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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
| 0.072727 |
Q:
NullPointerException in binding
Hi I would like to bind a value depending other object. It this object is null the value will be set by default. But I still received NullPointerException. I expect that it will be catch by ".then(...) . but it is not the case
relationType.bind(Bindings.when(Bindings.createBooleanBinding(() -> ( relation == null || relation.get()== null), relation))
.then(RelationType.NEUTRAL)
.otherwise(relation
.get()
.typeProperty()));
All works fine when I add binding to Listener content :
relation.addListener((observable, oldValue, newValue) -> {
if(newValue != null) {
relationType.bind(Bindings
.when(relation.isNull())
.then(RelationType.NEUTRAL)
.otherwise(newValue.typeProperty()));
} else {
relationType.unbind();
relationType.setValue(RelationType.NEUTRAL);
}
});
But I prefere to have only binding. That is possible ??
A:
The problem is the time when relation.get().typeProperty() gets evaluated. It's evaluated when the binding is created and not every time relation changes. You could work around this using a select binding, but you'll receive warnings in the console using this approach:
relationType.bind(Bindings.when(relation.isNull())
.then(RelationType.NEUTRAL)
.otherwise(Bindings.select(relation, "type"));
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
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|
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| 0.05949 |
Many companies and other organizations operate computer networks that interconnect numerous computing systems to support their operations, such as with the computing systems being co-located (e.g., as part of a local network) or instead located in multiple distinct geographical locations (e.g., connected via one or more private or public intermediate networks). For example, data centers housing significant numbers of interconnected computing systems have become commonplace, such as private data centers that are operated by and on behalf of a single organization, and public data centers that are operated by entities as businesses to provide computing resources to customers.
A few providers allow their customers to create logically isolated networks using resources located at such data centers. For example, a customer may be assigned some set of virtualized servers and/or other resources implemented at hosts managed by the provider, and the customer may be afforded substantial flexibility with respect to the networking configuration of the resources. The customer may, for example, select IP (Internet Protocol) addresses to the servers, define subnets of their choice, and so on. Such customer-configurable networks implemented using provider resources may be referred to by a variety of names, including “isolated virtual networks” or “virtual private clouds”. In some scenarios, customers may assign private IP addresses (i.e., addresses that are not visible or advertised outside the isolated virtual networks) to some resources within an isolated virtual network, e.g., without having to be concerned about the uniqueness of the addresses with respect to resources outside the isolated virtual network. The provider may support high levels of security, network isolation, and availability in such environments, enabling customers to run business-critical applications in the isolated virtual networks and experience a similar (or higher) quality of service to that achievable at customer-owned premises.
In at least some provider networks, various customers may implement network-accessible services within their respective isolated virtual networks, with the intention of vending those services to consumers whose computing devices are located outside those isolated virtual networks. Customer-owned services may have public IP addresses (i.e., addresses accessible from the public Internet) assigned to them, enabling service requests from consumers to be routed to the devices at which the services are implemented, regardless of whether the service requests originate within the provider network or outside the provider network. However, for those consumers whose service requests originate within other isolated virtual networks of the same provider network at which a given customer-owned service is implemented, accessing the service using a public IP address may require establishing connectivity between the consumers' isolated virtual networks and the public Internet, which may potentially increase the risk of Internet-based attacks.
While embodiments are described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments are not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by the appended claims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words “include,” “including,” and “includes” mean including, but not limited to.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
| 0 |
Ministry of environment, forest and climate change is working on the policy which will incorporate landscape planning, water conservation, livelihood opportunities and various other important aspects
The Union government is formulating a “mountain policy” for conservation of Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (HT File Photo)
The Union government is formulating a “mountain policy” for conservation of Himalayan region and Western Ghats, additional secretary in the environment ministry Amita Prasad said on Wednesday.
Ministry of environment, forest and climate change (MoEFCC) is working on the policy which will incorporate landscape planning, water conservation, livelihood opportunities and various other important aspects that will help “keep the sanctity of mountainous areas intact,” she told HT.
The Himalayan mountain ecosystems pass through 11 states namely Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura and West Bengal. The Western Ghats runs through the west coast from Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu’s Kanyakumari, the southern-most tip of the country.
Both the regions are plagued with deforestation, wildlife and habitat loss, population pressure, encroachment among others.
Prasad was here to attend an event at Wildlife Institute of India (WII).
Twenty four percent of the total land area of India is covered by mountains. So, it is imperative to have a mountain policy that should focus on the preservation and also provide livelihood opportunities to locals,” she told HT on the sidelines of the event.
Prasad expressed dissatisfaction over the delay in framing the policy which, she says, is a must. She lamented that while the country is governed by various policies on water, wildlife and forest, mountains remained ignored.
Niti Aayog on various occasions had suggested preparing mountain policy to mitigate disasters and check haphazard developments, which is the root cause of natural calamities.
The recommendations however, are now being implemented.
“Disaster resilient plan will be an important aspect of the policy. Presently, we don’t have strategy to understand the reasons behind disasters, like the one Uttarakhand witnessed in 2013. The proposed mountain policy will encompass various researches on subjects like moisture, water, development, energy, infrastructure, human habitations and others,” she added.
Hydropower projects will however not come under the framework of the policy, the additional secretary said. Many experts though identify a slew of hydropower projects lined up in the state as one of the factors that led to Kedarnath disaster that killed thousands of people in 2013.
She said under the energy segment, central government is trying to address the issue by laying emphasis on renewable energy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
Sounds good to me. Kevin, can you have Johnny McGee in ROW look into this?
Thanks.
Steve
From: Drew Fossum 11/28/2000 09:31 AM
To: Steven Harris/ET&S/Enron@Enron, Kevin Hyatt/ET&S/Enron@Enron, Lorraine
Lindberg/ET&S/Enron@ENRON
cc:
Subject: Pueblo
Tino called this morning with a quick report. They are still negotiating
with DOE on a power plant deal, but it looks pretty shaky. The size of the
plant has grown to 380 MW, for reasons that are unclear to me. Tino has been
ordered to develop an exit strategy in case the power plant deal falls
apart. He says Dennis has about $3 mm in the project so far, most of it
related to the pipeline right of way. The have a binding 20 year agreement
with the tribes for the ROW that calls for a $100,000 minimum monthly
payment. I'm not sure the entire route is perfected or not or whether the
ROW agreement includes fiber optic rights etc. The question is whether we
are even interested enough to justify a closer look, since the rights Dennis
has pulled together will probably be available for cents on the dollar. I
told Tino I'd give him a call next week to let him know. At minimum, I'd
suggest we have one of our ROW guys take a look at whatever they've got and
advise us on what its worth. Your thoughts? DF
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
| 0 |
Details for Halong Best Cruises
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Disclaimer: Information provided through RealAdventures website, newsletters, emails or other services has been provided directly by the companies and/or individuals owning or offering the products/services. RealAdventures does not guarantee or warranty the accuracy of the information contained herein. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure the accuracy and clarity of any posted material and to determine the suitability of any service for their particular needs or requirements. Likewise, it is the responsibility of advertisers to determine the suitability and credit worthiness of potential customers prior to any transaction.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
that is funny shit
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
| 0.055556 |
PSD to HTML – Effective Way Of PSD To HTML Conversion
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
Meet Suck And Fuck – First Date Sex with a Hot Stranger
429
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.05 |
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Signal regulators in FcR-mediated activation of leukocytes?
Leukocyte membrane receptors for the Fc portion of Igs (FcRs) link antigen recognition by antibodies to effector functions involved in immune phenomena, from pathogen elimination to autoimmunity. Moreover, they also signal for the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and chemokines, thus having a role in immune homeostasis. Even though the structural and functional similarities between FcRs and the clonotypic antigen receptors of lymphocytes (the T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor) are well established, participation of regulatory membrane molecules in leukocyte activation by FcRs has rarely been considered. Here, we summarize evidence demonstrating that FcR-mediated signaling could be modulated by other membrane molecules (signal regulators), and propose that comprehension of this phenomenon is essential for understanding the functions of FcRs, knowledge of which could then be used for therapeutic interventions.
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27 F.Supp. 847 (1939)
Application of TEXAS CO. et al.
Nos. 55D, 56D, 57D.
District Court, E. D. Illinois.
June 5, 1939.
*848 *849 Harry T. Klein and George W. Ray, Jr., both of New York City, M. A. Jacobson, of Waukesha, Wis., and S. A. L. Morgan, of Houston, Tex., for applicants The Texas Co., W. S. S. Rodgers, H. W. Dodge, S. B. Wright, Walter Hochuli, and W. F. Murdy.
Webster & Garside and Bethuel M. Webster, all of New York City, for applicants Tide Water Associated Oil Co., Edward L. Shea, Noel Robinson, John W. Warner, John D. Collins, and Harold F. Parsons.
Topliff & Horween, Samuel Topliff and Ralph Horween, all of Chicago, Ill., for applicants Globe Oil & Refining Co., I. A. O'Shaughnessy, and G. O. Woodruff.
John Henry Lewin, Grant W. Kelleher, Nelson A. Sharfman, and George W. Wise, Sp. Assts. to Atty. Gen., and Ray M. Foreman, Asst. U. S. Atty., of Danville, Ill., for respondents.
LINDLEY, District Judge.
The present applications seek to quash the grand jury subpoenas heretofore issued and to restrain the Government and its prosecuting officials from presenting certain witnesses and documents included in the subpoenas.
To appreciate fully the legal effect of the applications I think it well to revert briefly to some of the elementary principles of our form of government.
There are three departments. Upon the Congress and upon it alone devolves the responsibility of determining the wisdom and policy of legislation. The Executive may recommend legislation, and so may other citizens; but eventually the Congress is wholly sufficient unto itself. It is the sole judge of the policy to be reflected in its enactments; and no other representative or department of the government may interfere, so long as it acts within the Constitution. It is intrusted with general authority to enact legislation at its discretion, subject only to the limitations prescribed by the sovereign people in the Constitution. In pursuance of this responsibility Congress long ago enacted laws having to do with anti-trust subject matter. The Sherman Act has been on the books for many years. The Clayton Act is of shorter life, but it has been a statute for more than twenty years. The two statesmen for whom those pieces of legislation were named have long since passed to their fore-fathers; but the statutes persist and express a settled policy in our legislative enactments.
The Executive Department, with all its branches, is charged with the true and faithful administration of the acts of Congress. Among its manifold duties in this respect, it is bound to prosecute those whom it reasonably believes should be prosecuted as violators of the law. It is its duty to administer all laws honestly and efficiently; and for its failure to do so penalties and remedies are provided. The *850 Executive Department carries the acts of the Congress into effect, administers them, secures their due performance and enforces them. Only when it seeks judicial aid in the effectuation of its legitimate functions, has the judiciary anything to say as to the propriety of its actions. In the latter instance, the judiciary may interfere or restrain only when the act of the administrative department results in violation of the legal or constitutional rights of another. The executive official, in the proper discharge of his duties under the constitution, is as independent of the courts as he is of the legislature.
The judiciary is in no wise concerned with the proper execution of the law; it has nothing to do with the motives or policy of legislation. Rather it is the department charged with the interpretation of the laws and their enforcement at the behest of private parties or the government. But courts have no power other than judicial, and their orders must accord with the Constitution and the laws enacted by the Congress. With the motives of the legislators the courts do not concern themselves. The judiciary can only inquire whether the means utilized in the execution of a power granted are forbidden by the Constitution. It cannot go beyond that inquiry without intrenching upon the domain of another department of government. This it may not do with safety to our institutions. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Brimson, 154 U.S. 447, 14 S.Ct. 1125, 38 L.Ed. 1047. Nor does it fall within the judicial function to control the exercise of the discretionary powers which, by the Constitution or statutes, are vested in public administrative officials. If that discretion is exercised in such an arbitrary or unjust and discriminating manner as clearly to deny to individuals their right to the equal protection of the laws, or to due process of law, or any other constitutional right, the courts may intervene, and they may hold unconstitutional any attempt upon the part of the legislature to vest in administrative officials a discretion that is essentially arbitrary in character.
The grand jury originated long ago in England. From its beginning it had inquisitorial power and at one time, probably, even some trial power. At times it was a protection of the people against the sovereign. Fortunately, under our system of government, we have had little occasion for such protection. But we have retained the grand jury, believing it to be a wise, efficient and beneficent element of our official machinery of justice. One truism persuading us to perpetuate the institution is that unfortunately at times a prosecutor may be of such character that if the right to determine whether there shall be prosecution or non-prosecution of an offender is lodged in him, miscarriage of justice results. This, perhaps, savors of the old idea of protection against the sovereign. So, wisely, I believe, we have retained this age old institution in our constitution and laws.
A grand jury is a part of the court machinery, an all-important element in the agency of the government endowed with judicial power, for one accused of felony may not be prosecuted except upon a true bill returned by a grand jury. It is under control by the court to the extent that it is organized and the legality of its proceedings determined by the court in accord with the statutes. Its members are subject to the court's supervision and control for any violation of their duties. Beyond this supervisory power over them, however, the court cannot limit them in their legitimate investigation of alleged violations of the law. They have a right to bring to the attention of their fellow members any crimes known to any one of them, even though no complaint is presented by any prosecuting officer. They have the right to subpoena and to have called before them persons and documents, for the purpose of determining whether there has been violation of the law. In short, they have inquisitorial powers, the full extent of which and the full limitations upon which have never been completely settled by any one precedent or any number of precedents.
The uncertainty as to the grand jury's powers results from the fact that the institution has grown from the common law of England; that courts, investigating its historical growth, have differed as to its powers; and that our legislation regarding it is extremely meagre. I find no definition of a grand jury's powers in the federal statutes. I find rather a statute which authorizes me to call such a body, provides the manner in which I shall make the call, fixes certain limitations, defines a quorum, and gives the court the right to excuse or discharge. But, beyond the briefest implications contained in the statutes, the Congress has not seen fit to define the jury's *851 power, or to designate the exact limitations upon it. It has remained for the courts, tracing the history of the grand jury from the time of early England, to determine for themselves when, upon a particular set of facts and circumstances, a question is presented, just how far a grand jury may properly go or should be allowed to go.
Undoubtedly the court has some discretion, but here I am asked as a member of the judiciary to say that the Government, the Executive Department, charged with the execution and administration of the laws, may not present to a grand jury matters which counsel for the Government assure me are essential, according to their conception of their duties, to a complete investigation and prosecution of what is thought to be a violation of the law. They assure me that complaints have been made that practices, which they deem, from their viewpoint, violations of the Anti-Trust Law, have continued since the return of the indictments in Madison and that if in this investigation facts should be developed justifying further indictments, they intend to ask for true bills.
Should I, who have nothing to do with the policy of legislation or with the execution of the law, assume the authority to say: "No, the Executive Department may not present to a grand jury of this community the facts which it assures me it believes constitute a violation of the national law?" It seems to me that the question answers itself.
Irrespective of what other courts may have said, such action seems to me an assumption, an usurpation of power by the court over the acts of a coordinate branch of the Government which I have no right to assert. Such action on my part is beyond my conception of my proper obligations and my proper duty under my oath of office; it is an undue interference with the executive branch.
To my mind, it is of no importance whether there are other indictments against these petitioners, or any of them, in other districts. To my mind, it matters not whether any of them have been acquitted before, in any other prosecution. To me, it is wholly a matter of indifference whether difficulties have been encountered elsewhere in securing evidence in other cases. To my mind, it is my duty, as a member of the judiciary, enforcing the laws of this nation, to afford to the Executive Department in discharging its duty of execution of the laws, full and complete opportunity to present to the grand jury any alleged violation of those laws, at any time when I have a grand jury in session.
There is no question of previous conviction, previous acquittal, or res adjudicata; a grand jury investigation is an ex parte proceeding. In the end the jury has only one function to perform, to report to the court that it has reasonable cause to believe that probable grounds exist or do not exist for the prosecution of some one or more parties for violation of the law. The grand jury merely makes an accusation.
The right to interpose pleas of former conviction, of former acquittal or of immunity, is in no wise involved. This is not a trial; it is not a determination of guilt or innocence. If this grand jury should return an indictment, it would be my duty to charge the petit jury sitting at a trial thereof that the indictment carries no evidence, no presumption of guilt; that the defendants are presumed to be innocent, and that that presumption will control until and unless it shall be overcome by proof of guilt beyond all reasonable doubt.
And, further, to me it seems that the fact that other indictments are pending is, under the assurances made by the Government in open court, of little importance. I have no way of knowing whether the facts developed in this matter may help the Government in its prosecution of other indictments. But even if they should be an aid in ascertaining where lies the truth, the goal of all judicial investigations, whatever the result of that truth may be, it is my duty as a court to allow it to be produced, if it is brought to light in a legitimate investigation, as I am assured this is.
So it seems to me, for the reasons I have stated, under my understanding of the grand jury's duty and our theory of constitutional government, that to allow these applications would amount to an assumption of executive power by a member of the judiciary, for by so doing I would be refusing to permit the Government to present matters it assures me are pertinent to investigation of what is complained of by citizens as violations of the national laws. This I shall not do. The applications must be denied. Such will be the order of the court.
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| 0.05 |
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Forex tips
So, How Does the Forex Market Stack Up to Stocks?
Ah, stocks. If there’s one thing that investors love to talk about, it’s stocks. That’s because stocks are something that’s discussed even on mainstream financial news points, which means that just about everyone knows what they are.
Stocks also provide a lot of variety. If you want to feel like you’re part of a certain company, you can always invest in the stock of that company. Then you feel like you’ve really got a say in how things really are. In fact, a lot of companies will let you vote in shareholder meetings if you own a certain amount of stock. Isn’t that just too cool for school?
Of course it is. There are nearly 4500 stocks listed on the NYSE, and another 3500 on the NASDAQ. You can do your research and build an amazing stock portfolio.
But if you’re like many investors, you might be growing tired of getting into the stock market game. There are plenty of movies about people that made it big in the stock market. These are pretty important people, and it goes without saying that you might want to be just like them. Yet times are definitely changing, and if you’re thinking about growing past that, then you might want to think about forex. This is actually a good decision, for a few reasons.
