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How do the "Seven Churches of Asia" in Revelation Chapters 2 & 3 apply to us today?
1. Write the things which thou HAST SEEN, (What you just SAW - the past) Chapter 1.
2. Write the things which ARE (existed at the time of Johns writing - the present), Chapters 2 & 3, concerning the 7 Churches of Asia.
3. Write the things which SHALL BE hereafter, (the future) Chapters 4 through 22.
This means to me that the 7 letters were delivered to the 7 literal congregations, and the individual specific messages were primarily intended for the literal 7 churches in Asia at that time.
1. We can see that the prophetic statements in these letters literally and historically happened to each of the 7 original churches - the prophecies of God's Word concerning the 7 local Churches were fulfilled.
2. History of the Church, in general, also shows us that the Church Age has turned out to be 7 well defined "periods" that match - in sequence - the characteristics of each of the 7 messages.
This brings the question to mind: "Which of the 7 Church periods are we in now?"
Laodicea comes from 2 Greek words, "laos", meaning "of the people", and "dike", (pronounced "dee-kay") meaning "rights". Together they mean "rights of the people", or "human rights".
Interestingly, most of what we see going on in the world today, from our Social Security programs, to our foreign policy, is being done in the name of "human rights". I almost fell out of my chair the first time I heard President Jimmy Carter say "human rights" on TV!!!
Our modern church seems to be more concerned with "making the world a better place" and "making a difference" than teaching and living God's truth!
a. Making Jesus sick at His stomach. Not "cold or hot", is a disgusting "lukewarm" - playing church - the idiom "spew thee out of my mouth" simply means making Him sick at his stomach. These 7 messages are written to the "church", the "ekklesia" in the Greek, the "called out ones", there are no Christians in His mouth, they are all sealed into union with Him by the Holy Spirit. Using human terms, their actions down here on earth are just simply "making Him sick at His stomach".
b. Constantly saying that they are rich and in need of nothing. If the Rapture happened today, and the Holy Spirit was removed, most of the "church" I see today could keep right on going, using worldly principals and watered down teachings, they wouldn't miss a beat.
c. But really spiritually poor. We are commanded to constantly be "filled with (controlled by) the Spirit". Does your pastor teach how to "walk in, or be constantly controlled by, the Spirit of God"? Shouldn't that be the number one teaching for God's people?????
d. Miserable. Too many Churches today are full of people "trying to get their needs met", and going through the motions - so God will "bless them", but are "miserable" inside.
e. Blind, Without a rich diet of God's Word, and knowing how to constantly walk in the Spirit, we operate on human viewpoint - spiritual "blindness".
f. Naked, not clothed by God's righteousness, but clothed with our own "righteousness". We are not "righteous" because of anything we "do" or "don't do", we are righteous when we have no unconfessed sin in our life and are "walking in the Spirit", and being "controlled by God".
g. And shameful. What a shame. It is the rich teaching of God's Word, that empowers us to live a life controlled by Him that keeps us from being "shameful".
In Rev. 3:20, Jesus is pictured "outside" the "local church", and calling to "individuals" within the "local church" to individual fellowship with Him. He is not "at the door of men's hearts" like it is generally preached today, trying to get people "saved", but He is at the "door" of the "called out ones", calling to born again children of God - an individual call - to FELLOWSHIP with Him. (1 John Chapter one).
The next event for the Church is the Rapture of the Church, described in 1 Cor. 15:51&52 and 1 Thess 4:13 through chapter 5 verse 11, and, I believe pictured by the sound of a trumpet and the "open door" of Rev. 4:1, and it could happen any moment.
Last, but not least, by any means, I believe, the 7 churches picture 7 "types" of churches that exist throughout the Church Age, i.e. a local church could take on the characteristics of any one of these 7 churches, at any point in time, and the message to that church would then apply directly to them.
In general, we should then endeavor to take on the characteristics that Jesus praised in all 7 of these messages and avoid the characteristics that Jesus spoke against.
Thank you for this most pertinent and timely question, and let us continually pray that God's people would heed the words of Jesus in these 7 messages.
Next Question: Would you please expound on the "7 periods of Church History"?
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0.999403 |
Public health surveillance (also epidemiological surveillance, clinical surveillance or syndromic surveillance) is, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice." Public health surveillance may be used to "serve as an early warning system for impending public health emergencies; document the impact of an intervention, or track progress towards specified goals; and monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems, to allow priorities to be set and to inform public health policy and strategies."
Public Health surveillance systems can be passive or active. A passive surveillance system consists of the regular, ongoing reporting of diseases and conditions by all health facilities in a given territory. An active surveillance system is one where health facilities are visited and health care providers and medical records are reviewed in order to identify a specific disease or condition. Passive surveillance systems are less time-consuming and less expensive to run but risk under-reporting of some diseases. Active surveillance systems are most appropriate for epidemics or where a disease has been targeted for elimination.
Techniques of public health surveillance have been used in particular to study infectious diseases. Many large institutions, such as the WHO and the CDC, have created databases and modern computer systems (public health informatics) that can track and monitor emerging outbreaks of illnesses such as influenza, SARS, HIV, and even bioterrorism, such as the 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States.
Many regions and countries have their own cancer registry, one function of which is to monitor the incidence of cancers to determine the prevalence and possible causes of these illnesses.
Other illnesses such as one-time events like stroke and chronic conditions such as diabetes, as well as social problems such as domestic violence, are increasingly being integrated into epidemiologic databases called disease registries that are being used in the cost-benefit analysis in determining governmental funding for research and prevention.
Systems that can automate the process of identifying adverse drug events, are currently being used, and are being compared to traditional written reports of such events. These systems intersect with the field of medical informatics, and are rapidly becoming adopted by hospitals and endorsed by institutions that oversee healthcare providers (such as JCAHO in the United States). Issues in regard to healthcare improvement are evolving around the surveillance of medication errors within institutions.
Syndromic surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks. According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response. Though historically syndromic surveillance has been utilized to target investigation of potential cases, its utility for detecting outbreaks associated with bioterrorism is increasingly being explored by public health officials."
The first indications of disease outbreak or bioterrorist attack may not be the definitive diagnosis of a physician or a lab.
Using a normal influenza outbreak as an example, once the outbreak begins to affect the population, some people may call in sick for work/school, others may visit their drug store and purchase medicine over the counter, others will visit their doctor's office and other's may have symptoms severe enough that they call the emergency telephone number or go to an emergency department.
Syndromic surveillance systems monitor data from school absenteeism logs, emergency call systems, hospitals' over-the-counter drug sale records, Internet searches, and other data sources to detect unusual patterns. When a spike in activity is seen in any of the monitored systems disease epidemiologists and public health professionals are alerted that there may be an issue.
An early awareness and response to a bioterrorist attack could save many lives and potentially stop or slow the spread of the outbreak. The most effective syndromic surveillance systems automatically monitor these systems in real-time, do not require individuals to enter separate information (secondary data entry), include advanced analytical tools, aggregate data from multiple systems, across geo-political boundaries and include an automated alerting process.
A syndromic surveillance system based on search queries was first proposed by Gunther Eysenbach, who began work on such a system in 2004. Inspired by these early, encouraging experiences, Google launched Google Flu Trends in 2008. More flu-related searches are taken to indicate higher flu activity. The results closely match CDC data, and lead it by 1–2 weeks. The results appeared in Nature. More recently, a series of more advanced linear and nonlinear approaches to influenza modelling from Google search queries have been proposed. Extending Google's work researchers from the Intelligent Systems Laboratory (University of Bristol, UK) created Flu Detector; an online tool which based on Information Retrieval and Statistical Analysis methods uses the content of Twitter to nowcast flu rates in the UK.
Influenzanet is a syndromic surveillance system based on voluntary reports of symptoms via the internet. Residents of the participant countries are invited to provide regular reports on the presence or absence of flu related symptoms. The system has been in place and running since 2003 in the Netherlands and Belgium. The success of this first initiative led to the implementation of Gripenet in Portugal in 2005 followed by Italy in 2008 and Brasil, Mexico, and the United Kingdom in 2009.
Some conditions, especially chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, are supposed to be routinely managed with frequent laboratory measurements. Since many laboratory results, at least in Europe and the US, are automatically processed by computerized laboratory information systems, the results are relatively easy to inexpensively collate in special purpose databases or disease registries. Unlike most syndromic surveillance systems, in which each record is assumed to be independent of the others, laboratory data in chronic conditions can be theoretically linked together at the individual patient level. If patient identifiers can be matched, a chronological record of each patient's laboratory results can be analyzed as well as aggregated to the population level.
Laboratory registries allow for the analysis of the incidence and prevalence of the target condition as well as trends in the level of control. For instance, an NIH-funded program called the Vermedx Diabetes Information System maintained a registry of laboratory values of diabetic adults in Vermont and northern New York State in the US with several years of laboratory results on thousands of patients. The data included measures of blood sugar control (glycosolated hemoglobin A1C), cholesterol, and kidney function (serum creatinine and urine protein), and were used to monitor the quality of care at the patient, practice, and population levels. Since the data contained each patient's name and address, the system was also used to communicate directly with patients when the laboratory data indicated the need for attention. Out of control test results generated a letter to the patient suggesting they take action with their medical provider. Tests that were overdue generated reminders to have testing performed. The system also generated reminders and alerts with guideline-based advice for the practice as well as a periodic roster of each provider's patients and a report card summarizing the health status of the population. Clinical and economic evaluations of the system, including a large randomized clinical trial, demonstrated improvements in adherence to practice guidelines and reductions in the need for emergency department and hospital services as well as total costs per patient. The system has been commercialized and distributed to physicians, insurers, employers and others responsible for the care of chronically ill patients. It is now being expanded to other conditions such as chronic kidney disease.
A similar system, The New York City A1C Registry, is in used to monitor the estimated 600,000 diabetic patients in New York City, although unlike the Vermont Diabetes Information System, there are no provisions for patients to have their data excluded from the NYC database. The NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has linked additional patient services to the registry such as health information and improved access to health care services. As of early 2012, the registry contains over 10 million test results on 3.6 million individuals. Although intended to improve health outcomes and reduce the incidence of the complications of diabetes, a formal evaluation has not yet been done.
In May 2008, the City Council of San Antonio, Texas approved the deployment of an A1C registry for Bexar County. Authorized by the Texas Legislature and the state Health Department, the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District implemented the registry which drew results from all the major clinical laboratories in San Antonio. The program was discontinued in 2010 for lack of funds.
Laboratory surveillance differs from population-wide surveillance in that it can only monitor patients who are already receiving medical treatment and therefore having lab tests done. For this reason, it does not identify patients who have never been tested. Therefore, it is more suitable for quality management and care improvement than for epidemiological monitoring of an entire population or catchment area.
^ a b Public health surveillance, World Health Organization (accessed January 14, 2016).
^ a b World Health Organization. "Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases". World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
^ Kilbridge PM, Campbell UC, Cozart HB, Mojarrad MG (Jul–Aug 2006). "Automated Surveillance for Adverse Drug Events at a Community Hospital and an Academic Medical Center". J Am Med Inform Assoc. 13 (4): 372–7. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2069. PMC 1513675. PMID 16622159.
^ Eysenbach G (2006). "Infodemiology: Tracking Flu-Related Searches on the Web for Syndromic Surveillance". AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2006: 244–8. PMC 1839505. PMID 17238340.
^ "Google Flu Trends". Google.org. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ Ginsberg J, Mohebbi MH, Patel RS, Brammer L, Smolinski MS, Brilliant L (2009). "Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data". Nature. 457 (7232): 1012–4. Bibcode:2009Natur.457.1012G. doi:10.1038/nature07634. PMID 19020500.
^ Lampos, Vasileios; Miller, Andrew C.; Crossan, Steve; Stefansen, Christian (3 Aug 2015). "Advances in nowcasting influenza-like illness rates using search query logs". Scientific Reports. 5 (12760): 12760. Bibcode:2015NatSR...512760L. doi:10.1038/srep12760. PMC 4522652. PMID 26234783.
^ "Flu Detector – Tracking Epidemics on Twitter". GeoPatterns.enm.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ Lampos V, De Bie T, Cristianini N (2010). Flu Detector – Tracking Epidemics on Twitter. ECML PKDD. pp. 599–602. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15939-8_42.
^ "vermedx.com". vermedx.com. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ "MacLean CD, Littenberg B, Gagnon M. Diabetes Decision Support: Initial Experience with the Vermont Diabetes Information System in Community Primary Care. Am J Pub Health 2006; 96:593–595". Ajph.org. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ Littenberg, B; MacLean, CD; Zygarowski, K; Drapola, BH; Duncan, JA; Frank, CR (Mar 2009). "The Vermedx Diabetes Information System reduces healthcare utilization". The American journal of managed care. 15 (3): 166–70. PMID 19298097.
^ Maclean, CD; Gagnon, M; Callas, P; Littenberg, B (Dec 2009). "The Vermont diabetes information system: a cluster randomized trial of a population based decision support system". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 24 (12): 1303–10. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1147-x. PMC 2787948. PMID 19862578.
^ Khan, S; Maclean, CD; Littenberg, B (Jul 2010). "The effect of the Vermont Diabetes Information System on inpatient and emergency room use: results from a randomized trial". Health outcomes research in medicine. 1 (1): e61–e66. doi:10.1016/j.ehrm.2010.03.002. PMC 2958673. PMID 20975923.
^ "Frieden, Thomas R; "Letter: New York City's Diabetes Reporting System Helps Patients and their Physicians"; American Journal of Public Health; July 16, 2006". Ajph.aphapublications.org. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
^ "Metropolitan Health District". Sanantonio.gov. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
This page was last edited on 28 November 2018, at 03:08 (UTC).
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0.999948 |
Converts a number of lessons of a certain length into hours and minutes. School lessons have often times between 40 and 60 minutes, depending on country and type of school.
Please enter values into any two lines, the third line will be calculated.
At 6 lessons with 45 minutes each, the total time is 4 hours, 30 minutes.
To split 10 hours of subject matter into lessons of 40 minutes, 15 lessons are needed.
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0.999874 |
This article is about the Pimpinella species (not to be confused with star anise) and also, not to be confused with Japanese star anise Anise Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Pimpinella Species: P. anisum Binomial name Pimpinella anisum L.
Anise (Pimpinella anisum, also anÃs (stressed on the second syllable) and aniseed) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia. It is known for its flavor, which resembles liquorice, fennel and tarragon.
Anise is an herbaceous annual plant growing to 3 ft (0.91 m) tall. The leaves at the base of the plant are simple, 0.5–2 in (1.3–5.1 cm) long and shallowly lobed, while leaves higher on the stems are feathery pinnate, divided into numerous leaves. The flowers are white, approximately 3 mm diameter, produced in dense umbels. The fruit is an oblong dry schizocarp, 3 – 5 mm long. It is these seedpods that are referred to as ``aniseed``.
Anise is used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths), including the lime-speck pug and wormwood pug.
Western cuisines have long used anise as a moderately-popular herb to flavor some dishes, drinks, and candies, and so the word has come to connote both the species of herb and the licorice-like flavor. The most powerful flavor component of the essential oil of anise, anethole, is found in both anise and an unrelated spice called Star Anise. Featured prominently in South Asian, Southeast Asian, and East Asian dishes, Star Anise is considerably less expensive to produce, and has gradually displaced the 'original' anise in Western markets. While formerly produced in larger quantities, by 1999 world production of the essential oil of anise was only 8 tonnes, compared to 400 tonnes from star anise.
Anise is sweet and very aromatic, distinguished by its licorice-like flavor. It is used in a wide variety of regional and ethnic confectioneries, including Greek stuffed vine leaves (Dolma), British Aniseed balls, Australian Humbugs, New Zealand Aniseed wheels, Italian pizzelle, German pfeffernusse and springerle, Netherland Muisjes, Norwegian knotts, and Peruvian Picarones. It is a key ingredient in Mexican ``atole de anÃs`` or champurrado, which is similar to hot chocolate, and taken as a digestive after meals in India.
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0.99358 |
They are the best advertisement for our company, the foundation of our success and rank among the best in their fields: Our employees. People working for customers all across the globe who have internalized our values: Success, trust, teamwork and enjoyment of their work.
Only those who know their values can create value. We combine team spirit, trustworthiness and highest levels of dedication with the passion to create outstanding things. Flexible structures and the willingness to develop themselves continuously make our employees ideal partners for our customers acting on a global scale. Our employees think like our customers, speak their language and aim for the same goal: To achieve sustainable success. To this end, they give their best every day.
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0.999991 |
Q. Can you help me find a biography on Levi Strauss the jean maker?
Two items may be of interest in this search. First, a book on history of jeans called "Denim : an American legend" / text by Iain Finlayson and the call number was 338.47687 F512dx 1990. Second is a book titled "They made America : from the steam engine to the search engine : two centuries of innovators" / Harold Evans, with Gail Buckland and David Lefer. The second book contains biographical sketches on dozens of American inventors and innovators.
It may be helpful to do an advanced search using the words "Levi Strauss" and "Jeans." Also, there is a philosopher named Claude Levi-Strauss, who is not the same person, so you may need to filter out books about him if you do a simple search.
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0.999996 |
Dear Christopher Cat: I found a kitten I’ve named Maynard who is sneezing and has pus coming from his eyes and nose. My friend said Maynard has an upper respiratory infection caused by a virus, and that lysine will kill the virus. What do you think of lysine?
Christopher Responds: The clinical signs you describe are common with an upper respiratory infection, but I’m only a cat who hasn’t met Maynard, not a veterinarian who has actually examined him, so I can’t make the diagnosis. If your friend isn’t a vet either, I suggest you make an appointment with a veterinarian who can diagnose Maynard’s problem and make treatment recommendations.
Some upper respiratory infections in cats are caused by the feline herpes virus, and initial studies suggested that lysine might be an effective, safe therapy.
However, subsequent, more rigorous research has shown this not to be the case, and lysine is no longer recommended for treatment of upper respiratory infections caused by feline herpes or other viruses.
Multiple, comprehensive studies have shown that lysine fails to prevent cats from becoming infected with the herpes virus, suppress clinical signs of the illness or shorten the duration of the disease. Limited evidence suggests lysine may even worsen clinical signs.
To get Maynard on the road to recovery, make an appointment with a veterinarian as soon as possible.
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0.956248 |
What did you think of Electricity ?
The steady flow of electric charges in a wire is called electric current. These electrical charges travel through the power lines, bringing electricity into homes and businesses. Current flows through electrical wires and powers electronics items, from light bulbs to televisions.
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0.986603 |
text mining, so it's time to start digging into the data.
The two basic goals for this task are tokenization and profanity filtering.
divide it into what we would call words.
how to deal with typos, because people can spell things incorrectly.
and think about them in a way that optimizes performance but also accuracy.
there isn't necessarily a right answer.
decisions in order to move a product forward.
what you think a user might want from the software.
So start digging into the data.
We're really looking forward to what you can come up with.
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0.999997 |
Ask any small business owner what their greatest challenge is online and the answer will almost always be: Visibility. Small companies often face this issue, as they do not have the well-established branding of large corporations nor do they possess national or global visibility offline.
Today, social media has become one of the most useful tools for small businesses. Not only is it now possible to increase online visibility by utilizing popular brands such as Facebook and Twitter, but it can also help to increase sales and revenue, as well.
The world's largest social networks may have had humble beginnings, but they have grown into some of the most significant brands on the Web. In fact, many smaller companies have actually used the popularity of those networks to expand into new markets and capitalize on E-Commerce. In the first quarter of 2012, comScore reports that E-Commerce spending totaled upwards of $44 million. This figure represents one of the highest single fiscal quarter online sales in history. In fact, economists estimate that 2012 will be the most profitable year ever in terms of online sales revenue.
Using Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest and other networks to promote brands, products and services has been a crucial component of that online sales growth. Many Internet marketing companies offer social media optimization and marketing services, but as social media becomes a more competitive market, it has also become more difficult for brands to get noticed.
The real key to building a strong social identity is quality. To increase views, likes, shares and even sales, brands must offer users unique and relevant content. Additionally, companies should deliver rich content whenever possible to help maintain user engagement. Videos and images are more likely to be shared throughout social media than text and can be effective marketing tools.
Businesses with an E-Commerce platform should heavily promote it within the social space. By directing users from network profiles to product pages, those pages gain more authority and the probability of sales increases.
Social media is undoubtedly one of the most valuable assets to small businesses. Combined with E-Commerce, it can maximize the potential of virtually any company with an online presence.
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0.929194 |
How far can a hand held rocket fly?
A hand-held firework rocket sounds like a recipe for burning your hand! Usual advice is to launch them from a tube pointing skywards. In the days of one pint milk bottles, that is what we used.
Most rockets can't fly far when they are held in the hand.
As in the song "My boomerang won't come back"
"If you want your boomerang to come back then first you have to throw it".
If you keep the rocket held in your hand it can only fly as far as you can.
Which isn't very far is it?
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0.999917 |
Fans of MasterChef Australia season 8 can now be the master chef of their own kitchen. Here are the top five MasterChef Australia recipes by the MasterChef contestants.
Over high heat, heat a griddle pan. Put corn and grill until charred on all the sides. Remove from heat and slice the kernels from the cobs and set aside to cool. Once they cool, add all the remaining ingredients and season with salt. Mix and set aside.
Peel the avocado and scoop out the pulp. Add the pulp, lime juice, and salt to a blender and blend until smooth. Transfer the puree to a bowl and cover the bowl with a cling film and set aside.
Season tuna steaks with salt and sear for 15 minutes on each side on a non-stick pan. Remove from heat and let them cool for two minutes. Then slice into 1.5-cm thick slices.
For serving, spoon pineapple salsa on one side of the plate and put avocado puree on the other side. Top with tuna slices.
Blend together 200 ml water and icing sugar until the sugar dissolves. Put lime juice and chilies in a bowl and steep it for 10 to 15 minutes.
Pour the sugar mixture into the lime juice bowl and add fish sauce, 600 ml water, and citric acid and stir to combine. Season with salt.
Pour the mixture into ice block moulds. The chilies must get distributed evenly. Add two coriander leaves to each mould.
Add a pop stick to the moulds and seal with lids. Put into the freezer until hard.
In a two-litre saucepan, add 75 g of the sugar, water, and tapioca. Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer for eight to 10 minutes until the tapioca becomes translucent.
To the tapioca mixture, add sugar, milk, glucose, and rosemary and bring it to a boil. Simmer for five minutes or until the sugar dissolves. Turn off the heat and cover the mixture with a cling film.
To infuse, set it aside for 20 minutes. Then strain the mixture through a fine sieve and cool over an ice bath. For paco jet churning, divide the mixture between nine paco jet canisters and put them in the blast chiller until it freezes, about 90 minutes.
Once frozen, run the canisters under warm water to loosen the contents. Condense the contents of the nine canisters down to three canisters. Put the three canisters back in the blast chiller for about 10 minutes.
Once it freezes, remove the canister one at a time to churn. Follow the machine instructions and churn each full cylinder. Then place in the freezer. It is ready to serve.
Line three baking trays with baking paper. Preheat the oven to 200°C. Cut the sweet potatoes in 3 cm cubes and toss with salt, pepper, and oil. Place them on the baking tray.
Bake for 30 minutes or until tender. Transfer them to a large bowl. Place the bacon on baking trays and bake for 20 to 25 minutes until crisp.
Drain it on a paper towel and transfer it to a food processor to get a coarse crumb. Add it to the bowl of sweet potatoes.
Heat a griddle and put the corn in it. Season the corn with salt and turn it until it gets tender, about 12 to 15 minutes. Let them cool it and then slice the kernels from the cobs and add them to the sweet potato bowl.
Add the remaining ingredients to a bowl to prepare the dressing and whisk. Add the dressing to the bowl, mix and serve.
Line a brownie pan with baking paper. Pop the popcorn as per the package instructions and set aside to cool.
Melt the chocolate by placing it over a saucepan of simmering water.
After it melts, remove from heat and cool it slightly. Once the chocolate cools, put the glaze and popcorn to the chocolate bowl and coat the popcorn with the chocolate.
Spread the chocolate mixture on the baking tray and put it in the fridge to set. Then cut it into slices and serve.
Give these delectable MasterChef Australia recipes a try. You won’t be disappointed. Bon Appétit!
Franciscovic, E., “Ep 54 – Seared Tuna with Pineapple Salsa,” Television New Zealand web site; http://tvnz.co.nz/masterchef-australia/ep-54-seared-tuna-pineapple-salsa-6494513, last accessed February 8, 2017.
“Ep 42 – Nuoc Cham Ice Block,” Television New Zealand web site; http://tvnz.co.nz/masterchef-australia/ep-42-nuoc-cham-ice-block-6494396, last accessed February 8, 2017.
“Ep 58 – Plum,” Television New Zealand web site; http://tvnz.co.nz/masterchef-australia/ep-58-plum-6494538, last accessed February 8, 2017.
“Ep 19 – Sweet Potato Salad,” Television New Zealand web site; http://tvnz.co.nz/masterchef-australia/ep-19-sweet-potato-salad-6493149, last accessed February 8, 2017.
“Ep 19 – Rocky Road Popcorn,” Television New Zealand web site; http://tvnz.co.nz/masterchef-australia/ep-19-rocky-road-popcorn-6493150, last accessed February 8, 2017.
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0.93885 |
Who is to blame for Chelsea's worst start for 37 years?
Chelsea have endured their worst start to a season for 37 years under troubled manager Jose Mourinho having lost four leagues matches already.
The Blues have struggled to cope with the controversy surrounding Eva Carneiro’s exit from the club and a shocking run of results leaves them 16th, just four points above the relegation zone.
Mourinho has openly criticised the spine of a side that successfully guided Chelsea to the league title last year as the likes of Eden Hazard, John Terry, Nemanja Matic, Cesc Fabregas and Diego Costa have grossly underperformed so far.
Costa, who is has just served a three match suspension for violent conduct, claimed that he returned to pre-season training overweight and that Chelsea’s players are squarely to blame for their appalling form.
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0.999963 |
This article is about the Puerto Rican actor born 1956. For other people named Luis Guzmán, see Luis Guzmán (disambiguation).
Luis Guzmán (born August 28, 1956) is a Puerto Rican actor, who is known for his character work. For much of Guzmán's career, he has played character roles largely as sidekicks, thugs, and policemen.
Guzmán starred in Steven Soderbergh's films Out of Sight, The Limey and Traffic. He also starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's films, Boogie Nights, Magnolia and Punch-Drunk Love. He starred in the HBO original series How to Make It in America and the Netflix series Narcos. He also starred in the CBS medical drama Code Black, where he portrayed senior nurse Jesse "Mama" Salander. He also co-starred on Cameron Crowe's Roadies, a comedy-drama on Showtime, as Gooch, a seasoned crew tour bus driver.
Guzmán was born in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and was raised in New York City's Greenwich Village and the surrounding Lower East Side neighborhood. His mother, Rosa, was a hospital worker, and his stepfather, Benjamin Cardona, was a TV repairman. He began his career as a social worker and moonlighted as an actor, eventually becoming heavily involved in street theater and independent films.
Guzman's numerous movie credits include Carlito's Way, Carlito's Way: Rise to Power, Punch-Drunk Love, Welcome to Collinwood, Stonewall, Waiting..., The Salton Sea, and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. He has also appeared on the TV shows Homicide: Life on the Street, Frasier and Oz and had a role in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City and its prequel Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories. Guzmán starred in the short-lived 2003 television comedy Luis, and is a commentator on VH1's I Love the '80s, as well as I Love Toys and its sequels, including I Love the '70s and I Love the '90s. He co-starred on the canceled 2007 HBO series John from Cincinnati. In early 2008, Guzmán starred in "Naturally Aged Cheddar Hunks" TV ads for Cabot Creamery. He also appeared in the music video "Yes We Can." In 2010 he starred in HBO's How to Make It in America.
Guzmán resides in Sutton, Vermont. His children include Cemi Guzman, Yoruba Briggs-Guzman, Yemaya Briggs-Guzman, Luna Guzman, Jace O'Flynn Guzman and Margarita Briggs-Guzman.
Guzmán endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
1985 The Equalizer Gypsy Cabbie Episode: "The Lock Box"
1990 Hunter Carlos Delgado Episode: "La Familia"
1991 Monsters Luis Episode: "Desirable Alien"
Law & Order Cesar Pescador Episode: "Heaven"
1992 Civil Wars Hector Rodriguez Episode: "Tape Fear"
1993 Homicide: Life on the Street Lorenzo Molera Episode: "Son of a Gun"
Walker, Texas Ranger Gomez Episode: "Storm Warning"
1994 seaQuest DSV General Guzmano Episode: "The Good Death"
1998 Early Edition John Hernandez Episodes: "The Quality of Mercy"
Michael Hayes Santos Episodes: "Vaughn Mowery"
2002 Frasier George Episode: "Enemy at the Gate"
2011 Community Himself Episode: "Documentary Filmmaking: Redux"
2013 Republic of Doyle Charles Alomar Episode: "The Devil Inside"
2018 The Untitled Action Bronson Show Himself Episode: "An Australian Surprise and Luis Guzmán"
Bar Rescue Himself Episode: "Operation: Puerto Rico"
2019 Shameless Mikey O’Shea - Hobo Loco Contestant Episode: "LOS DIABLOS"
^ "Luis Guzman Biography (1957?-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ "Luis Guzman Biography". Star Pulse. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
^ Swansburg, John "Cheese Puff" Slate.com (January 18, 2008). Retrieved on May 1, 2008.
^ "Legislative Documents". Leg.state.vt.us. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
^ "Joint Concurrent House Resolution". State of Vermont. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
^ "Bernie Sanders campaign taps Rosario Dawson, Luis Guzman to woo Latino voters in LA". Los Angeles Daily News. May 26, 2016.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luis Guzmán.
This page was last edited on 4 March 2019, at 02:40 (UTC).
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It is generally divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the Bosporus waterway connecting the Black and Aegean Seas.
Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Black Sea and its connected waterways to the southeast.
Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term "continent" also incorporates cultural and political elements.
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area.
Of Europe's approximately 50 countries, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country has territory in both Europe and Asia), while Vatican City is the smallest.
Europe is the third-most populous continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 739–743 million or about 11% of the world's population.
The most commonly used currency is the euro.
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Mustafa Jemilev, who has been in close contact with Turkey's Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu since Russia annexed the peninsula after a March 16 referendum saw the majority Russian people of Crimea opt out of Ukraine in favor of joining Moscow, has been campaigning arduously for his people.
The former head of the Crimean Tatar Mejlis (Parliament) and Ukrainian MP Mustafa Jemilev said that Turkey would not be able to intervene in Crimea due to its bilateral relations with Russia.
Speaking to the Russian-language version of Voice of America (Golos Ameriki), Jemilev implied that Turkey's hands were tied on the situation.
'Turkey gets 50% of its natural gas from Russia,' Jemilev said, adding 'the trade between the two nations is worth $38 billion'.
'If all of this was to stop, the economy would be in a dire condition,' he said.
Jemilev, who has been in close contact with Turkey's Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu since Russia annexed the peninsula after a March 16 referendum saw the majority Russian people of Crimea opt out of Ukraine in favor of joining Moscow, has been campaigning arduously for his people.
Before the referendum, Jemilev met with Russian president Vladimir Putin in Moscow, but this seemingly failed to reassure Jemilev and the Crimean Tatar people who boycotted the referendum, claiming that it had been conducted under the threat of pro-Russian gunmen who had occupied the region after the fall of ousted Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovich's government in Kiev.
Jemilev himself has been denied access to his homeland due to his being a member of the Ukrainian parliament.
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For someone who has a plan for a memorable vacation in the Philippines, it is important to determine a few of the best places to visit here. Honestly, there are countless of reasons on why tourists nowadays are choosing a vacation in this beautiful Asian country. The Philippines has enormous pristine or untamed paradise beaches that feature remarkable natural white sand resorts.
From this piece of writing, I want to share my personal choices to help other people decide.
When I got the chance to visit the famous Boracay Island, one of the most popular destinations here is the Boracay Regency Hotel & Resort. This particular island now is one of the most developed places in the province of Aklan and the number one choice of millions of beach goers worldwide. Going back to the resort and from the available facilities and amenities, this famous hotel and resort is one of the most visited places in the island.
One of the most interesting amenities of the Boracay Regency Hotel & Resort it is has available swimming pools for both children and adults who are staying here. Besides their hospitable staff, the overall view of the resort is impressive and they serve local as well as international cuisines to satisfy their valued guests. I actually became curious about this resort because of its remarkable Mediterranean architecture. This is probably one reason why I found this property so inspiring to visit and explore. Of course, the entire hotel compliments perfectly to the beautiful crystal blue water of the white sandy beach.
For many beach lovers out there, I also want to recommend visiting the beautiful province of Cebu. When talking about the best hotel and resort, I can say that the Waterfront Hotel in Cebu. This beautiful 5-star hotel and resort offers almost everything to experience in a unique inland. The hotel has great online visibility for those who want to book using the Internet. To make sure the booking or reservation is favorable, it is very important to read the information about the hotel and understand the guidelines before finalizing the transaction for a perfect vacation here.
As one of the best hotels in town, it is easier for the tourists to visit other remarkable destinations and that includes the white sand beaches within Cebu. For those who love to dine and shop while on a vacation, this is also a perfect choice because the location is within the district or heart of the city. When visiting this beautiful province in the Visayan region, there are also stunning waterfalls and provides a great access to explore the beautiful province of Bohol, particularly the famous Chocolate Hills. This nearby province offers remarkable tourist attractions, which include an encounter with the Tarsiers (smallest primates in the world).
There are actually many remarkable beach resorts in the Philippine, but I luckily had an opportunity to stay in these two mentioned resorts. This is the reason why I decided to share few important details about them. From my personal experiences, I never encountered problem staying in these two beautiful resorts and the offered cuisines are delectable to taste. However, it is important to learn that any kind of grand vacation may require a person to prepare enough money for total satisfaction.
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hey guys! I provide educational slides too, including Shakespeare (Macbeth) and other popular literature so, make sure to checkout.
6. Act One: Shakespeare’s Life <ul><li>For somebody so famous, we know relatively little about Shakespeare’s life. We do, however, know a great deal about Shakespeare's work and the times in which he lived. </li></ul>Let’s watch short video about Shakespeare's life.
13. The Setting <ul><li>The general setting of Macbeth is tenth and eleventh century Scotland. </li></ul>Since the play was performed long ago in a simple open theater, backdrops were not used and there were only a few props. Most of the scenery had to be imagined by the audience. Since backdrops could not be used to create mood and atmosphere, the atmosphere had to be created by the few props they used and by the acting of the actors. For example, a cauldron would have been used in the first scene with the witches, and it would have served to create a mood of evil foreboding.
17. Act One Scene One <ul><li>A barren, misty heath in Scotland </li></ul><ul><li>Thunder and lightning </li></ul><ul><li>Enter Three Witches…Lets read the scene </li></ul>Guiding Question: What might the last two lines of this scene foreshadow?
68. Act One: The Language of Shakespeare The hardest thing about reading Shakespeare is the language. In the more than 400 years since Macbeth was written, the English language has evolved, so that many words used in Elizabethan time have fallen out of usage and are now unfamiliar to us. In addition, much of Shakespeare’s work is written in blank or rhymed verse, adding an extra level of difficulty. Just remember that you want to get a good sense of what is happening and if you don’t understand every word, it’s okay! And, if it’s any consolation, it does get easier Lets watch a short video about The Language of Shakespeare.
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Guglielmi said it would be hard to identify the sources based on the number of people outside the department who may have had access to case details throughout the investigation: evidence technicians from the State Police; prosecutors; the federal law enforcement agencies; even staff in the court clerk's office who processed warrants.
One nurse was reportedly axed but claimed it was a misunderstanding, and said she never accessed Smollett's chart.
Smollett, who starred in "Empire", told police in January that he was attacked by two masked men who beat him, made racist and derogatory comments, and then put a noose around his neck.
Sources said those workers have been terminated after gaining access to the "Empire" actor's medical chart.
Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson held a press conference on February 21 calling Smollett's conduct "despicable". He was later released on $100,000 bond.
Chicago police called Smollett's allegedly staged attack a "publicity stunt", and expressed outrage that he had staged the attack because he was upset with his salary.
Chicago Police Superintendent Eddie Johnson may have also gone too far when he said Jussie paid the brothers $3,500 to stage the attack. Smollett has since been charged with "staging" the attack.
