re making a more personal case of the struggle your family is going through and what they need, and insurance agents are more likely to think of you first when deciding which houses to show up at.
3. Prepare for the tasks: Your insurance policy might not cover everything that was destroyed. For instance, if your home is water-damaged, insurance companies might not be able to reimburse the full cost; typically policies limit or exclude coverage for damages such as mold or sewage backups caused by water. And although insurance companies might give you money to cover the replacement of personal items, it might only end up being a fraction of what you originally paid for your belongings. According to Consumer Reports, approximately 60 percent of homes are underinsured, and yours might be one of them. If this is true, a good solution is to try and compromise with your insurance to cover more your losses. You might not win all the battles, so prepare accordingly, but the coverage you do get as a result will be worth the fight.
Dealing with the aftermath of a catastrophe that affected your home can be extremely tough, and getting back to normal can be even harder. But insurance can be your lifesaver, and taking advantage of these companies’ services is, in many cases, essential to you and your family’s recovery. Of course, sometimes disasters leave homeowners with no choice but to move. When that occurs, top NYC real estate agents can help you find a great new home.
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Can you actually describe the flavors of such a diverse and complex nation in just one word? We are certainly going to try. The flavor of Israel is fresh. Why fresh? Fresh is alive with possibility. Fresh is joyful. Fresh is young, welcoming, bountiful, and so much more. Fresh is life-giving, and when you are primarily a desert nation, fresh is as good as it gets.
The cuisine in Lisbon centers around seafood, which comes as no surprise as the capital city sits at the mouth of the Tagus River and the Atlantic Ocean! This city is also well-known for its delectable cheese and wine, and, of course, the famous pasteis de nata – the egg custard tarts. Let’s take a look at some of the popular dishes to eat and what to drink while in Portugal!
Throughout the hustle and bustle of Tokyo, Japan, the world’s largest and most populated metropolis has plenty of food options to offer. While Tokyo offers a ton to see and do, most can agree that the main attractions are the restaurants and the main activity is eating as much as you can. Here are some of the top restaurants in Tokyo.
Located in East Africa, Tanzania is widely known for its amazing safaris, breathtaking hikes and delicious local cuisine. Take a look at the top 11 food picks when dining in Tanzania!
Schnitzels and sausages and roasts, oh my! We are salivating over Vienna’s dedication to a hearty meal over here. Now, it’s not just Vienna, but the capital city of Austria is known for being a cultural epicenter. However, we’ve been all over the country and can confirm that a Wiener Schnitzel can still be expertly made in Graz and Salzburg as well. Just what is it that makes Austrian meat so craveable?
When you think of a Middle Eastern-Mediterranean cuisine mash up? What’s the first food that comes to mind? We bet you it wasn’t cheese. What if we told you that a local cheese board was a staple of Egyptian cuisine? Or that we had have the Egyptians to thank for cheese itself?!
While visiting Namibia, you might think to find a fairly traditional African diet available to eat, but if you’ve been anywhere in Africa, you know that most traditional food today, has been borrowed from several countries that either traded, colonized or otherwise passed through the continent. However, Namibia provides an unexpected meeting of flavors that might surprise even the most well-traveled adventurer.
They say that Cuba wears its history on its sleeve. And if history is the outerwear, the cuisine of Cuba is the heart and soul. A blend of Native American Taino (indigenous peoples of Cuba) food, Spanish, African, and Caribbean cuisines, Cuban food is not spicy, but it is filling and flavorful. Unlike most dinners that are served over the course of several dishes in turn, traditional Cuban meals are served with all items at once.
Trattoria Perilli is an authentic, old-school Roman dining experience. You are quite likely to be served by the 90-something year old owner who not only makes authentic Roman carbonara, but will serve you wine that you can only get in Italy. You won’t find many tourists inside these walls, but you will need to make a reservation to make sure you have a seat at the table.
Like much of the continent of Africa, Tanzania has several distinct influences from outside cultures. Unlike most of Africa, and even though Tanzania was under British and German colonial rule, their cuisine influences comes primarily from the Middle East and India due to centuries-old trade routes. The spices of Tanzania are very reminiscent of flavors you will find on the streets of Mumbai, rich and warm with a focus on fruits, vegetables, and grains.
If you had to pick one ingredient as the foundation of your diet, could you? What sets your meals apart from the rest? Perhaps your mind wanders to a spice or vegetable -- something with flavor that packs a punch? In Vietnam, the foundational ingredient in their meals is something much more simple and matter of fact. It’s rice.
Ronda’s stunning location in the lush Serranía de Ronda in Andalusia provides it with the perfect environment in which the Slow Food philosophy can flourish. What’s Slow Food, I hear you ask? Keep reading to find out.
Food creates a world to share our love, sorrows, dreams, and experiences. Eating together is a time of laughter, tears, and reflection, and it affords us the opportunity “to open the door” and share our lives with one another. Traveling to far and not so far away destinations entices us to taste new flavors, and it lures us to engage with those with whom we dine.
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0.938845 |
But only for a moment, because I'm violently allergic to them.
ولكن فقط للحظة، لأن أنا حساسية بعنف لهم.
The mere mention of these words was sufficient to produce a severe allergic reaction in some audiences, leading them to react violently against such concepts as the new international economic order and the new international information order.
فكان مجرد ذكرها يكفي لإثارة رد فعل تجاوبي شديد لدى بعض الفئات مما يدعوهم إلى رد الفعل العنيف ضد مفاهيم مثل النظام الاقتصادي الدولي الجديد ونظام المعلومات الدولي الجديد.
النتائج: 4. المطابقة: 3. الزمن المنقضي: 30 دقائق.
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0.980131 |
Yes, I appreciate guns. I appreciate the pleasure they have brought into my life. I love the way they feel and smell. I enjoy handling them and shooting them.
I appreciate the fact that guns have helped feed hungry people for hundreds of years.
I appreciate the fact that guns have helped good people resist- and kill- tyrants, thieves, thugs, home invaders, drunk husbands, jealous girlfriends, rabid dogs, and various other vermin.
I appreciate the fact that guns have provided countless hours of enjoyment for "plinkers", and target shooters, and Buckskinners, and "Cowboy Action Shooters", and gunsmiths, and movie goers.
Guns have been abused by bad guys. Bison were indiscriminately slaughtered. Genocides were carried out. Helpful signs are damaged (and by "helpful" I am obviously not talking about "stop signs" or "speed limit signs" or any other Nanny State excuses for highway robbery).
I have lost two friends to bad guys with guns. Another friend was shot by a mugger, but survived. Would my dead friends have survived if they had been in possession of a gun at the time they were attacked? I don't know, but they couldn't have been hurt any worse. I am not stupid enough to blame the tool the bad guys used. Yes, that is what it requires to blame guns for the bad guys' actions: stupidity on a monumental scale.
I blame bad guys for all they take from life, and I appreciate guns for all the good they bring to life.
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0.974111 |
"Memorial Garage juxtapose sub-Gang of Four aggression with exceptionally beautiful moments."
Memorial Garage was the brainchild of musicians Philip Price and Antony Widoff, who met and started creating music together at Bennington College in the mid 1980s (Philip is now the lead singer/guitarist for Winterpills.). Before Memorial Garage was born, Philip and Tony had orbited around several musical entities with names like Fold, the Customers, Big As A Hut, and Zpam Delila, usually with Tony's younger brother Adam Widoff and a drum machine providing flesh, and playing their own songs as well as covers of songs by the Minutemen, Roxy Music and Japan.
In early 1987, Doug Ryan joined the fray and Memorial Garage was born. A friend named Lisa came up with the name by accident when Philip, describing his project with Tony, told her he wanted to make music with "more of a garage band sound." She nodded and said, "Who is Memorial Garage?" They both had their answer. The band released only 2 albums on cassette in the time period they existed, consisting of 16 songs -- but much of the all-original material they played live was never well-recorded or released, comprising over 40 songs and hours of more experimental things. A lot of that material exists on rehearsal and live tapes, and an archival attempt is being made.
The music was angular, jagged, self-deprecating, hysterical, with a weird soft-pop side that would emerge on occasion. The lyrics were emotionally distant, self-referential and often hilarious. The sound was dense, with a trebly-twangy bass playing off two very different sounding guitars (one, a basic Fender Telecaster jangle, the other, a technically frightening and shrill Kramer), all this working hard with imaginative and rocksteady drumming. On top of this pumice-filled bed, the lead vocals were, as stated, hysterical, Irish-tenor, sometimes pretty, mixed with the throaty harmonies of the bassist. The band played frequently in New York City and occasionally in their home town of Woodstock, NY. They were a decisively non-commercial band, on one level having no inkling and little inclination to market themselves "properly" and on another being rather politically opposed to the whole notion. It might be safe to say they were a very "art for art's sake" kind of band, though not everyone would agree.
A June 16, 1988 Woodstock Times article about the band said: "Memorial Garage is hard to describe. The high level of musicianship here is played down. No one takes lengthy solos. All shine through the ensemble playing. Challenging and rhythmically chaotic passages are sandwiched betwixt bozo dance sections. Price and Widoff's neurotic vocals demand your attention constantly – yep, this has 'indie' stamped all over it. Never fey nor arty, Memorial Garage juxtapose sub-Gang of Four aggression with exceptionally beautiful moments. 'The Goriest Art' in particular is a testament to the group's sense of prudence and melody. 'My Life As A Priest is Coming Apart' displays equal skill in the jerky pop department."
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Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, (; ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memorials and public buildings. In his biography, the writer Christopher Hussey wrote, "In his lifetime (Lutyens) was widely held to be our greatest architect since Wren if not, as many maintained, his superior". The architectural historian Gavin Stamp described him as "surely the greatest British architect of the twentieth (or of any other) century".
Lutyens was born in Kensington, London, the tenth of thirteen children of Captain Charles Henry Augustus Lutyens (1829–1915), a soldier and painter, and Mary Theresa Gallwey (1832/33–1906) from Killarney, Ireland. He grew up in Thursley, Surrey. He was named after a friend of his father, the painter and sculptor Edwin Henry Landseer. For many years he worked from offices at 29 Bloomsbury Square, London. Lutyens studied architecture at South Kensington School of Art, London from 1885 to 1887. After college he joined the Ernest George and Harold Peto architectural practice. It was here that he first met Sir Herbert Baker.
One of Lutyens' smaller works, but considered one of his masterpieces, is The Salutation, a house in Sandwich, Kent, England. Built in 1911–1912 with a 3.7acres garden, it was commissioned by Henry Farrer, one of three sons of Sir William Farrer.
Lutyens was commissioned in 1929 to design a new Roman Catholic cathedral in Liverpool.He planned a vast building of brick and granite, topped with towers and a 510-foot dome, with commissioned sculpture work by Charles Sargeant Jagger and W. C. H. King. Work on this magnificent building started in 1933, but was halted during the Second World War. After the war, the project ended due to a shortage of funding, with only the crypt completed. A model of Lutyens' unrealised building was given to and restored by the Walker Art Gallery in 1975 and is now on display in the Museum of Liverpool. The architect of the present Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, which was built over land adjacent to the crypt and consecrated in 1967, was Sir Frederick Gibberd.
In Madrid, Lutyens' work can be seen in the interiors of the Liria Palace, a neoclassical building which was severely damaged during the Spanish Civil War. The palace was originally built in the eighteenth century for James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, and still belongs to his descendants.Lutyens' reconstruction was commissioned by Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba. The Duke had met Lutyens while he was the Spanish ambassador to Great Britain.
See main article: article and List of works by Edwin Lutyens.
Book: Amery. Colin. Richardson. Margaret. Stamp. Gavin. Gavin Stamp. Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. 1981. London. Arts Council of Great Britain. 9780728703032. .
Book: Brown, Jane. Lutyens and the Edwardians. London. Penguin Books. 1997. 9780140242690. .
. Christopher Hussey. The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens. Woodbridge. 1950. 1989. Antique Collectors Club. 978-0-907462-59-0. .
Book: Irving, Robert Grant. Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi. London. Yale University Press. 1981. 978-0-300-02422-7. .
. Mary Lutyens. Edwin Lutyens. London. John Murray. 1980. 978-0-7195-3777-6. .
. The English House. Hermann Muthesius. 1904. 1979. Single volume. Granada Publishing. Frogmore. 978-0-258-97101-7. .
Book: Nairn. Ian. Pevsner. Nikolaus. Cherry. Bridget. Ian Nairn. Nikolaus Pevsner. 1971. Surrey. The Buildings of England. Penguin Books. Middlesex, England. 978-0-300-09675-0. .
. John Newman (architectural historian). 2013. Kent: North East and East. The Buildings of England. Yale University Press. London and New Haven, CT. 9780300185065. .
. Jane Ridley. Edwin Lutyens: His Life, His Wife, His Work. 2002. London. Chatto & Windus. 978-0-7011-7201-5. .
. Gavin Stamp. 2006. The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme. London. 2007. Profile Books. 978-1-86197-896-7. .
Book: Hopkins, Andrew. Stamp, Gavin (eds.). 2002. Lutyens Abroad: the Work of Sir Edwin Lutyens Outside the British Isles. London. British School at Rome. 0-904152-37-5.
Book: Petter, Hugh. 1992. Lutyens in Italy: The Building of the British School at Rome. London. British School at Rome. 0-904152-21-9.
Book: Skelton, Tim. Gliddon. Gerald. 2008. Lutyens and the Great War. London. Frances Lincoln. 978-0-7112-2878-8.
Web site: The history of the Bois des Moutiers. Louvet. Solange. de Givry. Jacques. – An 1898 house in France designed by Lutyens and its garden designed by Lutyens and Gertrude Jekyll.
Web site: Findmypast. England & Wales Deaths 1837–2007.
Book: Vale, Lawrence J.. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. Yale University Press. 1992. 92. 9780300049589.
Book: European Cities & Technology: Industrial to Post-industrial City. David C.. Goodman. Colin. Chant. Routledge. 1999. 9780415200790.
Book: Pile, John F.. A History of Interior Design. Laurence King Publishing. 2005. 320. 9781856694186.
Web site: England & Wales Births 1837-2006. Findmypast.
34638. Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869–1944), architect. Gavin. Stamp. Gavin Stamp.
News: Oram. Hugh. An Irishman’s Diary on Sir Edwin Lutyens and Ireland. 18 March 2017. Irish Times. 7 April 2015.
Web site: Sir Edwin Lutyens Artist Royal Academy of Arts. www.royalacademy.org.uk. 2018-01-16.
Web site: National Collection of Lutyens’ War Memorials Listed. Historic England. Historic England. 9 November 2015.
News: Evans. Sophie Jane. Protecting the monuments that remember the fallen: All 44 of Sir Edwin Lutyens' WWI war memorials are listed by the government. 9 November 2015. The Daily Mail Online. 7 November 2015.
Web site: Delhi heritage tour: From Tughlaq to British era, cycle your way to historical monuments. 8 June 2017. 3 July 2017.
Web site: Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens, English architect and designer. July 3, 2017. https://www.webcitation.org/6rgdHMDQc?url=http://interiordesigningweb.com/2016/12/05/edwin-lutyens-pioneers/. 3 July 2017. yes. dmy-all.
Web site: India's roads: Whose space is it anyway?. 3 July 2017. 3 July 2017.
News: Lutyens himself designed only four bungalows. Hindustan Times. 9 June 2011. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220818/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Lutyens-himself-designed-only-four-bungalows/Article1-707697.aspx. 22 October 2012. dmy.
Prakash, Om (2005). Cultural History Of India. New Age International, New Delhi. . p. 217.
Web site: The Architect And His Wife, The Life of Edwin Lutyens. 25 January 2014. The Guardian.
Web site: Robert Lutyens. Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 13 July 2016.
Web site: (Edith Penelope) Mary Lutyens (1909–1999). National Portrait Gallery. 13 July 2016.
Web site: About BMA House. BMA House. 12 July 2016.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Edwin Lutyens".
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Is it important to take my child to a paediatric dentist as a baby? Dentists recommend taking your child to the paediatric dentist with the appearance of the first teeth or by 12 months of age. This is to provide parents with information about preventing later dental problems. Prevention is much better than waiting for a problem to develop, because by then, dental treatment can be costly both emotionally and financially.
Young children who have a series of early visits where no treatment is required are able to build trust and coping skills. In the event that a child needs treatment later, they are accustomed to the dental surgery and familiar with the dental team and are much better able to accept treatment.
A child who has no experience of dental visits is much more likely to be apprehensive and frightened and unable to cope with dental procedures.
Going to your paediatric dentist for checkups where good dental habits have been in place can be fun.
Children who are good dental patients grow up to be good adult patients.
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0.98487 |
There is an old joke about an out of town concert pianist asking a local New Yorker, "How do you get to Carnegie Hall?" The local answers, "Practice, practice, practice".
Now you ask the question "How do you win at blackjack?" I answer, "Practice, practice, practice".
Let me use this analogy. To be a professional bowler or even a very good one, you must live and breathe bowling. You have to bowl all the time, study other bowlers, read bowling books and magazines. Most of all you have to work at it almost everyday.
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0.947648 |
Did you know that mackerel and sardines can make your blood fresh and thinner, prevent heart attacks, and are also 1,500 times better than medicines? Well, let's start eating mackerel and sardines every day instead of beef and pork.
Mackerel and sardines are common fishes around the world. However, most housekeepers or housewives hate to prepare raw fishes. Instead, they buy canned mackerel or sardines at nearby convenience stores or malls. It is just because fried, toasted, or roasted fishes at home are not tasty and juicy at all. How come the taste of mackerel and sardines becomes so dry and not juicy?
Is there any cooking technique to make the surface of the fish crispier by toasting or roasting it and make it juicy and tastier? Yes, there are various ways to make them tastier and in an easy way. In the meantime, you'll learn to make tasty mackerel and sardines using a pressure cooker.
Just remove the intestines of fishes and place them inside the pressure cooker. Probably, 500 grams to 1 kilogram (1–2 lbs.) are reasonable quantity for a week of consumption. Add a tablespoon of salt, grated ginger, garlic, a cup of water, and other spices like few drops of sesame oil or olive oil. Put all together and cook for 45 minutes with the pressure cooker. That's all.
You can eat everything including bones and fish head. It is so soft and tasty. If you want to add some ketchup, you may put it together. They are so pleasant to eat on your meal or with sandwiches.
Eat at least once a day or every other day. If you can make your blood flow more easily and prevent unwanted blood clots, then you will be free from high blood pressure, which makes it 1,500 times better than any medicines.
Yes, you can store the cooked fish in your refrigerator for about 10 days or more.
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We offer professional liability insurance, also known as errors and omissions (E&O) insurance, to Indiana architects and engineers who work in all fields. We also offer all other commercial insurance coverages that Indiana architects and engineers might need, such as workers' compensation, general liability, property, and surety bonds.
When working on a project, Indiana architects and engineers can manage their risk by reviewing their calculations and having a peer review or quality control review of their calculations or drawings done before submitting them to their client.
What rating factors impact the premium paid by Indiana architects and engineers?
There are many rating factors which are considered in the calculation of the premium of a professional liability insurance policy for Indiana architects and engineers. The basic exposure base is the gross revenue which means that the higher the revenue, the higher the premium. The selected policy limits and deductible will also have a direct impact on the premium.
Another important rating factor related to the types of services provided by the firm. As an example, geotechnical and structural engineers tend to have a significantly higher premium than electrical engineers in Indiana. Also, architects who perform project planning and landscape design usually have a lower premium than design architects.
Another rating factor which impacts the calculation of the premium is the type of project. Indiana architects and engineers who work on less risky projects such as schools and shopping centers will usually have a lower premium than those who work on tunnels and pipelines. Other rating factors include the claim experience, loss prevention program, territory, and others.
Many other exclusions and limitations are included in professional liability insurance policies. Architects and engineers in Indiana should carefully review their policy to ensure that adequate coverage is provided.
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The following text is an excerpt from Aiming Higher Together: Strategizing Better Educational Outcomes for Boys and Young Men of Color, an Urban Institute report authored by Ronald F. Ferguson of Harvard University. The report proposes ways to improve the educational outcomes of boys and men of color by altering conditions in homes, schools, and communities to create “person-environment fits” that better foster achievement. Dr. Ferguson’s strategies for accomplishing this span from birth to adulthood, and concern everything from preschool nurturing to respect outside of the classroom during the school years.
Ferguson defines bias as the absence of neutrality. He distinguishes three types of neutrality: equal application of criteria (for example, the test scores and grades required to qualify for a particular placement is the same for students of different groups); equal quality of options (for example, the quality of instruction is the same in different tracks); and equal quality of access (in this case, the criteria are biased insofar as they do not treat equally qualified people equally). He uses these distinctions to put several issues in perspective, including tracking and gifted and talented placements.
Sociologist Adam Gamoran is an expert on academic tracking and has reviewed the relevant literature. He recognizes that, in theory, students in different academic tracks could be taught equally well. There is nothing inherent in tracking that says lower-skill students have to be taught less well. Nonetheless, evidence indicates that students in lower-level classes learn a bit less when not in classes with higher-skill students. Conversely, students in higher-level classes learn a bit more when not in classes with lower-skill students. Hence, there appears to be bias of the second type, where high and low tracks are not of equal quality. Gamoran writes, “The weight of the evidence indicates that tracking tends to exacerbate inequality with little or no overall contribution to productivity. This occurs because gains for higher achievers are offset by losses for lower achievers.” An important but unanswered question is whether differences in learning outcomes might be due to differences in student behavior.
Concerning racial bias, Gamoran writes, “Minority students whose test scores and socioeconomic backgrounds match those of whites are no less likely to be placed in high tracks.” But wait! If equality among students with the same socioeconomic backgrounds is a criterion, there may be bias of unequal access since socioeconomic background should be irrelevant. When grades, scores, and other relevant criteria are equal, if students of any race from more advantaged families are more likely to be in higher-track classes, then there is a social-class bias in placements, and this can be a target for intervention.
A recent study of underrepresentation in elementary school gifted programs in a large school district provides another example of bias. A policy change shifted student selection from an ad hoc screening system, in which only certain students were screened, to a universal screening program. Prior to the change, candidates were identified during first and second grades through an informal referral process; teachers could identify students, or parents could nominate their own children. IQ tests were administered for free to those who were nominated, or parents could have the testing done through outside vendors. The baseline minimum IQ score required for assignment to the gifted education program in third grade was 130, with a lowered target of 115 for English language learners and students who qualified for federally subsidized meals. But despite the lower score requirement, the number of English language learners, low-income students, and students of color in the gifted education program remained extremely low.
A comparison of the newly identified gifted students to those who would have been identified even without screening shows that black and Latino students, free/reduced price lunch participants, English language learners, and girls were all systematically "under‐referred" to the gifted program. Newly identified gifted students were more likely to come from schools in poor neighborhoods with relatively few gifted students, leading to a substantial equalization in gifted participation rates across schools….We hypothesize that parents and teachers often fail to recognize the potential of many poor and immigrant children with less than stellar achievement levels, accounting for their likelihood of being under‐referred.
Universal screening produced a 180 percent increase in the gifted assignment rate among all students who qualified for subsidized meals, a 130 percent increase among Latinos, and an 80 percent increase among blacks. When universal screening ended, the previous patterns of under-identification—and bias—returned.
Ronald F. Ferguson, Ph.D., has taught at Harvard University since 1983. He is currently an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, where he is also the faculty co-chair and director of the Achievement Gap Initiative. He is also the creator of the Tripod Project for School Improvement and Tripod® Surveys.
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Biriyani also known as biryani or biriani, is an South Asian mixed rice dish with its origins among the Muslims of the Medieval Indian subcontinent. It is popular throughout the subcontinent and among the diaspora from the region. It is generally made with spices, rice, and meat.
The word "Biriyani" is an Urdu word derived from the Persian language, which was used as an official language in different parts of medieval India, by various Islamic dynasties. One theory is that it originates from "birinj", the Persian word for rice. Another theory is that it derives from "biryan" or "beriyan" (to fry or roast).
The exact origin of the dish is uncertain. In North India, different varieties of Biriyani developed in the Muslim centers of Delhi (Mughlai cuisine), Lucknow (Awadhi cuisine) and other small principalities. In South India, where rice is more widely used as a staple food, several distinct varieties of Biriyani emerged from Telangana (Specifically Hyderabad), Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, where minority Muslim communities were present. Andhra is the only region of South India that does not have many native varieties of Biriyani.
According to the Delhi based historian Sohail Nakhwi, more than four thousand years ago, people in Central Asia started adding the meat of cows, buffaloes (beef) and goats (mutton) to rice, thus resulting in the dish that later began to be called Pulao, and a precursor to the modern day Biriyani. The more well to do people used the meat of goat (it being more expensive) and the poorer people used beef (it being cheaper). As per author Lizzie Collingham, the modern Biriyani further developed in the Mughal royal kitchen, as a confluence of the native spicy rice dishes of India and the Persian pilaf. However, all the spices used in Biriyani were also grown in Persia and were also available to Arabs through trade.
According to Kris Dhillon, the modern Biriyani originated in Persia, and was brought to India by the Mughals. However, another theory claims that the dish was known in India before the first Mughal emperor Babur came to India. The 16th century Mughal text Ain-i-Akbari makes no distinction between Biriyanis and pulao: it states that the word "Biriyani" is of older usage in India. A similar theory—that Biriyani came to India with Timurs invasion—also appears to be incorrect, because there is no record of Biriyani having existed in his native land during that period.
According to Pratibha Karan, the Biriyani is of South Indian origin, derived from pilaf varieties brought to India by the Arab traders. She speculates that the pulao was an army dish in medieval India: the armies, unable to cook elaborate meals, would prepare a one-pot dish where they cooked rice with whichever meat was available. Over time, the dish became Biriyani due to different methods of cooking, with the distinction between "pulao" and "Biriyani" being arbitrary.
While the Middle eastern and Middle Asian versions of Biriyani and Pulao are made on the tandoor, Biriyani in the Indian subcontinent is made in a large metal dish with a narrow mouth called a "degh".
Pilaf or Pulao, as it is known in the South Asia and the Indian Subcontinent, is another mixed rice dish popular in Indian, Pakistani and Middle Eastern cuisine. Opinions differ on the differences between pulao and Biriyani, and whether there is a difference between the two at all.
According to Delhi-based historian Sohail Nakhvi, Pulao tends to be (comparatively) plainer than the Biriyani and consists of either vegetables or meat cooked with rice. Biriyani on the other hand contains more gravy (due to the use of yakhni in it), is often cooked for longer (hence yielding more tender meat or vegetables) and with additional condiments. Pratibha Karan states that while the terms are often applied arbitrarily, the main distinction is that a Biriyani comprises two layers of rice with a layer of meat (or vegetables) in the middle; the pulao is not layered.
Biriyani is the primary dish in a meal, while the pulao is usually a secondary accompaniment in a larger meal In Biriyani, meat and rice are cooked separately before being layered and cooked together. Pulao is a single-pot dish: meat and rice are simmered in a liquid until the liquid is absorbed. However, some other writers, such as Holly Shaffer (based on her observations in Lucknow), R. K. Saxena and Sangeeta Bhatnagar have reported pulao recipes in which the rice and meat are cooked separately and then mixed before the dum cooking.
Biriyanis have more complex and stronger spices, compared to pulao. The British-era author Abdul Halim Sharar mentions this as the primary difference between Biriyani and pulao: the Biriyani has a stronger taste of curried rice due to a higher amount of spices.
Ingredients vary accord to type of meat used and the region the Biriyani is from. Gosht (of either chicken or mutton) as the prime ingredient with rice. As is common in dishes of the Indian subcontinent, some vegetables are also used when preparing Biriyani. Other vegetables such as corn also may be used depending on the season and availability. Navratan Biriyani tends to use sweeter richer ingredients such as cashew, kismis and fruits such as apples and pineapples.
The spices and condiments used in Biriyani may include ghee (clarified butter), nutmeg, mace, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron. In all Biriyani, the main ingredient that accompanies the spices is the chicken and mutton, special varieties also use beef, and seafood. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of aubergine (brinjal), boiled egg (optional), and salad.
In the kacchi Biriyani, raw marinated meat is layered with raw rice before being cooked together.It is also known as kacchi yeqni. It is cooked typically with chicken and mutton but rarely with fish and prawn. The dish is cooked layered with the meat and the yogurt based marinade at the bottom of the cooking pot and the layer of rice (usually basmati rice) placed over it. Potatoes are often added before adding the rice layer. The pot is usually sealed (typically with wheat dough) to allow cooking in its own steam and not opened until it is ready to serve.
Tahari, Tehri or Tehari are variants on the name given to the vegetarian version of Biriyani. It was developed for the Hindu bookkeepers of the Muslim Nawabs. It is prepared by adding the potatoes to the rice as opposed to the case of traditional Biriyani, where the rice is added to the meat. In Kashmir, Tehari is sold as street food. Tehri became more popular during World War II, when meat prices increased substantially and potato became the popular substitute in Biriyani. It is not really considered to be part of the Biriyani family in its true sense.
Beef Biriyani, as the name implies, uses beef as meat. In Hyderabad, it is famous as Kalyani Biriyani, in which beef (buffalo meat) is used in preparing the Kalyani Biriyani. This meal was started after the Kalyani Nawabs of Bidar came to Hyderabad sometime in the 18th century. The Kalyani Biriyani is made with small cubes of beef, regular spices, onions and lots of tomatoes. It has a distinct tomato, jeera, dhania flavour. In Kerala, beef Biriyani is very famous.
Depending on the region and the condiments available and popular in that region, there are different varieties of Biriyani. The variety often takes the name of the region (for example, Sindhi Biriyani developed in the Sindh region of what is now Pakistan, Hyderabadi Biriyani developed in the city of Hyderabad in South India, etc.). Some have taken the name of the shop that sells it (for example: Students Biriyani in Karachi, Lucky Biriyani in Bandra, Mumbai and Baghdadi Biriyani in Colaba, Mumbai). Biriyanis are often specific to the respective Muslim community from where it comes, as it is usually the defining dish of that community. Cosmopolitanism has also created these native version to suit the tastes of others as well.
The Delhi version of the Biriyani developed with a unique local flavor as the Mughal kings shifted their political capital to the North Indian city of Delhi. Till the 1950s, most people cooked Biriyani in their house and rarely ate out. Hence, restaurants primarily catererd to travelers and merchants, hence any region that saw more of these two classes of people nurtured more restaurants, and thus their own versions of Biriyani. As per Nakhwi, this was the reason why most shops historically selling Biriyani in Delhi tend to be near mosques such as Jama Masjid (for travelers) or traditional shopping districts (such as Chandni Chowk). Each part of Delhi has its own style of Biriyani, often based on its original purpose thus giving rise to Nizamuddin Biriyani, Shahjahanabad Biriyani, etc. The Nizamuddin Biriyani is usually sparse in the more expensive meat and spices as it was primarily meant to be made in bulk for offering at the Nizamuddin Dargah shrine and thereafter to distribute to devotees. A non-dum using a lot of green chillies variety of Biriyani popularized by the Babu Shahi Bawarchi shop located outside National Sports Club, Delhi is informally called Babu Shahi Biriyani. Another version of Delhi Biriyani uses achaar (pickles) and is called "Achaari Biriyani".
The exotic and aromatic Sindhi Biriyani is known in Pakistan for its spicy taste, fragrant rice and delicate meat. Sindhi Biriyani is a beloved staple in food menus in the Pakistani cuisine and Sindhi cuisine. Sindhi Biriyani is prepared with meat and an amalgamation of Basmati rice, vegetables and various types of spices. Sindhi Biriyani is often served by Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) in most of their international flights. A special version of Sindhi Biriyani sold by a shop in Karachi called "Students center" is popularly called "Students Biriyani".
Hyderabadi Biriyani is one of India's most famous Biriyanis; some say Biriyani is synonymous with Hyderabad. The crown dish of the Hyderabadi Muslims, Hyderabadi Biriyani developed under the rule of Asaf Jah I, who had been appointed as the Governor of Deccan by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. It is made with basmati rice, spices and goat. Popular variations use chicken instead of goat. There are various forms of Hyderabadi Biriyani. One such Biriyani is the kachay gosht ki Biriyani or the dum Biriyani, where the mutton is marinated and cooked along with the rice. It is left on slow fire or dum for a fragrant and aromatic flavour.
Malabar Biriyani, is the only variation of Biriyani found in the Indian state of Kerala. It is one of the many dishes of the Malabar Muslim community, and a very popular one at that. The ingredients are chicken, spices and the specialty is the choice of rice named Khyma. Khyma rice is generally mixed with ghee. Although a huge amount of spices such as mace, cashew nuts, sultana raisins, fennel-cumin seeds, tomato, onion, ginger, garlic, shallot, cloves and cinnamon are used, there is only a small amount of chili (or chili powder) used in the preparation.
A pakki Biriyani, the Thalassery Biriyani uses a small-grained thin (not round) fragrant variety of rice known as Khyma or Jeerakasala. The dum method of preparation (sealing the lid with dough (maida) or cloth and placing red hot charcoal above the lid) is applied here.
Calcutta or Kolkata Biriyani evolved from the Lucknow style, when Awadh's last Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was exiled in 1856 to the Kolkata suburb of Metiabruz. Shah brought his personal chef with him. The poorer households of Kolkata, which could not afford meat, used potatoes instead, which went on to become a specialty of the Calcutta Biriyani. The Calcutta Biriyani primarily uses potatoes and eggs.
The Calcutta Biriyani is much lighter on spices and sometimes contains meat. The marinate primarily uses nutmeg, cinnamon, mace along with cloves and cardamom in the yoghurt based marinade for the meat which is cooked separately from rice. This combination of spices gives it a distinct flavour as compared to other styles of Biriyani. The rice is flavoured with ketaki water or rose water along with saffron to give it flavour and light yellowish colour.
Ambur/Vaniyambadi Biriyani is a type of Biriyani cooked in neighboring towns of Ambur & Vaniyambadi in the Vellore district in the north-eastern part of Tamil Nadu, which has a high Muslim population. It was introduced by the Nawabs of Arcot who once ruled the place.
The Ambur/Vaniyambadi Biriyani is accompanied with 'dhalcha', a sour brinjal curry and 'pachadi' or raitha, which is sliced onions mixed with plain curd, tomato, chillies and salt. It has a distinctive aroma and is considered light on stomach and the usage of spice is moderate and curd is used as a gravy base. It also has a higher ratio of meat to rice.
The is an integral part of the Navayath cuisine and a speciality of Bhatkal, a coastal town in Karnataka. Its origins are traced to the Persian traders who left behind not only Biriyani but a variation of kababs and Indian breads. Bhatkali Biriyani the meat is cooked in an onion and green chilli based masala and layered with fragrant rice. The Bhatkali Biriyani has a unique spicy and heady flavour, the rice is overwhelmingly white with mild streaks of orange. Though similar to the ones in Thalassery and Kozhikode, the Biriyani differs with lingering after-notes of mashed onions laced with garlic, a few chillies and spices littered with curry leaves does lend a unique flavour to Bhatkal Biriyani also not a drop of ghee or other oil additives on any morsel of rice.
Memoni Biriyani is an extremely spicy variety developed by the Memons of Gujarat-Sindh region in India and Pakistan. It is made with lamb, yogurt, fried onions, and potatoes, and fewer tomatoes compared to Sindhi Biriyani. Memoni Biriyani also uses less food colouring compared to other Biriyanis, allowing the rich colours of the various meats, rice, and vegetables to blend without too much of the orange colouring.
The Dindigul town of Tamil Nadu is noted for its Biriyani, which uses a little curd and lemon juice to get a tangy taste.
The Bohri Biriyani, prepared by the Bohris is flavoured with a lot of tomatoes. It is very popular in Karachi.
Kalyani Biriyani is a typical Biriyani from Hyderabad. Also known as the 'poor man's' Hyderabadi Biriyani, the Kalyani Biriyani is always made from small cubes of buffalo meat.
The meat is flavoured with ginger, garlic, turmeric, red chili, cumin, coriander powder, lots of onion and tomato. It is first cooked as a thick curry and then cooked along with rice. Then given dum (the Indian method of steaming in a covered pot). The Kalyani Biriyani is supposed to have originated in the Bidar during the reign of the Kalyani Nawabs, who migrated to Hyderabad after one of the nawabs, Ghazanfur Jang married into the Asaf Jahi family. The Kalyani Biriyani was served by the Kalyani nawabs to all of their subjects who came from Bidar to Hyderabad and stayed or visited their devdi or noble mansion.
This was the practice for many decades. But after Operation Polo in which the Indian army took over Hyderabad State, the state of the nobles went into decline. Some of their illustrious cooks set up their own stalls and introduced the Kalyani Biriyani to the local populace of Hyderabad.
A different dish called "Biryan" is popular in Afghanistan. Biryan traces its origins to the same source as Biriyani, and is today sold in Afghanistan as well as in Bhopal, India. Biryan is prepared by cooking Gosht and rice together, but without the additional gravy (Yakhni) and other condiments that are used in Biriyani. The Delhi based historian Sohail Hashmi refers to the Biryan as midway between the Pulao and Biriyani. The Afghani Biriyani tends to use a lot of dry fruit and lesser amounts of meat, often cut in tiny pieces.
A dish of Burmese Biriyani (locally known as danpauk), as served at Kyet Shar. In Myanmar (Burma), Biriyani is known in Burmese as danpauk or danbauk, from Persian dum pukht. Featured ingredients include cashew nuts, yogurt, raisins and peas, chicken, cloves, cinnamon, saffron and bayleaf. In Burmese Biriyani, the chicken is cooked with the rice. Biriyani is also eaten with a salad of sliced onions and cucumber.
One form of "Arabic" Biriyani is the Iraqi preparation (برياني: "Biriyani"), where the rice is usually saffron-based with chicken usually being the meat or poultry of choice. Most variations also include vermicelli, fried onions, fried potato cubes, almonds and raisins spread liberally over the rice. Sometimes, a sour/spicy tomato sauce is served on the side (maraq).
During the Safavid dynasty (1501–1736), a dish called Berian (Nastaliq script: بریان پلو) was made with lamb or chicken, marinated overnight – with yogurt, herbs, spices, dried fruits like raisins, prunes or pomegranate seeds – and later cooked in a tannour oven. It was then served with steamed rice.
Nasi kebuli is an Indonesian spicy steamed rice dish cooked in goat broth, milk and ghee. Nasi kebuli is descended from Kabuli Palaw which is an Afghani rice dish, similar to Biriyani served in South Asia. Whatever the history may be or may be said but our Head Cook – Diana Wilson says that we serve the true taste of Chennai / Madrasapattinam and our home made Biriyani can be called as Madras Biriyani / Madraspattinam Biriyani / Chennai Biriyani which is cooked to the taste buds of Madrasi / Chennaites..