First and foremost, spot currency trading is all about the currency pairs. The major investors in forex only focus on four top pairs, and that’s a lot better than trying to figure out nearly 10,000 stocks all of the time. Are you going to be looking at all 10,000? Not at all. However, you will want to still look at the market movements as a whole in order to fine tune your portfolio. If you’re tired of that, you might want to start looking at forex trading in a different way.
As you might realize, you can’t trade stocks all the time. That means that you’re going to have to step out of stocks when the market is closed. Instead of not trading at all, you can build a better trading schedule with forex. This new market is actually a seamless 24 hour one, with trading going all the time. You can hit the U.S, Asian, and European markets with ease. It’s simply up to you to define how you want to trade. Gone are the days where you feel you have to be married to a certain time schedule in order to get things going properly.
The commissions are so much less with forex when compared to stocks. Of course you might wonder how brokers actually make their money. They handle things through the bid/ask spread, which is always transparent. There aren’t any hidden forex fees to be had, which is refreshing.
As much as it’s not mentioned, forex is actually open to everyone. This used to be a market that was limited to huge corporations only, but that’s no longer the case. Anyone can trade in forex, so why not check it out for yourself?
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Calvinist Should Be a Premillennialist, Part 1
Why Every Calvinist Should Be a Premillennialist, Part 1[Discusses Sovereign Election, Israel, and Eschatology]
by
John MacArthurCopyright 2007, Grace to You. All rights reserved. Used by permission.*
Selected Scriptures
Now I’ve been telling you for a number of months that we were going to get in to the subject of eschatology, the doctrine of last things. We’ve been working our way through doctrinal emphases in Scripture, doctrinal themes. And we have covered a lot of ground, but we now come to the doctrines that relate to the end times. And in line with that, I want to try at least in the next couple of Sunday nights to establish a foundation for our understanding.
Now talking about eschatology is not without controversy. There are a number of viewpoints of what the Bible means when it speaks of future events. We understand that when you have a prophecy in the Bible that has not yet come to pass, not everything will be clear. In 1 Peter chapter 1 you remember Peter says that the prophets who wrote concerning Christ, concerning the things to come wondered what person and what time. That is to say that while they understood that someone would come, they understood whatever it was that had been revealed to them, the timing was not clear and the precise personages were not clear. We can take prophetic scripture at face value. We can interpret it the way we interpret any other passage of Scripture with the same use of the normal, natural means of interpreting language. And we should. And it will yield for us as clear an understanding of the future as the Lord wants us to have. It’s not nearly as difficult as some people make it if you just take Scripture at face value.
Now to affix our thinking to one great future event which seems to be the most controversial, I want you to think with me about the coming Kingdom of Christ, known as the Millennial Kingdom because in the twentieth chapter of Revelation, the opening of that chapter, there is reference to the reign and rule of Jesus Christ on the earth which lasts one thousand years. In fact, one thousand is repeated six times in that brief text. That leaves me with the impression that God wants us not to question the length of its duration.
Now with regard to the coming Kingdom of Christ in which Christ rules as supreme and sovereign ruler, there are a number of views. But let me boil them down to three views, and these are good and I’ll give you a simple explanation so that you understand where we are going. The first view we’ll call the post-millennial view. That is to say that Christ will come after the Millennium, that the return of Christ is post, it is after the Millennial Kingdom. Christ will return, He will come in a glorious Second Coming to earth but not to establish His Kingdom, but rather His Kingdom has been established. Who will establish it? The church. The church will have an increasing influence in the world. The church will become more influential, more impactful, more spiritually powerful. The church will move out of its own environs to capture nations, leaders, ideologies, philosophies, theories, religions, and bring them all into captivity to Christ. In the world things will get better and better and better as the church becomes more powerful and more influential. And when the church has brought about the dominating influence of Christ across the world, He will then come and end everything and establish the new heaven and the new earth which is the eternal state. Post-millennialists think things are going to get better. That’s a hard sell, frankly. They also think that there is not to be a literal thousand-year kingdom as such, but that’s just metaphoric for a long time and it simply indicates whatever the duration of that period where the influence of the church dominates the world after which Christ returns. There is another form of that view called amillennialism...amillennialism. And you’ve probably heard about that. You can figure it out. The alpha privative in the Greek language means a negative, so there is the view that there is no Millennium, that what John is writing about in Revelation 20 is very vague, may refer to nothing other than a long time in which the church flourishes on earth, simply referring to that kingdom which is spiritual...that is the rule of Christ over those who belong to Him while on earth. And there are others who believe that that refers to heaven, that refers to the experience of the saints in heaven. But for certain, according to amillennialists, there will be no thousand-year reign of Christ on the earth. When He comes, everything ends immediately. No kingdom on earth ruled by Christ before He gets here, and no kingdom on earth ruled by Christ after He gets here.
Now the truth of the matter is, those are just two ways to look at the same thing. Post-millennialism and amillennialism is really the same thing. I like to call amillennialism negative, and postmillennialism positive. That’s just two ways to look at the same thing. It’s two ways to view human history. One says it’s not the Kingdom. The other says it is the Kingdom. One says moving toward the coming of Christ there will be no Kingdom. The other says there will be a Kingdom. But in both cases it will be the flow of history under the influence of the church. So they’re really looking at the same thing. One calls it a kingdom and says it will expand and expand and expand, that’s the positive spin. The other looks at it as a spiritual kingdom also but says it will decline and decline and decline until Jesus finally comes.
But in both cases they would deny the actual thousand-year reign of Christ and they would deny that Christ will reign and rule on earth and literally fulfill all His promises to the nation Israel given in the Old Testament covenants. Whether you’re an amillennialist or a postmillennialist, you basically say Israel forfeited all its promises, forfeited all its privileges, forfeited all those things that God declared in covenant that He would give to them in the future and they forfeit it by their disobedience to the Mosaic Covenant, by their apostasy from true religion and by their rejection of their Messiah. Therefore, Israel has been permanently set aside so that the only Kingdom will be that Kingdom that we call the church ruled by Christ either expanding to take over the world, or existing in the world, and finally in heaven. But in any case...and by the way, postmillennialists and amillennialists differ as to the details of these kinds of things. No sense in going in to all of that except to say in both cases they say there is no actual earthly reign of Christ fulfilling all Old Testament covenant promises.
Now against those two is the view called premillennialism. That means there will be a Millennium and prior to that Millennium Jesus will come. He comes pre, not post. He comes before. He will return to an increasingly wicked earth. He will come in fiery judgment. He will judge all the ungodly of all the earth and then establish His rule and His Kingdom forever. The first phase of that eternal rule will be His reign on this earth which will last as Revelation 20 says six times, a thousand years. After which His rule will continue because it is an everlasting rule, but it will continue in a new heaven and a new earth that replace this heaven and earth which will melt in an atomic implosion and make way for the new creation.
Those are the views. Now we’re going to dig a little more deeply into the whole idea of the Millennial Kingdom and what the Bible says about it and as to its nature and the aspects of the Kingdom that are revealed in Scripture. And by the way, they are many and they are wondrous to behold and we will do that. But I want to approach this whole thing with you as my congregation the way I did with three thousand five hundred pastors a couple of weeks ago.
Now when they came here, I’m very much aware that many of them are amillennialists. Some of them are post-millennialists, although there are fewer and fewer of those if you read the paper and have your eyes open and you’re breathing and your body has any temperature at all, you know things aren’t getting better. But some are holding on to what they have taught in the past. I guess self-preservation dominates their theology at that point. But there is a growing influence of amillennialism because amillennialism has been a part of reformed theology. Reformed theology has made a monumental comeback in this culture and thankfully so because it is biblical. The Reformers had it right on most issues. But they never got around to eschatology. They never got around to applying their formidable skills. You cannot fight the war on every front. And at the great time of the Reformation, they were fighting the war where the battle raged the hottest and that was over the gospel and over the nature of Christ and over salvation by grace through faith and over the authority of Scripture. They were fighting the massive Roman system. And being occupied on those fronts, they never really got to the front of eschatology, they didn’t really get to the front of ecclesiology either, the study of the church. But those two kind of go together, as we’ll see in this study, in some very fascinating ways.
So, it is really one of the strange ironies of Reformed Theology. And therefore it’s a strange irony in the church today that those who love the doctrine of sovereign election most, that would be Reformed theologians, those who love the doctrine of sovereign election most supremely and who love that doctrine most sincerely and...this is going to be a long sentence...and who are most unwavering in their devotion to the glory of God, the honor of Christ, the work of the Holy Spirit in regeneration, the veracity and inerrancy of Scripture, those who are usually the most fastidious in Bible interpretation, yes those who are the most careful and intentionally biblical regarding all categories of doctrine, those who see themselves as guardians of biblical truth, those who are passionate to get it right, those who are not content to be wrong at all, and those who most heartily agree on the essential matters of Christian truth so that they labor with all their powers to examine in a Berean fashion every relevant text to discern the true interpretation of all matters of divine revelation are...and there’s the main verb in the sentence...are in varying degrees of disinterest in applying their skills to the end of the story and rather content to be in happy if not playful disagreement in regard to the vast biblical data on eschatology as if the end doesn’t matter much...period. Or another way to say it would be this, how many of you have attended an amillennial prophecy conference? There isn’t such a thing. If you don’t know what you believe about the future, you can’t preach on it. Whether you are a pessimistic amillennialist, or an optimistic amillennialist, that’s a post-millennialist, you don’t know what to do with prophetic truth because if you interpret prophetic truth in the same normal natural way you interpret all the rest of the passages of Scripture, you’re going to end up a pre-millennialist. It’s inevitable. And so you have to change the rules of interpretation. And once you say the Bible doesn’t mean what it says, then we have no idea what it means. Certainly you have no idea what it means, neither does anybody else.
Another way to see this would be to ask this question...what other category of theology, what other category of theology except atheism starts with the alpha privative and labels itself as believing in something that doesn’t exist? To say you’re an amillennialist is only to tell me what you don’t believe. And then you have to go to all of the passages of Scripture that talk about the Kingdom and tell me why you don’t believe they mean what they say. It’s a strange approach.
Does the end matter? I think it matters. I think it matters to God. It matters to me. It matters to me to understand what God has said about the end. It’s the whole point of everything else. It’s the whole point of the beginning and the middle. The end is as divinely designed as the beginning. And God has given us massive amounts of revelation in the Scripture about the future. It has to matter to us. In fact, some say nearly one fourth of Scripture is prophetic. God filled the Bible with prophecy and much of it looking to the end. Did God do this but somehow mumble? Did He do it and somehow muddle it so hopelessly that the high ground for Bible students and the high ground for theologians is to recognize the muddle and abandon the perspicuity or the clarity of Scripture on that subject? Is that what God wanted us to do? To look at it and say, “I can’t figure this out, let’s forget it?” There are whole denominations that are instructed not to teach on the end times. You would assume that they’re confused because the Bible is confusing. And if the Bible is confusing, then God Himself is confused.
And so, working hard...and it is often hard work...to understand prophetic passages is needless. In fact, it’s an impossible effort since it doesn’t mean what it says and you have to sort of allegorize it or spiritualize it and therefore interpretations are myriad, they are as many as interpreters. Why bother? If it doesn’t mean what it says, everybody’s got a different view, then nobody has the authority to say this is true, let’s just stick with things that we know are true and things that all the good theologians agree on. Because, you see, if it doesn’t mean what it says it means, then any suggestion is as bad as any other suggestion. And I ask the question...are we supposed to be comfortable with the notion that the hard and fast and true principles of Bible interpretation have to be set aside in prophetic texts? But that is essentially what they’re asking us to do. Some of the most formidable amillennialists, and I’m talking about well-respected, very erudite influential theologians, say things like this, and I’ll quote. O.T. Alyce(?), well known, says, “The Old Testament prophecies if literally interpreted cannot be regarded as having been yet fulfilled or being capable of fulfillment in the present age.” That’s true. If you interpret Old Testament prophecies literally, they cannot be fulfilled in this present age. And he is suggesting therefore that we can’t interpret them literally because somehow we’ve got to make them fulfilled in this age because there is no future age. Floyd Hamilton in his book, The Basis of Millennial Faith says, and I quote, “Now we must frankly admit the literal interpretation of the Old Testament prophecies gives us just such a picture of an earthly reign of the Messiah as the pre-millennialist pictures.” Now that’s a fate worse than death. What he is saying is, a literal interpretation of the Old Testament is going to lead you to a pre-millennial view. And since we don’t want to get there, we can’t use a literal approach. Anything to avoid premillennialism, even if you change the rules of interpretation. Loraine Boettner wrote a book called The Meaning of the Millennium, this is what he said, “It is generally agreed that if the prophecies are taken literally, they do foretell a restoration of the nation of Israel in the land of Palestine with the Jews having a prominent place in that Kingdom and ruling over the other nations.” Out of their own mouth. What’s wrong with that? Why do we want to run from that? Why do we want to change the rules in interpretation to avoid that?
The preconception is that we can’t allow this to happen. We can’t have those prophecies come to pass with regard to Israel with an earthly, literal Kingdom the way the Old Testament seems to be saying it. So, set aside normal, natural, literal interpretation. But let me tell you something. Normal, natural, literal interpretation is the only way to stop abuse of Scripture. As soon as you abandon that, then it’s fair game for anybody’s craziness. If we’re going to change the rules then, may I suggest this...and this is what I told the pastors. If we’re going to change the rules, then we better have a Word from God. There should be a footnote in the chapter saying, “Please note, here comes a prophetic text, change the rules.” We really need a divine mandate because I think God cares that we get it right. Would you agree? I think He cares that we get it right, that’s why He wrote it and I think He understand that His glory is at stake and our hope and comfort is at stake and the evidence of God’s massive moving in history is at stake with regard to the future. He wants us to get it right, that’s why He put it in the Scripture and the Scripture is replete with it. So if we’re going to change the rules of interpretation to inject in to Scripture a preconceived idea or to avoid what is obvious, we better be sure that we have a word from God.
Now there are people who do this to Genesis 1, 2 and 3. They don’t want to accept that the entire universe was created in six nearly 24-hour days. They don’t want to accept the fact that Adam and Eve were created full grown male and female, not the result of an evolutionary process. But if you read Genesis 1 through 3, it’s pretty clear the evening and the morning were the first day, the evening and the morning were the second day, the evening and the morning were the third day, daylight and dark, daylight and dark, that’s 24-hour period, God creates everything. And for most evangelicals, for most people who hold to a sound, biblical view and Reform Theology, they would live and die that the text of Genesis 1 through 3 means exactly what it says it means because that’s the only way to interpret Scripture. Some people want to turn it into ages. There’s nothing in there that does that. There’s nothing in the text itself that does that. Some people try to call it poetry, but it’s clearly not poetry. It has none of the earmarks of poetry, none of the characteristics of Hebrew poetry. It is narrative history. And we fight sometimes tooth and nail to maintain the literal veracity of Genesis 1 through 3. Why then if we are so committed to protecting the text of the beginning in its literal nature are we so fast to give up the texts of the end and their literal nature? It makes no sense. Where is the divine mandate to do that? What passage is it in? Show it to me. And by the way, if we change the rules, what are the new ones? And who made them? And by what authority? Now here comes the real irony. This is the real irony. Those who most celebrate the sovereign grace of election, that’s the Reformed, and they are typically amillennial, those who most celebrate the sovereign grace of election regarding the church and its inviolable place in God’s purpose from predestination before the foundation of the world to glorification in the future, those who most celebrate the sovereign grace of election, those who most aggressively, most militantly, and most capably defend the truth of Scripture regarding this election being divine, unilateral, unconditional, irrevocable by nature for the church, that’s for us, so that whatever God chose to do, He will do, that whatever He began to do He will complete, those who will defend that to their last breath, God’s irrevocable, unconditional, unilateral, sovereign election will bring those He has chosen to the fulfillment of all that He has promised them. They will die for that truth regarding the church, but unashamedly abandon that same truth for the elect nation of Israel.
Why? It’s the same God, same terminology. Scripture affirms the perpetuity of the elect church to salvation glory, that all whom the Lord has chosen He brings to glory. In similar language, Scripture affirms the perpetuity of ethnic Israel to a future salvation and a future Kingdom as a race of people and that in that salvation and in that Kingdom will be the fulfillment of all divine promises given to them in the Old Testament, repeated in the New Testament and through them to the world. Whether you’re talking about the church as God’s elect, or Israel as God’s elect, both are God’s elect. And again I say, His election is divine, unilateral, unconditional, and irrevocable. So, I told the pastors at the conference, the title of this talk is, “Why every self-respecting Calvinist has to be a pre-millennialist.” Because, if you believe in divine sovereign election, then you have to believe that if God will be faithful to His promises to His church, He will also be faithful to His promises to His elect nation Israel.
Now frankly it’s too late for John Calvin to fix his work, although he is not a premillennialist in heaven. If only he could just send down one message, that might be it. But, you know, of all the people on the planet who should be premillennialists, it should be those who believe in divine sovereign election, of all people Arminians, not Armenians, that’s different. Those who follow Arminius did not believe in election. Arminius did not believe in election. Those who follow him do not believe in election, that is a large part of evangelical Christianity, the Wesleyan Movement, Charismatic Movement, Methodists, etc., etc., many Baptists. They believe God elects nobody to salvation. They believe that salvation can be gained and lost. You can believe and be saved and then you can forfeit your salvation. Now they make perfect amillennialists. That’s a perfect setup for them. God doesn’t choose you, you choose Him. You can choose Him and then not choose Him, and then choose Him again and then not choose Him. You make the decision and so all of the promises of God are conditional on you. Amillennialism really seems to fit them. But not us who live and breathe the rarified air of sovereign grace and election, it makes no sense to me.