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After eight years of struggle and soul-searching, the European Union's reform treaty came into force on 1 December 2009. EU leaders believe the Lisbon Treaty will rejuvenate the decision-making apparatus of the EU institutions, making the functioning of the 27-member Union more efficient and democratic.
Following the failed referenda on the draft EU Constitutional Treaty in France and the Netherlands in 2005, a "period of reflection" on the future of Europe was launched to reconnect citizens with the European project and to decide the fate of the constitution (see Constitutional Treaty: The reflection period).
At their summit in June 2007, EU leaders managed to overcome the institutional impasse and agree on the outlines of a new EU treaty put forward by German Chancellor Angela Merkel to replace the EU constitution. Heads of state and government signed up to a detailed mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC), which found agreement on the text of the Reform Treaty in October 2007. EU leaders signed the new treaty at a special summit in Lisbon on 13 December 2007.
Final ratification of the treaty, which EU leaders hoped would take place in early 2009, was thrown into doubt when Ireland rejected the text by popular referendum in June 2008 (EURACTIV 13/06/08).
To allow Ireland to hold a second referendum, EU leaders in December 2008 agreed on a package of Irish demands, including the retention of one commissioner for each EU member state (EURACTIV 12/12/08).
For months, the fate of the treaty hung in the balance as Europe held its breath ahead of Ireland's second referendum.
The treaty re-writes the EU's basic rules, first enshrined in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, in response to some of the criticisms of its member states and their citizens.
an exit clause making it possible for members to leave the EU.
applying new opt-in/out provisions for the UK to some new policy provisions, such as policies on border checks, asylum and immigration, judicial co-operation in civil matters, judicial cooperation in criminal matters and police co-operation.
a reference to free and undistorted competition as a goal of the EU was taken out at France's request; French President Nicolas Sarkozy argued that competition was not an end in itself. However, this will not raise doubts over the general competition policy competences of the Commission (EURACTIV 27/06/07).
The Lisbon Treaty could only come into force once all 27 member states had ratified it: the final green light was given by a resounding 'ye'" in the second Irish referendum, held on 2 October 2009.
The Czech Republic last month (October 2009) became the last of the 27 EU member states to ratify the treaty (EURACTIV 03/11/09).
"In the 15th century Portuguese sailors used to set sail from Lisbon to explore the still uncharted waters of the world, said European Parliament President Jerzy Buzek, speaking ahead of a visit to Lisbon today (1 December). "Today we are living in a new globalised world but we Europeans have a new chart to guide us - the Lisbon Treaty."
"The Treaty of Lisbon represents an increase in democracy and efficiency in the European Union. The treaty gives a huge boost to the powers of the directly-elected European Parliament [...] The treaty gives the EU a set of tools to tackle more effectively the key concerns of citizens," Buzek added.
Joseph Daul, chairman of the European People's Party (EPP) group, said he wants "the Council to work more closely than in the past with the Parliament, which as of now has an equal legislative role on all subjects, including the budget".
"The Lisbon Treaty marks an important turning point in the evolution of the European institutions and the relations they will now have with each other," he added.
Speaking in Madrid, where he is engaged in two days of talks with the Spanish government - which will take over the rotating presidency of the EU in January - Socialists and Democrats (S&D) leader Martin Schulz said: "The new treaty gives people the power to push for the Europe they want. It also sweeps away Eurosceptic claims that the EU is unaccountable."
"First, elected members of the European Parliament will decide laws for Europe in conjunction with government ministers. The Parliament from today on has a new significance in people's lives," he said.
"Second, national MPs have a defined role in EU affairs and it is now up to them to exercise that responsibility fully," Schulz stressed.
"Third, through a new citizens' initiative, everyone has the opportunity to demand the drafting of legislation by presenting a million signatures in favour of a proposal," he concluded.
"It has been a long and winding road from Laeken to Lisbon but I am very pleased we have finally arrived, albeit somewhat tired and bruised from the journey," said Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group leader Guy Verhofstadt, who started the process of revising the treaties in December 2001 at the Laeken summit as prime minister of Belgium and president-in-office of the European Union.
"The lessons learned along the way have been painful but necessary in preparing the Union for the future challenges ahead and in demonstrating that we can no longer take for granted a positive acceptance, in the minds of the public, of the value of the EU in bringing countries together in closer cooperation," Verhofstadt added.
Andrew Duff MEP, ALDE group spokesperson on institutional matters, said: "Today the European Union is turning an important page in its history. This is the birth of a truly parliamentary Europe. Not only does the European Parliament itself gain very significant legislative, budgetary and scrutiny powers, but the Council of Ministers gets to behave like a second chamber of the EU legislature. National parliaments, too, have a new and more important role."
"The Lisbon Treaty brings a 10 year long reform process to an end," said Greens/EFA Co-Presidents Rebecca Harms and Daniel Cohn-Bendit. "The Greens welcome this forward step in the process of European integration. The Treaty of Lisbon was the result of a long and often difficult debate on the future of Europe."
"It is groundbreaking and indispensable, even if it represents a great deal of compromise on many points," they stressed.
"The treaty will strengthen the EU at a time when it needs strengthening and at a time when the Europeans are increasingly perceived as has-beens on the world stage," said Hugo Brady of the Centre for European Reform think-tank in London.
Daniel Gros, an analyst at the Brussels-based Centre for European Policy Studies think-tank, said there would be many good organisational changes under the treaty but the bloc would not carry more weight in international diplomacy overnight.
"It will not be a revolution," he said. "In the first years, at least, the key challenge is not so much to resolve major crises but to make the machinery work and set precedents that are useful for later."
Portuguese Prime Minister José Socrates said: "With this new treaty, Europe has overcome an impasse that lasted for several years. Europe has emerged stronger from this summit, stronger to face global issues, stronger to take its role in the world and also to increase confidence in our economy and in our citizens."
Commission President José Manuel Barroso stated: "We have a treaty that will give us now the capacity to act. Our citizens want results. They want to see in concrete terms what Europe brings them […] I believe we have a treaty that will give us now the capacity to act".
UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown said he was satisfied that his 'red lines' had been respected and that no referendum was needed on the new text: "The British national interest has been protected," he said.
Speaking to journalists prior to the Lisbon summit, he again rejected calls for a referendum on the new text, saying it was fundamentally different from the defunct EU Constitution: "Because we have a very different document with our protocol, with our opt-ins, with our emergency breaks, with all these protections for the British national interest there is no fundamental change and that is why I believe the proper way of discussing this…is parliamentary debate."
He called on EU leaders to "move from that inward-looking institutional discussion to dealing with the major challenges of jobs, prosperity, environmental security and of course security against terrorism".
The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) stated: "ETUC regrets the unambitious nature of much of the EU Reform Treaty. There was a real opportunity to revive social Europe by extending qualified majority voting and by extending the competences of the Union to control the dark side of globalisation and rampant financial capitalism. What we have instead is a series of modest adjustments to the EU’s framework of rules, which will have only a limited impact on the process of deepening Europe’s capacity to act decisively in the world."
Secretary General of the European SME employers' organisation UEAPME, Hans-Werner Müller said: "It is now time to look at the bigger picture: the Reform Treaty will increase both the room for and the speed of manoeuvre of the European institutions, and strengthen the European Union’s voice on the global arena." He added: "Europe cannot afford another slow and painful approval. EU leaders have set the ball rolling tonight – it is now up to Europe’s governments and citizens to keep up the positive momentum. This is an opportunity that cannot be missed under any circumstances."
"When you look at the detail of what has been agreed, it is clear that this is just the old EU Constitution in everything but name," Open Europe Director Neil O'Brien said. The head of the Eurosceptic UK think-tank added: "This will fool no-one. This is the same EU Constitution under a different name, and the governments must keep their promise to hold referendums."
July 2007: Portuguese Presidency opens Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) to draft a new EU 'Reform Treaty' (EURACTIV 24/07/07).
7-8 Sept. 2007: Foreign Ministers hold Treaty talks in Portugal (EURACTIV 10/09/07).
5 Oct. 2007: Legal experts present a new draft of the Treaty (EURACTIV 8/10/07).
15 Oct. 2007: Foreign ministers meet ahead of Lisbon summit (EURACTIV 16/10/07).
18-19 Oct. 2007: Informal EU summit in Lisbon agreed on the new Treaty text.
20 Feb. 2008: European Parliament approves treaty with 525-115 majority.
12 June 2008: Ireland rejects Lisbon Treaty in a referendum.
18 June 2008: UK ratifies Lisbon Treaty, signalling that the EU-wide ratification process continues.
11 Dec. 2008: EU leaders agreed on a package of Irish demands, paving the way for a second referendum (EURACTIV 12/12/08).
24 June 2009: EURACTIV breaks the story that the second Irish referendum will be held on 2 October 2009 (EURACTIV 24/06/09).
8 Sept. 2009: Germany's Bundestag gives the treaty its final seal of approval following approval by the German Constitutional Court (EURACTIV 09/09/09).
11 Nov. 2009: Czech Republic last EU country to sign Lisbon Treaty ratification (EURACTIV 03/11/09).
1 Dec.: Lisbon Treaty enters into force.
Statewatch:The Reform Treaty, le traité « modificatif » : ce qui va changer ?
Euros du Village:Traité Réformateur : le sauvetage des avancées institutionnelles au mépris des peuples?
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Was RAW interested in modern classical music?
And yet, when I read Wilson's work, I see no references to Terry Riley, or "In C," or Steve Reich, or Philip Glass, or John Cage, or John Adams, or any number of people who I would expect Wilson to be interested in. Have I missed something?
On a related note, I have a blog devoted to modern classical music.
When I interviewed RAW he said he was looking forward to listening to George Antheil's Airplane Sonata...In Email To The Universe RAW thinks of Stravinsky as a sound engineer, a sort of scientist of sound...As a close reader of John Lilly's Programming and Metaprogramming In The Human Biocomputer, RAW would've been well versed in Lilly's experiments with white noise and how the brain can "project" sounds that aren't "really there," something that fascinated a lot of modern musicians, from Cage to Eno...although I have no proof, others mentioned Stockhausen and Varese and their connections/interests in secret societies and Sirius...RAW told me an anecdote about Schoenberg that I've shared in email with you, Jackson...some of us consider jazz to be black classical music, and RAW loved MJQ, saw Bird in NY in the early 1950s, mentions Monk, mentions West Irish indigenous music and its odd sonic affinities to No. African music...in the MaybeLogic course Cage's "Roaratorio" came up naturally, in connection with FW...in an interview with New Libertarian in 1976 he mentioned LvB's late quartets (maybe not "modern" the way it's meant by Tom Jackson), and "the less popular and more experimental stuff by Stravinsky."
I think RAW took in a LOT of 20th century art music, but was overall more impressed with Bach, Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Mozart, and esp Beethoven; whether this can be chalked up to imprint vulnerability or something else, is ripe for those of speculative mind.
I wouldn't mind hearing others.
Bob loved Mahler. He makes references to Stravinski as Dr. Johnson mentioned. In general he tends to make comments like "what passes for music" which makes me think he didn't respond to much of the classical tradition after Stravinsky. I don't think he enjoyed jazz as much after the age of thirty as he did in his youth. His top ten cd's included no jazz, and when he came to my house he asked me to put on Beethoven and Bach. Of course, I may have reached an inaccurate conclusion. He may have loved much music I don't know about.
Antheil's Airplane Sonata dates from 1922. Schoenberg's 12-tone style was developed before World War II. What I find interesting is RAW's lack of interest in classical music after 1945. John Cage was a not a minimalist. And if RAW liked complexity, why no mention of, say, Elliott Carter? Perhaps, as Eric suggests, he simply didn't think classical music of the last 50 years was very good, much as I believe rock music has declined precipitously in recent years.
I have some nice Babbitt videos up at my other blog.
It seems useful to me to think of the tuned in and the not tuned in. Bob tuned into Beethoven to a tremendous degree. He didn't tune into much post-Mahler music from the classical continuum. He tuned into jazz as a young man, but he didn't tune into the post-Coletrane continuum.
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Do you find yourself launching the same set of programs every time you login to Mac OS X? Well, save yourself some time, and make these programs launch automatically. Here is how to do it: If you can see the program on your 'Dock', it's quite simple. Simply 'Click and Hold' the mouse button down for a couple seconds, until you see the contextual menu. When it appears, choose 'Open at Login'. Now the next time you login with your account, the program you selected will automatically start. For a bit more control, you can also do this through 'System Preferences->Accounts'. After you open the 'Accounts' pane, in the new window, choose your account, and then click on the 'Login Items' tab. You can drag & drop your program into this area, or click the '+' sign to browse for an app. If you have one there you want to remove, select the app, and click the '-' sign. If you add a check mark next to the 'Hide' box, then you can avoid having that window pop up immediately when you login, and it will run the app in the background.
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Was Bank of England's Governor Mark Carney right to speak his mind on the potential outcome of a UK vote to leave the European Union? I strongly believe so.
The BoE's Monetary Policy Committee said the June 23 referendum posed "the most significant risks to the MPC’s forecast".
A vote to leave the EU could materially alter the outlook for output and inflation, and therefore the appropriate setting of monetary policy. Households could defer consumption and firms delay investment, lowering labour demand and causing unemployment to rise.
At the same time, supply growth is likely to be lower over the forecast period, reflecting slower capital accumulation and the need to reallocate resources. Sterling is also likely to depreciate further, perhaps sharply.
This combination of influences on demand, supply and the exchange rate could lead to a materially lower path for growth and a notably higher path for inflation than in the central projections set out in the May Inflation Report.
This was the BoE's strongest warning yet of the risks in the June 23 referendum, according to Bloomberg.
Such straight talk provides a perfect role model for central bankers in many emerging and developing countries who have been struggling to talk openly about their forecast risks, partly to avoid ruffling politicians' feathers.
Carney's warnings, obviously, left the BoE open to criticism that it is not unbiased.
But Carney could not have sidestepped the issue and in my view he used the right words to defend the MPC's analysis, saying Brexit is the “biggest risk” facing policy makers' remit and the political choice would be to suppress it.
Keeping mum on what the central bank singled out as "the most significant" risk to its economic outlook would have been, in my view, far more irresponsible than speaking openly about the possible consequences of Brexit.
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Does this data sample look normally distributed?
There are a variety of statistical tests that can help us answer this question, however first we should try to visualise the data.
On top of the histogram we have have overlayed the normal probability density distribution using the sample mean and standard deviation.
In the Q-Q plot, we are plotting the quantiles of the sample data against the quantiles of a standard normal distribution. We are looking to see a roughly linear relationship between the sample and the theoretical quantiles.
In this example, we would probably conclude, based on the graphs, that the data is roughly normally distributed (which is true in this case as we randomly generated it from a normal distribution).
It is worth bearing in mind, many data analysis techniques assume normality (linear regression, PCA, etc.) but are still useful even with some deviations from normality.
We can also use several tests for normality. The two most common are the Anderson-Darling test and the Shapiro-Wilk test.
The Null Hypothesis of both these tests is that the data is normally distributed.
The test is based on the distance between the empirical distribution function (EDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the underlying distribution (e.g. Normal). The statistic is the weighted sum of the difference between the EDF and CDF, with more weight applied at the tails (making it better at detecting non-normality at the tails).
As the p-value is above the significance level, we would accept the null hypothesis (normality).
Again, as the p-value is above the significance level, we would accept the null hypothesis (normality).
The Shapiro-Wilk test is slightly more powerful than the Anderson test, but is limited to 5000 samples.
While these tests can be useful, they are not infallible. I would recommend looking at the histogram and Q-Q plots first, and use the tests as another check.
In particular small and large samples sizes can cause problems for the tests.
With a sample size of 10 or less, it is unlikely the test will detect non-normality (e.g. reject the null) even if the distribution is truly non-normal.
With a large sample size of 1000 samples or more, a small deviation from normality (some noise in the sample) may be concluded as significant and reject the null.
Overall your two best tools are the histogram and Q-Q plot. Potentially using the tests as additional indicators.
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Does the disability apply to law enforcement officers?
Yes. The Gun Control Act was amended so that employees of government agencies convicted of misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence would not be exempt from disabilities with respect to their receipt or possession of firearms or ammunition. Thus, law enforcement officers and other government officials who have been convicted of a disqualifying misdemeanor may not lawfully possess or receive firearms or ammunition for any purpose, including performance of their official duties. The disability applies to firearms and ammunition issued by government agencies, purchased by government employees for use in performing their official duties, and personal firearms and ammunition possessed by such employees.
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Accessibility is defined as the ability to reach a place with respect to another place. In this context, accessibility refers to the ease of reaching destinations. People who are in locations that are more accessible will be able to reach activities and destinations faster than those in inaccessible locations. The latter will be unable to reach the same amount of locations in a certain period of time.
Accessibility determines equal access and opportunity. The public transport accessibility level (PTAL) in the United Kingdom, for example, is a method of transport planning that determines the access level of geographical locations in regards to public transportation.
Mobility is the ability to move or be moved freely and easily. Mobility can be thought of in terms of being able to move throughout various levels in society or employment, for example. While mobility focuses on moving people and goods to and from various locations, accessibility is an approach or entrance that is either obtainable or attained. Both forms of transportation modes rely on each other in some way, depending on the scenario, but remain separate entities.
A great example of improving accessibility, rather than mobility, is in the case of a rural transport scenario where water supply is needed at houses far away from the source. Rather than forcing women to travel long distances to gather water (mobility), bringing services to or closer to them is a more efficient effort (accessibility). Distinguishing between the two is critical in creating a sustainable transportation policy, for instance. This type of policy may include a sustainable transportation system which is also referred to as Green Transport and considers, social, environmental, and climate impacts.
Accessibility in regards to geography is an important element in mobility for people, freight, or information. Mobility is determined by people and affects infrastructure, transport policies, and regional development. Transportation systems that offer better opportunities of accessibility are considered well-developed and efficient and have a cause and effect relationship to various social and economic options.
Capacity and arrangement of various transportation options largely determine accessibility, and locations range in terms of equality due to their level of accessibility. The two main components of accessibility in transportation and geography are location and distance.
Spatial analysis is a geographical examination that looks to understand patterns in human behavior and its spatial articulation in mathematical and geometry (known as locational analysis.) Resources in spatial analysis typically surround the development of networks and urban systems, landscapes, and geo-computation, a new field of research to understand spatial data analysis.
In measuring transportation, the ultimate goal is typically around access, so that people can freely reach their desired goods, services, and activities. Decisions around transportations typically include tradeoffs with different types of access, and how it is measured affects larger impacts. To measure transportation system data, there are three approaches some policymakers use, including traffic-based measurements, mobility-based ones, and accessibility-based data. These methods range from tracking vehicle trips and traffic speed to traffic time and general travel costs.
1. Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, The Geography of Transport Systems, Fourth Edition (2017), New York: Routledge, 440 pages.
2. Geographic Information Systems/Science: Spatial Analysis & Modelling, Dartmouth College Library Research Guides.
3. Todd Litman. Measuring Transportation: Traffic, Mobility, and Accessibility. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
4. Paul Barter. The SUSTRAN mailing list.
Do You Know What a Fault Is, in Geography and the Different Types?
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What’s preventing our great medical minds from developing effective cancer treatments? What all successful organizations have in common that is missing in medical research is the following: 1. Access to information. 2. Fast, reliable product development processes. 3. A culture of collaboration.
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Nowadays people are moving to big cities. What are the reasons for it? Is it a good or bad thing. Please provide your opinion and include relevant examples from your personal experience or study.
There is a rapid increase in urbanization (What is the purpose of this clause? It must be placed as a dependent clause – 1) and people migrate to urban places due to better infrastructure and increased work opportunities. I believe it has an adverse effect on an individual.
1. Better sentence structure: With a rapid increase in urbanization, the infrastructure and job opportunities in cities are superior and people prefer to migrate to these areas.
People migrate to distant places (‘Distant places’ is not the same as urban areas.) in search of work. It not only provides them a high salary, but also (provides and various are not parallel) various facilities (It provides them not only higher salary but also various facilities ….) such as exclusive insurance package for themselves and their families, and a cab to commute to the office. This helps them feel comfortable and secured, and also encourages other people to migrate. Furthermore, residential places (This is not the same as urban areas.) have better infrastructure compared to lousy buildings in rural areas. A plethora of recreational activities are also present in them which keeps keep the a person (this is not a specific person but any person) entertained and motivated at the same time. It also helps They also help the person to stay fit.
For instance, since migrating to Delhi from a nearby rural area, I rarely get time to visit my parents who live alone in the village ancestral house. This has compelled them to rely on a caretaker and they suffer from various psychological issues due to a long separation from their children.
To recapitulate, though a high-rise building and a comfortable and secure lifestyle attract a person to urban cities, it impacts the family relations. People often fail to understand the needs of their parents during old age.
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Which category did not win an Oscar for "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf"?
Best Actor - Starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf was released in 1966.
In the 1969 movie "Easy Rider", which role did Jack Nicholson play?
An Attorney - Released in 1969, Easy Rider was written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern.
Which 1968 film follows Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and 5 others who are trapped in a rural farmhouse, which is being attacked by zombies?
Night of the Living Dead - The film was completed on a $114,000 budget.
Who played Dr. Mason Hume in "On a Clear Day You Can See Forever"?
Bob Newhart - The film is about a woman who has ESP and has been reincarnated.
Who was the actor that portrayed Roman general Marc Antony in the 1963 film "Cleopatra"?
Richard Burton - Elizabeth Taylor played the role of Cleopatra.
Which cemetery was mentioned in the 1967 movie, "The Good, The Bad and The Ugly"?
Sad Hill - The Good, The Bad and The Ugly was the third film in the Dollars Trilogy following A Fistful of Dollars (1964) and For a Few Dollars More (1965).
In which of these movies did Sean Connery appear?
The Longest Day - Released in 1962, the film was based on the 1959 history book The Longest Day by Cornelius Ryan.
Which of these films was not released during the sixties?
Dirty Harry - Dirty Harry was released in 1971.
Who had the lead female role in the 1960 movie "The Time Machine"?
Yvette Mimieux - The Time Machine was based on the 1895 novel of the same name by H. G. Wells.
Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn and Stanley Holloway appeared together in which 1964 epic film?
My Fair Lady - The film was based on the stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw.
Who played agent 007 in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service"?
George Lazenby - On Her Majesty's Secret Service was released in 1969.
Which of the following movies ranked number one on the American Film Institute's "100 Years 100 Thrills" list released in 2001?
Psycho - Considered by many to be Hitchcock's best film.
Who was "Paul-Baby" in the 1961 movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's"?
George Peppard - Audrey Hepburn played the role of Holly Golightly.
Among the first 100 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, which movie saw Estelle Parsons win an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche?
Bonnie and Clyde - Directed by Arthur Penn, the movie starred Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway.
Which 1962 American drama film was an adaptation of a novel by Harper Lee?
To Kill a Mockingbird - The movie starred Gregory Peck in the role of Atticus Finch.
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Many people miss work and incur costs of health care due to back pain and neck pains. The problem is widespread in desk work situations where people have to report to a desk job in the morning and stay there up to the evening. On the other hand, back pains cases are prevalent in construction workers, handymen, and renovators, as well as individuals who do menial jobs occasionally. Here are the major causes and preventions for neck and back pains.
People with jobs that require a lot of standing and moving items without regular rest periods will undoubtedly feel the back itch and occasionally find that their backs are too stiff to let them work. Often, the back and neck stiffness comes with extraneous pain for the individual. The primary cause of such pain is the straining of muscles in the neck and back area without sufficient time for resting and restoration of these tissues to their natural state.
Poor posture at work is another primary cause of neck and back pains. People who report neck pains at work may be slouching while reading tiny text on their computer screens. This behavior starts as a joke because everyone says that after slouching they feel nothing. A few months pass by, and the act becomes a habit at the expense of good body posture. The back starts aching frequently, and the neck keeps on being painful for apparently no reason.
People who realize that this scene describes them quickly correct the mistake. They get an ergonomic chair for work, and they adjust the height of their computer screens so that they can sit upright and maintain the hand at a right angle bend when they are typing. The adjustments allow a person to type or use computers for extended hours without significant stress on the back and the neck.
Among the most significant causes of immediate problems, the scoring of causes and preventions for neck and back pains would not be complete without poor traveling habits. Travelers often find that their heads will be in an awkward position for long. They need neck pillows to help sustain their heads to improve their ergonomics and prevent subsequent neck pain. In some cases, car seats or airplane seats offer little or no legroom and no reclining options for the back.
When this is the case, the travel becomes so uncomfortable, and a person gets neck and back pains at the end of the journey. The solution to this problem is to avoid traveling in cramped spaces and to space out the trip so that there is always room to relax and stretch after few hours.
The list is not exhaustive. It is not even ten points. Nevertheless, it represents the most common causes of neck and back pains while also offering the best way to address the problem both before or after it occurs. Keep in mind that excessive back pain or neck pain for a long time would warrant a call to a doctor for an additional diagnosis.
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(CNN) In the early morning hours Thursday [1/24/19], several busloads of migrants were dropped off on Highway 2 in Mexico, just south of the Arizona border.
In December, Customs and Border Protection Commissioner Kevin McAleenan raised concerns that a new trend was emerging of very large groups of migrants arriving at the southern border by bus and unloading in remote areas.
"So far in this fiscal year, and this has been a brand-new phenomenon this fiscal year, we have started to see extremely large groups arrive together several times, usually once or twice a week since about mid-October," said McAleenan in December.
The trend appears to be continuing into the new year.
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Information about which players led the NBA with more total points in the 2000 Playoffs, including leaders, average, totals and games played.
Who had the most total points in the 2000 Playoffs?
Playing for the Los Angeles Lakers, Shaquille O'Neal led the NBA with a total of 707 points in 23 games .
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Can you solve the riddle ?
I am a word of ten letters.
My first three letters are the last thing God created.
My 4th, 5th and 6th letters always goes up and never comes down.
My 7th, 8th and 9th letters is the plural of my first three letters.
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Experience the magic of West India with the West India tour package.
The western part of India is unique in its own way. The states in the western side of India include Gujarat, Goa and Maharashtra that have their own distinct identity and define the culture of India. The west India tour package allows you to explore the cultural and traditional heritage of the west side. The states have diverse religions, traditions and lifestyles. One should visit these states to see how diverse cultures can be within the same country yet how peacefully they co-exist.
Visit the state of Gujarat, which is famous for its wildlife sanctuaries and ancient temples. Also famous are its colorful fairs and festivals that showcase the vibrant culture of India. Next destination would be Maharashtra, which is famous for its ancient temples of Ajanta and Ellora and many other famous tourist destinations. Glide down to Goa, which is famous all over the world for its beautiful golden beaches and have a blast there. What are you waiting for? Pack your bags and come visit West India right now.
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Našli jsme další záznamy k osobě יוסף אדרי.
יוסף אדרי je pohřben(a) na hřbitově New Kiryat Shmona Cemetery v místě zobrazeném na níže uvedené mapě. Tyto informace o GPS jsou k dispozici POUZE na stránkách BillionGraves. Naše technologie vám pomůže najít umístění hrobu a také další členy rodiny, pohřbené poblíž.
יוסף אדרי was 8 years old when World War II: Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Nazi Germany is the common English name for Germany between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party (NSDAP) controlled the country through a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany was transformed into a totalitarian state that controlled nearly all aspects of life via the Gleichschaltung legal process. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich until 1943 and Großdeutsches Reich from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany is also known as the Third Reich, from German Drittes Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", the first two being the Holy Roman Empire and the German Empire. The Nazi regime ended after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.
יוסף אדרי was 24 years old when Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
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Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver is a 1999 action game and sequel to Blood Omen: Legacy of Kain. It was ported to the Sega Dreamcast in 2000.
Soul Reaver was developed by Crystal Dynamics, which had worked alongside Silicon Knights and Activision in the development of Blood Omen. After various disputes covering the direction and ownership of the franchise, Soul Reaver emerged as a property of the company, which was subsequently bought out by Eidos Interactive.
Unlike Blood Omen which is a top-down 2D action game, Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver is a 3D third-person "Metroidvania" action game, where the player, Raziel, travels across the world of Nosgoth seeking to harvest the souls of the vampires, led by Kain, who betrayed him. Throughout the adventure Raziel obtains new powers and abilities allowing him to access new parts of the map. A mechanic also exists to allow the player to shift between the "material" and "spectral" world.
Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver was set to be followed up by Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver 2 on the Dreamcast, however Soul Reaver 2 would jump platforms to the PlayStation 2 and PC before being released in October 2001.
Soul Reaver was originally developed with the PlayStation in mind, and for its time was highly regarded for its seamless open-world levels (i.e. being able to traverse from one of the map the other without the need for loading screens) and sound design.
The Dreamcast version builds on what is seen on the PlayStation, running at 640x480 while targeting 60FPS (versus the 512x240 resolution of the PlayStation, where the game would target 30FPS). Draw distances are improved and polygon counts are increased for major characters such as Raziel and Kane (though levels and enemies use the same geometry as the PlayStation).
Textures are generally more compressed on the Dreamcast and exhibit compression artifacts not seen in the PlayStation version, however in other cases (such as on Raziel's character model) the textures were upgraded. The lack of affine texture warping, common in 3D PlayStation games (and the aforementioned increase in screen resolution) generally leads to a better picture on the Dreamcast overall.
Both the PlayStation and Dreamcast fail to reach their target frame rate most of the time. On the PlayStation, busy scenes cause slowdown, with the frame rate dipping to between 20 and 30FPS. On the Dreamcast, a double-buffer V-sync option is used, meaning that when the game cannot handle 60FPS, it immediately targets 30FPS, creating a more jarring experience as it attempts to avoid screen tearing. This affects the Dreamcast most in larger environments, though dips can occur whenever there is too much on screen.
Some effects, such as the snow, are hard-coded to update at 30FPS. Controls are also less fluid than on the PlayStation, due in part to the lack of buttons and second analogue stick. On the Dreamcast, the camera is mapped to the D-Pad, meaning it is more awkward to both move and control the camera at the same time.
While also ported to the PC, the PC version stems directly from the PlayStation original, and lacks the dynamic music of the console versions and higher resolution display of the Dreamcast version. Frame rate is also capped at 30FPS at all times.
A significant amount of content was cut from Soul Reaver, in part due to development deadlines, but also due to technical challenges posed with the PlayStation hardware. The Dreamcast version does not re-add any of the missing content, which means the remnants of these missing features, such as corridors with dead ends, are still present.
Main article: Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver/Magazine articles.
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What is the top speed a smart car will go?
What's the fastest naturally aspirated car?
Highest top speed (naturally aspirated engine): 1992-98 McLaren F1 - 391.23 km/h (243 mph)Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/...Very very easy to find using an Internet search engine.
Can this come close to the speed of light?
Is there any proof for the speed of electricity (i.e. the speed of light)?
Which force is proportional to speed?
What is the average running speed of a human?
What is the speed of light compared to the speed of electricity?
What is the fastest possible typing speed?
What would the theoretical maximum speed be if we could build and use a Alcubierre drive?
How long can a human run at maximum speed?
Is the speed of lighting the same speed as light?
How does speed affect distance?
How do we know the speed of light is the maximum speed?
What speed does electricity travel at? Is it possible to travel at that speed?
Science Fiction (genre): What's faster; Star Wars hyperspace or Star Trek warp speed?
This isn't a science-fiction question, because Star Wars isn't a science-fiction story. It's a fantasy story that happens to be set in space. I feel like I've written this a dozen times on Quora by now, but Star Wars is not science-fiction.Science-fiction, as a genre, generally tries to explain everything with real-world, if far-fetched, science. Star Trek does this.
Can we see a star travelling away from us with the speed of light?
What travels as fast as light could?
What speed do we travel through spacetime?
Easy. Nothing moves in spacetime, we are world-line bundles of all our constituent atoms.Now if you look at space alone, we move locally at less than c for all observers. And if you look at time alone, we move at one second per second, forward in time.
If speed of light travels at the speed of causality, does that mean a boy on a plane travelling at 99.999% would not be able to walk as the universe speed limit has been reached?
Is warp and light speed the same?
Is there a road where one side can go faster than the other?
Would it ever be possible to make a spaceship travel at the speed of light?
The other three answers (as of 6/14/15) are correct, but leave the reader wondering why. I would like to explain why from the Quantum Field Theory point of view. Using QFT to explain relativistic effects that otherwise make no sense is what I call the "bottom-up" approach, as opposed to Einstein's "top-down" approach.
A car drives at a speed of 40km/hour. How much distance will it cover in 40 minutes?
Can a car ever reach the speed of light?
What is the exact speed of Tachyon and how is it found?
What is the maximum speed we can travel in vacuum?
Is the Speed Force a propulsion source?
Speed Force is a separate Dimension that exists outside space and time, outside the Multiverse, it's a power source where a lot of the DC speedsters get their powers.How does Speed Force work and make Flash's move faster?
1195 | How do perceptions change?
3825 | What are some good places to visit near Edinburgh, Scotland?
5023 | What's one event that completely changed your outlook on life?
5809 | What time of year is it best to visit Algeria?
7018 | How is the student culture different between BYU and SVU?
2979 | What is it like regret loving someone?
4484 | How do countries ally with the US?
1499 | Why do the most people have a better impression on Africa cities than India?
6296 | What will you never know for sure?
6203 | How would South Africa be better off without apartheid?
6415 | As an atheist, how do you explain the Enfield Poltergeist, with it being such a big thing?
9317 | What is a better state: Texas or North Carolina?
1228 | What should I know before going to Iran?
6606 | What's a life lesson you wish that you knew before you turned 50?
7378 | How was your solo trip experience to Kerala?
542 | If you travel to a new country, where do you look for places to see?
5913 | Have you ever had a culture shock when you stayed with another family?
805 | What is your biggest cultural shock from visiting Amazon?
4244 | Have you ever wanted something very bad?
3978 | Why don't people claim to see ghosts in hospitals where a lot of people have died?
1414 | What if Poland had accepted Hitlers ultimatum?
6604 | Does South Africa have the best infrastructure in Africa?
1915 | Have you ever hurt someone and felt good about it?
434 | How have your views of life changed since you were younger?
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0.980423 |
Block 5 Falcon 9 is said to be the "final iteration" of the reusable rocket, with potential to handle far more launches than its predecessor, and could one day be used to carry astronauts to space.
The Article from SpaceX Postpones Launch of SES-12 satellite.
SpaceX is preparing again to launch a Falcon 9 rocket carrying the SES-12 spacecraft after its Friday launch was canceled for additional testing. SpaceX won't attempt to recover the first stage after the launch. The weather appears favorable, with a 70 percent chance of "go" conditions.
If this launch of SpaceX would not have taken place on Monday, the following window was scheduled for Tuesday, 5 June. The first stage is back on the launch pad Sunday for its second flight. So we're going really high.
Now, the reports from the authentic sources suggest that the company is planning an imminent unveiling of the Galaxy Note 9 . Samsung Galaxy A6 + features a 6-inch Super AMOLED display with the resolution of 1080 x 2,220, an aspect ratio of 18:9.
Democrats also want Montana's House seat, held by Greg Gianforte, a Republican known for assaulting a reporter previous year . If no candidate achieves that, 1,000 delegates will choose a the party's nominee at the state convention on June 16th.
He will now relocate from Indianapolis to the XFL's headquarters in CT as he prepares for the league's launch in 2020. The 58-year-old was the director of athletics at West Virginia for four years before joining the NCAA in 2014.
Halliwell said SES-12, built by Airbus Defense and Space, combines features that would have required two spacecraft just a few years ago, providing direct-to-home television and other communications services through six beams covering an enormous area with multiple beams providing broadband connectivity. According to SES, the satellites will provide pay-TV operators the reliability and scalability to elevate viewing experiences by adding more content and delivering higher-quality picture quality to address the ever-increasing audience demand for HD and Ultra HD content. SES-12 is designed for an operational life of some 15 years.
'So five seconds more to burn, a little bit more fuel, and it completely changes the dynamics of the project'.
"We believe there are one billion people in the Asia-Pacific market who still do not have good connectivity to the devices they hold in their hands", said John-Paul Hemingway, CEO of SES Networks. "Ironically, we need to take it apart to confirm it does not need to be taken apart".
International Trade Secretary Liam Fox said the response to the United States tariffs must be "measured and proportionate". Prime Minister Justin Trudeau later met steel executives and said: "We are going to stand up for our workers".
Destiny 2's big new expansion should also considerably shake-up the current state of the game with a host of changes. The future's suddenly looking a lot brighter for Destiny 2 off the back of Bungie's latest livestream.