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Let's suppose that your are a woman (if you are a man, just reverse the pronouns) who has lived alone with her beloved cat for several years. You have recently met the love of your life and now have plans to consolidate households. There's only one small (and furry) obstacle to happily-ever-aftering--Fluffy hates Prince Charming.
First of all, try to see the situation from Fluffy's point of view. Once the apple of your eye and the recipient of nearly all of your attention while at home, now Fluffy has to wait for the Prince to leave before she gets a pat on the head. What's more, this two-legged competitor is larger, has a deeper voice than "Mom", and smells different (all very threatening to a housebound kitty). The enemy has even taken over some of Fluffy's favorite resting places (the last straw!). It's no wonder that she exhibits her stress by urinating on his jacket and hissing and growling whenever he makes an appearance.
The Prince has won you over, now it's time for him to "court" Fluffy. (This can be difficult to convince the Prince if Fluffy has already demonstrated her feelings for him.) As food is always the fastest way to a cat's heart, have only the Prince feed Fluffy. He should remain in the room while she is eating--in the beginning, the opposite side of the room. To shorten his stature, he should sit on a chair, or better yet, on the floor. If he wants to talk to Fluffy, he should talk in soft, high tones, avoiding "sss" sounds. Until Fluffy has shown some signs of relaxing in his presence, he should try not to stare directly at her.
Keep in mind the importance of the role of scent in the cat's social life. Put a couple of the Prince's unwashed undershirts next to Fluffy's food dishes and favorite sleeping areas. You might consider donning one of his shirts or jackets when cuddling Fluffy. Make sure that the Prince's after-shave or cologne does not contain animal products (e.g., musk).
The Prince should never seek Fluffy out, but should let her approach him when she is ready. (Forcing her to confront him, will only increase her level of stress and convince her that he should be feared.) A favorite toy tied to a long pole (or a fishing pole-type cat toy) will help the Prince interact positively with Fluffy from a distance. Once she sees him as the provider of wonderful things to eat and a potential source of entertainment, she can't help but acknowledge his usefulness. And when you see how determined he is to make friends with your other "significant other", then you will know that you have found your soul-mate.
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Let's say I need to bring over $10,000 into the US and decide to use cash to save on transfer fees. What would happen at the border when I declare all that cash? Would CBP briefly question me on the source of funds or require some proof to confirm that the funds are from a legal source?
Are there any official guidelines on this matter?
I've done this once (doing all the right paperwork up front). They pulled us out for questioning: "where does the money come from" "why do you need this" "what are you planning do to with this", "why do you use cash", etc.
The amount of questioning will depend on how much you fit into any "suspicious" category otherwise. There is plenty of profiling going on there. Fortunately we were "mostly harmless" for everything else (white, middle class, small children it tow, from a "good" country).
You also need to be careful how this looks against your visa status. If you have a non-immigrant Visa or an ESTA, carrying lots of cash can be interpreted as "intent to immigrate", in which case they can turn you around and send you back.
Unfortunately customs and immigration officers in the US have a lot of leeway and discretion and not a lot of rules to keep them grounded. Could be harmless, could be lots of trouble, hard to predict.
You simply fill out a form at the border. See the official CBP page Currency / Monetary Instruments - Duty on money, checks, etc.
Travelers leaving or entering the U.S. are required to report negotiable monetary instruments (i.e. currency or endorsed checks) valued more than $10,000 on a "Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments" FinCEN Form 105. The requirement to report currency on a FinCEN 105 does not apply to imports of gold bullion. You can obtain the form at www.fincen.gov or request one from the CBP Officer if required.
Failure to declare currency in amounts more than $10,000 can result in its seizure.
Travelers carrying currency or other monetary instruments with them shall file FinCEN Form 105 at the time of entry into the United States or at the time of departure from the United States with the Customs officer in charge at any Customs port of entry or departure.
NOTE that the form itself contains no fields requiring you to justify where the funds were obtained from. However I would expect that declaring the money would trigger some sort of process that flags you as having carried the money across the border. I also expect that whether or not you are questioned more throughly would depend on a lot of things from who you are to where you are coming from.
NOTE also that simply carrying a large sum of currency in the US puts you at risk of Civil Forfeiture by local police departments. There have been many cases of people carrying legitimately obtained funds being stopped by police (for example traffic stop) and having those funds confiscated. You do not even have to be convicted of a crime for this to happen. As such I don't recommend traveling with large sums of cash in the US.
To add onto Peter M's answer (where Civil Asset Forfeiture is mentioned in passing), it should be noted that you have far fewer rights with CBP than you would with police. An Albanian man attempted to fly with $58,100 that wound up seized.
It all began last October, when CBP agents at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport seized $58,100 from Rustem Kazazi, a U.S. citizen, while he was headed to a layover in Newark during a trip back to his native Albania. Rustem, a former Albanian police officer, had worked hard to save up the money with help from his wife, Lejla, and son, Erald, over a dozen years after the family immigrated to Ohio in 2005. Before Rustem could board the plane, CBP agents strip-searched him, interrogated him without a translator and then took his family’s entire life savings, even though they never found anything illegal. They have held the family’s savings for more than seven months, despite never charging anybody with a crime.
Compounding insult and injury, the receipt CBP agents gave Rustem at the time did not note the amount of the seized “U.S. Currency.” CBP later claimed to have taken only $57,330—$770 less than he was actually carrying.
They also accused him of a money laundering crime: structuring. That's where you move money in increments designed to avoid Federal reporting requirements.
In a statement, CBP said that “pursuant to an administrative search of Mr. Kazazi and his bags, TSA agents discovered artfully concealed U.S. currency. Mr. Kazazi provided inconsistent statements regarding the currency, had no verifiable source of income and possessed evidence of structuring activity,” that is, making cash withdrawals of less than $10,000 to avoid reporting requirements.
If I were you, I would not travel with that much cash across the border, declared or otherwise. CBP has immense search power.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged usa customs-and-immigration or ask your own question.
With the ESTA visa-waiver for the US, what if you have a reason to need more than 90 days?
What happens if an arriving passenger into the US/Canada assaults a border officer?
What happens if you declare an item and it is confiscated?
Do you need to declare jewelry when flying?
What happens when entering the US on an international flight?
How long can a Canadian stay in the US as a visitor after the TN status 60 days grace period?
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Setup failure: Nothing to sim!
If you think this is a bug, please open a ticket, copying the detailed text below.
It contains all the input options of the last simulation and helps us reproduce the issue.
# SimulationCraft encountered an error!
* Error: Setup failure: Nothing to sim!
# Profile will be downloaded into a new tab.
# Clicking Simulate will create a simc_gui.simc profile for review.
# Unable to download JSON from 'https://eu.api.battle.net/wow/character/dalaran/susanôø?fields=talents,items,professions&locale=en_US&apikey='.
# User-specified persistent global and player parameters will be set here.
This is an issue with the SimulationCraft program, not the WoW addon.
But it looks like you have an old version of the SimC program so go download a newer one.
Initializing: Actor 'Momimfotm': Item 'inactive' Slot 'head': Cannot parse option from ',id=157929,bonus_id=1562/5136/5381/4775,context=28,azerite_powers=396/38/14/13': Unexpected parameter 'context'.
* Error: Initializing: Actor 'Momimfotm': Item 'inactive' Slot 'head': Cannot parse option from ',id=157929,bonus_id=1562/5136/5381/4775,context=28,azerite_powers=396/38/14/13': Unexpected parameter 'context'.
* Error: Initializing: Actor 'Helsing': Item 'inactive' Slot 'head': Cannot parse option from ',id=166688,bonus_id=5478/1502/4786/5402/4775,context=3,azerite_powers=245/31/14/13': Unexpected parameter 'context'.
You are running a very old version of the SimulationCraft program on your computer. Update to the latest release or a recent nightly version.
when will this addon be updated for 8.1?
I'll bump the version this week. It does work with 8.1 without any issue as far as I'm aware, I just haven't update the WoW build in the addon.
There is an issue since the patch. /Simc is not exporting crucible talents. Only fix I found is going to "advanced" in raidbots, and it had my previous information that I can paste in. May become an issue once I get new relic. Any fix?
UPDATE: To get around this you can download Simulationcraft and do an import of your character. If you're trying to do something like compare top gear, just put the "traits" line from Simulationcraft into the /simc export data at the end of the top section. Not great but works.
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How the draw impacts the result of a major horse race?
Most flat races in the UK and Australia use starting stalls where horses break out from designated berths that are chosen at random before the race. If you want to be a successful bettor, whether at the track or online, understanding how the draw affects the outcome of the race is crucial.
The impact of the draw is not to be taken lightly as many trainers actually pull out when receiving an unfavourable draw.
In most cases, draw 1 is on the far left of the track while the higher numbers run to the right creating the draw bias. This is simply a term used when referring to an advantage or disadvantage a horse has when starting the race.
If we consider an athletics race, the starting participants are staggered to ensure that each competitor has the same distance to run. If everyone started on the same line, the inside lane would hold an advantage, and so it is with horse racing.
That being said, it is extremely unlikely that a horse would hold their exact stall position throughout the entire race. In general, the inside lane is the most sought after, but is not always the winner.
This is because the draw bias can be affected by many other factors other than the inside rail position. These factors change with each new race which means that bettors need to be able to assess each race individually in order to be able to pick a winner.
When considering the final result against online betting offers, there are certain factors that can vastly influence the draw bias. These include the design of the course, the speed of the race, the distance, the ground and the size of the field. If we take a look at track design, every track has a slightly different shape.
Some or more oval while other have sharp turns and long straights. The position of the turn can severely impact the outcome of the race. If the first turn is close to the start, the outside runners will have a disadvantage as it is far easier to overtake on a straight.
The race distance also has an effect on draw bias. From past performances and decades of data, it is now known that shorter races are more prone to draw bias.
If a horse misses the chance to gain the inside rail, they have less time to rally. Making up the ground takes a bit of time which the shorter tracks just don’t offer.
Another factor which can influence the draw bias is the number of runners in the race. The smaller fields will filter down to the inside rail while in larger races, the horses tend to spread out since moving is an issue.
In larger races, good horses can be get bunched together and trapped while another has a free run.
While not as influential as the other factors, the ground can also play a role in increasing or decreasing the draw bias. If it rained before the race, the course could have different drainage patterns, making one section quicker than the rest.
If the inside rail is the lowest part of the track, it would become wetter and slower, negating the effect of the draw. All these factors need to be considered before thinking about how the draw will affect the runners.
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Consider an analogy: It's your first day at a new high school. You want other kids to like you and talk to you. You want to be part of the "in" crowd and you want to make a good first impression. You see a group standing together, and you walk up to join the conversation. Now, there are several ways you could do this, but only one of them will be beneficial for your social life.
One prescription for ensuring "safe" pharmaceutical advertising may be more Gov 2.0 answers like the Bad Ad program to help solve Gov 1.0 challenges.
The U.S. pharmaceutical industry has saved millions of lives and improved the quality of life for millions more -- here in the U.S. and abroad. Let's avoid taking the easy step of jumping on the pharma-bashing bandwagon without any recognition of the benefits that the pharma industry brings to all of us.
Are You Ready For The Success Of Your Social Media Strategy?
If you're "just running" the outward-facing part of the social media equation, it's difficult to truly leverage the insights of your audience. You need help from other team members who can actually effect the change your audience is asking for. You need them to be receptive to new ideas, and to implement changes where they need to occur.
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solid incombustible residue obtained after burning the coal. Moisture controlled by the Union Ministry of Coal (MOC) and/or Coal India Ltd (CIL). Till .. The Directorate General of Minerals and Coal (DGMC) .. India is federal in nature.
Solid minerals, particularly; coal, tin, columbite, lead and zinc were exported in . 4 Federal Office of Statistics (now National Bureau of Statistics) 1996 . Lafia-Obi bituminous Coking Coal) occurrences in Nigeria have been government through the Ministry of Mine and Steel has identifies 11 coal clusters that can each.
coal industry was the first sector slated for review, followed accounted for about 3% of for solid minerals, particularly gold. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Act bases for Government created a new Ministry of Solid Minerals from. 1991 . and rods, a central workshop, and a thermal powerplant.
Coal. Gold. Iron ore. Uranium. Gemstone. Columbite and tantalite. Limestone . A separate ministry to handle the growth and development of this sector –. “Ministry Thermal power-generating companies would takeover the responsibility of Solid Minerals Development Fund: a fund has been established to be used for –.
generates her electricity mostly from gas thermal plants (64.6%). Electricity in .. investment in the solid mineral sector including; 3 – 5 years tax holiday .. Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Abuja, 1996. T. O.
The Minister of Solid Minerals Development, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, has said that According to him, it is because of the potential that the Federal talc, gemstone, topaz, cassiterite, quartz, cooking coal, marble and iron ore.
The sudden wealth from the coal fields gave the state the sobriquet Coal City. . purpose, particularly in the production of coal briquettes for cooking, support to any investor sent by the Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals.
Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, Abuja, Nigeria. 2 Exporter of Coal. Jurisdictional Conflicts between Federal and Development of solid minerals to be driven by . Some Coking Coal has also been found.
Cooking coal Source: Ministry of Solid Minerals Development (former Ministry of Mines and Coal can be found in the central, middle-east and . deferred for a number of years, subject to the approval of the Federal Executive Council.
Impact of Coal Export and Economic Development in Nigeria (A implication; and that government should encourage domestic use of coal as cooking fuel as this will In other words before, the discovery of oil in Nigeria, coal as solid mineral of this unfortunate situation occurred in 1992 where the Federal Government.
Representing Australia's exploration, mining and minerals processing industry The Minerals Council of Australia welcomes the federal Opposition's Australian coal producers with expected increasing demand, particularly for thermal coal.
Chalcopyrite; Topaz; Tantalite; Emerald; Amethyst; Cooking coal; Iron ore Source: Ministry of Solid Minerals Development (former Ministry of Mines and Steel Development (MSMD) has identified seven strategic minerals, namely: Coal, . for a number of years, subject to the approval of the Federal Executive Council.
Ebonyi State every year to feather the nest of the federal government. Nigerian Names · Recipes · Weddings · Blog Nigeria December last year the Minister for Solid Minerals, Mr. Ishola Sarafa visited . But the marble comes in various qualities like every mineral deposit, including crude oil or coal.
Coking coal is required for coke and can serve the blast furnace of Ajaokuta the Federal Ministry of Solid Minerals Development was established and coal.
from The Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) are writing you again as. Buhari: Reviving The Solid Mineral Sector: Coal Alternative. By The ministry so as to liaise coal with hydro and thermal power sources.
The commercial value of Nigeria's solid minerals has been estimated to In 2012, the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Mines and Steel, came tantalite, emerald, heliodor, amethyst, quartz, coking coal, marble, and iron ore. . has vested the ownership of solid mineral on the federal government.
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF MINES AND STEEL DEVELOPMENT. 2017 FGN SOLID MINERAL DEVELOPMENT FUND. OFFICE . RESEARCH INTO CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT .. COOKING GAS/FUEL COST.
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Relations between China and Japan have severely deteriorated in the last few months. There has been a long-standing territorial dispute over a chain of islands, specifically the Diaoyu (China) or Senkaku Islands (Japan) in the South China Sea between China, Taiwan, and Japan. All three parties claim sovereignty over the islands for various cultural, historical, political, and economic reasons. In fact, it is not just a dispute over fishing grounds and potential natural resources, but grievances of historical significance and pride. Both China and Taiwan claim the islands belong to them since the 1300s and that Japan had militarily seized them during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894-1895. Japan claims that the islands were not inhabited prior to 1895 and decided to incorporate the islands as part of their territory. Each side continuously point to multiple treaties and agreements that support their claim to the islands. The dispute remains unresolved, but the situation escalated within the last few months.
The dispute has been prevalent for decades, and there are three theories to why the dispute suddenly escalated: 1) potential natural resources, 2) domestic political affairs to appease nationalism, and 3) rising military power. China is going through a political transition where the entire cabinet will be stepping down from power at the end of this year, and the new leaders must project strong leadership to its people. They wish to prevail over the humiliation of losing the islands to Japan and reassert themselves as the preeminent power in Asia. Astoundingly, China and Taiwan are in agreement over a territorial dispute which means that the conflict does indeed stem from shared identity and history. China is also concerned about the rising military power of Japan, in particularly the attempts to modify pacifist clauses within the Japanese Constitution to give them legal and security justifications to expand their armed forces. On the other hand, Japan is definitely concerned about China’s rising military capabilities and presence, especially during a period where China has experienced massive economic growth and Japan’s economy has remained more or less sluggish. The Japanese Government is also experiencing very low approval ratings, and pressure from domestic constituents will certainly force them to take a strong stance on the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands. Both China and Japan see the potential of exploiting the islands’ natural resources as very profitable and as strategic locations for naval supremacy.
It is important to recognize the rising naval power of China and its determination to consolidate a strong sphere of influence in the South China Sea as an indicator of China’s intentions to further its one-China policy and control of natural resources in the region. It is also worth noting that the U.S. position has been generally neutral, however; through the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, the U.S. maintained administrative control over the islands from 1945 to 1972, eventually returning sovereignty to Japan. China was excluded during the negotiations and do not recognize the specific provisions regarding the status of those islands in the treaty. In accordance with the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the U.S. and Japan, past U.S. presidents have lent support to recognize the islands as part of Japan’s “residual sovereignty”, in which the islands will be defended by both Japan and the U.S. in the event of an attack or illegal occupation.
Now that the U.S. is shifting its focus towards the Asia-Pacific, this will be one of the conflicts we may have to address in the future. According to multiple media sources, “the U.S. signed an agreement with Japan in September 2012 to build a second missile defense radar installation on Japanese territory, aimed at countering North Korea, but China may view the move as a provocation” (Russia Times). The U.S. must be careful not to provoke or discomfort China and its neighbors. It would be unwise for the U.S. to further support Japan’s claims to the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands. Maintaining neutrality and resolving the conflict through dialogue is the best course of action. China-U.S. relations will deteriorate if the U.S. continues to provide military support and aid to Japan.
Many argue this will have a destabilizing effect on the region and fear a new Cold War involving the U.S. and China. Recent U.S. actions point toward a policy of containment to limit China’s political and economic growth in order and delay its rise as a regional superpower. However, many countries within the region have expressed a growing concern over containment. Taking sides will have a destabilizing effect on their economies. For instance, 12.1% of India’s imports come from China, its largest trading partner. Also, China is heavily investing in Australia’s mining operations, and as a result, the industry is thriving. And finally, China is Japan’s biggest trading partner, accounting for roughly 25% of Japan’s exports. Countries within the region will discourage U.S. attempts to contain China because economies are intertwined where long-term mutual cooperation is essential in continuing growth. The U.S. will experience resistance on future policies of containment. We must realize that China will eventually reach superpower status and it is within our interests to improve relations and seek a mutual understanding rather than sign new defense treaties or arms purchases that China interprets as provocation. The rise of China as a world economic superpower will limit its desire for military action. It is better to maintain and promote further dialogue between all countries in order to resolve long-standing disputes.
Consequence #2 – Military Escalation between China, Japan, and the U.S.
At this stage, military confrontation is highly unlikely, but we want to avoid any future actions that lead towards escalation. Recently, there have been a number of incidents near/on the islands involving protests and confrontations between fishing boats, Chinese warships, Japanese and Taiwanese Coast Guards. These confrontations are increasing and the U.S. should exercise caution among the disputed parties. One casualty from either side will surely escalate towards military conflict. Joint military exercises involving Japan and U.S. forces aggravate China and should cease until tensions calm. The U.S. should also delay any future agreements with neighboring countries that involve missile defense or arms transfers that could be seen as provocation toward China. Although the U.S. has an obligation to defend Japan and its territories, the U.S. should not commit any military assets to the conflict.
Although the Chinese are reluctant to discuss this issue beyond bilateral talks with Japan, the U.S. should continue to carefully observe the situation and intervene diplomatically without taking sides. In the long run, the U.S. should persuade China and Japan to agree to trilateral discussions to work out an official resolution to the dispute if neither party is able to do so in the near future.
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Stanford scientists are designing new ways to improve the performance of batteries, fuel cells and other grid-scale storage technologies (see the research area, "Batteries & Fuel Cells"). Researchers are also assessing the energetic cost of storing wind- and solar-generated electricity on the grid, focusing on the embodied energy required to build and maintain batteries and geologic storage technologies, such as pumped hydroelectric. Energy storage is also a key component of Bits & Watts, a Stanford research initiative focused on innovations for the 21st century electric grid.
Q&A: Can batteries replace natural gas in backing up wind and solar power?
Energy Game Changers "Grid Storage"
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[Editor CEC writes]: Occasionally we find something outside our baileywick that just seems to be special in the area of business and the economy…it has to be a story so logical and basic we can not resist passing it on, and this is one.
You may say, who cares about banking, especially since banks no longer pay us more than dimes of interests on our life savings they hold. Its fun to hate our bank, but maybe this story will help some of us duck out from under one of those financial hailstorms that seem to come at us every five or ten years. The last one took off quite a lot of skin and some arms, legs, and some heads, starting about 2006… remember the great bank bail out and the housing bubble? I thank this author, draw your own conclusions.
The article “The Banking System Must Lead Economy And Stocks Higher, Here’s Why It’s Not Happening” by Richard Stuttmeier, can be summed up in these two quotes in the article: “The banking system has not been able to return to leadership for several reasons including, tough regulations, continuing legal problems and residual problems from the Great Credit Crunch…Before the housing bubble popped mortgage lending was a huge part of the business model for our nation’s biggest banks. Not anymore!
The Great Credit Crunch began with the issuance of risky subprime mortgages by the nation’s biggest banks and overexposures to commercial real estate loans around the country by community banks. These obvious issues were ignored by the banking regulators who repeatedly stated that the subprime issues were sustained and would not spread to the “real economy.” They ignored the facts that stocks in the housing market peaked a year earlier in the middle of 2015, and that the parabolic rise in home prices was a bubble ready to pop. It appeared to me that the banking regulators never look at charts and thus would never admit that problems were about to cause what I call, the Great Credit Crunch, that continues in 2016.
I began to focus on the housing and banking industries in 2005, and tracked the problems as they evolved.
For example, I knew that staff analysts at the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation were warning chief regulators that community banks were lending to community developers and home builders at levels that were above prudent levels versus risk-based capital.
Overexposures to construction and development loans by community banks became evident as the housing bubble was inflating. The banking regulators, the U.S. Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC established guidelines for risk exposures to commercial real estate loans too late in the cycle.
The regulatory guidelines set at the end of 2006 indicated that exposures to CRE loans should not exceed 300% of risk-based capital and that the more-risky construction and development loans should not exceed 100% of risk-based capital. The banking regulators ignored their own guidelines to the peril of the banking system. Banks were making record profits so the regulators did not take action then and just let the banks fall like dominoes beginning in 2008.
The community bank index peaked in December 2006 and the regional banking index peaked in February 2007. Without bull markets in housing and banking, the bull market for stocks could not be sustained and thus the crash of 2008 followed. As these events evolved, the American dream to own a home became a nightmare.
So who caused the Great Credit Crunch? Blame it on Congress, the banking regulators and community and regional banks. Greed took over and homeowners, savers, consumers and small business on Main Street, USA are still paying the price today.
Here’s just one example. Even with home prices at levels that indicate a re-inflating bubble, residual issues remain in place. Today, in Tampa Bay where I live, 20% of all mortgages are still underwater. In addition, 25% of renters in Tampa Bay pay more than half of their income for housing.
Here are weekly charts for two key banking indices.
The ABA Community Bank NASDAQ Index (ABAQ) had 500 publicly traded community banks as components before the Great Credit Crunch began, with a long waiting list. Today, there are only 354 bank stocks that qualify as members. This index peaked at 315.05 in December 2006 then bottomed at 108.55 in March 2009 down 65.5% from the peak. Note that the index has been trading back and forth around its 61.8% Fibonacci Retracement of 236.33 since December 2013. This index is in correction territory 17.7% below its multiyear high of 281.64 set on Dec. 1.
The KBW Bank Index (BKX) includes the 24 largest banks including the four money center banks considered “too big to fail.” This index peaked in February 2007 at 121.16 and declined 85.3% to a low of 17.75 in March 2009. Note that this index is trading between its 38.2% Fibonacci Retracement of 57.23 and its 50% retracement of 69.46 and has not been above its 61.8% retracement of 81.68 since this bubble popped. This index is in bear market territory 24.1% below its multi-year high of 80.87 set on July 23.
Here’s a table that shows the residual problems in the banking system as evident by levels at the end of 2007 and the levels at the end of the third quarter of 2015.
Number of Banks – Each quarter since the end of 2007, the number of FDIC-Insured financial institutions continues to shrink. At the end of the third quarter of 2015, the number of banks are down 26.5% to 2,263. This includes 513 closed using the bank failure protocol.
Number Of Problem Banks – The FDIC keeps a non-published list of problem banks. While the numbers are down significantly to 127, they are still 167% higher than at the end of 2007.
Number of Employees – By now if the banking system was back in good health it would be creating jobs. Not so, as jobs have been slashed in every quarter since the end of 2007 and the labor force is down 8% since the end of 2007. Many banks are still planning additional layoffs.
Residential Mortgages (1 to 4 family structures) – Mortgage loans on the books of our nation’s banks are down 16% since the end of 2007. Banks do not want the risk of underwriting home ownership, which should be a growth business by now.
Construction & Development Loans – C&D loans have been rising in recent quarters from a base of about $200 billion, but are down 58% since the end of 2007. Most of the $200 billion are residual bad loans. The number of community banks overexposed to C&D loans are on the rise again, which is a warning that the housing bubble is re-inflating.
Home Equity Loans – Second lien loans to homeowners who borrow against the equity of their homes continues to decline each quarter and at the end of Q3 2015 is 22.4% below the level at the end of 2007. Lack of growth in HELOC loans is surprising given the rise of 36% in home prices since March 2012. Regional banks have been half-heartedly soliciting to offer these loans, but then find an excuse to turn down applications. This hurts homeowners as their credit scores slip.
Deposit Insurance Fund – Each FDIC-insured institution faces periodic assessment to provide funds to protect insured deposits. The bigger the bank, the larger the assessment. The DIF is up 34% since the end of 2007, but Insured Deposits are up 50% putting a financial burden on the bigger banks. The growth of insured deposits is the result of the rise in deposit insurance guarantees to $250,000 from $100,000, which occurred during the height of the credit crisis.
DIF monies are funded by all FDIC-insured institutions via annual assessments. By law, the regulatory guidelines will have the fund at 1.35% of insured deposits by Sept. 20, 2020. At the current level of insured deposits, the DIF would have at least $86.7 billion, so there is still work to do.
Reserves for Losses – The money set aside to cover failed assets has been declining as the healing process of the banking system continues. However, reserves are 17% above the level at the end of 2007.
Noncurrent Loans – Bad loans have declined significantly, but residuals remain high as noncurrent loans are still 27% above the level at the end of 2007.
The bottom line is that the banking system is not in a position to help generate economic growth, and the longer it takes, the more likely scenario is that additional problems will surface.
When the FDIC released the Quarterly Banking Profile for the third quarter of 2015, FDIC Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg discussed concerns about credit risks banks were making by extending further out on the yield curve to mitigate the impact that low rates have on net interest margins.
Also mentioned were concerns about loan portfolios in regions of the country that depend upon oil and gas revenues. Loan exposures are up while the price of energy are down, which is a tough environment for lenders. Since then, the bond market has experienced the crash of junk bonds, and the banking system will share in this burden.
Wall Street has been telling investors that regional banks benefit from higher interest rates, but the FDIC does not share this opinion. The banking system has become more vulnerable to rising interest rates and to the widening of spreads versus the U. S. Treasury yield curve.
The FDIC is also worried about increasing exposures to riskier loan categories including loans to leveraged commercial borrowers and relaxed underwriting standards for auto and multifamily housing construction.
To sum it all up, the banking system cannot and will not provide the leadership needed to underwrite economic growth. The evidence of this notion is clearly shown in the FDIC Quarterly Banking Profile, which is the balance sheet of the U.S. economy. The bottom line is that you cannot have a bull market for stocks with a bear market in bank stocks.
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With reference to Sustainable Development Framework, which of the below statements is/are correct?
Explanation: Government of India-United Nations Sustainable Development Framework (SDF) to sign a Five-Year Sustainable Development Framework (2018-2022). It outlines the work of UN agencies in India. The NITI Aayog is the national counterpart for the UN in India for the operationalization of the UNSDF.The UNSDF 2018-22 comprises of seven priority areas that outline the work that UN agencies will undertake jointly or individually, fully aligned with the priorities of the GoI.
3) To build tools and technologies, in collaboration with academia and industry.
Consider the following statements regarding Ramsar Convention.
2) India has not acceded to this treaty.
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Facts and history about the life and lifestyles of Native American Indians. Native Indian Canoes were the primary method of transportation by many tribes of North America who relied on them for hunting, fishing and trading expeditions. Three main types of canoes were built, dugout, birch bark and tule (reed) canoes, and their designs were based on the natural resources available in the different regions. The Northeast woodlands, and the tribes of eastern Canada built canoes made from the bark of trees (the birch bark canoe). Tribes in the Northwest Pacific Coast, California and the Plateau regions built dugout canoes. Some Californian tribes built canoes made from reeds (the tule canoe).
The life, history and lifestyle of Native American Indians is a varied and fascinating subject. The following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Native Indian Canoes. For additional facts and history refer to the articles on the Birch Bark Canoe and the Dugout Canoe.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 5: The sizes of the boats varied according to the reason they were built. A canoe could take as few as one person, although were usually built to take between four and six people.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 6: The smaller type of canoe was used for transportation purposes along the many waterways of the lands for hunting and fishing trips.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 10: Some tribes used the boats for recreation and sports. The picture at the top of the page by the famous artist George Catlin depicts a canoe race held by the Chippewa (Ojibwe) tribe. The races are shown standing in their canoe to achieve the greatest speed and enhance their balancing skills. The race not only gave great pleasure to the spectators but also trained the young men in the art of steering and paddling the canoe.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 12: The dugout canoe was built using hollowed-out logs of large trees. The Native Americans hollowed out logs using controlled, frequently extinguished fire or a steaming technique to soften the timber so they could carve and shape their dugout canoe to have a flat bottom with straight sides.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 13: The highly ornate dugout canoe was built by Northwest Pacific Coast tribes such as the Bella Coola, Tlingit, Chinook, Haida, Tsimshian, and the Coast Salish.
Native Indian Canoes Fact 16: A more basic style of dugout canoe was built by the tribes who inhabited the Plateau region including the Coeur d'Alene, Nez Perce, Cayuse, Modoc, Palouse, Spokane, Walla Walla and the Yakama tribes.
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How do you choose the format of writing a research paper? Are there any specific rules or guidelines to follow in that?
The format of writing a research paper should be properly understood and managed contributing to the future interesting and successful paper not depending on the topic and chosen field. The basic parts for the paper include the introduction, body and conclusion.
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What did Jairus ask Jesus to do?
What did the messenger from Jairus' house tell Jesus?
What is an example of a miracle?
Name some of the other miracles in the Bible.
Verse: Luke 1:37 - For nothing is impossible with God.
Name: Write the third letter of your child's first name using 3" Letters.
- Place some dollops of paint on the Jesus Heals the Little Girl worksheet. Use craft sticks to move the paint around the worksheet.
- Jesus cares about sick people and He wants us to help sick people too. Think of ideas that you can do to help someone who is sick (get a tissue, draw a picture, smile, make a phone call).
- Using ace bandages or bathroom tissue, wrap a family member's arm or stuffed animal's leg. Play with a Doctor set and costume. Discuss how God uses doctors and nurses to help us feel better.
- Write the memory verse on a tongue depressor (craft stick) or bandaid.
Break one graham crackers into four narrow sections. In the middle of each section, spread a square of white frosting to resemble a bandaid. Eat the snack and discuss the story.
- Use farm animals and a barn or toy cars and a road with bridges to demonstrate spatial words - around, through, under, over, right, left.
- Trace and cut out the child's left hand on green paper, right hand on red paper. Place the green hand to the left of the page where you are going to write and the red hand to the right. Teach your child to always start at the left (green hand – go), and stop at the right (red hand – stop).
- Read numbers on an alarm clock. Place the green hand and red hand on the correct sides of a digital clock.
- Have your child help hold the green hand on left side or red hand on the right side of a book as you read. Point to the words as you read.
- Tie a red ribbon around the right hand to help the child remember (red=right).
- Introduce the letters Pp using the tactile letters and decorate the Letter Poster to add to the Letter of the Week book.
- This week cover the Number 10 Poster with material or felt pieces. Add ten stickers.
If the child is ready, introduce the third letter for writing. Just like last week, instruct the child to trace the tactile letter. If she is able to correctly form the letter, give the child the 3" Letter cut from the 3" Uppercase Letters worksheet and placed in a dry erase pocket. With a dry erase marker, demonstrate how to form the letter while saying the Letter Formation Chant. Then, allow the child to write the letter and use the green and red dots as reminders.
- Allow your child to answer the questions in this book. The book is written to draw the reader into the storyline on a personal level.
- There are several misconceptions in this book. Discuss why it is not okay to only water a dog once a month.
- Discuss with your child our changing "wants" or desires.
Using the peg puzzles, encourage your child to pick up the puzzle pieces using their thumb and index finger. Count the puzzle pieces.
We're Going on a Bear Hunt is a wonderful book to work on spatial relationships and gross motor skills. Act it out as you read and have child repeat each line after you.
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Are you in the market for a special present for someone? Before you head to the mall or engage in an online shopping marathon, consider a financial gift. It doesn’t have to be wrapped—and could bestow potential benefits for many years to come.
Financial giftings can be good alternatives to the traditional presents such as gadgets and gift cards, and provide potential benefits beyond their material purpose. We’re not talking about cash, which gift recipients are just as likely to use for everyday expenses as they are for that “special something” you intended them to purchase. Instead, we’re referring to things such as college savings plans or savings bonds.
These kinds of financial gifts can provide a foundation for the future because they have the potential to grow in value over time. Depending on the type of financial gift you choose, it could also help your gift recipient increase his or her financial literacy, as well as take care of specific needs.
For example, setting up and contributing to an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) can help a young person invest for retirement while learning how potential earnings on the contributions to his or her account may compound over the years.
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The Crane Clan, Left Hand of the Emperor, was known throughout Rokugan for its skilled duelists and artisans. The Crane were also noted courtiers, wielding great power in the courts of the land. The Crane were founded by the Kami Doji. They pursued excellence in all things, and the traditions established by Lady Doji were now customary in the Emperor's Court. The formal dueling system, iaijutsu, was established by Doji's husband, Kakita. Their preferential status with the Imperial line was renowned and throughout history the clan had had fewer taxes and more gifts heaped upon them. They were the masters of the courts and had the status and wealth commensurate with such a position.
The Crane consisted of four powerful families in complete symbiosis, no two families overlapping in duties. The Doji family were the voice of the clan and control most of the politics within Rokugan. The Kakita family were famed for their iaijutsu duelists as well as their skills as artisans. The Daidoji family were the military might of the Crane as well as handling the things too dishonorable or dangerous for the other families. The Asahina family were the only shugenja in the clan, and spent their time in peaceful meditation and creation of nemuranai. The Asahina were in theory a fifth family, as the Yasuki family were once Crane. Their path however led them away from the Crane to the Crab Clan shortly after the founding of the Asahina.
The lands of the Crane Clan stretched for miles on every side of the previous capital Otosan Uchi. Everything from the foothills of the Mountains of Regret in the north to the Asahina fields of the southern peninsula were claimed by the Crane. Their lands also covered most of the coastline of Rokugan. The province farthest to the south was once owned by the Yasuki family, but it was split between the Crab Clan and the Crane after the Yasuki defected to the Crab. While tensions in this area had been mostly low due to the peaceful Asahina living nearby the Crane still maintained Niwa Shita no Kage Toshi as a defensive fortress guarding the Crane side of Shio Senkyo no Riku. The people of the Crane lived a good life. The fields were rich, the taxes were light and the magistrates that patroled the lands pride themselves on their honorable and just nature.
The northern parts of Crane lands bordered the Phoenix and Dragon Clans, the lands of the Emerald Champion and what remained of Otosan Uchi. These lands had been mostly peaceful throughout history, with only a couple of exceptions. The area was filled with merchants who run a brisk trade with the Phoenix as well as with numerous shrines maintained by the Brotherhood of Shinsei. The lands of the Emerald Champion were technically owned by the Emerald Champion, but the frequency with which the Champion was a Crane meant the lands were usually under Crane control.
The coastal regions of the Crane stretched across ninety percent of all of mainland Rokugans coast. This effectively gave the Crane a major hand in all seagoing trade. There were multiple established ports and marketplaces along the entire coast, making the Crane the most effective means of transporting things by sea. Trade roads also run down along the coast, and were heavily patrolled by the Daidoji. The majority of the Crane population lived along the coast, and the cities were packed with people from all corners of Rokugan.
The western lands of the Crane Clan were one of the keys to the prosperity of the Clan. The fertile rice fields were cultivated by the farmers and heimin of the Crane, and although the lands had often been disputed by the Lion Clan, the Crane maintained they had been given to Lady Doji by the Emperor Hantei when the lands were divided. The Lion frequently made forays into the lands to plunder their riches. Shiro no Yojin, the castle that was once the defence on the western border, was taken during the Night of Falling Stars several centuries ago, and had never been reclaimed. The crops grown in the western lands of the Crane were one of the primary sources of food in Rokugan, and were exported to nearly every corner of the Empire. The richest fields could be found in Osari Plains, named for a farmer who stood against an invading Scorpion force centuries ago. To the south of the area sat the remains of Beiden Pass. For centuries the pass had been heavily contested by the Crane, Scorpion and Lion until its destruction.
The province in the southern Crane lands was Kenkai Hanto, home of the Daidoji family. Several bustling cities could be found in this area, and bandit activity there was virtually unheard of due to the vigilance of Daidoji patrols. The areas to the far south of Kenkai Hanto had sporadic swampy reaches, where a variety of creatures were rumored to have been spotted including kenku, nezumi and naga. A small grove of stones could be found to the far south of the peninsula. The origin of the stones was unknown, but they shine in the light of a full moon as if a beacon were upon them.
The Fantastic Gardens of the Crane were delicate beauties that were spoken of throughout Rokugan. They covered huge tracts of land reaching up to thirty li (miles), having been converted from arable land into pleasurable gardens by past Crane Clan Champions. The Crab would complain and call it a waste of land, but the vast and rich lands of the Crane afforded some spare for beauty. The gardens were works of art, containing bonsai trees, flower bushes and trickling streams that create the illusion of careless perfection. They were the result of generations of gardeners who spent their lifetimes perfecting their art. In addition to being art the gardens often symbolized something mythical, spiritual or historical.