In the modern theological world, I say leave amillennialism to the process theologians. Have you ever heard of that? Let me give you a theology lesson here a little bit. Process theology, they are the theologians, liberal theologians, who believe that God is in process of becoming what He will be. He’s getting better. As more and more information comes to Him and as He has more and more experience in dealing with the issues of His universe, He’s getting better at being God. He’s improving. He’s definitely on the upward curve. This is process theology. God is just trying to find His way through the melee of choices and decisions, through the endless vicissitudes and choices that everything and everyone makes through the all the numberless issues in this massive universe that are going on, He’s sorting it all out as He goes.
Now I told you a few weeks ago why people believe that, because they want to get God off the hook so He’s not responsible for evil. He’s happy to take the responsibility for allowing evil for His own glory. In fact, the worst evil that’s ever been done on the history of the world was the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. And by that the worst evil, He gained the greatest glory. But they want to get God off the hook so they say He’s really not responsible, He’s really not in charge of anything. He’s just trying to figure it out. That’s called Process Theology.
The other view is called Openness Theology, same thing. It simply means God has no idea what the future is. He doesn’t know the future because it hasn’t happened. He’s not predicting the future because you can’t predict what hasn’t happened, it doesn’t exist.
The bottom line is we’re in charge. We chart the course and God reacts. Even His promises may not be valid because He made them with inadequate information. He made them in the past when He didn’t know what He now knows because what was going to happen hadn’t happened. Only now has it happened so His promises may not be trustworthy since they were given in the past before so many things happened that He didn’t know were coming to past.
So I say, leave amillennialism to those kinds of people who do not believe in the sovereign unilateral irrevocable divine electing power of God. Leave it to the semi-Pelagians and Pelagians who go in and out of salvation. It makes sense for their theology. Israel sinned, you’re out. Israel sinned, the promises cancelled. Israel disobeyed the Law, you’re done. Israel crucifies the Messiah, that’s it. You forfeit everything and God gives it to somebody else, namely the church. And we hope the church can do better than Israel or the church will forfeit it all as well. So this is a classic perfect fit for Arminian theology. But for those who get it, for those who understand it, for those who embrace God’s sovereignty that He is the only one who can determine who will be saved and blessed and He is the only one who can save and bless, then saying that He cancelled promises to Israel because they didn’t believe is completely inconsistent. How could they believe unless He caused them to believe? How could He hold them responsible for not believing? How could He hold any of us in one sense, responsible for not believing...we are responsible for our sin, but in the end we believe because He moves on us.
There are two great elect people in the Bible...Israel and the church. And Israel is elect as the church is elect. The New Testament is full of comments about the church being the elect. But in the Old Testament, for example, Isaiah 45:4, “Israel, Mine elect. I have even called thee by thy name.” Isaiah 65:9, “Mine elect shall inherit it, the promises of God.” Isaiah 65, really the whole chapter is about Israel, God’s elect. Verse 22, “My elect...again...shall enjoy long the work of their hands.” Israel repeatedly called God’s elect, we know what that means.
Now why am I making a case for this? Because when you understand God’s purpose for Israel, you now have the foundation for all eschatology...all eschatology. You get your eschatology right when you get Israel right. You get Israel right when you get the Old Testament covenants and promises with Israel right. You get the Old Testament covenants and promises right when you get the interpretation of Scripture right. You get the interpretation of Scripture right when you’re faithful to valid rules of interpretation. So you interpret it right and that will allow you to understand the meaning of the Covenants and the future of Israel, and God’s integrity is at stake. Over 200 times in the Bible God is called the God of Israel. Over two hundred times the God of Israel. There are over two thousand references to Israel in Scripture. Not one of them means anything but Israel. So if you say the promises of the Old Testament that refer to Israel really meant the church, you have no precedent for such an interpretation. Not one reference anywhere in Scripture and there are over two thousand, referring to Israel means anything other than Israel. There are 73 references in the New Testament, each of them refers to Israel.
And may I remind you that you have one very, very important reality to deal with, in case you think there’s no future in Israel, living Israelites. What’s that about? You never met a Hittite, an Amorite, a Hivite, a Jebusite, or any other "ite"...they have long since morphed into the melee and the mix of the races. But we now have pure Israelites. That in itself is an indication of God’s preservation for their future. Seventy percent, by the way, of Scripture is the story of Israel, start to finish. Not that they were the end, but they were the means to the end. Not that they were the only ones to be saved, but they were the ones through whom God will eventually reach and even set up His Son to rule over the nations. So here’s how to get the foundation for a good sound eschatology. Get election right. Get Israel right. You got it. Cause what that means is God does know the future, God has set the future and the future involves not only the glory of His church but the fulfillment of His elect people Israel with regard to everything that He promised that nation. And there are a lot of people who get the first one right, they get election right, and they don’t get Israel right and they are lost when it comes to eschatology. And I’m confident that God didn’t reveal prophetic truth in so much detail to hide anything, to obscure the truth, but to reveal it for our blessing, our motivation, and His glory. So my words to you are really very simple foundational words. I say this, if you want to understand what the Bible says about the future, get these two things right...the sovereignty of God in election, and the promises of that sovereign electing God to those people to whom He has elected...His redeemed church and Israel. Return the sovereignty of God in election to its rightful place, return the nation Israel to its rightful place, and your eschatology will unfold in beautiful clarity.
And I’m really grateful that the Spirit of God is moving the way He is these days, and moving in the church to reestablish the glorious high ground of the sovereignty of God in salvation. Now it is time to reestablish the high ground of sovereign grace for a future generation of ethnic Israel in salvation and the messianic earthly Kingdom. If you get that right, your eschatology will come crystal clear.
I have thought about these things, by the way, for a long time. I’ve been here at Grace Church well...what thirty-some years, prior to that I thought about it a lot. When I was in seminary I thought about it. I guess for about 50 years I’ve been thinking about eschatology, the time of the end. And the longer I think about it and the more I study the Scripture, the clearer it becomes to me. In fact, I understand sovereign electing grace much more clearly than I ever have in the past and I also understand God’s sovereign electing purpose for Israel more clearly than I’ve ever understood it. I have never moved away from my conviction about these two things. They’ve been refined, clarified, expanded, enriched through these 50 years. But I was convinced when I started. I had, as theologians might call it, my own my own ordo(?) eschaton, that would be the chronological sequence of the end times. I saw it in Scripture when I was young. I saw it in Scripture because it was so crystal clear. It’s there. I remember when I flew to Kazakstan(?), in about a 35 or 38 hour flight. Got off the plane at seven o’clock in the morning to speak at a conference, there were 1600 pastors from central Asia, the first Central Asian Pastors Conference in history after the breakup of the Soviet Union. And I went there and I spoke for a week and they finally said to me, “When are you going to tell us the good part?”
I said, “Well what’s the good part?”
They said, “We don’t know about the future. We want to know about the future. Tell us about the future.” They were in a very hopeless situation, having very little in life.
I said, “Sure, I’ll take all day Friday, I’ll tell you the future.” So I just marched them through the order of the chronology of eschatology as it’s laid out clearly both in the Old and the New Testament. And I finished, I had no idea what they believed...1600 pastors and leaders from central Asia. I never have even been there. And the group that led the conference came to me afterwards with smiles on their faces and said, “You believe exactly what we believe.” This isn’t something for people who have been highly educated, this is something for people who haven’t been corrupted by education. I was talking to one of our missionaries just this same week I gave this talk to the pastors, and he was coming back from China and he said, “There’s only one view in the church in China and it’s the pre-millennial view.” Of course, because they just take what Scripture says. I’ve been teaching and preaching the Bible expositionally now for over 40 years, one verse at a time. I have dragged you through virtually every verse in the New Testament. We still have Mark to go but there are only a couple of discourses and a couple of miracles in Mark that aren’t in the other three gospels, so not a lot of new material. I’ve dragged myself through all these years of the discipline of study. And I’ve gone back after I preach and I’ve written commentaries, now I think 26 or 27 volumes on the New Testament, back through the same material again and again and again and again and again so that this understanding of eschatology has had to stand the acid test of every text. In the meantime, I’ve continued to study the Old Testament to write all the footnotes for the MacArthur Study Bible through the entire Old Testament. I’ve preached through many of the books of the Old Testament, the first eleven chapters of Genesis through Daniel, Zechariah, the minor prophets and pieces and bits of Isaiah and others in the Old Testament. And so I think it’s a fair test to see whether eschatology holds up. And I can only tell you, I am unwaveringly committed to the sovereign election of a future generation of Jews to salvation and the full inheritance of all the promises and covenants of God given to them in the Old Testament. I’m unwaveringly committed to that.
Now I know at this point somebody out there is going to say, “Oh boy, he’s in to the Left Behind series.” No...I’m not in to Rapture-fiction and I’m not in to wacky charts. You don’t see me up here with a big chart and a stick. And I’m not in to newspaper exegesis where you...everything that happens in the news fulfills some obscure Old Testament prophecy. And I’m not in to all kinds of complex charts, and I’m not in to all that is traditionally known as dispensationalism, seven dispensations, two kingdoms, two New Covenants, two ways of salvation, discontinuity between the Old Testament and the New. I’m not talking about that, relax. Set all that aside. I reject the wacky world of newspaper exegesis and cartoon eschatology and crazy interpretation like the locusts of Revelation 9 being helicopters, etc.
Look, I reject all those really abusive and bizarre kinds of interpretation, but frankly, they’re no more wacky then the interpretations of the amillennialists who want to take the entire book of Revelation and stuff it into the events of 70 A.D. and a few years afterwards and come up with things that are just as ridiculous.
And by the way, dispensationalists...people say, “Well, that whole pre-millennial view, that came out of C.I. Scoffield, that came out of J.N. Darby, that came out of that whole dispensational system.” No it didn’t. There’s a recovery of pre-millennialism in the modern era and the recovery of pre-millennialism in the modern era came from two very unlikely sources. An Anglican...an Anglican by the name of Willing Cunningham in 1815 wrote a book called The Premillennial Advent. He was anything but a dispensationalist. But even more interesting, in England in 1827 there was a publication affirming pre-millennialism, the coming of Christ and the establishment of His millennial kingdom, written by a Jesuit priest reading his Bible by the name of Manuel DeLacunza Edios(???). So we can set aside the idea that somehow this is rooted in wacky dispensationalism, it is not. This is simply a way to understand Scripture in its normal sense. Now, I’m going to save the good stuff till next time, but I want to just end by giving you a little list of benefits of getting your eschatology right. Okay? Like all divine truth, getting the future truth right is beneficial.
Turn to Revelation chapter 1. This up to now has been more like a lecture, but turn to Revelation chapter 1 and just look at verse 3 for a moment. Revelation 1:3, “Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of the prophecy and heed the things which are written in it for the time is near.” What you have here is a benediction from God. “Blessed is he who reads and understands the book of Revelation.”
Some people say, “How...how in the world can you understand it?” They understood it in China without anything but a Bible. Understood it in Central Asia without anything but a Bible. You take it at face value. Oh sure, it helps to know some history and some background, but this is a pronounced blessing. Along that line, I went to Moody Press and I said, “Look, I’ve written two volumes on Revelation...I don’t know, it’s 800 or 900 pages, and I realized not everybody is going to go through all of that. It’s just a lot of material.” So I said, “Would you do me a favor? Let me condense that down, just squeeze it down to about 350 pages because if people read this and understand it, they’re going to be blessed by God.”
And they said sure. So they did it and we distributed that at the Shepherds Conference, 350 page version of Revelation in which the full interpretation is provided there. Of course, you can advance to the full two volumes if you’d like. But we distributed that and I arranged, and I don’t know when it’s going to happen for you, I arranged to get a copy for every family at Grace Church as a gift. Now the only thing that I ask is, that you read it. And the only reason I ask you to read it is so that you may be...what?...blessed.
Now understanding the future, that’s a general statement that you would be blessed. But look at just a couple of other things quickly. First John 3 verse 2. “Beloved...1 John 3:2...now are we the children of God, it has not appeared as yet what we shall be. We know that when He appears...Second Coming...we shall be like Him because we shall see Him just as He is and everyone who has this hope fixed on Him purifies himself just as He is pure.” Getting your eschatology right will bless you. And getting your eschatology right will purify you. You have this hope as a purifying hope. We’ll see more about how that works.
Turn to 1 Corinthians 15...1 Corinthians 15. Well this is such a great chapter. Verse 51, “I tell you a mystery. We shall not all sleep, we shall be changed in a moment, the twinkling of an eye at the last trumpet, the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable and we will be changed,” that’s the Rapture. We’re going to study the Rapture. “For this perishable must put on the imperishable. This mortal must put on immortality.” And then he goes on to talk about the fact that in that moment, in that event, death is swallowed up in victory. “Death, where is your victory? Death, where is your sting? The sting of death is sin, the power of sin is the law, thanks be to God who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.” So here we’re living in the view of our eschatological triumph in Christ, the glory of the Rapture, the last trump, rising from the grave made imperishable and immortal. And then the effect of it is in verse 58. “Therefore, my beloved brethren, be steadfast immovable.” And you can stop right there. Do you know...are you watching this media, all this panic about global warming and all this panic about the end of the world and asteroids crashing into the earth? That’s for people who don’t know this, that the way history ends is with Jesus coming and taking us away. And so we stand steadfast, immovable. I don’t know about you but I really can’t get too worked up about green house gases. They don’t phase me. They can try to terrify me with all this stuff, I am unmoved. I know where history is going.
Turn to 1 Thessalonians chapter 4. First Thessalonians chapter 4, another Rapture passage, great one. Verse 16, “The Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel, the trumpet of God. The dead in Christ shall rise first. We who are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air, thus shall we always be with the Lord.” Here’s the application, “Therefore, do...what?...comfort one another.” You have nothing to fear, nothing to worry about. The Lord’s coming back. Blessing, purity, stability, comfort. Turn to 2 Corinthians chapter 5 verse 9...2 Corinthians chapter 5 verse 9, “We have as our ambition whether at home or absent,” that is whether in heaven or here, “to be pleasing to Him...to be pleasing to Him. For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ.” That’s part of the coming eschatology. There’s a Rapture and there’s a Bema Seat Judgment. We know that. And at that judgment, we’ll be recompensed for the deeds done in the body whether they are good or phaulos, meaning useless. We know that so our ambition is when we get to that place to be rewarded because we are pleasing to Him.
If you look at Acts 3:19, Peter says, “Repent therefore and return that your sins may be wiped away in order that times of refreshing,” that’s the Millennium, “may come from the presence of the Lord that He may send Jesus the Christ appointed for you whom heaven must receive till the period of restoration of all things about which God spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets from ancient time.” So having your eschatology in place may lead you to repentance. All of these are benefits of getting it right. When Frederic the Great called his chaplain in and he said, “I want proof of the truthfulness of the Bible, and I want it briefly.” The chaplain replied, “Sir, I can give you proof of the truthfulness of the Bible in one word, Israel.”
Do you understand the massive apologetic power of the existence of Israel as an ethnic people in their own land? Staggering. How do you explain that? As one prominent amillennialist said when asked, “What is the biblical significance of the existence of Jews in their land?” And he said, “It has no significance at all.” Really? It is the single most inexplicable story in human history that this small group of beleaguered people attacked and assaulted by everybody around them for centuries still exists as a pure ethnic race. Now if you want to get the future right, you’ve got to get Israel right and you’ve got to get God’s sovereign electing purpose right.
All right, that’s the introduction. Now next time I’m going to take you through a series of about five questions that we’re going to ask and see how this plays out on the pages of Scripture, okay? And you’ve been great tonight. This is more like a theological lecture. I don’t do this to you every often, but I hope you feel like it was helpful and anchored you in this great and important truth. And what’s at stake here? Not just the future of Israel but our confidence in the Word of God. All right.
Father, we thank You for a great evening together, wonderful testimonies, great fellowship and how...how good it is to think deeply and broadly about the glory of Your Word. May we be faithful to take it, to interpret it as you intended for us to, so that it can yield to us the wonderful rich blessings that You have promised. We want the Word to bless, to make us pure, to stabilize us, to comfort us, to give us a passion for evangelism. We want the Word to cause us to live lives pleasing to You. We know that Word about the future has that power. May it be powerful in our lives. We pray in Christ’s name. Amen.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
My bbw friend cumming on my couch then i cum on her
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.058824 |
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Text;
using LumiSoft.Net.IO;
namespace LumiSoft.Net.MIME
{
/// <summary>
/// This class represents MIME application/xxx bodies. Defined in RFC 2046 4.2.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// The "application" media type is to be used for discrete data which do
/// not fit in any of the other categories, and particularly for data to
/// be processed by some type of application program.
/// </remarks>
public class MIME_b_Application : MIME_b_SinglepartBase
{
/// <summary>
/// Default constructor.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="mediaType">MIME media type.</param>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Is raised when <b>mediaType</b> is null reference.</exception>
public MIME_b_Application(string mediaType) : base(new MIME_h_ContentType(mediaType))
{
}
#region static method Parse
/// <summary>
/// Parses body from the specified stream
/// </summary>
/// <param name="owner">Owner MIME entity.</param>
/// <param name="defaultContentType">Default content-type for this body.</param>
/// <param name="stream">Stream from where to read body.</param>
/// <returns>Returns parsed body.</returns>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">Is raised when <b>stream</b>, <b>defaultContentType</b> or <b>strean</b> is null reference.</exception>
/// <exception cref="ParseException">Is raised when any parsing errors.</exception>
protected static new MIME_b Parse(MIME_Entity owner,MIME_h_ContentType defaultContentType,SmartStream stream)
{
if(owner == null){
throw new ArgumentNullException("owner");
}
if(defaultContentType == null){
throw new ArgumentNullException("defaultContentType");
}
if(stream == null){
throw new ArgumentNullException("stream");
}
MIME_b_Application retVal = null;
if(owner.ContentType != null){
retVal = new MIME_b_Application(owner.ContentType.TypeWithSubtype);
}
else{
retVal = new MIME_b_Application(defaultContentType.TypeWithSubtype);
}
Net_Utils.StreamCopy(stream,retVal.EncodedStream,32000);
return retVal;
}
#endregion
#region Properties implementation
#endregion
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
| 0 |
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of AxCesD required for efficient cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum.