Prior to the World Cup, Belgium play friendly warm-up matches against Egypt on Wednesday and Costa Rica next Monday. A Cristiano Ronaldo-less Portugal side withstood heavy pressure from Belgium to come away with a goalless draw .
There is little doubt that Belgium will pose the biggest threat to England in the group stages. We weigh most days when we get up and that's normally my fighting weight".
If you have an iPhone do you welcome these changes? Also shown off as a new app called "Measure" that uses AR to measure objects. Apple is also offering tools to give multiple users a different view of the same digital objects viewed from different angles.
Melania Trump's more than three-week absence has spurred conspiracy theories, including that she has moved back to NY . President's wife well, the public didn't strongly believe and have advanced different theories of her disappearance.
Three women who participated in a 1990 protest of the driving ban also were arrested but have since been released . The authorities and the crown prince have attempted to promote themselves as reformers.
Coach, the American maker of high-end luxury goods, announced on Monday that it would buy rival Kate Spade in a $2.4 billion deal. Her impact on the fashion and accessories world will forever be felt by those who knew her and those who were fans of her work.
ITV4 (Sky channel 120) will show Nadal's clash with Gasquet, which will take place on Philippe Chatrier - no earlier than 1.30pm. Third-seeded Garbine Muguruza of Spain has crushed Samantha Stosur 6-0, 6-2 to advance to the fourth round of the French Open .
Some 84 per cent of its steel exports, worth $9.0 billion, were sent south previous year , according to Statistics Canada. By the time I finish trade talks, that will change, ' Trump promised in a tweet Monday morning.
She awaits the victor of Muguruza-Tsurenko. "She's a true champion and she'll work hard and she'll want to get back". Williams hadn't played in a Grand Slam tournament in 16 months, after giving birth to her daughter last September.
Google's G Suite makeover is aimed at saving businesses email hours, opens and time spent on notifications. It also integrated Calendar, Tasks, Keep, and Add-ons to enable use of these apps from within Gmail.
Mesmerizing video captured by a US Geological Survey helicopter shows the shallow bay rapidly filling in with cooling lava. The lava pushed into beach lots in Kapoho, which has about 350 homes and Vacationland, which has about 150.
Apple also said that iOS 12 will make older devices faster, more responsive and generally more efficient. Users can also set time limits for apps and when time is up, they are notified.
ZTE was not among the firms that received access to Facebook data, but it has been the subject of USA national security concerns. Mark Warner, a Virginia Democrat, says he wants to know how Facebook ensured data was not transferred to Chinese servers.
The patients in this group were randomly assigned to chemotherapy with supplemental hormone therapy or just hormone therapy alone. The study published on Sunday, on which early-stage breast cancer patients can forgo chemo, is by far the most impactful so far.
If it's extremely urgent, then your only option is by taking your Apple Watch to Apple itself. Apple is set to release a new version of WatchOS with, unsurprisingly, new fitness features .
Amid the rising tensions with Gaza, the Israeli military is conducting a multi-day exercise in southern Israel. More than 120 Palestinians have been killed by Israeli soldiers using live ammunition on protesters.
The conference is set to deliberate on whether the June 12 meeting that has been cancelled by President Trump can be reinstated. The US and global press were on the ground to record one of the most significant achievements in the US-North Korea diplomacy.
How much time we have, I don't know. "We are not surprised [by Iran's announcement]", he said in a video statement. In return, Iran received relief from sanctions, most of which were dropped in January 2016.
The 12-time grand slam victor was stunned in the quarter-finals at Roland Garros by world No.72 Marco Cecchinato . That Cecchinato would be a semifinal participant was far harder to predict.
It relies on authorities given to the executive branch in the Defense Production Act of 1950 and the Federal Power Act. Coal stocks rose on news of the draft plan.
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0.936944 |
What is the cost to store your records or should you have them scanned?
A whole box of files can usually be stored for less than 50 cents per month. Suppose it costs $200 to scan a box of 100 files. However, the whole box can be stored for less than 50 cents per month paid monthly. You can store the whole box for many years for the cost of scanning one file. The cost of scanning the files is also paid up front, which is sometimes a cash flow burden.
However, the true cost of storing files is also determined by how many times a file is retrieved. If a file is retrieved often, then you might want to scan. Many record storage companies offer the ability to "scan on demand". That is a situation where you call to retrieve a file and the record storage company scans that file and emails it to you at that time. Then only one of the files of the box is scanned, rather than the whole box.
Call the record storage companies in your area for a free quote for the cost of all their services. Talk with them about how often you retrieve files and what is the best solution for you.
Other costs to consider in the scanning versus professional off-site storage.
If your files are needed back in your hands immediately and you have no notice of when you need a file, then scanning is the way to go. Files (scanned documents) are immediately available on your desktop. Scanned documents can be viewed by more than one person at a time which is sometimes necessary. In that case, all documents which might be needed in that manner should be scanned. A similar, but more extreme example is if the second person who needs to immediately view a file is actually at a different location, then the scales are tipped further in the case of scanning.
There are further benefits associated with security and accessibility.
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0.966596 |
Provides practical examples showing how to work with text in applications, covering such topics as proper name recognition, clustering, tagging, full-text search, and information extraction.
Create data mining algorithms About This Book Develop a strong strategy to solve predictive modeling problems using the most popular data mining algorithms Real-world case studies will take you from novice to intermediate to apply data mining techniques Deploy cutting-edge sentiment analysis techniques to real-world social media data using R Who This Book Is For This Learning Path is for R developers who are looking to making a career in data analysis or data mining. Those who come across data mining problems of different complexities from web, text, numerical, political, and social media domains will find all information in this single learning path. What You Will Learn Discover how to manipulate data in R Get to know top classification algorithms written in R Explore solutions written in R based on R Hadoop projects Apply data management skills in handling large data sets Acquire knowledge about neural network concepts and their applications in data mining Create predictive models for classification, prediction, and recommendation Use various libraries on R CRAN for data mining Discover more about data potential, the pitfalls, and inferencial gotchas Gain an insight into the concepts of supervised and unsupervised learning Delve into exploratory data analysis Understand the minute details of sentiment analysis In Detail Data mining is the first step to understanding data and making sense of heaps of data. Properly mined data forms the basis of all data analysis and computing performed on it. This learning path will take you from the very basics of data mining to advanced data mining techniques, and will end up with a specialized branch of data mining—social media mining. You will learn how to manipulate data with R using code snippets and how to mine frequent patterns, association, and correlation while working with R programs. You will discover how to write code for various predication models, stream data, and time-series data. You will also be introduced to solutions written in R based on R Hadoop projects. Now that you are comfortable with data mining with R, you will move on to implementing your knowledge with the help of end-to-end data mining projects. You will learn how to apply different mining concepts to various statistical and data applications in a wide range of fields. At this stage, you will be able to complete complex data mining cases and handle any issues you might encounter during projects. After this, you will gain hands-on experience of generating insights from social media data. You will get detailed instructions on how to obtain, process, and analyze a variety of socially-generated data while providing a theoretical background to accurately interpret your findings. You will be shown R code and examples of data that can be used as a springboard as you get the chance to undertake your own analyses of business, social, or political data. This Learning Path combines some of the best that Packt has to offer in one complete, curated package. It includes content from the following Packt products: Learning Data Mining with R by Bater Makhabel R Data Mining Blueprints by Pradeepta Mishra Social Media Mining with R by Nathan Danneman and Richard Heimann Style and approach A complete package with which will take you from the basics of data mining to advanced data mining techniques, and will end up with a specialized branch of data mining—social media mining.
A concise, hands-on guide with many practical examples and a detailed treatise on inference and social science research that will help you in mining data in the real world. Whether you are an undergraduate who wishes to get hands-on experience working with social data from the Web, a practitioner wishing to expand your competencies and learn unsupervised sentiment analysis, or you are simply interested in social data analysis, this book will prove to be an essential asset. No previous experience with R or statistics is required, though having knowledge of both will enrich your experience.
Language—that is, oral or written content that references abstract concepts in subtle ways—is what sets us apart as a species, and in an age defined by such content, language has become both the fuel and the currency of our modern information society. This has posed a vexing new challenge for linguists and engineers working in the field of language-processing: how do we parse and process not just language itself, but language in vast, overwhelming quantities? Modern Computational Models of Semantic Discovery in Natural Language compiles and reviews the most prominent linguistic theories into a single source that serves as an essential reference for future solutions to one of the most important challenges of our age. This comprehensive publication benefits an audience of students and professionals, researchers, and practitioners of linguistics and language discovery. This book includes a comprehensive range of topics and chapters covering digital media, social interaction in online environments, text and data mining, language processing and translation, and contextual documentation, among others.
Master modern web and network data modeling: both theory and applications. In Web and Network Data Science, a top faculty member of Northwestern University’s prestigious analytics program presents the first fully-integrated treatment of both the business and academic elements of web and network modeling for predictive analytics. Some books in this field focus either entirely on business issues (e.g., Google Analytics and SEO); others are strictly academic (covering topics such as sociology, complexity theory, ecology, applied physics, and economics). This text gives today's managers and students what they really need: integrated coverage of concepts, principles, and theory in the context of real-world applications. Building on his pioneering Web Analytics course at Northwestern University, Thomas W. Miller covers usability testing, Web site performance, usage analysis, social media platforms, search engine optimization (SEO), and many other topics. He balances this practical coverage with accessible and up-to-date introductions to both social network analysis and network science, demonstrating how these disciplines can be used to solve real business problems.
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Julius Malema: A fascist or racial nationalist?
That Julius Malema and his EFF share much with the fascists of the previous century cannot be gainsaid: a muscular and integral nationalism, a sense of racial exclusivity, a commitment to destroy political enemies, a wish to reorganise the economy, an authoritarian leadership, and at least a hint of militarism.
Even the EFF's penchant for uniforms harks back to the Brownshirts of Hitler's Germany and the Blackshirts of Mussolini's Italy, as does Malema's redemptive and at times racist rhetoric.
But Malema operates in a very different context. Unlike the original fascists, those he appeals to are not anxious about modernity or fearful of the left. To be sure, Malema comes from the left, or at least claims to.His concern is historical injustice. More than that, he is comfortable with existing state institutions, appreciates nonviolent parliamentary methods and welcomes judicial independence, a free press and free elections.
There is, then, much about Malema that is not fascist. He slots far better into the category of racial nationalist, with populist leanings. Distinctions between left and right matter less for him than the cleavage between elites and "the people". In this he employs the language of Marine le Pen and Geert Wilders. Identity and exclusion inform his politics. Importantly, his rhetoric is Africanist in a racist sense.
Rhetoric of this sort can cement cracks among the majority (the insiders) and paper over class divisions. It is seductive. It strikes the right chord and resonates with our history by revealing apartheid's legacies. But such rhetoric threatens to undermine the fragile "Rainbow Nation".
Given our demography and our past, racial nationalism is perhaps inevitable. Tolerance was, however, sufficiently deep (thanks in part to the Freedom Charter) to construct the "Rainbow Nation" in 1994. But this social contract unravelled, initially under President Thabo Mbeki. A more threatening discourse began, one that defined who was in and who was out. We have seen this vividly in anti-Indian and anti-coloured rhetoric, in xenophobic action and violence against foreigners and, more latterly, in a discourse that targets whites.
As early as 2002 Mbongeni Ngema released an anti-Indian song, AmaiNiya, and five years later, Fikile Mbalula, then ANC Youth League president, contended that transformation had turned the University of KwaZulu-Natal "into nothing but Bombay". In similar vein, Mzwanele Manyi suggested that there were too many Indians in KwaZulu-Natal, and an "over-concentration" of coloureds in the Western Cape.
Malema, too, appears to be ready to punt racial nationalism by employing identity politics when seeking scapegoats. In 2010, when he was leader of the ANC Youth League, he made references to amakula (a derogatory term for Indians) and, more recently, he has described whites as central to South Africa's problems. He even added the qualification "at least not for now" after claiming that blacks were not calling for the slaughter of whites.
President Cyril Ramaphosa has until Thursday to revoke Jacob Zuma's "deal" on state-funded legal fees or face a court challenge.
"No white person," he says, "is a rightful owner of land in South Africa and the whole of the African continent." As far as he is concerned, whites unhappy with expropriation of land without compensation can "go to hell".
Malema's discourse reflects wider intellectual currents. But his oeuvre is not classically fascist. He shares none of the innovative thinking associated with serious fascist thinkers. On the other hand, as was the case with many European fascists, Malema's political instincts are impressive. He shares with them an ability to build alliances and co-operate with elites. Political space is, after all, necessary for success. His populism and hostility towards whites find fertile ground in a society with glaring racial inequality and poverty.
Today Malema holds a sword over whites. Will he abandon respect for democratic liberties in a violent search for redemption and internal cleansing? We do not know.
What we do know is that historically the trajectory of each fascist movement has been related to the national context, cultural traditions and contingent circumstances. Malema knows and understands this well.
'We're a country of second chances' writes Sindiso Maluku in an open letter to NPA boss Shaun Abrahams.
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please excuse my poor english, but i will try it to explain.
Do not implement an universe wide currency made by the administration.
Give each organisation the possibilety to create a own crypto currency. but make it expensiv to launch.
now create a universe wide online market where you can exchange every currency instant.
the material trade market owners can now choose which currency they accept.
at least there will be just a few stabil currency with huge organisations in the background.
If you implement this idea there will be more room for politics and economy dependencies.
Implementiert nicht eine unviersumsweite Währung welche von der Administration eingeführt wurde.
Gebt jeder organisation die möglichkeit eine eigene Crypto Währung zu erschaffen. Diese zu starten soll aber kostspielig sein.
Lasst sie alle möglichen parameter dieser cryptowährung aussuchen, wie viele geldeinheiten sollen existieren und in welcher zeit anwachen und und und aber lasst die production der währung geld kosten.
Nun brauchen wir einen unversumsweiten online markt wo man die cryptowährungen in echtzeit tauschen kann und angebote abgeben kann.
Die Besitzer der Rohstoffmärkte sollen die Währung auswählen können, die sie am markt akzeptieren.
am ende bleiben nur ein paar stabile währungen übrig mit mächtigen organisationen im hintergrund.
Dies würde politik und ökonomie weiter intensivieren.
Okay thank you for the fast answer.
this is for first the reasonable way to handle it.
I think the idea went over everyone's heads though.
If a cryptocurrency where to work in DU there would have to be several factors involved to make it successful.
2. A way of pinning value (tying the cryptocurrency to an in-game resource, a certain amount of credits, etc.) This is also problematic, as it would require either A: the company backing the currency having these resources in advance or B: the company using the cryptocurrency that it has as a way of raising funds to do other deals to eventually amass enough money/resources to back the currency, similar to the way banks loan and deal on debt.
Note for 2: This could just be a starting point, and then having the currency payed for online with in-game currency and real world currency, but most probably this pinning of value will have to continue for the duration of the currencies life time.
Also, making it so that each company could make it's own in-game currency would make it incredibly difficult to play, like early Europe, having to trade between dozens, if not hundreds of minor currencies would make it difficult for everyday players and near impossible for new players.
So... You take energy to produce a "d0llar or Euroi"... And you can convert it back to energy?
@Rafiki if you're really interested in pursuing a cryptocurrency project in DU, let me know. I know that I've discussed some of my ideas with @Caesares recently, but a project like this will take quite a long time to put together.
Yes, I am very interested. One of these projects could be an interesting first in not just gaming, but the world. There are definite difficulties to making one, but there are also definite rewards.
You can make your own currency, but in a lot of cases I don't think it would be worth any of the benefits for how much work you'd have to put into it.
For that it's just easier to track peoples contributions in some file and then just trade those virtually. No big deal.
A points system is useful when the organization doesn't have money to give to it's members, but has a lot of other resources to trade.
Example: The org has a lot of metal but is low on rubber and money, and they need rubber to make ships to fight in the war. People who give rubber to the org can't be compensated with money because the org will run out of money. If the org gives "org currency" for giving rubber, the members giving rubber can trade the "org currency" for metal at a higher rate than they would be able to using money.
In this example, if the org doesn't have their own currency, the only other option is to try to sell the metal for money and use the money to buy rubber; but that may not be possible if they're getting blockaded from the market or something, which seems like something that would happen in this game.
There will be enough currency fluctuations going on with one currency, let alone an infinite number of them.
Exactly, and if you just use this system for everything you have a virtual currency, no need for a predefined system by NQ.
no no no no no lol I don't think NQ should code in another currency into the game, or some custom currency system. If they did that you'd probably have a bunch of yahoos making a million different currencies and it would get real stupid real fast.
The org currency would be Fiat money. So just like the federal reserve in the US, they can give out as much of their currency as they want, but the value of each unit of currency goes down for each unit of currency added. Other markets are not involved in the process of them making more of their own money.
The fact that they won't be getting any Quanta (which is what I'm told the DU official money will be called), is why they have their own currency in the first place.
I was too referring to game mechanics made by nq.
Well, yes - that's why they do it.
All in saying is that there's no need for such mechanics as orgs can already do that, even without a game. It's not as convenient, true, but possible.
And as NQ won't go for multiple currencies because of said problems, I can only see this happening via some virtual currency.
To my understanding the goal of creating a cryptocurrency for DU would be that you can program it to have certain properties, so that the currency is useful in DU.
With that players could program their own currencies externaly to generate coins based on values from this API where the value is tethered to the amount of Quanta an org has, or iron, or DACs, or any other value you can get from this API.
Since the value is practally "hard coded" into the currency it would be very reliable asset for trading.
But that’s only the beginning. With smart contracts even more things are possible. Maybe someone wants to create a DAU in DU.
I’m actually a big fan of Ethereum myself. They also provide a very simple way to create so called ERC20 tokens based on the Ethereum-platform.
They seem also quite successful as there are currently 5892 different currencys based on ERC20!
This might even be a much better platform than with ERC20 tokens. I’m not really an expert on this, but I look forward to see yamamushi will come up with for our DU-cryptocurrency!
I agree total and lets not forget the real world system !@#$ = you may not be to happy if your currency doesn't match up with the big organizations! The currency ratio will be all over the place like in the real world now. Lets have fun and just keep its simple and if you prefer to use something different you could use the old darter type system over currency.
yeah you could do a lot of stuff with it - all I'm saying is that NQ only wants ONE currency ingame (quanta) so they won't implement anything that would benefit your cause in creating a currency yourself. So the ONLY way you could do it, is via some virtual stuff you keep track of yourself. Doable, but a lot of work.
Not a good idea. Multiple currencies only cause more (pointless) work to convert them.
Even in real life, the multiple different currencies is just a thing from the past, and the only thing it causes is lower the trade efficiency.
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Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy. Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services.
Energy development is the effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms for supply, cost, impact on air pollution and water pollution, mitigation of climate change with renewable energy.
Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services.
This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning. Level of use of external energy sources differs across societies, as do the climate, convenience, levels of traffic congestion, pollution and availability of domestic energy sources.
All terrestrial energy sources except nuclear, geothermal and tidal are from current solar insolation or from fossil remains of plant and animal life that relied directly and indirectly upon sunlight, respectively.
Ultimately, solar energy itself is the result of the Sun's nuclear fusion.
Geothermal power from hot, hardened rock above the magma of the Earth's core is the result of the decay of radioactive materials present beneath the Earth's crust, and nuclear fission relies on man-made fission of heavy radioactive elements in the Earth's crust; in both cases these elements were produced in supernova explosions before the formation of the solar system.
In 2008, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewable, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from hydroelectricity.
New renewable (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuel) accounted for another 2.7% and are growing very rapidly.
The share of renewable in electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewable. Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 158 (GW) in 2009, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.
Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert. The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel.
Ethanol fuel is also widely available in the USA, the world's largest producer in absolute terms, although not as a percentage of its total motor fuel use.
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development. Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems configured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas.
More than 30 million rural households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scale digesters. Biomass cook stoves are used by 160 million households.
Climate change concerns, coupled with high oil prices, peak oil, and increasing government support, are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization.
New government spending, regulation and policies helped the industry weather the 2009 economic crisis better than many other sectors.
An obscure compound known as pyrophosphite could have been a source of energy that allowed the first life on Earth to form) (New Theory for Life’s First Energy Source, Corey Zah).
Researchers at the University of Leeds have uncovered new clues to the origins of life on Earth.
The team found that a compound known as pyrophosphite may have been an important energy source for primitive life forms.
There are several conflicting theories of how life on Earth emerged from inanimate matter billions of years ago – a process known as abiogenesis.
"It's a chicken and egg question," said Dr Terry Kee of the University of Leeds, who led the research. "Scientists are in disagreement over what came first – replication, or metabolism. But there is a third part to the equation – and that is energy."
All living things require a continual supply of energy in order to function. This energy is carried around our bodies within certain molecules, one of the best known being ATP*, which converts heat from the sun into a useable form for animals and plants.
At any one time, the human body contains just 250g of ATP – this provides roughly the same amount of energy as a single AA battery. This ATP store is being constantly used and regenerated in cells via a process known as respiration, which is driven by natural catalysts called enzymes.
"You need enzymes to make ATP and you need ATP to make enzymes," explained Dr Kee. "The question is: where did energy come from before either of these two things existed? We think that the answer may lie in simple molecules such as pyrophosphite which is chemically very similar to ATP, but has the potential to transfer energy without enzymes."
The key to the battery-like properties of both ATP and pyrophosphite is an element called phosphorus, which is essential for all living things. Not only is phosphorus the active component of ATP, it also forms the backbone of DNA and is important in the structure of cell walls.
But despite its importance to life, it is not fully understood how phosphorus first appeared in our atmosphere. One theory is that it was contained within the many meteorites that collided with the Earth billions of years ago.
"Phosphorus is present within several meteoritic minerals and it is possible that this reacted to form pyrophosphite under the acidic, volcanic conditions of early Earth," added Dr Kee.
The findings, published in the journal Chemical Communications, are the first to suggest that pyrophosphite may have been relevant in the shift from basic chemistry to complex biology when life on earth began. Since completing this research, Dr Kee and his team have found even further evidence for the importance of this molecule and now hope to team up with collaborators from NASA to investigate its role in abiogenesis.
Animal and human cell contain and this small structure named mitochondria.
Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA). In humans, as in most multi cellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited only from the mother's ovum.
Mitochondrial inheritance is therefore non-Mendelian, as Mendelian inheritance presumes that half the genetic material of a fertilized egg (zygote) derives from each parent.
Eighty percent of mitochondrial DNA codes for functional mitochondrial proteins, and therefore most mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to functional problems, which may be manifested as muscle disorders (myopathies).
Understanding the genetic mutations that affect mitochondria can help us to understand the inner workings of cells and organisms, as well as helping to suggest methods for successful therapeutic tissue and organ cloning, and to treatments or possibly cures for many devastating muscular disorders.
Because they provide 36 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule in contrast to the 2 ATP molecules produced by glycolysis, mitochondria are essential to all higher organisms for sustaining life. The mitochondrial diseases are genetic disorders carried specifically in mitochondrial DNA; slight problems with any one of the numerous enzymes used by the mitochondria can be devastating to the cell, and in turn, to the organism.
The pyrophosphite and human mitochondria are the principal motors of the human energetic processes.
We should better understand these processes, to can prolong our life.
Man started to use biomass for energy on the day that our ancestors discovered fire, and used it for cooking. Biomass is actually just another word for biological-mass. Biomass is anything that has been grown or has lived, except for fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas etc). Fossil fuels were of course created by the decay of living organisms many millennia ago in pre-history and are biomass in that sense, but these are not included within the term 'biomass' as used by renewable energy experts (Petrescu 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2012).
Biomass takes many forms; some of the most well known are: wood, straw, bio waste, wood chip, waste paper, organic slurries from the processing of foodstuffs, livestock farming, sewage treatment, etc.
So biomass can also be grown as a crop for use as fuel. If the biomass is to be grown it will need to be selected to be of high calorific value (give of lots of heat when burnt), grow fast, need little fertilizing or watering, require low power requirements during growing and be cheaply harvested. However, the growing of biomass to use as biofuel on a large scale would have the effect of reducing available land for food crops.
Technologically advanced societies have become increasingly dependent on external energy sources for transportation, the production of many manufactured goods, and the delivery of energy services. This energy allows people who can afford the cost to live under otherwise unfavorable climatic conditions through the use of heating, ventilation, and/or air conditioning.
All terrestrial energy sources except nuclear, geothermal and tidal are from current solar insolation or from fossil remains of plant and animal life that relied directly and indirectly upon sunlight, respectively. Ultimately, solar energy itself is the result of the Sun's nuclear fusion. Geothermal power from hot, hardened rock above the magma of the Earth's core is the result of the decay of radioactive materials present beneath the Earth's crust, and nuclear fission relies on man-made fission of heavy radioactive elements in the Earth's crust; in both cases these elements were produced in supernova explosions before the formation of the solar system.
Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 158 (GW) in 2009, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.
At the end of 2009, cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 21 GW and PV power stations are popular in Germany and Spain. Solar thermal power stations operate in the USA and Spain, and the largest of these is the 354 megawatt (MW) SEGS power plant in the Mojave Desert.
The world's largest geothermal power installation is The Geysers in California, with a rated capacity of 750 MW.
Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18% of the country's automotive fuel.
Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern wind turbines range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial use; the power output of a turbine is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically. Typical capacity factors are 20-40%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favorable sites (European Wind Energy Association). Wind energy is the cleanest and sufficient, the safest, cheapest and most sustainable. Where land space is not enough, wind farms can be built and in the water. We must put the wind to work.
Among sources of renewable energy, hydroelectric plants have the advantages of being long-lived (many existing plants have operated for more than 100 years). Also, hydroelectric plants are clean and have few emissions.
Solar panels generate electricity by converting photons (packets of light energy) into an electric current. Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered electrical generation relies on photo voltaic and heat engines. A partial list of other solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the sun's energy. When the plants are burned, they release the sun's energy they contain. In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar energy.
As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as much used as is grown, the battery will last indefinitely.
Liquid biofuel is usually either bio alcohol such as bioethanol or oil such as biodiesel.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant material and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feed stocks for ethanol production.
Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil (United Nations Environment Program. 2009).
The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity.
Such geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts of the world such as Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy.
The two most prominent areas for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California.
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself, both from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust in some places of the globe or from some meters in geothermal heat pump in all the places of the planet. It is expensive to build a power station but operating costs are low resulting in low energy costs for suitable sites. Ultimately, this energy derives from heat in the Earth's core.
Three types of power plants are used to generate power from geothermal energy: dry steam, flash, and binary. Dry steam plants take steam out of fractures in the ground and use it to directly drive a turbine that spins a generator.
Flash plants take hot water, usually at temperatures over 200 °C, out of the ground, and allows it to boil as it rises to the surface then separates the steam phase in steam/water separators and then runs the steam through a turbine.
In binary plants, the hot water flows through heat exchangers, boiling an organic fluid that spins the turbine. The condensed steam and remaining geothermal fluid from all three types of plants are injected back into the hot rock to pick up more heat.
Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total. There is also the potential to generate geothermal energy from hot dry rocks. Holes at least 3 km deep are drilled into the earth. Some of these holes pump water into the earth, while other holes pump hot water out. The heat resource consists of hot underground radiogenic granite rocks, which heat up when there is enough sediment between the rock and the Earth’s surface. Several companies in Australia are exploring this technology.
Tidal power can be extracted from Moon-gravity-powered tides by locating a water turbine in a tidal current, or by building impoundment pond dams that admit-or-release water through a turbine.
The turbine can turn an electrical generator, or a gas compressor, that can then store energy until needed. Coastal tides are a source of clean, free, renewable, and sustainable energy.
Artificial photosynthesis is a research field that attempts to replicate the natural process of photosynthesis, converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen.
Sometimes, splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using sunlight energy is also referred to as artificial photosynthesis. The actual process that allows half of the overall photosynthetic reaction to take place is photo-oxidation. This half-reaction is essential in separating water molecules because it releases hydrogen and oxygen ions. These ions are needed to reduce carbon dioxide into a fuel. However, the only known way this is possible is through an external catalyst, one that can react quickly as well as constantly absorb the sun’s photons. The general basis behind this theory is the creation of an “artificial plant” type fuel source.
Artificial photosynthesis is a renewable, carbon-neutral source of fuel, producing either hydrogen, or carbohydrates. This sets it apart from the other popular renewable energy sources — hydroelectric, solar photovoltaic, geothermal, and wind — which produce electricity directly, with no fuel intermediate.
As such, artificial photosynthesis may become a very important source of fuel for transportation. Unlike biomass energy, it does not require arable land, and so it need not compete with the food supply.
Since the light-independent phase of photosynthesis fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, artificial photosynthesis may provide an economical mechanism for carbon sequestration, reducing the pool of CO2 in the atmosphere, and thus mitigating its effect on global warming. Specifically, net reduction of CO2 will occur when artificial photosynthesis is used to produce carbon-based fuel which is stored indefinitely.
Waves Power is a new energy source.
An original system to take energy can be tomorrow “Capturing energy concentrated near the source and forwarding directly to Earth in concentrated form”.
Should start some spatial projects, to capture a large amount of energy somewhere near the source (near the Sun), energy which can be sent then to the Earth in a concentrated form (LASER, MASER, IRASER, etc).
The enormous energy emanating from the sun is spreading in all directions of the universe, and dilute with the distance.
On Earth no longer reach than a small amount from the energy emanated by the sun.
We try here (on the Earth) to capture a drop from a very small amount of energy, who came from Sun. And we also complain that the yield is low, and technological costs are high.
This is exactly what should we do.
The third halo surrounds the planets Mercury and Venus, and barely touching the Earth.
The fourth halo (the most pale from those which are visible with the naked eye) reach Jupiter.
Mercury is hot, and Saturn is cold.
Installations which must do capturing the solar energy could be installed over the Mercury. From the Mercury, the concentrated energy will be transmitted directly focused on the Moon.
On the Moon, the energy will be conserved and forwarded to Earth in doses non-hazardous (with lower concentrations), using multi-channels microwaves.
Warning: Laser beam directed from the sun to the month must do not reach our planet not even a second!
After 1950, began to appear nuclear fission plants. The fission energy was a necessary evil. In this mode it stretched the oil life, avoiding an energy crisis. Even so, the energy obtained from oil represents about 66% of all energy used. At this rate of use of oil, it will be consumed in about 40 years. Today, the production of energy obtained by nuclear fusion is not yet perfect prepared. But time passes quickly. We must rush to implement of the additional sources of energy already known, but and find new energy sources.
In these circumstances this paper comes to proposing possible new energy sources. One of these sources can be the “energy from stars”.
"Towards Sustainable Production and Use of Resources: Assessing Biofuels". United Nations Environment Program. 2009-10-16. Retrieved 2009-10-24. See: http://www.unep.fr/scp/rpanel/pdf/Assessing_Biofuels_Full_Report.pdf.
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With reference to the Indian history of art and culture, consider the following pairs: Famous work of Site Sculpture 1. A grand image : Ajanta of Buddha's Mahaparinirvana With numerous celestial musicians above and the sorrowful figures of his followers below 2. A huge image of : Mount Abu Varaha Avatar (boar Incarnation) of Vishnu, as he rescues Goddess Earth from the deep and chaotic waters sculpted on rock 3. "Arjuna's Penance"/ : Mamallapuram "Descent of Ganga" sculpted on the surface of huge boulders Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
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Amsterdam-One of the two Dutch Capitals(the other is The Hague), was one of the main centers of trade during the 16th, 17th and 18th cetneries.
Anglo-Dutch Wars-Four wars between England and the Dutch Republic over trade in the Baltic and the Atlantic.
Aruba-An island in the Caribbean that has been a Dutch possession since 1634, and is currently part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Batavia-A city that was conquered in 1619, and renamed Batavia by the Dutch. It was the center of the Dutch possessions in the East Indies until Indonesian independence 1949.
Battle of the Downs-Battle during the Dutch Revolt in 1639, that permanently crippled the Spanish Navy.
Battle of Waterloo-Battle against Napoleon led France, in which the Dutch Troops were led by William II.
Berbice-A former colony that is today Guyana. It was under Dutch rule from 1627–1712, 1713–1781, 1784–1796 and 1802-1803. It was formally ceded in 1814, to the British.
Borneo-The third largest island in the world, located in present-day Indonesia. The Dutch ruled the southern and middle parts of the island, while the British ruled the Northern.
Cape Colony-A Dutch settlement in present-day South Africa, on the Cape of Good Hope. The first settlement was in 1652, and it would remain under Dutch control until 1795, and from 1803-1806.
Deshima-A Dutch trading post in the bay of Nagasaki on an artificial island, and the only European trading post in Japan for 200 years.
Dutch Acadia-Area in Eastern Canada briefly occupied by the Dutch in 1674, but they continued to claim the colony until 1678.
Dutch East India Company-A Dutch company(also known as the VOC) that was established in 1602. It would start colonies in India, Indonesia, Formosa(Taiwan), South Africa and a number of other places. It was one of the most successful companies ever, but was dissolved in 1800.
Dutch East Indies-The largest, and most important, Dutch possession in the Empire. It was held from 1602-1949, expanding over time. It was given independence in 1949, after a 4 year war, and is today known as Indonesia.
Dutch Guiana-Presently known as Suriname. Was taken from the English in 1667 following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for New Netherland. Independence was granted in 1975.
Dutch West India Company-A Dutch company founded in 1621. It established colonies in the Atlantic region including New Netherland, Suriname and Berbice. It was dissolved in 1791.
Java-An island that was the center of the Dutch East Indies. It was the most valuable island in the East Indies as well.
Maarten Tromp-One of the most famous Dutch Naval Admirals in their history. He served during the end of the Revolt, and during the First Anglo-Dutch War.
Maurice of Nassau-Son of William the Silent, led major campaigns, that were successful, against the Spanish during the revolt.
Michiel de Ruyter-One of the most famous, and arguably the greatest, Dutch Naval Admirals in their history. Led the Dutch in the "Raid on the Medway" and was recently voted the 7th greatest Dutchman ever.
Netherlands Antilles-A group of islands in the Caribbean that has been a possession of the Dutch since 1634 and is currently part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Netherlands New Guinea-A Dutch possession on the island of Guinea which remained under Dutch control until 1962, unlike the rest of the East Indies. It was passed to UN control in 1963 and handed over to Indonesia soon after.
New Amsterdam-A city founded by Peter Minuit in 1626 on the southern tip of Manhattan Island. It is today New York City.
New Netherland-The Dutch colony that occupied present day New York, New Jersey, and some of the surrounding states. It was first explored in 1609, and in 1624 the permanent settlement was founded. It was surrendered to the British in 1664.
New Orange-The name of the Dutch city in New York and New Jersey after they had re-taken New Netherland from the English from 1673-1674.
Paramaribo-The capital and largest city of Suriname. It was established by the English, but taken by the Dutch after the 2nd Anglo-Dutch War.
Peter Stuyvesant-Last, greatest, and most famous, Director-General of New Netherland. Expanded the size of the colony, in numbers and territory.
Raid on the Medway-A battle during the Second Anglo-Dutch war in which the Dutch crippled the English fleet and forced them to sure for peace.
Sumatra-The largest island entirely in Indonesia. The Dutch began to settle it in the late 1700s but the entire island was not under Dutch control until 1904.
The Hague-One of the two Dutch Capitals(the other is Amsterdam), and is currently the seat of Government.
West Timor-The west part of the island of Timor. It was originally controlled by the Portuguese but the Dutch ousted them in the 1600s.
Treaty of Munster-A treaty signed in 1648, that ended the Thirty-years war and the Dutch Revolt. In it, Spain and the Holy Roman empire recognized Dutch independence.
Utrecht-City in the center of the Netherlands.
William I-The first King of the Netherlands from 1815–1840, established the present day government of the Netherlands.
William II-The second King of the Netherlands, son of King William I. He began the transition towards democracy. Ruled form 1840-1849.
William III-The third King of the Netherlands that ruled from 1849 to 1890.
William the Silent-Father of the Netherlands, led the starting stages of the Revolt against Spain, but was murdered in 1584.
This page was last edited on 28 June 2018, at 01:57.
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My son is almost 3 and doesn't talk yet what can I do to help him?
Children develop at their own pace. While most children are speaking by age 3, your son does not necessarily have a problematic delay. Although there may be no cause for concern, you should definitely speak with your pediatrician and ask for a referral for an assessment. Your local school system may also be able to provide a referral and information about available services if your child is, in fact, diagnosed with a speech delay or other physical or learning disability. There are many reasons a child may not be speaking, including physical difficulties with hearing, learning delays, selective mutism, or temperament and personality. In the meantime, consider whether or not your child can follow spoken directions and attempts to communicate with gestures or vocally and if the rest of his development has been on track. Only a specialist who meets with your child in person, however, can assess his speech and diagnose any issues.