The Crane are both respected and hated by the other clans. None however could dispute their economic importance to the Empire, essentially keeping the Empire going. The Crane attempted to keep relations smooth with all the clans, despite what they might actually feel towards some of the clans.
The Crab were viewed as brutish fighters; while strong and bold, they had forgotten everything but how to fight. In a way they had almost become a part of the Shadowlands, with dark magic and taint. Their sense of honor and civilization had degraded, and the Crane honor them as one would honor a dog who kept the wolves at bay. It would however be foolish to engage the Crab in direct conflict.
Diplomacy with the Crab Clan had been a touchy business since the fourth century when the Crane-Crab War resulted in the defection of the Yasuki family from the Crane to the Crab. Because the Yasuki took up the position as the Crab's diplomats they were not allowed within the lands of the Crane, and the Black Crane Palace where the Yasuki would host visiting dignitaries was barred to Crane. To help remedy these issues, the Crab had a small number of Hida and Hiruma trained as courtiers specifically for negotiations with the Crane. Crane diplomats were also the only diplomats allowed directly into Kyuden Hida. Most of these were Daidoji, the only Crane the Crab respected, making the negotiations easier for both sides.
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This section will list and define the different types of surveillance you are working with in your Google+ groups. Please use the Heading feature to title your group's classification.
The mass media type is films/movies that portray various types of surveillance, usually under the genre of suspense, action, drama, or even horror. Different types of genres have different effects on the viewers mood. The films have characters that are using surveillance to help protect themselves or reveal another.
Below are a few examples of movies in different genres of film.
The movie Disturbia is classified as a Thriller. This genre of film uses suspense, tension and excitement as the main elements. Thrillers heavily stimulate the viewer's moods giving them a high level of anticipation, heightened expectation, uncertainty, surprise, anxiety or terror. Thriller films tend to be adrenaline-rushing, gritty, rousing and fast-paced. Compared to a horror film it is much easier on the viewer to watch and the thriller does not play on the audiences greatest fears. Horror is a film genre seeking to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on the audience's primal fears. Horror films often feature scenes that startle the viewer; the morbid and the supernatural are frequent themes.
The movie Eagle Eye is an example of how being under surveillance can affect behaviors/emotions. This film falls under the Thriller genre. This movie is about two strangers who are being forced by a woman’s voice over the phone to endure in dangerous situations all while being under surveillance through different mediums; cameras, satellites, etc. Since Eagle Eye is a fictional movie I will be focusing on this effect as a portrayal.
In my research of observing some of the effects of tweet watching in relationships on Twitter, I want to discuss surveillance, which is the act of paying attention to one's behaviors and actions for order and security- such as data mining, profiling, satellite imagery, etc. - while trying to gain knowledge on a specific individual or group, and taking the broad topic and narrow that topic to a more specific type of surveillance. In the area of surveillance, I want to specifically focus on computer surveillance. Computer surveillance is a different type of surveillance, defined above, which involves the activity of monitoring data and activities that have been performed and stored onto one's computer. And to even further narrow my topic, when it comes to surveillance, I would like to focus on something called "tweet watching", which consist of a user constantly watching someone's tweets on Twitter, and making assumptions of what was being posted, almost like stalking someone, but just on the internet. There is a group for this definition. Wesley receives credit when his group's post is added with his contribution. This definition should be replaced by the one from the Internet surveillance group.
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Restaurant and bar owners are furious at the city.
The City of Montreal is in hot water with restaurant owners along rue St-Denis in the Quartier Latin. According to TVA Nouvelles, Montreal municipal authorities are planning to standardize the look of all terrasses along St-Denis street, and eventually, all of downtown.
While nothing is set in stone, the city council is hosting a meeting on March 25th to listen to concerns and make a decision on these potential new regulations. Martin Guimond, owner of Le Saint-Bock on rue St-Denis warns that terrasses will "lose their personalities", which could negatively impact business along the bustling street.
TL;DR The City of Montreal is planning regulations that will make all terrasses in downtown Montreal look exactly the same. Business owners are worried that this will be bad for business since Montreal terrasses are so unique compared to other cities. City officials will make a decision after meetings on March 25th.
Rue St-Denis boasts one of the more impressive selections of terrasses in the summer. Should the amendment to terrasse rules go through, business owners along the street worry that tourists won't want to come anymore. Many say that people visit their establishment because their terrasse is so attractive.
Martin Guimond even says that terrasses in the Quartier Latin hold "significant cultural importance for the neighbourhood". Not only that, but new regulations could drastically affect the associated costs of opening a terrasse. With recent repairs costing upwards of $150,000, according to 98.5 FM Montreal, new regulations could cost business owners even more.
In the worst case scenario, some businesses might be forced to remove their terrasses altogether if even more regulations are put in place. The city claims that they will listen to all concerns and evaluate their decisions based on those concerns, but business owners aren't convinced.
Financial risks are at the forefront of their concerns, but the outlook of a uniformed Montreal terrasse look is quite grim, to say the least.
The terrasse is a singular experience in Montreal. Many people love them because they're so different. From wobbly tables to splintery benches, to extraordinary designs and quirky concepts, everyone has their favourite. Let's not forget the famous giant heat lamps for smokers.
Many terrasses in the city are already heavily regulated and people are concerned that even more regulations will convince bar and restaurant owners that a terrasse isn't worth the investment. That would spell doom not only for people's summer plans but also for the industry as a whole.
Let's not forget the outcry when smoking was banned on terrasses in Montreal in 2016. Though many businesses survived that, a uniform terrasse look might not work out so well. The city will decide next Monday. Let's all hope it's for the best.
If you think a uniform terrasse look is a terrible idea, be sure to pay attention to the city council meeting happening on March 25th.
Stay tuned for updates on this developing story.
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The stirrup of a crossbow is the D-shaped metal strap attached to the nose to hold the crossbow down while the bowstring is drawn back.
The guard tower described in this chapter follows the same design as those found on the Great Wall of China. Note the alternating merlons and crenels lining the roof.
I've changed my mind several times about the translation of shishi (師士), a nonstandard kanji compound. Etymologically, it means "master samurai" or "teacher samurai." ("Shishi" is also a homophone for "lion.") Based on the context, I've translated it as "praetorian." To quote from Wikipedia: "The term Praetorian came from the tent of the commanding general or praetor of a Roman army in the field—the praetorium. It was a habit of many Roman generals to choose from the ranks a private force of soldiers to act as bodyguards of the tent or the person. For the praetorians, saving Shoukou is a matter of self-interest, as opposed to the provincial guard, who aren't eager to get killed propping up a corrupt governor.
An allure or wall walk is the walkway behind the parapet of a castle wall.
3. 誅恩 [ちゅうおん] chuuon, lit. "executioner's gift"
There's some clever punning going on with the kanji in these words. The constant is the second character (on), meaning "gift." 2 is the kanji left on the walls of Shoukou's residence. Shoukou reads these kanji to mean 3.
Boy, they really changed Shoukou for the Anime, didn't they.
Could you please tell how many chapters are there in this novel?
Assuming I've counted correctly (the author doesn't number the chapters sequentially, but by book/part/chapter; the sequential chapter numbers are for my own convenience), it comes to 80 chapters, an afterword, and a short postscript, or a total of 81.1 chapters.
In the books, the chapters are numbered starting from 1 within each new section or part. This is noted on the first line of each chapter (other than chapters that begin new sections). The chapter breaks and the total number of chapters are the same as the books.
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I’m struggling to come up with something to say about Toy Soldiers. It’s a game that almost goes out of its way not to elicit any emotions from the player, which is kind of odd given its choice of World War I as a setting. World War I is not a conflict often visited by games, and this is probably because it’s difficult to design a game set amidst the stark horror of the trench warfare in no-man’s land when WW1’s younger, more attractive sibling is right there in the sunny Normandy bocage. There’s little strategy to human wave attacks and no real latitude for the ludicrous acts of personal heroism that FPSes are so enamoured with, and so the only thing you can really do with a World War I setting is make a tower defence game out of it.
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What's the difference between employee rewards and recognition?
First difference between reward and recognition: The "Why"
In the list of 10, it says that rewards are expected and recognition is not. To me, this is the biggest difference between reward and recognition, and I’d call it the “expectation difference.” When you receive a reward, you are not surprised as it’s something you expected as a result of achieving a specific target or outcome.
But when employees receive employee recognition, it comes as a surprise as you (or your employees) have no expectation of receiving anything in return for the action or behaviour.
The key to the “why” is to design reward programs that clearly identify the “why,” whether it is for an outcome, behaviour or both. For rewards it should clearly be shared at the front and at the end, and for recognition it should clearly be shared at the end.
Think of it this way: When it comes to rewards if you do “x, ”you receive “y.” It’s very black and white– there is a conditional consequence and relationship between your actions and the outcome. For recognition, however, there is no set conditions or consequences of your actions. In some situations you may be recognised with a simple thank you, in another situation you may be recognised with being taken out to lunch, etc.
The key to the “when” is to design programs, whether reward or recognition, that deliver the when as close to the event as possible. When I speak on this topic I often joke and say that if my husband only told me he loved me once every three years I’d leave him.
The point I’m making is that we cannot and should not wait to reward and recognise our employees if we want them to be engaged and stay with our companies.
Just like the message for Sydney Trains is, “mind the gap,” we too need to mind the gap between when an action or behaviour occurs and when we reward and recognise employees.
Another one to add to the list: rewards are fixed and recognition is free-flowing. I agree with this and would call it a “generational difference.” By the way, I’m not talking about differences based on the age of the employee, but differences based on who is generating or sending it. Rewards are generally given by a manager or the company, whereas with recognition, it can and should be given by anyone in the company – from a manager to a peer or continuous points of peer-to-peer employee recognition, too.
One thing I don’t agree with is the notion that rewards are impersonal and recognition is personal, at least not completely. I do agree that recognition is personal and that there is a very human element to both recognising others and being recognised. For rewards, I believe in the past it was very inhuman, such as a letter being sent at the end of the year to let you know the amount of your annual bonus.
But more and more companies are bringing the human element into reward, talking about and celebrating rewards, so I believe this is changing and should continue to change.
The key to the “who” is to create a balance of who is sending reward and recognition. If it is only done through managers, you’re missing a key element of the overall reward and recognition package, for it’s important to include not only reward and recognition, but also have it be accessible for all levels, peer-to-peer, manager-to-peer and so on. Allowing for greater access across all levels of an organisation can help make both reward and recognition have the personal and human touch – taking away the transactional nature so often done in the past.
Recognition programs have changed over the years, moving from long-service awards to more fully functioning recognition programs, and so the lines between labelling them as intangibles versus tangibles have gotten more blurred. Yes, rewards are tangible and consumed, but recognition can also be tangible and consumed.
The key to the “what’ is to create a balance of what is given through your programs, especially your reward and recognition programs. I believe that the majority of recognition awards should not be non-financial, as a thank you is the most powerful way to recognise humans, but there is also a time and place for tangible recognition awards. For example, in my company’s recognition program, MORE!, we have four plans, one are non-financial eCards, another is financial peer-to-peer awards, another is manager peer-to-peer awards, and the final one is an experiential award given from the leadership team, so a nice balance and variety in employee recognition of the "what."
All-in-all, these four differences between reward and recognition make them a perfect match for engaging your workforce. When each are used for the right reasons, from the appropriate person or team, and at the right time, employees will understand why they’re being rewarded or recognised and continue to repeat that behavior or task. I hope you can walk away from this post feeling confident about the differences between reward and recognition and feel empowered to impact engagement at your organisation.
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Micro-RNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. Generally, they act on gene expression by silencing or degrading mRNAs, and are involved in regulating various biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and in embryonic and tissue development. They are currently a major focus of interest in the study of various diseases such as cancer or type 2 diabetes mellitus. At level of bone metabolism, various miRs are emerging that are involved in their regulation, opening an important research field to identify new biomarkers for diagnosis of osteoporosis and its development, and to design new drug therapies.
MicroRNAs were discovered in 1993 to study the regulation of the development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans1. They are small noncoding RNAs (21-23 nucleotides) for proteins that constitute a large family of post-transcriptional regulatory genes. They are involved in the regulation of various biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in embryonic and tissue development2. They function as an epigenetic control of an endogenous gene and, although they generally silence genes which differ from those which have been transcribed, there are also microRNAs that promote and / or co-activate other genes3.
Since their discovery, they have become one of the most studied in the field of epigenetic regulation of cells. Much of the current information has enhanced our understanding of the biological processes in which they are involved. Everything that has been carried out recently is a focus of interest for medicine as therapeutic targets in many diseases. To date, over 2,000 different human sequences of microRNAs have been described in the miRBase database (http://www.mirbase.org).
MicroRNAs represent only 2-3% of the human genome, and it is estimated they can regulate the expression of about 60% of genes4. One single miR can regulate about 200 different transcripts may act each in a different cellular pathway, and the same mRNA may be regulated by multiple microRNAs5,6.
The genesis of microRNAs has been well studied and characterized by various authors7-9. First, inside the nucleus, the genes that encode for microRNAs are transcribed into long precursors, resulting in so-called primary microRNAs, varying in length from hundreds of base pairs. This precursor is cut by the Drosha and Pasha/DGCR8 ribonucleases in one or more RNA forked molecules, making it into pre-miRNAs of 60-70 nucleotides. The pre-miRNAs leave the nucleus and move toward the cytoplasm aided by exportin-5 where the miR maturation process takes place. In the cytoplasm, the pre-miRNA is carried by the RLC complex (RISC loading complex) formed by the RNase Dicer, TRBP (RNA binding protein in response to transactivation) prkra (activating RNA dependent protein kinase) and Ago2. This complex produces the cleavage of pre-miR generating a duplex with a mature miR chain and its complementary. The mature chain with Ago2 form the RISC complex (RNA-induced silencing complex) and the complementary strand will be removed. RISC binds to an mRNA molecule (usually in the 3 ‘untranslated) having a sequence complementary to the miR component and cuts the mRNA, leading to degradation of the mRNA or to modify its translation. Some microRNAs also serve as guides for the methylation of complementary sequences; both processes affect transcription. Biogenesis and mechanism by which they regulate microRNAs expression as shown in Figure 1.
The complementary sequence between mRNA and miR is only 7 nucleotides, it is believed that each miR could potentially mate with hundreds of different mRNAs. Similarly, a single RNA molecule could have multiple microRNAs binding sites. The translational inhibition binding must require several RISC complex to the same ARNm molecule10.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and a deterioration in its quality, with weakening of the microarchitecture, leading to increased risk of fractures with minimal trauma. Although we now have several tools for assessing the risk of osteoporotic fractures, many low-risk patients suffer fractures and vice versa. The microRNAs could provide information to improve risk prediction. One of the challenges in the field of osteoporosis is early disease detection, allowing timely action and obtaining better results in treatment. This requires developing more effective noninvasive methods that are predictors of bone loss, fracture risk and/or therapeutic response, and allow us to monitor and assess the effectiveness of drug therapy.
In this regard, the microRNAs may constitute new biomarkers of great interest, since they have been shown to resist RNase activity in peripheral blood, which affords them high stability in serum and plasma. On the other hand, they are reproducible and have high tissue specificity between individuals11,12. We know that the levels of expression of several microRNAs vary with aging, and a specific miR can have a positive and negative effect on the same cell depending on its state of differentiation13. Moreover, various alterations have already been described in the expression of microRNAs strongly related to the occurrence and development of diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s, osteoarthritis, among others14,15. Their quantification is already being used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of these diseases16-18.
In recent years, different microRNAs have begun to be described related to osteoporotic disease and/or risk of fracture14,19-20, although data are still scarce.
The miR-2861 was the first miR that attributed a clinical implication in human osteoporosis21. The miR-2861 as a target molecule has a histone deacetylase (HDAC5) which negatively regulates RunX2. Mutations at the encoding locus induced osteoporosis. Animals treated with miR-286 inhibitors have a low bone mass phenotype. Subsequently, other microRNAs may play an important role in regulating bone metabolism as the target having several genes encoding crucial transcription factors in bone remodeling. However, it is still not known which of them is related to a higher or lower rate of bone turnover and low bone mass. In figures 2a and 2b we see the different microRNAs acting at both cells as osteoclastic and osteoblastic line22-28.
Among the various microRNAs described to date, the role of some of them stand out as potential biomarkers of osteoporotic fracture risk in our population. Specifically, we found that miR-21, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-25, miR-100, miR-125b, miR-miR-328-3p 518f are over-expressed in serum of women with fracture osteoporotic, whereas the expression of miR-187 is reduced1,13,29. Other studies point to miR-133a and miR-194-5p as possible biomarkers associated with osteoporotic disease, showing that in the serum of postmenopausal women are higher levels of such microRNAs, and are also negatively correlated with spine BMD and femoral neck20,30.
Although there is increasing knowledge of more microRNAs involved in bone metabolism and biological function and its mechanism of action, the prior mechanism by which miRs reach the bloodstream is still not known, and their role in blood is not entirely understood. Future studies will clarify both aspects help us to find new and better biomarkers and more judiciously select those already proposed.
We should also bear in mind that, for the proper use of microRNAs as biomarkers in clinical practice, establishing a standard sample collection process and normalization techniques of real-time PCR is required.
The microRNAs play a fundamental role in the regulation of bone metabolism. Variations in gene expression can lead to alterations in bone remodeling and have adverse effects on the skeleton. All this opens a new window of possibilities for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of various bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
The pharmaceutical industry is currently investigating drug targets aimed at normalizing the tissue levels of specific microRNAs, silencing those which were over-expressed or increasing their levels in those with a deficit. The microRNAs can be silenced by molecules called anti-miRNAs (AMOs). These are synthetic antisense oligonucleotides which competitively inhibit interaction between the microRNAs and its target mRNA. The most widely used AMOs are 2′-O-methyl AMO, 2′-O-methoxyethyl AMO and the Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs)31. On the other hand, microRNAs often work in groups to regulate the pathological processes, so that instead of designing different anti-microRNAs for equal treatment, microRNAs called “sponge” are being developed, which can set numerous microRNAs at once.
Conversely, if we want to restore decreased levels of miR, the strategy is to manage microRNAs mimetic (miR mimics), which are molecules of dsRNA chemically altered to mimic endogenous microRNAs. When introduced into cells, they are recognized by miR mimics machinery microRNAs biogenesis and processed as such.
MicroRNAs use as pharmacological agents is already accepted in some tumor and viral pathologies31. At present, there are different molecules with inhibitory pharmacological action of microRNAs being used in phase II and III for the treatment of hepatitis C, miR-1 (miravirsen)32 and RG-10133.
As for the field of bone metabolism, advances in therapy are lower. We can find only a few isolated studies working in cell or animal models. Notably, a recent study published in Nature in which the miR-34a is designated as a new suppressor of osteoclast formation and bone resorption, which has important implications for the treatment of osteoporosis or bone metastases. This study shows how mice with increased levels of miR-34a have a higher bone density and lower rate of bone fractures. After injection of nanoparticles containing microRNA, both bone loss in mice with postmenopausal osteoporosis and bone metastasis in mouse models of reduced breast or skin cancer were reduced19. Wang et al. injected anti-miR-214 in mice and observed a lower loss of bone mass in treated animals13. Currently there are two major limitations to the use of microRNAs as pharmacological agents. The first is that one miR tends to have different target genes at a time and also can act as an inhibitor or promoter, depending on the target gene and the stage of cell differentiation time. This complexity explains the difficulties in predicting the spectrum of action and toxicity profiles associated with microRNAs therapy. To avoid this issue, recent research focuses on testing the stability of the microRNAs and direct its action to target tissues or cells. The second limitation is that the unmodified microRNAs may trigger nonspecific reactions of interferon in tissues. The presence of anti-miR or miR mimics modulates the stimulators of interferon gene expression, causing changes in the immune response.
1. The role of microRNAs in gene regulation is essential. They are involved in the regulation of various biological processes such as cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis in embryonic development and tissue.
2. The differential expression of microRNAs induces changes in most stages of skeletal development, so that the process of bone remodeling is also regulated by different microRNAs.
3. The study of the diverse differential expression profiles of microRNAs in bone metabolism disorders lead us to identify new biomarkers of osteoporotic disease and its development.
4. Given that microRNAs have a crucial role in bone tissue, better knowledge could lead us to set new therapeutic targets.
5. Better understanding of biogenesis microRNAs and their role in the pathogenic processes provide new tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of osteoporotic disease and new therapeutic targets.
1. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 1993;3;75:843-54.
2. Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature 2004;16;431:350-5.
3. Garnero P. New developments in biological markers of bone metabolism in osteoporosis. Bone 2014;66:46-55.
4. Cho WC. MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets and their potential applications in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012;16:747-59.
5. Krek A, Grün D, Poy MN, Wolf R, Rosenberg L, Epstein EJ, et al. Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet 2005;37:495-500.
6. Cai Y, Yu X, Hu S, Yu J. A brief review on the mechanisms of miRNA regulation. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics 2009;7:147-54.
7. Gregory RI, Yan KP, Amuthan G, Chendrimada T, Doratotaj B, Cooch N, et al. The Microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs. Nature 2004;432:235-40.
8. Zhang H, Kolb FA, Jaskiewicz L, Westhof E, Filipowicz W. Single processing center models for human Dicer and bacterial RNase III. Cell 2004;118:57-68.
10. Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell 2005;120:15-20.
11. Gilad S, Meiri E, Yogev Y, Benjamin S, Lebanony D, Yerushalmi N, et al. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One 2008;3:e3148.
12. Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, Fritz BR, Wyman SK, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:10513-8.
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15. Borgonio Cuadra VM, González-Huerta NC, Romero-Córdoba S, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Miranda-Duarte A. Altered expression of circulating microRNA in plasma of patients with primary osteoarthritis and in silico analysis of their pathways. PLoS One. 2014 Jun 5;9:e97690.
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17. Chien HY, Lee TP, Chen CY, Chiu YH, Lin YC, Lee LS, et al. Circulating microRNA as a diagnostic marker in populations with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. J Chin Med Assoc 2015;78:204-11.
18. Jingsheng S, Yibing W, Jun X, Siqun W, Jianguo W, Feiyan C, et al. MicroRNAs are potential prognostic and therapeutic targets in diabetic osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Metab 2015;33:1-8.
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21. Li H, Xie H, Liu W, Hu R, Huang B, Tan YF, et al. A novel microRNA targeting HDAC5 regulates osteoblast differentiation in mice and contributes to primary osteoporosis in humans. J Clin Invest 2009;119:3666-77.
22. Kim KM, Lim SK. Role of miRNAs in bone and their potential as therapeutic targets. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014;16:133-41.
23. Eskildsen T, Taipaleenmäki H, Stenvang J, Abdallah BM, Ditzel N, Nossent AY, et al. MicroRNA-138 regulates osteogenic differentiationof human stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:6139-44.
24. Cao Z, Moore BT, Wang Y, Peng XH, Lappe JM, Recker RR, et al. MiR-422a as a potential cellular microRNA biomarker for postmenopausal osteoporosis. PLoS One 2014;9:e97098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097098. eCollection 2014.
25. Zuo B, Zhu J, Li J, Wang C, Zhao X, Cai G, et al. MicroRNA-103a functions as a mechanosensitive microRNA to inhibit bone formation through targeting Runx2. J Bone Miner Res 2015;30:330-45.
26. Wang Y, Li L, Moore BT, Peng XH, Fang X, Lappe JM, et al. MiR-133a in human circulating monocytes: a potential biomarker associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis. PLoS One 2012;7:e34641.
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28. Ell B, Kang Y. MicroRNAs as regulators of bone homeostasis and bone metastasis. Bonekey Rep 2014;3:549.
29. Garmilla-Ezquerra P, Sañudo C, Delgado-Calle J, Pérez-Nuñez MI, Sumillera M, Riancho JA. Analysis of the bone microRNome in osteoporotic fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 2015;96:30-7.
30. Meng J, Zhang D, Pan N, Sun N, Wang Q, Fan J, et al. Identification of miR-194-5p as a potential biomarker for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Peer J 2015 May 21;3:e971. doi: 10.7717/peerj.971. eCollection 2015.
31. van Rooij E, Purcell AL, Levin AA. Developing microRNA therapeutics. Circ Res 2012;110:496-507.
32. Janssen HL, Reesink HW, Lawitz EJ, Zeuzem S, Rodriguez-Torres M, Patel K, et al. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1685-94.
33. Regulus Therapeutics: RG-101 Targeting miR-122 for HCV [Internet]. A leading microRNA Therapeutics Company; [actualizado en 2015; acceso 1 julio 2015]. Disponible en hhtp://www.regulursx.com/therapeutic-areas/rg-101/.
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How do I provide my customers with a receipt, using PayPal Here?
You can send digital receipts by text or email, which can then be accessed by you and your customer at any time. You can also print receipts with any compatible printers that work with the app and your mobile device.
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Following are some facts about these water birds and what they symbolize. I think we humans could learn a lot from these most graceful and wise waterfowls. One thing we could learn from them is their faithfulness towards their partner. They are known to mate for life, though there are certain cases where they do take another partner; for instance, when their mate gets lost during migration, or when it dies (or the female can't produce eggs), then it’s possible that the one left alone chooses another partner. Another admirable factor is what the swan symbolizes: grace, divinity and wisdom.
The first two are natives to North-America, whereas the latter was introduced by Europe.
Also, aside from the pictures and video links provided in each swan section, do enjoy the special page with links to extra beautiful pictures, videos and slides.
Birds often symbolize the divine. They are often viewed as gods in disguise, or they are the vehicles of gods and goddesses. While the peacock is a symbol of material manifestation, the swan stands for the ethereal. It represents the presence of divine inspiration in our world.
Their association with wisdom and creativity appears also among the Greeks who consider this bird to be related to the nine Muses. It is said that when Apollo was born at Delos, the event was marked with flights of these magical birds circling in the sky.
Despite the fact that they are generally considered to be the most beautiful of waterfowl, we can see in its long, graceful, serpentine neck, a kinship to the snake. Therefore, in Indian mythology, the swan (called “Hamsa” in Sanskrit) embodies the union of “Garuda” (Indian mythological bird, usually depicted as part human) and Naga (Sanskrit for snake), and since those two are enemies, it also stands for the highest wisdom teachings concerning the union of opposites.
Belonging to the family "Anatidae" (which also includes geese and ducks), the subfamily "Anserinae", and the Genus "Cygnus", the male is called a cob, the female a pen, and the babies are called cygnets. The male is slightly bigger than the female. These water birds are very protective of their offspring, and a cob gets very aggressive if anyone - human or animal - gets too close to the cygnets. Don’t underestimate the force of their wings... it’s been known to break a man’s leg! Imagine such powerful wings coming at you... you better run for your life!
When these magnificent water birds look for a mate, they display a courtship dance... I’ve heard it’s one of the most beautiful things to experience. Unfortunately I haven’t had a chance to witness it myself yet, but here is a YouTube video so you can see for yourself. During courtship they sometimes also “kiss” by touching their bills. You can see the heart-shape that is formed by their necks... how romantic, eh?
Swans are powerful birds, and can be very aggressive. They bite, and their beating wings can break a person’s arm. Aggression is displayed by the lowering of their neck, hissing, and rushing forward. They get aggressive when protecting their territories from strangers and other swans, although they will tolerate ducks and smaller fowl (though Mute swans may attack them too).
At the end of fall or the beginning of winter, swans start to migrate in flocks of twenty to forty birds. Cygnets travel in their parent’s flock for at least a year, so they can learn the route, and where to feed, rest, etc. The birds in migration have been clocked between 35-50 mph in the air, and they prefer to fly at night. They can fly at heights of 28,000 feet, and travel over 2,000 miles, often over sea. Like most large migratory birds, they fly in the V-formation, which helps them to cover long distances efficiently.
The V-formation benefits all of the birds, though the bird in the lead position has to work the hardest. When it tires, another bird from further back will quickly move into the lead position, while the tired one falls further back into one of the lines of the V. Even the two birds trailing in the furthest positions of the V tire more quickly than those in the middle, so these positions are also rotated frequently in order to give each bird a chance to lead the flock, as well as a chance to enjoy the maximum benefits of being in the middle of the formation. The center position requires the least effort.
This teamwork spirit comes naturally to them; even the youngest members of the flock quickly realize the benefits of the V-formation and how much easier it is than to fly alone. Another reason that may explain why birds fly in this formation is that it allows the birds to communicate more easily and it provides them with good visual contact of each other to keep the flock together. It also minimizes the possibility of losing birds along the way, as they're traveling across vast distances during the migration.
There are many similarities between the three types of swans that are found in North America, but the differences in their appearance make it easier to recognize what type of swan it is.
The easiest one to recognize is the Mute swan, because it has an orange bill. It's harder to differentiate between the Trumpeter and the Tundra. However, the Trumpeter is the largest of the three swans, whereas the Tundra is the smallest. Trumpeters have longer necks in proportion to their body lengths than Tundras. This is noticeable when the birds are either standing or swimming. In flight, following the takeoff run and just as they become airborne, Trumpeters will pull their necks into a shallow "S" curve, though only for a very brief moment during their first wing beats to stay airborne. Tundras hold their necks straight during the takeoff run and initial flight. This characteristic applies to both land and water takeoffs.
In mixed flocks, Trumpeter swans may be the last birds to take off. They may stay one or more minutes longer than the Tundra swans when both types are together, but are not entirely intermingled (Trumpeters remain at one end of the flock as a group). Generally, body postures of Trumpeters are angular, whereas Tundra postures are curved or round. Mutes like to hold the neck curved gracefully in a well-defined "S" shape, bill pointing somewhat downward, while the wings may be arched over their back.
Trumpeter: wing span 84-96 in.; weight 21-30 lbs.; length about 60 in.
Tundra: wing span 72-80 in.; weight 13-18 lbs.; length about 52 in.
Mute: wing span 82-94 in.; weight 20-30 lbs.; length about 57 in.
Trumpeters have a resonant, sonorous, loud, low pitched, bugle-like call.
Tundras have a high-pitched, often quavering call.
Mutes are generally silent but not "mute"; they make hissing sounds and occasionally purring noises.
Trumpeter - has a black bill with a red border on lower mandible (the red border may also be present on some Tundras); bill is longer than that of the Tundra.
Mute - bill is orange with a prominent black knob at the base.
Swans are often kept as pets for the wealthy, sometimes living in their ponds, lakes, and even travel on large yachts with their owners. Some Prestige Yachts for sale can even have small pools that are perfect for swans to swim while at sea.
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How to make a chalk bagIf you can use a sewing machine, in 15 minutes you can custom-make your own chalk bag for about $1, using an old pair of blue jeans or any other sturdy fabric. You’ll only save a few bucks, but the stylish, personalized bag will be one of a kind.
• 8” x 14” strip of stiff fabric such as denim, corduroy, or canvas. This will be the outside of your chalk bag, so get creative. I took the pocket from an old pair of jeans and sewed it onto the outside piece, making a pouch for a snack bar or whatever else I might need.
Take the 8” x 14” strip of chalk-bag fabric, fold it in half lengthwise, inside out, and sew the ends together to form a tube.
Sew the bottom piece on to the tube, with the good side facing in.
Turn the tube right side out. Determine where you want your cinch cord to go through. (Note that the edge of the bag will fold over to the inside and overlap the liner—see step 8.) Cut a hole slightly smaller than the grommet you are using, and install the grommet.
Repeat steps 1 and 2 with the fleecy material.
Thread the cord lock onto the cinch cord and tie knots in the ends of the cord to prevent the cord lock from falling off.
Slip the cinch cord through the grommet in the main bag, loop it around the liner, and put the liner (and cord) inside the main bag. Don’t sew bag and liner together yet.
Determine where you want your waist-belt loops. Fold the webbing into loops and slip the ends between the liner and bag.
Now fold down the edge of the bag to overlap the liner and sew the bag and liner together. At the waist-belt loops, the bag can’t overlap the liner, so double-stitch that area.
Fill with chalk and climb!
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The new Samsung Galaxy S8 and the Samsung Galaxy S8 Plus have big screens and many advanced features. These phones offer a new 10-nanometer Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 processor and software optimizations. Corning’s Gorilla Glass 5 prevents most damage caused by dropping or sitting on the Galaxy S8, but using a smartphone case can increase your new phone’s life. Explore the following four improvements to the Galaxy S8.
DeX is short for Desktop Experience, which can give your Galaxy S8 all the functionality you’ll find in a desktop PC. This feature is a simple dock that connects your phone to a monitor, a wireless keyboard and mouse, and other desktop accessories. DeX has an extra cooling fan to help keep the Galaxy S8 processing speeds high. As a result, you can enjoy all the features of a desktop or laptop without spending much money.
The rear camera on the Galaxy S8 uses the same hardware as the camera on the Galaxy S7 and the Note 7, and software updates make photos with low light look even better.
You can take excellent pictures with the selfie camera on the front of the phone, which creates 8-megapixel photos with its f/1.7 lens. The Galaxy S8 also has autofocus capabilities to make all photos look professional so that you don’t need to carry around a digital camera. Additionally,you’ll find that the user-friendly software on the Galaxy S8 makes posting images to Facebook, Twitter, and your other social media accounts easy.
Bixby is a virtual assistant that can help you set reminders, search through photo galleries, and broadcast video from your phone to your internet-connected TV. Additionally, Bixby can set reminders based on your location. While other digital assistants such as Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa mostly search the internet to answer spoken questions, Bixby focuses on allowing you to more easily use your phone hands-free, and it works in U.S. English and Korean with updates for Chinese and Spanish coming soon.
Bixby Voice can work with Samsung phone, messaging, settings, camera, and contacts apps. Did you know that Bixby Voice can also rotate and play videos, too? Press the Bixby button on the Galaxy S8 and ask the assistant to help you with a task. Just hold the phone up to your ear for engaging in a private conversation with Bixby. You can also change the assistant’s gender and mix voice and touch interactions when convenient.
Use the phone’s camera to find objects in real time and search for them online with Bixby Vision. Bixby Vision can also translate text, read QR codes, and recognize landmarks. The home screen for the program Bixby Home provides relevant information to you, such as your local weather forecast. Bixby Home also has controls for smart appliances such as programmable sprinklers, lights, and thermostats.
The Samsung Galaxy S8 feels like a normal-sized phone, but it has a 5.8-inch Infinity Display with small bezels on the top and bottom and no bezels on the sides. Its clean, unbranded face, attractive curved edges, and mirror-like glass back make it a fashionable accessory as well as a tool for many people. The Galaxy S8 has a high-resolution, 2,960-by-1,440-pixel display that makes text, images, and video look excellent even in direct sunlight.
Since it’s narrower than many phones, the Samsung Galaxy S8 makes the perfect phone to hold in your hand. For a larger display with the same improvements as the Galaxy S8, choose the 6.2-inch Galaxy S8 Plus. The Infinity Display takes up 83 percent of the faces on both phones, and their glass and metal designs give them a premium look and feel. Experiencing all the convenient improvements to the Samsung Galaxy S8 Plus on the T-Mobile network is easy. Pair this smartphone with T-Mobile’s most advanced 4G LTE network in the United States, for example, and you’ll enjoy one of the nation’s fastest networks, low prices, and easy payment plans for your purchase.
The Samsung Galaxy S8 and the Galaxy S8 Plus also offer wireless charging and USB-C connectivity for faster charging. It’s also water-resistant, so you won’t have to worry about spilling coffee or dropping your phone in the toilet. With these and more features available, what’s not to love about the Galaxy S8?
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Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, or also named The tomb of Qin Shi Huang is located in the eastern suburbs of Lintong County, 35 kilometers (22 miles) east of Xian: on the Lishan Mountain in the south and overlooking the Wei River towards north. The lay of the land from Lishan to Mount Hua is shaped dragon-like according to traditional Chinese geomancy. Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC), the first emperor of China, ascended the throne at the age of 13, when construction of his tomb began. On completion of his many conquests, he ordered 720,000 conscript laborers to hurry up on building his royal tomb.
It was finished just-in-time in 210 BC for his use. His son, the second Qin Emperor, saw to his entombment. The mausoleum covers a total of 2.18 million square meters, with the tomb itself covering 220,000 square meters. The tomb was designed to be 166 meters high, but years of weathering and damage have reduced this to 76 meters. The bottom of the tomb measures 485 meters by 515 meters.
The mausoleum originally consisted of inner and outer sections. The outer section had a circumference of 6,294 meters. In addition, an underground palace, 450 meters long from south to north and 390 meters wide from east to west and covering more than 180,000 square meters, has been discovered.
According to Records of the Historian written over 2,000 years ago by Sima Qian, the construction of the grand project involved 700,000 laborers and took 36 years to be completed. No doubt thousands of statues still remain to be unearthed at this archaeological site, which was not discovered until 1974. Qin (d. 210 B.C.) is buried, surrounded by the famous terracotta warriors, at the center of a complex designed to mirror the urban plan of the capital, Xianyang. The small figures are all different; with their horses, chariots and weapons, they are masterpieces of realism and also of great historical interest.
Soon after his mounting to the throne, Qin Shi Huang (259-2l0BC) began to construct his mausoleum at Lishan Hill. After his unionization of the six states, the work was carried out on a larger scale, with 700 thousand workers drafted from all part of the country to work at the construction site.
Nearly 40 years were taken for the tremendous engineering project, but the tomb garden had not been completed yet by the time the Qin Dynasty was overthrown. According to textual records, the barrow is more than 50 zhang(ll6m)in height and over 5 li(approximately 2,100 m)in periphery;the interior is built with many halls, which contain all sorts of exotic treasures. Engineering work of such a magnitude was rare in history.
One km east of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum, there were excavated in l974-l977 pits of terracotta warriors,funeral objects for the tomb-owner. Pit I, located in the south, measures 2l6 m in length from west to east and 62 m in width, occupying an area of l3,260 sq m ;Pit II,124 m,98 m and 6,000 sq m respectively; and Pit III,520sq m. The excavated parts yielded 800 terracotta warriors,100 terracotta horses and 18 wooden chariots Judging from the arrangement of the above unearthed objects, these pits presumably contain 7,000 terra-cotta warriors, l00 chariots and l00 terra-cotta horses altogether.
From the imitations of battle arrays one can image the might of the Qin troops who put all enemies to rout, overthrew the six states and unified the whole country more than 2,000 years ago. The terracotta warriors are stalwart, usually about l.8 m high, varied in appearance and lifelike in expression, exhibiting the superb skill of Qin sculptors.
Before the Qin Dynasty, sacrifice to late kings was not held on their burial ground, Qin Shi Huang was the first monarch to have a royal memorial hall built in a grave yard. The tomb garden is enclosed with two walls shaped like the character, within which the banow is erected a little to the south of the center of the inner wall.
The memorial hall stands 50m northwest of the barrow; its foundation, as seen today, has a roughly square plan and measures 3,500 sq m in area; nearby are other building sin ruins. In the hall, an image of Qin Shi Huang was made for sacrifice.