AxCesD protein required for bacterial cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum was overexpressed in E. coli, purified and crystallized. Single crystals of SeMet-substituted AxCesD were obtained by the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystal belongs to the primitive trigonal space group P3 2, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 77.7 A, and c = 213.9 A. The asymmetric unit in the crystal was assumed to contain 8 protein molecules giving the Matthews coefficient (VM) of 2.54 A3 Da(-1). Se-MAD data were collected to 2.3 A resolution using synchrotron radiations.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
This content was pinned from: Titty Fucking a Sexy Babe. THAT is titty fucking! Big titty fucking xxx cumshot gif. Cumshots Titty Fuck Titty Fucking. We are working hard to be the best Titty-fucking GIFs site on the web!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0.063636 |
/**
* Copyright [2009-2010] [dennis zhuang(killme2008@gmail.com)] Licensed under the Apache License,
* Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
* may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by
* applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
* an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
* the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License
*/
/**
* Copyright [2009-2010] [dennis zhuang(killme2008@gmail.com)] Licensed under the Apache License,
* Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You
* may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by
* applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on
* an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
* the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License
*/
package com.google.code.yanf4j.core;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import com.google.code.yanf4j.statistics.Statistics;
/**
* Networking Controller
*
*
* @author boyan
*
*/
public interface Controller {
public abstract long getSessionTimeout();
public long getSessionIdleTimeout();
public void setSessionIdleTimeout(long sessionIdleTimeout);
public abstract void setSessionTimeout(long sessionTimeout);
public abstract int getSoTimeout();
public abstract void setSoTimeout(int timeout);
public abstract void addStateListener(ControllerStateListener listener);
public void removeStateListener(ControllerStateListener listener);
public abstract boolean isHandleReadWriteConcurrently();
public abstract void setHandleReadWriteConcurrently(boolean handleReadWriteConcurrently);
public abstract int getReadThreadCount();
public abstract void setReadThreadCount(int readThreadCount);
public abstract Handler getHandler();
public abstract void setHandler(Handler handler);
public abstract int getPort();
public abstract void start() throws IOException;
public abstract boolean isStarted();
public abstract Statistics getStatistics();
public abstract CodecFactory getCodecFactory();
public abstract void setCodecFactory(CodecFactory codecFactory);
public abstract void stop() throws IOException;
public void setReceiveThroughputLimit(double receivePacketRate);
public double getReceiveThroughputLimit();
public double getSendThroughputLimit();
public void setSendThroughputLimit(double sendThroughputLimit);
public InetSocketAddress getLocalSocketAddress();
public void setLocalSocketAddress(InetSocketAddress inetAddress);
public int getDispatchMessageThreadCount();
public void setDispatchMessageThreadCount(int dispatchMessageThreadPoolSize);
public int getWriteThreadCount();
public void setWriteThreadCount(int writeThreadCount);
public <T> void setSocketOption(SocketOption<T> socketOption, T value);
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
| 0 |
He Fuck Me In DoggyStyle And Spunk Flows My Back
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.0625 |
[The nail-patella syndrome: rare genetically determined cause of proteinuria].
Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is rare genetic disorder with autosomal mode of inheritance resulting from mutations in the LMX1B gene mapped on the long arm of chromosome 9 (9q34), encoding transcription factor, also named LMX1B. This syndrome is characterized by a skeletal malformations, such as dysplasia of the knees (with typical patellar hypoplasia or aplasia), elbows and nails as well as characteristic protuberaces of ilium named ,,iliac homes". Chronic nephropathy and nails dysplasia are most common extraosseal signs of NPS. Familial, genetic proved (missense mutation -G599A (R200Q) case of NPS in the mother and her son was presented. Clinical features characteristic for this syndrome and observed in both our patients were compared to the data published previously.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
Q:
How to save a many to many model in django
I have the following two model class in django.
class Rule(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
user = models.ForeignKey(User, related_name='rules', null=True, blank=True)
threshold = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)
alert_value = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=True, blank=True)
is_internal = models.BooleanField(default=False)
def __unicode__(self):
return self.name
def to_json(self):
return {
'name': self.name,
'threshold': self.threshold,
'alert_value': self.alert_value
}
class Module(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
description = models.TextField(null=True, blank=True)
is_internal = models.BooleanField(default=False)
rules = models.ManyToManyField(Rule)
def to_json(self):
return {
'name': self.name,
'description': self.description,
'rules': [r.to_json() for r in self.rules.all()]
}
def __unicode__(self):
return self.name
Now I have the following code to save a Module object which implicitly contains a rules object in my view.py
def create_module(request):
if request.method == 'POST':
module_name = request.POST.get('name')
module_description = request.POST.get('description')
rule_ids = request.POST.getlist('rule_id')
rules = None
for rule_id in rule_ids:
try:
rules = models.Rule.objects.filter(pk__in=rule_id)
except models.Rule.DoesNotExist:
pass
module = models.Module(name=module_name,
description=module_description,
rules=rules)
module.save()
I get the rules correctly here but when save gets called I get an error
Exception Type: TypeError at /modules/create/
Exception Value: 'rules' is an invalid keyword argument for this function
How to overcome this when I want to save an object graph.
A:
rules is not really a field on the model, it's an entry in a linking table - so it can't be saved until the Module entry exists. Also note that your loop is such that it will never consist of more than one Rules object, because you overwrite the rules variable each time. Instead you should simply get all the Rules and add them in one go.
module = models.Module(name=module_name,
description=module_description)
module.save()
rules = models.Rule.objects.filter(pk__in=rule_ids)
module.rules = rules
There's no need to save again after that: assigning to a related queryset does the database operation automatically. Also note that filter will not raise a DoesNotExist exception: if there is no matching rule, then there simply won't be an element in the resulting queryset.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Q:
Looking for name of R function for subsetting observation
I'm unsure of what to Google.
I have a column, lets call it x. Within this variable, each row is a list of strings. For example
1: A,B,C,D,E
2: A,B,C,D,E
I am wondering the name of the R function to select, process, etc. within each row? E.g. I may wish to extract only B from each row. Or perhaps delete all C's.
A:
Assuming that it is a data.table, we extract the character 'B' with str_extract
library(data.table)
library(stringr)
dt[, x:= str_extract(x, "B")]
and if we want to delete all 'C's, it can be done with gsub from base R or str_replace_all from stringr
dt[, x := gsub(",*C", "", x)]
data
dt <- data.table(x = c('A,B,C,D,E', 'A,C,D', 'B,C,C,D'))
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Happy Darwin Day! To help celebrate, Rob Jenkins and I have created an optical illusion……
Update: Thanks to The Times for linking to and Stephen Fry for the Tweet-plug!
Rob Jenkins (Univ of Glasgow) and I have created an afterimage illusion with a twist. Because the resolution of an afterimage is not as good as the original, we thought that it might be possible to use fine lines to create an image that looked one way in ‘normal’ vision, and another as an afterimage. And here it is…..
The picture below shows two monkeys. Set your computer monitor to maximum brightness and then stare at the centre of the picture for about 30 seconds without moving your eyes. Next, look to a white wall and blink a few times. The monkeys should suddenly transform into a perfect picture of Darwin!
We thought that it was nice because of the play on ‘adaptation’. In biology, ‘adaptation’ refers to the gradual process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment (e.g., humans and monkeys evolved from a common primate ancestor). However, psychologists use the same term to refer to the perceptual mechanism that gives rise to the negative afterimage in the illusion.
Also, it seemed especially appropriate as Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin’s grandfather) carried out pioneering research into this curious optical phenomenon (thanks Tim J.).
There is more about the piece at www.darwinillusion.com.
Feel free to share the illusion with friends and colleagues and, most important of all, have a very happy Darwin Day!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0 |
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0.052805 |
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
| 0.111111 |
Weights for Cunt and Dildo For Ass
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.088235 |
Cumming in my panties at the party
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.058824 |
---
abstract: |
We consider the intensity-based approach for the modeling of default times of one or more companies. In this approach the default times are defined as the jump times of a Cox process, which is a Poisson process conditional on the realization of its intensity. We assume that the intensity follows the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model. This model allows one to calculate survival probabilities and prices of defaultable bonds explicitly. In this paper we assume that the Brownian motion, that drives the intensity, is not observed. Using filtering theory for point process observations, we are able to derive dynamics for the intensity and its moment generating function, given the observations of the Cox process. A transformation of the dynamics of the conditional moment generating function allows us to solve the filtering problem, between the jumps of the Cox process, as well as at the jumps. Assuming that the initial distribution of the intensity is of the Gamma type, we obtain an explicit solution to the filtering problem for all $t>0$. We conclude the paper with the observation that the resulting conditional moment generating function at time $t$, after $N_t$ jumps, corresponds to a mixture of $N_t+1$ Gamma distributions.\
*keywords:* Credit Risk, Affine Model, Filtering, Point Process.
author:
- |
\
Vincent Leijdekker\
\
\
\
\
Peter Spreij\
\
\
bibliography:
- 'references.bib'
- 'thesisRefs.bib'
title: Explicit Computations for a Filtering Problem with Point Process Observations with Applications to Credit Risk
---
Introduction {#section:intro}
============
The main goal in credit risk is the modeling of the default time of a company or default times of several companies. The default times are often modeled using the so-called intensity-based approach as opposed to the firm value approach. Here, the default time of a company is modeled as the first jump time of a Cox process, of which the intensity is driven by some stochastic process, e.g. Brownian motion, or, in case of more than one company, as consecutive jump times of this Cox process. This approach enables one to calculate survival probabilities, and to price financial derivatives depending on the default of one or more companies, such as defaultable bonds and credit default swaps. The former pays a certain amount at the maturity of the contract in case the underlying company does not default, otherwise it pays a smaller amount, known as the recovery rate. The credit default swap is a form of default insurance, which pays the loss incurred on a default of the underlying company. Overviews of the intensity-based modeling approach can be found in [@1998:Lando], [@Giesecke:2004] and [@other:ElizaldeI]. In this approach, it is a common assumption that the driving process can be observed, i.e. the observed filtration is generated by the Cox process, which can be seen as the default counting process, and by the driving process.\
In this paper it is assumed that the driving process is *not* observed, and thus only a point process $N_t$ is observed, which introduces a stochastic filtering problem for point processes. In particular the intensity is assumed to follow the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model, where the driving Brownian motion is not observed. General theory for filtering with point processes can be found in Brémaud, [@book:Bremaud], for example. The case in which one assumes a Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model for the intensity and that the initial value of the intensity is drawn from a Gamma distribution, has also been considered by Frey et al. [@inproceedings:FreyProsRung]. These authors derive a recursive solution to the filtering problem at jump times of the point process $N_t$.\
In contrast, in the present paper we also pay attention to the explicit solution to the filtering problem between jump times. We obtain this part of the solution analytically by solving partial differential equations. Furthermore, we consider a different approach to obtain the recursive solution at jump times. By combining these solutions, we obtain a solution for all $t > 0$. It is further observed that the resulting conditional moment generating function at time $t$ corresponds to a mixture of $N_t+1$ Gamma distributions according to some discrete distribution.\
The paper is organized as follows: In Section \[section:model\] the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model is discussed and some results for the case of full information are discussed. Next, in Section \[section:filter\], the filtering problem is introduced and some background is given for filtering of point process observations. First, the filtering formulas from [@book:Bremaud] are given, and the equations for the conditional intensity and conditional moment generating function are derived. Then, in the second part of Section \[section:filter\], we introduce *filtering by the method of the probability of reference*, and the filtering equations are transformed using the ideas introduced in [@article:BoelBenes]. Section \[section:betweenJumps\] deals with the filtering problem between the jump times of the point process, given the initial distribution of the intensity at jump times. In Section \[sec:atJumps\], the filtering problem is solved at jump times, and an explicit, recursive solution is obtained, which combines the solutions between and at jumps. Further the resulting conditional moment generating function is analyzed and it is observed that this function agrees with the moment generating function of a mixture of Gamma distributions. The section concludes with an illustration of the mixing probabilities.
Model and Background {#section:model}
====================
One of the main goals in credit risk is the modeling of the default time of a company or the default times of several companies. Over the years two approaches have become popular, the *structural approach* and the *intensity-based approach*. In the structural approach the company value is modeled, for example as a (jump-)diffusion, and the company defaults when its value drops below a certain level. This approach is discussed in more detail in e.g. [@Giesecke:2004], [@book:BielRut] and [@other:ElizaldeII]. In the intensity-based approach the default time is modeled as the first jump of a point process, e.g. a Poisson process or, more general, a Cox process, which is an inhomogeneous Poisson process conditional on the realization of its intensity. In case one considers more than one company, one can model the default times as consecutive jump times of the Cox Process. In [@1998:Lando], [@Giesecke:2004] and [@other:ElizaldeI] this modeling approach is discussed in more detail, and [@article:schonbucher] provides a detailed application. In this paper we focus on the intensity-based approach, where the intensity, $\lambda_t$, of the Cox process has an affine structure, similar to interest term structure models [@article:DuffieKan]. This means that the intensity process $\lambda_t$ follows a stochastic differential equation (SDE) of the form: $$\label{eq:intensityAffine}
{\textrm{d}}\lambda_t = (a + b\lambda_t){\textrm{d}}t + \sqrt{c + d\lambda_t}\, {\textrm{d}}W_t,$$ for a Brownian Motion $W_t$, with $d>0$. In particular, the focus is on the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross square root (CIR) model, [@article:CoxIngersoll], for the intensity, where the intensity $\lambda_t$ satisfies $$\label{eq:intensityCIR}
{\textrm{d}}\lambda_t = - \alpha(\lambda_t -\mu_0){\textrm{d}}t + \beta\sqrt{\lambda_t}\, {\textrm{d}}W_t.$$ In [@book:LambertonLapeyre Section 6.2.2.] one finds parameter restrictions for this model which guarantee positivity of $\lambda_t$. Naturally one should start with a positive initial value $\lambda_0$, and if $\alpha \mu_0 \geq \beta^2/2$, then $\lambda_t$ remains positive with probability one. Note that using the transformation $X_t = \lambda_t + c/d$ and by a reparametrization, $X_t$ satisfies the general SDE (\[eq:intensityAffine\]), and $\lambda_t$ satisfies (\[eq:intensityCIR\]). This implies that the general form (\[eq:intensityAffine\]) and the CIR intensity (\[eq:intensityCIR\]) are in fact equivalent. Therefore the CIR intensity will be considered in the remainder of this paper.\
A big advantage of the affine setup is that many relevant quantities in credit risk can be calculated explicitly. Using the formulas from [@book:LambertonLapeyre Section 6.2.2.] one can, for example, easily calculate the survival probability ${\mathbb{P}}(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s)$, with $t > s$ and ${\mathcal{F}}_t = {\mathcal{F}}_t^N\vee {\mathcal{F}}_t^Y$, where the former filtration is generated by the point process $N_t$ and the latter by some process $Y_t$ driving the intensity process.
\[ex:survival\] *Consider, on the filtered probability space ${\left(\Omega,{\mathcal{F}},({\mathcal{F}}_t)_{t\geq 0},{\mathbb{P}}\right)}$, a random time $\tau > 0$ as the first jump time of a Cox process $N_t$, which intensity follows the CIR model (\[eq:intensityCIR\]). Further assume that ${\mathcal{F}}_t = {\mathcal{F}}_t^N\vee{\mathcal{F}}_t^W$, where ${\mathcal{F}}_t^W$ is the filtration generated by the Brownian motion that drives the intensity process. Then one can calculate the survival probability for $t>s$ as $$\label{eq:survProbFullInfo}
{\mathbb{P}}(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s) = 1_{\{\tau > s\}}{{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.e^{-\int_s^t\lambda_udu}\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^W\right]},$$ which follows from formulas in [@book:BielRut Chapter 6]. Since $\lambda_t$ is a Markov process, one can condition on $\lambda_s$ instead of ${\mathcal{F}}_s^W$. An application of Proposition 6.2.4. from [@book:LambertonLapeyre] to (\[eq:survProbFullInfo\]) yields $$\label{eq:survivalProb}
{\mathbb{P}}(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s) = 1_{\{\tau > s\}}\exp\left(-\alpha\mu_0 \phi(t-s) - \lambda_s \psi(t-s)\right),$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\phi(t) &= -\frac{2}{\beta^2}\log\left(\frac{2\gamma e^{t(\gamma + \alpha)/2}}{\gamma - \alpha + e^{t\gamma}(\gamma + \alpha)}\right)\\
\psi(t) &= \frac{2\left(e^{\gamma t} - 1\right)}{\gamma - \alpha + e^{t\gamma}(\gamma + \alpha)}\\
\gamma &= \sqrt{\alpha^2 + 2 \beta^2}.\end{aligned}$$*
Other relevant quantities, such as the price of a defaultable bond, can also be calculated analytically, under some restrictions on the interest rate, e.g. by posing that the interest rate evolves deterministically. In [@inproceedings:FreyProsRung] some of these quantities are considered in more detail.\
It is a common assumption, which is also followed above, that the filtration ${\mathcal{F}}_t$ is built up using two filtrations, ${\mathcal{F}}_t^Y$ and ${\mathcal{F}}_t^N$, where the first filtration represents the information about the process driving the intensity and the second filtration contains information about past defaults. In this paper it is assumed that the factor $Y$ is not observed which results in a filtering problem of a point process.\
In the following sections the problem is introduced formally and solved for the case where the intensity follows the CIR model.
The Filtering Problem {#section:filter}
=====================
In filtering theory one deals with the problem of partial observations. Suppose that a process $Z_t$ on the probability space ${\left(\Omega,{\mathcal{F}},{\mathbb{P}}\right)}$ is adapted to the filtration ${\mathcal{F}}_t$. Furthermore let the process $Y_t$ be observed, where $Y_t$ is measurable with respect to a smaller filtration ${\mathcal{F}}_t^Y \subsetneq {\mathcal{F}}_t$. One is then interested in conditional expectations of the form ${\widehat}Z_t = {\mathbb{E}}\left[Z_t\vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^Y\right]$, and one tries to find the dynamics of the process ${\widehat}Z_t$, for instance by showing that it is the solution of a stochastic differential equation.\
In this section the filtering problem is considered in the case a point process is observed. First some general theory about filtering with point process observations is discussed, and Example \[ex:survival\] is continued within the filtering setup. The calculation of the survival probability depends on the conditional moment generating function, for which an SDE is derived. In the second part of this section this equation is transformed in such a way that the filtering problem allows an explicit solution.