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Consider two famous historical examples: Joan d’Arc was a French girl who led an army into battle against the British in 1429. As a teenager, she presented herself to the king of France, saying she’d been in conversation with several Christian saints since childhood and now god instructed her to lead an army; the king believed her. But soon after her battles, Joan’s story became less convincing to others; she was burned at the stake for heresy. Later, her version of events was re-evaluated and deemed sensible, so she was labelled a martyr and a saint. Similarly, in 1881 a lawyer, Charles J. Guiteau, assassinated the American President James Garfield, a champion of equal rights for the former slaves. Guiteau said that god told him he must get rid of this President to change the course of national politics and so—he insisted at his trial—what he’d done wasn’t murder. But Guiteau was hanged for his crime. His version of events was discounted as a symptom of an undetermined illness.
However else we might characterize the accounts d’Arc and Guiteau gave of their own actions, we must also recognize that their self-narratives gave them courage, absolved them of guilt, and helped them sift through or bind together their understanding of themselves in the world. As such, they remain testaments to our common human need to impose story upon our individual experience. And while theirs may differ vastly from our own self-narratives in details and biases or maps of belief, perhaps they are less different in their richness and force, in their essential creative impulse to find meaning and purpose.
We are inventive with our personal narratives: We build chronology, connecting the dots of cause and effect, usually reasonably, but not always. We imbue actions and outcomes with meaning. We select which facts and feelings to include. Our fears and egos shape our perceptions. We embellish facts to make ourselves feel good. Or to make ourselves feel bad. We disregard information that doesn’t fit our biases. We forget or misremember what makes us uncomfortable. We bridge the unknown with presumption, deduction or imagination, even fabricating details or whole events, adjusting the story to our needs.
It is in this very shadowland between ‘truth’ and imagination, a realm of uncertain borders, where each of us actually lives, alone. It’s here, among the shadows and flickers of our incomplete understanding and our desires, that we fashion narratives of our lives and our world, hoping to communicate it to those around us. We come up with stories that are always part ‘fact’ and part ‘fiction’. So every one of us is actually a storyteller, a world-builder, whether or not we’re aware of our own powers or how we wield them. And this innate storytelling impulse, which we use to bind together our inner and outer lives, is a seed of general human creativity.
As a novelist, I try to excavate this, to understand how we use storytelling, how it works for us, how it works against us—for it provides a broad and ever-astonishing view into what it means to be human. The power of storytelling serves as a theme in The Legend of Virinara, which depicts, in part, how stories are used to create realities. But understanding the foundations of our self-narratives can also enrich the creation of intentional fiction. Some of the richest characters and most deeply moving novels seem to stick close to the writer’s own emotional life, applying the same perceptive and imaginative facility they’ve surely used to shape their own life stories in order to imagine the lives of others.
One example that jumps immediately to mind is V.S. Naipaul’s A House for Mr. Biswas, with its heartbreakingly wry pathos. Though the details of the story are altered, one feels acutely that Naipaul is writing a paean to his own father, his struggles and triumphs, through the lens of a loving but troubled son. Something similar is discernible in Harper Lee’s late-published first novel, Go Set a Watchman, which, despite all its flaws, reveals her tormented struggle to understand the corruption of those whom she dearly loved and admired as a child. At moments, the distinction between young Lee, the author, and Jean Louise, her character, seems to disappear.
As readers, too, we bring our own sense of story to make sense of a creative work. The novels we often enjoy the most are those we recognize as uncannily ‘true’ and familiar through the questions, metaphors or feelings they generate, perhaps mapping in some way onto our own shadowlands. Jane Austen confined her writing to the very small world of British landed gentry of the late eighteenth century; none of us readers have lived in her time and place, yet she was able to mine the dissatisfactions and pleasures of the heart in a way that’s almost universally relatable. Arundhati Roy pulled up something similarly universal about the vulnerabilities of childhood in her first novel, The God of Small Things.
As Chinua Achebe said, ‘Art is and was always in the service of man. Our ancestors created their myths and legends and told their stories for a human purpose.’ Storytelling is, above all, the art of social beings. A novelist’s greatest satisfaction comes from knowing that she has connected with a reader, touched another human heart or mind and illuminated a patch of their world, in resonance with her own.
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‘Tis the season for NBA trade rumors. The Detroit Pistons have been no stranger to the rumors this year, and for good reason.
They’re not performing nearly to expectations and fans are blaming Pistons’ point guard Reggie Jackson.
I’m supposed to write a full article, but the Pistons' trade deadline could be summed up in five words: Reggie Jackson and Aron Baynes.
Sure, both of these players were great last season, but Baynes is leaving in free agency this year, and Jackson is not leading the team nearly as well as he should be.
This lack of leadership and floor command is clear every time backup point guard Ish Smith comes onto the floor. At the beginning of the season, Smith started for the Pistons because Jackson was sidelined due to a knee surgery.
When Jackson returned, The Pistons were one game above .500. Fifteen games after Jackson’s return, the Pistons were three games below .500.
The game Jackson returned, the Pistons had won five of their last six behind Smith. It seemed like Smith was just getting into his groove and putting up numbers with scary consistency.
The Pistons were also the number one defense in the NBA, and the team that gave up the least amount of turnovers.
The problem with trading Jackson, however, is there is little to no trade market for him. He hasn’t produced numbers lately, and no teams want him all that badly.
Now onto Aron Baynes. He was the saving grace of the Pistons last season because center Andre Drummond couldn’t be in the end of games due to his shoddy free throw percentage. He was arguably one of the biggest reasons why the Pistons made the playoffs for the first time since 2009.
This season, however, I like to call him Butterfinger Baynes. The man cannot hold onto a rebound, pass— anything. His hands are frying pans and the ball bounces right off of them.
The one thing the Pistons would miss if they were to trade Baynes is speed at the center spot. Drummond and Boban Marjanovic are not all that quick, whereas Baynes can keep up with the quicker big men that like to play around the three point arc like Anthony Davis and Dirk Nowitzki.
So, trade Reggie and trade Baynes. But for who?
New Orleans has been looking for another big man to play with Anthony Davis and Baynes could fill that role. New Orleans is also trying to deal away Jrue Holiday. The Pistons seriously lack at the shooting guard position and Tyreke Evans is a young, proven, hard-working player that I think could truly excel in coach Stan Van Gundy’s system.
That being said, I have played around with the ESPN trade machine quite a bit, and a deal of Reggie Jackson and Aron Baynes going to New Orleans for Jrue Holiday and Tyreke Evans works out.
Another player the Pistons might want to go after is Kemba Walker from the Charlotte Hornets. He’s one of the best point guards in the Eastern Conference and has never played with a true big man like Drummond since Al Jefferson.
How that deal would go, I have no idea. Van Gundy has done magical things in the past, though.
I couldn’t talk about the magic of Stan Van without bringing up the Phoenix Suns. Two seasons ago during free agency, Van Gundy finessed Reggie Bullock and Marcus Morris away from the Phoenix Suns for one second round draft pick. Maybe this season Phoenix would be willing to deal away Eric Bledsoe?
Bledsoe is another player that could potentially replace Jackson at the starting point guard spot.
Thursday, Feb. 23 is the NBA Trade deadline, so we are in for an exciting week. The Pistons are known to make deadline day moves, and I’m all for it. Something needs to change for this team. I think a trade is just the way to rally and galvanize them.
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這邊和檔案權限有關的是[檔案屬性][擁有者][所有者群組] 以上 -rw-r–r– [檔案屬性]的每一個位置都有他所代表的意思,每三個為一組,每一組皆為 rwx (以上的範例 rw- 為一組,r– 為另一組 ,r–為最後一組,第一個 "-" 有其他意義,最後面會再介紹),因為每一組皆代表不同人所有擁有的權限,至於要怎麼看請看下表所示.
可以看到 mouse 屬於 c:charactor device 字元輸出/入裝置,因為當 mouse 再傳送資料時是一個個的字元來傳送.
可以看到 Hard Disk 屬於 b:block device 儲存裝置,因為當 Hard Disk 再傳送資料時是區塊來傳送.
修改 user1.txt 的群組為 group1(group1 群組的人包括 user1 user2),預設 group 的人有讀寫的權限.
cat: test : Permission denied.
-bash: user1.txt : Permission denied.
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geskiedenis Die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit se gaan terug tot Desember 1931 wanneer die regering 'n besluit geneem om 'n hoër regsopleiding verbreed ten einde die staat met voldoende aantal gekwalifiseerde prokureurs verskaf.
Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) (voordat tot 2012 - Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Akademie – Sal) is 'n erkende leier van 'n gehalte-onderrig en navorsing in verskeie gebiede van die reg in die Russiese Federasie. Vandag is die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) is een van die grootste regskole in Rusland.
Sedert sy stigting, die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) het baie geslagte van hoogs gekwalifiseerde deskundiges opgelei in 'n verskeidenheid van die reg dissiplines wat goed toegeruste is en steeds bereid wees om mees uitdagende probleme van die moderne regswetenskap te pak. Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) het sy grade toegeken aan oor 170000 gegradueerdes. Die getal van sy studente in Moskou en in sy vyf takke in ander stede is oor 15 000 insluitend meer as 500 nagraadse studente die voortsetting Kandidaat (Ph.D.) en Doctor regsgrade.
Die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit se profiel sluit Siviele Reg, grondwetlike (staat) wet, Kriminele wet, Internasionale Privaatreg, Volkereg, forensiese Kundigheid, ens. Die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) het tien departemente onderrig wet (onder hulle is daar Departement van Regte Energie, een van die eerste in Rusland), 31 stoele met meer as 1000 onderwyspersoneel, insluitend oor 190 professore van wie baie goed bekend in die internasionale regsgemeenskap. Op die oomblik is daar 18 Meestersgraad programme (internasionale Reg, Regte van die Europese Unie, Internasionale Handelsreg, Bankreg, Sportreg, ens). Om te voldoen aan teiken vereistes MSAL bied individuele en groep internskap en akademiese opleiding vir buitelandse regstudente en prokureurs in verskeie regsvakke.
Alle lede van die akademiese personeel, Afgesien van onderrig, aktief navorsers en jaarliks tientalle monografieë publiseer, handboeke, handleidings, ens. wat wyd gebruik word deur ander regskole in Rusland en in die buiteland. Hulle neem ook deel aan nasionale en internasionale debatte en beleidmaking in regs- en verwante velde. Om te voldoen aan teiken vereistes MSAL bied individuele en groep internskap en akademiese opleiding vir buitelandse regstudente en prokureurs in verskeie regsvakke soos die loop van die Algemene Russiese taal, tesame met die verloop van die Russiese Regstaal.
Op die oomblik is die Kutafin Moskou Staatsregsadviseurs Universiteit (Sal) sluit: Departement Regsleer, Internasionale Reg Departement, Departement van Aanklaers, Departement Geregtelike Kundigheid, Departement vir Voortgesette Target Onderwys (vir diegene met 'n nie-wetlike hoër onderwys), Departement vir Professionele Ontwikkeling en heropleiding, Departement Nagraadse Studies, Departement van Banking en Finansiële Regte, Departement van Advocacy, Energie Regsdepartement, Departement Nagraadse Studies.
Ons wet Universiteit het baie takke in die streke, soos Kirov Instituut (tak), Vologda Tak (tak), Orenburg Instituut (tak).
Finance Law Department of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University implements different programs of learning the budget law, belastingwet, currency law, banking law and other branches of finance law. The department was organized in 1994 as the first finance law department in the country and since then it demonstrates a leading position in Russian finance law.
The department presents the strong scientific school studying the problems of finance law. A lot of scientific and practical events (including international events) are organized by it on a regular basis.
• Banking Law as a scientific discipline and an academic discipline in the last decade has taken one of the most prominent places in the system of training of lawyers. The undoubted merit the name OE Moscow State Law University Kutafin (Sal) (hereinafter – die Universiteit) is that 11 Oktober 2010 was created Department of Banking Law (the order of the rector of October 5, 2010, № 440) which by its very existence proves the need for a new approach to the teaching of banking law at the relation of theory and practice . This inevitably has contributed to the development of the country’s banking law in general.
• On August 30, 2011, banking law department is headed by Lyudmila G. Efimov, which is one of the founders of modern Russian banking law.
• The Department of Banking Law of the Department is a young, but at the same time during the period of its existence, has achieved significant results in teaching and research activities.
• Currently, the Department of Banking Law is 9 professors, many of whom are well-known scientists in the field of banking law and practitioners who have made a major contribution to the development of the Russian banking system.
• One of the main tasks assigned to the Department of Banking Law, was to provide judicial training to work in the banking system of the Russian Federation, through in-depth study of the law on credit institutions, the Bank of Russia, the Deposit Insurance Agency and the organizations of the banking infrastructure, as well as issues law enforcement.
• Currently, the department of banking law prepares lawyers mainly for law enforcement activities, not only for credit institutions. Disciplines of the department of banking law are in demand as students who plan to carry out their professional activities at the Bank of Russia Deposit Insurance Agency of factoring and leasing companies, organizations being professional participants of the securities market credit bureau clearing organizations of the subjects of the national payment system as well as in judicial and other law enforcement agencies .
• In the course of studying of disciplines of the department of the banking law, much attention is paid not only to the study of the current legislation and banking law theory, but also the analysis of judicial arbitration and banking practices.
• Research activities of the department of banking law includes the writing of scientific papers on the banking law; training of young scientists in the field of law; participation in scientific conferences, round tables, seminare, advisory board; participation in the drafting of legislation to change the Russian banking legislation, and based on its enforcement.
• Department of Banking Law conducted numerous scientific studies of International Banking Law, the Russian and foreign banking legislation. The research results are published as a monograph or scientific articles are published in leading Russian journals. The research work of the department involved not just the teachers, but also graduate students, applicants, studente.
• The worthy result of the scientific activity of the Department of recent years has been the protection of master’s theses. A number of post-graduate students have completed doctoral research and presented them to the defense.
• The members of the Banking Law Department annually take part in the organization of conferences and round tables on intercollegiate Banking Law, Insluitend, Moscow Legal Forum (The Kutafin Readings) (November 2013); VI International Scientific and Practical Conference The Kutafin Readings “Harmonisation of the Russian legal system in the context of international integration” (April 2014); International scientific-practical conference The Kutafin Readings the section of “Judicial practice in disputes involving credit institutions” (November 2014), II of Moscow Legal Forum, the section “The modern banking system and ways of its development” (April 2015); Scientific-practical conference (circle) “Banking products and inflation” (2015) en ander.
• In preparation for and organization of conferences and round tables Chair of Banking Law is actively cooperating with other leading universities in the country, such as the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (Department of Banking Law and Financial-legal Disciplines of Law Faculty. MM Speransky); Moskou Staat Universiteit. M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University (Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid), Russian Academy of Justice (Department of Financial Law).
• Teachers of the department of banking law are well-known scientists in the field of banking law and practitioners who have made a major contribution to the development of the Russian banking system.
The university’s history starts in 1931 when Central correspondence courses on Soviet law were established. It developed initially as All-USSR correspondence institute of law assuring studies for a degree of law. A major part of Russian jurisprudence élite graduated from the University.
In Desember 2011, Kutafin Moscow State Law University celebrated its 80th anniversary. Today it is one of the largest law schools in Russia.
Join to discuss of Moscow State Law University.
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The San Sebastián International Film Festival (Spanish: Festival de San Sebastián; Basque: Donostia Zinemaldia) is an annual FIAPF A category film festival held in the Spanish city of Donostia-San Sebastián in September, in the Basque Country.
Since its creation in 1953 it has established itself as one of the most important cinema festivals in the world, being one of the 14 "A" category competitive festivals accredited by the FIAPF. It has hosted several important events of the history of cinema, such as the international premiers of Vertigo, by Alfred Hitchcock (who attended the Festival) or Melinda and Melinda by Woody Allen and the European premier of Star Wars. Actors and directors such as Bette Davis, Gloria Swanson, Gregory Peck, Glenn Ford, Elizabeth Taylor, Audrey Hepburn, Charlton Heston, Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep, Richard Gere, Michael Douglas, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Mel Gibson, Demi Moore, Naomi Watts and Brad Pitt have attended the festival since its inception. It was the first festival attended by Roman Polanski and has helped advance the professional careers of Francis Ford Coppola or Pedro Almodóvar, for instance.
In the current competitive context of international festivals, San Sebastián, which has one of the lowest budgets, has established itself as the most important in Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries.
The festival was founded in 1952. Although it was originally intended to honour Spanish language films, films of other languages became eligible for consideration in 1955, when the festival was specialized in color films. It has been acknowledged by the FIAPF as an A category festival since 1957, with the exception of the 1980–1984 period, when no major awards were given.
Official Selection: According to FIAPF regulations, a selection of recent cinematographic works, which have not been shown in other festivals, compete for the major awards. Some films are included out of competition.
New Directors: First or second movies of new talents.
Horizontes Latinos: A selection of films from Latin America, unreleased in Spain.
Pearls: A selection of the best movies screened at other international festivals throughout the year.
Zabaltegi: A non-competitive section aiming for heterogeneity with no formal norms.
Made in Spain: A showcase of the year's Spanish movies for their international launch.
Zinemira: A showcase of movies produced or directed by Basques.
Retrospectives: Retrospectives are included in the program to present the works of a renowned filmmaker or works that represent a particular theme.
Savage Cinema: A non-competitive selection of adventure and action sports films.
Velodrome: Projections of movies for a big audience in a giant screen installed at the Velódromo de Anoeta.
International Film Students Meeting: Selected shorts, mostly graduation projects, from film schools around the world.
New Directors Award: decided by a special jury, the films in the New Directors section compete for this prize.
Audience Award: The audience chooses a film from among those in the Pearls section.
Youth Award: A jury composed of 350 youngsters aged between 17 and 21 chooses a film from those competing for the New Directors Award".
Horizontes Award: A specific jury chooses the best film in the Horizontes Latinos section.
"Otra Mirada" Award: TVE gives the Another Look award to the film, from any section, that best reflects the female world.
Sebastiane Award: a jury chooses the film, from any section, that best reflects the values and reality of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Sebastian Film Festival.
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For each election, a board of elections must deliver a supply of Election Day ballots to each precinct at all polling locations. Following the election, the Ballot Reconciliation process attempts to account for all these ballots by comparing the total number of ballots delivered to a precinct to the sum of that precinct’s Election Day ballots cast, unused ballots, soiled and defaced ballots, and provisional ballots cast at the polling location. This process, much like the Poll Book Justification process, helps to ensure all ballots cast on Election Day were counted and that none of these ballots were scanned more than once.
Generate a spreadsheet (or use one of the spreadsheets provided above in the Materials section) that lists the total number of ballots delivered to each precinct along with the number of ballots cast at each precinct according to the results. A column listing the total number of valid and invalid provisional ballots from each precinct should also be added to the spreadsheet (note that this number should not include provisional ballots that were not cast at the polling locations). The spreadsheet should also include columns to record the number of unused ballots and the number of soiled and defaced ballots for each precinct.
Some of this information may not be initially available and must be gathered. The Cuyahoga County Board of Elections has implemented a “ballot box cleanout” process in which we ensure certain materials are in the ballot box e.g., voted ballots, unvoted ballots, security seals, poll machine tapes, etc. and that certain materials are not in the ballot box e.g., provisional envelopes, registration cards, poll book statistical summary pages, etc. During this process we also record the number of unvoted ballots and the number of soiled and defaced ballots.
If the total number of ballots delivered to a precinct does not match the sum of that precinct’s Election Day ballots cast, unvoted ballots, soiled and defaced ballots, and provisional ballots cast at the polling location, it may be necessary to recount the precinct’s poll book signatures, examine any incident logs for that precinct and/or polling location, and perhaps even contact the poll workers from that location.
If, upon further investigation, any precincts remain with unexplained differences, a hand recount of the Election Day ballots for that precinct must be conducted by a bipartisan team.
If the hand recount of the Election Day ballots does not match the number of ballots cast according to the canvass results report, the ballots must be rescanned by a bipartisan team and the Election Day results for that precinct must be re-uploaded to the tabulator.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is classified as an anxiety disorder, the symptoms become evident and were not present before a violently traumatic event, and you may have found this event frightening, extremely stressful or completely overwhelming.
There are no hard and fast rules about how long after a traumatic event the symptoms will emerge, and not all people who experience the event will develop PTSD, the acute phase of PTSD is within 3 months of being exposed to the unexpected event. However it can occur days, months, years or decades after the initial trauma.
Normal life stressors such as losing a job, relationship breakdowns, failing exams, getting tackled hard at a football match under normal circumstances does not lead to PTSD. PTSD normally follows extreme and unexpected Trauma.
While PTSD has only been named by the medical community, it important to know this is not a modern day problem, it was documented by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus about the emotional strain that combat can have on an individual’s wellbeing. This was around 490BC, so don’t feel alone it’s a human condition and there is hope.
Depending on what research is utilized anywhere up to 30% of people who are exposed to traumatic events will experience some symptoms of PTSD, it’s important to note while there is different degrees of severity in PTSD, each episode is that individuals own battle and a personal struggle, it’s a journey a long personal journey but with the right help and support a journey that come to a positive ending.
During the journey of PTSD unpleasant feeling will be with you, some of the following are commonly reported, such as feeling of isolation, irritable and guilt. You may also suffer with reoccurring nightmares, flashbacks to the traumatic event which at times can feel worse than the actual event itself. You may feel intense distress and overwhelmed when reminded of your trauma, even physical reaction such as nausea, body cramps, perfuse sweating and headaches, while not limited to these physical reaction they are the most commonly reported.
Avoidance behaviours are also what you might be experiencing, these include not going to places or participating in activities that remind you of the event, as your presentation progresses you may begin to associate more and more activities of daily living with your trauma and through this become increasingly dysfunctional. You may avoid you own mind, such as certain thoughts or feelings of the event or even thoughts you associate with the event. Ultimately can lead to feeling of detachment form people who are important to you, thinking you future is bleak and limited, loss of interest in life’s activities.
Due to your increased emotional response and heightened anxiety you may experience, insomnia, frequent waking during the night, poor concentration, a high level of alert which is known as hypervigilance, easily startled and jumpy. The simplest thing that prior to your trauma was taken for granted can cause anxiety and decrease your quality of life. Some examples of this are following returning from combat you hit the deck at the sound of a can falling from the supermarket shelf, or at the small of a perfume you were wearing at the time of a car accident be back in the seat while the fireman cut you out the wreckage. This can be very distressing and diminish your quality of life, also create fear and ultimately leave to avoidance.
In children PTSD can be seen through loss of previous acquired skills, sleeping difficulty, separation anxiety (from parent or guardian), playing or acting out scenes of the trauma, developing new phobias such as the dark places, complaints of pain without evidence of, aggression towards other children and irritability. Children are resilient and have strong coping mechanisms which can make diagnosis difficult, but knowing your child and being aware of behavioural changes that are detrimental to development can begin the journey towards recovery.
The symptoms of PTSD follow no set guidelines and they can manifest themselves in you as has been established even years later, however the majority of people who suffer with PTSD notice symptoms within the first 30 days, however it might be a considerable time longer until they seek help. Solder’s who are exposed to Trauma early in there deployment can often just carry on and do what is expected of them only when they return home to the safety and comfort and love of their family’s realise emotions have not been properly processed and their PTSD journey begins.
Your PTSD journey is not a clear path, you may experience long periods of wellness were the symptoms appear to have gone away, this is known as symptom remission, during these periods functionality improves and your quality of life improves, however if the underlying problem has not been resolved following these periods of wellness can be followed by a crash, which people often report an increase in symptoms, for others there journey constant and symptoms ever present.
PTSD while a well-known and treatable condition is not fully understood why some people develop PTSD while other doesn’t even when witnessing the same event. As established earlier PTSD is a personal journey and each presentation demands a personal approach, understanding your own experience of PTSD with the right help is important on the road to recovery. However while it is not fully understood as to “why me” there are certain factors that are thought to play roles and increasing risk factors.
Firstly let’s look at the physical areas of the body affected, these areas are shown to have altered brain functions, the prefrontal cortex, amygdala and the hippocampus. The fundamental message here is your brain is not processing the memories properly and your fear response is elevated leading to a PTSD response. One factor contributing to this is due to the fear response an increased level of adrenalin is released by the body that causes the hippocampus to stop working properly contributing to the nightmares and flashbacks, once the fight or flight response and be managed thus reducing the levels of adrenaline in the body over time the nightmares and flashbacks will decrease.
The stress hormone and the fight or flight response, this dates back to when we were cavemen and being chanced by Sabor tooth tigers, the body produces a physiological reaction which primes us ready to make a stand or flee (fight or flight), more specifically the adrenal medulla creates a hormonal cascade the result being secretion of catecholamine’s which include adrenaline. We then are ready to do what is needed to get ourselves out of danger, however in the modern world we have less use for our millions of years of evolution and the response in a perpetual state does adversely affect your quality of life. Suffers of PTSD continue to produce high amounts of the hormones even when there is no danger of the perceived danger has diminished. This aspect is thought to be responsible for the feelings of numbness and detachment on the PTSD journey.
Statistically over 50% of the people on this beautiful world will experience a significant traumatic event during their lifetime, while men or more likely to see a traumatic event, women are more likely to witness an unexpected and high impact trauma that can lead to PTSD. Current evidence indicates the most high risk group are soldiers returning form Afghanistan with certain study’s estimating up to 20% will develop some degree of PTSD.
Often people on the PTSD journey do not want to talk about their feeling, as this in itself can initially lead to feeling worse and bring on the symptoms of PTSD; however avoidance will not help anyone. Suffers have been known not to seek support for PTSD for months or even years after first noticing symptoms.
There is also times when you may have experience an event which has caused you some distress, this is perfectly normal, if its less than 6 weeks past the trauma and you feelings are starting to improve, and you feel you have debriefed fully with family, friends, police and other involved was just part of your natural coping process which time will heal.
However if you notice other moving on from the event while you seem to be stuck there time has passed its getting on for 6 to 8 weeks and you are not doing well then it’s time to seek professional help, the first port of call is usually your family Doctor. When engaging with the Doctor its important to include your behaviours and emotions along with any physical changes you are or have experiences, such as eating, drinking smoking more than usual, feeling or irritability and anxiety, avoidance of things that remind you of the event, overly tired, lack of sleep, insomnia. When you talk to your Dr remember they are only human and want to help, no matter how trivial you think they will view it, if it’s important to you and effecting you them discuss it and begin you recovery process.
Importance should be place at this early stage in your PTSD diagnosis that every person has an individual journey and while there are commonalties the health professionals will want to work with you to contribute positively your recovery, you also may want to consider family involvement as understanding other peoples understanding of your experience can and does contribute to recovery.
The diagnostic criteria is in place to ensure accurate diagnosis and to help on the pathway to recovery while also ensuring the right medications and psychotherapies are put in place to ensure you have the best chance of recovery. Although your PTSD journey begins prior to diagnosis and you have taken the brave steps to get the support and acknowledge you are not doing so well, it is a vital step on the road to recovery and wellness.
Following accurate diagnosis of PTSD getting the help you need and sticking with it is the next step on your journey to recovery, there are a variety of different treatments all well documented and with proven results. The therapies can often overlap, also they can contribute each other well, the most important aspect of your recovery is not to lose hope, it’s not an easy path but it’s a path full with great guides and support to help you recovery the right way. Below will look at some available treatments while not enduring any in particular just by knowing what out there will empower you to get the right help at the right time.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is something you may come across on your journey to recovery, CBT will aim at altering the way you think about the negative events, it will help change thinking and behavioural patterns which are responsible for your negative emotions. CBT is often the go to therapy and is used by a wide array of recovery centres around the world and at the heart of many psychologists approach to the recovery from PTSD. CBT aims to help you identify negative thoughts and feeling and replace them with more positive or at the very least less distressing thoughts. Ultimately CBT aims to help you understand how your thoughts related to the incident of trauma lead to the PTSD response. In young people a trauma focus CBT approach id also indicated, this needs to be regular and continuous and should be as with all therapy’s given by the same person, its important to include where applicable the family and re-enforce that evidence shows CBT to be the most effective path on the road to recovery, play, art and family therapy do not have supportive evidence for PTSD recovery.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has and is being utilized by the British military as a one of their valued tools on the road to recovery for sufferers from PTSD and with positive results. EMDR has shown to reduce symptoms of PTSD, it is often used In conjunction with and incorporates aspect of other psychotherapies. There is 8 phases to the treatment which include assessment, ensuring stability of the client (making sure they are at the right part in there PTSD journey to undertake the treatment), Exposure to images, beliefs, emotions and body sensations that are related to the traumatic event the therapist after identification of these discusses them until they no longer become distressing this is with the finger moving back and forth in front of the eyes, following this you will be asked to write down things related to the stressful event and evaluation of previous EMDR treatment in the next treatment. EMDR is one option for your recovery, and can help reduce symptoms and increase functionality.
Your Dr might also consider medication to help your recovery and symptom management, while medications have shown to have a adjunctive benefit in PTSD symptom reduction there is no clear pharmacological treatment pathway. Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are first line treatment these are in the anti-depressant medication family. While medications such as mood stabilisers can help in reduction of your hyper arousal symptoms as well with mood and aggression. The pharmacological approach for symptom management can help in the short and medium term improve the quality of life, increase functionality and bring some relief from symptom’s, however a combination of psychotherapy and medication can often lead to a positive outcome.
The importance of loved ones, family and friends should not be forgotten and plays a huge role in recovery also support groups of people who have suffered similar life changing events can offer wonderful support and understanding and even help you understand your journey to recovery in a more deep and meaningful way.
While your PTSD journey may only be just beginning its important to remember you are not alone, things will get better with the right support and medications there is not reasons that you will not make a full recovery. While the dark clouds hang over your head and you do not see a way out, please never lose hope, your PTSD journey may only just be beginning, but you will get to the end and through positive engagement with your family and health services you will improve and ultimately recover. Nobody can change the past, time travel has not yet been invented. In the same note nobody can write your future so take charge and write your own future a bright future. Good look and stay safe.
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What is the cost of a cattle woman? It can not be too expensive, right? All you have to do is buy the cow, put it in a box, and look at it. Right? Bad! Many people thought they were trying to raise their own cows to meat or milk, but many people did not take into account the real cost of raising cattle. Below, all costs of cow growth have fallen.
The first consideration to consider is the actual cost of the cow. The price depends on the type of cow, and on secondary factors such as age and size. You should also consider the current cost of feeding and how long it will take until you have to be educated.
The cost of raising cattle also depends on the price they give them. Money can be sent to costly houses or stables. Alternatively, simple ventilation is sufficient. Notice that a thousand cattle have been successfully completed, little or no. Many cows are free to spend their whole life, but if they are safe and protect the health of their cows, it would be wise to build or rent a place for them to protect them from rain and wind. The structure must provide a shadow, leave it freely and be spacious enough for all passengers. The cost of raising bovine animals also includes the costs of accumulating solid wings in order to lose cows and protect them from thieves and other animals.
Normal cows consume 12 gallons of water each day. This fact should be taken into account when assessing the total cost of raising cattle. Container heaters are also needed in the colder months, which should be taken into account as well.
The quality of life of cattle and the quality of the meat relies on the pasture. Some farmers say the cow is a pasture, a mixture of alfalfa, brome and timothy. It grazed more than a straight bluegrass. Keep in mind that about 20 hectares of grass is needed to pelt a cattle.
The cost of feeding cows represents a significant part of the total cost of raising cattle. To make the cow good beef, you should consume about one tonne of hay. Remember that alfalfa is the best breed of bovine animals and the standard with which all other types of hay are judged. This is also the most expensive. As far as feed is concerned, maize is the best food and every cow will need about a thousand pounds.
The cost of buying cows, which protects, nourishes and nourishes, has to take into account many other costs. Here is the cost of work, the cost of transporting cattle, the cost of breeding cows, etc. This is just a few of the costs we have to keep in mind if we are curious about the full cost of raising cattle.
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How long do newly-poured concrete steps need to cure before I install a handrail?
It is recommended that you wait a couple of months for the newly poured concrete steps to cure before drilling commences for the new handrail. However, it does depend on the time of year. In the winter, the newly poured concrete steps will take longer to cure due to the damp, cold weather. However, in the summer, the sun will speed up the process. Alternatively, you can take a note out of the contractor’s book and bore holes for fasteners in the concrete steps after a week. Just bolt this in place with epoxy and the following day install the handrail. This will give good results, but will not be as strong as it would have been if the steps had cured.
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anute (also known as Knut or Cnut) was the son of Swein, King of Denmark. Swein and Canute had invaded England in 1013 taking control of Northumbria and the North before moving south to take control of the whole country. Aethelred, the king of England, had to flee in exile to Normandy with his wife Emma and two sons Alfred and Edward the Confessor). Swein was declared king of England in early 1014 but died in February. Canute could have assumed the role as King of England but decided to return to Denmark. Aethelred was invited to return from exile in Normandy and retake the English throne. The remainder of Aethelred's reign was complicated by conflicts with his son Edmund (Ironside) who became King of the England when Aethelred died in April 1016.
When Aethelred died the Witan council's support was split between Canute and Edmund. Canute returned to England intent on taking the English throne, but he had to defeat Edmund to do so. Edmund's army dealt Canute's forces two defeats and forced the Danes on to the Isle of Sheppey, but Canute came back and at the battle of Ashington defeated the English. Edmund escaped from the battle field and at a meeting between Canute and Edmund a peace agreement was formed between the two sides. Canute may not have been unable to conquer the whole of England so it was decided to share the country. Edmund was given control of Wessex and Canute was allowed to control Mercia and Northumbria. Part of the agreement was that whoever died first should give their territory to the other. In November 1016 Edmund died and so Canute took total control of England.
Soon after Canute became king of England he married Emma the the widow of Aethelred. Emma was the daughter of Richard, Count of Normandy, making her an important person in her own right and the marriage made it more difficult for her children by Aethelred to claim the throne. Canute also arranged for the murder of Aethelred's children by his first wife Aelfgifu. He also had Saxon earls that he could not trust murdered as well. Eadric Streona, a particularly treacherous Saxon ealdorman, was killed on the order of Canute.
As Swein's eldest son Harald became King of Denmark when Swein died. Harald controlled Denmark while his younger brother Canute was in England.
Canute invaded England taking control of Mercia and Northumbria. Aethelred was ill and England was in the hands of Edmund (Ironside).
Edmund II became king at the death of his father Aethelred II in London. The people of London chose prince Edmund as king but it was short lived as the Southampton Witan chose Canute, who then invaded England.
Edmund had gone to Wessex to accept the support of the people there as the new king of England but Canute had reached London and was besieging its inhabitants. The Londoners held out against Canute's attempts to defeat them while Edmund travelled back to help. Edmund's army grew as he advanced towards Canute. The English won a couple of battles forcing the Danes to retreat and regroup but the Danes won the important battle at Ashingdon.
Canute defeated Edmund Ironside at Ashingdon and a treaty was signed leaving Edmund with only the area of Wessex.
Edmund Ironside died only a month after the treaty with Canute. Canute then became King of England.
Canute had the treacherous Ealdorman Eadric Streona of Mercia killed.
Canute arranged for a massive Danegeld to be paid to the Viking fleet. Happy with the sum of money they received from the English, the Viking army returned home leaving just a small number of ships under the control of Canute.
Canute travelled to Denmark after the death of his elder brother Harald to ensure his own succession to the Danish throne.
Canute attended the coronation of Emperor Conrad II in Rome. This proved his position as the head of a major power.
Canute defeated Olaf Haraldsson and took control of Norway.
King Canute visited Glastonbury Abbey to grant the abbey gifts and privileges. He also knelt at the altar and prayed.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Canute travelled to Scotland where he forced the Scottish Kings into submission.
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Again, neither of these will be "666" which, as clearly shown in Chapter 5, strictly rep- resents Nero's "number" & identifies the End Time False Prophet as being from Rome.
The Pope's name (Benedict) & his number (XVI) was warmly accepted on Jewish caps in the Jewish Community's welcoming of Benedict into Cologne, Germany's Jewish Temple. Which other world leader can cause that?
Michael Rado, Head of Cologne's Jewish community wearing Jewish cap with Benedict's name & number.