This memorial manner exerted profound and lasting influence in subsequent ages, having been followed in the construction of later imperial mausoleums down to the Ming-Qing period. It was a development of the ancient Chinese mortuary institution.
Can be reached by Bus No.306 or 307 from the railway station for 5RMB.
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The numerical techniques used to solve the Primitive Equations in this model are based on the traditional, centred second-order finite difference approximation. Special attention has been given to the homogeneity of the solution in the three space directions. The arrangement of variables is the same in all directions. It consists of cells centred on scalar points ( , , , ) with vector points defined in the centre of each face of the cells (Fig. 4.1). This is the generalisation to three dimensions of the well-known “C” grid in Arakawa's classification [Mesinger and Arakawa, 1976]. The relative and planetary vorticity, and , are defined in the centre of each vertical edge and the barotropic stream function is defined at horizontal points overlying the and -points.
The ocean mesh ( the position of all the scalar and vector points) is defined by the transformation that gives ( , , ) as a function of . The grid-points are located at integer or integer and a half value of as indicated on Table 4.1. In all the following, subscripts , , , , , or indicate the position of the grid-point where the scale factors are defined. Each scale factor is defined as the local analytical value provided by (2.6). As a result, the mesh on which partial derivatives , and are evaluated is a uniform mesh with a grid size of unity. Discrete partial derivatives are formulated by the traditional, centred second order finite difference approximation while the scale factors are chosen equal to their local analytical value. An important point here is that the partial derivative of the scale factors must be evaluated by centred finite difference approximation, not from their analytical expression. This preserves the symmetry of the discrete set of equations and therefore satisfies many of the continuous properties (see Appendix C). A similar, related remark can be made about the domain size: when needed, an area, volume, or the total ocean depth must be evaluated as the sum of the relevant scale factors (see (4.8)) in the next section).
where is the ocean depth, which is the masked sum of the vertical scale factors at points, and are the bottom and surface -indices, and the symbol refers to a summation over all grid points of the same type in the direction indicated by the subscript (here ).
It is straightforward to demonstrate that these properties are verified locally in discrete form as soon as the scalar is taken at -points and the vector A has its components defined at vector points .
In other words, the adjoint of the differencing and averaging operators are and , respectively. These two properties will be used extensively in the Appendix C to demonstrate integral conservative properties of the discrete formulation chosen.
The array representation used in the FORTRAN code requires an integer indexing while the analytical definition of the mesh (see §4.1.1) is associated with the use of integer values for -points and both integer and integer and a half values for all the other points. Therefore a specific integer indexing must be defined for points other than -points ( velocity and vorticity grid-points). Furthermore, the direction of the vertical indexing has been changed so that the surface level is at .
The indexing in the horizontal plane has been chosen as shown in Fig.4.2. For an increasing index ( index), the -point and the eastward -point (northward -point) have the same index (see the dashed area in Fig.4.2). A -point and its nearest northeast -point have the same -and -indices.
In the vertical, the chosen indexing requires special attention since the -axis is re-orientated downward in the FORTRAN code compared to the indexing used in the semi-discrete equations and given in §4.1.1. The sea surface corresponds to the -level which is the same index as -level just below (Fig.4.3). The last -level ( ) either corresponds to the ocean floor or is inside the bathymetry while the last -level is always inside the bathymetry (Fig.4.3). Note that for an increasing index, a -point and the -point just below have the same index, in opposition to what is done in the horizontal plane where it is the -point and the nearest velocity points in the direction of the horizontal axis that have the same or index (compare the dashed area in Fig.4.2 and 4.3). Since the scale factors are chosen to be strictly positive, a minus sign appears in the FORTRAN code before all the vertical derivatives of the discrete equations given in this documentation.
Figure 4.3: Vertical integer indexing used in the FORTRAN code. Note that the -axis is orientated downward. The dashed area indicates the cell in which variables contained in arrays have the same -index.
The total size of the computational domain is set by the parameters jpiglo, jpjglo and jpkdta in the , and directions respectively. They are given as namelist variables in the namcfg namelist.
Note that are other namelist variables in the namcfg namelist that refer to the domain size. The two variables jpidta and jpjdta may be larger than jpiglo, jpjglo when the user wants to use only a sub-region of a given configuration. This is the "zoom" capability described in §15.3. In most applications of the model, , , and . Parameters and refer to the size of each processor subdomain when the code is run in parallel using domain decomposition (key_ mpp_mpi defined, see §8.3).
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What do Monarch butterflies eat?
Butterflies are iconic and symbolic. These amazing transformational insects represent a special meaning to a lot of people.
Butterflies and butterfly designs on t-shirts, hats, mugs, tote bags, sneakers, magnets, stickers, aprons, mouse pads, speakers, and more.
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Belgrade is a city with a tumultuous, but also frequently tragic past, primarily due to its unique position at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, on the border between the East and the West.
Roads run through it and around it, used by invading warrior peoples conquering and destroying this city, rebuilding it and adding to it over and over.
Belgrade has been permanently settled since the mid Neolithic period, the time when its area played host to the Vincian culture, more than 4,000 years B.C.E.
The Greeks came later, followed by the Romans who pushed the Celts across the Sava and Danube rivers, installing their fourth legion, the Legio Flavia, at Singidunum. They built a mighty fort on the Kalemegdan ridge with a city next to it.
From the Celtic dun and the Roman castrum the city grew into a significant border fortification of the Huns and then the Byzantine emperors Anastasius and Iustinianus, the Avars, Bulgars, Ugars, Serbs, Turks and Austrians, until it became the capital of modern Serbia during the 19th century.
The name Belgrade was first recorded in a letter on April 16, 878, when Pope John VIII notified the Bulgarian Emperor Mihail Boris that he had removed from office Sergi (“episcopus Belgradensis”) due to sinful living.
Belgrade had around ten names in the past. As each conqueror claimed it, they immediately changed its name, but the new name almost always spoke of its beauty and whiteness. It was called Belgrad, Bello Grado, Alba Urbs, Alba Graeca, Griechisch Weissenburg, Nándor Fehérvár, Nándor Alba, Castelbianco. All these names are translations of the Slavic word Beograd.
It became the capital of the Serb medieval state during the reign of King Dragutin Nemanjić who married the princess Katerina and therefore received Belgrade, Mačva and Srem as dowry from the Hungarian king, as well as during the time of Despot Stefan Lazarević who, as the vassal of the Ugric king received Belgrade in his possession, along with a number of other large estates. Only in the 19th century, at the time of the First Serbian Uprising and subsequently, during the reign of Prince Miloš, from 1841 onwards, did Belgrade become the permanent capital of the Principality, and thereafter the Kingdom of Serbia. Following World War I, in 1918, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and thereafter of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After World War II it regained its position as the capital of the country of Yugoslavia that changed its name a number of times, only to become, once again and finally, the capital of Serbia.
Belgrade gradually grew from an oriental town into a modern mid-European city during the 19th century. It had 25,178 residents and 3,444 houses at the time the Turks left Belgrade in 1867.
The first electric light was switched on in Belgrade in 1882, while the first train took off towards Niš from the Belgrade railway station on August 23, 1884.
The first cobbled road in Belgrade, made up of oaken cobbles, was laid down in 1886 in Kralja Petra I Street, between Knez Mihailova and the Cathedral Church. As the spring rains started to fall, shoots sprang forth from those cobbles, to the delight of the citizens of Belgrade.
The first horse-drawn tram was engaged on October 1, 1892. Water pipelines were installed in several streets in the city centre during the same year.
The first telephone rang in 1890, while the first cinema projection was held in 1896, a mere six months after the first projection by the Lumière brothers in Paris.
Belgrade had a population of 50,000 citizens and grew into a true European capital during the early 20th century. Unfortunately, it was bombed and demolished during World War I, and the same occurred in World War II, when the Nazi Luftwaffe turned a large part of the city to dust and rubble in 1941. The cycle was repeated in 1944 when the allied Anglo-American air force repeatedly demolished large parts of the city in addition to the few remaining German military facilities. Unfortunately, another round of destruction, hopefully the last, occurred in 1999 when the NATO Alliance air force destroyed several tens of residential buildings, administrative, communal and production facilities, communications, etc. All of these bombings left behind a large number of human victims, dead, buried in the rubble or wounded.
Belgrade has more than 1,700,000 citizens today and is growing into a true metropolis. More than a quarter of the population of Serbia lives there today! The city is growing towards Šumadija, as well as towards Srem and Banat. It is becoming ever more beautiful, orderly and clean, but also increasingly frantic, since life in Belgrade is ever faster as it is in all big cities.
The makeup of the population of Belgrade often changed during the past centuries. People from all over the Balkans and central Europe moved to it, and many departed under their own volition or under duress, but those that remained became Belgraders within a generation and seldom abandoned it without pressing need.
Data from the book “Beograd, u pola četiri Kod dva bela goluba” by Dragoslav Ž. Savić.
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Which KD formulation to use?
Reviews and syntheses: Revisiting the boron systematics of aragonite and their application to coral calcification Boron systematics of aragonite Thomas M. DeCarlo et al.
The isotopic and elemental systematics of boron in aragonitic coral skeletons have recently been developed as a proxy for the carbonate chemistry of the coral extracellular calcifying fluid. With knowledge of the boron isotopic fractionation in seawater and the B∕Ca partition coefficient (KD) between aragonite and seawater, measurements of coral skeleton δ11B and B∕Ca can potentially constrain the full carbonate system. Two sets of abiogenic aragonite precipitation experiments designed to quantify KD have recently made possible the application of this proxy system. However, while different KD formulations have been proposed, there has not yet been a comprehensive analysis that considers both experimental datasets and explores the implications for interpreting coral skeletons. Here, we evaluate four potential KD formulations: three previously presented in the literature and one newly developed. We assess how well each formulation reconstructs the known fluid carbonate chemistry from the abiogenic experiments, and we evaluate the implications for deriving the carbonate chemistry of coral calcifying fluid. Three of the KD formulations performed similarly when applied to abiogenic aragonites precipitated from seawater and to coral skeletons. Critically, we find that some uncertainty remains in understanding the mechanism of boron elemental partitioning between aragonite and seawater, and addressing this question should be a target of additional abiogenic precipitation experiments. Despite this, boron systematics can already be applied to quantify the coral calcifying fluid carbonate system, although uncertainties associated with the proxy system should be carefully considered for each application. Finally, we present a user-friendly computer code that calculates coral calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry, including propagation of uncertainties, given inputs of boron systematics measured in coral skeleton.
DeCarlo, T. M., Holcomb, M., and McCulloch, M. T.: Reviews and syntheses: Revisiting the boron systematics of aragonite and their application to coral calcification, Biogeosciences, 15, 2819-2834, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2819-2018, 2018.
Quantifying the carbonate chemistry of the fluid from which corals accrete their skeletons is essential for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal growth and the sensitivity of skeletal composition to environmental variability. It is generally thought that corals precipitate aragonite (CaCO3) crystals within an extracellular fluid-filled space between the living polyp and the skeleton (Barnes, 1970). Evidence from skeletal geochemistry and fluorescent dye experiments suggests that while seawater is the initial source of the calcifying fluid (McConnaughey, 1989; Adkins et al., 2003; Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003; Gagnon et al., 2012; Tambutté et al., 2012), the carbonate chemistry of the calcifying fluid is subject to substantial modifications (i.e., pH and dissolved inorganic carbon, or DIC) that enhance the rapid nucleation and growth of aragonite crystals (Al-Horani et al., 2003; Venn et al., 2011). Because the isolation and small size of the calcifying fluid makes it difficult to sample directly, a variety of techniques have been employed to characterize its composition. These include microelectrodes inserted into tissue incisions or through the mouth (Al-Horani et al., 2003; Ries, 2011; Cai et al., 2016), pH-sensitive dyes (Venn et al., 2011, 2013; Holcomb et al., 2014; Comeau et al., 2017b), Raman spectroscopy (DeCarlo et al., 2017), and a variety of skeletal-based geochemical proxies (Rollion-Bard et al., 2010, 2011; Inoue et al., 2011; Trotter et al., 2011; McCulloch et al., 2012b; Allison et al., 2014; Holcomb et al., 2014; DeCarlo et al., 2015). Although microelectrodes and pH-sensitive dyes are arguably the most direct methods, their utilities are limited by difficulties of applying them to corals living in their natural environment or developing seasonally resolved time series. Geochemical proxies, although indirect, can be readily applied to the skeletons of corals living in both laboratory and natural environments, and to skeletons accreted years or even centuries ago.
In recent years, boron systematics (including δ11B and B∕Ca) have become one of the most commonly applied proxies for the carbonate chemistry of coral calcifying fluid (Hönisch et al., 2004; Trotter et al., 2011; McCulloch et al., 2012b, a, 2017; Allison et al., 2014; DeCarlo et al., 2016; Stewart et al., 2016; Comeau et al., 2017a; Wu et al., 2017; D'Olivo and McCulloch, 2017; Kubota et al., 2017; Ross et al., 2017; Schoepf et al., 2017). The sensitivity of boron isotopes to seawater pH arises from the borate versus boric acid speciation being pH dependent and the isotopic fractionation between these species being constant (Klochko et al., 2006). Since the δ11B composition of aragonite precipitating from seawater reflects that of the borate species (Klochko et al., 2006; Trotter et al., 2011; Noireaux et al., 2015), the δ11B composition of the skeletal carbonate records the pH of the calcifying fluid. Furthermore, the B∕Ca ratio depends inversely on the concentration of carbonate ion ([CO32-]) if borate substitutes for carbonate ion in the aragonite lattice (Holcomb et al., 2016).
Use of combined boron isotopic (δ11B) and elemental (B∕Ca) systematics has several advantages relative to other geochemical proxies. For example, while stable carbon and oxygen isotopes are sensitive to carbonate chemistry, they are complicated by kinetic effects, strong sensitivities to the photosynthetic activity of coral symbionts, and variable compositions in seawater, which together have precluded their utility as acceptable carbonate system proxies (Adkins et al., 2003; Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003; Schoepf et al., 2014). The U∕Ca ratio of aragonite is also sensitive to [CO32-], but the amount of U in coral skeleton relative to its concentration in seawater suggests that [U]cf is depleted substantially, complicating its utility as a direct [CO32-]cf proxy (DeCarlo et al., 2015). Conversely, the B∕Ca and δ11B compositions of seawater are homogeneous (Foster et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2010) and likely not modified substantially by photosynthetic activity (Hönisch et al., 2004). Further, incorporation into the skeleton is less important for B∕Ca than U∕Ca because the partition coefficient between B and [CO32-] is at least 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of U ∕ CO32- (DeCarlo et al., 2015; Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016), meaning that [B]cf is depleted much less than [U]cf as skeletal aragonite precipitates. While a low partition coefficient causes Rayleigh fractionation for elements in a closed system (e.g., coral [Mg] ∕ [Ca]cf) (Gaetani and Cohen, 2006), [CO32-]cf is elevated relative to seawater and is modified by CO2 diffusion and pH up-regulation (i.e., it is not in a closed system) (Adkins et al., 2003; Cai et al., 2016), meaning that [B] ∕ [CO32-]cf is likely not changed substantially due to skeletal aragonite precipitation. Therefore, boron-based proxies are thought to be largely dependent on carbonate chemistry alone (Trotter et al., 2011; McCulloch et al., 2017). Finally, the combination of two carbonate system proxies (pH and [CO32-]) derived from boron systematics allows for computation of the full carbonate system (Zeebe and Wolf-Gladrow, 2001).
Abiogenic laboratory experiments provide the underlying quantitative foundation necessary to apply these proxies to aragonitic coral skeletons. Klochko et al. (2006) determined the fractionation factor (αB3−B4) between boric acid and borate in seawater, which allows δ11B of carbonates to be used as a pH proxy when combined with knowledge of pKB (Dickson, 1990) and seawater δ11B (Foster et al., 2010). Although there is potential for B isotopic fractionation between aragonite and seawater (Balan et al., 2018), the veracity of the δ11B proxy has been largely confirmed by comparison with direct in situ measurements using either pH microelectrodes or confocal microscopy of pH-sensitive dyes in the calcifying fluid (Ries, 2011; Venn et al., 2011; Holcomb et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2016). Additionally, results from two sets of abiogenic precipitation experiments can be used to constrain the partitioning of B∕Ca between fluid and aragonite (Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016). Thus, while all the information theoretically required to constrain the full seawater carbonate system from boron systematics is now available, a variety of different approaches have been presented, especially regarding the interpretation of B∕Ca partitioning (Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016; Allison, 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017). Here, we assess the abiogenic partitioning data (Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016), and the subsequent fitting of those data (Allison, 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017). We consider which mechanisms of B incorporation and sensitivities of B∕Ca partitioning are plausible, and the implications for interpreting coral skeletons. Our focus is on the combined application of δ11B and B∕Ca because it is only when the two are used in tandem that it is possible to calculate the full calcifying fluid carbonate system. Finally, we present a user-friendly computer code to calculate coral calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry from measurements of δ11B and B∕Ca. The code also propagates known uncertainties for deriving calcifying fluid [CO32-]cf and DICcf, and allows for evaluating the effects of using different constants and partition coefficient formulations.
where [CO32-]aragonite is assumed equal to [Ca2+]aragonite, and Eqs. (7) and (8) differ by whether or not the square root of CO32- is used. Since Eq. (6) includes H+ in the products, this reaction implies that the KD may be pH dependent (McCulloch et al., 2017). Incorporation of B into aragonite may also involve adsorption of B(OH)4- onto crystal surfaces, incorporation at defect sites, or local charge balance by Na+ (Balan et al., 2018).
Whether aragonite precipitates via Eqs. (10) or (11) is testable because the rate of the net forward reaction should depend on the concentrations of the reactants. Burton and Walter (1987) demonstrated that the rate of aragonite precipitation increases as a function of ΩAr (where ΩAr = [Ca2+][CO32-] ∕ Ksp) and temperature, although they did not explicitly consider the relationship between [HCO3-] and precipitation rate. Holcomb et al. (2016) reported bulk precipitation rates for aragonites precipitated from seawater with various [CO32-] and [HCO3-], with independence between these two variables achieved by manipulating pH and DIC. While the bulk precipitation rates were not normalized to surface area as in Burton and Walter (1987), the experimental vessels used by Holcomb et al. (2016) were of consistent dimensions and material. Thus, the bulk precipitation rate data of Holcomb et al. (2016) should be comparable among their experiments, allowing us to evaluate between the reactions of Eqs. (10) and (11). The aragonite precipitation rates reported by Holcomb et al. (2016) at 25 ∘C are significantly correlated with both [CO32-] (r2 = 0.56, p<0.01) and ΩAr (r2 = 0.62, p<0.01) (Fig. 1a, b). Experiments conducted at 20, 33, and 40 ∘C are consistent with this trend (Fig. 1a, b), and with previous observations that precipitation rate increases with temperature (Burton and Walter, 1987), although we do not attempt to quantify temperature effects on the order of the reaction (as performed by Burton and Walter, 1987) since only two experiments were conducted at each temperature other than 25 ∘C. Conversely, there are no significant correlations between aragonite precipitation rate at 25 ∘C and either [HCO3-] (r2 = 0.00, p=0.95) or [Ca2+][HCO3-] (r2=0.01, p=0.54) as would be expected based on Eq. (10). Other possibilities include precipitation reactions involving both CO32- and HCO3-, or total DIC (Allison et al., 2014; Allison, 2017). However, there are no significant correlations between precipitation rate and either [CO32-]+[HCO3-] (r2 = 0.01, p=0.59) or DIC (r2=0.01, p=0.59) (Fig. 1e, f). Together, these data lead us to conclude that aragonite precipitates from seawater via Eq. (11). Therefore, since B∕Ca partition coefficients expressed with [HCO3-] do not have a chemical reaction basis, we do not consider them further. Rather, we consider only the B∕Ca partition coefficients that are based on borate substituting for CO32- (Eqs. 7–8).
Figure 1Aragonite precipitation rates as functions of fluid chemistry based on data from Holcomb et al. (2016). Each point represents a separate abiogenic aragonite precipitation experiment conducted at 20 ∘C (blue), 25 ∘C (black), 33 ∘C (green), and 40 ∘C (red). Bulk aragonite precipitation rates (R) are plotted against mean fluid [CO32-] (a), ΩAr (b), [HCO3-] (c), [Ca2+][HCO3-] (d), [CO32-]+[HCO3-] (e), and DIC (f). Solid lines show regression fits at each temperature (note that there are only two experiments at each temperature other than 25 ∘C, and thus line fits for these temperatures should be interpreted with caution).
The second source of discrepancies between various applications of boron systematics to coral skeletons is the dependence of the KD on fluid chemistry. Holcomb et al. (2016) fit the KD as either a function of [CO32-] or ΩAr, McCulloch et al. (2017) refit the Holcomb et al. (2016) data as a function of [H+], and Allison (2017) fit data from both Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016) as a function of ΩAr.
At the outset, it is important to recognize that there are two key differences between the abiogenic experiments of Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016). Firstly, Mavromatis et al. (2015) precipitated aragonite from NaCl solutions, whereas Holcomb et al. (2016) used filtered seawater. Secondly, [CO32-] and ΩAr are lower in the experiments of Mavromatis et al. (2015) relative to Holcomb et al. (2016). Potentially as result of one or both of these differences, Mavromatis et al. (2015) found much lower KD values than Holcomb et al. (2016). Here, we consider four possible KD dependencies based on these two experimental datasets (Fig. 2).
Figure 2B∕Ca KD formulations. Abiogenic B∕Ca partitioning data from Mavromatis et al. (2015) (red circles) and Holcomb et al. (2016) (blue triangles) fit as functions of fluid chemistry: [CO32-] (a, c) (Holcomb et al., 2016), [H+] (b) (McCulloch et al., 2017), and ΩAr (d) (Allison, 2017). Note that KD in (a) is defined with Eq. (7) and in (b–d) is defined with Eq. (8). We use only the Mavromatis et al. (2015) with [B] < 1000 µmol kg−1 due to the apparent effect of [B] on KD (Holcomb et al., 2016).
The first two formulations assume that there are substantial compositional effects on B∕Ca partitioning, and thus the offsets in KD between Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016) arise due to the use of NaCl versus seawater solutions, respectively (Fig. 2a, b). If this is correct, the Holcomb et al. (2016) data are more appropriate for application to corals based on evidence that they precipitate their skeletons from seawater-based solutions (McConnaughey, 1989; Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003; Gagnon et al., 2012; Tambutté et al., 2012). Holcomb et al. (2016) precipitated their aragonites from seawater solutions modified with [Ca2+] and [Mg2+] ranging between 6 and 20 and 48 and 98 mmol kg−1, respectively, without any apparent effects on the B∕Ca KD. While this suggests that the KD is not highly sensitive to seawater elemental chemistry, it is still possible that there are subtle compositional effects that have little influence on KD in modified seawater, but become apparent in the NaCl solutions used by Mavromatis et al. (2015). Assuming some compositional effects do exist, we are left with the two plausible KD expressions (Eqs. 7–8), and the previously presented dependencies on either [CO32-] (Holcomb et al., 2016) or [H+] McCulloch et al. (2017).
where parentheses indicate 95 % confidence, KD is defined by Eq. (8), and [CO32-] is in units of micromoles per kilogram. Mechanistically, the increase in KD with [CO32-] or ΩAr (or precipitation rate) is consistent with the surface entrapment model proposed by Watson (2004). In this model, minor element impurities, such as B, are incorporated in the near-surface layer of a growing crystal. Slower-growing crystals allow these impurities to diffuse out of the near-surface region into the fluid, whereas faster-growing crystals bury the near-surface impurities into the bulk crystal. The sensitivity of KD to [CO32-] or ΩAr is also consistent with a surface kinetic model (DePaolo, 2011), in which trace element partitioning depends on the net rate of precipitation relative to dissolution. Thus, both the surface entrapment and kinetic models offer potential explanations as to why the low-ΩAr experiments of Mavromatis et al. (2015) produced lower KD than the higher-ΩAr experiments of Holcomb et al. (2016).
Figure 3Reconstructing experimental fluid [CO32-] using the KD formulations presented in Fig. 2. Symbols are the same as Fig. 2. In panel (d), negative [CO32-] solutions have been excluded (see Appendix). Calculations using the Allison (2017) KD formulation have been performed with both assuming seawater [Ca2+] (blue) and using the [Ca2+] reported from the experiments (cyan).
We conducted a simple test to evaluate the utility of the four KD dependencies considered above. For each KD formulation, we used the reported aragonite B∕Ca, fluid [B(OH)4-], and pH data of Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016) to calculate the fluid [CO32-], and then we compared the predicted [CO32-] to the concentrations measured during the experiments (Fig. 3) (see also Ross et al., 2017, for a similar analysis). The basis for this approach is to assess how well the experimental fluid [CO32-] can be reconstructed using boron systematics alone. When boron systematics are applied to coral skeletons, [CO32-] is predicted from only B∕Ca and δ11B. However, since δ11B was not reported by Holcomb et al. (2016), we instead use the measured pH for the McCulloch et al. (2017) KD formulation. Additionally, since [B] was manipulated in some experiments, we use reported fluid [B(OH)4-] instead of calculating it from pH as is performed in applications to corals (Allison et al., 2014; McCulloch et al., 2017). Nevertheless, since pH (and thus seawater [B(OH)4-]) is readily calculated from δ11B, our approach is suitable for evaluating the utility of each KD formulation for reconstructing [CO32-] with B∕Ca.
where Eq. (14) is used for Allison (2017) and our new Eq. (12), and Eq. (13) is used for Holcomb et al. (2016). We then calculated the residual between the calculated (Eqs. 13–14) and initially estimated [CO32-]. Finally, we iteratively adjusted the initial [CO32-] estimate for each data point until it equaled the [CO32-] derived from Eqs. (13)–(14).
Both the Holcomb et al. (2016) fit (their Eq. 7) and the McCulloch et al. (2017) refit perform similarly, effectively reconstructing the fluid [CO32-] of the Holcomb et al. (2016) experimental data (root mean square error, RMSE = 151 and 163 µmol kg−1, respectively), but performing poorly for the Mavromatis et al. (2015) data (RMSE = 1370 and 1385 µmol kg−1, respectively) (Fig. 3a, b). This is not surprising because these KD dependencies are offset from the Mavromatis et al. (2015) data (Fig. 2a, b). Our new logarithmic equation performs well for both datasets (RMSE = 42 and 204 µmol kg−1 for Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016), respectively). The Allison (2017) formulation (assuming [Ca2+] of 10 µmol kg−1) performs well for the Mavromatis et al. (2015) data (RMSE = 51 µmol kg−1), but creates a trend opposite that expected for the Holcomb et al. (2016) data (RMSE = 1375 µmol kg−1) (Fig. 3d). Using the reported [Ca2+] and Ksp from the Holcomb et al. (2016) experiments in the Allison (2017) formulation improves the results slightly and generates more positive solutions, but the RMSE is still 950 µmol kg−1.
An alternative way to understand these patterns is to investigate the relationship between [CO32-] and the ratio of fluid [B(OH)4-] to solid B∕Ca (Fig. 4). Following Eqs. (13)–(14), [CO32-] should be positively related to [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite, and this behavior is clearly evident in the abiogenic aragonites of Holcomb et al. (2016) (blue triangles in Fig. 4). The KD formulations of Holcomb et al. (2016), McCulloch et al. (2017), and our new Eq. (12) all closely track the abiogenic data, especially for [CO32-] < 2000 µmol kg−1. Conversely, the Allison (2017) fit (assuming [Ca2+] of 10 mmol kg−1) produces the opposite trend and is invalid or negative below a [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite of ∼ 0.44 mol kg−1 (see Appendix for derivation of an analytical solution).
Figure 4Experimental fluid [CO32-] as a function of [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite. The KD formulations of Holcomb et al. (2016) (dotted black line), McCulloch et al. (2017) (black crosses), and Eq. (12) (dashed black line) all capture the trend of increasing [CO32-] with increasing [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite that is apparent in the abiogenic data (blue triangles). A constant KD (solid grey line) underestimates the slope between [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite and [CO32-]. The pink shaded region shows the range of [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite derived for Porites corals by McCulloch et al. (2017).
The behavior of the KD formulations can be understood by inspecting the residuals between initial [CO32-] estimates and those derived from Eqs. (13)–(14) (Fig. 5). The Holcomb et al. (2016) KD formulation generates unique [CO32-] solutions (i.e., where the residual equals zero) that increase with [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite (Fig. 5a), which is the ideal behavior. Our new Eq. (12) also produces increasing [CO32-] solutions with increasing [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite (Fig. 5b); however, a major issue of this formulation is that there may be two [CO32-] solutions for each [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite. Finally, although the Allison (2017) KD formulation produces unique [CO32-] solutions, they increase with decreasing [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite (Fig. 5c), opposite to that expected (Fig. 4).
The reason for the poor behavior of the Allison (2017) formulation is the linear fit between KD and ΩAr with an intercept near the origin. When using this formulation to predict [CO32-] from boron systematics alone, we must assume [Ca2+] is approximately equal to seawater (∼10 mmol kg−1), meaning that ΩAr is directly related to [CO32-]. Since the intercept in the Allison (2017) KD formulation is close to the origin, any change in [CO32-] results in an almost proportional change in KD. It can be seen why this is problematic by inspecting how [CO32-] is derived from Eq. (14). The [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite is derived from pH (or δ11B) and measured B∕Ca, so this ratio remains constant while we find the appropriate KD that minimizes the residual [CO32-], as in Fig. 5. Therefore, Eq. (14) is effectively reduced to [CO32-] being a function of KD multiplied by a constant. However, since KD changes almost directly proportionally to [CO32-] according to Allison (2017), it is difficult to find a [CO32-] that explains different [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite values. Although Allison (2017) recognized the difficulty of explaining the range of B∕Ca observed in corals (see their Fig. 8g), the implication of applying this KD formulation to predict [CO32-] was not discussed. Our analysis suggests that this KD formulation is poorly suited for accurately reconstructing fluid [CO32-] from boron systematics (Figs. 3d, 4).
Another approach presented by Allison (2017) is to use a constant KD. We selected a KD value of 0.02 as an example that fits the abiogenic data near the low-[CO32-] range of the data (Fig. 4). While a constant KD performs better than the linear fit to ΩAr, it underestimates the slope of the relationship between [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite and [CO32-] (Fig. 4). This is not surprising because the abiogenic data clearly show the KD does not remain constant as [CO32-] changes (Fig. 2). Since using a constant KD will underestimate variability in [CO32-]cf when applied to corals, we do not recommend this approach.
Figure 5Predicting [CO32-] from the KD formulations which themselves depend on [CO32-]: Holcomb et al. (2016) (a), Eq. (12) (b), and Allison (2017) (c). Each panel shows the residual between a guess of [CO32-] used to calculate KD and that calculated from Eqs. (13)–(14), plotted against the [CO32-] guess. The final [CO32-] is derived by finding where the residual is minimized for a particular [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite (three of which are plotted as examples in red, blue, and black).
The ability of boron systematics to predict two independent carbonate chemistry parameters allows for calculation of the full carbonate system. This has prompted several recent applications deriving the carbonate chemistry of coral calcifying fluids (Allison et al., 2014; Comeau et al., 2017a; D'Olivo and McCulloch, 2017; Kubota et al., 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017; Ross et al., 2017; Schoepf et al., 2017). Here, we investigate the differences in derived coral calcifying fluid [CO32-] that arise from the choice of KD formulation. We use the paired δ11B and B∕Ca data of the “Davies 2” coral from McCulloch et al. (2017) as an example.
Derived [CO32-]cf shows similar seasonality when using the KD formulations of Holcomb et al. (2016), McCulloch et al. (2017), or our new Eq. (12) (Fig. 6). Regardless of which of these three KD formulations are used, [CO32-]cf is highest in summer and lowest in winter over a multiyear time series. This is consistent with other reports of B∕Ca seasonality in coral skeletons (Sinclair, 2005; D'Olivo and McCulloch, 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017; Ross et al., 2017), and with an independent approach based on Rayleigh modeling of minor elements in coral skeleton (Gaetani and Cohen, 2006; Gaetani et al., 2011). The primary difference among the derived values is that the KD formulations from Holcomb et al. (2016) and our Eq. (12) produce seasonal cycles with ∼ 50 % greater amplitude relative to the McCulloch et al. (2017) KD formulation. The absolute values of derived [CO32-]cf is approximately equal for all three formulations at the summertime maxima, but are lower during winter when using the KD formulations from Holcomb et al. (2016) or our Eq. (12), relative to McCulloch et al. (2017). Conversely, using the Allison (2017) KD formulation produces the opposite seasonal pattern with amplitude several times greater than the other KD formulations. This large discrepancy is not surprising given the behavior of the Allison (2017) KD formulation when retrospectively applied to the fluid composition of abiogenic aragonites (Fig. 3).
Figure 6Application of the four KD formulations for the “Davies 2” Porites coral data from McCulloch et al. (2017). Derived [CO32-]cf is plotted over multiple years using the KD formulations of Holcomb et al. (2016) (black), McCulloch et al. (2017) (red), Eq. (12) (blue), and Allison (2017) (dashed grey line). Shading represents 1 standard deviation of the systematic errors due to uncertainty in each KD formulation. Note that (1) the Holcomb et al. (2016) and the Eq. (12) lines plot nearly on top of each other, and (2) [CO32-]cf derived from the Allison (2017) KD formulation corresponds to the right y axis.
We present here a user-friendly computer code for deriving [CO32-]cf and DICcf from boron systematics (Supplement). The function is provided in both MATLAB and R formats, and it calculates [CO32-]cf and DICcf given inputs of δ11B, B∕Ca, temperature, salinity, and water depth. It allows easy toggling between what we consider the three plausible KD formulations (Holcomb et al., 2016, McCulloch et al., 2017, and our new Eq. 12). Furthermore, the code permits a choice of [B]sw functions since Allison et al. (2014) and Allison (2017) used the relation between salinity and [B]sw from Uppstrom (1974), whereas D'Olivo and McCulloch (2017) and McCulloch et al. (2017) used that of Lee et al. (2010). The carbonate dissociation constants can also be toggled between Dickson and Millero (1987) and Lueker et al. (2000). The code follows the calculations of CO2SYS (Lewis et al., 1998) for converting between pH scales and accounting for pressure effects on equilibrium constants, and uses the δ11Bsw of Foster et al. (2010) and the αB3−B4 of Klochko et al. (2006).
Perhaps most importantly, the code propagates known uncertainties into the derivation of [CO32-]cf and DICcf. These uncertainties are estimated using a Monte Carlo scheme, in which random errors (assuming Gaussian distributions) are added to parameters while repeating the calculations many times. The non-systematic uncertainty of derived values depends on the measurement precisions of δ11B, B∕Ca, temperature, and salinity. These will depend on the instruments and protocols used, and for δ11B and B∕Ca should be estimated by each laboratory, for example by repeated measurements of an external consistency standard. The systemic errors of derived values depend on the uncertainties of the various KD formulations, uncertainties associated with δ11Bsw (Foster et al., 2010), [B]sw (Lee et al., 2010), αB3−B4 (Klochko et al., 2006), and pKB (Dickson, 1990), and if known, any uncertainties in the accuracy of δ11B, B∕Ca, temperature, and salinity measurements.
With our code, the parameter space of [CO32-]cf derived from δ11B and B∕Ca, and the differences among KD formulations, can be readily visualized (Fig. 7). This enables future applications of boron systematics to coral skeletons to consider how the choice of KD formulation affects the particular question being investigated. We also apply the code to calculate carbonate system parameters using published δ11B and B∕Ca datasets (Fig. 8). Coral δ11B is tightly related to pHcf, varying only slightly with changes in seawater temperature and salinity (Fig. 8b). Likewise, B∕Ca is primarily a function of [CO32-]cf, but also depends in part on borate concentration, and hence on pHcf (Fig. 8c). For this reason, it is difficult to directly interpret coral B∕Ca, and instead we recommend pairing δ11B and B∕Ca to calculate the full calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry.
Interestingly, this analysis shows that coral calcifying fluid [CO32-]cf and DIC are consistently positively correlated across studies (Fig. 8f), whereas the sign of correlations between pH and both [CO32-]cf and DIC varies (Fig. 8d–e). Assuming [CO32-]cf is the carbonate system parameter most important for aragonite precipitation, these patterns may suggest that elevating DICcf is critical to the coral calcification process, although up-regulating pH is still important for shifting the carbonate system to favor CO32- over HCO3-. In addition, the large changes in pH, DIC, and [CO32-] that occur within the calcifying fluid relative to natural variability in the open ocean likely preclude the utility of boron systematics for reconstructing seawater carbonate chemistry, reinforcing previous conclusions made for both corals and foraminifera (Yu et al., 2010; Rae et al., 2011; Rollion-Bard et al., 2011). Rather, the boron systematics of coral skeletons are primarily useful for investigating calcifying fluid dynamics and understanding coral biomineralization.
Figure 7Application of our computer code to visualizing the parameter space of [CO32-] (µmol kg−1) derived from B∕Ca and δ11B at 25 ∘C and salinity 35. The upper left panel shows absolute [CO32-] derived with the KD of Holcomb et al. (2016) (“H16”), whereas the other panels show the differences in [CO32-] among the KD formulations of H16, McCulloch et al. (2017) (“M17”), and our new Eq. (12). The black dots show coral data from the literature (see Fig. 8 legend below). Note that the actual [CO32-] derived for the coral data will also depend on variations of the in situ temperature and salinity, which are not accounted for in the plots.
In contrast to boron systemics, which consistently show elevated DICcf, microelectrode measurements of [CO32-]cf and pHcf imply that DICcf is depleted (Cai et al., 2016), relative to that of seawater (typically <2000µmolkg-1). The reason for this discrepancy is not yet clear, and resolving it should be a high priority because whether DICcf is greater than or less than seawater implies different calcification strategies. Reducing DICcf may be an efficient strategy to increase pHcf because the reduced buffering capacity means that less energy is required to elevate pH via proton pumping (Cai et al., 2016). Alternatively, increasing DICcf means that a higher ΩAr is achieved for a given pHcf. Deciphering between these possibilities has key implications for whether calcification is limited by DICcf (or CO2 diffusion into the calcifying fluid) or by ΩAr. Two independent approaches to quantifying calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry are consistent with the high DICcf scenario. First, coral U∕Ca ratios imply that DICcf is between 2600 and 6100 µmol kg−1 (DeCarlo et al., 2015), which is a similar range to that derived from boron systematics (Fig. 8). Second, boron systematics-derived [CO32-] is consistent with a combination of Raman-spectroscopy-derived ΩAr and trace element ratios (Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca) (DeCarlo et al., 2017). Nevertheless, since low DICcf has been derived from microelectrodes in several species (Cai et al., 2016), studies combining multiple approaches (i.e., geochemistry and microelectrodes) on the same specimens will be essential for resolving the DICcf discrepancy.