Filtering Using Point Process Observations {#subsection:filter}
------------------------------------------
In the case of point process observations the observed process $Y_t$ is equal to the point process $N_t$, with ${\mathcal{F}}_t$-intensity $\lambda_t$. The process $Z_t$ is assumed to follow the SDE $$\label{eq:sdeZ}
{\textrm{d}}Z_t = a_t {\textrm{d}}t + {\textrm{d}}M_t,$$ for an ${\mathcal{F}}_t$-progressive measurable $a_t$, with $\int_0^t \vert a_s \vert {\textrm{d}}s < \infty$, and an ${\mathcal{F}}_t$-local martingale $M_t$. The filtering problem is often cast as the calculation of the conditional expectation ${\mathbb{E}}[Z_t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^N] =: {\widehat}Z_t$. Using the filtering formulas from [@book:Bremaud Chapter IV], a representation of the solution to this filtering problem can be found. In case the (local) martingale $M_t$ and the observed point process have no jumps in common, one has: $$\label{eq:generalFilter}
{\textrm{d}}{\widehat}Z_t = {\widehat}a_t {\textrm{d}}t + \left( \frac{{\widehat}{Z_{t-}\lambda}_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}} - {\widehat}Z_{t-} \right)\left({\textrm{d}}N_t - {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right),$$ with ${\widehat}a_t := {\mathbb{E}}[a_t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^N]$, and $X_{t-} := \lim_{s\uparrow t}X_s$.\
\[ex:survival2\] *When one wants to calculate the survival probability given ${\mathcal{F}}_t^N$, one has $Z_t = 1_{\{\tau > t\}}$. Combining this with the survival probability in the case of full information, one can calculate the survival probability ${\mathbb{P}}(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^N)$. $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathbb{P}}\left(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^N\right) &= {{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.{\mathbb{P}}\left(\tau > t \vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^N\vee {\mathcal{F}}_s^W\right)\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^N\right]}\\
&= 1_{\{\tau > s\}}\exp\left(-\alpha\mu_0 \phi(t-s)\right){{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.\exp(- \psi(t-s)\lambda_s)\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_s^N\right]},\end{aligned}$$ which can be calculated if an expression for the conditional moment generation function ${\widehat}f(s,t) := {{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.e^{s\lambda_t}\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^N\right]}$ is available.*
The above example illustrates that one can calculate the survival probability if the conditional moment generating function ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ is known. As a first step in the determination of this function, the SDEs of ${\widehat}\lambda_t:={{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.\lambda_t\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^N\right]} $ and ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ are determined. First Itô’s formula is used to obtain the SDE for $e^{s\lambda_t}$, where $\lambda_t$ satisfies (\[eq:intensityCIR\]) $${\textrm{d}}e^{s\lambda_t} = \left[\left(-\alpha s+{\frac{1}{2}}s^2 \beta^2\right){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} e^{s\lambda_t} + s\alpha \mu_0 e^{s\lambda_t} \right]{\textrm{d}}t + \beta\sqrt{\lambda_t}e^{s\lambda_t}{\textrm{d}}W_t.$$ The filtered versions are obtained by applying formula (\[eq:generalFilter\]). One obtains for ${\widehat}\lambda_t$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:hatLambdaCIR} {\textrm{d}}{\widehat}\lambda_t &=-\alpha({\widehat}\lambda_t-\mu_0){\textrm{d}}t + \left(\frac{{\widehat}{\lambda_t^2}_{-}}{{\widehat}{\lambda}_{t-}}- {\widehat}\lambda_{t-}\right){\left({\textrm{d}}N_t- {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right)},\end{aligned}$$ and for ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ one finds $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:hatfstCIR} {\textrm{d}}{\widehat}f(s,t) &= \left[\left(-\alpha s+{\frac{1}{2}}s^2 \beta^2\right){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t) + s\alpha \mu_0 {\widehat}f(s,t)\right]{\textrm{d}}t + \left(\frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-) }{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}- {\widehat}f(s,t-)\right){\left({\textrm{d}}N_t- {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right)}.\end{aligned}$$ In general, filtering equations are very difficult, if possible at all, to solve explicitly, since the first equation involves terms with ${\widehat}{\lambda_t^2}$ and the second equation involves combinations of ${\widehat}\lambda_t$ and ${\widehat}f(s,t)$. In order to solve these equations one should also have equations for ${\widehat}{\lambda_t^2}$, but this involves ${\widehat}{\lambda_t^3}$ and so on, assuming that they exist. So instead of trying to solve these equations directly, a different approach is considered in order to find an expression for ${\widehat}f(s,t)$.
Filtering by the Method of Probability of Reference {#subsection:filterReference}
---------------------------------------------------
In order to solve the problem introduced above, the *filtering by the method of probability of reference* is considered, see [@book:Bremaud chapter VI] or [@article:BoelBenes Section 2]. In this approach a second probability measure ${\mathbb{P}}_0$ and intensity process $\lambda_t^0$ are introduced, such that $N_t - \int_0^t\lambda_s^0ds$ is a martingale with respect to ${\mathcal{F}}_t$ under ${\mathbb{P}}_0$. Corresponding to this change of measure one has the likelihood ratio, or density process $\Lambda$, given by $$\label{eq:likelihoodRatio}
\Lambda_t := {{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.\frac{{\textrm{d}}{\mathbb{P}}}{{\textrm{d}}{\mathbb{P}}_0}\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_t\right]} = 1 + \int_0^t \Lambda_{s-}\frac{\lambda_{s-} - \lambda_{s-}^0}{\lambda_{s-}^0}{\left({\textrm{d}}N_s- \lambda_s^0{\textrm{d}}s\right)}.$$ This likelihood ratio turns out to be a useful tool to solve the filtering problem for ${\widehat}f(s,t)$. It is known, see e.g. [@book:Bremaud] for the case $ \lambda_t^0 \equiv 1$, that the filtered version of this likelihood ratio, ${\widehat}\Lambda_t := {{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.\Lambda_t \right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_t^N\right]}$ follows an equation similar to (\[eq:likelihoodRatio\]). One has $${\widehat}\Lambda_t = 1 + \int_0^t{\widehat}\Lambda_{s-}\frac{{\widehat}\lambda_{s-} - {\widehat}\lambda_{s-}^0}{{\widehat}\lambda_{s-}^0}{\left({\textrm{d}}N_s- {\widehat}\lambda_s^0{\textrm{d}}s\right)}$$ To solve the filtering problem for ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ an auxiliary function $g(s,t)$ is introduced. It is defined by $$\label{eq:gst}
g(s,t) := {\widehat}f(s,t) {\widehat}\Lambda_t \exp\left(-\int_0^t{\widehat}\lambda_u^0{\textrm{d}}u\right).$$ The exponent is used in order to obtain a simpler SDE of [$g(s,t)$]{}. After a solution to this equation has been found, one can obtain ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ by $$\label{eq:mgfFromGst}
{\widehat}f(s,t) = \frac{g(s,t)}{g(0,t)}.$$ It is directly clear that the first and third component of $g(s,t)$ are positive, and from (\[eq:likelihoodRatio2\]) follows that also the second component is positive, and thus the division in (\[eq:mgfFromGst\]) is well defined. The solution to the filtering problem is obtained as soon as an expression for $g(s,t)$ is found. In Proposition \[prop:gst\] an SDE is derived for $g(s,t)$ for the intensity following the CIR model.
\[prop:gst\] Let $g(s,t)$ be given by (\[eq:gst\]), then one has, for $t\geq 0$ $$\label{eq:dgstCIR}
\mbox{\emph{d}} g(s,t)= \left[s\mu_0\alpha g(s,t) + \bigg(\frac{1}{2}s^2\beta^2 - s\alpha -1\bigg){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} g(s,t)\right]\mbox{\emph{d}} t + \left[ \left({\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0\right)^{-1}{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} g(s,t-) - g(s,t-)\right]\mbox{\emph{d}} N_t.$$
As a first step in proving (\[eq:dgstCIR\]), one can rewrite the function $g(s,t)$. An alternative expression for ${\widehat}\Lambda_t$ is given by $$\label{eq:likelihoodRatio2}
{\widehat}\Lambda_t = \prod_{T_n\leq t}\left(\frac{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0}\right)\exp\left(-\int_0^t \left({\widehat}\lambda_u- {\widehat}\lambda_u^0\right){\textrm{d}}u\right),$$ which can be checked by a direct calculation. From this it is easy to see that $$g(s,t) \stackrel{(\ref{eq:gst})}{=} {\widehat}f(s,t) {\widehat}\Lambda_t \exp\left(-\int_0^t {\widehat}\lambda_u^0 du\right) = {\widehat}f(s,t) \prod_{T_n\leq t}\left(\frac{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0}\right)\exp\left(-\int_0^t {\widehat}\lambda_u{\textrm{d}}u\right)=: {\widehat}f(s,t) {\widehat}L_t.$$ For ${\widehat}L_t$ one finds the SDE $${\textrm{d}}{\widehat}L_t = \frac{{\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}{\left({\textrm{d}}N_t- {\widehat}\lambda_t^0{\textrm{d}}t\right)}- {\widehat}L_{t-}{\textrm{d}}N_t.$$ The SDE in (\[eq:dgstCIR\]) follows from the product rule $$\begin{aligned}
{\textrm{d}}g(s,t) &= {\widehat}f(s,t-){\textrm{d}}{\widehat}L_t + {\widehat}L_{t-}{\textrm{d}}{\widehat}f(s,t) + \Delta {\widehat}f(s,t)\Delta {\widehat}L_t\\
&={\widehat}f(s,t-)\left(\frac{{\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}{\left({\textrm{d}}N_t- {\widehat}\lambda_t^0{\textrm{d}}t\right)}- {\widehat}L_{t-}{\textrm{d}}N_t\right) + {\widehat}L_{t-}\Bigg(\left[\left(-\alpha s+{\frac{1}{2}}s^2 \beta^2\right){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t) + s\alpha \mu_0 {\widehat}f(s,t)\right]{\textrm{d}}t\\
&\quad + \left(\frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-) }{{\widehat}\lambda{t-}}- {\widehat}f(s,t-)\right){\left({\textrm{d}}N_t- {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right)}\Bigg) + \left(\frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-) }{{\widehat}\lambda{t-}}- {\widehat}f(s,t-)\right)\left(\frac{{\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}- {\widehat}L_{t-}\right){\textrm{d}}N_t.\end{aligned}$$ Collecting the terms before ${\textrm{d}}t$ and ${\textrm{d}}N_t$, one obtains the equation $$\begin{aligned}
{\textrm{d}}g(s,t)&=\Bigg(-{\widehat}\lambda_{t} {\widehat}f(s,t) {\widehat}L_t + \left(-\alpha s+{\frac{1}{2}}s^2 \beta^2\right){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t){\widehat}L_t + s\alpha \mu_0 {\widehat}f(s,t){\widehat}L_t - {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t){\widehat}L_t + {\widehat}f(s,t){\widehat}L_t {\widehat}\lambda_t\Bigg){\textrm{d}}t\\
&\quad+ \Bigg(\frac{{\widehat}f(s,t-){\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}-{\widehat}f(s,t-){\widehat}L_{t-} + \frac{{\widehat}L_{t-}{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-)}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}} - {\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}f(s,t-) + \frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-) {\widehat}L_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}\\
&\quad- \frac{{\widehat}f(s,t-){\widehat}L_{t-}{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0} - \frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}{\widehat}f(s,t-){\widehat}L_{t-}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}}+{\widehat}f(s,t-){\widehat}L_{t-}\Bigg){\textrm{d}}N_t.\end{aligned}$$ The result follows by simplifying the last equation.
The right hand side of (\[eq:dgstCIR\]) depends only on $g(s,t)$ and its partial derivative with respect to $s$. In the next section this equation is solved between jumps, and in section \[sec:atJumps\] the equation is solved at jump times of the process $N_t$.
Filtering Between Jumps {#section:betweenJumps}
=======================
In the previous sections the filtering problem for point processes has been defined in general terms, and the problem has further been considered for an intensity following the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model. To solve the filtering problem, one has to solve equation (\[eq:dgstCIR\]). This equation can be split up into a partial differential equation between jumps of the process $N_t$ and an equation at jumps. In this section the equation between jumps is solved for a general initial condition at time $T>0$. Later on $T$ will be considered as a jump time of $N_t$. Note that an initial condition for $g(s,t)$ is given as $$g(s,T) = {\widehat}f(s,T) {\widehat}\Lambda_T \exp\left(-\int_0^T{\widehat}\lambda_u^0{\textrm{d}}u\right).$$ For $T = 0$ it follows that $$g(s,0) = {\widehat}f(s,0) = {{\mathbb{E}}\left[\left.e^{s\lambda_0}\right\vert {\mathcal{F}}_0^N\right]}{\mathbb{E}}\left[e^{s\lambda_0}\right],$$ which is the moment generating function of the intensity at time $t = 0$, since ${\mathcal{F}}_0^N = \{\emptyset,\Omega\}$.\
Before the solution to (\[eq:dgstCIR\]) is found, the specific case is considered, in which all the parameters in the CIR model are set to zero. Albeit a simple example, the analysis of it sheds some light on the approach that will be followed for the general case.
\[ex:toy\] *Consider the CIR model in which all the parameters are set to zero. This results in a constant intensity, and thus $d\lambda_t = 0$. The filter equations (\[eq:hatLambdaCIR\]) and (\[eq:hatfstCIR\]) reduce to $$\begin{aligned}
{\textrm{d}}{\widehat}\lambda_t &= \left( \frac{{\widehat}{\lambda_{t}^2}_-}{{\widehat}{\lambda}_{t-}} - {\widehat}\lambda_{t-}\right)\left({\textrm{d}}N_t - {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right)\\
{\textrm{d}}{\widehat}f_t &= \left(\frac{{\widehat}{\lambda_{t-}f}_{t-}}{{\widehat}{\lambda}_{t-}} - {\widehat}f_{t-}\right)\left({\textrm{d}}N_t - {\widehat}\lambda_t{\textrm{d}}t\right).\end{aligned}$$ The partial differential equation for $g(s,t)$ between jumps reduces to: $${
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial t^1}
}
}g(s,t) = - {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} g(s,t).$$ With an initial condition $g(s,T) = w(s)$, one easily finds that the solution to this equation is $$g(s,t) = w(s - t + T).$$*
In the next section this example is considered once more, where the filter at jump times is considered. We proceed with the case of an intensity following the CIR model.
\[prop:betweenJumps\] Let $\lambda_t$ follow the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model (\[eq:intensityCIR\]), and let $g(s,t)$ be given by (\[eq:gst\]), with an initial condition at time $T$, $g(s,T) = w(s)$. Then, for $T \leq t < T_n$, with $T_n$ the first jump time of $N_t$ after $T$, $g(s,t)$ solves the partial differential equation $$\label{eq:pdeBetweenJumps}
{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial t^1}
}
} g(s,t) = s\mu_0\alpha g(s,t) + \frac{1}{2\rho}(\rho s - \alpha +\tau)(\rho s - \alpha -\tau){
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} g(s,t),$$ where $\rho := \beta^2$ and $\tau := \sqrt{\alpha^2 + 2\beta^2}$. The unique solution to this equation is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:solutionBetweenJumps}
\nonumber g(s,t) &= e^{\theta(\alpha -\tau)(t-T)}\left(\frac{2\tau}{\rho s (e^{-\tau (t-T)}-1) +(\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau(t-T)}+\tau +\alpha}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&\quad \times w\left(\frac{s\left((\alpha+\tau)e^{-\tau(t-T)} + \tau - \alpha\right)+ 2e^{-\tau(t-T)}-2}{\rho s (e^{-\tau(t-T)} -1) + (\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau(t-T)} +\tau +\alpha }\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $\theta := \frac{\mu_0\alpha}{\rho}$.