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What are the pros and cons of online dating? The pros are pretty obvious in that you get to meet people that you would otherwise not be able to meet. On the downside, there's three things to be aware of with online dating: 1) The people you actually want to date might not live close to you, which makes it very hard to actually take them out. 2) Not everyone is spending time on an online dating platform and usually the "crème of the crop" may not be available through online dating. Usually the girls that every guy wants to date are already busy with dozens of guys asking them out and wanting to spend time with them. 3) Some guys can be deceptive. Girls are very good at taking selfies at the right angle and posting details that don't give you the full scoop on what is going on with them. You have to be aware that not everyone you meet is going to tell you the full truth right up front and may even be less attractive in person than their profile would seem to indicate. Be aware of some of these cons because they are a reality with online dating. If you want to meet girls, start going out to places where women hang out and don't be shy about asking a girl out on a date. My video tomorrow will be about asking a girl out that you just met. The link for that video will be here: https://youtu.be/E3ohhTe5z74 Gyms, cafes, coffee shops, and yes, even churches with a lot of young people are a great place to meet single women that are available. Go luck gentlemen and go get them!
Online dating has its pros and cons. In this video, I list 6 reasons why I quit online dating apps. Subscribe to my channel here ↠ http://bit.ly/2yBK7K5 Find me here ↠↠ Instagram • https://www.instagram.com/whatwouldkarlasay/ Twitter • http://Twitter.com/iamkaarla Snapchat • KarlaGregg Facebook • https://www.Facebook.com/whatwouldkarlasay My Blog • https://www.WhatWouldKarlaSay.com Camera & equipment I use for my videos ↠↠ Camera • Canon t3i Lens • 75mm-150mm Lights • Traveling soon? Use my Airbnb code for $40 credit ↠↠ https://www.airbnb.com/c/kgregg14?s=3 My Most Popular Videos ↠↠ I Left My Heart In Koln • Never Been Kissed | Story Time • My First Time In London• Dating apps can be fun to put yourself out there and be the "single ready to mingle." However, since a couple of weeks ago, I decided to cut the chord and say goodbye to online dating. Although Bumble turned out to the classiest of all the dating apps, I just realized I dont want to do online dating.
Pros and Cons and about Online Dating !
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Will the swiping ever end?
online dating? Is it worth it?
Online Dating 2019 Pros and Cons – Is It Worth Your Effort?
Online Dating - Is it a good idea?
Teens are Talking about the pros and cons of online dating. Journals Network is a video podcast and social network for teens. Find us in the iTunes App Store.
Top 50 Online Dating Services - http://onlinehookupsites.com/online-dating-services/ Full Review Of the Bumble Dating App - http://onlinehookupsites.com/bumble-app-review/ Bumble, a women-centric dating app created by women for women. How effective is it to meet real locals for long term relationships or casual flings? We took a close look at the Bumble dating app and put our team of reviewers to work in order to bring you this in-depth Bumble video review. Some of the things we cover in our Bumble Video Review are: - Pros and Cons - Registration on Bumble - How Bumble Works - The Cost of Using the Bumble Dating App - Our Final Word on the App After three weeks of using the app, our team of reviewers presented us with their findings. We've compiled their collective opinions in this video. Our opinions may vary from your own. We hope you find our review of the Bumble dating app insightful.
Should you be working with a matchmaker? Should you be online dating? Date Coach Evan Marc Katz and TDR Matchmaker Kate Edwards chat about the pros and cons of online dating.
Dante D. Long and his guest, M. Sherrer, talk about the pros & cons of online dating. They give some historical perspective of online dating and laugh as they share some of their nuisances and bad date stories. --------------------------------------------------------- ONYX TRUTH: http://www.OnyxTruth.com Advertise: http://www.onyxtruth.com/advertise/ Donate: https://www.paypal.me/OnyxTruth Curated Blackness Store: https://www.CuratedBlackness.com/ Purchase Dante D. Long’s Books: When Good Men Go Bad: http://amzn.to/2tlszeN The Soul’s Motivation (Men of 1302): http://amzn.to/2vq1V5U **Products I Use for Podcasting** Heil PR 40 Microphone: https://amzn.to/2EhzlL3 Heil Sound Shock Mount: https://amzn.to/2Ehzqyl Microphone Pop Filter: https://amzn.to/2LdeXfb XLR Mic Cable: https://amzn.to/2QrElDR Heil Mic Swingarm: https://amzn.to/2EjlDqG Behringer Mixer: https://amzn.to/2UCbPOz Behringer U-Control: https://amzn.to/2QIa3MH Lavalier Mic: https://amzn.to/2L9OC1T 15” Macbook Pro: https://amzn.to/2LbRxaf 13” Macbook Pro: https://amzn.to/2Lfe8Tu Bose Headphones: https://amzn.to/2L9ScZH AOC 27” Monitor: https://amzn.to/2LfeFEY Insignia Mini Adapter: https://amzn.to/2EhAhz3 iPhone 7 Plus: https://amzn.to/2UC0Q7y Like, Share & Subscribe!
The Relationship Stuff gives advice for Christian women interested in online dating.
www.thescreeningapproach.com I compare the benefits and disadvantages of Online dating compared to Day Game, and explain which one I recommend focusing on and why.
Views: 113 Erin Lives: My old youtube channel!
Should You Use Tinder?🤔 Our Tinder Experience!
I'm not the type of person to "online date" which is why I have two of my good friends with me today. Hope you have a rad day My Links: Twitter: www.twitter.com/cassifreeman Collab Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCgWI3D8llscIddqiSKBwmg Collab Channel Twitter: @OkCollab Happy New Years!
How online dating can help you and what to watch out for.
hese are the most common pros and cons of online dating. Would you give online dating a chance? If you have, would you try it again?
▼ Read Full Description ▼ #DatingApps #InternetDating #OnlineDating The Pros & Cons Of Online Dating Tonight we’ll dive into the world of online dating. An option that was once considered odd or taboo in society in not the most frequently used way to meet new mates. We will discuss the various options that are available for online daters & the problems that can arise from using the internet to increse your interactions. Have you ever used the internet to meet someone? The Den Line will be open for your calls..#InTheDen ———————————— THE DEN FACEBOOK PAGE: https://www.facebook.com/DenShowLive/ THE DEN DISCUSSION FACEBOOK GROUP: http://bit.ly/TheDenShowGroup ———————————— #WereAllFriendsInTheDen THE BEST CONVERSATION ON THE INTERNET Every Night at 10 PM CT #DenAtTen ———————————— DEN DONATIONS STREAMLABS : https://streamlabs.com/kushden THANK YOU FOR YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS BIG OR SMALL. ———————————— 💸 "What’s The Muthaf*ckin’ Deal? – Honcho 💸 ———————————— Other Honcho Channels: SAUCE SPORTS: https://www.youtube.com/c/SauceSports ———————————— 🔴 Recommended Playlist September In The Den Series:: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlwYv2KWZUY&list=PLBh-NTWXnKsKiZ9RZF_LB2REdLLhF18Ut ———————————— ———————————— TWITTER: @DenShowLive https://twitter.com/DenShowLive ———————————— ★ Lets PLAY!!! ★ ✒ XBL: HonchoSaucy ☜ ———————————— ★ Join The Journey To 1k Subs!!! ★ ★ S/O To The Friends In The Den I appreciate your support from Day 1! ★ ———————————— ✒ Liked? ✔ Commented? ✔ Subscribed? ✔ Shared? ✔ YOU’RE A REAL FRIEND OF THE DEN!!!⏎ ———————————— Disclaimer: If this video contains any footage from outside sources Monetization will be disabled. • Companies that claim rights to my videos are entitled to the monetizations and will earn a profit from my videos if they decide to monetize them. This is not my decision. • If you want the video removed, I'd appreciate if you request the video to be globally blocked or muted, since it's hassle to deal with copyright strikes. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://bit.ly/9xE7gI CLICK this link to find someone special today! What is online dating?
ONLINE DATING SITES Pros & Cons - Do Dating Sites Work?
Does Online Dating Work? Online Dating Pros & Cons 2017. Real advice from funny redneck guy!
An interview with Rachel Stansfield, talking about how she met her current partner online and the pros and cons of online dating.
Online Dating Sites Have Changed Dating Forever!
I had alot of discussing so this isn't a no filler Video. So meaning I don't waste time talking about meaningless stuff,, I speak alot of knowledge and One day I;ll get a Girl who loves me and Life will be much more Beautuful. Like, Comment, and give me many Views.
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America's first national park is named after the river that runs through it.
Yellowstone’s landscape includes mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls and some of the most concentrated geothermal activity in the world. The park has 60 percent of the world’s geysers, as well as hot springs and mud pots.
Wildlife in Yellowstone is abundant and diverse, with nearly 300 species of birds, 67 mammals and 16 fish.
Nearly 1,400 species of plants specially adapted to persist or recolonize after glaciers or lava flows are found in the park, with three of those species endemic to Yellowstone.
What is the role of the Endangered Species Act?
National parks would not be complete without the animals and plants that call them home. The Endangered Species Act is the most important tool to make sure species vital to the parks are protected for the long term.
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16 15 16 d) 24 24 24.
}What will be the output for the above code ?
a) Find the inverse of the following matrix.
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How to write a leave of absence letter?
I would like to request for a leave of absence for family reasons. I plan to leave on [start date] and return on [return date].
During my absence, John will be covering for me. I spoke to him and he is more than happy to assume my responsibilities during my absence.
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The Roman Empire emerged from the Roman Republic when Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar transformed it from a republic into a monarchy. Rome reached its zenith in the 2nd century, then fortunes slowly declined with many revivals and restorations along the way. The reasons for the decline of the Empire are still debated today, and are multiple.
The Roman Empire was an ancient empire centered around the Mediterranean Sea, commonly dated from accession of the Emperor Augustus in 27 BC through the abdication of the last emperor in 476 AD. It was the successor state to the Roman Republic, and constituted the final period of classical antiquity.
The 500-year-old Roman Republic, which preceded it, had been weakened through several civil wars. Several events are commonly proposed to mark the transition from Republic to Empire, including Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), and the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC), though the Roman Senate's granting to Octavian the honorific Augustus is most common (16 January 27 BC).
The first two centuries of the empire were characterized by the Pax Romana, which was a period of unprecedented peace and prosperity. Though Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the republic, it continued under the emperors. Notably, parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD, while Roman dominion in Europe, Africa and especially Asia was strengthened during this time. Numerous uprisings were successfully put down, notably those in Britain and Judea, though the latter uprising triggered the suicide of the unpopular Emperor Nero and a brief civil war.
The empire would reach its greatest territorial extent under the emperor Trajan in 117 AD, though most of his gains were given up under his successor. In the view of Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the Emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron" - a famous comment which has led some historians, notably Edward Gibbon, to take Commodus' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. A succession of unsuccessful emperors followed, and then a period of civil wars and social unrest during the Crisis of the Third Century.
Several factors, including invasions, crop failures, smallpox/measles, deforestation, an overly complex bureaucratic infrastructure, germanic barbarians, and Christianity. Yes, Christianity led to the fall of the Empire. Look into the complex relationship between the adoption of Christianity and the social/governmental issues that followed.
People with an agenda like to trot out the fall of the Roman Empire and pretend somehow that increased homosexuality caused it, but this is a fools game of lies and historical ignorance.
The first is to applaud Piketty's work, construct some grand theory of social decline such as a new gilded age or a transition to oligarchy, and back his proposals for new taxes and regulation of wealth.
The scale of the social decline required an equally large-scale national response.
And this despite the government stating that reversing economic, physical and social decline of communities where market forces alone won't suffice is a top priority.
The past century has seen the town suffer from relative economic and social decline but there is undoubtedly an economic and cultural renaissance underway.
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The product of two successive even numbers is 6888. Which is the greater of the two numbers?
greater of the two numbers?
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During the first three months of 2016, crude oil prices were relatively more volatile than in recent history. This elevated volatility occurred when overall oil prices were low, and volatility was driven by high uncertainty related to supply, demand, and inventories. Crude oil price volatility has declined since its peak in March. Prices have risen as concerns about future economic growth have abated and as inventory growth has slowed since the start of the year.
The 30-day measure of oil price volatility (calculated as the standard deviation of daily percent changes in crude oil prices over the previous 30 trading days) reached a high of 45% on March 4 before falling to 33% on April 18. Volatility levels in March were the highest since early 2009, when crude oil prices were falling in response to the financial crisis and to a drop in demand for petroleum products. The recent decline in oil prices resulted in volatility levels closer to the 2015 average of 27%.
Volatility often reflects market uncertainty about both the current and future value of a commodity. Daily volatility is often driven by the release of new economic or supply information, changes in market expectations, or unanticipated events that can cause large price adjustments.
Volatility also increased during unexpected interruptions in oil supply, such as the disruptions that occurred during the first Gulf War in 1990, in the aftermath of hurricanes in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, and in Libya in the first half of 2011.
Monthly trading ranges, or the difference between the high and low closing oil prices in a given month, are another way of measuring volatility. In January 2016, Brent crude oil spot prices closed at a low of $26 per barrel (b) and a high of $36/b, and this $10/b trading range was higher than the range of any month in 2015. The magnitude of the trading range compared with the average monthly price was 33% in January, the highest since 2008.
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Look, if the picture you get instantly is as beautiful as the picture you get by waiting seven days, then it is absolute madness to say that there is virtue in waiting.
The process must be concealed from—non-existent for—the photographer, who by definition need think of the art in the taking and not in the making photographs... In short, all that should be necessary to get a good picture is to take a good picture.
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My creaky floorboards are driving me mad. What can I do?
Q I am being driven mad by the noise of creaking floorboards. It sounds like an old wooden ship going down with all hands on board! Do I have to nail the loose boards together? I don’t want to take the carpets up. What are my options?
A You can fix loose floorboards down onto the timber floor joists directly through carpet and underlay, using special “snap-off” screws, leaving your floor squeak-free and your carpets undamaged.
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Pre-Islamic period. The present town of Qom in Central Iran dates back to ancient times. Its pre-Islamic history can be partially documented, although the earlier epochs remain unclear. Excavations at Tepe Sialk indicate that the region had been settled since ancient times (Ghirshman, 1938, I, pp. 91-92; Vanden Berghe, p. 125), and more recent surveys have revealed traces of large inhabited places south of Qom, dating from the 4th and 1st millennium BCE (Kleiss, 1982, pp. 272-73; idem, 1983, pp. 69, 75, 98). While nothing is known about the area from Elamite, Medean, and Achaemenid times, there are significant archeological remains from the Seleucid and Parthian epochs, of which the ruins of Khurha (Ḵurha; about 70 km southwest of Qom) are the most famous and important remnants. Their dating and function have instigated long and controversial debates and interpretations, for they have been interpreted and explained variously as the remains of a Sasanian temple, or of a Seleucid Dionysian temple, or of a Parthian complex (for a summary, see Drechsler, p. 38, and n. 138). Its true function is still a matter of dispute, but the contributions by Wolfram Kleiss point to a Parthian palace that served as a station on the nearby highway and was used until Sasanian times (Kleiss, 1973, p. 181; idem, 1981, pp. 66-67; idem, 1985, pp. 173-79). The recently published results of the excavations carried out in 1955 by Iranian archeologists have, however, revived the old thesis of a Seleucid religious building (Hakemi, pp. 16, 22, 26, 28, 35, 39). Besides Khurha, which is already mentioned as Ḵorhābād/Ḵorrahābād at Qomi (pp. 67, 68) in the 9th century, the region has turned up a few other remnants from this epoch, including the four Parthian heads found near Qom, now kept in the National Museum in Tehran (Ghirshman, 1962, pl. 52; Hakemi, pp. 13-14 and pl. 3). Qomi also names Parthian personalities as founders of villages in the Qom area (Qomi, pp. 65, 82, 84-86). The possible mention of Qom in the form of Greek names in two ancient geographical works (the Tabula Peutingera and Ptolemy’s geographical tables) remains doubtful (Drechsler, pp. 40-43).
The Sasanian epoch offers many archeological findings and remnants, besides the fact that various sources mention Qom. The most interesting building from an archeological point of view is the Qalʿa-ye Doḵtar in Qom itself, which was long thought to have served religious purposes, while more recent research points to an administrative use (Schippmann, pp. 416-21). The wider surroundings of Qom also contain numerous traces from palaces, religious, military and administrative buildings (for a summary, see Drechsler, pp. 44-46). Some of these are mentioned by Qomi, who also names many more fire temples in the urban area of present Qom and its region, of which no archeological traces are left although the location of one fire temple can probably be equated with today’s Masjed-e Emām in the city (Qomi, pp. 22-23, 32, 37, 61, 62, 69, 70-71, 74, 77, 82, 90, 137, 138). According to Qomi, the most important fire temple of the area stood in the nearby village of Mazdajān (Qomi, pp. 88-89).
Tāriḵ-e Qom and some other sources also speak of genuine historical figures of the Sasanian epoch in connection with Qom and its region. They shed new light on the time of the seizure of power by the first Sasanian king Ardašir I, who fought his decisive battles near Qom (Qomi, pp. 70-71; Nehāyat al-erab, p. 179; Widengren, pp. 271, 743-45), and the collapse of the Sasanian empire, which is extensively reported by Ebn Aʿṯam Kufi and the Nehāyat al-erab and names a certain Šērzād as the satrap of the region (Ebn Aʿṯam, I, p. 201, II, pp. 31, 33, 58/59; Nehāyat al-erab, pp. 383, 388). The existence of an urban settlement in the Sasanian epoch is furthermore verified by Middle Persian sources (literary sources, inscriptions, and seals) that mention in the time of Šāpur I (Shapur) and Kawād I the names Godmān/Gomān and Ērān Win(n)ārd Kawād, both of which could be identified as Qom (Frye, 1956, p. 320; idem, 1975, p. 11; Gyselen, pp. 28, 73, 74). Altogether one can assume that Qom functioned as a small administrative unit throughout the whole Sasanian era. Probably the urban structure of the Sasanian settlement of Qom can be compared with the type of city of Ctesiphon (Ar. Madāʾen) and consisted of several villages and little towns with Abaraštejān, Mamajjān and Jamkarān as the bigger settlements that were loosely connected by defense installations (Drechsler, pp. 57-60).
A striking feature in the reports of those Islamic sources that provide significant information on the pre-Islamic situation of Qom is their mention of many mythical personalities in connection with the city and its surrounding area (in particular in Qomi, pp. 23, 60-63, 65-79, 81-82, 84-87, 90-91, 96; on other sources, see Drechsler, pp. 60-67). These passages show that the Arabs in Qom had accepted the mythical non-Islamic heritage and used it for reasons of historical continuity, but they also indicate the strong presence of these pre-Islamic myths in the 10th century, a presence which lasted well into the 14th century.
Medieval period. It is difficult to decipher the actual process of the Arab conquest of Qom from the extant Arabic sources. According to Balāḏori, the first tentative conquest of Qom took place in 23/644 by Abu Musā Ašʿari after a few days of fighting (although Abu Musā’s route through Western Persia, as narrated by Balāḏori, appears somewhat confusing). It remains unclear who the defenders of Qom were; probably fleeing Sasanian nobles and local soldiers returning from the great battles against the Arabs formed the core of the resistance. The area remained largely untouched for 60 years after the initial conquest and was probably administered from Isfahan (Balāḏori, pp. 312-14; Drechsler, pp. 69-74).
The first permanent settlement of Arab settlers in Qom took place during the revolts of Moḵtar b. Abi ʿObayd Ṯaqafi and Moṭarref b. Moḡira b. Šaʿba in 66-77/685-96, when small groups of refugees moved there and Qom itself was affected by the fighting between the Umayyad state power and the rebels (Qomi, p. 38; Ṭabari, II, p. 992).
The decisive step for the later urban development of Qom occurred when a group of Ašʿari Arabs came to the area. These Ašʿaris originated in Yemen and the first important figure among them was the first conqueror of the area of Qom, the above-mentioned Abu Musā Ašʿari. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Saʿd and Aḥwaṣ b. Saʿd were grandsons of Abu Musā’s nephew and led the group of Ašʿaris that emigrated from Kufa to the region of Qom. It is not exactly clear why they migrated; almost all sources state that they had to leave as a result of their participation in the failed revolt of Ebn al-Ašʿaṯ in 83/702, but it might have also been a general opposition to the Umayyad dynasty, which lead to individual persecution by the Umayyad viceroy of Iraq, Ḥajjāj b. Yusof Ṯaqafi, after the execution of their cousin in 94/713. The Ašʿaris seem to have come via Sāva; a central element was the early contact with the leading local Zoroastrian Persian noble Yazdānfāḏār (Qomi, pp. 242-50, 258-65, 284-91; Drechsler, pp. 78-91).
Another important event of the early years of Ašʿari presence was the successful fight of the Arab settlers against marauding Daylamite bands of robbers, which probably took place several years after their arrival and led to the transfer of the village of Mamājjān in 718 (87 after the local solar calendar which counted from the death of Yazdgerd III; Drechsler, p. 297) by Yazdānfāḏār to ʿAbd-Allāh and Aḥwaṣ. This village is located on the grounds of present-day Qom and was situated opposite the center of the region at that time, Abaraštijān, and thus offered protection for the Persians and the other villages nearby (Qomi, pp. 22, 32-35, 37, 245, 248-49, 260, 263; Saʿidniā, pp. 147, 149, 152, 154, 159, 160).
As the Arabs required a great deal of pasture for their large herds of cattle and were much wealthier than the local Persians (having probably sold their property in Iraq), they slowly started to buy land and take over more villages. The decisive step for controlling the area was the elimination of the local Persian noble class that took place after the death of Yazdānfāḏār in 733 (102 after the local solar calendar) and was caused by growing social and economic conflicts between the new settlers and the Persians. After the killing of the Persian nobility, more Arab settlers moved to the area. The water supply was safeguarded in a treaty with the inhabitants of the region around the sources of the river Qom (Qomrud) (Qomi, pp. 48-49, 242, 244, 250, 253-57, 260, 262-63).
The emigration and the subsequent settlement and building activities led to the fusion of the original six villages on the area of Qom to an urban conglomerate which probably happened within two generations after the first coming of Arabs (ca. 780-800). This was accompanied by the construction of irrigation channels, fortifications, a Friday mosque and a bazaar. Qom fulfilled the criteria of a “city” from the beginning of the 9th century. Consequently the city and the province were fully recognized by the Abbasid authorities and then administered independently from Isfahan. This process of administrative separation of the city and the region from Isfahan was carried out in 189/804-5 by Hārun-al-Rašid himself, who was urged by a prominent man of Qom and a native of Isfahan in order to save Qom from persecution in the first case and Isfahan from the burden of collecting taxes from the reluctant people of Qom in the second, who are reported to not have paid taxes for 50 years (Qomi, pp. 23, 28-33, 35, 37, 42, 59, 251, 255; Saʿidniā, pp. 147, 149, 152, 154, 159-60).
The time from the consolidation of Arab supremacy until the administrative separation from Isfahan is also characterized by the establishment of the early Shiʿite as the main religious force in the city, but the sources mention the existence of Sunni groups and vague reports about Islamic (Ismaʿili) and Jewish heretics, too. The Abbasid revolution itself touched the city as well and led to the presence of approximately 4,000 men under Qaḥṭaba b. Šabib Ṭāʾi in Qom in the winter of 131/748-49 (Qomi, pp. 260, 278-79; Duri and Moṭṭalebi, eds., pp. 338-39; Ebn Saʿd, VII, p. 382; Šahrestāni, pp. 168-69; Drechsler, pp. 113-22).
Although a few names of governors and their tax assessments are known from the time after the administrative independence, the death of Fāṭema Maʿṣuma, the sister of the eighth Shiʿite Imam ʿAli Reżā (of whom a stay in 201/816 in Qom has to be excluded despite other claims by sources, see ʿAli al-Reżā; Ebn Bābuya, II, p. 148; Drechsler, pp. 126-128) in the city in 201/816-17 proved to be of great importance for the later history of Qom. Fāṭema Maʿṣuma died while following her brother to Khorasan. The place of her entombment developed from 256/869-70 into a building that was transformed over time into today’s magnificent and economically important sanctuary (Qomi, pp. 31, 101/02, 164, 213/14; Ebn Bābuya, II, p. 271; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi 1976, I, p. 18; Drechsler, pp. 124-131).
In 210/825-26 a major rebellion against the tax regulations of the caliphate broke out in Qom. It was caused by the refusal of the caliph al-Maʾmun to lower the yearly tax assessment as he had done in Ray. The revolt was lead by an Ašʿari named Yaḥyā b. ʿEmrān, maintaining that taxes should not be paid to an unlawful ruler (e.g., a non-Shiʿite). Yaḥyā was killed by troops sent by the caliph and the citizens was severely punished; the taxes were raised from 2 million to 7 million dirhams. Two years later the taxes were again raised by 700,000 dirham by the Ašʿari governor ʿAli b. ʿIsā, who was subsequently deposed because he was strongly rejected by the inhabitants of Qom. But in 217/833 ʿAli returned to the post of governor (wāli) and forcefully collected tax debts that were laid upon him by the caliph. He destroyed parts of Qom and handed over a wanted rebel to caliphal authorities under al-Moʿtaṣem. Between 225/839-40 and 227/841-42 two contradicting tax assessments were carried out under turbulent circumstances which amounted to a sum of 5 million dirhams. The names of those involved have survived (Qomi, pp. 35, 102-4, 156-57, 163-64; Ṭabari, III, pp. 1092-93, 1102, 1106, 1111; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, p. 166; Drechsler, pp. 132-39).
The move of a Hadith transmitter from Kufa to Qom, which took place probabaly in the middle of the 9th century, indicates the increased importance of Qom as a center of Shiʿite learning. At about the same time another military attack on the city occurred in 254/868, when Mofleḥ, the Turkish officer of the caliph al-Mostaʿin, executed some of its inhabitants because of the city’s refusal to pay taxes. Mofleḥ became governor of Qom and lasted in that position for at least five years. During his governorship important ʿAlids moved to Qom and there are references to close contacts between the representative of the 11th Shiʿite Imam, Ḥasan al-ʿAskari, in Qom and other Qomis. The representative Aḥmad b. Esḥāq was at the same time administrator of the Fāṭema sanctuary and the agent (wakil) responsible for the pensions of the ʿAlids (Najāši, p. 12, 262; Qomi, pp. 35, 156-57, 163-64, 211-12, 215; Ṭabari, III, p. 1697; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, p. 166; Drechsler, pp. 140-45).
The first Friday mosque in Qom was built in 265/878-79 on the site of a fire temple, although there are also confusing reports concerning a possible earlier Friday mosque (Qomi, pp. 26, 37, 38; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1976, II, pp. 115-16; Drechsler, pp. 146-48). In 268/881-82 Qom was occupied by the Turkish military leader Edgü Tegin (Arabic Yadkutakin b. Asātakin or Aḏkutakin), who tried to collect the tax arrears for seven years which partially ruined the guarantors (some of whom are known) of these taxes. At about the same time the early orthodox Shiʿites achieved their victory in the town. In 280/893-94, at the latest, all extremists (ḡolāt) were driven out of town by the leading Shiʿite shaikh of Qom, Aḥmad b. Moḥammed b. ʿIsā Ašʿari. Probably one year later the famous Islamic mystic Ḥosayn b. Manṣur Ḥallāj stayed in Qom, where he was arrested (Ṭabari, III, p. 2024, tr. XXXVII, p. 78; Qomi, pp. 35, 157-58, 163, 215; Najāši, pp. 33, 132; Ṭusi, pp. 20, 25, 247-48; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1993, pp. 34, 35, 37; Drechsler, pp. 148-54).
From 282/895-96 onwards the history of Qom was connected with a family of Turkic military leaders from the army of the caliph al-Moʿtażed, including the governor Berun (Birun). In the same year Berun destroyed a big and probably still active fire temple located on the territory of the evolving city and probably opposite today’s sanctuary of Fāṭema Maʿṣuma. In these unstable political times Qom was visited by the vizier of al-Moʿtażed, ʿObayd-Allāh b. Solaymān, and two tax assessments were organized (Qomi, pp. 89-90, 104-6, 125, 128, 133-34, 156, 163-64; Ebn al-Faqih, p. 247; Drechsler, pp. 154-60). An administrative peculiarity of Qom was put to an end at about the same time, to wit the independent appointment of judges through the Arab inhabitants of Qom until the time of al-Moktafi (r. 902-8), which, together with the dispatch of a joint Arab-Persian delegation to the vizier Ḥamid b. ʿAbbās indicate the end of the elevated position of the Arabs in Qom. The period of the governor ʿAbbās b. ʿAmr Ḡanawi (292-96/904-9) is remarkable for the presence of non-Twelver Shiʿites in Qom and the establishment of the office of the jahbaḏ (financial officer) as the tax broker for the city, which fostered local self-determination (Qomi, pp. 17, 35-36, 149-153, 225, 229; Drechsler, pp. 160-64).
In 296/909 Ḥosayn b. Ḥamdān b. Ḥamdun was appointed governor of Qom and Kāšān by the caliph al-Moqtader and had to assist the caliph’s army against the Saffarids in Fārs. Altogether he stayed in power only for two years before he had to return to Baghdad (Ṭabari, III, p. 2284, tr., XXXVIII, pp. 197-98; Drechsler, pp. 164-66). In the years 301/913-14 to 315/927 the people of Qom had, besides another tax assessment (meanwhile the eighth), a caliphal intervention that resulted in the appointment of a governor to stabilize the administrative grip over the region. This move caused more unrest and affected the balance of power in an area that was disputed between the powers of the time (Daylamites, Samanids). Beginning in 316/928 Qom fell into the sphere of the interest of Daylami warlords and was relieved from the direct authority of the caliph, although it changed hands several times between 316/928 and 331/943. The Daylamites brutally exploited the city through harsh taxes. With the firm establishment of Buyid control from 340/951-52 on, the political circumstances were less troubled than before, although the economical situation deteriorated (Qomi, pp. 99-100, 105-6, 142-44, 164-65, 21718; Ebn al-Aṯir, VIII, pp. 102-4, 162, 196, 290, 388-89; Drechsler, pp. 166-81).
No outstanding events are reported for the relatively stable political period until 378/988-89, but Qom seems to have been isolated inside Persia because of its Shiʿite creed. At the same time, the Fāṭema sanctuary was enlarged and the number of sayyeds residing in Qom reached a considerable number. In 373/984 Qom and its environs were affected by the revolt of the Kurdish Moḥammad Barzikāni against the Buyid Faḵr-al-Dawla (Qomi, pp. 214, 219, 220; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, p. 117; idem, 1976, I, p. 18; Drechsler, pp. 181-191).
The most informative source on the city’s history until the end of the 10th century is the Tāriḵ-e Qom, and it offers relatively good overall view of the urban history of Qom in this time span.
The population amounted to 50,000 inhabitants at the most and consisted of Persians and Arabs who had adopted the Persian of the time (Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 362; Drechsler, p. 198, n. 956) as their language and many social customs from the Persians, whose proportion was probably smaller than the Arabs. The Kurds lived in the countryside to the west. The Twelver Shiʿites constituted the great majority of the population and many important Shiʿite scholars of the time came from Qom or lived there (e.g., Ebn Bābuya, Ebn Quluya, Saʿd b. ʿAbd-Allāh Qomi, etc.). As many as 331 male ʿAlids lived in Qom in 988-89, and they produced a good number of community leaders (naqib) and there is also mention of one prominent female ʿAlid besides Fāṭema Maʿṣuma. These ʿAlids descended from the Imams and were supported by pensions. Apart from the Shiʿite mainstream, other Shiʿite sects existed in the city and one can also assume the presence of Sunnis. Ḏemmis, or followers of other revealed religions (Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians) must have lived in the city, too, as the payment of poll tax (jezya) indicates, although their number can only be very roughly estimated at a few thousand at the end of the 3rd century A.H/9th century and must have shrunk drastically in the 4th/10th century. The majority of these non-Muslims were Zoroastrians, who made their living mostly as farmers. Jews must have lived in Qom as well, but information on them is scant. It is striking that the formerly dominant Ašʿaris had lost their leading positions by the end of the 4th/10th century. This points at a new social situation that allowed assimilated Persians to join the local establishment (Qomi, pp. 18, 32, 44-46, 108, 123, 125, 128, 191-241; Ebn al-Faqih, p. 209; Ebn Ḥawqal, pp. 315, 342; Ṭusi, pp. 42, 75-76, 93; Najāši, p. 276; Biruni, p. 228; Ebn Saʿd, VII, p. 382; Samʿāni, X, p. 486; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 121-25; 136-37; Drechsler, pp. 198-207).
The city’s topography in the 4th/10th century still reflected the evolutionary merging of the original six villages; these were still separated by fields. The town center was located in the village of Mamajjān, which was connected to other parts of the city on the other side of the river by four bridges. There were about eight squares whose function is not clear and three mosques within the city. There is almost no information about madrasas. The sanctuary must have still been quite small as only two cupolas are mentioned. A bazaar and bathhouses must have existed, too, as well as certain administrative buildings (prison, mint). Five bigger and eight smaller roads indicate good traffic connections, which were supported by at least three or maybe even nine city gates (Qomi, pp. 23, 26, 27, 32, 35-40, 42, 60, 167, 214, 216; Saʿidniā, pp. 151-153, 155-56, 158-59; Drechsler, pp. 194-198).
Qom was then in a difficult economical and social position. Many houses inside the city as well as bridges and mills were ruined and the roads and agriculture were suffering from an insecure situation. This has to be attributed to difficult social circumstances and excessive taxation (Qomi, pp. 13, 27, 36-37, 53-56; Drechsler, p. 192-93). The water supply seems to have been satisfactory and the Ašʿaris seem to have undertaken continuous renovation works on the irrigation channels between 733 and 900. The Ašʿaris were also the proprietors of the water rights, which were safeguarded in the water authority (divān-e āb) that regulated the water shares. The system made the Ašʿaris the wealthiest inhabitants of Qom and stayed in place until 347/958-59, when they were expropriated by the Buyids, which consequently brought about a decline in the whole system of irrigation. Although there were attempts at restoration in 371/981-82, only three of originally twenty-one channels had flowing water which meant enough drinking water was supplied for the population, but the available amount could not have been adequate for agricultural purposes (Yaʿqubi, pp. 273-74; Qomi, pp. 40-46; 48-53, 244; Lambton, 1989, pp. 156-59; Drechsler, p. 243-52).
Altogether the state of cultivation in Qom seems to have resembled that of the other regions of Persia, although the thirty different crops and plants are only indirectly mentioned in connection with the tax assessments. The soil is reported to have good quality and produced big quantities of food. Little is known about animal husbandry in the region, but the considerable number of fifty-one mills existed, of which a fifth was in decay. Legends speak of mineral deposits and mines of silver, iron, gold and lead, while Kurds seem to have produced salt from a lake nearby (see Qom Lake). The production of chairs, textiles, and saddle equipment indicates craftsmanship (Qomi, pp. 48, 53-56, 76-77, 87-88, 107-8, 112-13, 119-122, 167, 174-76, 244, 251; Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 342; Ebn al-Faqih; pp. 50, 265; Moqaddasi, pp. 396, 470; Spuler, pp. 387-90, 392-94; 405-6, 408; Drechsler, pp. 253-58).
The city’s taxation has to be distinguished between the more proper rule of the Abbasid tax bureaucracy and the time of the Daylami warlords where rules were bent arbitrarily. A stunning diversity of taxes is known (often meant to serve the ever greedy Abbasid bureaucracy and the Daylamite and Buyid war machinery) but the ḵarāj (land tax), which was composed of many different separate sums, was the most important single tax existing in Qom at least since post-Sasanian times. Within the known 18 tax figures ranging over 160 years there are great differences and the tax figures vary from 8 million to 2 million dirhams with a mean value at around 3 million. Interestingly in taxation Qom always followed the solar calendar with its own local variation, starting from the death of the Sasanian Yazdegerd III. A highly differentiated tax administration existed and is known in great detail; 24 tax collectors (ʿommāl) are listed from 189/804-5 to 371/981-82 plus two jahabaḏa who acted as mediators after the attempt to enforce collective responsibility by the taxpayers had failed. The information in the Tāriḵ-e Qom on taxation also mention by name 21 tax districts (rasātiq) in the region with 900 villages (Qomi, pp. 28-29, 31, 34, 38-39, 42, 56-59, 101-90, 242, 253, 262; Balāḏori, p. 314; Yaʿqubi, p. 274; Ebn al-Faqih, p. 264-65; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1983, pp. 28, 40-41; Lambton, 1969, pp. 41-45; Drechsler, pp. 258-73, 285-306).