Figure 8Correlations among coral calcifying fluid carbonate system parameters based on published boron systematics datasets: (a) B∕Ca and δ11B, (b) pHcf and δ11B, (c) [CO32-]cf and B∕Ca, (d) pH and [CO32-]cf, (e) pHcf and DICcf, and (f) [CO32-]cf and DICcf. Colors show different studies, and lines are plotted for significant (p<0.05) correlations using all the data within each study. The grey area shows the convex hull of the parameter space covered in the abiogenic experiments of Holcomb et al. (2016). Calculations are performed using the Holcomb et al. (2016) KD formulation.
8 Which KD formulation to use?
Despite the availability of abiogenic B∕Ca partitioning data from two experiments (Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016), and several attempts to fit the data (Holcomb et al., 2016; Allison, 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017), it is important to recognize that uncertainties still remain, in particular an understanding of the controlling factors, and thus the appropriate KD formulation to apply. From a mechanistic viewpoint, the key fundamental question that remains is whether the abiogenic data of Mavromatis et al. (2015) and Holcomb et al. (2016) are directly comparable and thus should be fit with a continuous function (e.g., Eq. 12), or if they are incomparable because Mavromatis et al. (2015) used NaCl solutions and Holcomb et al. (2016) used seawater. If they are comparable, then our new Eq. (12) or a similar fit to both datasets is the most appropriate KD formulation. Calcite precipitation studies provide some support for the hypothesis that crystal growth rate or ΩAr influences B∕Ca partitioning (Ruiz-Agudo et al., 2012; Uchikawa et al., 2015, 2017), but it is not yet known if these results can be extended to aragonite precipitation from seawater. Alternatively, if the solution chemistry makes the two experiments incomparable, the Holcomb et al. (2016) KD data are most likely the more suitable choice for corals because the experiments were conducted with seawater at ΩAr comparable to that of coral calcifying fluids (DeCarlo et al., 2017), and they can be fit as a function of either [CO32-] or [H+]. However, it is important to recognize that the parameter space of CO2 system parameters covered in the Holcomb et al. (2016) experiments includes some, but not all, of the published coral data (Fig. 8). Further, since we are unable to conclusively distinguish whether the two abiogenic datasets are directly comparable, all three KD formulations may be considered equally valid until proven otherwise. Additional abiogenic experiments aimed at this question will clearly be useful in refining the boron systematics proxies.
From a practical standpoint, the KD formulations of Holcomb et al. (2016) and McCulloch et al. (2017) may be the most appropriate. Both produce unique solutions of [CO32-] that increase with [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite, and they effectively reconstruct fluid [CO32-] using the abiogenic aragonites precipitated from seawater. While our Eq. (12) produces [CO32-]cf estimates that are nearly identical under most δ11B and B∕Ca combinations to those derived using the Holcomb et al. (2016) KD formulation (Fig. 7), Eq. (12) can have nonunique solutions, which could complicate interpretations of [CO32-]cf in some cases.
A final consideration is that two of the KD formulations (Holcomb et al. (2016) and our new Eq. 12) are fit to [CO32-]. Fitting Eq. (12) to a wider range of [CO32-] helps to account for the different solution chemistries and associated growth rates of the two abiogenic precipitation studies (Mavromatis et al., 2015; Holcomb et al., 2016), but ΩAr or crystal growth rate may be the true controlling factor (Watson, 2004; van der Weijden and van der Weijden, 2014). However, Holcomb et al. (2016) did not find a temperature dependence of B∕Ca partitioning, as would be expected if precipitation rate influenced KD. While growth rate is likely related to [CO32-] (Burton and Walter, 1987), the two could decouple with changes in temperature or if coral calcifying fluid [Ca2+]cf departs from seawater levels. Recent evidence combining Raman spectroscopy with boron systematics suggests [Ca2+]cf is within ∼ 25 % of seawater (DeCarlo et al., 2017; DeCarlo et al., 2018) but this has yet to be tested on a range of coral species and locations. Thus, future abiogenic experiments designed to test under what conditions [CO32-] or crystal growth rates control B∕Ca partitioning, as well as development of proxies for [Ca2+]cf, may improve the accuracy of deriving calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry from boron systematics.
Recent abiogenic aragonite precipitation experiments have made possible the application of boron systematics to quantifying the full carbonate system of coral calcifying fluid. However, a number of approaches to doing so have been utilized (Allison et al., 2014; Allison, 2017; D'Olivo and McCulloch, 2017; McCulloch et al., 2017), without a comprehensive analysis of which KD formulations are plausible (i.e., can reproduce the experimental fluid chemistry) or the implications for interpreting coral skeletons. We evaluated four potential B∕Ca KD formulations involving B(OH)4- substituting for CO32- in the aragonite lattice. Our analysis suggests that there are at least three plausible KD formulations (Holcomb et al., 2016, McCulloch et al., 2017, and our new Eq. 12) that can be used to determine the KD and its dependence on fluid chemistry. Despite the differences in plausible approaches, we show that all three produce similar patterns in derived coral calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry. Nevertheless, subtle differences in derived carbonate chemistry remain among the approaches, and addressing these differences should be the target of future abiogenic aragonite precipitation experiments. Finally, we present a code that computes coral calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry from boron systematics and allows for comparison among different KD formulations.
Codes are available in the Supplement.
The denominator equals zero (i.e., the solution is undefined) when [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite = 6.54×10-71.48×10-6 = 0.44. If [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite<0.44, then the denominator is positive, and since the numerator is always negative, this means that the predicted [CO32-] will be negative. Predicted [CO32-] will be highest when the denominator is a small negative number, which occurs when [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite is slightly greater than 0.44. As [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite increases ≫ 0.44, the absolute value of the denominator increases more than that of the numerator because the coefficient attached to [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite is raised to the −6 power in the denominator and to the −11 power in the numerator. The implication is that predicted [CO32-] will decrease as [B(OH)4-]fluid[B/Ca]aragonite increases beyond 0.44. This is the same conclusion reached in the main text, and is the opposite trend to that observed in the abiogenic aragonites (Fig. 4).
The supplement related to this article is available online at: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2819-2018-supplement.
The authors thank Glenn Gaetani for valuable comments. This study was funded by an ARC Laureate Fellowship (FL120100049) awarded to Malcolm T. McCulloch, and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CE140100020).
Comeau, S., Cornwall, C. E., and McCulloch, M. T.: Decoupling between the response of coral calcifying fluid pH and calcification to ocean acidification, Sci. Rep., 7, 7573, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08003-z, 2017a.
Comeau, S., Tambutté, E., Carpenter, R. C., Edmunds, P. J., Evensen, N. R., Allemand, D., Ferrier-Pagès, C., Tambutté, S., and Venn, A. A.: Coral calcifying fluid pH is modulated by seawater carbonate chemistry not solely seawater pH, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. Bio., 284, 20161669, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1669, 2017b.
DeCarlo, T. M., Comeau, S., Cornwall, C. E., and McCulloch, M. T.: Coral resistance to ocean acidification linked to increased calcium at the site of calcification, Proc. R. Soc. B, 285, 20180564, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0564, 2018.
Understanding the mechanisms of coral calcification is limited by the isolation of the calcifying environment. The boron systematics (B / Ca and δ11B) of aragonite have recently been developed as a proxy for the carbonate chemistry of the calcifying fluid, but a variety of approaches have been utilized. We assess the available experimental B / Ca partitioning data and present a computer code for deriving calcifying fluid carbonate chemistry from the boron systematics of coral skeletons.
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Which is the best beta browser to choose is still a question mark.
Version 7.0 of internet explorer has just been unveiled by Microsoft Corp. for Windows XP and boasts of enhanced security features, making everyday tasks easier.
Talking about IE 7, Dean Hachamovitch, general manager, Internet Explorer team, Microsoft, said, "We listened carefully to our customers, and are delivering a safer browser that makes the tasks they do every day much easier."
The security framework of the new explorer has been overhauled, and as a result of these enhancements, the browser will be a stand-alone application, rather than integrated with the Windows shell, and it will no longer be capable of acting as a file browser.
IE7 in Windows Vista contains additional security measures, most significantly �Protected Mode�, whereby the browser runs in a sandbox. As such, it can write to only the Temporary Internet Files folder and cannot install start-up programs or change any configuration of the operating system without communicating through a broker process. This increases the security of the system considerably.
The �Protected Mode� operation will not be included in the Windows XP version of Internet Explorer 7, as it relies on technologies not found on systems before Vista. It also supports the Parental Controls and Network Diagnostics features which are unique to Vista.
The security level of IE7 is vaunted to be high, but other browsers like Firefox, Safari, Netscape and Opera too vaunt of additional features and better security.
Mozilla Firefox, a free open source, cross-platform, graphical web browser developed by the Mozilla Corporation and hundreds of volunteers, has a spontaneous interface and blocks viruses, spyware, and popup ads.
The main features included with Firefox are tabbed browsing, incremental find, live bookmarking, a customizable download manager and a built-in search toolbar.
The new version of Firefox boasts of automatically upgrading the latest security and feature updates.
Safari, on the other hand, is a web browser developed by Apple Computer, Inc. and is available as part of Mac OS X. It was included as the default browser in Mac OS X v10.3 (Panther) and is the only browser bundled with Mac OS X v10.4 (Tiger).
Safari 2.0.4, the latest version, was released on June 27, 2006, and is packed with Apple's brushed metal user interface and has a bookmark management scheme that functions like the iTunes jukebox software. It also integrates Apple's QuickTime multimedia technology and features a tabbed-browsing interface similar to that of Firefox and Opera. The browser also includes an integrated pop-up ad blocker and a configurable image blocker.
Opera 9, developed by Opera Software, is the latest version unmasked on September 21, 2006. There are several new features in Opera 9. The most important ones are: Simple BitTorrent client, targeted towards novice users, content blocker (also known as AdBlock), thumbnail preview of tabs, site specific preferences (pop-up blocking, cookies, scripts, user style sheets, user-agent masking), the ability to create search engines from a textfield, improved rich text editing and redefined default hot keys to be more like Internet Explorer.
Netscape Communications Corporation(commonly known as Netscape), an American computer services company, best known for its web browser, was once dominant in terms of usage share, but lost most of its share to Internet Explorer during the first browser war. As of 2006, the usage share of Netscape browsers is under 1% and falling.
The company existed only from 1994 to 2003, latterly as a subsidiary of AOL, but the Netscape brand is still in use. In June 2006, Netscape redesigned their website to a totally different format which was similar to Digg. Users can vote for which stories are to be included on the front page, and may comment on them as well. Netscape's market share had been declining for over a year at the time of the change-over.
The current version of Netscape was released to mixed reactions. Some users really like that users had more participation ability, while others found the pages to be harder to navigate and not as structured. In fact, soon after the release of the new site, a story entitled �Netscape's Blunder� was the top rated story.
As of July 2006, estimates suggest that Firefox's usage share is around 12% of overall browser usage, with its highest usage in Germany (about 39%). The usage data gives Opera's overall global share of the browser market as being between 0.5% and 1.0%, although Opera's usage share is over 11% in Ukraine, over 8% in Russia, over 7% in Poland and over 6% in Lithuania.
Safari�s global share has been climbing ever since its release, but is still below 5%.
Internet Explorer had almost completely superseded its main rival Netscape and dominated the market.
After having fought and won the browser wars of the late 1990s, Internet Explorer began to see its usage share shrink. Having attained a peak of about 96% in 2002, it has since been in a steady decline, likely due to the rapid adoption of Mozilla Firefox, which statistics indicate is the current most significant competitor.
Nevertheless, Internet Explorer remains the dominant web browser, with a global usage share of around 85%. Usage is higher in Asia and lower in Europe.
Businesses need the time to set companywide policies for browser deployment and possibly recode any intranet sites that are not compatible with the new version of the browser. Similarly, public Web sites need the extra time to ensure that their sites are compatible, Gralla says.
Even when Automatic Updates is turned on in November, it won't be made immediately available to everyone. Rather, it will be a phased rollout, and IE7 will take three months to be delivered to desktops worldwide.
The exact speed of the rollout will be determined by the number of support calls received by Microsoft about the new browser. Microsoft said it decided to do a phased rollout so that it could properly staff support centers devoted to IE7 questions. The more support calls it receives, the slower it will deploy the browser via Automatic Updates; the fewer calls it receives, the faster it will deploy.
The exact dates and times of when individuals will receive Automatic Updates will be determined randomly by algorithms on Microsoft servers. Of course, you can download it yourself at anytime.
The update feature for IE7 will work slightly differently than other automatic updates because Microsoft believes that people should make a conscious decision before installing a new version of the browser, rather than having it happen automatically behind the scenes. So even those who have configured Automatic Updates to install software automatically will be asked after the download is complete whether to install the new browser.
Mozilla, the non-profit group that has become one of the biggest thorns in Microsoft’s side, will ramp up its assault on the world's largest software developer tomorrow when it releases a new version of its popular Firefox internet browser.
Firefox, which has been given considerable support by a number of Microsoft competitors, already accounts for up to 30 per cent of the market in some territories, Mozilla claims.
Developed by an "opensource" community made up of thousands of volunteers, including engineers on loan from Google, it has become the greatest rival of Microsoft’s market leading Internet Explorer.
Firefox is currently being downloaded by around 350,000 users a day, Mozilla says. The launch of Firefox 2.0, which Mozilla expects to accelerate the product's uptake, come just days after Microsoft released Internet Explorer 7, an updated version of its own browser, to mixed reviews.
Mike Schroepfer, vice president of Mozilla Corporation, told Times Online: "We’re not too concerned about Microsoft beating us in terms of release dates. In fact we’re quite amused that IE7 shipped only in English where Firefox will be released in around 30 languages."
Mozilla insiders have also been critical of what they see as Microsoft’s tendency to ship products that are not yet ready for the market. "From what I’ve seen so far of Vista [the forthcoming upgrade of Windows, Microsoft’s near ubiquitous operating system] Microsoft is still shipping to dates, rather than when products are ready," Mr Schroepfer said.
In line with its forebears, Firefox 2.0 will trade heavily on its claim to be more secure than Microsoft’s browser. It will include new protections against "phishing" – or internet identity theft by cybercriminals – through a tool that will tell users when they meet websites that are suspected forgeries, designed to capture personal details.
Other new features will include an "in-line" spell checker, that will highlight spelling mistakes users make online and more tightly-integrated search functions.
The updated search features in Firefox, which allow users to "manage" their choices of search engine, highlight in part the way that Mozilla earns tens of millions of dollars from companies such as Google and Yahoo!, by promoting their sites.
Mozilla was formed from the remnants of Netscape, the broswer company that lost its dominant market position to Internet Explorer in the 1990s. It commercial success has already forced the group to divide into two parts, the non-profit Mozilla Foundation and a commercial arm, the Mozilla Corporation, in order to operate under American laws controlling charities.
We will just have to wait and see who comes out on top, personally I think FireFox is a much better browser and I upgraded to version 2 a couple of days ago.
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0.988889 |
Supermarket giant Tesco and wholesaler Booker have asked the UK competition regulator to fast-track its probe into their proposed £3.7bn tie-up.
Tesco announced it had agreed to buy Booker in January and the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) started an initial review in late May.
The firms now want the CMA to move "more quickly" to probing the merger through an in-depth "Phase 2" process.
They expect the CMA to issue a decision to refer to Phase 2 within two weeks.
The CMA is assessing whether the proposed grocery tie-up could reduce choice for shoppers and for small stores supplied by Booker.
The first phase of its CMA investigation had been due to run until 25 July, but that could now be wound up within 10 working days in advance of instigating the more detailed investigation.
The statutory timetable for a Phase 2 inquiry would be 24 weeks, the CMA said.
The fast-track process has been used in a number of CMA merger investigations previously, including that of telecoms firms BT-EE and also during the tie-up of bookmaking firms Ladbrokes and Coral.
What does Booker Group do?
Booker is the UK's largest food wholesaler and also owns the Premier, Budgens and Londis store brands.
Despite rising competition from the likes of Aldi and Lidl, Tesco remains Britain's biggest supermarket.
The CMA could force Tesco to sell stores if it believes the deal will harm competition within the industry.
When the merger was announced, Tesco and Booker said they did not expect it to be completed until late 2017 or early 2018, suggesting both companies expected closer scrutiny from the watchdog.
In March, one of Tesco's biggest investors, Schroders, warned about the cost of the deal, telling the BBC that the supermarket giant was paying a "premium" and it had "major concerns" about the deal.
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0.939876 |
how come some cars have a silver "rim" over the part of the engine on the right side that looks like an intake of some sort?
other accessories I should consider?
there are many low mil. S models that are tipronic for low prices, would it be worth it to change a tip to a manual?
-Chrome intake horn is indicative of the Motorsound intake cover.
-Numerous sources for litronics (big $$) as well as less expensive alternatives.
-Unless the car is going to be a DD, don't worry about getting a rear wiper. Adding a rear wiper will require a new rear window.
-Highly impractical to change a tip to a manual.
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0.984639 |
The art commissioned for the new tailfin designs also appeared elsewhere, such as brochures and ticket boarding jackets. These and other questions remain to be answered, and this case is not in anysense concluded, but the reasoning presented here does suggest that the vision,culture and image model is a useful diagnostic tool. As a part of the merger, British Airways ceased trading independently on the after 23 years as a constituent of the. It is offered on all Boeing 777, Boeing 787, Boeing 747-400, Airbus A318, Airbus A380, and selected Airbus A321 aircraft. In March 2000, Ayling was removed from his position and British Airways announced as his successor.
As the pilots struggled to remove the intruder, the stalled twice and banked to 94 degrees. Know how your stakeholders interpret your corporate symbolsIt is clear that British Airways underestimated the power of the Union Jackcarried by its fleet of airplanes to symbolise national pride for its Britishpassengers and the British public. Many uses of Twitter utilised the hashtag, especially when celebrating the monumental achievements of the summer games. As well as hangar facilities at Heathrow and Gatwick airport it has two major maintenance centres at and. Further information: In 1997, there was a controversial change to a new Project Utopia livery which used the corporate colours consistently on the fuselage with a lowered beltline; the Utopia livery included multiple tailfin designs. For many who reside outside Britain, it was a reminder that Britain wasonce a formidable colonial power. Assess the relationships between vision, culture and imagesThe British Airways case shows how dangerous it is to develop vision, cultureand images in isolation from each other.
A preliminary accident report revealed that the cowlings had been left unlatched following overnight maintenance. Archived from on 11 October 2007. Its preeminence highlights the reach of the country's influence as many of its destinations in several regions were historically part of the British Empire. Oneworld began operations on 1 February 1999, and is the third largest airline alliance in the world, behind and Star Alliance. Words: 756 - Pages: 4. .
The airline started operations in June 2008, and flew directly from Paris—Orly to Newark. Madden, who has held a number of comms roles at the airline over the past decade, was appointed after an extensive internal and external search. Corporate Image, Identity and Reputation. In addition, toavoid nationalistic associations, the British flag used previously to mark theplanes as the property of British Airways was replaced by a morecontemporary symbol that retained the red and blue colours of the Britishflag without actually displaying the Union Jack. Since, British Airways belong to the leisure industry; therefore the services offered to its customers would communicate the same. Presentation developed by: Miles Newlove, Molly Mclaughlin, Abigail Holt and Shaun Parsons.
Gatwick based flights are operated by Airbus A320 series aircraft. This campaign included allegations of poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and undermining Virgin's reputation in the City. All flights from Heathrow and Gatwick have a system with a range of food provided by. This class allows for access to business lounges at most airports. Problems Macro The two airlines served different markets and were run as services rather than as businesses. As soon as he discovered the inner. Maybe he should have restricted their pay by putting more pay per performance quotient put into it.
Archived from on 8 July 2014. Put simply, as soon as issueswith regard to one element of the model were addressed, their dynamicinterplay readjusted the other elements so that new issues in another area of themodel arose. However,because symbols and meanings are so subjective, there is great difficulty inusing rich symbolism to communicate the corporate brand. Archived from on 8 May 2009. However, it was not all a bed of roses for British Airways, as we will show byfirst describing the case and then relating it to our model. The man was finally restrained with the help of several passengers, and the co-pilot regained control of the aircraft. Utopia also changed the Speedwing arrow to a Speedmarque ribbon logo, now carried closer to the nose, above passenger windows.
This translated into record levels of flights departing on time and within 15 minutes, as well as record levels of customer satisfaction with punctuality. The organization chosen for this Analysis is British Airways. What jumped out at me was that, unlike her predecessor at British Airways, Evans will not oversee internal communications for the company. In 2011, due to the merger with Iberia, British Airways announced changes to the Executive Club to maximise integration between the airlines. A ballot for industrial action was distributed to Mixed Fleet crew in November 2016 and resulted in an overwhelming yes majority for industrial action. Therefore, we recommend beginningthe process of corporate branding with an honest assessment of both cultureand image as a prelude to developing and communicating a strategic vision. For the latter, it should be simple — a profuse apology followed by constant updates from the airline as to how the situation is progressing and when flights might be resumed and a reassurance that refunds would be made available.
The issue arose following the downing of over Ukraine, and a temporary suspension of flights to and from during the. . . From the traditional silver tea service down to theproperly stodgy uniforms of the cabin crew, little about the culture encounteredinside the planes or the company! Club Europe provides seats in a 2—2 configuration on narrowbody aircraft, with the middle seat not used. The accident was caused by icing in the fuel system, resulting in a loss of power. It is available to all customers across all cabins and aircraft types.
The ash and dust caused extensive damage to the aircraft, including the failure of all four engines. One more area which is heavily regarded is safety and security. How did we communicate in the days before technology? Archived from on 13 February 2013. Archived from on 23 October 2013. British Airways is the official airline of the , and was the official airline and tier one partner of the and. Proper optimization of the resources would help the airlines in order to create loyalty amongst the audience as well as have a fair position in the minds of the customer.
Archived from on 7 December 2011. The flight landed safely in Nairobi. But just because the technology is not working, it does not mean that the communicating should stop or that staff should be left so completely ill-equipped to deal with the situation. Business trends The key trends for the British Airways Plc Group are shown below. The early yearsBritish Airways was privatised in early 1987. . This means that, the websites should be formulated in such a manner which would help the organization in order to speak regarding the airlines.
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There have been two Roosevelt Towers on the South Side elevated, each independent of one another, in operation several decades apart, but located in the same general location.
The first Roosevelt Tower was established in 1907 when the South Side Elevated added a third track between 12th Street and 43rd Street to allow the operation of express trains in the peak direction during rush hour. For most of the distance the third track was added, the additional structure and track were built on the east side of the existing elevated structure, with the new track becoming the new northbound local track and the old northbound track becoming a bi-directional express track. However, from north of about 14th Street to just north of 12th Street, where the new three-track alignment ended and went back to two tracks for the remaining distance to the Loop, the third track was added on the west side of the structure. An interlocking with switches between each of the outside local tracks and the center track was installed just south of 12th Street station, controlled by a tower at the south end of the new southbound station platform. Express trains began and ended their express runs at the interlocking just south of 12th Street. The center track north of the interlocking was a spur for turning trains or storing cars, and had a capacity of five cars.
12th Street Tower (later called Roosevelt Tower, after the street and station's names changed) was a small, two-level wooden building located at the south end of the 12th Street station southbound platform. In 1913, when through-route operations commenced between the North and South side "L" lines, the tower was staffed weekdays (including Saturdays) from 6am to 1:15am and Sundays and holidays from 8am to 1:15am. At that time, the tower controlled all of the switches in the interlocking, and there were short wayside single- and double-arm semaphore signals that provided motormen clearance to proceed once the tower set the route. However, to enter the center storage pocket track north of the interlocking from the express track, trains had to be flagged past the two-arm signal that provided clearance from the center track to the northbound local track as there as no target governing the route into the center pocket.
When the State Street Subway was constructed, its connection to the South Side elevated altered the configuration of the express track. The subway emerged from a portal at 13th Street, curving under the elevated and ascending to the ground then up to connected to the elevated tracks around 15th Street. The subway was intended to handle express trains between the North and South sides, while the local trains would continue to use the elevated to the Loop. As such, the tracks were reconfigured so that the outside local tracks widened and the subway incline rose up through the middle. The center express track was severed, with the center track south of 15th Street connecting to the new subway (as did the local tracks via switches) and the center track north of there being cut off around 14th Street. A new left-hand switch was added between the northbound track and the remnant of the center track between 14th and Roosevelt. The new 17th Tower at 17th Street controlled the switches between the express and local tracks and the connection between the elevated and the subway, while Roosevelt Tower continued to control the switches south of Roosevelt station in and out of the center track remnant. (The switch at 14th Street was hand-throw.) The State Street Subway opened on October 16, 1943. At this point, the center track at Roosevelt was used for little more than turning Chicago North Shore & Milwaukee interurban trains, which terminated at Roosevelt, shunting interurban cars, and occasionally turning or storing "L" equipment.
On August 1, 1949, the CTA instituted its North-South Route service revision, which consisted of the streamlining of service patterns, institution of A/B skip stop service, and the closure of low-ridership stations. As part of the service revision, "L" service on the South Side Main Line from Wabash/Van Buren (Tower 12) to 15th and State streets was discontinued after all service to and from the South Side was routed into the State Street Subway as part of the new North-South Route. The tracks and the Roosevelt station were still used for North Shore Line interurban trains, however, and so the tower, interlocking, and center track continued to be used to terminate and turn interurban trains.
The North Shore Line ceased operation on January 21, 1963. On this date, the Roosevelt station and Roosevelt Tower were both closed. They were eventually demolished, probably within a year or two of closure. The elevated tracks between Tower 12 and 15th Street, however, were never torn down and were maintained as a non-revenue connection between the Loop and South Side Elevated. By December 1965, the switches at Roosevelt were converted to hand-throw operation.
The elevated tracks between Tower 12 and 15th Street were put back into regular "L" service only a few years later in 1969 when the newly opened Dan Ryan Line was routed onto the Loop via these tracks and a new connection at 17th Street. As part of this work, the middle track between Roosevelt and 14th Street was retained but reconfigured, with only one connection at each end -- a left-hand turnout from the mainline track -- and no longer extending north of the switch at Roosevelt. The switches were all manual hand-throw switches. Track maps in 1976 and 1978 noted the storage capacity of the center track to be 16 cars, though by a 1985 track map he storage was stated to be only 12 cars.
As part of the Southwest Transit Project (SWTP), which built a new "L" line from Midway Airport to a connection with the South Side elevated at 17th Junction, parts of the South Side "L" were rebuilt as well. A new station was built at Roosevelt and Tower 12 was rebuilt, to serve both trains of the new Orange Line and the existing Green Line trains already using the South Side "L". In addition, the middle track between Roosevelt and 14th Street was rebuilt. The rebuilt 14th Middle Track was in the same place as the old one, stretching from immediately south of the new Roosevelt station to 14th Street, but with new connections at each end to both of the mainline tracks via new right- and left-hand crossovers at each end. In addition, the crossovers at each end were interlocked, controlled by new towers at each end. Roosevelt Tower and 14th Tower could both control the immediately adjacent interlocking, as well as the interlocking at the opposite end, making the new arrangement very versatile. The rebuilt 14th Muddle Track had a capacity of 14 cars.
The new interlockings at Roosevelt and 14th Street were placed in service on September 13, 1993. The Orange Line began service on October 31, 1993.
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I am going to Weight Watchers and wonder if anyone has recipes or ideas to use the low calorie drink mixes in recipes to save calories?
Most diet drinks contain a sweetener that becomes bitter when heated, so they usually aren't used in cooking and baking. You could make a smoothie with the drink mix, and for cooking and baking you might want to use Splenda or another sweetener that stands up to heat.
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Compare what kind of house you can get for $600,000 in six markets across the country. First up is a house designed around a private courtyard in the Detroit area. Next, it's off to Omaha and a modern gallery-style home near the Missouri River. Then, in Baltimore, we check out a home that's been renovated to grow with its family. Last up is a look at homes in Brooklyn, Boston and St. Louis.
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Imagine you are giving a presentation to a large group of people in an auditorium. Some of those people may have hearing loss or be completely deaf, while others may have visual impairments or be completely blind. Your presentation needs to be accessible to every one, so how can you be sure?
If your presentation features a Power Point presentation, you can print handouts of your slides to pass out to the audience.
You may want to record a video of your presentation and embed it with closed captions and include the link on your handouts, so people could go online to view it at a later date.
You may also want to provide a text transcript of the audio of your presentations and include the link on your handouts, so people could go online to view it at a later date.
You could create a digital "presentation packet" that could be delivered by CD to your entire audience that could contain a 508 compliant version of your presentation (Power Point, Video file, Audio File, handouts, etc).
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Country music, traditionally known as Country and Western music, is a popular musical form developed in the Southern states of the USA, with roots in traditional folk music, spiritualss and the blues.
Jimmie Rodgers was a major foundation stone in the structure of country music but the most influential artist from the Jimmie Rodgers strand is undoubtedly Hank Williams Sr. In his short career (he was only 30 when he died) he dominated the country scene and his songs have been covered by practically every other country artist, male and female. Some have even included him in their compositions (for example, Waylon Jennings and Alan Jackson). Hank had two persona, as Hank Williams he was a singer/songwiter and entertainer, as "Luke the Drifter", he was a songwriting crusader. The complexity of his character was reflected in the introspective songs he wrote about heartbreak, happiness and love (e.g "I'm so Lonesome I could Cry"), and the more upbeat numbers about Cajun food or barbershop Indians. He took the music to a different level and a wider audience.
While country music has had only one African-American star (Charley Pride), the innovators and originators were strongly influenced by the sounds and songs of Black musicians. Country music has also influenced the work of Black musicians such as Ray Charles and Keb' Mo'.
The vanilla flavoured sounds that emanated from Nashville under the influence of Chet Atkins, and his fellow producers, led to a reaction among musicians outside Nashville who saw that there was more to the genre than, "the same old tunes, fiddle and guitar..." (Waylon Jennings). California produced the Bakersfield sound, promoted by Buck Owens and Merle Haggard. Texas produced rebels like Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Butch Hancock, Jerry Jeff Walker, and others who bucked the Nashville system and created outlaw country. Within Nashville in the 1980s, Ricky Skaggs brought a return to the traditional values. His musicianship, songwriting and producing skills helped to revive the genre. Alas, even he has fallen from popularity as the record companies again impose their formulae and the radio stations ignore the veteran entertainers.
The two strands of country music have continued to develop. The Jimmie Rodgers influence can be seen in a pronounced "working man" image promoted by singers like Brooks & Dunn; and Garth Brooks. On the Carter Family side, singers like Iris Dement and Nanci Griffith have written on more traditional "folk" themes, albeit with a contemporary point of view.
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Is the dissident organization Movimiento 24 de Febrero still active?
In early April 2000 it was reported by independent news agency Grupo de Trabajo Decoro that State Security agents entered the home of Bruzón Avila on April 7th. He told independent journalists that the agents said he would be arrested and imprisoned if he went near hotels housing delegates to the Group of 77 summit being held in Havana. He was also warned to stay away from foreign diplomats, especially those working at the U.S. Interest Section in Havana. (Grupo de Trabajo Decoro: 12 April 2000).
Agencia de Prensa Cuba Verdad. Fornaris, José A. "Citada a interrogatorio la hija de opositor pacífico" (Havana: 30 November 1999), published 1 December 1999 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y99/dec99/01a4.htm.
Agencia de Prensa Independiente de Cuba (APIC). De los Angeles González Amaro, María. "Noticias de la APIC" (Havana: 19 June 1996), published 20 June 1996 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/Cnews/y96/jun96/20noti.html.
Cooperativa de Periodistas Independientes (CPI). De Céspedes, Oswaldo. "Continúa el apoyo y solidaridad con los ayunantes" (Havana: 8 June 1999), published 9 June 1999 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y99/jun99/09a12.htm.
Cooperativa de Periodistas Independientes (CPI). De Céspedes, Oswaldo. "Ola represiva por Día de San Lázaro" (Havana: 16 December 1999), published 17 December 1999 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y99/dec99/17a22.htm.
Cooperativa de Periodistas Independientes (CPI). García, Hanssen. "Misa y plegaria dedicadas a pilotos de Hermanos al Rescate" (Havana: 24 February 2000), published 25 February 2000 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/feb00/25a2.htm.
CubaNet. "Convocatoria a Congreso por la libertad de presos políticos" (12 October 1999), published 13 October 1999 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y99/oct99/13a1.htm.
CubaNet. "Lista actualizada de organizaciones firmantes del Foro Concilio Cubano" (15 August 1996), published in September 1996 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y96/sep96/doc2.html.
Grupo de Trabajo Decoro. Maseda, Héctor. "Ofrecen misa y piden libertad para los presos políticos" (Havana: 3 May 2000), published 4 May 2000 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/may00/04a12.htm.
Grupo de Trabajo Decoro. Pires, Moraima. "Seguridad del Estado hostiga a líder de grupo disidente" (Havana: 12 April 2000), published 13 April 2000 by CubaNet: www.cubanet.org/CNews/y00/apr00/13a6.htm.
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For other uses, see Communism (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Communitarianism or Communalism.
"Full Communism" redirects here. For the album by Downtown Boys, see Full Communism (album).
Anarcho-communism is a political philosophy and anarchist school of thought which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wage labour and private property in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy, cooperativism, equal distribution of valuables, and a horizontal network of workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs".
Marxism-Leninism and democratic socialism were the two dominant forms of socialism in the 20th century; democratic socialism advocates economic reform through gradual democratic legislative action rather than through revolution.
Democratic socialism is a political philosophy that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production, with an emphasis on self-management and democratic management of economic institutions within a market or some form of decentralised planned socialist economy. Democratic socialists espouse that capitalism is inherently incompatible with what they hold to be the democratic values of liberty, equality and solidarity; and that these ideals can only be achieved through the realisation of a socialist society. Democratic socialism can be supportive of either revolutionary or reformist politics as a means to establish socialism.
Joseph Alexandre Victor d'Hupay (1746–1818) was a French writer and philosopher. He is best known as the first theorist of modern communism.
Projet de communauté philosophe is a book written by the French philosopher Victor d'Hupay, published in 1777.
According to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. The 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia (Iran) has been described as "communistic" for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, for criticizing the institution of private property and for striving to create an egalitarian society. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of Scripture. For example, in the medieval Christian Church some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property (see religious and Christian communism).
Richard Edgar Pipes was a Polish American academic who specialized in Russian history, particularly with respect to the Soviet Union, who espoused a strong anti-communist point of view throughout his career. In 1976 he headed Team B, a team of analysts organized by the Central Intelligence Agency who analyzed the strategic capacities and goals of the Soviet military and political leadership. Pipes was the father of American historian and expert on American foreign policy and the Middle East, Daniel Pipes.
Mazdak was a Zoroastrian mobad (priest), Iranian reformer, prophet and religious activist who gained influence during the reign of the Sasanian emperor Kavadh I. He claimed to be a prophet of Ahura Mazda and instituted communal possessions and social welfare programs. He has been seen as a proto-socialist.
Sir Thomas More, venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532. He wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary, ideal island nation.
Utopia is a work of fiction and socio-political satire by Thomas More (1478–1535), written in Latin and published in 1516. The book is a frame narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social, and political customs. Many aspects of More's description of Utopia are reminiscent of life in monasteries.
Common ownership refers to holding the assets of an organization, enterprise or community indivisibly rather than in the names of the individual members or groups of members as common property.
The moderate Mensheviks (minority) opposed Lenin's Bolshevik (majority) plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Bolsheviks' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as "Peace, bread and land" which tapped into the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in the First World War, the peasants' demand for land reform, and popular support for the soviets. The Soviet Union was established in 1922.
At present, states controlled by Marxist–Leninist parties under a single-party system include the People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. North Korea currently refers to its leading ideology as Juche , which is portrayed as a development of Marxism–Leninism. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in a number of other countries. The South African Communist Party is a partner in the African National Congress-led government. In India, as of March 2018 [update] , communists lead the government of only one state, Kerala. In Nepal, communists hold a majority in the parliament. The Communist Party of Brazil was a part of the parliamentary coalition led by the ruling democratic socialist Workers' Party until August 2016.
The People's Republic of China has reassessed many aspects of the Maoist legacy and along with Laos, Vietnam and to a lesser degree Cuba has decentralized state control of the economy in order to stimulate growth. Chinese economic reforms were started in 1978 under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping and since then China has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53% in the Mao era to just 6% in 2001. These reforms are sometimes described by outside commentators as a regression to capitalism, but the communist parties describe it as a necessary adjustment to existing realities in the post-Soviet world in order to maximize industrial productive capacity. In these countries, the land is a universal public monopoly administered by the state, as are natural resources and vital industries and services. The public sector is the dominant sector in these economies and the state plays a central role in coordinating economic development.
Marxism, first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-1800s, has been the foremost ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of scientific socialism, and rather than model an "ideal society" based on intellectuals' design, it is a non-idealist attempt at the understanding of society and history through an analysis based in real life. Marxism does not see communism as a "state of affairs" to be established, but rather as the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design. Therefore, Marxism does no blueprinting of a communist society and it only makes an analysis which concludes what will trigger its implementation and discovers its fundamental characteristics based on the derivation of real life conditions.
At the root of Marxism is the materialist conception of history, known as historical materialism for short. It holds that the key characteristic of economic systems through history has been the mode of production and that the change between modes of production has been triggered by class struggle. According to this analysis, the Industrial Revolution ushered the world into a new mode of production: capitalism. Before capitalism, certain working classes had ownership of instruments utilized in production, but because machinery was much more efficient this property became worthless and the mass majority of workers could only survive by selling their labor, working through making use of someone else's machinery and therefore making someone else profit. Thus with capitalism the world was divided between two major classes: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. These classes are directly antagonistic: the bourgeoisie has private ownership of the means of production and earns a profit off surplus value, which is generated by the proletariat, which has no ownership of the means of production and therefore no option but to sell its labor to the bourgeoisie.
Historical materialism goes on and says: the rising bourgeoisie within feudalism, through the furtherance of its own material interests, captured power and abolished, of all relations of private property, only the feudal privileges and with this took out of existence the feudal ruling class. This was another of the keys behind the consolidation of capitalism as the new mode of production, which is the final expression of class and property relations and also has led into a massive expansion of production. It is therefore only in capitalism that private property in itself can be abolished. Similarly, the proletariat will capture political power, abolish bourgeois property through the common ownership of the means of production, therefore abolishing the bourgeoisie and ultimately abolishing the proletariat itself and ushering the world into a new mode of production: communism. In between capitalism and communism there is the dictatorship of the proletariat, a democratic state where the whole of the public authority is elected and recallable under the basis of universal suffrage. It is the defeat of the bourgeois state, but not yet of the capitalist mode of production and at the same time the only element which places into the realm of possibility moving on from this mode of production.