The partial differential equation (\[eq:solutionBetweenJumps\]) for $g(s,t)$ follows directly from Proposition \[prop:gst\], since the jump part of this equation can be discarded.\
To obtain a solution to this equation a candidate solution is derived by making a number of transformations of the independent variables, until a simple PDE is found, which can be solved explicitly using known techniques. This candidate solution can then be checked to be the solution by calculating its partial derivatives, and inserting these into (\[eq:pdeBetweenJumps\]).\
The first transformation is given by $$\label{eq:transformStoU}
(s,t) \longrightarrow \left(\frac{\rho s - \alpha + \tau}{\rho s - \alpha - \tau},t\right) =: (u,t).$$ Instead of $g(s,t)$ one writes $f_1(u,s)$, in terms of the new variable $u$. Using this transformation and the PDE for $g(s,t)$, one can derive a PDE for $f_1(u,t)$, by expressing $s$ in terms of $u$, and expressing the partial derivatives of $g(s,t)$ as partial derivatives of $f_1(u,t)$. The resulting PDE for $f_1(u,t)$ is $${
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial t^1}
}
} f_1(u,t) = \mu_0 \alpha \left(\frac{\alpha}{\rho}+\frac{\tau (u+1)}{\rho(u+1)}\right)f_1(u,t) -\tau u {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial u}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial u^1}
}
} f_1(u,t).$$ The second transformation that is used is given by $$(u,t)\longrightarrow \left(\frac{\log(u)}{\tau},t\right)=:(v,t),$$ where, for the time being, $u$ is tacitly understood to be positive. Instead of the function $f_1(s,t)$, one considers the function $f_2(v,t) := f_1(u,t)$, in terms of the new variable $v$. This transformation results in a partial differential equation for $f_2(v,t)$, $${
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial t^1}
}
} f_2(v,t) = \mu_0\alpha \left(\frac{\alpha}{\rho}+\frac{\tau(e^{\tau v}+1)}{\rho(e^{\tau v}-1)}\right)f_2(v,t) - {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial v}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial v^1}
}
} f_2(v,t).$$ The final transformation is given by $$f_3(v,t) := \log(f_2(v,t)),$$ which results in the PDE for $f_3(v,t)$: $$\label{eq:pdef3}
{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial t^1}
}
} f_3(v,t) + {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial v}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial v^1}
}
} f_3(v,t) = \mu_0\alpha \left(\frac{\alpha}{\rho}+\frac{\tau(e^{\tau v}+1)}{\rho(e^{\tau v}-1)}\right).$$ This equation can be solved using the method of characteristics, which is explained in chapter 1 and 8 of [@book:Chester], for example. Using this technique the partial differential equation is transformed in an ordinary differential equation by introducing new variables $\xi(v,t)$ and $\zeta(v,t)$. The former is used to replace both $v$ and $t$, and the latter is used to parameterize the initial curve. To be able to solve the PDE an initial condition is required for $f_3(v,t)$. By applying all the previous transformations to the initial condition $g(s,T)=w(s)$, with $t\geq T$, one obtains the initial condition $$f_3(v,T) = \log\left(w\left(\frac{e^{\tau v}(\tau + \alpha)+\tau - \alpha}{\rho\left( e^{\tau v} - 1\right)} \right) \right)=: G(v).$$ Next one has to solve the differential equations $$\begin{aligned}
{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial \xi^1}
}
}t(\xi,\zeta)&=1, & {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial \xi^1}
}
}v(\xi,\zeta) &=1,\end{aligned}$$ with the initial conditions $t(0,\zeta) = T$ and $v(0,\zeta) = \zeta$. The unique solution to these equations is trivially given by $$\begin{aligned}
t(\xi,\zeta) &= \xi + T, & v(\xi,\zeta) &= \xi + \zeta.\end{aligned}$$ Inverting these expressions, yields $$\begin{aligned}
\xi(v,t) &= t-T, & \zeta(v,t) &= v-t+T.\end{aligned}$$ Using these transformations, the partial differential equation (\[eq:pdef3\]) can be transformed into the ordinary differential equation (ODE) $$\label{eq:df3}
{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial \xi^1}
}
} f_3(\xi,\zeta) =\mu_0\alpha \left(\frac{\alpha}{\rho}+\frac{\tau(e^{\tau (\xi +\zeta)}+1)}{\rho(e^{\tau (\xi+\zeta)}-1)}\right) = \frac{\mu_0 \alpha(\alpha +\tau)}{\rho}+\frac{2\tau\mu_0\alpha}{\rho(e^{\tau (\xi +\zeta)}-1)}=\theta(\alpha+\tau) + \frac{2\tau \theta}{e^{\tau(\xi + \zeta)}-1},$$ where $\theta = \frac{\mu_0\alpha}{\rho}$. This ordinary differential equation can be solved for the given initial condition $f_3(v,T) = G(v)$. To derive the solution one can start with a candidate solution $$f_3(\xi,\zeta) = C_1 \log\left(e^{\tau (\xi +\zeta)}-1\right)+C_2\xi + C_3.$$ For $\xi =0$, one has $f_3(0,\zeta) = C_1 \log \left(e^{\tau \zeta}-1\right) + C_3$, and $f_3$ has partial derivative with respect to $\xi$: $${
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial \xi}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial \xi^1}
}
}f_3(\xi,\zeta)= \tau C_1 + \frac{C_1\tau}{e^{\tau (\xi +\zeta)}-1} + C_2.$$ Using the initial condition $f_3(0,\zeta) = G(\zeta)$, together with the ODE (\[eq:df3\]), one can find the values of $C_1,\ C_2$ and $C_3$: $$\begin{aligned}
C_1 &= 2\theta,\\
C_2 &= \theta(\alpha - \tau),\\
C_3 &= G(\zeta) - 2\theta \log \left(e^{\tau \zeta}-1\right).\end{aligned}$$ This leads to the unique solution $$\label{eq:solutionf3generalxizeta}
f_3(\xi,\zeta) = \theta(\alpha - \tau)\xi + 2\theta \log\left(e^{\tau(\xi +\zeta)}-1\right) + G(\zeta)-2\theta \log\left(e^{\tau \zeta}-1\right).$$ The proof of the uniqueness of this solution is postponed to the end of this proof.\
Replacing $\xi$ by $t-T$ and $\zeta$ by $v-t+T$, results in $$\label{eq:solutionf3general}
f_3(v,t) = \theta(\alpha - \tau)(t-T) + 2 \theta \log \left(\frac{e^{\tau v}-1}{e^{\tau (v-t+T)}-1}\right) +\log\left(w\left(\frac{e^{\tau (v-t+T)}(\tau + \alpha)+\tau - \alpha}{\rho\left( e^{\tau (v-t+T)} - 1\right)} \right) \right).$$ Next, one obtains a candidate solution for $g(s,t)$, by reversing all the transformations. This gives $$\begin{aligned}
f_2(s,t) &= e^{\theta(\alpha - \tau)(t-T)} \left(\frac{e^{\tau v}-1}{e^{\tau (v-t+T)}-1}\right)^{2 \theta} w\left(\frac{e^{\tau (v-t+T)}(\tau + \alpha)+\tau - \alpha}{\rho\left( e^{\tau (v-t+T)} - 1\right)} \right),\\
f_1(s,t) &=e^{\theta(\alpha - \tau)(t-T)} \left(\frac{u-1}{ue^{-\tau (t-T)}-1}\right)^{2 \theta} w\left(\frac{ue^{-\tau (t-T)}(\tau + \alpha)+\tau - \alpha}{\rho\left( ue^{-\tau (t-T)} - 1\right)} \right).\end{aligned}$$ By performing the last substitution, (\[eq:transformStoU\]), an expression for $g(s,t)$ is obtained. One has $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t)&=e^{\theta(\alpha - \tau)(t-T)} \left(\frac{\frac{\rho s - \alpha + \tau}{\rho s - \alpha - \tau}-1}{\frac{\rho s - \alpha + \tau}{\rho s - \alpha - \tau}e^{-\tau (t-T)}-1}\right)^{2 \theta} w\left(\frac{\frac{\rho s - \alpha + \tau}{\rho s - \alpha - \tau}e^{-\tau (t-T)}(\tau + \alpha)+\tau - \alpha}{\rho\left( \frac{\rho s - \alpha + \tau}{\rho s - \alpha - \tau}e^{-\tau (t-T)} - 1\right)} \right)\\
&= e^{\theta(\alpha -\tau)(t-T)}\left(\frac{2\tau}{\rho s (e^{-\tau (t-T)}-1) +(\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau(t-T)}+\tau +\alpha}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&\quad \times w\left(\frac{s\left((\alpha+\tau)e^{-\tau(t-T)} + \tau - \alpha\right)+ 2e^{-\tau(t-T)}-2}{\rho s (e^{-\tau(t-T)} -1) + (\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau(t-T)} +\tau +\alpha }\right),\end{aligned}$$ where it was used that $(\alpha+\tau)(\tau-\alpha)= 2\rho$. By inserting this candidate into equation (\[eq:pdeBetweenJumps\]), one can check that it indeed is the solution.\
The last thing to proof is the uniqueness of the solution to equation (\[eq:pdeBetweenJumps\]). As all the transformations are clearly one-to-one, the uniqueness of this solution should follow from the uniqueness of the solution to equation (\[eq:df3\]). It is easy to see that the solution to this equation is unique, as the difference of two possible solutions, with the same initial condition, has zero derivative, which implies that the two solutions are in fact equal.
The result of Proposition \[prop:betweenJumps\] tells us that one can calculate $g(s,t)$, for $T\leq t < T_n$, where $T_n$ is the first jump time of $N_t$ after $T$. In order to completely solve the filtering problem, one further has to solve the equation (\[eq:dgstCIR\]) at jump times. This is the topic of the next section, where a recursive solution will be obtained for the case in which $\lambda_0$ has a Gamma distribution.
Filtering at Jump Times and a General Solution {#sec:atJumps}
==============================================
In the previous section the filtering problem has been solved between jumps, for an arbitrary initial condition $w(s)$ for $g(s,t)$, at time $T>0$. In this section the filtering problem is solved at jump times, first for Example \[ex:toy\], and after that for the case where the intensity follows the CIR model.
\[ex:toy2\] *At jumps one obtains from equation (\[eq:dgstCIR\]) $$\Delta g(s,t) = \left(\frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}g(s,t-)}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}- g(s,t-)\right)\Delta N_t.$$ From this identity it easily follows that at a jump time $T>0$: $$\label{eq:solutionAtJumps}
g(s,T) = \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T-}^0\right)^{-1} {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}g(s,T-).$$ Combining the results between jumps and at jumps, one can obtain the solution to equation $${\textrm{d}}g(s,t) = -{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}g(s,t){\textrm{d}}t + \left(\frac{{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}g(s,t-)}{{\widehat}\lambda_{t-}^0}- g(s,t-)\right){\textrm{d}}N_t.$$ At each jump time $T_n$, one has to take the derivative of the function $g(s,t)$, and divide by $\lambda_{T_n-}^0$; the resulting function can then be used as initial condition for the interval $[T_n,T_{n+1})$. Using an initial condition $g(s,0) = w(s)$, one obtains the solution $$g(s,t) = w^{(N_t)}(s-t)\prod_{n=1}^{N_t} \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1},$$ where $w^{(n)}(s)$ denotes the $n$-th derivative of $w(s)$. The conditional moment generating function is found from (\[eq:mgfFromGst\]), and is given by $${\widehat}f(s,t) = \frac{g(s,t)}{g(0,t)}= \frac{w^{(N_t)}(s-t)}{w^{(N_t)}(-t)}.$$ If one assumes that $\lambda_0 \sim \Gamma(\alpha, \beta)$, one has $$\begin{aligned}
f(s,0) &= {\widehat}f(s,0) = \left(\frac{\beta}{\beta- s}\right)^{\alpha}, & {\widehat}f(s,t) &= \left(\frac{\beta + t}{\beta+t - s}\right)^{\alpha + N_t}.\end{aligned}$$ From this follows that at time $t>0$, $\lambda_t$ given ${\mathcal{F}}_t^N$ is distributed according to $\Gamma(\alpha + N_t, \beta +t)$. Further ${\widehat}\lambda_t$ can easily be derived by a differentiation with respect to $s$: $${\widehat}\lambda_t = \left.{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} {\widehat}f(s,t)\right\vert_{s=0} = \frac{\alpha+N_t}{\beta + t}.$$*
The solution in this example was easy to find, which could be expected, since $\lambda_t$ is constant over time in this case. The general Cox-Ingersoll-Ross model for the intensity is more complicated, but in the remainder of this section, also this problem is solved. At jumps one has the same equation as in Example \[ex:toy2\], which is already solved in (\[eq:solutionAtJumps\]). In Theorem \[thm:CIRgeneralSol\] the solution for $g(s,t)$ for the CIR model is given. Before this theorem is stated some notation is introduced.\
Let $x,y \in {\mathbb{R}}$, $t\geq 0$ and put $$\begin{aligned}
\label{equation:CIRAxty} A(x,t,y) &:= x\left((\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau t} + \tau + \alpha\right) + 2 y \left( 1 - e^{-\tau t}\right)\\
\label{equation:CIRBst} B(s,t) &:= \rho s\left(e^{-\tau t }-1\right) + (\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau t} + \tau + \alpha\\
\label{equation:CIRCxty} C(x,t,y) &:= y \left((\alpha + \tau)e^{-\tau t} + \tau - \alpha\right) + \rho x \left(1 - e^{-\tau t}\right).\end{aligned}$$ This notation allows us to write the general solution between jumps, (\[eq:solutionBetweenJumps\]), as $$\label{equation:CIRgeneralSolG}
g(s,t) = e^{\theta(\alpha - \tau)(t-T)} \left(\frac{2\tau}{B(s,t-T)}\right)^{2\theta}w \left(\frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T,s\right)}{B(s,t-T)}\right)$$ Next let $T_1,T_2,\ldots$ denote the jump times, and let $T_0 = 0 $. Then introduce the following notation: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{equation:CIRAtT0} {\mathscr{A}}(t,T_0) &:= A(\phi, t, 1)&& \mbox{for } 0\leq t < T_1,\\
\label{equation:CIRAtTn} {\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n) &:= A({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}), t - T_n, {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})) && \mbox{for } T_n \leq t < T_{n+1},\\
\label{equation:CIRCtT0} {\mathscr{C}}(t,T_0) &:= C(\phi, t, 1)&& \mbox{for } 0\leq t < T_1,\\
\label{equation:CIRCtTn} {\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n) &:= C({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}),t-T_n,{\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})) && \mbox{for } T_n \leq t < T_{n+1}.\end{aligned}$$ With this notation, the main result of this paper can be stated. A recursive solution to the filtering problem is obtained, for the case where $\lambda_0$ has a Gamma distribution.
\[thm:CIRgeneralSol\] Let $\lambda_0 \sim \Gamma(2\theta, \phi)$, for $\phi >0$ and $\theta = \frac{\mu_0\alpha}{\rho}>0$. Then one has $${\widehat}f_0(s) = g(s,0) = \left(\frac{\phi}{\phi - s}\right)^{2\theta},$$ which is the moment generating function of the $\Gamma(2\theta,\phi)$ distribution. With the notation introduced in (\[equation:CIRAxty\])-(\[equation:CIRCxty\]) and (\[equation:CIRAtT0\])-(\[equation:CIRCtTn\]) one further has, for $T_n \leq t < T_{n+1}$, $$\label{equation:CIRspecificSol}
g(s,t) = K(t) p_n(s,t) \left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n) - s {\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta + n},$$ where $p_0(s,t) \equiv 1$, and for $n\geq 1$, $p_n(s,t)$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ in s, that satisfies the recursion, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber p_n(s,t) &= B^n(s,t-T_n)
\Bigg[p_{n-1}\left( \frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)},T_n\right)(2\theta + n - 1) {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\\
&\quad +
\partial_1
\left(
p_{n-1}
\left(
\frac{C
\left(
-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s
\right)}
{B(s,t-T_n)}
,T_n
\right)
\right)
\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - \frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)} {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})
\right), \Bigg]
\label{eq:pnst}\end{aligned}$$ where $\partial_1$ denotes the derivative with respect to the first argument of $p_n$, and $$\label{eq:kt}
K(t) = e^{\theta(\alpha - \tau)t} (2\tau\phi)^{2\theta}\prod_{m\geq 1,\ T_m \leq t} \left(\frac{(2\tau)^{2\theta}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_m-}^0}\right).$$
In the proof of this theorem the following lemma is used.
\[lemma:CIRsubCalcs\] With the notation from (\[equation:CIRAxty\])-(\[equation:CIRCxty\]) and (\[equation:CIRAtT0\])-(\[equation:CIRCtTn\]), the following relations hold for $n\geq 1$ and $x,y\in \mathbb{R}$:
- ${\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n) = 2\tau {\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1})$
- ${\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_n) = 2\tau {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})$
- $ x B(s,t) - yC\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t,s\right) = A(x, t, y) - s C(x,t,y)$.
<!-- -->
- From equations (\[equation:CIRAtTn\]) and (\[equation:CIRAxty\]) follows that $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n) &= A({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}),0,{\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1}))\\
&= {\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\left((\tau - \alpha)e^0 + \tau + \alpha\right) + {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\left(1 - e^0\right)\\
&= 2\tau {\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}).\end{aligned}$$
- This follows along the same lines as in (i), using equations (\[equation:CIRCtTn\]) and (\[equation:CIRCxty\]).
- Using equations (\[equation:CIRAxty\]), (\[equation:CIRBst\]) and (\[equation:CIRCxty\]) one finds: $$\begin{aligned}
x B(s,t) - yC\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t,s\right) &= x\left(\rho s\left(e^{-\tau t }-1\right) + (\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau t} + \tau + \alpha\right) \\
&\quad- y \left(s \left((\alpha + \tau)e^{-\tau t} + \tau - \alpha\right) + 2 \left(1 - e^{-\tau t}\right)\right)\\
&= x\left((\tau - \alpha)e^{-\tau t} + \tau + \alpha\right) + 2y\left(1 - e^{-\tau t}\right)\\
&\quad- s\left(y\left((\alpha + \tau)e^{-\tau t} + \tau - \alpha\right) + x\rho \left(1- e^{-\tau t}\right)\right)\\
&= A(x,t,y) - s C(x,t,y).\end{aligned}$$
Now, Theorem \[thm:CIRgeneralSol\] can be proved.