Little is known about the time until the period of Saljuq dominance. In 387/997, Qom became involved in internal Buyid quarrels and was subsequently unsuccessfully besieged. In 418/1027-28, Qom fell under the rule of Šahryuš from the Kakuyid dynasty and a few years later (1030-40) it became part of the Ghaznavid domain. The Saljuqs did not occupy Qom at once but left the town and Jebāl in Kakuyid hands for ten years. From 442/1050-51 on, the city was under Saljuq rule and nothing is known about its fate until 487/1094. Afterwards the growing instability of the Saljuq empire involved Qom into the power struggles between the competing Saljuq factions in Jebāl and the city changed hands many times. The most stable period seem to have been the 14 years (513-27/1119-1133) when Qom lay in Sanjar’s sphere of power and witnessed the construction of a second Friday mosque (Ebn al-Aṯir, IX, pp. 204, 357-58, 429-30, X, pp. 289, 332-33, 551, XI, p. 237; ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini, pp. 167-68; Bayhaqi, pp. 422-33; Mostawfi, pp. 833, 841; Bosworth, 1968, pp. 38, 106-110, 120, 125, 135; Drechsler, pp. 208-219).
Surprisingly, Qom enjoyed relative prosperity in its economy in the Saljuq period. The rigidly Sunni Saljuqs seem to have practiced a pragmatic policy and one of the main sources of this time (ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini) speaks of good relations between the famous vizier Neẓām-al-Molk and Saljuq sultans on the one hand, and members of the local nobility on the other. Sultans reportedly visited the sanctuary (although no specific sultan is mentioned by name) and in general no religiously motivated punitive action against Qom is known to have taken place. Under Saljuq rule a considerable number of religious buildings were erected. At least ten madrasas are known by name. Two Friday mosques seem to have existed in Saljuq times: the old one was renovated and a new one, located outside of the town area, was built in 528/1133-34 by the order of Sultan Ṭoḡrel II. Qom must have expanded during this period, but precise reasons for its prosperity are not known. A family of Ḥosaynid ʿAlids was influential and provided a number of community leaders (naqib). Another important Shiʿite family was that of the Daʿwidār, whose members were judges (qāżi) in town, which indicates the transformation of Qom from a town governed by the Sunnis to a completely Shiʿite domain (ʿAbd-al-Jalil Qazvini, pp. 47, 51, 163-64, 182, 191, 220-21, 229-30, 280, 430, 437, 494, 643; Abu’l-Rajāʾ Qomi, pp. 105-6, 262; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 5, 130, 138-39, 165-67; idem, 1976, I, p. 20, II, pp. 109-10, 217-18; Drechsler, pp. 220-28).
The following epochs of the Atābakān-e Āḏarbāyjān and Ḵᵛārazmšāhs lasted for almost 30 years and brought different systems of rule in quick succession. The two noteworthy events of this period are the execution of ʿEzz-al-Din Yaḥyā, the naqib of the Shiʿites, by the Ḵᵛārazmšāh Tekeš in 592/1196 and the work on the tiles of the sanctuary (probably in 605-13/1208-217), which indicate a certain economic prosperity at a time of unstable political conditions. From 614/1217-18 until the Mongol attack, Qom remained under the Ḵᵛārazmšāh ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad (Ebn al-Aṯir, X, p. 118, XII, p. 317; Abu’l-Rajāʾ Qomi, p. 262; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 132-33; Drechsler, pp. 228-31).
The Mongol invasion led to the total destruction of Qom by the armies of the Mongol generals, Jebe and Sübedei, in 621/1224 and left the city in ruins for at least twenty years, when the sources (Jovayni) tell of the levying of taxes. Twenty years later, reconstruction and repair works, probably sponsored by some wealthy inhabitants, were being done on the mausoleums of Shiʿite saints in the city, which contradict those sources, such as Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi, that describe Qom as a ruined and depopulated city throughout the Il-khanid period. Besides, the fact that the Il-khanid vizier Šams-al-Din Jovayni took refuge in the Fāṭema sanctuary in 683/1284, indicates that the city must have experienced at least a modest comeback. The city walls were probably rebuilt and, moreover, four graves of saints are known to have been constructed between 720/1301 and 1365 (which falls already into the time of the Ṣafis; see below). Additionally some fine tiles are known from this period. Nothing is known about the irrigation systems of the town, but nearby a dam was built in the Il-khanid period and the local administration must have functioned again, as the name of a judge shows. The agricultural situation is described as flourishing with a variety of cultivated plants and a good supply of water, and legends indicate the use of deposits of mineral resources. Information exists concerning taxes for the post-Mongolian period. Qom paid 40,000 dinars, but more remarkable is the fact that some of the surrounding rural districts paid as much as Qom or even more, which suggests that the whole administrative structure of districts had also changed (Ebn al-Aṯir, XII, p. 419; Rašid al-Din Fażl-Allāh, 1957, p. 63; Jovayni, pp. 538, 542; Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi, 1919, pp. 67-68, 71-73; Boyle, pp. 311, 331, 337, 368-69, 496, 541; Spuler, 1955, pp. 30-31, 41, 82-83; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1976, II, p. 35, 43, 67, 78; Survey of Persian Art, IV, pp. 1684-686; Drechsler, pp. 232-41, 308-12).
After the collapse of the Il-Khanid empire, the city and the region were dominated by a semi-autonomous family of unknown origin, the Ṣafis, whose first amir, Tāj-al-Din ʿAli, can be dated to 736/1336. The Ṣafis, who might have come from the Il-khanid military, may have been for a very short time under the Chobanids, whose rule in Central Persia ended at about 1343 (Roemer, p. 20) and might have then belonged for a slightly longer period to the domain of the Jalayerids(if the brief mention of Qom in the Resāla-ye falakiyya of ʿAbd-Allāh b. Moḥammad Māzandarāni from around 1363 can be taken as a proof; see Bayāni, pp. 191-92, 206; see also Jalayerids), but the exact course of events in this confusing period remains unclear. Despite the troubled circumstances, the Ṣafis seem to have managed to keep their semi-autonomous position under the Mozaffarids (who had coins printed in Qom in the reign of Shah Šojāʿ) for the remaining forty years of the dynasty until the rise of Timur. In the later years of the Mozaffarids, Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin, in his quarrel with Shah Manṣur, tried in vain in 793/1391 to capture the city which, at that time, was ruled by the fourth amir Aṣil-al-Din (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1985a, pp. 12-15, 20-25; idem, 1985b, p. 44; Roemer, pp. 77-79; Šabānkāraʾi, pp. 325-26, 342; Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru, 1959, pp. 7-8; idem, 1999, II, pp. 297-98; ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandi, I, pp. 360, 469, 478, 581, 602, 631).
As Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi has convincingly demonstrated (1971, pp. 6-14), Timur, who later had men from the area recruited for his campaign against a rebellion in Māzandarān in 806/1403-4 (Manz, 1989, pp. 98, 101, 112), did not destroy the city, in spite of later claims by some European travelers (e.g., Chardin, II, p. 459; Flandin, p. 139. Neither do Barbaro nor Contarini mention any signs of destruction, pp. 73, 129). Qom is not mentioned in any of the three Persian campaigns of Timur and it seems that the fifth amir of the Ṣafis, Ebrāhim b. ʿAli Safi, who also commissioned the translation of the Tāriḵ-e Qom; (Qomi, p. 3) submitted to Timur in 795/1393, although there are already coins from Qom dated 791/1389 that mention Amir Timur (Ebn ʿArabšāh, 1986, p. 36 [Ebn ʿArabšāhnames the Ṣafi ruler as Ebrāhim Qomi and indicates a relation to Amir Wali of Māzanderān]; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 70, 167-76; idem, 1985a, p. 26; idem, 1985b, pp. 45-51 [Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi corrects the date given by Ebn ʿArabšāh]). The Ṣafis maintained their leading role under the Timurids until 815/1412 (Ebn Šehāb Yazdi, p. 14) when Qom was conquered and plundered by Eskandar b. ʿOmar Šayḵ as part of his struggle with Šāhroḵ. The last and sixth Ṣafi amir, Ḵᵛāja Moḥammad, was captured and taken to Isfahan, where Eskandar had him killed (Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru, 2001, III, pp. 481-83; Ḥasan Rumlu, p. 78-79; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1985a, pp. 27-29; Manz, 2005, p. 448; idem, 2007, p. 30, 149) and two years later in 817/1414 the city fell under Šāhroḵ’s power, who, after eliminating Eskandar, installed the brothers Elyās Ḵᵛāja (1415-34) and Yusof Ḵᵛāja from the Barlās as successive governors. They also functioned as defenders of this border region of Šāhroḵ’s domain against the Qara Qoyunlu and ruled until 846/1442-43 when Yusof Ḵᵛāja was killed while fighting a regional rebel. In the same year Šāhroḵ nominated his grandson Solṭān-Moḥammad b. Bāysonqor as the ruler of Central Persia, including Qom (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 208-24; Ando, pp. 133-137; Kāteb, pp. 230-31; Ḥasan Rumlu, pp. 101, 190; 247; Ḥāfeẓ-e Abru, 1999, II, pp. 372-73; Idem, 2001, II, pp. 609; Ebn Šehāb Yazdi, pp. 35-37; ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandi, II, pp. 224-25, 276, 319, 518; Abu Bakr Ṭehrāni, II, p. 285; Manz, 2007, p. 32).
Despite the ongoing conflicts first with his grandfather and then his brother Abu’l-Qāsem Bābor and also the Qārā Qoyunlus (who attacked Western Central Persia in 851/1447-48 and inflicted heavy damage on Qom), Solṭān-Moḥammad held on to Qom as well as parts of Central Persia until 855/1452. He spent a great deal of time in Qom, which was one of his most important strongholds, where he also had coins minted in his name. Two of his governors are known: Šāh Qāżi in 851/1447-48, who was perhaps killed in the Qara Qoyunlu attack, and Aḥmad b. Firuzšāh, who ruled afterwards until the fall of Qom. Solṭān Moḥammad was killed by Abu’l-Qāsem Bābor who then installed Darviš ʿAli, a son of Yusof Ḵᵛāja and a native of the city, as his governor. The rule of Darviš ʿAli lasted less than half a year and seems to have been unpopular because of his oppressive measures. The Timurid control of Qom ended, when Jahānšāh’s son, Pir Budāq, took Qom, the date of which remains disputed; it happened either after a two month siege on 1. Jomādā II 856/19 June 1452 (Ḡiāṯi Baḡdādi, pp. 53, 156) or at the beginning of the year 857/1453 (Ḥasan Rumlu, p. 323; ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandi, II, p. 727; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 233-35 supports this date). Darviš ʿAli’s unpopularity reportedly induced the inhabitants to approach the Qara Qoyunlu army, and they asked to be relieved of their governor. The Qara Qoyunlu conquest of the city was then aided by Ḵᵛāja Neẓām-al-Din Yaḥyā Qomi, the resident amir of Solṭān-Moḥammad. The conquering Turkmen inflicted considerable destruction in the city but spared the defenders of the city’s castle and took Darviš ʿAli as prisoner (Ando, p. 138; Aubin, pp. 58, 60; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 154-56, 224-32; Idem, 1985b, p. 57; Kāteb, pp. 230-31, 237-46, 251, 255, 257, 265; Ebn Šehāb Yazdi, p. 81; ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandi, II, pp. 713, 723; Abu Bakr Ṭehrāni, II, pp. 295, 318, 324, 326; Manz, 2007, p. 272).
The Qara Qoyunlu rule over Qom lasted for fifteen uneventful years. Jahānšāh stayed in Qom on quite a few occasions, twice (857/1453, 867/1462) using it as his winter quarters, which indicate the strategic significance of Qom in the Qara Qoyunlu state. This is further supported by the fact that, at least temporarily, Jahānšāh’s grain storage was located in the city and that, on his way for the campaign in Khorasan in 862/1458, he brought his army into the city and divided the grain supplies among his men. Jahānšāh installed a governor by the name of Šāh Waliquz, who probably stayed in power throughout the whole Qara Qoyunlu period (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 156/57, 235-237; Abu Bakr Ṭehrāni, pp. 258, 432; Ḥasan Rumlu, pp. 326, 376, 431, 462; Budāq Monši Qazvini, p. 67).
Several governors are mentioned in quick succession following Jahānšāh’s death in 872/1468 and the subsequent collapse of the Qara Qoyunlu rule. First Šāh Waliquz made himself independent, but this ended in the same year when Šāh Ḥāji Beg Gāvrudi Hamadāni was installed in Qom and other cities on behalf of Jahānšāh’s son Ḥosayn-ʿAli. Šāh Ḥāji Beg was subsequently removed when Sultan Abu Saʿid’s army, in his short-lived effort to regain Central Persia for the Timurids conquered Qom (where he had coins minted in his name). In 874/1469, Abu Saʿid put a certain Eskandar Rekābdār in power, but the latter vanished with Uzun Ḥasan’s victory (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 157-60, 237-39; idem, 1985b, p. 58; Ḥasan Rumlu, pp. 464; Abu Bakr Ṭehrāni, pp. 441, 444-45; ʿAbd-al-Razzāq Samarqandi, II, p. 968).
The Āq Qoyunlu rule in Qom bears great similarities to the situation under the Qara Qoyunlu. Several times Uzun Ḥasan took his winter quarter in the city (874/1469-70, 875/1470-71, 877/1472-73, 878/1474-75), turning Qom for certain periods into a quasi capital in the Āq Qoyunlu state, where important decisions were made. Qom seems to have profited enormously from these stays, as the amirs and leading military officers were renting out houses for their sojourn. The war of succession amongst Uzun Ḥasan’s sons in 883/1478 left the city more or less untouched (only prince Ebrāhim b. Jahāngir’s clashes with Ḵālil took place in the region), and there is only a few pieces of information left from the reign of Yaʿqub (r. 1478-90). Like his father Uzun Ḥasan, he frequently spent his winters in Qom (883/1478-79, 886/1481-82, 892/1486-87, 893/1487-88), where he had appointed a governor by the name of Manṣur Beg b. Sohrāb Čamešgazaki who briefly changed sides in 886/1481 in the war with Bāyandor without any consequences for the city (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 84-85, 239-55; Barbaro, pp. 132-33, for the years 1474-75; Ḥasan Rumlu, pp. 508-9, 517-19, 571, 601; Marʿaši, pp. 313-14; Woods, pp. 127, 139-40, 149; Fażl-Allāh b. Ruzbehān, pp. 27, 34, 40-42, 52-53, 105; Budāq Monši Qazvini, p. 79; Abu Bakr Ṭehrāni, pp. 529-31, 534, 539-40, 547, 551-553, 557).
We have only scanty pieces of information from the remaining years of Āq Qoyunlu rule in Qom, although it seems to have remained one of the most important cities in that civil war ridden empire (it was the site of a winter quarter in 903/1497-98 under Āyba Solṭān). The latest Āq-Qoyunlu ruler of Qom was Sultan Morād’s governor Aslamaš Beg who might have belonged to Afšār clans which partly controlled the city until the Safavid Shah Esmāʿil I took Central Persia in 908-9/1503 (Budāq Monši Qazvini, p. 96; Woods, pp. 170-71, 197; Sarwar, pp. 44).
The relative inviolability of Qom in this turbulent period of almost 170 years following the collapse of the Il-khanid empire certainly seems surprising, but it may have been due to the city’s dominant families that provided a certain amount of internal political stability. Already at the end of the Il-khanid empire, a family of religious scholars, namely the Fatḥāns, rose to prominence, but they left Qom for Kāšān at the time of Jahānšāh’s death. The above-mentioned Ṣafis probably survived their end as a dynasty and continued to exercise influence in Qom. Another important family was the Rażawis (descending from the eighth Shiʿite Imam, ʿAli al-Reżā, and living in Qom since the late 9th cent.) who provided community leaders and motawallis “superintendants” in the 14th and 15th century (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 135, 183-86; idem, 1973, pp. 7-21; idem, 1976, I, p. 198; idem, 1985a, p. 33-34).
The only news known about the social and economical situation in Qom come from Giosafat Barbaro, who mentions the good agricultural situation and the “fine” bazaar. The population whose composition is completely unknown seems to have profited quite much from the city’s status as a winter capital and has to be estimated at about 100.000 if Barbaro’s information about Qom’s 20.000 houses is correct (pp. 73, 129, 132). One might take the numerous coins that had been minted in Qom as another indicator for a stable economic and political situation. Coins were minted under almost all ruling personalities in the whole period since the Il-khanid period (Ṣafis, Mozaffarids, Timur, Šāhroḵ, Solṭān-Moḥammad, Abu Saʿid, Uzun Ḥasan, Yaʿqub, and later Āq Qoyunlus; see Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1985a, pp. 44-62). Also a number of important buildings have been built in these 170 years. Both the Ṣafis and Šāhroḵ and Solṭān-Moḥammad had mausoleums, a madrasa, and a ḵānqāh erected, which in the case of the mausoleums (referred to as šāhzāda so and so) partly shaped a style that influenced other buildings in Timurid Khorasan. The Masjed Panja ʿAli was built under the Āq Qoyunlu Yaʿqub (O’Kane, 1984, pp. 62-65, 68-72; Survey of Persian Art III, pp. 1098-99; Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, pp. 39, 103, 142-43; idem, 1976, II, pp. 35-70, 73-82, 118-22, 127-29). The sanctuary also seems to have profited in this period as a number farmāns (the oldest being from Timur and Šāhroḵ) and documents of pious foundations (waqf-nāmas; e.g., from 760/1359) testify, although the news on the sanctuary are very sparse (Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, 1971, p. 135; idem, 1976, I, p. 131, 197, 203, 206, 209, 213).
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Ḥamd-Allāh Mostawfi Qazvini, Nozhat al-qolub, ed. and tr. Guy Le Strange, 2 vols., Leiden, 1915-19.
Idem, Tāriḵ-e gozida, facs. ed. Edward G. Browne, 2 vols., London 1910-13.
ʿAlāʾ-al-Din ʿAṭā Malek Jovayni, Tāriḵ-e jahāngošāy, ed. Moḥammad Qazvini, 3 vols., Leiden and London, 1906-37; tr. John A. Boyle as The History of the World-Conqueror, 2 vols., Manchester, 1958, repr in 1 vol., Manchester, 1997.
Aḥmad b. Ḥosayn Kāteb, Tāriḵ-e jadid-e Yazd, ed. Irāj Afšār, Tehran, 1978.
Wolfram Kleiss, “Qalʿeh Zohak in Azerbeidjan,” AMI 6, 1973, pp. 163-88.
Idem, “Bemerkungen zum Säulenbau von Khurha,” AMI 14, 1981, pp. 65-68.
Idem, “Mittelalterliche Burgen im Elbursgebirge und südöstlich von Qom,” AMI 15, 1982, pp. 237-78.
Idem, “Khowrabad und Djamgaran, zwei vorgeschichtliche Siedlungen am Westrand des zentraliranischen Plateaus,” AMI 16, 1983, pp. 69-104.
Idem, “Der Säulenbau von Khurha,” AMI 18, 1985, pp. 173-179.
Ann K. Lambton, Landlord and peasant in Persia: A Study of Land Tenure and Revenue Administration, London, 1953; tr. Manučehr Amiri as Mālek o zāreʿ dar Irān, Tehran, 1960.
Idem, “The qanats of Qom,”in Peter Beaumont, Michael Bonine, and Keith McLachlan, eds., Qanat, kariz and khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa, London 1989, pp. 151-75.
Beatrice Forbes Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1989.
Idem, “Nomad and Settled in the Timurid Military,”in Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran, eds., Mongols, Turks and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World, Leiden, 2005.
Idem, Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran, Cambridge, 2007.
Ẓahir-al-Din b. Naṣir-al-Din Marʿaši, Tāriḵ-e Ṭabarestān wa Ruyān wa Māzandarān, ed. Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Tasbiḥi, Tehran, 1966.
Ḥosayn Modarresi Ṭabāṭabāʾi, Qom dar qarn-e nohom-e hejri, 801-900, Qom, 1971.
Idem, Ḵandān-e Fatḥān: yak-i az ḵāndānhā-ye ʿelmi-e Qom dar qarnhā-ye haftom tā dahom, Qom 1973.
Idem, Torbat-e pākān: āṯār wa banāhā-ye qadimi-e maḥduda-ye konuni-e Qom, 2 vols., Qom, 1976.
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Cordoba is a mid-sized city in Andalucia Spain. It's a popular tourist destination because it is an ancient city that has a rich culture, an impressive Old Town, and a fascinating art scene. In the most historic part of the city you'll find a network of quaint streets and alleys that weave their way through nice squares and interesting buildings. At the center of the city is the Mezquita, which reflects the city's importance in the Islamic world during medieval times.
As a popular tourist destination, Cordoba has many different hostels and hotels. There are a range of hostels available for budget travelers. Some offer a social setting where it's easy to meet other guests, while others feel a bit more like a hotel.
How much do hostels in Cordoba cost?
A good hostel for solo travellers, small groups, backpackers, and female travellers.
Cordoba Bed and Be is a favorite hostel for backpackers in Cordoba, Spain. It's located on the city's main commercial street, Jose Cruz Conde, and is in the middle of the city. It's a clean and modern place to stay that has a lot of amenities available for guests. There are bicycles for rent, wi-fi throughout, laundry facilities, a shared kitchen, and modern and clean bathrooms. The hostel also hosts a number of events for guests. There are regular walking tours of the city, tapas nights, sushi dinners, and barbecues. This is one of the best places to stay in town if you want to meet other travelers.
The hostel is both social and charming. It has ten rooms that range in size and include twin private rooms as well as four and eight bed dorms. If you're staying in a dorm, you have access to a security locker. There's also a lounge with a large television, sofas, and comfortable chairs.
If you want to be in the center of everything then this is the place to stay. It's one of the most popular hostels in town and is perfect if you want to meet other fun travelers.
May Flowers Hostel is located in the historic heart of Cordoba in a Andalusian house. It's about a five minute walk from the Mezquita and is two minutes from Alcazar of Christian Kings and Royal Mews. In the surrounding neighborhood you'll find plenty of nice squares and quaint streets. The hostel itself has a nice patio and a variety of amenities for guests including free breakfast every morning.
There are double private rooms and four, five, six, or eight bed dorms. Some dorm rooms are female only. If you're looking for a peaceful and relaxing place to stay with friendly staff and a mellow setting, then this is a great option. It's central location and intimate vibe make it a nice place to spend a few days.
Hostal La Fuente is another popular place to stay in Cordoba, Spain. It's located on San Fernando Street and is about five minutes from the Mezquita-Cathedral. This is more of a hotel than a hostel, but it has two large lounges where guests can hang out. These rooms are also available for business meetings or other events. The hotel also has an on-site restaurant that serves decent food, and a traditional Andalusian patio where you can enjoy the mild climate. If you've arrived with your own vehicle, there's also parking available.
There are forty rooms in total and every room has air conditioning, heating, a television, a minibar, a safe, and its own full private bathroom. There are single, twin, triple, and quad rooms available. The rooms are a bit small but they are relatively comfortable and the location and price of the hotel are great.
Backpackers Al-Katre is another convenient and affordable hostel in Cordoba. It's located about 100 meters from the mosque and is surrounded by many quaint streets and interesting architecture. The area is perfect for walking so it's fun to just wander out the door and explore. There are also many great restaurants and tapas bars in the surrounding area.
The hostel has some nice common space including two patios where guests can relax outside. There's also a shared kitchen and breakfast is available every morning. There are twin private rooms a well as four and six bed dorms. Female only dorm rooms are available.
The staff here are great and can answer any questions that you might have. They offer good suggestions for restaurants and can help you arrange any transportation that you might need. This is a friendly and relaxing place to stay if you're traveling on a budget but don't want to sacrifice quality.
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You couldn't have written the script any differently!
It was the opening stages of the 2014/15 Premier League season and the fans were in for an early season treat as Chelsea visited the Etihad for a heavyweight clash.
After an incredibly tight game, it was the old Chelsea man, Frank Lampard that scored the equaliser.
In an act of respect, Frank Lampard refused to celebrate the goal even though his team-mates mobbed him with hugs.
Lampard later left City to join sister club, New York City FC in the MLS.
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Try this great recipe for your lunch today and stick to your fresh and healthy lifestyle!
1. Rinse the quinoa then boil in salted water for 15 minutes or until tender.
2. Fork through to separate and strain to remove excess water. Leave to cool.
3. Place the four lettuce leaves in a row standing upright.
4. Divide the quinoa, sprouts, carrot and cabbage into four equal parts.
5. Combine the dressing ingredients and drizzle over the vegetables. Enjoy!
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What is the problem? Large volcanic eruptions, though rare, could have an extremely negative humanitarian impact.
What are possible interventions? Based on current knowledge and technology, large eruptions cannot be prevented, but further research may improve the prediction of eruptions and allow for some mitigation of humanitarian impacts.
Who else is working on it? Although scientific organizations fund some basic research on volcanic eruptions, we are not aware of any organizations explicitly working to reduce the humanitarian risk from large eruptions.
Why did we look into this area?
Large eruptions could have extremely negative impacts on human welfare, mainly through adverse effects on the global food supply. The potential catastrophe is so great that an investment in research could conceptually have high returns.
Large eruption risk appears to be more quantifiable than some other global catastrophic risks (e.g., nuclear war).
Previous estimates have suggested that an eruption of VEI ≥ 8 is likely to occur roughly every 30,000 years,6 though more recent (unpublished) research suggests a higher frequency, in the range of an eruption every 10,000-15,000 years.7 Such an eruption is likely to eject ash that could cover millions of square kilometers with deep ash, potentially causing major crop failures.8 A major disruption of this kind could have very destructive second-order effects (such as increasing the likelihood of conflict).
The frequencies cited above are associated with significant uncertainty,13 and we have not vetted them thoroughly.
Accordingly, opportunities to address the humanitarian threat of large volcanoes are likely to focus on research and preparation.
2. Improving eruption prediction capacity, for example, by identifying new volcanoes with high potential for large explosive eruptions.
3. Monitoring and characterizing the history and interior structure of these volcanoes.
It is currently possible to use satellites to identify volcanoes showing unrest, which may be sign of imminent eruption. However, it’s not currently possible to be sure that these volcanoes will erupt or how large the magnitude of the eruption will be. It’s difficult to develop methods for determining the magnitude of a potential very large eruption, because very large eruptions happen sufficiently rarely so that data are lacking, and because techniques for imaging the inside of volcanoes are not good enough yet.
If it were possible to determine the amount of magma inside of a volcano near eruption, one could determine those that have the potential for very large eruption. So working on improving imaging techniques could be valuable for predicting very large eruptions.
Large volcanic eruptions can’t be stopped with current or easily foreseeable technology. Perhaps the best strategy for damage mitigation is to first get better at detecting pending eruptions, and then if we get a few years’ warning on a massive eruption, turn attention toward how to prepare.
While we can’t currently predict medium-size eruptions (of the type that happen every few years), there are reasons to expect that we might be able to detect VEI 8 eruptions years in advance, due to the types of deformations that seem to have occurred prior to such events in the past. See the Nature article, “Decadal to monthly timescales of magma transfer and reservoir growth at a caldera volcano” by Druitt et al, 2012.
Since the biggest damage is to food supply, preparing would likely center around building up a large food supply (perhaps partially by reducing the portion of crops going to livestock), developing a plan for getting the food to the ash-covered areas that can’t produce any food for a year or more, and planning for temporary alternate patterns of cultivation around the world to deal with global temperatures which may be 5 to 15ºC lower for a period of several years.
How likely is future research to pay off in information leading to better mitigation?
How much is currently spent on research on large volcanic eruptions?
“An eruption of magnitude 7 would emit ash and acid aerosols high into the atmosphere and cool the earth’s atmosphere for several years.
This could have negative impacts on the environment, and for example, affect food security. In 1815 there was a magnitude 7 eruption on Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which resulted in crop failure as far away as New England due to frosts in the summer of 1816. This caused a wheat price shock, and resulted in New England farmers migrating to the Midwest and beyond. Since the world today is more interconnected and closer to carrying capacity, a disruption in the food supply could damage human society even more than in the 1800’s.
The ash will interfere with airplane travel.
We have treated magnitude and VEI as equivalent below, but the potential for divergence between the two metrics may be a further source of uncertainty.
3. “Magnitude 7 eruptions occur every few hundred years.” Sparks conversation. See also Aspinall et al. 2011 Figure 3.2, pg 15, reporting a return period of VEI > 7 of 490 years.
“An eruption of magnitude 7 would emit ash and acid aerosols high into the atmosphere and cool the earth’s atmosphere for several years. This could have negative impacts on the environment, and for example, affect food security.
In 1815 there was a magnitude 7 eruption on Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which resulted in crop failure as far away as New England due to frosts in the summer of 1816. This caused a wheat price shock, and resulted in New England farmers migrating to the Midwest and beyond. Since the world today is more interconnected and closer to carrying capacity, a disruption in the food supply could damage human society even more than in the 1800’s.
The ash will interfere with airplane travel. There are many other possible environmental effects, and there’s a lot of research to be done on what they would be.” Sparks conversation.
“In 1815 there was a magnitude 7 eruption on Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which resulted in crop failure as far away as New England due to frosts in the summer of 1816. This caused a wheat price shock, and resulted in New England farmers migrating to the Midwest and beyond. Since the world today is more interconnected and closer to carrying capacity, a disruption in the food supply could damage human society even more than in the 1800’s.” Sparks conversation.
Aspinall et al. 2011 Figure 3.2, pg 15, reporting a return period of VEI > 8 of 30,000 years.
“Magnitude 8 eruptions occur every 10k-15k years.
Magnitude 9 eruptions occur every 30k-40k years.
Current frequency estimates are based on new data from a 6-year long international effort to compile data, and they are higher than previous estimates. The updated estimates have not yet been published, because the data are so new.” Sparks conversation.
” With a VEI 8 volcano, the effects could be globally harmful but human extinction would be unlikely. Ash clouds could cover millions of square kilometers with ash that’s half a meter or a meter in depth, wiping out at least a year’s worth of crops (not including the sunlight blocking effects that would likely reduce crop yields worldwide). The food loss would be the largest potential threat.” Brocklebank conversation.
Aspinall et al. 2011 Figure 3.2, pg 15.
“Magnitude 9 eruptions occur every 30k-40k years.” Sparks conversation.
10. For instance, Aspinall et al. 2011 cite the Toba eruption, approximately 75,000 years ago, as VEI 8 (pg 14, Figure 3.1), while Sparks refers to it as VEI 9: ” The most recent magnitude 9 eruption occurred about 75k years ago at Lake Toba in Sumatra.” Sparks conversation.
“Eruptions of magnitude 9 are unlikely to cause human extinction. Humans and their ancestors have survived for millions of years despite the occurrence such eruptions…. Because magnitude 9 eruptions are unlikely to cause extinction, and because they’re rarer than magnitude 7 eruptions, which already have substantial disruptive potential, the focus of the study of very large eruptions should be on eruptions of magnitude ~7 rather than magnitude ~9 eruptions.” Sparks conversation.
“For a massive flood basalt eruption such as the Deccan Traps (about 65 million years ago, mya) and Siberian Traps (250mya), the damage could be far more extensive. Those eruptions may have led to the extinction of a large portion of all species living at the time. A similar flood basalt eruption today would destroy human civilization and could possibly cause human extinction. Since the events are so rare in earth’s history (on the order of once every billion years), and since a flood basalt eruption would almost be impossible to prepare for, it doesn’t seem very helpful to worry about this type of eruption.” Brocklebank conversation.
• Magnitude 7 eruptions occur every few hundred years.
Current frequency estimates are based on new data from a 6-year long international effort to compile data, and they are higher than previous estimates. The updated estimates have not yet been published, because the data are so new. The above estimates are probably in the right ballpark, but there’s more work that can and should be done to generate more robust estimates. The uncertainty is the largest for the eruptions of greatest magnitude.” Sparks conversation.
“While a given volcano may be characterized by stable average eruption frequency, the time between its successive eruptions varies considerably.” Sparks conversation.
“The energy released by volcanoes is far too large to prevent them by geoengineering.” Sparks conversation.
“Large volcanic eruptions can’t be stopped with current or easily foreseeable technology.” Brocklebank conversation.
The project that Stephen Sparks was involved in to create a database of volcanic eruptions from the last 2 million years cost around a million dollars.” Sparks conversation.
” There is relatively little funding available for the study of large volcanic eruptions.
There is some funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the European Union (EU) for individual academic researchers.
The U.S. Geological Survey funds the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory.
The Smithsonian Institute is the one organization that is funded for the public good to collect data on volcanic eruptions. Currently the Global Volcano Model network of institutions is collecting data on very large volcanic eruptions. This work principally involves Bristol University (UK), the British Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of Japan and the Smithsonian Institution.
“The GVM project will develop an integrated global database system on volcanic hazards, vulnerability and exposure, make this globally accessible and crucially involve the international volcanological community and users in a partnership to design, develop, analyse and maintain the database system. The GVM project will aim to establish new international metadata standards that will reduce ambiguity in the use of global volcanic datasets. Vulnerability and exposure data will be integrated into the GVM and again new methods of assessment and analysis will be investigated and tested.
“Very large magnitude volcanic eruptions, asteroid strikes, and major natural disasters in metropolitan areas are the only natural disasters that could have a global impact. In terms of natural hazards events that are likely to have global reach very large explosive eruptions are much more frequent than asteroid strikes.” Sparks conversation.
“Comparing the chance of a large volcanic eruption with a given energy release to the chance of an asteroid with the same energy release, the volcanic eruption is about 10 times more likely. You can’t as easily prevent an eruption from happening, but the damages could perhaps be mitigated since most of the damage is loss of food, which can be prepared for with advance warning.” Brocklebank conversation.
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Tom Keiser has been the CIO of two multi-billion dollar corporations: L Brands for five and a half years, and Gap, Inc. for four years. After his second CIO post, he was promoted to Executive Vice President of Global Product Operations for Gap where he was responsible for building a seamless inventory operating model and technology platform to deploy in each global brand of the company. The objective of seamless inventory was to significantly reduce stranded inventory and improve margin for each of the company's global brands by leveraging advanced analytics to better plan, buy, allocate, replenish, and price product across all markets and channels.
Following this experience, he decided to try a familiar role in a very different setting: in May of 2016, he became CIO of Zendesk, the roughly half a billion dollar revenue provider of a customer service and engagement platform. After a bit more than two years in that role, he was promoted to chief operating officer of the company while retaining his IT strategy. Now he is responsible for IT, security and compliance, enterprise data and analytics, product technology operations, and go-to-market, among other items. He describes his current post, his career journey, and the trends that particularly excite him as he looks to the future in this expansive interview.
Peter High: You are the Chief Operating Officer of Zendesk. Could you provide a brief overview of Zendesk's business?
Tom Keiser: Zendesk is a dedicated customer service and engagement platform that is focused on customers and how customers want to interact with the businesses that they do business with. We were founded nearly eleven years ago and started off as a company primarily focused on digital, e-commerce, and [small and medium sized] businesses. We have grown into what is now a $500 million company and we are rapidly expanding into larger enterprises.
High: Can you talk about your role as Chief Operating Officer? What is within your purview?
Keiser: I stepped into this role this past August after serving as the CIO for approximately a year and a half. Overall, my role is a combination of operations, go-to-market, and customer-facing functions. I still maintain many of my CIO responsibilities including the [overall] IT function, security and compliance analytics, all the business analytics we run the business on, as well as our tech-ops organization, which is the underpinnings of all our products. Additionally, as I moved into the COO role, I took over our go-to-market functions, which is our sales operation, as well as our customer experience organization.
High: Zendesk went public a few years back, after having grown dramatically over the years prior. Could you talk about the significant changes that have occurred since you joined the company a little over two years ago?
Keiser: As companies move out of the startup mode, go through the IPO, and then go public, building out their capabilities in the process, you go through evolutions just like everything does as you grow up. My time at Zendesk has been about putting down a foundation for us to be able to grow unimpeded. This involves making sure that we have the right processes, technologies, and organizational constructs to be able to evolve and grow.
The world of customer service that we are in changes dramatically every year. People's expectations continuously advance in terms of what they expect from the businesses that they interact with. While you can have a nice left to right roadmap, the reality is you have got to keep adjusting. When you are growing as quickly as we are, and you are in a space that is growing and changing, you must have a solid and agile foundation to be able to adjust to that.
My time here has been focused on ensuring that we have that foundation through the technologies that our employees are operating on and making sure that they are as productive as possible. This applies whether you are in design, engineering, one of the sales functions, or one of the support functions. Additionally, I am focused on ensuring that our external and customer-facing components are evolving appropriately along with the product.