We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called 'socialism'.
Leninism is the body of political theory, developed by and named after the Russian revolutionary and later Soviet premier Vladimir Lenin for the democratic organisation of a revolutionary vanguard party and the achievement of a dictatorship of the proletariat, as political prelude to the establishment of socialism. Leninism comprises socialist political and economic theories developed from Marxism, as well as Lenin's interpretations of Marxist theory for practical application to the socio-political conditions of the agrarian early-twentieth-century Russian Empire. In February 1917, for five years Leninism was the Russian application of Marxist economics and political philosophy, effected and realised by the Bolsheviks, the vanguard party who led the fight for the political independence of the working class.
Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology developed by Joseph Stalin, which according to its proponents is based in Marxism and Leninism. The term describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and in a global scale in the Comintern. There is no definite agreement between historians of about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin. It also contains aspects which according to some are deviations from Marxism, such as "socialism in one country". Marxism–Leninism was the ideology of the most clearly visible communist movement. As such, it is the most prominent ideology associated with communism.
Maoism is a form of Marxism–Leninism associated with Chinese leader Mao Zedong. After de-Stalinization, Marxism–Leninism was kept in the Soviet Union, but certain anti-revisionist tendencies such as Hoxhaism and Maoism argued that it was deviated from, therefore different policies were applied in Albania and China, which became more distanced from the Soviet Union.
Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies. They argue that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism, but rather state capitalism. According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that co-founder of Marxism Friedrich Engels described its "specific form" as the democratic republic. Additionally, according to Engels state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property. Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both, but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion, forced into the CPSU and Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by Trotskyism, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.
Trotskyism is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that was developed by Leon Trotsky, opposed to Stalinism. It supports the theory of permanent revolution and world revolution instead of the two stage theory and socialism in one country. It supported proletarian internationalism and another communist revolution in the Soviet Union, which Trotsky claimed had become a "degenerated worker's state" under the leadership of Stalin, in which class relations had re-emerged in a new form, rather than the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Trotsky and his supporters, struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, organized into the Left Opposition and their platform became known as Trotskyism. Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. While in exile, Trotsky continued his campaign against Stalin, founding in 1938 the Fourth International, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico City on Stalin's orders.
Trotsky's politics differed sharply from those of Stalin and Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution (rather than socialism in one country) and support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles.
Maoism, known in China as Mao Zedong Thought, is a communist political theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong, whose followers are known as Maoists. Developed from the 1950s until the Deng Xiaoping reforms in the 1970s, it was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China and as theory guiding revolutionary movements around the world. A key difference between Maoism and other forms of Marxism–Leninism is that peasants should be the bulwark of the revolutionary energy, led by the working class in China.
Libertarian Marxism includes such currents as Luxemburgism, council communism, left communism, Socialisme ou Barbarie , the Johnson-Forest tendency, world socialism, Lettrism/Situationism and operaismo/autonomism and New Left. Libertarian Marxism has often had a strong influence on both post-left and social anarchists. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included Anton Pannekoek, Raya Dunayevskaya, CLR James, Antonio Negri, Cornelius Castoriadis, Maurice Brinton, Guy Debord, Daniel Guérin, Ernesto Screpanti and Raoul Vaneigem.
Council communism is a movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s. Its primary organization was the Communist Workers Party of Germany. Council communism continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both left-wing Marxism and libertarian socialism.
The central argument of council communism, in contrast to those of social democracy and Leninist communism, is that democratic workers' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural form of working class organization and governmental power. This view is opposed to both the reformist and the Leninist ideologies, with their stress on respectively parliaments and institutional government (i.e. by applying social reforms on the one hand and vanguard parties and participative democratic centralism on the other).
The core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by workers' councils composed of delegates elected at workplaces and recallable at any moment. As such, council communists oppose state-run authoritarian "state socialism"/"state capitalism". They also oppose the idea of a "revolutionary party", since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party will necessarily produce a party dictatorship. Council communists support a worker's democracy, which they want to produce through a federation of workers' councils.
The dominant forms of communism are based on Marxism, but non-Marxist versions of communism (such as Christian communism and anarcho-communism) also exist.
To date in human history, the best-known examples of an anarcho-communist society, established around the ideas as they exist today and that received worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon, are the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution and the Free Territory during the Russian Revolution. Through the efforts and influence of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Revolution within the Spanish Civil War, starting in 1936 anarcho-communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia as well as in the stronghold of Anarchist Catalonia before being brutally crushed. During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend—through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine—anarcho-communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.
Christian communism is a form of religious communism based on Christianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of Jesus Christ compel Christians to support communism as the ideal social system. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact date when Christian communism was founded, many Christian communists assert that evidence from the Bible suggests that the first Christians, including the Apostles, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection. As such, many advocates of Christian communism argue that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the Apostles themselves.
Christian communism can be seen as a radical form of Christian socialism. Christian communists may or may not agree with various aspects of Marxism. They do not agree with the atheist and antireligious views held by secular Marxists, but they do agree with many of the economic and existential aspects of Marxist theory, such as the idea that capitalism exploits the working class by extracting surplus value from the workers in the form of profits and the idea that wage labor is a tool of human alienation that promotes arbitrary and unjust authority. Like Marxism, Christian communism also holds the view that capitalism encourages the negative aspects of humans, supplanting values such as mercy, kindness, justice and compassion in favor of greed, selfishness and blind ambition.
State capitalism is an economic system in which the state undertakes commercial economic activity and where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises, or where there is otherwise a dominance of corporatized government agencies or of publicly listed corporations in which the state has controlling shares. Marxist literature defines state capitalism as a social system combining capitalism with ownership or control by a state—by this definition, a state capitalist country is one where the government controls the economy and essentially acts like a single huge corporation, extracting the surplus value from the workforce in order to invest it in further production. This designation applies regardless of the political aims of the state and some people argue that the modern People's Republic of China constitutes a form of state capitalism and/or that the Soviet Union failed in its goal to establish socialism, but rather established state capitalism.
Libertarian Marxism refers to a broad scope of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the anti-authoritarian aspects of Marxism. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as left communism, emerged in opposition to Marxism–Leninism and its derivatives, such as Stalinism, Ceaușism and Maoism. Libertarian Marxism is also often critical of reformist positions, such as those held by social democrats. Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' later works, specifically the Grundrisse and The Civil War in France; emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the working class to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or state to mediate or aid its liberation. Along with anarchism, libertarian Marxism is one of the main currents of libertarian socialism.
While Marxists propose replacing the bourgeois state with a proletarian semi-state through revolution, which would eventually wither away, anarchists warn that the state must be abolished along with capitalism. Nonetheless, the desired end results, a stateless, communal society, are the same.
The two-stage theory is a Marxist-Leninist political theory which argues that underdeveloped countries, such as Tsarist Russia, must first pass through a stage of capitalism before moving to a socialist stage. The two-stage theory was applied to countries worldwide which had not passed through the capitalist stage.
Free association, also known as free association of producers, is a relationship among individuals where there is no state, social class, authority, or private ownership of means of production. Once private property is abolished, individuals are no longer deprived of access to means of production, thus enabling them to freely associate without social constraint to produce and reproduce their own conditions of existence and fulfill their individual and creative needs and desires. The term is used by anarchists and Marxists and is often considered a defining feature of a fully developed communist society.
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that frames capitalism through a paradigm of exploitation, analyzes class relations and social conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and takes a dialectical view of social transformation. While it originates from the works of 19th century German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marxism has had several different schools of thought.
State socialism is a classification for any socialist political and economic perspective advocating state ownership of the means of production either as a temporary measure in the transition from capitalism to socialism, or as characteristic of socialism itself. It is often used interchangeably with state capitalism in reference to the economic systems of Marxist–Leninist states such as the Soviet Union to highlight the role of state planning in these economies, with the critics of said system referring to it more commonly as "state capitalism". Libertarian and democratic socialists claim that these states had only a limited number of socialist characteristics. However, Marxist–Leninists maintain that workers in the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states had genuine control over the means of production through institutions such as trade unions.
Revolutionary socialism is the socialist doctrine that social revolution is necessary in order to bring about structural changes to society. More specifically, it is the view that revolution is a necessary precondition for a transition from capitalism to socialism. Revolution is not necessarily defined as a violent insurrection; it is defined as seizure of political power by mass movements of the working class so that the state is directly controlled or abolished by the working class as opposed to the capitalist class and its interests. Revolutionary socialists believe such a state of affairs is a precondition for establishing socialism and orthodox Marxists believe that it is inevitable but not predetermined.
Socialism in one country was a theory put forth by Joseph Stalin and Nikolai Bukharin in 1924 which was eventually adopted by the Soviet Union as state policy. The theory held that given the defeat of all the communist revolutions in Europe in 1917–1923 except Russia, the Soviet Union should begin to strengthen itself internally.
Anti-Leninism is opposition to the political philosophy Leninism as advocated by Vladimir Lenin.
↑ World Book, 2008, p. 890.
↑ Principles of Communism, Frederick Engels, 1847, Section 18. "Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old economic habits may remain".
↑ The ABC of Communism, Nikoli Bukharin, 1920, Section 20.
↑ The ABC of Communism, Nikoli Bukharin, 1920, Section 21.
↑ George Thomas Kurian, ed. (2011). "Withering Away of the State". The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0 . Retrieved January 3, 2016.
1 2 Bruno Bosteels, The Actuality of Communism (Verso Books, 2014).
↑ Raymond C. Taras, The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-communism in Eastern Europe (Routledge, 2015).
↑ Cassely, 2016 : Aix insolite et secrète JonGlez p. 192–193 (références Bibliothèque nationale de France).
↑ Richard Pipes Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 978-0-8129-6864-4, pp. 3–5.
↑ The Cambridge History of Iran Volume 3, "The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Period". Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2008. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link), edited by Ehsan Yarshater, Parts 1 and 2, p. 1019, Cambridge University Press (1983).
↑ Ermak, Gennady (2016). Communism: The Great Misunderstanding. ISBN 978-1-5330-8289-3.
↑ Lansford 2007 , pp. 24–25.
↑ "Diggers' Manifesto". Archived from the original on July 29, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
↑ "Communism" A Dictionary of Sociology. John Scott and Gordon Marshall. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press.
1 2 3 "Communism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
↑ Russia in the Twentieth Century: The Quest for Stability. David R. Marples. p. 38.
↑ How the Soviet Union is Governed. Jerry F. Hough. p. 81.
↑ The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism. Alex F. Dowlah, John E. Elliott. p. 18.
↑ Marc Edelman, "Late Marx and the Russian road: Marx and the 'Peripheries of Capitalism'"—book reviews. Monthly Review, December 1984.
↑ Holmes 2009, p. 18.
↑ Norman Davies. "Communism". The Oxford Companion to World War II. Ed. I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot. Oxford University Press, 2001.
↑ Sedov, Lev (1980). The Red Book on the Moscow Trial: Documents . New York: New Park Publications. ISBN 0-86151-015-1.
↑ Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë : [miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR) (in Albanian). 8 Nëntori. 1977-01-04. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
↑ Georgakas, Dan (1992). "The Hollywood Blacklist". Encyclopedia of the American Left. University of Illinois Press.
↑ (in Russian) Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law.
↑ "Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence". New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
↑ "The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Declaration: 'Mutual Recognition' and 'an Equal Basis'". The New York Times. December 22, 1991. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
↑ "Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
↑ "Nepal's election The Maoists triumph Economist.com". Economist.com. April 17, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011. Retrieved October 18, 2009.
↑ "Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China's Success". World Bank. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2006.
↑ Marx, Karl. The German Ideology. 1845. Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook. A. Idealism and Materialism. "Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence".
↑ Engels, Friedrich. Marx & Engels Selected Works, Volume One, pp. 81–97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969. "Principles of Communism". No. 4 – "How did the proletariat originate?".
↑ Engels, Friedrich. Marx & Engels Selected Works, Volume One, pp. 81–97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969. "Principles of Communism". No. 15 – "Was not the abolition of private property possible at an earlier time?".
↑ Thomas M. Twiss. Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy. Brill. pp. 28–29.
↑ Engels, Friedrich. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. Chapter 3. "But, the transformation—either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership—does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. In the joint-stock companies and trusts, this is obvious. And the modern State, again, is only the organization that bourgeois society takes on in order to support the external conditions of the capitalist mode of production against the encroachments as well of the workers as of individual capitalists. The modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine—the state of the capitalists, the ideal personification of the total national capital. The more it proceeds to the taking over of productive forces, the more does it actually become the national capitalist, the more citizens does it exploit. The workers remain wage-workers—proletarians. The capitalist relation is not done away with. It is, rather, brought to a head. But, brought to a head, it topples over. State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution".
1 2 "State capitalism" in the Soviet Union, M.C. Howard and J.E. King.
↑ "To the Rural Poor" (1903). Collected Works. vol. 6. p. 366.
↑ Г. Лисичкин (G. Lisichkin), Мифы и реальность, Новый мир ( Novy Mir ), 1989, № 3, p. 59 (in Russian).
↑ Александр Бутенко (Aleksandr Butenko), Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория// Журнал Альтернативы, №1, 1996, pp. 2–22 (in Russian).
↑ Contemporary Marxism, issues 4–5. Synthesis Publications, 1981. p. 151. "[S]ocialism in one country, a pragmatic deviation from classical Marxism".
↑ North Korea Under Communism: Report of an Envoy to Paradise. Cornell Erik. p. 169. "Socialism in one country, a slogan that aroused protests as not only it implied a major deviation from Marxist internationalism, but was also strictly speaking incompatible with the basic tenets of Marxism".
↑ A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891. "Marx & Engels Collected Works", Vol 27, p. 217. "If one thing is certain it is that our party and the working class can only come to power under the form of a democratic republic. This is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat".
↑ "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". Friedrich Engels. Part III. Progress Publishers. "But, the transformation—either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership—does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces".
↑ "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". Friedrich Engels. Part III. Progress Publishers. "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out".
↑ History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89. Allan Todd. p. 16. "The term Marxism–Leninism, invented by Stalin, was not used until after Lenin's death in 1924. It soon came to be used in Stalin's Soviet Union to refer to what he described as 'orthodox Marxism'. This increasingly came to mean what Stalin himself had to say about political and economic issues." [...] "However, many Marxists (even members of the Communist Party itself) believed that Stalin's ideas and practices (such as socialism in one country and the purges) were almost total distortions of what Marx and Lenin had said".
↑ Pierce, Wayne.Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism. "The Utopian". 73–80.
↑ The Retreat of Social Democracy ... Re-imposition of Work in Britain and the 'Social Europe'. Aufheben. Issue No. 8. 1999.
↑ Ernesto Screpanti, Libertarian Communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2007.
↑ Hal Draper (1971). "The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels". Socialist Register. 8 (8). Retrieved April 25, 2015.
↑ "A libertarian Marxist tendency map". libcom.org. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
↑ Richard Kingsley, ed., In Search of Eurocommunism, (Macmillan, 1981).
↑ Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils (includes texts by Gorter, Pannekoek, Pankhurst and Rühle), Red and Black Publishers, St. Petersburg, Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-6-8.
↑ "The Legacy of De Leonism, part III: De Leon's misconceptions on class struggle". Internationalism. 2000–2001.
↑ Alan James Mayne (1999). From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-275-96151-0.
↑ Anarchism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-59986-218-7.
↑ Fabbri, Luigi (13 October 2002). "Anarchism and Communism. Northeastern Anarchist No. 4. 1922". Archived from the original on 29 July 2011.
1 2 "What is Anarchist Communism?" by Wayne Price. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ Novatore, Renzo. Towards the creative Nothing. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ Bob Black. Nightmares of Reason. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ "Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty—provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy ... Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work". Kropotkin, Peter. "Communism and Anarchy". Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony. Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause). Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists. Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ "I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle". "MY PERSPECTIVES – Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12". Archived from the original on July 29, 2011.
↑ See M.C. Howard and J.E. King, 1992, A History of Marxian Economics: Volume II, 1929–1990. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
↑ Popper, Karl (2002). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-28594-0.
↑ John Maynard Keynes. Essays in Persuasion. W.W. Norton & Company. 1991. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-393-00190-7.
Bernstein, Eduard (1895). Kommunistische und demokratisch-sozialistische Strömungen während der englischen Revolution [Cromwell and Communism: Socialism And Democracy in the Great English Revolution]. marxists.org. Stuttgart: J.H.W. Dietz. OCLC 36367345.
Lansford, Tom (2007). Communism. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-2628-8.
Link, Theodore (2004). Communism: A Primary Source Analysis. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-4517-7.
Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). The Bolsheviks come to power: the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. Pluto Press.
"Ci–Cz Volume 4". World Book. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7166-0108-1.
Adamczak, Bini. Communism for Kids. Translated by Jacob Blumenfeld and Sophie Lewis. MIT Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-262-53335-5.
Adami, Stefano. "Communism", in Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies , ed. Gaetana Marrone – P. Puppa, Routledge, New York, London, 2006.
Beer, Max. The General History of Socialism and Social Struggles Volumes 1 & 2. New York, Russel and Russel, Inc. 1957.
Daniels, Robert Vincent. A Documentary History of Communism and the World: From Revolution to Collapse. University Press of New England, 1994. ISBN 978-0-87451-678-4.
Dean, Jodi. The Communist Horizon. Verso, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84467-954-6.
Dirlik, Arif. Origins of Chinese Communism. Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-505454-5.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. "Revisionism in Soviet History" History and Theory (2007) 46#4 pp. 77-91 online, historiographical essay that covers the scholarship of the three major schools, totalitarianism, revisionism, and post-revisionism.
Forman, James D. Communism From Marx's Manifesto To 20th century Reality. New York, Watts. 1972. ISBN 978-0-531-02571-0.
Furet, Francois and Deborah Kan (translator). The Passing of An Illusion: The Idea of Communism In the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-226-27341-9.
Ghodsee, Kristen. Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism. Duke University Press, 2017. ISBN 978-0-8223-6949-3.
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. Communist Manifesto . (Mass Market Paperback – Reprint), Signet Classics, 1998. ISBN 978-0-451-52710-3.
Pons, Silvio and Robert Service. A Dictionary of 20th century Communism. 2010.
Zinoviev, Alexandre. The Reality of Communism (1980), Publisher Schocken, 1984.
Libcom.org. Extensive library of almost 20,000 articles, books, pamphlets and journals on libertarian communism.
"Communism" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Lindsay, Samuel McCune (1905). "Communism" . New International Encyclopedia .
The Radical Pamphlet Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials on the topic of communism.
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You might also want to check out my blog post: Squarespace and Wordpress comparison. It's over here on my web consulting website.
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From hospital#French < hospitalis#Latin "hospitable" < hospes#Latin "host, guest"
A hospital is an institution for health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment, and often but not always providing for longer-term patient stays.
Today, hospitals are usually funded by the state, health organizations (for profit or non-profit), health insurances or charities, including direct charitable donations. In history, however, they were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Similarly, modern-day hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons and nurses, whereas in history, this work was usually done by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. In the U.S., hospital usually requires an article; in Britain and elsewhere, the word is normally used without an article when it is the object of a preposition and when referring to a patient ("in/to the hospital" vs. "in/to hospital"); in Canada, both usages are found.
Some patients in a hospital come just for diagnosis and/or therapy and then leave ('outpatients'); while others are 'admitted' and stay overnight or for several weeks or months ('inpatients'). Hospitals are usually distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients.
The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which is set up to deal with many kinds of disease and injury, and typically has an emergency ward to deal with immediate threats to health and the capacity to dispatch emergency medical services. A general hospital is typically the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care and long-term care; and specialized facilities for surgery, plastic surgery, childbirth, bioassay laboratories, and so forth. Larger cities may have many different hospitals of varying sizes and facilities.
Types of specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories, and so forth.
A hospital may be a single building or a campus. (Many hospitals with pre-20th-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses.) Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on a non-profit basis by governments or charities. Within the United States, most hospitals are not-for-profit.
A teaching hospital (or university hospital) is that who combines assistance to patients with teaching to medical students.
A medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic, and is often run by a government agency for health services or a private partnership of physicians (in nations where private practice is allowed). Clinics generally provide only outpatient services.
In ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. The earliest known institutions aiming to provide cure were Egyptian temples. Greek temples dedicated to the healer-god Asclepius might admit the sick, who would wait for guidance from the god in a dream. The Romans adopted his worship. Under his Roman name Æsculapius, he was provided with a temple (291 BC) on an island in the Tiber in Rome, where similar rites were performed.
The Sinhalese (Sri Lankans) are perhaps responsible for introducing the concept of dedicated hospitals to the world. According to the Mahavamsa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty written in the 6th century A.D., King Pandukabhaya (4th century BC) had lying-in-homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the earliest documentary evidence we have of institutions specifically dedicated to the care of the sick anywhere in the world. Mihintale Hospital is perhaps the oldest in the world.
Institutions created specifically to care for the ill also appeared early in India. King Ashoka is said to have founded at least 18 hospitals ca. 230 BC, with physicians and nursing staff, the expense being borne by the royal treasury. However, there are historians who strictly dispute the claim that Ashoka built any hospitals at all, and argue that it is based on a mistranslation, with references to 'rest houses' being mistaken for hospitals. The error is thought to have occurred because similar edicts and records talk of Ashoka importing medicinal supplies.
State-supported hospitals later appeared in China during the first millennium A.D. The first teaching hospital where students were authorized to methodically practice on patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education, was the Academy of Gundishapur in the Persian Empire. One expert has argued that "to a very large extent, the credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia".
The Romans created valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators and soldiers around 100 BC, and many were identified by later archeology. While their existence is considered proven, there is some doubt as to whether they were as widespread as was once thought, as many were identified only according to the layout of building remains, and not by means of surviving records or finds of medical tools.
The adoption of Christianity as the state religion of the empire drove an expansion of the provision of care. The First Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. urged the Church to provide for the poor, sick, widows and strangers. It ordered the construction of a hospital in every cathedral town. Among the earliest were those built by the physician Saint Sampson in Constantinople and by Basil, bishop of Caesarea. The latter was attached to a monastery and provided lodgings for poor and travelers, as well as treating the sick and infirm. There was a separate section for lepers.
The earliest recorded hospitals in the medieval Islamic world refer to the hopital of al-Walid ibn 'Abdul Malik (ruled 705-715 CE) which he built in 86 AH (706-707 CE). It somewhat resembled the Byzantine nosocomia, but was more general as it extended its services to the lepers and the invalid and destitute people. All treatment and care was free of charge and there was more than one physician employed in this hospital.
"By Mamun">Al-MamunMamun's time medical schools were extremely active in Baghdad. The first free public hospital was opened in Baghdad during the Caliphate of Haroon-ar-Rashid. As the system developed, physicians and surgeons were appointed who gave lectures to medical students and issued diplomas to those who were considered qualified to practice. The first hospital in Egypt was opened in 872 AD and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the empire from Spain and the Maghrib to Persia."
Medieval hospitals in Europe followed a similar pattern. They were religious communities, with care provided by monks and nuns. (An old French term for hospital is hôtel-Dieu, "hostel of God.") Some were attached to monasteries; others were independent and had their own endowments, usually of property, which provided income for their support. Some hospitals were multi-function while others were founded for specific purposes such as leper hospitals, or as refuges for the poor or for pilgrims: not all cared for the sick. Not until later where most hospitals multi-functional, though the first Spanish hospital, founded by the Catholic Visigoth bishop Masona in 580 at Mérida, was a xenodochium designed as an inn for travellers (mostly pilgrims to the shrine of Eulalia of Mérida) as well as a hospital for citizens and local farmers. The hospital's endowment consisted of farms to feed its patients and guests.
It is believed that the first Spanish style hospital founded in the Americas [Western Hemisphere] following Columbus arrival to the island now known as Hispaniola was the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari [Calle Hostos] in Santo Domingo, [Distrito Nacional] Dominican Republic.
Fray Nicolas de Ovando, Spanish governor and colonial administrator from 1502-1509, authorized its construction in or after 1504. It is believed that this hospital also served as a church during its lifetime. The first phase of its construction was completed in 1519. Erwin Walter Palm, [former author and professor of Spanish American art, culture, and history] wrote that "the Brotherhood of Our Lady of the Conception continued the construction of the hospital in 1533, adding modern elements, including additional buildings." Abandoned in the mid-18th century the hospital now lies in ruins near the Cathedral in the colonial zone in Santo Domingo, DR, amid additional historical New World sights.
The Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City is the oldest hospital in North America. It was founded in 1524 with the economic support of conquistador Hernán Cortés to care for poor Spanish soldiers and the native inhabitants.
The first hospital in North America north of Mexico is the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. It was established in New France in 1639 by three Augustinians from l'Hôtel-Dieu de Dieppe in France. The project of the niece of Cardinal de Richelieu was granted a royal charter by King Louis XIII and staffed by colonial physician Robert Giffard de Moncel.
In Europe the medieval concept of Christian care evolved during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries into a secular one, but it was in the eighteenth century that the modern hospital began to appear, serving only medical needs and staffed with physicians and surgeons. The Charité (founded in Berlin in 1710) is an early example.
Guy's Hospital was founded in London in 1724 from a bequest by wealthy merchant Thomas Guy. Other hospitals sprang up in London and other British cities over the century, many paid for by private subscriptions. In the British American colonies the Pennsylvania General Hospital was chartered in Philadelphia in 1751, after £2,000 from private subscription was matched by funds from the Assembly.
When the Viennese General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus) opened in 1784 (instantly becoming the world's largest hospital), physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into the most important research center. During the 19th century, the Second Viennese Medical School emerged with the contributions of physicians such as Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda, Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science expanded and specialization advanced. Furthermore, the first dermatology, eye, as well as ear, nose and throat clinics in the world were founded in Vienna, being considered was the birth of specialized medicine.
By the mid-nineteenth century most of Europe and the United States had established a variety of public and private hospital systems. In Continental Europe the new hospitals were generally built and run from public funds. The National Health Service, the principle provider of healthcare in the United Kingdom, was founded in 1948.
In the United States the traditional hospital is a non-profit hospital, usually sponsored by a religious denomination. One of the earliest of these "almshouses" in what would become the United States was started by William Penn in Philadelphia in 1713. These hospitals are tax-exempt due to their charitable purpose, but provide only a minimum of charitable medical care. They are supplemented by large public hospitals in major cities and research hospitals often affiliated with a medical school. In the late twentieth century, chains of for-profit hospitals arose in the USA.
While hospitals, by concentrating equipment, skilled staff and other resources in one place, clearly provide important help to patients with serious or rare health problems, hospitals are also criticised for a number of faults, some of which are endemic to the system, others which develop from what some consider wrong approaches to health care.
One cricitism often voiced is the 'industrialised' nature of care, with constantly shifting treatment staff, which dehumanises the patient and prevents more effective care as doctors and nurses are rarely intimately familiar with the patient. The high working pressures often put on the staff exacerbates such rushed and impersonal treatment. The architecture and setup of modern hospitals is often voiced as a contributing factor to the feelings of faceless treatment many people complain about.
Another criticism is that hospitals are in themselves a dangerous place for patients, which are often suffering from weakened immune systems - either due to their body having to undergo substantial surgery or because of the illness which placed them in the hospital itself. As an example, it is estimated that as much as 10% of all patients in the United States contract a nosocomical (hospital-caused) infection. Due to the environment in which antibiotics are used in large quantities, the infections are also often multi-resistant to various treatment methods, such as the relatively common MRSA infection.
In the modern era, hospitals are, broadly, either funded by the government of the country in which they are situated, or survive financially by competing in the private sector (a number of hospitals are also still supported by the historical type of charitable or religious associations).
In the United Kingdom for example, a relatively comprehensive, "free at the point of delivery" healthcare system exists, funded by the state. Hospital care is thus relatively easily available to all legal residents (although as hospitals prioritize their limited resources, there is a tendency for 'waiting lists' to be generated for non-emergency treatment, and those who can afford it may take out private healthcare to get treatment faster). On the other hand, many countries, including for example the USA, have in the 20th Century followed a largely private-based, for-profit-approach to providing hospital care, with few state-money supported "charity" hospitals remaining today. ensuring that there is a clear disincentive to admit such patients.
While for-profit-based systems have produced some of the best hospitals in the world, a proportion of the populace may have little or no access to healthcare services of adequate quality.
As quality of healthcare has increasingly become an issue around the world, hospitals have increasingly had to pay serious attention to this. Independent external assessment of quality is one of the most powerful ways of assessing the quality of healthcare, and hospital accreditation is one means by which this is achieved. In many parts of the world such accreditation is sourced from other countries, a phenomenon known as international healthcare accreditation, by groups such as the Joint Commission from the USA and the Trent Accreditation Scheme from Great Britain.
Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimize the effort of medical personnel and the possibility of contamination while maximizing the efficiency of the whole system. Travel time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of patients between units is facilitated and minimized. The building also should be built to accommodate heavy departments such as radiology and operating rooms; while space for special wiring, plumbing and waste disposal must be allowed for in the design.
''"... built catastrophes, anonymous institutional complexes run by vast bureaucracies, and totally unfit for the purpose they have been designed for ... They are hardly ever functional, and instead of making patients feel at home, they produce stress and anxiety."
Some newer hospital designs now try to reestablish design that takes the patient's psychological needs into account, such as providing for more air, better views and more pleasant color schemes. These ideas harken back to the late 18th century, when the concept of providing fresh air and access to the 'healing powers of nature' were first employed by hospital architects in improving their buildings.
The surgical, special procedures, radiological, intensive care unit, and patient rooms typically have medical gases, emergency and normal electrical power; and heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems.
The reliability of the electrical power systems that serve a hospital is important. In order to provide higher electrical reliability, the National Institutes of Health, NIH, requires that all secondary substations > 500 kVA at their Bethesda, MD campus be the spot network type. The spot network substations cost more than other arrangements.
Pneumatic tube conveying systems are often used to move the actual paper prescriptions for medicines to the Pharmacies, and to move medicines, especially intra-venous, IV, bags to the patient care rooms. Tissue samples can be sent to the Laboratory. Medical notes can be transcribed, printed, and then transported via a Pneumatic Tube Conveying System.
As measured by the weight of the item be transferred, the 15 cm (6”) diameter tube systems have about 225% of the lifting and moving capacity of a 10 cm (4”) system. When the seals are new, the 10 cm tube carriers will move a 1 kg (2+ pound) IV bag. But when the seals on the tube carriers are worn, the tubes can stop moving in the piping, and require a trained technician to recover the tube carrier.
Modern hospitals have information infrastructure such as secured patient information system and PACS.
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Discussion in 'Past Trial Discussion Threads' started by wfgodot, Nov 4, 2015.
slaying. All these years later, why has the case become a cause?
When Annie Massie entered the house, she found the Haysoms sprawled on the ground, caked in gore. Derek Haysom was on his side near a doorway, an arm stretched out before him. Nancy Haysom was in the kitchen, traced in crimson whirls, as if someone had wiped the blood around her like Windex on glass. Both bodies were ragged with stab wounds, and their necks had been cut nearly from ear to ear.
The house revealed no indication of forced entry. On the dining-room table were place settings and the remnants of a meal. No weapon could be found, but there were footprints in the blood. One looked to have been made by a tennis shoe, and two more by a sock.
Four blood types were in evidence: the Haysoms’ A and AB, a bit of B blood on a damp rag, and, on the screen door and in the master suite, spots of O.
When Elizabeth Haysom finally returned to the hotel, Jens Soering says, he’d ordered room service and was watching TV. Her forearms bore red-brown smears. She said that she’d killed her parents—drugs had made her do it. Soering says that she pleaded with him to use the movie-ticket alibi to cover her.
Soering explains that, as his mind raced across what he knew from books and movies, it alighted on Sydney Carton, of “A Tale of Two Cities.” He decided that he would take the blame to save her from the gallows.
In 1985, a wealthy couple were found murdered and suspicion fell on their daughter and her German boyfriend. The couple fled to Europe and were arrested in the UK.
At the time of their arrest, both told essentially the same story: the German boyfriend Jensen Soering killed the parents". The daughters statements to the police provided enough evidence to establish that she had "initiated" the murders. Both were charged with first degree murder. The daughter got 90 years for her role and Jens got life. In spite of the fact that the official version of events was that Elizabeth, the daughter, planned it and Jens carried it out (This was in agreement with both of their confessions) many people who were close to the investigation believed that the evidence suggested strongly that Elizabeth was at the crime scene.
Jens is now claiming that his was a false confession and he had nothing to do with the murders. He is not claiming that he was tricked or coerced into making the false confession however. He admits that his "confession" was a deliberate ploy to get Elizabeth off the hook. He had been under the impression that he had diplomatic immunity because of his fathers position with the German Consulate and he would only have to serve a year or two in a German Juvenile facility. He later found out he was wrong.
The actual crime scene evidence does tend to support his claim however. All along it was known that the foot prints in the blood at the scene appeared to be too small for Jens but about right for Elizabeth. There had been a small amount of type "o" blood found in the house. Jens was type "o" so that was the only evidence that Jens had been at the crime scene at all. DNA testing, not available at the time of the trial now confirms that this was not Jen's blood. (Based on the location of that type "o" blood, it can not be certain that it was even related to the murders). Elizabeth is still claiming she was not at the crime scene.
Jens is not attempting to get a new trial, he is only trying to make use of a treaty between the U.S. and Germany that would allow German citizens to serve out their sentences in Germany or to be paroled since he is now eligible. This would all be at the discretion of the State of Virginia and the climate there is against releasing him under any circumstances.
My own opinion is that 30 years for a crime committed at age 18 is plenty for someone with a good prison record and, at this point, Jen's possible innocents doesn't matter. Whether or not his confession is "true", it was not tainted by any Law Enforcement abuse.
This a great story, or is it a novel put onto one page?!
I'm finally to about four inches to the bottom of the story and I started a spell ago.
It's so long that the following kept popping up to the side.
This has been the subject of a show on ID.
A petition submitted to Gov. Terry McAuliffe this week tries to cast doubt on the guilt of Jens Soering, a German national convicted of murdering his girlfriend’s parents in central Virginia more than 30 years ago in a sensational case with ties to the 2016 presidential race.
Soering asks McAuliffe (D) for an “absolute pardon” and parole based largely on an analysis that concludes that Soering, who has type-O blood, was not the source of at least some of the type-O blood found at the scene.
Follow up to 2015's Blood Ties story referenced above.
Little I have written for the magazine over the past few years has subsequently haunted me as much as a story I published, in 2015, about a thirty-year-old double murder—although, to be honest, I found it pretty haunting from the start. In the summer of 1985, two sophomores on merit scholarships at the University of Virginia—one a punctilious young German named Jens Soering and the other an aspiring bohemian named Elizabeth Haysom—left the campus and, by plane, automobile, and bus, travelled the globe. They were in love, but it wasn’t a vacation.
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0.999823 |
How to manage salary and benefit conversations in the workplace.
To negotiate or not to negotiate, that is the question. As much as you were excited to hear the words, "Congratulations, you got the job!" you wonder, is it safe to negotiate or should you just accept the offer? This can be a difficult question to answer. After all, the economy is pretty tough right now and you might not have the luxury of multiple offers from which to choose. However, you have nothing to lose by having the discussion. Although the job market might be tight, there are still job offers being made. So here are some of the basics to consider when negotiating an offer.
Once you've heard the magic words, "You're hired," you should have been given a salary figure. If the offer is given to you by phone, don't negotiate yet, just ask to get the quote in writing. Human Resources should send you a letter within a few days outlining the salary and benefits of the position (make sure the exact job title is listed on the letter as well), along with a start date.
With the job title and figure in hand, start doing your homework. Go to websites like Salary.com (www.salary.com) and Payscale (www.payscale.com), research the job title, and see how your offer compares to the average person in the field. In fact, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics also has general salary information by industry and location (nationwide, state, and regional). Finally, do not forget your university's career center and alumni association. Many of them keep salary data of graduates from your institution, so you can see what offers were made to others in your major and how your offer compares.
In addition to gathering information, you need to strategize the upcoming negotiation process. Aside from being armed with salary statistics, you will need to justify why you deserve a higher salary. What do you have to offer an employer? What skills have you acquired from past experience from internships, co-ops, and school activities? Is your area of study (research) of particular interest to this company? Knowing your strengths and what you have to offer will be your major line of defense.
Next, research your field/industry and your future employer. What is the future growth within the industry? Who are your company's biggest competitors? How is this company doing financially? Having this information will give you an idea of how far you can take the process. For example, if you received an offer from a company in a growing industry—with a lot of competitors—and the research you did for your senior thesis can lead to major advancements in the field, you probably have the upper hand and can go further with negotiations. On the other hand, if the company you are negotiating with has very few competitors and is the industry leader, you may not be able to take it too far.
Finally, use your personal network. Do you know any friends (or relatives of friends) that went into your field, or better yet, work at that company or a competitor? Ask around, you will be surprised by the information you can get from your network.
Once you have this information in hand, you are ready to start the process of negotiating. Never negotiate with a recruiter or Human Resources; it should always be done with your future boss. The number one rule in salary negotiation is you should not be giving the figure. Have your "magic figure" in your head based on your research, but don't give that number out. Consider starting with the statement, "Could you tell me what the salary figure is based upon?" If the response sounds similar to, "Well, all of our Engineer 1s start at this figure," then this is your opportunity to showcase why you deserve more money. Remember the homework you did in step one? Use this information to demonstrate, one point at a time, why you deserve more than all of the other Engineer 1s that will be hired. It is important to take it step-by-step and not to give all of your reasons at one time. With each step, you will be able to get a sense of where the negotiations are going (is your potential boss receptive or is he/she becoming perturbed?) and how far you can take it.
Salary is not the only bargaining point. If you can't budge your future employer on increasing your salary, perhaps there are other topics to consider. Gone are the days of huge signing bonuses but maybe this can be an option. However, keep in mind that with bonuses, 50% is usually taken by the U.S. government. Does the company require a lot of overtime with no monetary compensation? See if they will consider giving you an extra day off over and above what is offered for vacation. What is their relocation policy? If they give you a flat sum, possibly you can find the cheapest way to move and pocket the residual money. Finally, if none of the above work, consider asking your potential boss to move up your salary/performance review. Rather than waiting a year to get to that first review, perhaps he/she would be willing to do this process after six to nine months, thus increasing your salary sooner.
When it comes to negotiation, my best advice is to go only as far as you feel comfortable. If you have reached your salary goal, or if you get a sense that you have gone as far as possible (your future boss starts to sound annoyed), stop. Always leave the conversation on a positive note. Let your future employer know you are happy to have received the offer, and tell him/her what date you will call them back with your final decision. Never leave an employer hanging.