For each $n$ it has to be shown that (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]) holds at $T_n$, and between $T_n$ and $T_{n+1}$. First this is shown for $n=0$. Then the induction step is proved for $n\geq 1$.\
$\mathbf{n=0}$: For $t = T_0 = 0$ one has by assumption: $$g(s,0) = \left(\frac{\phi}{\phi - s}\right)^{2\theta}.$$ From (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]) one finds: $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,0) &= K(0) p_0(s,0) \left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(0,0) - s {\mathscr{C}}(0,0)}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&= e^0 (2\tau \phi)^{2\theta} \left(\frac{1}{A(\phi,0,1) - s C(\phi,0,1)}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&= \left(\frac{2\tau \phi}{2\tau \phi - 2\tau s}\right)^{2\theta} = \left(\frac{\phi}{\phi - s}\right)^{2\theta}.\end{aligned}$$ Next the interval up to the first jump time, $0 < t < T_1$, is considered. From (\[equation:CIRgeneralSolG\]) and the expression for $w(s) = g(s,0)$, one finds: $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t) &= e^{\theta (\alpha - \tau)t} \left(\frac{2\tau}{B(s,t)}\right)^{2\theta}\left(\frac{\phi}{\phi - \frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t,s\right)}{B(s,t)}}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&=e^{\theta (\alpha - \tau)t} (2\tau \phi)^{2\theta} \left(\frac{1}{B(s,t)\phi - C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t,s\right)}\right)^{2\theta}\\
&= K(t) p_0(s,t) \left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(t,0)- s {\mathscr{C}}(t,0)}\right)^{2\theta},\end{aligned}$$ which is the same expression as in (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]) for $n=0$. The final step in the derivation above follows from Lemma \[lemma:CIRsubCalcs\] (iii), with $x = \phi$ and $y = 1$, together with the definition of $K(t)$ in (\[eq:kt\]).\
$\mathbf{n\geq 1}$: Now it remains to prove the induction step. Therefore one can assume that equation (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]) holds for $n-1$. It then remains to show that the equation holds for $n$, at $T_n$ and between $T_n$ and $T_{n+1}$. First the jump is considered. Thus one has to calculate the derivative of $g(s,t)$ with respect to $s$, and take the left limit in $t=T_n$, further the derivative is divided by ${\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0$. By (\[eq:solutionAtJumps\]) one has $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber g(s,T_n) &= \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1}{
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} g(s,T_n-)\\
\nonumber &= \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1} {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
}\left(K(T_n-)p_{n-1}(s,T_n-)\left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1})- s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})}\right)^{2\theta +n - 1}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Calculating the derivative with respect to $s$, leads to $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber g(s,t) &= \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1} K(T_n-) \Bigg[ p_{n-1}(s,T_n)(2\theta + n - 1){\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\\
\label{eq:prf:deriv} &\quad+ {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} p_{n-1}(s,T_n)\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\right)\Bigg]\left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ From Lemma \[lemma:CIRsubCalcs\] (i) and (ii) follows that for the denominator in (\[eq:prf:deriv\]) one has $${\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) = (2\tau)^{-1}\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n})\right).$$ Hence (\[eq:prf:deriv\]) can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber g(s,T_n) &= \left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1} K(T_n-)(2\tau)^{2\theta} (2\tau)^n\Bigg[p_{n-1}(s,T_n)(2\theta + n - 1){\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) \\
\label{eq:prf:2tau} &\quad+ {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} p_{n-1}(s,T_n)\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\right)\Bigg]\left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ From (\[eq:kt\]) it is easy to see that $K(T_n) = K(T_n-)\left({\widehat}\lambda_{T_n-}^0\right)^{-1}(2\tau)^{2\theta}$, and further one has $ 2\tau = B(s,0)= B(s,T_n-T_n)$. From this follows that (\[eq:prf:2tau\]) can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,T_n) &= K(T_n)B^n(s,T_n-T_n)\Bigg[p_{n-1}(s,T_n)(2\theta + n - 1){\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) \\
&\quad+ {
\ifthenelse{1 < 2} {
\frac{\partial}{\partial s}
}{
\frac{\partial^1}{\partial s^1}
}
} p_{n-1}(s,T_n)\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\right)\Bigg]\left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ This can be simplified further using the definition of $p_n(s,t)$ as given in (\[eq:pnst\]), together with the identity $C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},0,s\right)=\tau s$. This results in $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,T_n) &= K(T_n)p_n(s,T_n)\left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n) - s {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n},\end{aligned}$$ which is the required result at $t=T_n$. Finally one has to check that (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]) holds for $T_n<t<T_{n+1}$. For this one can use the general solution (\[equation:CIRgeneralSolG\]) with initial condition $w(s) = g(s,T_n)$. One finds $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t) &= e^{\theta(\alpha-\tau)(t-T_n)}\left(\frac{2\tau}{B(s,t-T_n)}\right)^{2\theta} e^{\theta(\alpha-\tau)T_n} (2\tau \phi)^{2\theta} \prod_{m\geq 1,\ T_m \leq T_n}\left(\frac{(2\tau)^{2\theta}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_m-}^0}\right)\\
&\quad\times p_n\left(\frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)},T_n\right) \left(\frac{1}{{\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_n)- \frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho}, t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)}{\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ Simplifying this expression yields: $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t) &= e^{\theta(\alpha-\tau)t}(2\tau\phi)^{2\theta}\left(\prod_{m=1}^n \left(\frac{(2\tau)^{2\theta}}{{\widehat}\lambda_{T_m-}^0}\right)\right)(2\tau)^{2\theta}B^n(s,t-T_n) p_n\left(\frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)},T_n\right)\\
&\quad\times \left(\frac{1}{2\tau B(s,t-T_n){\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1})- 2\tau C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho}, t-T_n,s\right){\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ An application of Lemma \[lemma:CIRsubCalcs\], with $x={\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1})$ and $y={\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})$, and the definitions of ${\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n)$ and ${\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)$ in (\[equation:CIRAtTn\]) and (\[equation:CIRCtTn\]), together with the definition of $K(t)$ results in $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t) = K(t) \frac{1}{(2\tau)^n} B^n(s,t-T_n) p_n\left(\frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)},T_n\right) \left(\frac{1}{ {\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n)-s{\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ Next, with the definition of $p_n(s,T_n)$ from (\[eq:pnst\]), evaluated in $t=T_n$, together with $C(x,0,y) = 2\tau y$ and $B(s,0) = 2\tau$ one rewrites this to $$\begin{aligned}
g(s,t) &= K(t)\left(\frac{1}{ {\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n)-s{\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}\frac{1}{(2\tau)^n}B^n(s,t-T_n)\\
&\quad\times (2\tau)^n \Bigg[ p_{n-1}\left(\frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)},T_n\right) (2\theta + n - 1){\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\\
&\quad+ \partial_1\left( p_{n-1}\left(\frac{C \left( - \frac{2}{\rho}, t-T_n, s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)}, T_n\right)\right)
\left({\mathscr{A}}(T_n,T_{n-1}) - \frac{C\left(-\frac{2}{\rho},t-T_n,s\right)}{B(s,t-T_n)} {\mathscr{C}}(T_n,T_{n-1})\right)\Bigg]\\
&= K(t) p_n(s,t)\left(\frac{1}{ {\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n)-s{\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)}\right)^{2\theta+n}.\end{aligned}$$ In the final step the definition of $p_n(s,t)$ is used, this time evaluated in $t$, which concludes the proof of (\[equation:CIRspecificSol\]). From the definition of $B(s,t)$ and $C(x,t,y)$, with $y=s$, which are both linear in $s$, follows that $p_n(s,t)$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ in $s$.
This theorem provides a recursive solution to equation (\[eq:dgstCIR\]), in case $\lambda_0$ is distributed according to a $\Gamma(2\theta,\phi)$ distribution. From (\[eq:mgfFromGst\]) it already known that the conditional moment generating function can easily be obtained from an expression for $g(s,t)$. Now this has been found, the conditional moment generating function ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ can be obtained easily.
\[cor:CIRspecificSolF\] Under the assumptions of Theorem \[thm:CIRgeneralSol\] the conditional moment generating function ${\widehat}f(s,t)$, for $T_n \leq t < T_{n+1}$, can be expressed as: $$\label{eq:condMGF}
{\widehat}f(s,t) = q_n(s,t)\left(\frac{Q(t,T_n)}{Q(t,T_n) - s}\right)^{2\theta + n},$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
q_n(s,t) = \frac{p_n(s,t)}{p_n(0,t)}\textrm{ and } Q(t,T_n) = \frac{{\mathscr{A}}(t,T_n)}{{\mathscr{C}}(t,T_n)}.\hfill\end{aligned}$$ Here $q_n(s,t)$ is a polynomial of degree $n$ in $s$.
The result follows directly from equation (\[eq:mgfFromGst\]), Theorem \[thm:CIRgeneralSol\] and the definitions of $q_n$ and $Q$.
With the derivation of the conditional moment generating function the filtering problem has been solved, and one is able to calculate conditional default probabilities using the results in Example \[ex:survival2\]. To conclude this section it is observed that the conditional moment generating function in (\[eq:condMGF\]) corresponds to a mixture of Gamma distributions.
*Corollary \[cor:CIRspecificSolF\] provides an expression for ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ that involves the polynomial $q_n(\cdot,t)$. Deriving an explicit expression for $q_n(s,t)=p_n(s,t)/p_n(0,t)$ for any $n\geq0$ is quite complicated, but we can write $$q_n(s,t) = \sum_{i=0}^n R_i^n(t)s^i,$$ where the coefficients, $R_i^n(t)$, of the polynomial follow directly from the coefficients of the polynomial in $s$, $p_n(s,t)$, which in turn can be obtained using the recursion (\[eq:pnst\]).\
Next, one can consider $n+1$ independent random variables $\Gamma_i$, where $\Gamma_i \sim \Gamma(2\theta + n - i, Q(t,T_n))$, for $i=0,1,\ldots,n$. Further, consider the discrete random variable $M^n$, independent of the $\Gamma_i$, which assumes the values $0,1,\ldots,n$, with probabilities $\pi_i^n(t)$, and define the random variable $$X_t^n = \sum_{i=0}^n 1_{\{M=i\}} \Gamma_i.$$ The moment generating function of $X_t^n$ can easily be found, as $\Gamma_i$ and $M^n$ are independent, hence $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:mgfX} {\mathbb{E}}\left[e^{sX_t^n}\right] = \sum_{i=0}^n{\mathbb{E}}\left[e^{s\Gamma_i}1_{\{M=i\}}\right]= \sum_{i=0}^n \pi_i^n(t) {\mathbb{E}}\left[e^{s\Gamma_i}\right] = \sum_{i=0}^n \pi_i^n(t) \left(\frac{Q(t,T_n)}{Q(t,T_n) - s}\right)^{2\theta + n - i}.\end{aligned}$$ The goal is to show that, by choosing the probabilities correctly, the moment generating function of $X_t^n$ equals the conditional moment generation function ${\widehat}f(s,t)$. Therefore (\[eq:mgfX\]) is first rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber {\mathbb{E}}\left[e^{sX_t^n}\right] &=\left(\frac{Q(t,T_n)}{Q(t,T_n) - s}\right)^{2\theta + n}\sum_{i=0}^n \pi_i^n(t)\left(\frac{Q(t,T_n)-s}{Q(t,T_n)}\right)^i.\end{aligned}$$ To have that both moment generating functions ${\widehat}f(s,t)$ and (\[eq:mgfX\]) are equal, it is required that $$q_n(s,t) = \sum_{i=0}^n R_i^n(t)s^i = \sum_{i=0}^n \pi_i^n(t) \left(\frac{Q(t,T_n)-s}{Q(t,T_n)}\right)^i.$$ The right hand side of this equation can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{i=0}^n \pi_i^n(t) Q(t,T_n)^{-i} \sum_{j=0}^i \left(\begin{array}{c}i\\j\end{array}\right)Q(t,T_n)^{i-j} s^j(-1)^j.\end{aligned}$$ This equation can be turned into a polynomial in $s$, by interchanging the summations, which leads to $$\begin{aligned}
\sum_{j=0}^n\sum_{i=j}^n \left(\begin{array}{c}i\\j\end{array}\right) \pi_i^n(t)Q(t,T_n)^{-j}s^j (-1)^j &=\sum_{j=0}^n s^j \left((-1)^j Q(t,T_n)^{-j}\sum_{i=j}^n \left( \begin{array}{c}i\\j\end{array} \right)\pi_i^n(t) \right).\end{aligned}$$ The moment generating functions are equal when $$R_j^n(t) = (-1)^j Q(t,T_n)^{-j}\sum_{i=j}^n \left( \begin{array}{c}i\\j\end{array} \right)\pi_i^n(t),$$ for $j=0,1,\ldots,n$. This can be solved iteratively, starting from $j=n$, which results in the probabilities $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:mixProbs}
\pi_j^n(t) &= (-1)^j R_j^n(t) Q(t,T_n)^j - \sum_{i=j+1}^n \pi_i^n(t)\left( \begin{array}{c}i\\j\end{array} \right).\end{aligned}$$ It is not immediately clear from (\[eq:mixProbs\]) that the $\pi_j^n(t)$ are all non-negative and sum to one. It turns out however that this is indeed the case for $T_n \leq t < T_{n+1}$, which means that the $\pi_j^n(t)$ can be interpreted as probabilities. It is however far from trivial to provide a general proof for all $n\geq 0$. We confine ourselves to illustrate this fact by some examples. In figure \[fig:probs\], two graphs are given in which the probabilities are plotted.*
|
{
"pile_set_name": "ArXiv"
}
| 0 |
XXX NIKYTA – XXX NIKYTA COMES BACK TO HAVE MORE SEX
456 63%
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.05 |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2020, salesforce.com, inc.
* All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license.
* For full license text, see LICENSE.txt file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
*
*/
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{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
| 0 |
14:38 720p
Super sexy teen with nice tits knows how to fuck and suck 0% 2.4K
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.051948 |
The fusogen AFF-1 can rejuvenate the regenerative potential of adult dendritic trees by self-fusion.
The aging brain undergoes structural changes that affect brain homeostasis, neuronal function and consequently cognition. The complex architecture of dendritic arbors poses a challenge to understanding age-dependent morphological alterations, behavioral plasticity and remodeling following brain injury. Here, we use the PVD polymodal neurons of C. elegans as a model to study how aging affects neuronal plasticity. Using confocal live imaging of C. elegans PVD neurons, we demonstrate age-related progressive morphological alterations of intricate dendritic arbors. We show that mutations in daf-2, which encodes an insulin-like growth factor receptor ortholog, fail to inhibit the progressive morphological aging of dendrites and do not prevent the minor decline in response to harsh touch during aging. We uncovered that PVD aging is characterized by a major decline in the regenerative potential of dendrites following experimental laser dendrotomy. Furthermore, the remodeling of transected dendritic trees by AFF-1-mediated self-fusion can be restored in old animals by daf-2 mutations, and can be differentially re-established by ectopic expression of the fusion protein AFF-1. Thus, ectopic expression of the fusogen AFF-1 in the PVD and mutations in daf-2 differentially rejuvenate some aspects of dendritic regeneration following injury.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
Cartoon 3D Sex Categories Select Category 3D Anime Porn 3D Girls Busty Babe 3D Redhead 3D Girl 3D Hentai Sex Final Fantasy 3D Monsters Sex 3D Evil comics Furry babes Monster tentacles Monster with long dick Sex with demon Sex with Mutant Sex with Robot Small monsters porn 3D Porn Comics Big and Small Big Boobs sex Blonde blowjob Bondage Redhead blowjob 3D Sex Cartoons BDSM 3D Groupsex 3D Lesbian Sex 3D Outdoor Sex 3D Other Porn Other Porn Toons
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.051339 |
Happy 150th Birthday, London Tube!
The London Underground celebrates its 150th birthday today, marking the anniversary of the first trip on the tube, between Paddington and Farringdon. The tube is arguably best known for its iconic map, created by Harry Beck in 1931 and adopted as the official map in 1933. Here’s a look at how the map evolved over time.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
Q:
Document Library level auditing in SP 2013
I want to enable auditing on one of the document library for "Change" event.
My question is, Is it mandatory to enable "Editing Items" from site collection settings for audits to be generated or enabling auditing in the "Information Management Policy Settings" from document library settings is sufficient?
If I enable it at the site collection level, all the EDIT events are getting logged. I want it only for particular document library. Please advise.
A:
You don't need to enable auditing for the site collection to be able to use auditing at the document library or list level. That is the whole point of it, that you can just audit the specific library/list, without getting flooded by the audit events for the whole site collection.
For more information on this, you can check this blog How to Audit an Individual Library or List in SharePoint
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
....x
...x.x
...x.x
..xx.xx
x.......x
xxx...xxx
xxxxxxxxx
x.......x
...xxx
..x...x
..xx.xx
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| 0.065217 |
Although Ted King is not racing the Tour de France this year, the Cannodale-Garmin cycling team rider was kind enough to provide us with a perspective on how things really work in the peloton.
The collection of actions, people, and moving parts — both literal and figurative — that compose a bike race is like that of a circus. However elegant a well composed solo victory looks, or how gracefully poetic a peloton appears from the vantage point of a helicopter view, that’s just a passing glance relative to what goes into an entire single race…
Multiply by X days to compose a stage race or raise to the power of infinity for the circus that is the Tour de France.
On the bike, it all begins in the late months of the calendar year with sufficient pre-season training. We’ve worked out any kinks or nagging, chronic injuries from the season before. Prior to that, of course, the mechanics have laboriously pieced together our bikes from end to end, from saddle to brake lever, so that we can play princess and the pea, noticing even the slightest thing that’s askew to our normal position.
Meanwhile, the race organization has chosen a specific route, meticulously decided upon by local officials and occasionally professional riders’ insight. Hotels are booked and staff from each of the 20-odd teams drive to the race in order to pick us up from the airport when we fly into town. Race bibles are produced and pored over by our directors so that the evening prior’s pre-race meeting digs deep into the nuances of the course. Numbers are pinned to jerseys and clothing is packed into the race bag. Massage the evening before is performed by the selfless soigneurs followed by a carbohydrate rich meal for dinner and another for breakfast on race day. One last inventory check — helmet, glasses, jersey, shorts, socks, shoes, gloves — and then it’s off to the bus and off to the start venue. At the start, mechanics inflate tires one last time and goodness gracious, at last it’s time to race!
Sixty, eighty, even one-hundred race days per year isn’t out of the ordinary for a cyclist, and in truth this above list of what goes into the day-to-day of a race is hardly glancing the surface of the what it truly takes. So much of what composes a race is rote, simply going through the mindless motions, that it’s no wonder riders occasionally try to seek a modicum of ritualized individuality in this otherwise monastic lifestyle. Let’s touch on some of the above and extrapolate on others.
I have friends and former teammates who pack their bags as neatly and daintily as if they’re practicing acute, arthroscopic surgery.
Every jersey is folded just so, every sock looks identical to the next, so that even their hair-dryer fits perfectly into the mix like a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle. One might call it OCD; others call it superstition.