As I mentioned, in the customer service world, the way customers communicate continues to evolve. To meet this demand, we advanced from the traditional email that we started with to a call center, followed by chat, messaging, and then all forms of social media as ways that organizations or individuals communicate with companies. Everything else including our product line and data services had to evolve simultaneously. Because of this, we have had to set up an agile structure with many foundational standards built into it to be able to support the growth we are experiencing.
High: Many of your customers are technology leaders at their companies. As someone who still maintains the CIO responsibilities while in the COO role and someone who has been a CIO with multiple companies, how do you interact with these customers? Specifically, what are these interactions like, not only being able to be representative of your company but also as a peer in the function?
Keiser: It has been a great deal of fun as it is something that has gotten me back to advising, which I greatly enjoy. All companies are in different phases of their evolution in the digital world. The world that I was in previously was retail which has gigantic monolithic systems trying to make the transition. Because of that experience, I can speak to traditional companies, but additionally, I have been able to spend over two years with Zendesk, and before I joined Zendesk I focused on modern companies and modern technologies. I am now speaking to more modern CIOs who do not have all the legacy and weight that comes with carrying those legacy systems around.
I get to spend a lot of time with CIOs who are in some form of transformation to solve their problems. This is focused on a set of decisions around the public cloud and going to this fast-paced capabilities subscription model. They have to architect for that so that they are constantly looking at how to get the best technology for the specific set of requirements that they have. This involves thinking from a service and architecture standpoint so that they are not getting locked in, but instead are staying agile.
Additionally, there are CIOs from more traditional companies that have either a big ERP or have made their move into the cloud, but it is more platform than ERP-like. These companies are trying to figure out how to get more speed into their model and more agility. The CEOs of these companies are pressuring them to be able to adapt faster, be able to react to competitors, and to have flexibility in their business model. Overall, everyone is trying to solve different forms of similar problems, and they are trying to solve it with the technology that they have.
High: The two retail companies you worked for, Gap and Limited Brands, were both enormous and incredibly successful companies. Zendesk is different structurally, as a fast-growing, smaller organization with aspirations to go from what was recently a start-up, to $1 billion in revenue and perhaps onto the Fortune 500. To what extent have you been able to leverage your experiences with these successful and mature companies?
Keiser: I consciously decided after my last retail experience that I wanted to be in a smaller environment with a focus on modern technology so that I could have a bigger impact. When you are in large companies, the higher your role, the further you are removed from the technology and the innovation, and you are driving large concepts. I wanted to be closer to the action, which has been a tremendous amount of fun. It was incredibly uncomfortable for a period as I stepped into our first CIO role at Zendesk. I had to learn not only the technology and our product, but also the speed at which you can go and the implications of decisions you can make in a no-data center, no on-premise software business. I have been able to bring a significant amount of collective wisdom that comes from a thirty-year career in technology and business into this environment. That helps each day, but I have been reshaped into this modern technology mindset, which is part of the messaging that I spend a good bit of time with CIOs on. There is a series of things that we can apply from our experience, but there is a complete rethink that is required when you work through how to leverage modern technology to accomplish your business objectives. I believe that it is happening in many companies and we are repeatedly seeing that it is repurposing, re-strengthening, and reinvigorating the CIO position.
In the customer service world that we are in at Zendesk, you effectively are selling to Chief Customer Officers, The Head of Customer Support, and possibly some component of Sales or Marketing organizations. Previously, it was common that there was no CIO in the room as they [were considered appropropriate to make] business decisions. IT would get involved later because IT was mainly focused on the back office set of functions. It was only later that they would possibly get involved for some compliance or some integration. There were some years there as companies were forming Chief Digital Officers and Chief Technology Officers inside of their enterprises, they went into a dual path of back-office IT and front-office IT. This led to the CIO role starting to get diluted and less interesting. Fortunately, we are seeing a reinvigoration of the role. We have seen a huge transformation over the past twelve to 18 months as CIOs are becoming actively involved. The CIOs are the ones who have embraced modern technologies and are proving their value to the customer-facing components of their business. Because of this, CIOs are now involved in the discussions from the front. It has been exciting, having been a CIO, to see how the role and the value of the role has shifted.
High: One of the interesting things that is happening with the role is the number of people like yourself who have expanded their responsibilities beyond it. Like you have at Zendesk, you expanded your role at Gap, where you went from CIO to EVP of Global Product Operations. Having stepped into a company as Chief Information Officer and then growing your responsibilities into other areas several times, what does that say about the role? Additionally, what advice do you have for other CIOs who would wish to follow in your footsteps?
Keiser: The CIO position is a unique position because it is one of the only positions where you are supporting every aspect of the business. For example, with the CIO roles I had in specialty retail, we designed and made our own product. At both Gap and Limited Brands, we had complex supply chains, a huge store base, and a big E-Commerce business. You can see every aspect of the business from an IT standpoint because operationally you were making them all work as you were the underlying technology. If you can elevate yourself and be curious in that CIO position, you can see broader opportunities to help the business run better.
I have been fortunate because I have always reported to CEOs while I have been in the CIO position. This gives you a forum to not only talk about keeping the lights on and whatever big transformational project or big launch of business initiatives is going on, but you can also talk about value from the standpoint of operational improvements that you see. I am someone who loves technology. Specifically, I love being able to focus on solving bigger business problems where I can communicate in a way that the CEOs understand, and then go and do it. I did a version of that at Gap, and here at Zendesk, we are a technology company that is focused on leveraging technology and helping our customers leverage technology. Because of this, it was a cleaner process of stepping fully into the CIO position.
High: One of the challenges that many CIOs of large organizations that are a generation older have is the whole notion of legacy, whether it is culture, process, or technology in the form of technical debt. On the flip side, you are with an organization that was more recently created. As a result of that, I assume there is no technology in-house that is more than ten years old. You have been in environments where you are running technology, that in some cases may have dated back to when you were a child, resulting in a profound transformation being necessary. As you reflect back, what advice would you offer to a Chief Information Officer of one of those enormous companies that are 25 years old, or even older, to replicate some of the magic of a startup?
Keiser: It was refreshing coming here and not being able to find the daily operational meeting around the technologies that I was used to in retail. In retail, your priority is to look at all the different things that were broken throughout the chain and ensure that those were dealt with first. Because of this, focusing on strategy came second.
From the beginning, we committed to having no on-premise software and therefore no data centers. We architected to take advantage of best of breed fast. While there is complexity in that, it results in significantly increased freedom and speed. When I talk to CIOs of traditional companies that are trying to figure out how to unwind, specifically when I went back to Gap, I had a big application chart that hung on my wall with over five hundred legacy applications on it color coded by decade. We had four different decades of colors represented in our technology to show how long some technologies last when you are repeatedly building, adding, and implementing large amounts of applications.
The place to start unwinding that and taking advantage of what is happening in the modern technology world can be approached in different ways. You can approach it from the underlying infrastructure which locks you into a cycle of buying new operating systems and new hardware and having to refresh those every few years to keep their old applications alive and porting. The AWSs of the world are making it increasingly easier to pick up and port old technology, therefore you can at least get the scale and the flexibility that you need underneath it to start focusing on applications.
Another approach to this is purely from an architectural standpoint by starting to break down the services that you have, and getting familiar with what the best, fast solutions are out there, and then trying them. Nearly every software company, ours included, have free trials. Our software is free and you get the full scope of our product available to you for thirty days. This gives you the ability to build, integrate, and see how they work with modern technology allowing you to open your eyes up to what the opportunities are. If you are able to do that and get an opinion of what is best for your company, you can start architecting and unwinding technologies in a remarkably fast way.
In retail, the constraints that we had around storage, processing power, and the 24-hour clock that we were always working against does not exist in modern technology. They have been mitigated with unlimited processing and storage capacity. This allows you the ability to start taking out some constraints relatively quickly in your analytics and in your transaction systems by starting to think about architecting for services and taking advantage of best of breed.
At Zendesk, we [focus on] the customer experience and journey; specifically, how to piece that together over the top of all the legacy things you are doing to start changing the customer experience and getting after the value associated with that. Additionally, I am starting to improve what is facing off with the customer. I am giving those that are facing off to the customers, specifically the Customer Service, Sales, or Marketing representatives better tooling. This is a great opportunity to leverage machine learning and take advantage of your data. It allows you to start unwinding the legacy underneath it. The important part is to create the space to ensure that you have the courage to be able to start trying those things.
High: As you look to the next two or three years, what are some of the technologies that particularly excite you? Are there trends that you are beginning to surf to validate their readiness for implementation at Zendesk or for you personally?
Keiser: We are making a big investment in artificial intelligence and machine learning. If you think about the applications of that for all things customer service and customer communication, it is powerful. We have products out that take the data our customers have and help serve up answers to questions on tickets, whether it is an email, chat, or somewhere else. Additionally, we have built products that are serving up to the customer service representatives, if you build this content, you can answer these questions and make these tickets go away so that you can get out of the repetition of that.
What the most sophisticated Chief Customer Officers are thinking about is how to scale the services that they are providing to customers and many of those services are embedded in the products that they are selling. If you are in the gaming industry, for example, the customer service is embedded right in the game. We are seeing that in physical devices as well. Our customer service and real-time interaction is available through the IoT which is feeding information in that need to be responded to. We are seeing more devices that have some way of having a natural language interaction as well. The most advanced customer service leaders are thinking about how to take advantage of all of these technologies and scale and provide better service, without adding more people to the centers that they have. It is not about reducing. It is instead that the need for customer service, customer interaction, and feedback to customers continues to grow. As you see the move to continuous chat and even video and customer service, it is more immediate than it has ever been.
The question is, how do you deal with that while not having to keep adding into your customer service. That is going to be on the back of a growing amount of sophisticated machine learning and more relevant responses. That extends well beyond customer service as it expands into all forms of customer interactions. We are going to get past these daily email blasts we all receive from every company that we have ever done business with. We are finally getting to beyond personalization. We are getting to individualization so that offers and any type of communication coming from a company is relevant and timely for what we are looking for or what we need. It makes all of our lives more convenient.
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Jurisdiction is the power or authority of a court to hear and try a case; the geographic area in which a court has power, or the types of cases it has power to hear.
Explained another way, jurisdiction is the legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case that arose in a certain geographic area or a certain type of case. It is closely related to venue, which refers to the specific court where it is most proper to have a case heard. In a particular case, multiple courts may have jurisdiction, and the rules of venue determine which particular court with jurisdiction will hear the case.
For example, if a landlord wants to sue a tenant for eviction, generally such a matter is brought before a justice of the peace or a small claims court, as opposed to a probate court. On the other hand, the heirs in a probate matter generally must have the case heard within a probate court as opposed to a small claims court.
In the United States, jurisdiction is separated into two separate types: personal jurisdiction and subject matter jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction is the authority of a court to enter a judgment against a particular person. Subject matter jurisdiction is the authority of a court to enter judgments on a particular subject. Some courts, such as federal district courts are courts of general jurisdiction and can enter judgments on nearly any area of federal law. Other courts, such as state family courts, are courts of limited jurisdiction and may only enter judgments on certain subjects.
This page was last modified on 9 September 2018, at 00:04.
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George Bernard Shaw (July 26, 1856 – November 2, 1950) was an Irish playwright and winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.
Born in Dublin to Protestant parents, Shaw moved to London during the 1870s to embark on his literary career. He wrote five novels, all of which were rejected, before finding his first success as a music critic on the Star newspaper. Meanwhile he had become involved in politics, and served as a local councillor in the St Pancras district of London for several years from 1897. He was a noted socialist who took a leading role in the Fabian Society.
In 1895, he became the drama critic of the Saturday Review, and this was the first step in his progress towards a lifetime's work as a dramatist. In 1898, he married an Irish heiress, Charlotte Payne-Townshend. His first successful play, Candida, was produced in the same year. He followed this up with a series of classic comedy-dramas, including The Devil's Disciple (1897), Arms and the Man (1898), Mrs Warren's Profession (1898), Captain Brassbound's Conversion (1900), Man and Superman (1902), Caesar and Cleopatra (1901), Major Barbara (1905), Androcles and the Lion (1912), and Pygmalion (1913). After World War I, on which he took a controversial stance, he produced more serious dramas, including Heartbreak House (1919) and Saint Joan (1923). A characteristic of Shaw's published plays is the lengthy prefaces that accompany them. In these essays, Shaw wrote more about his usually controversial opinions on the issues touched by the plays than about the plays themselves. Some prefaces are much longer than the actual play.
Shaw's correspondence with Mrs. Patrick Campbell was adapted for the stage by Jerome Kilty as DEAR LIAR: A Comedy of Letters. His letters to another prominent actress, Ellen Terry, have also been published and dramatised.
Despite the fact that he was a democratic socialist, in the 1930s Shaw approved of the dictatorship of Stalin and even made some ambiguous statements that could be interpreted as being pro-Hitler. In 1945 in his preface to his play Geneva Shaw claimed that the majority of the victims of the Nazi extermination camps had in fact died of "overcrowding". However, he also stated that Hitler had become a "mad messiah" over time: Shaw contrasted this with the situation in the Soviet Union where, according to Shaw, "Stalin... made good by doing things better and much more promptly than parliaments". Shaw also made numerous anti-semitic comments at this time, although the extent to which he was merely being ironic or provocative is unclear. His (un-ironic) pro-Stalin bias is undeniable, however, although it is rarely commented on in discussions of his work. Perhaps the kindest way of looking at Shaw's political position is that he remained in many ways an Edwardian who never fully understood the politics of a totalitarian age.
Concerned about the inconsistency of English spelling, he willed a portion of his wealth to fund the creation of a new phonemic alphabet for the English language. On his death he did not have much money to leave so no effort was made to start such a project. However, his estate began to earn significant royalties from the rights to Pygmalion when My Fair Lady, a musical based on the play, became a hit. It then became clear that the will was so badly worded that the relatives had grounds to challenge the will and in the end an out of court settlement granted a small portion of the money to promoting a new alphabet. This became known as the Shavian alphabet. The National Gallery of Ireland also received a substantial donation.
Shaw had a long time friendship with Gilbert Keith Chesterton, the Catholic writer, and there are many humorous stories about their complicated relationship.
Shaw is the only person ever to have won both a Nobel Prize (Literature in 1925) and an Academy Award (Best Screenplay for Pygmalion in 1938).
From 1906 until his death in 1950, Shaw lived at Shaw's Corner in the small village of Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire. The house is now a National Trust property, open to the public.
Shaw is the great uncle of author, actor, and filmmaker Scott Shaw.
The Shaw Theatre, Euston Road, London was opened in 1971 to honour G.B. Shaw.
"Whilst we have prisons it matters little which of us occupy the cells."
"The reasonable man adapts himself to the world. The unreasonable man persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man."
"Do not do unto others as you expect they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same."
"Most people would rather die sooner than think. In fact, they do so."
"Lack of money is the root of all evil."
"Democracy is a system ensuring that the people are governed no better than they deserve."
"I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion which appears to me to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phase of existence which can make itself appeal to every age. I have studied him - the wonderful man and in my opinion far from being an anti-Christ, he must be called the Saviour of Humanity. I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the modern world, he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that would bring it the much needed peace and happiness: I have prophesied about the faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to the Europe of today."
"The main difference between the opposition of Islam to Hinduism and the opposition between Protestant and Catholic is that the Catholic persecutes as fiercely as the Protestant when he has the power; but Hinduism cannot persecute, because all the Gods---and what goes deeper, the no Gods---are to be found in its Temples."
This page was last modified 08:12, 14 Jun 2005.
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I installed Parallels Desktop for Mac on my MacBook Pro. Parallels Desktop is a great virtualization tool for Mac, as it allows you to use other operating systems pretty much as if they were native operating systems.
Once you installed Parallels, Installing Microsoft Windows on Parallels is so simple, I don't even have to explain the process. Just insert the Windows Installation Disc, choose Microsoft Windows from the drop-down box of Operating Systems, insert the Windows Key and the installation will take place automatically. It's far more simple than the normal installation of Windows on a PC.
And then all you have to do is just use Windows in the same way as if it was running on a PC. Parallels even allows you to share some folders with Mac OS X, which makes transferring files between operating systems run seamlessly.
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Best strategy to make features robust in boolean operations?
I'm encountering a problem I've had many times, but I've never really found an elegant way to solve it.
When making a feature that does boolean operations, there are many opportunities for BOOEAN_INVALID, due to line-on-line geometry.
Usually, I've resorted to ugly 'add 0.0001*meter' kinds of solutions, to make things i'm subtracting a bit larger, a bit smaller, etc. The goal is to shield the user of the feature from the need to fiddle with the geometry to make it work.
@lougallo yes that's right. When using Onshape interactively, I rarely see non-manifold errors.
But frequently when I do the same type of operation in FS programmatically, I"ll get BOOLEAN_INVALID in this same type of case. I have become occustomed to adding small dimensions to the cut to make sure it is not line-on-line with the side, but that has always seemed like a hack. Then it occurred to me that there might be a smarter way, because i dont have to do it in the GUI.
@konstantin_shiriazdanov yes in my case i wrap with try, and in fact I report a nicer regenError to the user, highlighting the features that are wrong. But i want to do better, and actually make it 'just work'.
I'll try to create an example. My current example is too complex to be useful to repro. My situation involves text, in which the lower boundaries of the letters coincide with the side of an object.
Ah, that explains it -- our text letter boundaries are not usually straight lines but may be very close to straight, so I expect that's where the issues come from. It's worth checking that that's indeed the problem, but if it is, I don't know of a better approach than adjusting by something too small to be noticeable.
Besides adding a tiny offset, I can't get it to work.
Adding an offset sounds like the correct solution, otherwise (as people have pointed out above) the result is non-manifold.
To explain a bit more: Either of the cases below cannot be extruded into a single body (even if there's geometry properly joining them elsewhere) because the adjoining edge would be non-manifold.
Formally, a manifold 3D body is one where a sphere of sufficiently small radius cannot be placed anywhere such that it intersects more than two regions of space (i.e. inside and outside the manifold body). Along the extruded edges above, you can place a sphere that goes inside, outside, and back inside the resulting part no matter how small the radius of that sphere, so the result is non-manifold.
A good heuristic for identifying most non-manifold bodies is an edge that touches more than two faces.
Note that the everything above is all fine and dandy if the edges are on different bodies (since you have two distinct edges each touches two faces). It's only when you need to boolean them together into a single body that it's an issue, at which point you need to decide whether the result you want has a small gap or a small overlap.
Hi Kevin. Thanks for the extremely detailed answer on manifoldness. I get it, I'm mainly looking for the right way to craft the user experience so that things just work when these situations appear.
It's easy to throw up my hands, and give a regen error, combined with highlighting the problem faces. But that doesn't really make it easy sometimes for users know what exactly they should do to fix it. And, even if they do, it is extra, icky work.
I suppose that arbtrary, too small to notice offsets are the right answer in my case.
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0.955824 |
The battle of Thermopylae (August 480 BC) is one of the most famous military defeats in history, and is best known for the fate of the 300 Spartans, killed alongside 700 Thespians on the final day of the battle (Greco-Persian Wars).
In 490 the Persian Emperor Darius had sent an invasion force across the Aegean to punish Eretria and Athens for their support of the Ionian Revolt. This force had been defeated at the Battle of Marathon, and Darius had died before he could launch a second invasion. His successor, Xerxes, first had to deal with a revolt in Egypt, but he then began massive preparations for his own invasion of Greece. This time the Emperor planned to lead the army in person. Several years of work went into the expedition, before Xerxes set off from Sardis in Lydia in the spring of 480 BC.
Many Greek states, especially in the north of the country, decided to submit to the Persians, but further south most decided to resist, led by Athens and Sparta. The Greek allies met at the Isthmus of Corinth to decide what to do. The initial plan was to hold the Vale of Tempe, on the border between Macedonia and Thessaly, but this position was too easy to outflank - there was an inland route into Thessaly from Macedonia, and that was the one chosen by Xerxes. A force was sent forward to Tempe, but then pulled back to the Isthmus of Corinth and tried to decide what to do next.
Their decision was to defend the narrow pass of Thermopylae, while the fleet was posted at Artemisium on the coast of Euboea. This would prevent the Persians fleet from outflanking the Greeks without sailing all the way around Euboea, a trip that would have left the army without naval support.
The land forces were commanded by King Leonidas of Sparta, although his country famously only provided 300 men. Herodotus gives a detailed breakdown of the Greek forces, which appears to be rather more realistic than his report of the Persian forces. The largest contingent of heavy infantry came from the Peloponnese. As well as the 300 Spartiates (not including Leonidas), there were 500 from Tegea, 500 from Mantinea, 120 from Orchomenus in Arcadia, 1,000 from the rest of Arcadia, 400 from Corinth, 200 from Phleious and 80 from Mycenae, a total of 3,100. Boeotia provided 700 from Thespiae and 400 from Thebes (despite that city having decided to side with the Persians). The Opuntian Locrians sent every available man (not a very helpful statement on Herodotus's part) and Phocia sent 1,000. This gives us 5,200 and the Locrians, a total of around 7,000 hoplites and an unstated number of lighter troops. Leonidas had deliberately recruited the Thebans in an attempt to discover where their loyalty laid.
The rest of the Spartan army was waiting for the end of the festival of Carnea before they could march. They have often been blamed for this attitude, but most of the other contingents were also only advance guards, as the Persian invasion coincided with the Olympic festival and the Greeks expected the Persians to be held up at Thermopylae for some time.
The pass of Thermopylae no longer exists. In antiquity it was a narrow strip of land with the sea on one side and cliffs towering above it on the other. Since then the shallow sea has silted up, and a mile-wide plain now sits between the cliffs and the water.
Herodotus provides us with an estimate of the size of the Persian army. He gives Xerxes 1,700,000 infantry and 80,000 cavalry from Asia and another 300,000 from Europe, for a total of just over two million fighting men. The core of the army was made up by the much smaller contingents from Persia, Media and the Sacae, a Scythian tribe. Adding in the naval forces and non-combatants he comes up with a grand total of 5,283,220 men. This figure had been discounted as just about impossible by just about everyone who has examined it. Herodotus's 1.7 million was supported by a list of nearly fifty contingents that made up the Persian army and perhaps represents a theoretical maximum if every one of these forces was raised in full - it would come out at just over 30,000 each, far less unconvincing. The big problem with Herodotus's vast force is that it would have been logistically impossible to support. The general consensus now is that Xerxes had around 200,000 men, but given a lack of reliable way to calculate the size of his army that can only be a guess.
Xerxes waited for four days after arriving at the northern end of the pass, possibly because he expected the Greeks to retreat, or possibly because he wanted to coordinate the land attack with an expected naval battle.
On the first day of the battle Xerxes launched a costly frontal assault on the Greek position, defended by most of the 7,000 Greeks. This attack was easily repulsed. The first attack was made by the Medes and Cissians. They found that narrow pass negated their numbers, and their shorter spears made it difficult for them to come to grips with the Greeks. In addition their weight of numbers made it difficult for the Medes and Cissians to withdraw, and they suffered heavy losses in a long battle. Eventually they were able to withdraw and Xerxes then sent in his Immortals, the best 10,000 men in the Persian contingent. The Immortals were also unable to make any progress. The Spartans made a number of feigned retreats, tricking the Persians into an undisciplined pursuit before turning back and cutting into them.
This pattern was repeated on the second day of the battle. This time the Phocians were sent to guard a path through the mountains inland of the coastal pass, while the other Greek contingents fought in turn in the pass. Once again the Persians were forced to pull back at the end of the day.
That night a Greek, Ephialtes, offered to guide the Persians along mountain paths that led behind the Greek position. Xerxes sent Hydarnes and a contingent of troops along the path, starting at dusk on the second day of the battle. At the top of the pass they found the thousand Phocians who had been sent to guard the path. When the Persians attacked them the Phocians retreated to a nearby mountain top and prepared to fight to the death, but instead they had to watch as the Persian force ignored them and continued on down the path.
Just before dawn on the third day some deserters warned the Greeks that the Persians were on the mountain path. A short time later the Greek scouts arrived, reporting the same thing. Naturally this caused a drop in Greek morale, and many of the contingents began to prepare to leave. Leonidas is said to have recognised this and ordered most of the other contingents to go. Only three contingents stayed - the survivors of the 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians and 400 Thebans. The Thebans were probably kept almost as hostages, but the Thespians were fighting to defend their homeland, which would be first to fall to the Persians. The final battle of 'The 300' was thus the stand of the 1,300, minus any casualties from the first two days of the battle and plus any light troops and helots unrecorded by Herodotus.
On the third day the Greeks advanced out of the narrowest part of the pass and fought in a wider area. They were able to inflict very heavy casualties on the Persians attacking from the front, but eventually Leonidas was killed. His men rescued his body and even pushed the Persians back four times. During the battle two of Xerxes' sons were killed, Abrocomes and Hyperanthes. In a typically tangled family tree their mother Phratagoune was the daughter of Artanes, a half-brother of Darius.
Greek resistance was finally broken after the Persians sent across the mountain paths arrived in their rear. The surviving Spartans and Thespians pulled back to the narrowest part of the pass, where they made a grim last stand where a wall blocked the pass. By now most had lost their spears and were described as fighting with daggers, or hands and teeth.
Only two of the Spartiates survived the battle. Aristodamus was either recovering from an eye injury or serving as a messenger, and chose not to return to the army. He returned to Sparta where he was disgraced, but in the following year he redeemed himself at Plataea. The second, Pantites, was carrying a message to Thessaly. Despite having a legitimate reason to be away from the battle he was also disgraced at Sparta and committed suicide.
The Thebans fought with the Greeks during the first two days of the battle and during the first phase of the third day, but when the Spartans and Thespians withdrew to the wall they took their chance to surrender.
The Greek fleet, which had been holding its own at Artemisium, also retreated south, taking up a new position in the straits of Salamis.
The third was to the diviner Megistias, who chose to fight on the third day and was killed in the battle.
According to Herodotus the Persians lost 20,000 dead at Thermopylae. The Greek losses are uncertain. According to Herodotus Xerxes was later able to display 4,000 Greek bodies at Thermopylae, which included the Thespian and Spartiate dead from the third day of the battle, any casualties from the first two days, and the helots killed alongside their Spartan masters.
In the aftermath of Thermopylae Xerxes advanced into Attica and sacked Athens, but a few days later his fleet was defeated at the battle of Salamis. With control of the seas lost the Persians were in a dangerously exposed position in southern Greece and Xerxes decided to retreat back into Thessaly. He left his brother-in-law Mardonius in charge of the remaining army and then returned to Persia. Mardonius held on into the following year, but was then defeated and killed at Plataea, ending Xerxes's invasion of Greece.
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0.950151 |
Six Victoria Cross medals were won by one regiment on the first day of the Gallipoli campaign. But they had never all been in the same room - and one appeared to have disappeared altogether. It took a feat of detective work to bring them together at last.
Collectively, they were known as the "six VCs before breakfast". These Victoria Crosses - the highest UK and Commonwealth military honour there is - were awarded for valour shown by soldiers from the Lancashire Fusiliers in a famously bloody dawn assault near Cape Helles, Turkey, on 25 April 1915.
The VC citation describes the hail of deadly machine gun fire the Fusiliers faced while landing at W beach, and how they overcame supreme difficulties to cut the barbed wire entanglements under fire and gain control of the cliffs above the beach.
The citation reads: "Among the many very gallant officers and men engaged in this most hazardous undertaking, Captain Bromley, Sergeant Stubbs, and Corporal Grimshaw have been selected by their comrades as having performed the most single acts of bravery and devotion to duty."
They had gone down in Army folklore, but the six VCs had never been together in the same place.
Two of the six were already on display at the Fusiliers Museum in Bury, Lancashire, and three more were owned by Lord Ashcroft, an avid collector of war medals, and on permanent display at the Imperial War Museum in London.
Then there was the sixth VC, which was missing and hadn't been seen in public for the best part of a hundred years.
Pte William Kenealy, 1886 - 1915 When his company was held up behind barbed wire he volunteered to crawl through the wire and attempt to cut it. Though unsuccessful - due to faulty cutters - he was promoted to L/Sgt. He was killed at Gully Ravine on 28 June.
Maj Cuthbert Bromley, 1878 - 1915 He was the adjutant to the Commanding Officer at Gallipoli and was shot in his back on the first day. He refused to leave his men, only reporting the wound three days later, after receiving a further wound in his knee. Promoted to Maj he led his men during the battles of Krithia before being badly wounded in the foot at Gully ravine, refusing to leave his post until the battle was over. After a spell in hospital in Egypt he managed to get onto the troopship the Royal Edward to return to Gallipoli but was killed when the ship was sunk in the Aegean Sea. He was seen helping people, before being hit on the head with driftwood and drowning.
Cpl John Elisha Grimshaw, 1893 -1980 His role was to maintain contact between the HQ on board HMS Euryalus and the units on the ground. During the landing and the fighting on hill 114, urging his fellow soldiers on when they faltered under fire. Grimshaw's water bottle and backpack were riddled with bullets and his cap badge was smashed - but he escaped any injury.
It was Sarah Stevenson, collections officer at the Fusiliers Museum, who first came up with the idea, three years ago, of getting all six together at the museum for the 100th anniversary celebrations of the campaign.
But this was no easy task - even before the missing VC could be located. None of the war medals had ever been loaned out elsewhere before, and initial approaches to the Imperial War Museum were rebuffed.
Undaunted, displaying the sort of can-do attitude you'd expect from a 30-year veteran in the Army, Col Brian Gorski, chairman of the Fusiliers Museum, took up the task of hunting down and acquiring the missing VC with gusto.
"At one moment of time I thought we'd never get there, when everything went dead for two or three months," he admits, "I thought, I'm going to give this whole thing up."
He began his search with what little was known about the recipient of the missing VC, awarded posthumously to Capt Cuthbert Bromley.
At Gallipoli, Capt Bromley was shot in the back and the knee, but carried on fighting. Later he was hit by shrapnel in the ankle. He died the following August, when the troopship he was on, the Royal Edward, was torpedoed and sunk in the Aegean Sea with the loss of almost 1,000 lives, while sailing back to Gallipoli from hospital in Egypt.
Col Gorski showed me the makeshift Bromley family tree he began compiling on a whiteboard in the museum office, working on the assumption that someone in the extended family still owned the VC.
Using public records, and by trawling archives in East Sussex where the family originated, he traced each family line down from Cuthbert's three brothers and a sister. He even searched graveyards in Sussex, and visited old addresses, in what seemed at first like a fruitless task.
At one point during the search, Stevenson appeared on BBC North West Tonight, appealing to anyone who knew of the whereabouts of the VC to come forward.
"It was a long and eventful journey," says Col Gorski. He eventually discovered family members still living in the same area where Cuthbert Bromley had lived - including a cousin, Louise Bromley.
Email exchanges eventually led to another cousin of Louise, Nick Bromley, who lived in London. Crucially, Nick owned Cuthbert's Victoria Cross. It was sitting in its presentation case on his sideboard.
At first Nick was surprised to have been contacted, but then he remembered the anniversary. "I was very honoured that we'd been approached," he says. He thought it was only right that the medals should be reunited for the occasion.
Nick showed me various letters which the family had kept, written by Capt Bromley to his mother, another Louise Bromley, from the battlefield at Gallipoli.
On yellowed paper, and written in pencil, faded after 100 years, they give a tantalising, fascinating and somewhat quirky insight into life during the battle.
I'm laid up with a bullet wound, nothing serious at all, clean through the flesh and I'm as fit as can be. The regiment suffered rather heavily in the recent fighting. I quite enjoyed myself and hope to be about again very shortly. Fondest love, Cuthbert.
PS Writing bad is not due to wound but awkward position lying down.
I got your letter of 6 May. Very fit. We're close up to brother Turk now. Only fifty yards away in places. The show has changed from open work to trench warfare. But we shall get them out soon. Lovely climate here and sea bathing. I hope all goes well at home.
Fondest love to you and Mary. Cuthbert.
Here we are again. I'm in command now until someone senior returns. Life is alright. I find the want of change of clothing a distinct drawback. An occasional box of good Egyptian cigarettes or a nice light pipe, or one or two khaki handkerchiefs or a toothbrush would be most acceptable. Although my toilet is pretty spasmodic. I hear Bulgaria and Romania are coming in. This is good.
Cuthbert was fond of drawing little sketches on his letters. In one - in what might seem now a little like the 1915 equivalent of a selfie - he depicts himself bayonetting a Turkish soldier, and captions the picture: "Daily Routine." In another he draws a picture of the injury to his ankle by a piece of shrapnel and writes: "Straight through 2' to 2½'".
Lord Ashcroft, who had bought three of the six Fusiliers Victoria Crosses and displayed them in his extensive collection at the Imperial War Museum, agreed to temporarily lend the medals to the Fusiliers Museum after being approached personally by Col Gorski.
As well as being a prominent donor to the Conservative party and prolific political pollster, he also has a fascination with military history and, in particular, with the concept of heroism during warfare.
"The 'six before breakfast' was an action of collective bravery," he says. To put it into context, he said, the Lancashire Fusiliers had started the day with 27 officers and 1,002 other men, and 24 hours later a headcount revealed just 16 officers and 304 men.
Capt Richard Raymond Willis, 1876 - 1966 Willis was in charge of "C" Company at Gallipoli and it was from his Company that four of the six VCs came. As the boats approached the beach the slaughter began and Willis stood up in full view of the enemy to calm his men, famously holding his cane aloft and shouting the battle cry, "Come on Boys, Remember Minden". He died in a nursing home in Cheltenham in 1966, aged 89, having sold his VC due to financial difficulties.
Sgt Frank Edward Stubbs, 1888 - 1915 Awarded the VC for action during the landings at W Beach. His task on landing at Gallipoli was to lead his platoon up the south side of hill 114 to the tree on top of the hill, where he was to join up with D company. He led his men through the heaviest fighting and, though his platoon successfully reached its target, Stubbs fell just yards short of the solitary tree, receiving a bullet to the head which killed him instantly. He was the only one of the VC winners to die on the day of the landings.
Sgt Alfred Richards, 1879 - 1953 On reaching W beach he was shot so many times that his leg was almost severed. Constant movement was the only course of action and he crawled over the barbed wire to relative safety where ignoring his own injuries he continued to encourage others. He was evacuated to Egypt where his leg was amputated. He served in the Home Guard in WW2 and died in London in 1953.
This week, I watched alongside delighted staff at the Fusiliers Museum, as the culmination of three years hard work came together with the arrival of the three Ashcroft VCs, to join the Bromley medal and the other two VCs.
The medals arrived on Monday under tight security in a large wooden box. Each is worth well over six figures.
For the first time all six VCs are in the same place, at the same time, just in time for the 100th anniversary celebrations.
"I'm feeling so emotional - I might cry," says Stevenson as she checks through the medals before placing them in alarmed glass display cases.
"It's quite moving when you realise what they did to deserve these medals, and here they all are on their 100th anniversary. It's a very special moment."
The next day 21 members of the family of John Grimshaw, one of the Victoria Cross holders, came to the museum to see the medals in place.
"It's the first time I've seen them all together," says 72-year-old Edna Aspinall, who is John Grimshaw's niece. "I tell all my children and grandchildren about it. It's something that makes us so proud."
John Grimshaw died in 1980, aged 87.
She continues: "I remember as a child Uncle John coming to visit and my mother telling us to take the milk bottle off the table. We all had to smarten up whenever he visited. To us, he was a hero - but he was our hero."
Why is Gallipoli still celebrated in Australia and New Zealand on Anzac Day?
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0.950873 |
The last round of the Bouldering World Cup 2008 started with a mathematical certainty: after their victory in Montauban, both Kilian Fischhuber and Anna Stöhr had already won the overall 2008 Cup one stage ahead of schedule. But this didn't stop the two Austrian talents from competing superbly, in particular Fischhuber who placed second and confirmed his impressively long leadership. His third overall victory – after 2005 and 2007 (and second place in 2006) came about with a commanding score of 2 victories, 4 second places and 1 seventh place.
World Champion Anna Stöhr impressed too and despite being first excluded from the final and placing seventh in Moscow, she crowned an important year with 4 victories, one 3rd place, one 7th and one 8th. Hats off to both of them and to the Austrian team which reigns supremely in both the Bouldering and Lead disciplines. Overall second place is proof of this, as Austrian phenomenon David Lama gained 2 victories, one 3rd place and one 23rd, meaning that he didn't even need to compete in Moscow to take silver.