Despite everything said above, there is nothing wrong with accepting the offer without negotiating for a higher salary. In these times, people are afraid to lose the offer. As long as you have carefully evaluated the offer and it meets the standard requirements, namely, the stated position title/description as previously agreed upon and typical benefits (health, retirement, sick, vacation, etc.), you should be good to go. But it doesn't hurt to have options.
Graduating from college is a big accomplishment—going through the job search and accepting a job offer is just a culmination of your hard work. So why not take the time to do your research and negotiate the best offer you can? I always tell students, "You probably don't want to start a job with the thought hanging over your head, 'I wonder if I got the best deal?'" If done with class and respect, your prospective boss will appreciate the fact that you have done your homework, you know what you are worth, and that you have knowledge about the world of work. In the end, he/she will admire you for it, and most of all, you know you had a hand in the outcome.
Jonie Watanabe Tsuji is a career counselor and career fair coordinator at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
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0.970069 |
Google has published research that provides new insights into how neural networks work. Although the use of neural networks is rapidly growing in AI, much remains unknown about how they're able to accurately recognise images and interpret speech.
Establishing what happens inside the "brain" of a neural network has been an ongoing research aim for Google over the past few years. The company first described the internal workings of neural networks in a 2015 paper, explaining how the systems are able to create new images and recognise items.
The company has now followed up on its "Inceptionism" paper with a new study into the "Building Blocks of Interpretability." Over the past year, Google has acquired more understanding of the way in which neural networks interpret images. In a blog post, the company said it's now exploring how to understand neural networks in the context of the "bigger picture."
At a high level, neural networks process data by passing it between different layers. Each successive layer builds on the work of the previous one, so more complex interpretations are generated as the processing progresses. In computer vision scenarios, the first layers may recognise the basic shapes and textures of images before later ones start to identify fine details.
While the general concept of layering is understood, Google's struggled to determine how neural networks actually pass data between the layers. The company has now developed ways to "stand in the middle" of a neural network as it operates. This provides visibility into the neural network's decisions as it recognises new inputs.
In one example cited by Google, it explained how a neural network is able to recognise sections of images and then alter a label for the picture. If the AI has been trained to recognise "floppy ears," it may increase the probability the label is "Labrador Retriever" or "Beagle" when shown a picture of a dog with floppy ears.
The neural network's training creates a series of detectors. These detectors, such as "floppy ears," are activated when their subject is found inside the input image. The output from each detector alters the overall probability that an image will be assigned a certain label. Google's new software project enables the company to spectate as these detectors are fired.
While the research is a step forward in understanding neural networks, Google acknowledged that many unknowns remain. The company said it still "doesn't really know" the low-level details of how neural networks operate. Gaining a more complete understanding will be critical to unlocking their full potential.
"Neural networks are a powerful approach to machine learning, allowing computers to understand images, recognize speech, translate sentences, play Go, and much more. As much as we’re using neural networks in our technology at Google, there’s more to learn about how these systems accomplish these feats," said Google.
"For example, neural networks can learn how to recognize images far more accurately than any program we directly write, but we don’t really know how exactly they decide whether a dog in a picture is a Retriever, a Beagle, or a German Shepherd."
Google's open-sourced its Lucid neural network visualisation library to enable other researchers to investigate their own systems. Engagement with the community could unlock further insights that begin to explain how modern AI mechanisms "think" and learn. The company said its latest work "only scratches the surface" of what it thinks could be learned by studying neural networks.
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0.999636 |
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation.
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know! "
Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.
'That' may be omitted: She told him that she was happy. She told him she was happy.
'Say' and 'tell': Use 'say' when there is no indirect object: He said that he was tired.
to describe the action of communicating: He talked to us. She was speaking on the telephone.
with 'about' to refer to what was said: He talked (to us) about his parents.
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0.674293 |
Washington(CNN) The Senate confirmed Andrew Wheeler to be the No. 2 official at the Environmental Protection Agency on Thursday amid ethics concerns plaguing EPA chief Scott Pruitt and calls from Democrats for him to resign. The vote was 53-45.
If Pruitt left, it would fall to Wheeler to run the agency until a new administrator is confirmed.
His firm's clients include Murray Energy, which bills itself as "the largest coal mining company in America."
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-New York, previously blasted Wheeler as "a former industry lobbyist who has worked on behalf of big polluters and climate change deniers. He has spent years working to undermine or lobby against the environmental protections he may soon oversee."
Pruitt praised Wheeler's confirmation in a statement Thursday.
"Andrew Wheeler has spent his entire career advancing sound environmental policies and I look forward to him bringing his expertise and leadership to the agency," he said. "I look forward working with Andrew to implement President Trump's environmental agenda."
And on the Senate floor earlier Thursday, McConnell said Wheeler's qualifications for the job are "beyond question."
"Mr. Wheeler's former boss, our colleague Senator Inhofe, says, quote, 'there is no one more qualified.' Our former colleague Senator Lieberman has called Mr. Wheeler 'fair and professional,' and said 'I hope his nomination will receive ... fair consideration by the Senate,'" he said on the Senate floor. "He has won the support of the American Farm Bureau Federation and has won praise from both sides of the aisle."
Prior to his lobbying work, Wheeler served on Capitol Hill as a Republican staff member for the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee and as a top aide to Sen. Jim Inhofe, an Oklahoma Republican and an outspoken climate change skeptic who told CNN last month the EPA is "brainwashing our kids."
The president of the Environmental Working Group, a nonprofit that works to protect the environment, slammed Wheeler's appointment in a statement.
"Before the Trump administration, it would have been inconceivable that a coal and chemical industry lobbyist with a long history of hostility toward environmental policy would be the number two at the EPA," Ken Cook said. "The EPA may need to add more office space to accommodate Mr. Wheeler. I'm not sure there's enough room in its current digs to fit another shill from the coal and chemical industries."
New Mexico Democratic Sen. Tom Udall said Wednesday that Wheeler should be carefully vetted, as if he were taking over for Pruitt now. Udall told reporters that he believes Wheeler wouldn't be a much better option to run the agency.
"The problem with the Wheeler nomination is if Trump (fires Pruitt) tomorrow, Wheeler is in fact the administrator, and that is a very, very serious problem," Udall said. "I know that there are many Republicans who haven't spoken out yet, but privately they are very disturbed by what Scott Pruitt is doing at the EPA."
Wheeler's nomination comes amid a steady stream of negative headlines involving Pruitt in recent weeks and months that has official Washington wondering whether the embattled agency chief can hold onto his job.
Most recently, Pruitt has been fighting stories revealing he paid about $6,100 over the course of a six-month lease last year to rent a room in a condo owned by Vicki Hart, a health care lobbyist whose husband, Steven Hart, has lobbied the EPA. His daughter also reportedly lived there while she was interning in Washington.
The federal government's top voice on ethics David Apol sent a letter to the agency outlining areas of concern regarding Pruitt. Apol, the acting director and general counsel of the Office of Government Ethics, summarized reports of Pruitt's conduct, including the rental agreement, as well as EPA spending on Pruitt's travel and security.
The letter also expresses concern with reports of Pruitt bypassing the White House to give raises to favored aides and other employees who faced job changes after raising concerns over his conduct.
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0.937268 |
What is 16 hour rule in Canada?
Work shift cannot be more than 16 hours. In other words, you must not be on-duty after the 16th hour of Work shift.
16 hours (Work shift) includes on-duty, driving and off-duty hours. These off-duty hours are not part of the mandatory 8 consecutive off hours.
At least 8 consecutive off hours must be taken after 16 hours Work shift.
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0.97527 |
The task is to collect all of the colourful Jellyfish to go through the gate. SpongeBob need to change the same colour as the Jellyfish to catch them. Take action to challenge yourself.Enjoy the wonderful journey!
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0.985157 |
What is hip fracture surgery?
Hip fracture surgery is a procedure to treat a break in the upper part of the femur (thighbone). The type of surgery performed depends on the degree of damage, the level of the fracture, and the bones and soft tissues affected.
Repair with hardware. The surgeon repositions the two ends of the facture into their normal alignment and inserts metal screws into the bone to hold it in place while the fracture heals. In some cases, screws are attached to a metal plate the runs alongside the femur.
Partial hip replacement. The surgeon removes the femoral head (the rounded end of the upper thighbone) and replaces it with a metal or ceramic ball that is fixed solidly to a metallic stem inserted into the upper part of the femur. The acetabulum (hip socket) is not replaced.
Total hip replacement. The surgeon removes the damaged femoral head and replaces it with a metal or ceramic ball that is fixed solidly to a metallic stem inserted into the upper part of the femur. The acetabulum is replaced with a plastic liner fixed into a metal shell.
If the fracture restricts blood supply to the femoral head, the bone is less likely to heal properly. Partial or total hip replacement is usually recommended for these types of injuries.
The hip joint lies between the femur and the pelvis, surrounded by protective muscle and cushioned by rubbery cartilage. It is the largest ball-and-socket joint in your body. The "ball" is the femoral head. The "socket" is a concave depression in the lower side of the pelvis called the acetabulum.
A hip fracture almost always requires surgical repair or replacement. Some broken bones, such as a broken ankle or broken arm, heal on their own in a cast. But a broken hip is not likely to heal well without surgery.
Recovery time varies depending on the type of procedure you have. Minimally invasive approaches, improved implant material and design, and refined surgical techniques have dramatically reduced recovery time. For these patients, the typical recovery period is now weeks rather than months. Most patients are up and walking immediately following surgery and regain range of motion, strength and flexibility after several weeks of physical therapy. Hospital stays have been reduced to one or two days and the vast majority of patients can go directly home without having to use a rehabilitation center.
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0.997866 |
What do you think of the current situation? Like you, I am writing letters, emails and other messages. Tomorrow I will leave, then I will go to my friend in Spain, where we are planing a beach vacation.
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0.990757 |
What are some exercises that let me sit properly?
I'm a 23, healthy male but never sit properly in a chair in my life. As a kid I forced myself to hunch to hide my belly and it was the reason of my bad posture development. I spent more than half of my waking hours sitting.
Sitting properly is very hard for me currently. If I try to sit properly, I feel tired and sweat a bit within few minutes. I move a lot to avoid uncomfortableness. Maybe 10 times more than an average person.
Firstly, bad sitting will lead to bad posture, which will also be evidenced by a weak core.
Secondly, no exercises will let you sit properly; all they can do is to strengthen your core and give you good reasons to sit properly. You have to make a conscious effort to sit properly. After practising it for a while, it might become second nature to you; however, it's still up to you to continue.
Thirdly, when you initially start sitting straight, your back will become sore very quickly. This is normal; the soreness will gradually wear off the more you keep sitting properly.
Endeavor to always stand up straight. As ironic as it sounds, it works. If you observe soldiers, the way they sit and stand are identical; they have to sit straight. This is because it allows them to quickly react. The more you stand straight, the easier it'll become for you to sit straight. When standing, try not to lean on an external support, lean on one leg, or bend at the waist.
Remember to exercise your core: There are varieties of core-strengthening exercises and a lot of them can be performed without any equipment. Plank is a favorite; push up is another awesome exercise. Burpees, running, jumping jack, and legs up are great ones too. Even high-tempo dances are great for the core.
is an awesome way to strengthen your core. Not only is it playful to sit on, it actually forces you to sit straight (most of the time). Don't be surprised if your back becomes sore after sitting on it for less than an hour.
Sit straight in your chair! Unless you're sitting on a sofa or a very-cushioned chair, most chairs have a rigid structure that allows you sit straight. Make sure that your butts are touching the back of the chair and simply sit straight. When your butts touch the back of the chair (or is as far back as naturally possible), the only ways for you to sit improperly would be tilting the chair backwards or bending your chest forward. You can easily correct those once you realize you're doing them.
Sitting properly is very easy to achieve as long as it's a goal.
It'll initially be hard, but it'll get easier as you continue with it.
Don't go gungho on it. Do it gradually. If you use the ball, you can alternate (between it and your regular chair) every couple of hours. You're also allowed to cheat; I know that some people put pillows or soft covers on the back of the chair so that although they're sitting straight, their backs are actually resting on the pillows.
You'll develop more powerful abdominal muscles that will keep you erect, and likewise your back will be stronger. There are a multitude of muscles that are a part of good posture, and unless you are actively strengthening them it's really no wonder that holding a good posture isn't easy.
Stand shoulder width apart, and tighten your glutes; this will properly align your pelvis and hips.
Inhale with your diaphragm; extend your belly as you inhale, and tighten it as you exhale ( like someone is going to punch you in the gut). This will help compress your spine.
Put your shoulders back, so that they are inline with your ears; extend your arms, rotate your palms up, and bring your arms half-circle, and let them rest by your side (all while keeping minor tension in your glutes and abdomen).
Sit down in your chair by hinging at your hips while maintaining a neutral spine and being cognizant of keeping your shins vertical, as to not put any unnecessary stress on your knees.
When you feel yourself start to slouch (typically after 10 minutes or so), stand up, and repeat the process. This isn't so much an exercise, as it is a new adopted method of sitting, but I've been feeling a heck of a lot better since I started going through the motions about a year ago...I don't even think about it anymore.
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0.98213 |
Culture is an important aspect in the society that needs to be inculcated in students. It defines where people come from and who they are. There are numerous cultures in the world today and learning all of them is an uphill task. Students have in various occasions tried to express their culture through food, clothing and literature (Garner, 2010). All this is done in a bid to have something that can be identified with particular cultures that students belong to. Whereas there are many ways that students can express their culture food, literature and clothing are considered to be among the major ways that students in learning institutions can use to express their cultural backgrounds. The importance for this is because students come from diverse cultures and with the emergence of international schools through globalization, students may see the need to be identified with their cultures. Students express their cultures as a means of communicating to the rest what their cultures are composed of and this form of communication can either be verbal or non-verbal.
The complexity of communicating about cultures has brought the need to express the same through other avenues such as food, literature, and clothing. It is also quite crucial for teachers to understand the various ways that students can express their cultures and decide which ways to allow them to express their culture without affecting their studies. The question that needs to be understood is; should children be permitted to express their culture through food, literature and clothes they wear? If so, how can they express their cultures this way?
Over the years there has been growing need for students in various institutions to identify with their cultures as a way of reminding themselves about their backgrounds. One way that teachers have allowed students to express their cultures is through food. Many cultures across the globe have particular foods that they identify with. For instance Asian communities may identify with curries, Chinese and Japanese may identify with pastas eaten using chopsticks, and Americans may identify themselves with fries while communities that come from coastal regions may associate their cultures with seafood (Garner, 2010).
Permitting students to express their culture through food does not necessarily imply letting students eat the foods that are only associated with their cultures but showcasing their foods to the others who come from different communities (Kittler & Sucher, 2007). One way that teachers can allow students to express their cultures through food is by organizing food competitions that have cultural themes. For students to participate in such competitions, they can either do so individually or collectively. The purpose of the competition would be to foster and promote culture by re-interpreting customs that are linked with food.
It would be important for teachers to note the various cultural backgrounds that their students come from so as to ensure that all the cultures are represented in the competitions. Teachers may also decide to encourage their students to have cultural food exhibitions. This may entail having the students showcase foods from various cultures in a certain day and inviting the public to the occasion. Such exhibition may not have a specific cultural theme since all the cultures that the students in a particular institution come from would be represented.
Students should be permitted to express their cultures to avert the culture shock that they experience as a result of being in a new environment that has different culture from the one they are used to (Carducci, 2009). Culture shock in most cases leads to confusion and misunderstanding as students re not sure whether to entirely follow the new culture or to keep reminding themselves of their original cultures. Culture acts as a bond among people who belong to a particular community and it should therefore be instilled in students as it brings peace, cohesion and a sense of belonging. By expressing their own cultures, students feel connected to their cultural backgrounds and makes education to be seen as a tool for promoting cultural values instead of destroying them.
It is quite natural to face difficulties in adjusting to new cultures. In a learning institution students may have been brought up with differing values and beliefs that are all dictated by their cultural backgrounds. Due to these differences, it is significant for students to have various ways that they can express their cultures. Culture encompasses the environment that one lives in and includes dressing, language and literature. All these may influence the way one looks or behaves in a community. Students may experience unfamiliar clothes and food in the learning institutions that they join and hence making it paramount for the students to be permitted to express their cultures to prevent them from being faced off.
A study done by some anthropologists revealed that students can express their culture by the way they dress (Delaney, 2010). Many communities have clothes that are unique to their culture as well as fashion icons. Cultural dressings involve creativity in design that expresses unique forms of different cultures that students come from. If one come from an African country a dress that is designed to represent a particular culture may be used. This therefore means that a student is able to stand out from the crowd and be identified with his culture.
A more comprehensive study was done in the University of Cape Town to establish the impact of permitting students to express their cultures through food, literature and clothing and how this can be done effectively.
The study was done in the University of Cape Town with a sampling number of twenty students who were selected from diverse cultural backgrounds. The students used in the study also belonged in the age group of 16 -50 years.
The purpose of this study was to establish whether it was necessary for the teachers to permit their students to use food, clothes and literature to express their cultures. In addition the study was also to identify how effective was this in expressing students' cultures.
The method used for data collection in this study was through observation, questionnaires and face to face interview of the respondents. Ten questionnaires were distributed to ten students, face to face interview was done to five of the students while the remaining five were observed and the results recorded. The questions were similar in the questionnaires and face to face interviews. The same questions were also used in the observations.
Out of the twenty students interviewed, 90% of them said that teachers should permit them to use clothes, literature and food to express their culture. 60% of the students thought that food was the least effective way of expressing one's culture while 70% of the students said that clothes were the most effective. All the respondents responded that the all the three ways of expressing culture were effective in one way or another.
In order to implement the findings of this research, a detailed action plan would be required to assist teachers in effecting the findings. First, the teachers need to understand the different cultural backgrounds that their students come from. This will help in ensuring that there are diverse cultures among the students before deciding how to permit the students to express their cultures. There should be regulations on the extent at which food, literature, and clothing should be used to express culture in students. If food is to be used to express culture, then all the cultures including the minority ones should be represented in the food themes to avoid discrimination. Clothes should be used to express culture if various cultures have specific clothes they associate with their culture. When literature is to be used for expressing culture, the teachers should be ready to guide the students to ensure that the required cultural values are instilled in literary events such as plays and drama.
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0.989435 |
company of using improper sales tactics to boost the value of the stock.
the government does not verify their efficacy.
The company has said it has done nothing illegal.
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0.97747 |
Whether you’re looking for a paid or unpaid internship or an entry-level job, finding a great position goes way beyond the job description. From company culture to opportunities for growth, there are several things you should keep in mind when deciding between potential employers.
Here are the top things to look for in a company.
1. Do the company’s values align with yours?
One of the most important things to consider when researching potential employers is how their values align with yours. This is because working for a company is about a lot more than just the hours you put in each day. It’s about knowing that the company values some of the same things you do (like honesty, integrity and hard work) and understanding how those values match up with your own. Whether it’s finding a company with a model you admire or one that takes environmental action seriously and donates money to prevent global warming, you should feel that you and your potential employer stand for the same things and that you can build a lasting relationship.
2. Does the company culture fit your personality?
Many employers list cultural fit as the most important thing they look for when interviewing candidates, and you should put this at the top of your list too. For example, if you’re more comfortable in a relaxed environment than a conservative one, then a company with a corporate culture might not be a great fit for you. Before you sign that offer letter, take the time to assess how you’d fit in at the company and how the company culture would fit you.
3. Are the team members people you’d love to work with?
Whether it’s an internship or a full-time job, you’re going to be spending a lot of time with your new co-workers so it’s important to make sure that they’re people you’d like to work with. This goes hand-in-hand with cultural fit and it’s something you should be aware of when considering a new opportunity. The average American spends around one-third of each weekday at work, so having co-workers you get along with is a key part of being happy at your job.
4. Will you be offered opportunities to learn?
Having the chance to learn new things is important in any position, but it’s especially important during the early stages of your career. For that reason, finding an internship or full-time job that allows you to learn as much as possible is key to the development of your career.
5. Is there room for growth within the company?
In addition to offering you opportunities to learn about the industry, a great company should also offer opportunities for advancement within the organization. This is even more important in the case of internships and entry-level jobs because the opportunity for a promotion (or a full-time job) is a great incentive to learn as much as possible and prove your commitment to the team. The exception to this is if you’re not looking for a long-term opportunity but are looking to gain experience for a year or two before going to grad school.
6. Will your managers make you feel appreciated?
Feeling appreciated is an important part of any life experience, but it’s especially important in your working life. While this doesn’t necessarily mean that there should be company-sponsored happy hours or free weekly lunches, it does mean that your employer should make you feel valued by offering positive feedback and supporting your efforts to learn and improve.
7. Does the company offer security and stability?
One of the most important things a company can offer its employees is a secure and stable environment. This doesn’t just mean a regular paycheck (although that’s part of it), but also a proven history of steady success and a sense of job security. Although it’s unrealistic to expect smooth sailing all the time, a solid track record is a great indication that the company can provide you with the type of environment you need to succeed.
8. Does the company set you up for success?
Although a lot of your professional success will depend on you, there are several things an employer can do to set you for a great outcome. This includes everything from in-depth training to goal setting and regular feedback, factors that are especially important as your begin your career.
9. Will your role teach your transferrable skills?
In addition to offering training for your current role, a great company will set you up for future success by teaching you transferrable skills that you can use in your next position. When applying for a job, ask yourself what you can learn from the role and don’t be afraid to discuss training opportunities and skill building during your interview.
10. Will you be challenged in a positive way?
Being challenged to learn and to grow is one of the key markers of a great company. In fact, getting out of your company zone is one of the best ways to learn new skills and to find out who you are as a professional. Look for companies that make you feel enthusiastic about taking on new challenges and offer the support you need to turn those challenges into wins.
Whether you’re embarking on your first job search or your fifth, finding a company that will provide you with great opportunities requires some research. By following these tips, you’ll be sure to find the right fit and to give yourself the best chance of success.
Next, get more career tips for internships and entry-level jobs such as How Much Should I be Paid at an Entry-Level Job? and find answers to common interview questions such as What’s Your Dream Job?
Understanding the difference between an offer letter and a contract is one of the key ways to set yourself up for success in your career. Since the terms are closely linked, many recent grads tend to think of them interchangeably when in fact, an offer letter and a contract have some important differences.
Here are the key things you need to know about offer letters and contracts.
What is an offer letter?
Intended to lay out the terms of employment, an offer letter is the employer’s way of letting you know exactly what the job entails and what you can expect from accepting the role. Once you receive an offer letter, you typically have anywhere from 24 hours to a week to sign it. If you choose not to do so, the offer will expire.
Like offer letters, contracts are time sensitive and generally require a signature within about a week.
Are you likely to receive both an offer letter and a contract?
Generally speaking, the answer is no. Although offer letters and contracts serve similar purposes, they’re generally used for different types of work. While an offer letter indicates the beginning of a long term full-time role, a contract is more often used to a establish short-term work relationship or one that does not fit the terms for full-time employment. For example, while you might work standard full-time hours on a contract, you’re unlikely to receive the same benefits as a full-time employee such as health insurance or a 401k plan.
Pro Tip: Temp to perm employees (employees who begin as contractors before transitioning to full-time members of the team) are the exception to the rule. Since these types of employees start off as contracted workers, they work on a contract basis before receiving their offer letter to join the team full-time.
Knowing the difference between an offer letter and a contract is a great way to manage your expectations when it comes to accepting a job offer. This will ensure that you know what each type of offer means and that you’re able to make an informed decision about accepting it.
After successfully applying for a job and going through the interview process, the hiring manager says the phrase you’ve been hoping to hear. “We want to offer you the job!” But what happens when several days have passed and you still haven’t received the offer letter? Do you follow up to ask when you can expect it or just sit tight waiting for the email?
Here are the steps to take if you have a verbal offer but not a written one.
If it’s been over 48 hours and you still haven’t received a formal offer, contact the hiring manager to express your enthusiasm about the offer and to ask about the status. Keep your note short and to the point, and be specific about what you’re asking.
Thank you so much again offering me the social media coordinator position. I’m very excited about the role and looking forward to being part of the team at XYZ company.
One quick question: When can I expect to receive the offer letter? I’d love to review it and understand the timeline by which I must make my decision.
Waiting for a job offer can be nerve wracking, especially when you’re not sure of the exact timeframe. A good way to stay calm is to understand some common reasons for a delay. These can include things like the time it takes to coordinate between different departments or the fact that a key member of the team may be away and unable to offer their approval until they return. Whatever the case, there are likely to be several reasons why the offer letter hasn’t arrived yet that have nothing to do with you personally. Sending the follow-up note is a great way to address these issues directly and to get the hiring manager to give you some clarity about the hold up.
Another key thing to do while waiting for the offer letter is to keep going with your job search. Since job offers do occasionally fall apart before an offer letter is sent out, it’s important to keep your options open by continuing to apply to jobs and to go on interviews. This will ensure that you’re not losing momentum in your job search and that you’re able to move on quickly if the offer doesn’t come through. Added bonus: You might get a second job offer in the process.
Although waiting for an offer letter can definitely cause some anxiety, by following these steps you’ll be sure to stay on top of the process and to get hired as quickly as possible.
1.) It demonstrates that you understand and know how to use important online marketing and communication tools.
2.) The medium itself allows you to express a voice and excitement for a company in a manner that is much stronger and more powerful than a traditional cover letter.
There are two easy to use services for writing a blog post on — Tumblr and WordPress!
takes only a few seconds to setup and is built to allow to get applying quickly.
is more customizable, a little more complex to setup, but has a ton of additional tools and features to help you standout. It is also more commonly used by companies so is more helpful in teaching you the right skills when applying for a marketing or communications role.
This blog post by Lisa Petrilli explains 4 ways your blog can succeed in making you standout and offers additional insight on why this strategy can be effective.
Next, get more career tips for internships and entry-level jobs such as What is an Internship? and find answers to common interview questions such as What’s Your Dream Job?
You’re willing to go anywhere. The world is your oyster after all.
You’re open to several locations but not willing to work just anywhere.
You have strict location requirements. Gotta stay close to home, your boo, or whatever it is.
You location preferences are one of the primary determining factors in your search for your first job after college. You may really want that amazing non-profit gig in NYC, but if you really need to stick close to home it’s not going to do you much good to spend time wishing it was local.
If you’re willing to go anywhere, you’ve got plenty of options. In fact, the primary difficulty is in narrowing your location options to those that interest you. Even though you’re open to re-locating, that doesn’t mean that you should be willing to move absolutely anywhere.
The location of your job has a dramatic impact on how enjoyable and satisfying your job is. Particularly your first job. If you really can’t stand winter but move to Chicago to take the job there anyways, you might find yourself resenting the job all winter long. It’s important to prioritize your search efforts to focus on the locations that are most likely to bring you joy first. If you can’t find the right types of positions there, then broaden your search.
The weather. How do you deal with winter? Heat?
Red state vs blue state. Knowing the political leaning of your location will help you fit in ideologically.
The average age of the population. You’re young and likely want to make young friends. Don’t move to Palm Springs (sorry Palm Springs).
Travel to and from the location. You’re likely going to have friends and family elsewhere if you re-locate. How easy and expensive is it to get to and from them?
The local activities. What do the local folks do outside of work? Hike? Eat? Dance? Theater?
The commute. You’re likely going to be making the same trip every day. What will it look like?
If you fall under this umbrella, congrats, you’re well on your way to an easier job search process. You don’t have too many options nor do you have too few. The trick is going to be quickly figuring out whether or not the location requirements you have align with your job interests. For example, if you really want to get into theater as a performer and eventually make it to Broadway, you’re probably not going to find the best opportunities in a small rural community.
to run a search for jobs in a particular location. Then sign up for job alerts by email for that location. You should start getting notified by email when new jobs pop up in your desired location. This way you don’t have to spend time constantly running the same job searches on multiple sites.
It’s also imperative to weigh the relative attractiveness of the locations you’re considering. For example, say that you know that you want to be on the west coast in a city. You’re attracted to Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle. It’s important to research each city and prioritize them. The stricter you can be about your preferences in every dimension of your job search, the smoother your search will be.
Recent grads with strict job location requirements often either have it fairly easy or really tough. If you’re looking for a theater job and you have to be in NYC, then there’s already great alignment between your interests and your required location. However, if you’re looking for a theater job and you don’t want to go far from your home in Fargo, you likely have a major uphill battle.
When looking for entry-level employment in a single location there are several specific tools that can help you right off the bat. First, head over to major job search sites like WayUp to search for jobs and create job alerts by email for that location. This way, you see every job that pops up in that location. Ideally, you set your filters for entry-level jobs only so you don’t have to comb through endless part-time and senior-level roles. Second, leverage the career resources available in that location. If you’re looking in the same city as where you attended college, head on over to the career center.
Career centers often partner with local businesses looking for great entry-level talent.
Otherwise, check out the city’s official website. There will often be lots of helpful advice on gaining employment in that particular location.
help you get started on your entry-level job search and land an entry-level job without any experience.
Next, get more career tips for internships and entry-level jobs such as What is an Entry-Level Job? and find answers to common interview questions such as Tell me about yourself.
At WayUp we believe every student should have amazing business cards. They are one of the easiest and most effective ways to stand out at zoo-like career fairs and to remain at the top of a recruiters mind after an interview.
A good business card says I’m a professional.
It helps recruiters put a check mark next to your name and says this student is ready to work in an office, meet with executives and contribute to our team. It’s an action that is worth a thousand words to most employers who are constantly afraid that after making their student hires, they are going to spend the next month teaching interns professional basics rather than getting work done.
Aside from being an in your face way of telling interviewers that you are better equipped and more ready to begin working in the professional world than your peers, a good business card makes you memorable.
Every person you meet at a career fair or job interview, is talking to tons of students. They are taking down mental notes of who is a good fit and who isn’t but, it is easy for those notes to begin to blur together. These recruiters are begging for a sign that helps them make a more informed choice on who to select. When they open their pocket or look down at their desk and see your business card, with your picture or favorite quote on it, you will have just made their job a whole lot easier.
I’m a student, not a business, what should I put on my card?
Business cards are relationship builders, they are ways to stay in touch and build your personal brand.
The golden rule is that when an employer looks at your business card the day after you meet, they should instantly remember you.
So if you are interested in marine biology, then perhaps put your favorite whale on the front of your card. If you are interested in finance, make a clean, professional card with a quote from Warren Buffett on the back. Or if you are an art major, you can put your favorite Picasso on the front! There is a no limit to what you can do, but the best cards are typically both subtle and personal.
If you’re running out of ideas or don’t want to pigeon hole yourself with a single design, then a great fall back design is to place your college crest on the front of your card with your name, contact info, and school email address. A college crest on a mono-colored business card is a simple and professional way to show pride in where you go to school.
Knowing when and how to hand out business cards is a whole skill in itself. The general rule is that in networking situations you want to give out your business card at the end of the conversation. For example, when wrapping up a conversation, you can say, “It was great speaking with you, here is my card, let’s stay in touch.” The other person should also give you their card and that way you too can follow-up with them as well.
In an interview or meeting setting you want to give out your business card at the beginning. You might say, “Thanks for taking the time to meet with me, here’s my card to hold onto.” If they give you their card, proper etiquette says you want to place it squarely on the desk in front of you, facing you for the remainder of the conversation.
Whether you need business cards for an upcoming career fair or want them because they are a lot of fun to make and to hand out to friends WayUp has you covered.WayUp recommends Moo.com for a pack of professionally designed business cards from Moo.com. Moo is one of the leaders in business card design so whatever you decide is just about guaranteed to look great.
Knowing where to start the search for your first job after college and how to refine the numerous options available is half of the battle. Intelligently planning out your approach can save you precious time and energy. Here are a few pieces of advice to get you started on your search.
The first task you should tackle is getting familiar with yourself. Knowing your desires, strengths, and weaknesses will enable you to narrow your search process from the get-go. If you’re an exceptionally strong writer and outgoing, social individual, you might make a great marketer. Analytical thinker and problem solver who loves to tackle problems on your own? You might make a great data analyst or engineer. Not sure about your strengths or what type of position you’re looking for? No worries, you can easily start by looking at all of the positions available in a particular location.
The internet is full of resources to help you find jobs. There are hundreds and hundreds of search engines for jobs. How do you choose the right one?
The good news is that there are two primary strategies for job searches on the internet. Searching on Google will often lead you to the largest job search engines and often some search engines that specialize in what you’re looking for (like WayUp). These larger search engines will often have many positions from the largest companies and most prolific brands in the world. Searching on the specialty job boards is the other primary strategy. If you know exactly what you’re interested in doing, job boards with a narrower focus often have high quality postings from very desirable small companies.
You can also start looking locally by getting in contact with your career center (even if you’re a recent grad). Local employers often post jobs with the local universities knowing that students will come to the career center for help finding employment. If you’d like to remain near your university, the career center can be a fantastic resource.
is a very common entry-level term for technical jobs or design related jobs.
is another commonplace title for recent graduates. Many marketing and business roles have the associate title.
is a term primarily used by the job seeker. It’s not common for employers to post positions with this term in the title. However, a few will, so you might get lucky and find a position if you search by this term.
is a term you won’t find in many job titles, but it’s often in job descriptions for entry-level positions.
is a much broader search term, but one that will also often be prevalent in the descriptions of entry-level positions.
It’s becoming more and more common for recent grads to land their first job in a position completely unrelated to their major. Just because you chose to major in psychology or english doesn’t mean you have to only look for jobs in psychology or english. There are plenty of junior or associate-level jobs that aren’t directly associated with a common college major. Keep your eyes open for things like coordinator or volunteer management roles at non-profits, account management positions, and operations roles.
This isn’t just the case for non-technical majors either. If you majored in Computer Science or Mechanical Engineering, you don’t have to go straight into an engineering role. You might make a wonderful Product Manager or Data Scientist.
Interested in stepping outside of your major? Here are 5 tips to help you get a job that is unrelated to your major.
Pro tip: they probably are too good to be true. If someone is offering you a large signing bonus or an unbelievably high salary for an easy position, it’s best to steer clear. Scammers often masquerade as employers hiring recent graduates for positions like Office Manager, Customer Support, Front Desk, Assistant, etc.
These positions are common part-time roles for current students but aren’t the best options for recent graduates. They often pay a meager commission for each student you get to sign up for their service. When you’re in school and can easily network with your classmates, these positions can help pay the bills bit-by-bit. However, once you graduate, it’s extremely difficult to make enough money to live off of.
Sign up to receive job alerts by email from any of the entry-level specific job boards (i.e. WayUp).
Search for positions on your phone while you’re commuting (please don’t do this if you commute by car). Use Google to find entry-level jobs near you.
Create a daily calendar reminder to check the major job boards for any recent positions that might be of interest to you.
Finding the right entry-level jobs to apply to is not an easy task. However, taking your time to do some introspection and plan out your search process will make your process far less painful.
It’s increasingly common for college seniors to realize that the major they selected years ago and have been working hard towards completing has no direct path into the workforce. For example, if you majored in History, Philosophy, Anthropology, or Art History, you probably don’t have many obvious career paths. Fortunately, there are plenty of recent grads who have gone on to become wildly successful in roles outside of anything their college major focused on.
There are quite a few positions out there for recent grads that don’t require specific college degrees. Choosing which ones are the right ones for you can be more of a burden than actually breaking into that field. If you’re not sure how to go about choosing the best positions for you, we have a guide to help you start your search.
Otherwise, figuring out what types of roles you’d excel at or want to excel at can make a world of a difference.
This is the most surefire way to transition into an entry-level role. Internships, by definition, are supposed to provide you with real-world experience in a role. They shouldn’t ever require that you have any existing experience.
Sites like WayUp aren’t only there to help current students find internships. Even if you’ve already graduated, internships can be great opportunities for you. However, don’t make the mistake of thinking that just because you’ve already graduated that an internship will be easy to get. They’re becoming more competitive all of the time and you’ll want to look at doing some of the other tactics mentioned in these tips if you want to ensure you lock down that internship.
Side projects aren’t just for engineers and designers. If you’re looking to get into marketing, start a blog or some social media accounts that aren’t personal to practice representing a brand.
Another way to get some side project experience is to offer your skills for free. Find a small, local company near you and offer to help them run their social media campaigns for free. Want to learn more about sales? Find a local business with a sales team and ask if you can listen in on some of their calls.
Don’t focus solely on your skills. If employers are going to take a chance on a recent grad, they want to know that you’ll be passionate, driven, trustworthy, and respectful. Look back into your life experiences and figure out ways in which you can relate them to the position you’re applying for.
Don’t assume that your coursework is completely irrelevant. You may not immediately see how taking that ‘5th Century Greek Theater’ course could possibly help you excel at a ‘Volunteer Coordinator’, but it just might be your ticket. It’s possible that the morals of the plays were important life lessons to you and show that you can take away nuggets of helpful information from every context. Seek to make every experience an asset.
The internet can be a great resource when researching career options or starting a side project. However, there’s another fantastic resource at your immediate disposal: people who are already in the career you’re looking at.
Search on Meetup for individuals or groups related to your career interests and get involved. Meeting people is a great way to learn more about a particular role and gain exposure to what the people in that role (the ones that will be hiring you) are looking for in candidates. If you can, try and get one of them to mentor you. The more you can use their connections to meet other individuals in the field, the better.
As an underclassmen (first, second, or third year student) it’s important to get ahead of the competition when embarking on an internship search, and this video goes into great detail on how to do just that. Featuring College Recruiting Leaders from Google, Twitter, and Facebook, you will learn how to tell your story through your resume, the importance of networking, how to find an internship, and what you can do to develop professional skills as a student.
You know, WayUp is a leading platform for college students and one of our main goals is to provide resources and unique events where you as students, can learn about different best practices for getting ahead and finding an internship and eventually a career after college that you’re passionate and excited about it and really love.
And so, you know, whether that’s working at a small start-up or a large corporation or anything in between, we want to help you navigate to that place. And one of the questions that we’ve been getting a lot recently have been from first and second year students. And underclassmen have started to become an increasing population on our platform, over 35% of our users are now 1st and 2nd year students and we’ve been getting thousands of questions about, is freshman year too early to start preparing for an internship?
How can I set myself apart if I have very minimal job experience? We thought these were fantastic questions, and we wanted to bring speakers to you who could best address those questions, and really help you figure out that process, and so I’m absolutely thrilled to have here with me, three panelists from, three of the leading technology companies in the world, and three companies that are, I know brands and places to go and work that are really at the top of students’ minds and very much coveted.
And beyond that, our speakers have really deep experience in helping students think about what’s the right career for them, and so are some of the best people to answer those questions, and really help you think more critically about what you should be doing internship and jobwise, as a freshman and as a sophomore. So, I don’t want to take up very much time, we only have an hour here so I really wanna send everything over to our panelists.