In reality the Russian capital was braced for a completely different battle. The main focus was on the duel between Italian Gabriele Moroni and Russian Dmitry Sharafutdinov, as the former was keen on defending his lead for third overall. In the end Moroni could do no better than 10th while the 22 year old Russian placed 4th and therefore took bronze overall. It has to be said that Sharafutdinov is not only the reigning world Champion, but also one of the strongest competitors on the planet: his bronze medal came about from 4 competitions with a stunning 2 victories, one 2nd place and one 4th.
The women's bouldering Cup was won by Anna Stöhr as mentioned previoulsy, while 19 year old Akiyo Noguchi placed second overall (1 victory, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 10th place) just 3 points clear of eternal Yulia Abramchuk, who failed to make the final hurdle here in Moscow and placed 6th to win bronze in 2008.
The Moscow final stage was won by 20 year old Rustam Gelmanov, who sent all 4 problems in the final, unlike king Fischhuber whoe sent 3. Third place went to the relatively unknown climber Stanislav Kleshnov. In the women's event Austria confirmed its overall supremacy with Katharina Saurwei's victory, ahead of the extremely strong Slovenians Natalija Gros and Katja Vidmar, unsurprisingly 5th and 5th overall in 2008.
Moscow was also the scent of the final World Cup Speed event; Russian ace Evgeny Vaytsekhovsky beat all rivals to clinch his third title, ahead of teammate Sergey Sinitsyn (silver) and Qixin Zhong who took bronze without taking part in the Russian capital. After a great duel the women's 2008 title went to Edyta Ropek from Poland; her second place in Moscow was all that was needed to beat Olena Ryepko from the Ukraine.
The next competition is scheduled for 15-16 November in Slovenia's Kranj which, as tradition has it, is also the final stage of the World Cup Lead 2008.
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0.971328 |
If we were to modify babies before birth to make them the healthiest and most resilient humans possible, should we and how far are we really willing to go?
Genetically manipulating babies before birth to avoid and prevent diseases is closer than you think. Thanks to the recent development of CRISPR, genetic engineering DNA has become much cheaper, faster and more precise than ever before. If we can save a life, prevent suffering and improve health, why wouldn't we genetically modify babies?
What makes this a difficult discussion is the ambiguity of what 'healthy' is. How far are we willing to go to create the healthiest babies? Currently, over 90% of people when informed that their child has Down Syndrome choose to terminate their pregnancy. But would this also be the case for something such as eye colour, as there is clear scientific evidence suggesting that people with blue coloured irises are ten times more likely to develop eyesight problems and have a greater risk of developing eye cancer in later life.
My aim is to create a dialogue around such decisions and encourage public debate as to how far as a society we really want, or should, go.
Would you genetically engineer your baby to be the healthiest?
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0.999999 |
, there never was a business plan. This may make a lot of business-types cringe. We have allowed the shop to take us where it would take us, like kayaking down the rapids. "Wild Ride" analogies aside, I do think that we have gotten involved with things that we never would have if following a set plan. We have always believed that getting our customers excited about what excites us is the path to growing a sustainable business. Well, what excites us?
finding what you are good at and enjoy, and taking the time to become great at it.
I dove in. My salary essentially doubled and I became a very sought after specialist, even during down economic times. I had no resume or portfolio, yet worked at the best firms in NYC for close to 20 years (and gave it all up to run our sweaty bike shop!).
Back to this bike shop. After a track record of 7 years, you start to see patterns emerge. Are we selling tons of hybrid bikes? No. Are we interested in hybrid bikes...not really. The correlation of what we are interested in and what we sell with passion is pretty direct. We don't have a sales staff. We sell the things we use and are passionate about. In that sense, it's not really selling as much as it is relating your experience to a customer, who may or may not be into it.
We have lots of experience and passion in the adventure bike and cargo bike world . This passion has led us to become the NYC leader in these categories. This wasn't some calculated market-share strategy (remember, no business plan!), these were interests that led us by the nose.
etc). We are very excited to go further in 2016. We have remained fiercely independent, and have the sales numbers to prove that this method of running a business works. Our sales numbers are up 20%, and customer visits up 18% over 2014, and we passed a BIG number milestone that I never dreamed I would say. These increases are the results of narrowing down and focusing, and fly in the face of the typical business model of "selling everything" and "expanding".
Thank you all so much for contributing to the shops existence. Without an engaged staff and passionate customers, we are just another bike shop. As you might conclude, I didn't get into this to be just another bike shop.
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0.9862 |
Can someone guide me through the process on how to get an internet connection with the power strip? It can’t seem to get an internet connection even with my Ethernet cable.
I'll be happy to look into this for you if you will please reply with your product model number.
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0.999993 |
Question: Which is the best example of a rhetorical device?
The correct answer is: Repetition.
The correct answer is: Imagery.
The correct answer is: Figurative language.
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0.999983 |
The child will identify illogical sequence of sentences in a letter.
The child will retell short stories in sequence.
The child will place sentences in logical order.
Begin the activity by reading the letter below.
I had a great time on my field trip. We went to a farm. For lunch, we went to a nearby park. You should have seen the huge fields. I even got to pick a bag of broccoli to take home. They had a petting zoo at the farm, too. There were goats and pigs and rabbits. They were growing broccoli, carrots, lettuce, and tomatoes. We ate our lunches and then played on the swings and slides. A goat tried to eat my shirt! It was right by some mountains. We got back to school just in time to go home. It was a super day.
Have the children respond to the letter by telling the things they think are out of order. Read the letter again in logical sequence and compare the two.
I had a great time on my field trip. We went to a farm. You should have seen the huge fields. They were growing broccoli, carrots, lettuce, and tomatoes. I even got to pick a bag of broccoli to take home. They had a petting zoo at the farm, too. There were goats, pigs, and rabbits. A goat tried to eat my shirt! For lunch, we went to a nearby park. It was right by some mountains. We ate our lunches and then played on the swings and slides. We got back to school just in time to go home. It was a super day.
Provide each child with a copy of Logical Sequence Lesson 1. The children are asked to read short stories and then retell the stories by cutting and pasting sentences in proper sequence.
For an additional challenge, provide the children with copies of Logical Sequence Lesson 2. The children are to read the short letters and underline the sentences that are out of order.
Logical Sequence Lesson 3 can be given to those children who would like to have an even greater challenge. The children are asked to cut and paste a group of sentences to make a logically sequenced letter.
Finally, instruct each child to write a letter to a friend or family member about a recent school event. Have the child think of the order of things that occurred and write the letter using logical sequence.
Have each child edit and rewrite his or her letter. Encourage each child to deliver his or her letter in person or by mail.
Computer Connection: Invite interested students to type their letters using a word-processing program.
Lesson Objective: Evaluate each child's progress by reviewing each child's completed Logical Sequence work sheets.
Writing Applications: Use your choice of rubrics from pages 134-139 to evaluate each child's written work. Based on the rubric score, determine the need for reteaching or further practice. Record skills mastery on the checklist on pages 140 and 141. If desired, have each child evaluate his or her own work using the self-assessment sheet on page 142.
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0.996187 |
Introduce an old favorite to a new generation. This combination of a soft boiled egg and yogurt served with crunchy toast is simply delicious.
Bring eggs to room temperature before using.
Fill 1/2 of a saucepan with water and 1 teaspoon of salt.
Lower the eggs carefully into the water, using a spoon.
When the water returns to a boil, start timing 3 minutes.
Serve each egg in an egg cup with 1 tablespoon of yogurt and 1 melba toast.
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0.997981 |
He was in the airplane again, falling towards the lights of Hollywood.
Seconds ago the craft had been a sleek silver beauty with two green-painted propellers, and now it was coming apart at the seams like wet cardboard. The controls went crazy, he couldn't hold the stick level, and as the airplane fell he clinched his parachute pack tighter around his chest and reached up to pop the canopy out. But the canopy was jammed shut, its hinges red with clots of rust. The propellers had seized up, and black smoke whirled from the engines. The plane nosed towards the squat, ugly buildings that lined Hollywood Boulevard, a scream of wind passing over the fuselage.
He didn't give up. That wasn't his way. He kept pressing against the canopy, trying to force the hinges, but they were locked tight. The buildings were coming up fast, and there was no way to turn the airplane because the rudder and ailerons were gone too. He was sweating under his green suit, his heart beating so hard he couldn't hear himself think. There had to be a way out of this; he was a never-say-die type of guy. His eyes in the slits of the green cowl ticked to the control panel, the jammed hinges, the dead stick, the smoking engines, back to the control panel in a frantic geometry.
The plane trembled; the port side engine was ripping away from the wing. His green boots kicked at the dead rudder pedals. Another mighty heave at the canopy, another jerk of the limp control stick—and then he knew his luck had, at long last, run out. It was all over.
He didn't mourn for himself so much, but someone innocent was about to die, and that he couldn't bear. Maybe there was a child in that apartment, and he could do nothing but sit in his trap of straps and glass and watch the scene unfold. No, he decided as the sweat ran down his face. No, I can't kill a child. Not another one. I WON'T! This script has to be re-written. It wasn't fair, that no one had told him how this scene would end. Surely the director was still in control. Wasn't he? "Cut!" he called out as the mustard-yellow building filled up his horizon. "Cut" he said again, louder - then screamed it: "CUT!"
The airplane crashed into the building's fifth floor, and he was engulfed by a wall of fire and agony.
Copyright © 1988 by Robert R. McCammon. All rights reserved. This story first appeared in the anthology Silver Scream, edited by David J. Schow and published by Dark Harvest in 1988. Reprinted with permission of the author.
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0.698616 |
R2-D2 (or Artoo-Detoo, spelled out phonetically) is an astromech droid, a type of robot that usually served as a mechanic and backup computer for small spaceships. in the Star Wars films. Astromechs cannot speak; they communicate with electronic beeps through an interpreter droid or computer. The fact that R2-D2 cannot directly express himself may have helped him fly under the radar and avoid frequent memory wipes, which in turn allowed him to develop a distinct, eccentric personality.
Sometime before 32 BBY, the droid manufacturing company Industrial Automation created R2-D2 as part of the R2 series of astromech droids. He was purchased and modified by the Royal Engineers of Naboo and served aboard Queen Amidala's Royal Starship. R2-D2's quick repairs allowed Amidala to escape during the Trade Federation's blockade of Naboo in 32 BBY. He first met his future counterpart, the protocol droid C-3PO, when the ship made an emergency landing on Tatooine.
When Padmé Amidala became a senator, she took R2-D2 with her. She later gave the droid to her husband Anakin Skywalker after he became a Jedi Knight. R2-D2 served as the maintenance droid for Anakin's starfighter during much of the Clone Wars. Although it was protocol to wipe droids' memories regularly, Anakin let R2-D2 accumulate information and knowledge without a memory wipe so he would become better at his job. This nearly put the Republic at risk when R2-D2 fell into enemy hands.
After the end of the Clone Wars in 19 BBY, Obi-Wan Kenobi entrusted R2-D2 and C-3PO, along with Anakin and Padmé's daughter Leia, to Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa. The droids were forced to escape when pirates attacked the Tantive IV and spent the next few years traveling with a succession of different masters, including speeder jockey Thall Joben and explorer Mungo Baobab.
At some point, R2-D2 and C-3PO found their way back to the Tantive IV, where they served under Princess Leia. In 0 BBY, they accompanied Leia on a mission to Tatooine to contact Obi-Wan Kenobi. When the Empire attacked, Leia hid the plans to the Death Star, a new Imperial superweapon, inside R2-D2.
The droids escaped to the planet's surface, where they were captured by Jawas and sold to the moisture farmer Owen Lars and his nephew Luke Skywalker. Knowing that Obi-Wan was nearby, R2-D2 showed part of Leia's recording to Luke, enticing him to remove the restraining bolt that kept the droid from escaping. This allowed R2-D2 to escape, seeking out Obi-Wan on his own.
R2-D2 eventually reunited with Leia when Luke rescued her from the Death Star, with the help of Han Solo and Chewbacca. During the rest of the Galactic Civil War, R2-D2 primarily served as the mechanic droid for Luke's X-wing fighter. He later went with Luke to the new Jedi Academy on Yavin 4. After Luke was exiled in 43 ABY, R2-D2 left his service and returned to Leia. Passed down from generation to generation, he eventually came to serve Luke's descendant Cade Skywalker in 137 ABY.
Some droids are programmed with personalities, but others will begin to develop one if they go long enough without a memory wipe. R2-D2 avoided memory wipes since at least 19 BBY when Anakin Skywalker owned him, and as a result he became quite stubborn and eccentric. At one point, he even refused to show recordings of Anakin and Padmé, even knowing how long Luke had been searching for the truth about his mother, in an attempt to protect Luke and Leia.
"YOUR FACIAL FEATURE SET SUGGESTS THAT YOU DO NOT HAVE THE INTELLIGENCE TO RETAIN MY NAME FOR MORE THAN A NANOSECOND. IT IS EVIDENT THAT YOU HAVE BEEN TAUGHT TO REPEAT SOUNDS YOU HAVE HEARD AND THAT YOU UNDERSTAND NEITHER THE WORDS YOU HEAR NOR THE ONES THAT EMERGE FROM YOUR MOUTH."
In creating the early scripts for Star Wars, George Lucas took inspiration from Japanese samurai films. R2-D2 and C-3PO were inspired by Akira Kurosawa's film The Hidden Fortress (1958), which uses two peasants as comic narrators for a historical adventure about the upper classes.
R2-D2 was portrayed by actor and comedian Kenny Baker in the Star Wars films. Lucas needed someone small to fit inside the robot and maneuver it. Baker, who is 3-foot-8, told Metro he got the part "because I was the smallest guy they'd seen up until then." A separate R2-D2 model, used for scenes when the droid is moving, was controlled via remote. About 18 different R2-D2 models appear in the Prequel Trilogy, as well as CGI for scenes of the droid flying and walking up stairs.
Sound designer Ben Burtt called creating R2-D2's voice "the toughest challenge" he faced in the Star Wars films. He eventually created a mix of electronic noises and himself speaking in baby talk. The addition of a human voice helps the emotion come across in R2-D2's expressions, even if he has no words.
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The Midnight Palace will appeal to young fans of Ray Bradbury and Stephen King: It's a small-ish audience, yes, but it exists. I know it does. I, after all, was (and still am) one of its members. I grew up loving Bradbury's short stories and novels—especially the fantasy—and even though they were quieter, more subtle, harder going and scarier than some of the other books I read growing up, I always went back to them.
I think I'd have liked this book more wholeheartedly if I'd read it then.
No, The Midnight Palace won't be for everyone.
I've still got mixed feelings about it myself.
It's atmospheric, muffled, and claustrophobic. Which I liked.
The characters are likable and interesting, but there are so many of them and it's such a short book that they never really become more than names. Which I didn't.
Like some of Stephen King's crossover fiction, it's a framed narrative: The story is being told, years later, by one of the people who lived through it. It's a hard technique to pull off, at the very least in terms of tension, because it requires the reader to forget about the age of the narrator. And because oftentimes, the voice of an older narrator telling the story of his younger self sounds like what he is: An adult remembering his youth, rather than sounding like himself as a youth. Like Stephen King, Ruiz Zafón doesn't fall into that trap: His young characters sound and act like young characters.
Unfortunately, also like much of Stephen King's work, the storyline goes and goes and goes until the climax... which ends up feeling hurried and anti-climactic.
Despite a lot of running around by the protagonists and some serious horror-movie action, it never feels fast-paced. It offers answers to its own mysteries—sort of—but the answers will produce almost as many questions as they answer, and the answers that are offered are... not necessarily satisfying. Both of those qualities could work for or against the book: I sometimes like mysteries to remain somewhat unresolved, but I know that I'm in the minority about that!
Writing for the young, or the young at heart, is a risky business and I learned that teenagers are a notoriously demanding and honest audience.
TL;DR: Likely to appeal to young fans of Stephen King and Ray Bradbury, but even that isn't a sure thing.
Crossposted at Guys Lit Wire.
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0.922462 |
The administrative divisions of East Germany (the German Democratic Republic) were constituted in two different forms during the country's 41-year-long history. The Republic first retained the traditional German division into federated states called Länder, but in 1952 replaced them with arbitrarily-drawn districts called Bezirke. Immediately before German reunification in 1990, the old Länder were restored, but they were not effectively reconstituted until after the GDR had ceased to exist as a separate state.
The GDR, coloured red, with its original division into Länder.
In May 1945, following its defeat in World War II, Germany was occupied by the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union. All four occupation powers, in their respective occupation zones, reorganised political life by restoring the Länder, the constituting parts of federal Germany, though the borders of these entities were adjusted and new entities created to form cohesive territories, avoid petty states and conform with the borders of the zones. The state of Prussia, whose provinces extended to all four zones and covered two thirds of Germany, was dissolved in 1947.
Special conditions were assigned to Berlin, which the four powers divided into four sectors. A united German state government existed in the city until it broke apart in 1948. After 1949, both West Berlin and East Berlin (officially only called Berlin) were in effect incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, respectively, despite not legally being part of these countries.
Saxony (Sachsen) was restored but augmented by the westernmost parts of the Prussian province of Lower Silesia. Also, the town of Reichenau was ceded to Poland.
Thuringia (Thüringen) was restored in the borders of 1944, when it had been augmented by neighbouring parts from the Prussian provinces of Saxony and Hesse-Nassau.
In 1949, the Soviet occupation zone was transformed into the German Democratic Republic. The five Länder (and East Berlin, though the latter only with consultative votes) participated in the legislative branch through the Länderkammer (Chamber of States), which was elected by the Landtage (state parliaments). However, the Länder were not constituting entities forming a federal state (as in West Germany) but rather decentralised administrative entities of a quasi-unitary state.
As a nod to the legal fiction that East Berlin was still occupied territory, it was neither counted as part of Brandenburg, nor as a state in its own right. However, East Germany claimed East Berlin as its capital, a status recognised by virtually all Communist countries. However, most Western and Third World countries did not recognise this.
Bezirke of the GDR, 1952-1990.
The GDR quickly became a de facto highly centralised state, especially after the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) adopted the Communist principle of democratic centralism in 1950. In 1952, the SED announced to establish "socialism in a planned manner". The Länder were no longer deemed to correspond to the requirements of the new tasks of the state. On 23 July 1952, a law combined the GDR's municipal districts (Kreise) into regional districts (Bezirke), and subsequently, on 25 July 1952, the state governments transferred their administrative tasks to the new districts.
With this law, the Länder were in effect dissolved. While they formally remained in existence, they no longer had any political or administrative function. The Länderkammer also remained in existence and its members were elected in 1954 by combined sessions of the Bezirkstage (district assemblies) in each Land and in 1958 directly by the Bezirkstage. However, on 8 December 1958, the Länderkammer was formally dissolved and the states abolished with no objections being raised.
The 14 new Bezirke were drawn without regard to the borders of the Länder and each named after their capitals, from north to south: Rostock, Neubrandenburg, Schwerin, Potsdam, Frankfurt (Oder), Magdeburg, Cottbus, Halle, Leipzig, Erfurt, Dresden, Karl-Marx-Stadt (named Chemnitz until 1953), Gera and Suhl.
Due to its special status, East Berlin was originally not counted as a Bezirk. In 1961, after the construction of the Berlin Wall, East Berlin came to be recognised in GDR administration as the Bezirk Berlin, though it retained a special status until the adoption of the revised 1968 Constitution.
The restored Länder in 1990, with borders in red. The grey borders show the borders as of 1952.
On 23 August 1990—just over a month before German reunification on 3 October—East Germany reconstituted the five original Länder. In theory, it was the Länder which then acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany.
The restored Länder did not fully reconstitute themselves until after reunification. On 14 October 1990, elections to the Landtage (state parliaments) were held in the five new states, initiating the formation of state governments.
Since changes to the boundaries of municipal districts were not reversed, and also due to considerations of expediency, the territorial make-up of the restored Länder differed somewhat from the borders prior to 1952.
Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt initially retained the rural and urban districts as administrative entities (Regierungsbezirke). Saxony-Anhalt abolished them in 2003, while Saxony transformed them into directorates in 2008.
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0.945869 |
How do you define a green roof? The first image that comes to my mind is a little, hobbit-like house somewhere in Scandinavia with a goat eating grass on the roof. That may be a bit simplistic; the green roofs of yore have come a long way.
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0.935776 |
When considering whether to buy a color or black toner cartridge for printer, the key point is to identify what type of print output is needed. If you mostly print in black and white, a black toner cartridge is the most appropriate choice for these jobs. If your printing tasks involve printing high-quality photos and presentations, choose a color toner cartridge. However, it is important to check the model of your printer, since some printers only print black and white. Although color cartridges are more expensive than then the black toner cartridges, most come with black color making them worth the cost.
Usually, toner cartridges are labeled in line with make or model of printers. The numerical model of your printer can be found on the front side of the printer or in the user’s manual. Knowing the exact model of your printer ensures you select the most compatible toner cartridge to avoid buying one that won’t fit into the printer you are using.
Original toner cartridges, better known as original equipment manufacturers toners, are made by a specific manufacturer of printers. They are perfect for a given type of printer and produces the highest quality print outs. They usually come with a warranty, and as such, they are more expensive than the recycled and compatible toners.
Recycled toner cartridges are used original toners that have been cleaned and restructured to the initial standards. They are susceptible to leaking which can damage the printer and produces low-quality prints. However, they are eco-friendly and cheapest than the original and compatible toner cartridges.
There is a wide supply of toner cartridges that produce different page yields. If you print for bulk, go for a printer that has high page yields to save on costs. Usually, the page yield of a toner cartridge is shown by a label on its casing.
The choice of toner cartridges for printer heavily depends on the printing requirements, available funds and personal preferences. To find the most dependable and budget friendly toner cartridge, first decide whether your printing tasks involve black or color, then go on to choose either an original equipment manufacturer, compatible or recycled toner cartridge, whichever falls under your budget without compromising on the quality of your printing output.
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0.887863 |
This course will take a practical approach to learning deep learning. We'll cover the basics of why things are happening (like the mathematical foundations of neural networks) and we'll apply deep learning models to real data. We'll then analyze the results and demonstrate how to tune deep learning systems to particular problem types.
After finishing this course you should know how to build and train and test simple neural networks. We'll build a couple of neural networks in the course today, in a beautiful library called PyTorch. In fact, the library is full of goodies which you should play with at home after this course!
To take this course, you'll need an understanding of Python at an intermediate level; we'll use class-based references and rely heavily on external methods. It'll help to have seen the very basics of linear algebra before, since we will be covering the background of neural networks. Some familiarity with machine learning techniques is assumed.
Tensors - what are they?
Gradients - how do gradients play a role in the world of deep learning?
Optimization - how to use tensors and gradients to find function extrema.
Neural networks (regression) - we'll train a neural network to approximate a continuous, differentiable function.
Neural networks (classification) - we'll discuss how to train a neural network to bucket customers into various customer cohorts based on their product interests and demographic information. We'll set up the code and hand it off to you for training on a GPU at home.
Deep Matrix Factorization - We'll briefly cover how we used PyTorch to build the training data we work on in this course.
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0.999998 |
Give us a brief description of Tasting Table. Basically what we want to do is have a story every morning in the inbox covering New York food culture, restaurants, recipes, cocktails, bars, wine, shops, all that stuff. It's anything someone who loves to eat and drink would love to read about.
And what's the goal here? We want to hit all sorts of people...We cover every price range, every level of food knowledge. It's more populist than a lot of what is out there.
More populist than...? Not to say there are sites out there that I don't like. But, you have eGullet and Chowhound, which are for very curious food people who are wiling to spend the time to go through message boards. We're basically a filter for people don't have time to read through message boards and read print and magazines to decide what to cook and eat.
eat that night. We want to be the friend that has the answer.
And who is it backed by? It's backed by Pilot Group.
We heard MTV's Bob Pittman was involved. And the restaurateur John MacDonald? Yes, Bob Pittman has a long history with MTV and he founded Pilot Group. This is an idea John McDonald came up with and had spoken to Pilot Group about. He'll have to tell you how he came up with the idea.
So how are you going to differentiate yourselves from the other email newsletters? As far as email newsletters go, we are less obsessed with what's opening tonight and what's opening tomorrow. That's great for someone who wants to know what's opening up, but we'd rather wait and go and have first hand knowledge. We'd like to say where to sit what to order that kind of stuff...We're doing recipes from chefs, quick shopping lists from a great store. We're doing a lot of coverage of places that have been around for awhile, places that may have been forgotten or have slipped through the media cracks.
For example...? One we did was Graffiti. It's literally around the corner from Ko. Not that it's strikingly similar to Ko, but its a similar experience. It's very small and the chef is right in your face. In some ways it's kind of a nice easy alternative. We're also going to do a lot of really classic meals. The first one we did of those is Esca, which i still think people forget about a lot. We tested the best time to go, the most consistent dishes.
And how is it different from print and the other websites? First the coverage of classic restaurants, and also it's short, 175 words max. But when you open your email you have the story, but you can look at the menu, print out a map, make a reservation. For people who do want to know what's going that day, we have a section at the bottom of the email we say this restaurant is opening today, this place has closed, this chef is leaving, very "Off the Menu".
How are you going to get a readership when there is so much noise already out there? The whole thing comes down to trust. We want people to read a couple things act on one, act on two. And when you do that, you begin to trust it. Then you become a source for restaurant intel.
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0.847684 |
Our group meandered into the next room to hear about brutal capos who oversaw the prisoners, about twelve starving men sleeping in plank-board bunks built for three, about floggings and pole hangings.
I'm working on a new novel set in Munich and Berlin during WWII. For detail and realism, I need to experience a place. Reading books, listening to on-line lectures and watching videos are no substitute for trudging through a city, absorbing through my pores the buildings and people and language, the smell of wurst and rich taste of Augustiner beer and slant of light through chestnut trees.
Munich is a lovely city in which to practice the writerly art of osmosis. Its buildings rollick through the ages, from the Romanesque Peterskirche to the neo-Baroque Justizpalast to the modern skyscraper Hypo-Haus. In the center of town, the Marienplatz bustles with a heterogeneous mix of people. It's easy to get around because of the dazzling array of public transportation choices: the bus, the tram, the S-bahn, and the U-bahn--all very efficient.
In this world of dialectic, dichotomy and duality, where there is beauty, there is found ugliness, and where there is light, comes the darkness. Lovely Munich's history harbors astonishing cruelty. Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp and the deadly prototype for all others, lies twenty kilometers outside of town.
A story set in Germany during this time necessarily references concentration camps. Germans seem to agree. When I joined a tour to Dachau, which had been a munitions factory during the First World War, Tom the Welsh tour guide commented, "Germans study what happened here, they face it honestly. I regularly see school classes."
Indeed, I spied a group of young people who looked like high school students. They listened carefully to their teacher, a bespectacled woman who spoke with a fierce thoughtfulness that elicited from them a corresponding intensity of focus.
Inside the rebuilt bunker, they sat on rough benches in a room with signs describing conditions during the three phases of Dachau's existence: as work camp for German political prisoners and means for the Nazi regime to consolidate power; as a tool for political policy, when prisoner labor had death as its goal and a network of death camps was constructed across occupied territories; and finally as a resource, when prisoners made armaments.
Our group meandered into the next room to hear about brutal capos who oversaw the prisoners, about twelve starving men sleeping in plank-board bunks built for three, about floggings and pole hangings and prisoners who specialized in hospital corners on hay mattresses, about a child who drowned to death in excrement raining down from the bunks above.
During Tom's speech, the school group broke into quiet applause.
"My tour finishes in the crematorium," Tom said grimly. "Don't applaud for me." I valued his respect for propriety, in that place of horror that we make sacred through remembrance. I also understood the kids' spontaneous desire to honor their teacher. It's not easy to teach a subject so repugnant -- which had been created by some of their grandparents and great-grandparents.
Tom himself spoke with the perfect mix of passion and dispassion, giving us facts and figures that underscored the terror of Dachau. Some 32,000 deaths are recorded, but countless numbers are not: Jews, Roma, Soviet soldiers, Russians, Czech, Poles, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Tom said, "These numbers you read, these are all low estimates."
En route to the crematorium, we passed barbed wire that had been electrified to discourage escape attempts. Only one man ever made it out of Dachau. Guards were given permission to shoot prisoners who approached the fence; those who hit their targets were rewarded with leave.
While walking, we heard about experiments performed on the prisoners: decompression, freezing water. I thought of the Isar River running gently through Munich, while just twenty kilometers away, scores of people were dying in agony.
Not just dying: they were being psychologically broken down into shards who no longer believed in goodness or justice or even their own humanity.
Finally we crossed over a remaining section of the four-meter-wide ditch that had circumscribed the camp. Tom framed it for us with arresting immediacy. "I thought I could make it across the ditch, because I did the long jump in school. But that was without being starved and weakened by beatings and twice daily roll call in minus twenty degree or boiling thirty degree weather."
After the crematorium and the ash cemeteries, we paused by the sculpture memorial to the unknown prisoner, who stood with noticeably large shoes, because prisoners wore wooden clogs, and with his hands in his pockets, because prisoners were forbidden to do so.
"I've heard that this isn't even the worst genocide in history," Tom said. "It's the twelfth worst."
"What's your source?" I asked, as we walked back out to the gate emblazoned 'Arbeit macht frei,' work will set you free.
Tom squinted at me and mentioned Pol Pot and Stalin. I thought of Rwanda, Darfur, the Native Americans, Mao Ze-Dong, Idi Amin, Milosevic, the partition of India between Pakistan and India, and the Armenians. I never found Tom's source, but I took his point: there is no place on Earth, no matter how beautiful, that is untouched by atrocity. To face it honestly is the best that citizens can do, subsequently.
During, the task is to speak up, to dissent.
Then there are the shadowy corridors of the future. Saddened, humbled, I rode the S-bahn back to a city I liked and enjoyed, and I wondered if any sliver of redemption was possible. In a spirit of reverence, both for lives lost and for the potential inherent in human creativity, I ask: is there a lesson to take with us? Can Dachau instill in us any essential truth, or empathy, to avert unbounded aggression in the future? Because when we dehumanize The Other, we throw away our own humanity.
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0.999534 |
Create a Graduation Montage to celebrate your Graduate's achievements.
The Graduation. Share the moment. Your high school or college graduation marks the start of a new chapter in your life. Share the excitement of this very special day with friends and family - today, tomorrow and in the future.
Finally, it's over. Whether it's twelve years of high school or four years of college, it is a big accomplishment. Why not capture this life changing event on video for all to see.
First decide how many cameras you would like to have. The more cameras, the more angles, the more options, such as split-screen or picture-in-picture, for example.
Pay our hourly rates, and order the additional copies needed. The more copies ordered at one time, the bigger the multiple copy discount.
Your DVD will include chapters and menu, titles and credits, complete with a customized case, and titles and graphics printed directly on the disc.
You may want to get together with teachers, parents or alumni, to split the costs.
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0.999998 |
Why Ursinus? I chose Ursinus because as a liberal arts college, it allows for a very diverse and well-rounded education. The small student population was attractive to me as well because it gives the campus a community feel, while also giving students the opportunity to get involved and establish close relationships with peers and professors.
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0.937836 |
I can’t believe I’m saying this, but using a credit card for vacation purposes is actually a pretty good idea. I’ve learned that you should NEVER use a debit card on any trip you take, for if your card becomes compromised, your checking account can be drained in an instance. Besides, I’m all about vacation discounts and good deals and if I’m already using a credit card for a trip, why not get something in return? Many cards offer deals or a reward system so you can earn perks like a free flight or cash vouchers. But before you start applying for every single credit card out there in the universe, figure out which card best fits your travel needs and take a protection crash course.
Depending on how frequently you travel and if you are devoted to a specific product or brand name, will determine which card will best fit your needs. First, establish whether or not you are loyal to one specific airline or hotel chain over another. More often than not, if you find yourself using services of one company, consider getting a card directly through them. If you aren’t tied to any one brand, it’s futile to go this route. Instead, apply for a card that allows you flexibility in your purchasing options while still obtaining rewards points.
Check Your Account: You should always keep an eye on your bank account, but it’s especially important to do so during and shortly following your vacation. Let your bank know when you travel so they don’t freeze your accounts. Set up text or email alerts to warn you of any suspicious activity. If anything looks out of the ordinary, you will be able to catch it right away.
Secure Websites: When using your credit card for online purchases, double check the website URL address before you enter and submit your information. While each internet browser is different, check to see if there is a green colored lock and the word “Secure” or other symbol located on the left of the URL of the site you clicked on. This is a good indication that you are on a protected website. Also, free WiFi is overrated when it comes to your credit card safety because your online connection is less secure. Just be aware of who and where you are giving your credit card information to.
Extra Protection: Use credit cards with a chip and, if you are really ambitious, get an RFID-blocking wallet to block any transfer of radio waves. Never share your pin number with others and cover your pin when entering it in public places. Be wary of callers asking you for your credit card information, even if it is a hotel or business. You should be calling them! Just be aware of who and where is receiving your credit card information.
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0.959558 |
I have a script that opens a user-specified MXD and processes user-specified layers in it. Part of the processing involves projecting the data from whatever GCS it's in, to whatever PCS the data frame has in its spatial reference.
Sometimes, the input GCS and the output PCS are in the same datum (e.g. WGS_1984), and so I don't need to supply a geographic transformation to Project_management().
Other times, they are not in the same datum; e.g. the data frame coordinate system might be Europe_Lambert_Conformal_Conic, which uses the datum ED_1950.
If I don't supply the right geographic transformation (or lack thereof), the Project tool fails.
How do I know what transformation to use?
In the case where the datums are different, I can require that the data frame in the MXD file have a transformation method specified in its properties, e.g. ED_1950_To_WGS_1984_10.
If that was the end of the story, my job would be simple: if the data frame has a transformation method in its properties, pass that to Project_management(), otherwise omit that parameter. The script would just look at the value of dataFrame.geographicTransformations.
The problem is that on some machines, when I ask for mydataframe.geographicTransformations, I get a spurious value of "NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON". So if the data frame has no transformation methods specified in its properties dialog, dataFrame.geographicTransformations returns ["NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON"]. Which causes Project_management() to fail, if that transformation doesn't apply to the GCS and PCS actually being used. For example, when the data's GCS is GCS_WGS_1984, and the data frame's PCS is Asia_Lambert_Conformal_Conic, no geo transformation is needed (both have datum D_WGS_1984), and none is specified. So if I pass dataFrame.geographicTransformations to Project_management() as the geographic transformation parameter, I will cause it to fail.
If the data frame does have a transformation method specified in its properties dialog, then (on these same machines) dataFrame.geographicTransformations returns a list with "NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON" as the first element, followed by the one specified in the properties dialogue.
Again, this is on some machines. On others, the spurious "NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON" doesn't appear, so I can rely on dataFrame.geographicTransformations to be set, or not, as appropriate.
So my question is, where is this spurious transformation coming from, and how do I get rid of it, so that if I don't need a transformation, I can avoid passing a bad one to Project_management()? There's nothing in the Environment Settings under Output Coordinates / Geographic Transformations.
Or, if I can't get rid of it ... maybe I can detect when the data's GCS and the data frame's PCS have the same datum, so I don't need a geographic transformation. In that case I would just not pass any such parameter to Project_management().
The trouble with that approach is, I don't know how to get the datum, or the GCS, of a PCS spatial reference. I can look at dataframe.spatialReference.PCSCode, but spatialReference.GCSCode, GCSname, datumCode and datumName are blank (see http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#/SpatialReference/000v000000p6000000/ - these properties are only available with a GCS). I know that ArcGIS desktop knows the GCS being used by the data frame, because when I open data frame properties, the Coordinate System tab tells me not only the PCS but also the GCS (including datum). But it's not available thru dataframe.spatialReference, that I can tell.
I'm using ArcGIS Desktop 10.0 by the way.
It allows you to specify an input spatial ref, output spatial ref and optional extent object and it will return a list of all the valid transformations for the from and to spat ref. With this list you could compare what is in the map and select the match.
You probably won't like this answer but this is all so much easier at 10.1. At 10.1 sp1 we made a change so the NADCON transformation will no longer be added to the map by default, so it won't show up unless the transformation was actually set by the user.
Hi Chris, thanks for the reply. That does clarify for me why I'm getting the NADCON transformation, when it's not in the data frame properties.
For now my workaround is to (1) try projecting using the transformation returned by dataframe.transformations; and (2) if it didn't work, and the transformation is the NAD one, retry projecting without the transformation.
I will look forward to these improvements in 10.1... we should be upgrading soon.
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