And you know, very quickly, we’ll be getting bigger introductions, but we have with us Adam Ward from Facebook who’s their head of college hiring, we have Ronnard Cook who is Twitter’s head of college hiring, and Carolyn Lee who is Google’s head of engineering hiring for first and second year students.
So, thanks for joining us in such a busy time.
Thank you to students for taking an interest and taking the initiative to think about your career as a first or second year student, and last but not least, for anyone who’s interested in asking questions, if we have time at the end of the event, we’ll address those. You can ask them on our Google+ stream or by asking them on our Facebook page.
So, now with all the fun logistical stuff taken care of, want to switch gears over and we’re going to run just quickly alphabetically through our different speakers. They’re going to share a bit about how they got started, an a bit about their company’s internship program so, Adam, thanks for joining us. Do you mind kicking us off here?
Sure, hey everyone thanks for joining us today. Facebook’s glad and excited to be here and work with WayUp on this. My name is Adam Ward and I manage our Global University Recruiting Program here at Facebook. And we hire hundreds of interns every year, across the year, year-round. And, we’re excited to answer your questions that you’ve about internships in general and internships at Facebook. Awesome and actually one just, quick additional piece I’m gonna ask each speaker in the into.
Do you hire both technical students and engineering students and do you hire international students because that’s questions that we got just multiple of, so we’d love to address that up front.
Yes, we’ll hire all of those engineering, non-engineering, and international students. Okay, fantastic . So, next up Caroline Lee thanks so much for joining us and thanks for sharing your insights with all the students listening in. Do you mind sharing briefly about Google’s internship program, and their first and second year programs specifically?
Definitely, so, I’m really happy to be here, and thank you students, for joining in. So, again my name is and Caroline. I manage one of our internship programs here at Google called the Engineering Practicum Internship Program. The Engineering Practicum Internship is targeted at current sophomores, especially those who come from traditionally under-represented backgrounds within computer science. And it’s 12-week internship as some of you might know, and it has a public component, interns work with other interns in pods, and they also take weekly CS courses.
Engineering practicum is just one of our few internship programs that we actually have at Google. We have, of course, our broader engineering intern program, where we hire international students. We also have, of course, an internship program for non-technical students as well. Fantastic, thank you so much, and last but certainly not least Ronner Cook who manages Twitter’s college recruiting program, and we’d love to learn a bit more.
Thanks for joining us Ronner. Hi everyone. Welcome, again my name is Ronner, and I’m really happy to partner with WayUp on this. This is actually our third season recruiting for interns, so we’re really excited to obviously have more of you here. To give you a little bit of a background, two years ago I started at Twitter.
And, I was brought in to basically start the university program’s team and starting to hire new grads and our first class of interns. So, since then we’ve had quite a bit of success, and we do also do year round internships. So, if you’re interested in doing Fall or Spring internships we’re very flexible on that as well.
Like, some of the programs for example, in Canada, Waterloo, Toronto, UPC, there’s quite a few co-op programs, and we’re also quite flexible with that. And we do hire international students as well. So, another thing that Nathan has asked me to address is whether or not we hire non-engineering students as well.
Our main focus right now is on computer science and engineering for our software engineering roles. We have a handful of non-engineering positions, but that’s not the bulk of our focus. We do have some one off positions, if you’re interested in that, I can definitely find out for you.
Fantastic. Thank you. So I think we’d like to start this panel just with a question that’s really is at the heart of the underclassman internship search, and is sort of basis for a lot this hangout but, do you think and do you speakers think that students who are freshmen and sophomores should even be looking for professional experience at this point in their career?
It’s, you know, very early on, they’re still getting into their academic studies and if so, what should they be expecting to get out of it, given that they probably won’t be graduating and really applying for jobs for another few years? And Carolyn, since you went second last time would you like to kick us off here?
Sure, definitely. So at Google we think that students should absolutely be looking for professional experience as a freshman or sophomore. It’s actually really helpful for students to get that type of internship experience, especially if they’re looking to get a job at one of the most, you know, competitive companies in the future. And, what students can expect to get out of it is, first of all, really learning what it’s like to code in an industry environment versus a school environment.
Also really learning the company as well as the engineering culture, and then also, of course, being part of a community of other young CS students.
We absolutely think that freshman and sophomore students should be involved. Fantastic Ronner, Adam, would you like to add to that or? Yeah, I mean, I think definitely in the same vein as what Caroline mentioned, we highly encourage freshman and sophomore students to get involved as early as possible. I think it’s, here, especially at Twitter, in our engineering teams, we definitely look for that practical experience, and especially if you’ve been coding for a while, and you know, way before you got to college.
And also, if you’ve contributed to any of the opensource projects or have played with Twitter API.
We definitely encourage you to let us know, whether it’s in your cover letter, whether it’s in your resume. We definitely look at that. So, you know, practical experience is great and we don’t have a degree requirement or an age requirement at all for our internships. Quite a few of our younger interns who interned with us just after freshman year or sophomore year, have actually come back with us multiple summers, so we highly encourage that.
Awesome. Fantastic. Actually, that’s a really interesting question. As part of, expecting to get out of it, what you first touched on was a fantastic professional understanding, which is valuable for any future internship, and then it sounds like beyond that, most of your companies offer the opportunity to either continue on maybe transition rolls into a slightly different but similar internship in the following year. Would you say that’s a fairly accurate sort of potential end goal for students coming through the program is to get that experience but also maybe to come and work again or to work somewhere else and kinda take that first learning experience with them to a new company?
Yeah, I’ll jump in. I think the advice I typically give interns who are thinking about returning back or doing a second internship the next term or semester is at the very least do something very different at that company. But, we’ll often give the advice to our interns to actually go and try another company, we’d love to have them back and we will give them offers to return. But we encourage them to try something different, and kind of vary their experience.
Internships are just an amazing opportunity in your life to try out something for three months, and there will be very few opportunities later in and your life to actually do that. So, it’s an amazing opportunity to take advantage of, to try something different, the following term and semester, if not another company, but then definitely a different type of team, or product, or technology or experience.
Perfect, okay well thanks so much and well, I think that segues really nicely into the next question that we see all the time, and maybe is the meat and potatoes of this conversation, but there’s often this Catch 22 that assumes experience and the fact that an internship is a tool to get experience, but first and second year students frequently do not have a ton of professional experience, and so can each of you just explain if you hire first and second years students, and why or why not, and what you typically look for in students who probably don’t have a ton of traditional, you know, on the job experience and, Ronner, if you would like to start us off that would be fantastic.
Sure, so yes, we do hire freshman and sophomore students for internships.
And what we look for, in lieu of some of the heavier industry experience, since these students tend not have as much of that, is extracurricular activities. We just really wanna see that outside of the class, outside of your academia responsibilities that you are really passionate about other things.
In technology, whether it’s starting you know, you’ve had some start up experiences, whether it’s an organization in schools, CS competitions, leadership roles. We definitely look for that. Those are really great things to really highlight on the resume, then what I touched on earlier was API’s, open source projects that you’ve done.
So, those are all really great and as always if you know someone at Twitter, or if you have a professor that’s been a visiting professor at Twitter or are working on a research project that’s some how related, we’d love to definitely see that too on your resume, and somehow let us know.
So, I think those are all really key things to highlight.
Yeah, that’s some fantastic feedback, the fact that side projects are fantastic, competitions are fantastic and then actually playing with your company’s API tends to be icing on the cake and shows that real high-level interest in Twitter. Adam, is that the same generally at Facebook or are there other things that you tend to look for in first and second year students?
Yeah, I think that’s generally about the same thing, I think there are a lot opportunities for students to do things outside of classroom work and projects. There’s a lot of student organizations. There’s a lot of opensource communities. There’s a lot of competitions. Generally we like to see students, regardless of year and degree, that have built stuff.
So, whether they’ve made commits to opensource communities or on Reddit or other things or portfolio of work. We like to see students who have built things, and some kind of demonstrated experience doing that. It doesn’t have to be classroom or project related.
Yeah, and I know everyone here is somewhat engineering focused to a degree, but how do you see that playing out, Adam for you mentioned also hiring marketing and business students. I mean, how does a marketing or business student generally show outside the classroom, or project experience?
Yeah, I mean they may do that a lot through student organizations or maybe a club or organization that they’ve started, or a really significant contribution that they’ve made.
Usually a question that I like to ask the students, what was your role? What did you do? And I think we all, as recruiters, often see students that are part of class projects. And it’s really hard to tease out what that particular student did, what their contribution impact was. I think the better that students are able to clearly and concisely identify what their role, and their impact was in that project, that organization, that idea, that grassroots club, helps set them apart and helps differentiate the great from the good.
So students who are listening in, obviously at top company’s what’s awesome to hear is that, one, all the work you do outside of your class is really meaningful. But two, just saying that you’re part of XYZ club is not going to get you across the line.
You actually have to really have done something that you engaged in at a high level and can speak to and share more in-depth detail on. So, that’s really exciting to hear that that kind of experience resonates and tends to turn over to the right kind of students that you want to work with at that your companies.
Caroline, as far as the Google practicum programs and your programs, what kind of experience do you tend to look for in interviews and on a resume for young students? Sure, so for young students, just like Ronner and Adam said, we really are looking for that extracurricular experience outside of their schoolwork.
In addition to the coding competitions and opensource and things like that, we’re also looking for personal projects. So, for example let’s say you’ve built, with a friend, an iPhone or Android app. That definitely counts as a lot. In terms of outside experience, we also look for, for example, T.A. or tutoring work.
We also look for if you’ve been a club master for example for one of your clubs. All of that outside extra curricular work really, really helps if you don’t have that internship experience. And also I believe that you asked about interviews as well? Sure, yeah, that would be great. So, for interviews for our freshman and sophomore programs, they give go through two forty-five minute technical phone interviews and for that, we do ask that students program in one of the object oriented programming languages so Java, C++ or Python.
And in order to prepare for that, students are always asked to review their CS basics, so crack open those textbooks and review those concepts and definitely practice coding with your friends. So practice over a Google Doc or a whiteboard. Perfect, yeah so, some live coding during the interview process, that helps kind of identify skill, even if it hasn’t been shown through prior job experience. That’s definitely helpful.
So we talked a lot about extracurriculars and it sounds like one of the huge takeaways I am getting is that those are extremely meaningful, you have to be doing work outside of class to really prove yourself, if you don’t have a lot of experience. And then, obviously that’s fodder for a resume that doesn’t include include lots of internship experience.
How about academically? Are there, you know, courses or, you know a lot of students who are listening in are thinking about ways to sync up what they do in the classroom with potentially finding a future internship or job. And so Adam, maybe kicking off with you here, are there specific courses that you recommend that, maybe fit with specific types of internships that you would love to see? Or do you really look for a broad swath of backgrounds, majors and it can be open to anything?
I think when you think about projects their extra-curriculars or classroom, I think what we like to see is a demonstrated passion for something. So, if you’re really passionate about academics, then we’d expect you to be really good at academics. If you’re really passionate about robotics, we’d expect you to be really involved with a robotic club, having built some, actually robotics in the past.
If you’re really passionate about the environment we want to see that you are really involved and passionate there, so, I think it’s unrealistic to think that they’re going to have this amazing portfolio of classroom, volunteer, and extracurricular activities. Something’s got to give there. We like to see more of a demonstrated passion. So, when we think about the degree classes, especially for freshmen and sophomores, we want to see that they got the fundamentals and did really well with the fundamentals.
Most programming languages, if we’re talking about engineering are built off really core fundamentals of data structures and algorithms and things like that, and we want to see that they’ve got a mastery of that, because that’s going to be real important for other things that they’ll learn throughout their college and professional career.
If we’re looking at non-technical positions we want to see that they took related classwork, but then when they often get the opportunity to choose a project, that they’re choosing a project and concept that’s really related to again, the thing that they’re most passionate about, because they often have a lot of free range on some of those projects that they choose.
I think I heard passion said numerous times in that response, so I think that’s awesome feedback for students, I mean, I think students sometimes fear that they have to make choices that employers are gonna be excited about and that they can’t always pursue what they’re passionate about because they need to get certain job skills, so it’s really cool to hear that that’s maybe not the case.
Would you say is there any one particular class or two classes that if you’re an engineer that’s really valuable to take in your first and second year?
I think, I mean, I think it is. It depends, every student is going to come in with a different amount of experience with computer science and programming, some high schools offer, have great programs, and students are going to be more advanced than others, so it’s hard to say, but I do think in the first year that they are taking as many of the prerequisite and entry level classes that they can. And if they are already taking those, having at least one or two CS classes in that first year of the next level, I think are important.
We, like Google and probably Twitter, we really prefer object oriented things, but other companies are going to want embedded C and more systems programming. So, I wouldn’t choose classes based on what you think the company wants, I would choose classes on what’s most exciting and interesting to you and stay on that path. And then you’ll find, eventually, the company and career that’s the right match for you.
If you’re always trying to please some set of companies, then you’re going to be kind of chasing that, fighting that battle for a long time, versus find out what you’re really excited and interested in, then takie those classes. And then that’ll eventually yield into internships and jobs.
Caroline, I know that Google’s sort of renowned as being a very academically focused company and that I’ve heard, and maybe it’s totally not accurate, that GPA sometimes is viewed as very important or is well prized within the company. As far as academics that students might be interested in, as first and second years, are there any specific courses or specific recommendations you would have for students?
In terms of courses, I think Adam gave really good advice there, in terms of just taking the courses that you’re most passionate about. For Google internships specifically though, students who are interested in interning at Google should have a grasp of object oriented programming languages. So, I would highly recommend that they take courses like intro to Java or intro to Python pretty seriously because that is what we’re looking for here.
Fantastic, and so Ronner, do you have anything you’d like to add to that sort of academic conversation about what students should be thinking about and what they look for in classroom experience?
Yeah, sure, I think Adam and Caroline touched on the basics. Definitely having the fundamentals down, I would say in your first year, definitely make sure, especially if you haven’t been programming since you were fifteen or something, definitely make sure you’ve got data structures and the algorithms down.
Those are basic things that you need to expect that we’ll cover in our technical phone interviews, which constitute the first round of internship interviews. So those are all fair game questions. And then I would say that, you know, in terms of languages, pretty much the same thing as what they look for at Google, as well as Facebook.
For our back end we do a lot, we use a lot of Java, Scala, Ruby, NC++. I know a lot of students are pretty interested in back end work. So, what I usually do when I engage with a student is I talk to them about where their interests and their strength lays. And I know this is a little bit hard to gauge in terms of interest because at this juncture, you know, freshman or sophomore year you’re still testing it out.
You’re still not sure and that’s what the whole point of an internship, right, because you want to find out what you’re more interested in. But we do ask you that and we steer you towards a specific group based on your interest and your preference really early on, so that your internship experience is actually with a specific group that has that. If you’re interested in developing more on the mobile side, more working with say trends or social graphs, we’ll put you specifically with those teams.
So, I think that’s one of the good things about, in terms of doing an internship here and knowing exactly what team you’ll able to gain that experience in.
So, slightly just kind of a related question, I’m just hearing so much conversation about interests and passion and communicating what is exciting to you and so what comes to mind is that, while that is obviously something that is really a perfect application, what the application tends to often look like is, it’s applying through, a paper resume through either an online site or coming into a career fair and kind of meeting you or someone who works on your team and kind of expressing that. So, if someone’s applying online, how can they share that passion in a resume? Do you look for a traditional resume?
Could you, and maybe Caroline you could run us through this first, what would a good resume look like to you? Is there a typical format? Is there any sort of approach for first and second year students to be able to express that passion and interest, because obviously that’s not always an easy thing to do in a paper format.
Yeah, definitely, so within the resume, besides obviously listing your education and what relevant courses you’ve taken thus far, we’re also looking for relevant skills, so, for example, if you’re able to code in Java and Python or C++, if you have, you know, other experiences with operating systems for example, we do ask that you list that.
And then, I would also break it up into other sections, so besides the relevant coursework that you’ve taken, definitely list full projects that would be very helpful for us to know, and also your projects outside of your schoolwork. So again, those personal projects, whether that’s building an Android app or participating in opensource, or participating in coding competitions.
Fantastic, and just out of curiosity, a very specific question, does and should a resume from an underclassmen student, should it be one page, should it be multiple pages? Any thoughts on that? We definitely think it should be one page, just because again we don’t expect that younger students will have a whole lot of experience and so typically multi-page resumes are reserved for our PHD students where they have, for example, many publications to list.
Short and to the point. So Ronner, do you think there’s a way for students to express their interest and passion through a resume, and if so, what are some key things you like to see on a younger student’s resume? Sure, I think I’m seeing a lot of really, really high-caliber resumes and strong resumes that obviously have some students as young as sophomores, freshman might already have internship experiences.
So, I would love to see in addition to, listing out where you intern. I like to see, specifically, this goes back to Adam’s point about what your part, your role of the project was and what you specifically worked on and accomplished. I like to see that and then that gives me a really good sense for how that’s relevant to Twitter projects and Twitter engineering.
So, from that, I can kind extrapolate, oh well this person might be really good for this particular team and then I’ll reach out accordingly. So, I think that’s really important just to be as specific as you can. There are certain things that might not go well on the resume format. I’m definitely open to seeing that maybe a few bullets of it in a cover letter. I think sometimes that could be a really well, a really good tool to use as a supplement to your resume if there’s anything else that you want to highlight.
So, for younger students a cover letter can be a really critical piece to help expand upon their interest and what they’re doing, and I take it that, do you read a resume first or a cover letter first, and sort of, do cover letters, are they usually seen as something that’s an additional info about that student, or are they kind of on equal standing as a resume?
For me personally, I definitely put more weight in the resume. I think that, I mean I read the cover letter usually first and then, if the resume looks pretty interesting or if I’m sort of on the fence with it, I’ll read more into cover letter and see if there’s any strengths in there that, you know, that weren’t quite highlighted on the resume.
Fantastic. Adam I know that we’ve gotten a lot of great advise already on this topic, but anything that you’d like to add in terms of resumes and cover letters and how students should spend their time when applying? Generally, just one piece of advice I think, is the last step that you want to take is applying online. The steps that you want to take leading up to actually applying online is trying to meet that company on campus if they’re on your campus. Try to identify another student that has interned there, or a professor that’s partnered with. Try to make a more personal connection with someone at that company, and don’t rely on our company’s careers website to help you stand out.
Sort of a great segue so I can let you take a quick shot at this first, since you already touched on it, Adam, but, how can students engage you or someone on your team and you mentioned career fairs, can they reach out to you on Facebook, by email? What are the other ways that they can let you know that they’re the right fit for your team and they’re excited and passionate about what you’re working on. Yeah, I mean, I think what we really love to hear is we love to hear from our former interns when they go back to campus, like, who else do you know? Who else do you think would be a fit here?
Those people not only now understand your company’s culture and hiring bar, but they also understand the context of the University, of who’s doing well in some of the under graduate classes so they can help kind of be that conduit. So, seek out those students that just interned the previous summer at that company.
Most companies now are doing some kind of campus ambassador thing where they actually are asking certain former interns to go back and help identify that. It’s pretty easy to probably identify those people. Second worst to applying online, is standing in line at a career fair, so also, vary tough to differentiate yourself by standing in a line for fifteen minutes and then talking to someone at the head of the line for two or three minutes and they write a couple notes on the back of your resume, and then they fly home to California and look into those 300 resumes later, and trying and remember who you are.
That’s only slightly better to being one of the 500 applicants online. So, look for other ways to connect with the company on campus, whether it’s talking with them at a talk or going to some kind of hangout or if they come to a lab, look for a differentiated way to actually meet them in a more relaxed environment, then kind of the pressure cooker and crowded aspect of a career fair. And all of our recruiters, I’m sure have different Facebook groups and you can message them and connect with them on LinkedIn or other tools as well, that’s also a great way to reach out.
Adam I think you might be breaking some student’s heart who get really excited about dressing up in a suit and tie and going to career fairs and look forward to that day every year.
Nobody loves a career fair. The students don’t love it, the companies don’t love it, so, but it’s a necessary evil and it’s important, but it’s not as important as other ways that if you’re trying to differentiate yourself, there’s other, probably more effective ways to do that. So, I guess it sounds a lot like the importance of networking, so Caroline, would you mind sharing a tiny bit about how you, obviously Google’s a really massive team.
I know that there’s representatives who work with campuses across the country. How can students network with you, someone else on your team, former Google interns and sort of best position themselves to stand out in the pile of resumes? Sure so, besides, for example, attending our info sessions and talking to us afterwards, which really helps put a face to, for example, a resume, there are so many other ways for students to get involved and engage with us.
One example is many companies actually hold puzzle events or scavenger hunts or hack-a-thons. And that’s actually a really great way for students to get involved and really talk to the company representatives in a more intimate environment, but also also have some fun while doing that. So, for example by participating in a puzzle event or hack-a-thon, and then there are other ways to get engaged as well.
Many companies have a pretty large social presence online. So, for example, for Google, we have our Google students account where we often talk about opportunities or programs which students can get involved in, and I know other companies do that as well. So definitely look for their Google+ or Facebook or Twitter accounts and their blogs as well.
Perfect, and Ronner, would you express the same, or what are your thoughts on online applications versus other ways to apply to these positions at Twitter? And I mean obviously all of your reps are extremely busy and so how can the student engage in the right level without being too pushy or too aggressive?
Right, I mean I definitely echo the same thoughts that, you know Caroline and Adam shared. I would say that there are so many different ways and creative ways that you can get, you can network with us. In addition to some of the obvious ones, we have, for example, the @terns account is our intern blog account, so we basically have our interns take over a week or a day, tweeting, you know, the fun things, the interesting stories that they have, you know, while they’re interning here at Twitter.
So, those are great ways to just, you know, see and kind of follow who our interns are and maybe you’ll find some that are actually from your school and definitely hit them up because everyone loves to talk about their experience. And, you know, I would say there’s no stronger testimonial than getting, you know, first hand experience from your fellow students, right? Because they’re your peers, they are going through pretty much the same experience as you, but they can give you the reality of an insight to what it’s like to working at some of these companies. I would say those are all really good ways to do that.
You know, DM myself or any of the recruiters on Twitter and I would say we’ve also seen a lot of outreach from LinkedIn as well. But I would say definitely participating in the hack-a-thons that companies sponsor and coming up to talk to our engineers and to the recruiters while we’re on campus. If you’re from one of the schools where we, unfortunately, don’t have the bandwidth to go to right now don’t you don’t shy from that.
I would definitely reach out and introduce yourself and give us a few things, like an elevator pitch of why you think you want, why you want to work here and what you’re passionate about. I think those are maybe a few bullets to highlight why specifically Twitter or Google or Facebook that you’re passionate about. I think that would be very, very helpful to help you stand out from a recruiters perspective.
Fantastic, well I think this has been golden, on this question, has been golden advice in that speaking to students who you might have somewhere in your network who have previously worked at a company, regardless if it’s of one these three companies who are speaking now or anywhere else that you might envision yourself working, that’s an incredible person to get a vote of approval from. And those are usually someone on your campus in a club or someone who has similar passions to you probably, when you’re doing all those other fantastics or extracurriculars that we’ve already spoken about, are people that you can access and talk to in that normal, I don’t know, just in your day to day. So, it’s a really great opportunity I think, to kind of recognize as other peers as potential inroads to future careers.
So, kind of, I guess, a broader question here and I think that right now that technology’s becoming very pervasive and we’re seeing a more open education system and I think a lot of universities, MIT, Stanford, are all doing online classes now, and so I guess one question I wanted to have for you all is, as panelists who see a lot of this happening is, do you see this sort of opening up of education as a leading a charge towards you as companies being more open to younger students because there’s kind of a breaking down of traditional, you know, needing to go through four years of college before you’re ready to go to work at a company or do you not see that happening?
And, sort of what are your thoughts on how technology’s changing how you view age in the hiring process? And Ronner, do you mind taking a first crack at that?
Yeah, it’s a really good question that I’ve actually had really interesting conversations with my colleagues on the last few weeks especially. I think it definitely blurs the line.
It doesn’t necessarily have to be someone that went to that college and has that particular pedigree of the top twenty CS curriculum. In fact, I would love to get to know more smaller engineering programs out there too. So, there are a few instances here at Twitter where some of our interns have actually decided to stay here full-time after their internship rather than going back and continuing school, and this isn’t just PHD folks, but this is also undergrad students.
I think that speaks volumes to their experience here at Twitter. Obviously from my perspective it’s a very personal decision, right, that you have to make, the student would have to make on their own, and what’s right for them. But, I think that, you know, in terms of experience and just the amount of exposure that you get right now to technology at an early age, I think the doors are definitely open for you and there are so many different ways that we can help you through this, and whether it’s deferring a degree or doing a longer term internship, we’re very flexible in terms of kind of making the right balance for you.
So, I think it really goes back to what you’re passionate about and what you want to do and what you want to explore. But I would say one advice is that a lot of students coming out of college they think that oh, well this is a super, super important decision that I’m making and I don’t want to pigeonhole myself into a particular path. I would encourage you not to think that way because anywhere you land, obviously, being a super talented student you’re going to be doing a great, you’re going to definitely be adding strength to your resume and your background.
There’s always opportunities for you to switch later on. So, don’t worry too much about being pigeon-holed because doors are always open.
That’s great advice, I think, yeah, it’s hard to ever imagine where you might end up ten/fifteen years out of college and sort of how, the career path I always kind of see as more of a winding process than any direct line. So, that’s really fantastic advice to kind of engage positively and sort of the short term rather trying to manage too much where you’re gong to be in the long term.
Adam, do you see new online tools affecting how you hire candidates? Do you ever see a future where students will be getting badges online from places like the Khan Academy or other sources like that, that end up being more meaningful than sort of college courses or anything of that nature?
Yeah, I think in general the openness of education and the information dissemination is a good thing. And two of the industries that I think that are going to be slower to be impacted by the amount information and, you know, connectedness and the social graph are healthcare and education, for very different reasons. Healthcare is very obvious with patient privacy and medical records. Education, just from the traditional nature and the structure of it, but I think we are seeing some really interesting attacks I will which are good things, disruptive technologies that are really hopefully will move it forward faster than it’s currently moving. And, Kahn Academy is a great example, and there’s a bunch of other ones.
But, you know, if I think about computer science in general, it’s ripe for some modernization and I know all of these companies on this column and this meeting are really passionate about helping computer science get as modernized as quickly as possible.
But it is an upstream battle when it comes to very traditional academic brick and mortar institutions, and hundreds of years of legacy of that. It’s gonna take some time but I think in general we are at a crossroads, an opportunity for more students to get more access to top education, and it no longer being, an admissions process, being weeding people out and creating a has and has not with education, but opening up these top 20 and more computer science curriculums to students world-wide.
So, I think it’s an exciting time and I do think that will impact us over time. And we’ll probably never be as fast as we would like. But I’m hopeful that it will be as quick as possible.
And Caroline, is Google now hiring more underclassman? I think your underclassman program is probably the longest running of those that we have here speaking today, and so have those numbers grown more recently and how do you you see age changing in your mind in terms of a factor for hiring?
Sure, for Google we’ve definitely seen a large interest in underclassmen applying for internships and for us as a company too it’s actually really important for us to develop young computer scientists, so that’s why we have, for example, the freshman engineering practicum and engineering practicum programs that are specifically targeted at freshman and sophomores.
And then, in terms of your question about age, for us at Google, age has never realy been a huge factor. So, for example, if you’re a freshman and you’re qualified and you’d be a great intern we’d be really happy to hire you. We really do think it’s really important to grow young CS students, so that’s why, as long as you’re qualified, we’re happy to hire you, whether that’s the freshman engineering practicum, the engineering practicum or our regular traditional intern program.
Fantastic, well, so that was a lot of our regular scheduled questions. Those are all really informative and incredibly insightful answers so, thanks a ton for sharing everything that you have so far. We have about 14 minutes left. And we’ve gotten some really fantastic questions on our Google+, and Facebook, and Twitter accounts, and so these are all direct from students, and maybe whoever wants to jump in and anyone who wants to follow on, please be welcome to do so.
The first question is one that we get a lot of, and it’s from a student named Nick Benner from Boise State and just asked, is hiring locally a priority? I think there’s a concern among students that if they go to school somewhere that’s further away from major cities, that it’s harder to get an internship, and so he was wondering if hiring locally is a priority and do you offer relocation assistance for internships?
I guess I can go first. So, for Google we definitely hire students for from all over, it doesn’t matter whether they’re local or not. And we do provide relocation assistance, so for example if you’re attending school 15 miles away from where our office is, we provide either an intern relocation stipend, or a housing option that you can choose.
Yeah, that’s the same thing for Twitter. We offer relocation help in terms of your round trip airfare, and your housing stipend. And we do hire from all over the states and some international schools as well. So, definitely don’t be shy about applying and getting yourself out there.
Perfect, so another question I thought was really interesting, this is from Clayton Pritchard who’s a University of Central Florida student, and he was wondering what technical skills are you looking for from a marketing hire or marketing intern, if any?
I can go. First of all, so go Knights, Central Florida, nice.
For marketing, what skills are we looking for in a marketing student, I think that’s his question, is that right Nathan? Yes, that’s correct. Yeah, I mean, I think we’re going to want to see, demonstrated experience of him working on a marketing plan right? And so whether that would be, if he’s not getting that in his classroom project, him going out and volunteering with a non-profit in this community or volunteering your services to help apply that.
Probably being a member, and a leader within his marketing student association is probably good to see, and maybe having a portfolio that we could look at. So, whether it’s a link to his or her website, or a link to other work that they’ve done on another website or another organization, I think would be a great way for him to demonstrate some of the, kind of the skills they’ve had.
I think it’s, with marketing particularly, it’s got to be very hands-on through demonstrated work. It’s really hard to tease out like, oh took intro to marketing or took marketing, online marketing, things like that. I want to see what you actually did through those classes and those projects. Fantastic. Moving on then, another question we got from a student named Raymond Ayawa, and he asked on Facebook, and this is a fairly specific question, but I think of one that’s really of interest.
Do your companies have any specific internship opportunities for military veterans? And he’s someone who has eight years of experience and now is working towards a degree in computer science. But, do your companies work with military veterans at all? And if so how do those programs work?
I can go real quick. I think, yes I’m sure all of our companies. We are certainly really passionate as all of our companies are about looking for student veterans that are turning from service in our armed forces, into our companies. One thing that we’ve seen as a trend over the last two or three years is the new GI bill has been really quite amazing in helping some of these top veterans actually get access into some of the top universities as well. So, we’re really hopeful that over the next couple of years as these students kind of start to progress through these degree programs, especially underrepresented degree programs, like computer science, where we haven’t seen, historically, a lot of veterans going into that.
We’re really hopeful that we’ll see more students, cause all of our companies, I’m sure, would be excited and would love to be able to hire students from majors where we do the a majority of our hiring like computer science.
Fantastic, and maybe actually another way to broaden that question, but sort of, can you explain a little bit about how you value geographic diversity within your internship programs?
I think that there’s a lot of students who come from different parts of the country and it would be really interesting to hear your perspectives on how you value getting students from all over and sort of how that helps build a more meaningful internship program, or if it does in your minds.
I mean, I think it definitely does build a stronger intern class to have a really diverse class of students that can offer varying points of view. I think it just overall in general makes our product better, right? We have products all are stemming from a huge user base. So, the more diverse and the more folks that we get from varying viewpoints, I think makes everything that much stronger.
So, I think it’s always great to have, for example, our international and our growth engineering teams, we do hire quite a few students from Europe, from Australia, from Asia. So, it’s defiantly different, I mean obviously these teams, since they’re international, we do look for, you know, a specific language, skill sets and so forth, but I think in general, I think you’re question Nathan is just how much we value that and, we definitely do.
Smaller schools, like I mentioned earlier, there could be tons of awesome students that might not be going to some of the quote unquote top ranked schools, but we know that maybe it’s just a family thing, personal choice, or maybe they got a scholarship, you know, a full ride, to some of these smaller schools, so we definitely want the opportunity to get to know those smaller engineering programs and as well as I think those are schools where you can really set yourself apart because those aren’t the schools that, say like in a program like MIT, where tons of students have, you know great internships at top companies already, but I think you can also offer a lot from giving a differing perspective.
Fantastic. Thanks so much for sharing that. So, another question that we got from a student named Maggie Donovan. We have a number of recent grads who, despite this being our underclassman hangout still wanted to tune in and hear from you all, and so, she happens to be one of them, and she’s a new grad and was wondering, one if you still hire new grads grads into your internship programs?
And two, how much internship experience do you expect a new grad to have coming into your programs?
I think if a new grad is going, you know, say they graduated from a Bachelors Degree and they’re thinking about going back to get a Masters or a Masters and PhD program, we’re definitely open to doing an internship arrangement with them.
Like I mentioned, we’re fairly flexible on that, and if you’re graduating from a four year Bachelors program, we tend to look for a little bit more experience, whether it’s research, working in labs or internship, in one of the you know, a start up or one of the top companies, like, you know, some of the ones that we have here today.
So, yeah I think with experiencing and with age, you know, we definitely look for a little bit more, we put a little bit more emphasis on industry experience.
Fantastic. Looks like we have time for one last question and I think this is actually one that we hear from a number of students as well and I think underclassmen sometimes really get anxious about their GPA and so a student was wandering what skills, or in what ways on a resume can they best counter balance what might potentially be a low GPA?
I think it’s been addressed in some of your previous answers, but again there’s a lot of students who are nervous about their GPA not crossing the right threshold. So, is there anything specific for a student who has a low GPA that they should be doing or thinking about, in a, in their resume to kinda help counter-balance that.
Yeah, I mean, I think we see that sometimes a lot and we’ll often ask the awkward question when GPA’s not on their resume, we’ll ask, so I think it’s better if the student puts it on there. But, I think there are different ways that they could talk about it that companies may value. So one thing they may talk about is, they may talk about their, they may show their over all GPA but also say GPA in major.
So, if they have done really well at computer science but, you know, no one likes philosophy. We can all resonate with a D in Philosophy. Like, okay, or if they say my upper divisional classes have been this GPA, if they can show that on things that they really are passionate about or excited about or looking for careers in, that they did really well in those subjects, maybe from other subjects they were less interested in. Or they had a bad first semester or a bad first year. They seem to be able to talk about it and visualize it on a resume in a certain way that highlights those things. And they’ll be able to talk about you know, why it might be lower than they would have hoped.
And then, different companies are gonna value that different ways. Some companies you know, outside of high tech, they’re gonna look at GPA and maybe have cut offs. Other companies are not. But, if they can really highlight the reasons that they, it may be lower in areas where it is, where they are doing very well. I think it can help offset some of those.
Well fantastic, we’re just about out of time, so unless anyone has any last words that they would like to add in, I’d just like to thank you so, so, much for all of your time today. This has been some of the most amazing advice that I wish I had heard, you know, when I was first getting into college and thinking about careers and it’s been really incredible to have all these insights shared.
And just a note to all the students who might be watching. We’ll be following up this with a blog post that will contain the video for the event in case you have any friends you want to share it on to. The companies involved have some internship content up on WayUp that you can go and check out and view and kind of learn more about some of their programs, just if you are interested in learning more about their offices and cultures.
There’s content like that on our site.
And we’ll also be responding to any questions that we didn’t get to also on the blog post, so we’ll have all that extra information. And so, this has been an incredible hour, I think everyone who tuned in is extremely thankful and so are we for all your time.
So, thanks so much and we’re really happy to have had all of you participate.
Yeah, thank you all. Cheers take care.Yeah, thank you all. Cheers take care.
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0.939426 |
An outbreak of African swine fever in China could send the price of pork and bacon soaring over the coming months, a British company has warned.
York-based procurement firm Beacon said it is likely prices will continue to rise with an increased demand facing European suppliers.
It comes after the deadly viral disease began affecting hogs on farms in East Asia last year after it was first detected in China in August.
Beacon said its supplier, Bidfood, has found that throughout 2019, German and Dutch bacon suppliers have seen a huge uplift in orders from China.
Ben Charles, of Beacon, said: 'Brexit has been a driving force behind the price of pork throughout the first quarter of 2019, but the outbreak of African swine fever has mounted pressure on the market.
'The current increased demand that faces European suppliers makes it increasingly likely that prices will continue to rise throughout the rest of the year.
There was an 18 per cent increase in bacon pricing from February to April this year, according to Bidfood, Beacon said, and the market price of pork has risen by 38 per cent in the last four weeks.
The company also said another of its suppliers, Brakes, suggested that 30-50 per cent of Chinese pig farms have been affected by the outbreak, which has increased pig prices around the world.
Ben Charles, of Beacon, said: "Brexit has been a driving force behind the price of pork throughout the first quarter of 2019, but the outbreak of African swine fever has mounted pressure on the market. The current increased demand that faces European suppliers makes it increasingly likely that prices will continue to rise throughout the rest of the year.
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0.999845 |
The thought of buying a car is very exciting, but before making an actual choice, among so many choices a great deal of preparation is required. A prospective buyer, has several questions in his mind, when he decides to purchase a car, such as how much it would cost him, would the car be worth its price, what are the additional features available in cars, and the most important question, which would be the best choice? Before deciding to purchase a car, you are required to think about your needs, such as the number of members in your family, the frequency of use of your vehicle, along with the mileage that is required to be covered everyday, and then you can make your choice accordingly. There are many dealers and salesman who may lure you with the many incentives and financing options, but you should consider your needs and preferences before making a choice. A little study about the different models, with the help of internet is essential, so that you can have an idea of the current market scenario. It is possible that you have your heart set on a particular brand, but that should not distract you, as safety and reliability are very important for the cars. In case you have a car, it is better that you check out the book value of the car, as dealers usually consider cars of much lesser value, when the question of trading it arises. There are vehicles that are available with many technology packages and these include satellite radios, GPS systems, which can be very tempting, but can put a great toll on your budget. In case you still desire them, then it is necessary that you get them installed right from the factory, rather than getting them added in a later period. When you take your car for a test drive, there are many dealers who may ask for a photocopy of your driving license. In such cases, if you do not desire to provide a photocopy of your driving license, you may also ask any staff of the dealer to accompany you in your test drive.
Arranging finance for your car is very important, and before you make a visit to a dealer, it is essential that you consult your bank, or the credit union. Make a budget, in order to determine the monthly expenses of your car, and whether the extra amount, that is required to be paid to the banks, shall affect your monthly expenditure. It is recommended that the down payment for the car, should be the largest amount and the amount that has to be borrowed is the smallest. It is also advised that the loan period should be the shortest so that there is a reduction in the original cost of the loan amount. Before you make your signature, in the loan agreement you should make sure that you have understood very well, the different implications of the terms of the loan, and about the fine prints in the loan agreements. It is recommended that the loan agreement shall have a clause, through which it will be possible for you to make early payments on the principle amount of the loans with no additional cost involved, in case you desire to pay off the loan early.
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