I consider myself 0% superstitious, but when it comes to pinning my numbers I’m certainly a creature of habit. Seven pins per number, two numbers per jersey, three placed horizontally across the top, and two vertically down each side. Each pin is hand stitched into my jersey exactly like I did last race and precisely as I’ll do next race. The same orientation, the same direction, each and every time. I frequently re-use pins, but if there’s any sign of rust, that pin is immediately destined for the trash. Funny thing is, I specifically remember thinking a dozen years ago in my first year of amateur racing that surely when we get to the super duper pro ranks of this sport, there will be a person employed by the team who’s job is eponymously titled Number-Pinner. For all you go-getters out there looking for a job in the professional cycling biz, here’s my contemporary, twelve year later update: no such job exists. Yet.
Next let’s delve into Bel-logic. These are the legendary patterns passed down within the sport, generation after generation, in and among Belgian cycling culture. The American fraternity of cyclists roughly my age was espoused this information in our under-23, espoir years when we cut our teeth in unadorned Izegem, Belgium.
One, don’t even consider shaving your legs the day before a race. The micro wounds you endure sap healing energy that would otherwise go into a peak performance. Food seems to be an important issue so at number two: mushrooms. Always eat your mushrooms, because they’re “fat burners” and magically rip through fat stored on your body. (Is it any wonder that magic and mushrooms are in the same sentence?) At number three, and somewhat contrary to that, the inside of bread is like a sponge and consuming that weighs you down, whereas the crust is perfectly acceptable. Four: melted cheese has twice the calories as it’s non-melted brethren. The elementary school hot-lunch favorite of grilled cheese and tomato soup never quite made it to Belgium. And to round it out with five: no hot water, i.e. showering, shortly before a race. Hot water seeps into your legs and will make them heavy and tired.
While professional American sports are ripe with superstitions, examples range from football players wearing the same (ripe) undies to baseball pitchers not stepping on the foul line, cycling is a sport that takes in so many variables on the open roads, the pure number of cycling superstitions are fewer and further between, so that the ritual of it all is much more a result of habit. Have you consciously thought about what side of the bike you get on? I’m comfortable guessing that you’re more comfortable getting on from one side then the other. Shoes? I do right shoe first, every time. It’s not a ritual, just a hard to break habit. Kind of like coffee. I always have a coffee before a race, but I call that a deliciously compulsive routine rather than superstition.
…oh, but don’t ever wear a brand new kit for the first time in a race. You’ll crash and tear it.
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| 0 |
Fuck Me By The Fire
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| 0.052632 |
Q:
Delay() vs SetTimeOut() in jQuery
delay() and setTimeOut() which one is efficient to use based on speed.
setTimeout(function, milliseconds);
and
$(selector).delay(speed,queueName)
as
speed Specifies the speed of the delay
Possible values:
milliseconds
"slow"
"fast"
A:
Actually the think is that ,
1) we use delay() in jQuery for effects like animations.
2) Secondly if we need to trigger an event after specific time , we can use setTimeout()
that's it...!!!
|
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| 0 |
My milf masturbating for me and playing with her big tits
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| 0.052632 |
Ibrahim Mina Realtynerd Inc7610 3rd Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11209-3102
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The business name is REALTYNERD INC.
The address is 7610 3rd Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11209-3102.
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| 0 |
by Business, Financial and Technology News
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| 0.052439 |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multangular pen nib construction comprising a plurality of pen nib pieces fixed back-to-back to each other, and more particularly to such a multangular pen nib construction which is easy to manufacture and almost free from clogging when the pen is being used, and further more which is improved to prevent the ink from reverse flowing toward the ink reservoir of the pen when the pen is left with the pointed end of the pen nib pointing upward.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fountain pens such as in usual use, which include a pen nib construction comprising a single-piece pen nib and its holder have the disadvantage that they can operate only in a certain direction. To obviate the disadvantage, a multangular pen nib construction has been provided, which comprises a plurality of (three for instance) pen nib pieces, similar to conventional pen nibs, that are fixed back-to-back to each other and held in the holder so as to make it possible to write in all directions.
An example of the prior multangular pen nib construction is shown in FIGS. 1 to 5. The multangular pen nib construction as shown in FIG. 2 has been made as follows. At first, three pen nib pieces 1, each having a slit or split 3 at a center of the pointed end and another slit or split 9 at its root, and notches 4 at both edges near the pointed end are made e.g. by stamping. Next, each of the pen nib pieces 1 is bent either in ship-bottom shape along the bending line 2 or round e.g. by pressing. Then the pen nib pieces 1 are fixed back-to-back to each other, e.g. by cementing or spot welding. As illustrated above, because the pen nib pieces are bent in ship-bottom shape, the pen nib 5 is provided with an ink channel 7 in the center thereof as shown in FIG. 3. The central top end of the pen nib 5 composes a drill-like pointed end of the pen by gathering the pointed end of each of the pen nib pieces as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is more enlarged than FIG. 3.
The pen nib 5 has three concavities 6 and three projections 12 disposed alternately along its outside. As shown in FIG. 1a, each of the pen nib pieces 1 is provided with a split 3 at its pointed end and also with notches 4 at its both edges. Therefore, the pen nib 5 is provided at its pointed end with three splits 3 and three recesses 8 formed by the notches 4 which are disposed alternately at equal angular distance as shown in FIG. 4 when it is constructed by a plurality of pen nib pieces. And, inside said ink channel 7, which extends from the root of the pen nib 5 to near the pointed end, an ink feed needle 10 consisting of some wire strands twisted together of a relatively small diameter is fixed for feeding ink from the root of pen nib 5 to the pointed end.
The pen nib 5 is fitted in a holder e.g. of a synthetic, separately made, e.g. by molding. The holder is provided with some ink feed grooves which feed the ink from the ink reservoir (or the barrel), or a cartridge to the root end of the pen nib 5, and the ink led therein through them enters into the ink channel 7 at the root end of the pen nib 5 and then flows to the pointed end of the pen nib 5.
However, the conventional multiangular pen nib construction in prior art has been found to have the following disadvantages. The pen nib pieces 1 are bent so that the ink channel 7 may have a relatively large cross-sectional area, therefore the ink feed needle 10 which usually is made thick of a plurality of wire strands twisted around each other is inserted therein to feed ink effectively through the ink channel 7. Accordingly, it is very difficult to insert such a needle into the ink channel 7 if the needle loses its tightness. And also twisted wires of the strand are easy to stick to the root edges and side walls of the ink channel 7. Consequently, there has been a problem with the manufacturing cost caused to rise because of its complex process.
In addition, the supply of the ink to the pointed end of the pen nib 5 is performed only through the ink channel 7 provided in the center thereof, and ink feed needle 10 disposed in the ink channel 7. The portion of the ink channel 7 where the ink feed needle 10 is inserted is relatively narrow compared with the ink containing portion 11 provided near the pointed end of the pen nib 5 so that while the pen is being used, the ink channel in the pen nib construction is liable to be clogged with paper fibers or dust which have been brought in and stick in or above the ink containing portion 11. Furthermore, considering the technique of a conventional multangular pen nib construction from the point of view of function or action, it is based on a technical idea to make ink flow down from the reservoir along the inside of the pen nib. In order to make ink flow more efficiently the ink feed needle 10 is used, and the ink feed needle is made of the twisted wire strands. Therefore, ink comes to be supplied relatively smoothly to the pointed end of the pen nib through the ink channel when the user writes with a pen including such a pen nib. But, on the other hand, if a pen with a cap is kept standing (a pen nib points upwards), ink which has flowed down to the pointed end of the pen flows reversely in the ink channel 7, and returns into the ink reservoir of the pen. And then, the pen nib becomes dry. Consequently, it has been a fatal disadvantage that ink does not flow out onto the paper at once when the user is about to write next time.
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| 0 |
Fuck them hard and cum on their faces!
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| 0.052632 |
Which is smaller: c or 45/2?
45/2
Let z = 52 - -37. Let h = z - 106. Does h = -2/9?
False
Let j = -8549 + 8548. Let l be 45*(-2)/7*(-70)/(-3). Is j greater than l?
True
Let k(i) be the third derivative of 0 + 0*i + i**3 - 7/8*i**4 - 16*i**2 + 1/60*i**5. Let m be k(20). Which is smaller: -11 or m?
m
Let x = 0.101 - 5.101. Let b = -2015/198 - -193/18. Which is greater: x or b?
b
Suppose -3*o = -2*o - 2*i + 2, 2*i - 14 = 3*o. Let n be (-110)/(-15)*(o/(-8))/(-3). Is -2 > n?
False
Let g(q) = q**3 - 11*q**2 - 3. Let c be g(11). Suppose -j + 4 = -4*w - 40, 0 = j. Let i be w/c*(-42)/7. Which is smaller: i or -21?
i
Let n be 2/(-5) - (-6)/15. Let k(t) = t + 1. Let g(q) = -q. Let i(w) = -g(w) - 2*k(w). Let p be i(-1). Is p greater than n?
False
Let t = -104487/13 - -8037. Is t bigger than 19/7?
False
Suppose -10 = -4*q + g, -5*q + 6 = 28*g - 26*g. Suppose -3*p - 111 = -q*j + 58, 4*j - 20 = 0. Is p greater than -52?
False
Let s = -2997 - -2981. Is -35 smaller than s?
True
Let p = -0.2 - -0.1. Let b = -227.5 + 239. Let d = -22.5 + b. Are p and d unequal?
True
Let p = -119.2 - -9.2. Let d = p - -109.93. Let h = 4 + 2. Are d and h non-equal?
True
Let q = -9992 - -9992. Does q = 4719?
False
Let t = 25.953 - -12.047. Which is smaller: t or -23.8?
-23.8
Let x = -74/2005 + 710422/126315. Which is bigger: x or 5?
x
Let i(x) = 20*x + 58. Let v be i(-2). Suppose 10*s = v*s + 48. Which is bigger: s or 8?
8
Let v = 199 - 388. Let f = 83 + v. Which is bigger: 0 or f?
0
Let c(r) = 2*r - r**2 - 7273 + 5*r + 14*r + 7261. Let g be c(20). Suppose -2*u + 0*u = -h - 15, -2*u + 3*h + 13 = 0. Is u at least as big as g?
True
Let u = 2/397 + -405/1588. Does 1847 = u?
False
Let b be (-6*9/4)/(1/(-112)). Let k = -1516 + b. Suppose -2 - 14 = 2*q. Is q < k?
True
Let o = -8260 - -8131.1. Are -0.2 and o unequal?
True
Suppose 0 = a + c - 15, c - 30 = -2*a - 0*c. Let s(m) = m**3 - 16*m**2 + 18*m - 21. Let k be s(a). Which is greater: 23 or k?
k
Let o be 4*(6 + 271/(-45)). Let d = -3691/30 - -123. Let p = d - o. Which is smaller: -1 or p?
-1
Let l = 6574 + -6586. Is 1.97 not equal to l?
True
Let w = 57 - 45. Suppose u + 2*m - 5 = 0, w*u - 7*u + m - 16 = 0. Let b = -13 - -7. Are b and u equal?
False
Suppose 110*l = -1028 - 1172. Let z = 1.3 + -0.3. Is z greater than or equal to l?
True
Suppose -4*r + 3 = -1. Let p = 452.55 + -452.41. Which is smaller: r or p?
p
Let r = 3511 + -3613. Is -3 >= r?
True
Let h(r) = 19*r - 9 + r**2 - 16 + 20*r - 13*r. Let p be h(-27). Suppose 0*g + 2*g + p*m + 2 = 0, -4*m + 16 = -g. Is 2 < g?
False
Suppose -z - 17 = -0*z. Let f = 106 + -102. Suppose -4*r + 52 = -f*a - 12, a + 8 = 3*r. Is a at most as big as z?
True
Let x be 5*(35/(-7) - (-4 + 1)). Let z be (x/90)/(4/18). Is z at least -110?
True
Let a(p) = -14*p + 13 + 18*p - 5*p. Let d be a(11). Let g be 14/(d/(-9) + 32/(-18)). Is g bigger than -8?
True
Let s(j) = -3*j**2 - 77*j - 1372. Let z be s(-23). Which is smaller: z or -1185?
z
Let u = -416 - -716. Let w = u + -299. Which is greater: 111 or w?
111
Let r(v) = -v**2 + 6*v. Suppose -2*p = -2*o - 22, 0 = -3*p - o + 15 - 2. Let g be r(p). Is g bigger than -20/19?
True
Let i = 269 + -263. Suppose i*y + 1617 = -y. Are -231 and y unequal?
False
Let n(z) = -z + 59. Let v be n(0). Let m = 5512 + -5452. Is v less than or equal to m?
True
Let v = 3/241238 - -1935452465/723714. Which is smaller: 2673 or v?
2673
Let y be ((-19794)/4)/(-6 + 2 + 0). Let g = y - 1226. Which is bigger: 10 or g?
g
Let w(o) = 3*o**3 + 7*o**2 + 118*o - 624. Let r be w(5). Which is greater: r or 510?
r
Let n = 13.5 - -40.5. Let h = n + -53.855. Let l = h + -0.102. Which is greater: l or 1?
1
Let m be -16*1/(-1)*(-3996)/(-90)*10. Do m and -0.2 have different values?
True
Let n = 1 + 25. Let m(d) = -d**2 + 28*d + 40. Let l be m(n). Suppose 5*t - 112 = -l. Is -3 greater than or equal to t?
False
Let z(b) be the third derivative of b**5/60 - 35*b**4/24 + 131*b**3/6 + b**2 + 19*b. Let s be z(31). Which is greater: -4 or s?
s
Let d be 4/14 - (-10)/(-35). Suppose 2*w - 14 + 10 = -2*z, 4*w + 3*z - 5 = d. Is 1/268 at most w?
False
Let b be (-2)/38 + 1152/7448. Are b and -1 equal?
False
Suppose u + 49 = -5*o, 118 = 5*u + 138. Which is greater: o or 102?
102
Let j be 8/(-14) - (-20536)/4284. Let d(f) = -2*f + 19. Let z be d(8). Which is smaller: z or j?
z
Suppose h - 6*h = 2*o - 16, -o = -4*h - 8. Let y be ((-2)/o)/((-1)/76). Is 20 equal to y?
False
Let v = -820 + 404. Which is bigger: -419 or v?
v
Let l(a) = -a**2 + 5*a + 8. Let s be l(6). Suppose s*m = -3*h - 22, 4*m + 36 = h + 6. Let y be 8/m*(43 - 2). Is -40 bigger than y?
True
Suppose -85*o + 79*o = -1908. Are o and -0.2 non-equal?
True
Let u be ((-1)/(-2))/(253/(-88)). Let l be (-2 + (-55)/(-20))/((-2)/(-8)). Suppose 3*s = g + l, 2*s = s - g - 3. Is s bigger than u?
True
Suppose -3*m + m + 6 = 0, d = m + 5. Let q = -628 - -1057. Let t = q - 415. Which is smaller: t or d?
d
Let x be ((-55)/(-8))/(5/(-20)). Let n be 5 + (-2 - -14)/4. Let i be (-217)/n + 8/64. Is i less than x?
False
Let b = -154.83 + 156. Let q = b + -1.17. Which is smaller: q or -0.25?
-0.25
Let z = -53/9 + 26/3. Suppose 0 = 2*k + j - 2*j - 7, 3*j - 19 = -4*k. Is k at least as big as z?
True
Let r be (-2 - 9/1) + 1. Suppose 2*h + 4 = 0, 2*h = -2*x - h + 4. Suppose -6*g = -4*g - 5*q + 18, -x*q = -3*g - 27. Which is smaller: r or g?
r
Let m = 189958 - 146837564/773. Which is bigger: m or -1?
m
Let g(f) = -f**3 - f**2 + 93*f - 91. Let x be g(1). Let q be (1/15)/((-62)/(-6)). Which is bigger: x or q?
q
Let i(p) = p**2 + p. Let u(v) = 4*v**2 - 2*v - 7. Let n(z) = -5*i(z) + u(z). Let h be n(-9). Let q be ((-6)/(-15))/((-3)/(-30)) - h. Is 28 greater than q?
False
Let w(b) = -40*b + 175. Let t be w(10). Let l = t - -169. Which is smaller: l or -54?
l
Suppose 5*o + 2*r + 14574 = 0, 5*o + 6*r + 8706 = 2*o. Is -8753/3 smaller than o?
False
Let g = -60.6 + 4.6. Let q = g + 86. Let m = -26.6 + q. Is 1 > m?
False
Suppose -12672 = 18*x - 36*x. Let q = x + -705. Which is greater: q or 8/187?
8/187
Let w be 1/(-2 - (7/3)/(-1)). Suppose -65 = 4*a + 5*i, w*a + 25 = a - i. Let q be (2 + a/3)/(2/(-9)). Do q and 7 have different values?
True
Let d(n) = -n**2 - 9*n - 8. Let a be d(-7). Let v be 21/(-14) + 45/a. Let o(q) = 3*q - 17. Let m be o(v). Is m <= -3/31?
False
Let n = -1.0901 - 1385.7099. Let s = -1387 - n. Suppose -26 = -2*m + 4*m. Which is greater: m or s?
s
Let d be (6/(-10))/((-3)/(-15)) + 0. Let n be (3/(d/1))/1. Let k be (-6)/(7 + n) - (0 + -2). Which is greater: -6/13 or k?
k
Suppose -4*p = -j + 4*j - 9, 2*p + 3*j = 3. Suppose p*w - 6*w + 18 = 0. Let i be 21/(-12)*(24 - 28). Which is smaller: i or w?
w
Let f be -5*(-5)/((-10)/14). Let m = -34 - f. Let y be (2/(-24)*m)/(1/(-70)). Which is smaller: y or 7?
y
Let l(x) = -x**3 + 33*x**2 + 54*x + 98. Let u be l(35). Which is smaller: -460 or u?
u
Let w = 863/9 + -74219/774. Which is bigger: w or -1?
w
Let b(r) = -r**2 + 3*r. Let j(a) = -a**2 - 3*a + 7. Suppose 4*n + 3*i + 13 = 0, 0 = -4*n + 2*i - 4*i - 14. Let v be j(n). Let s be b(v). Is -1/13 < s?
True
Let h = 174 + -195. Let n be (14/h)/(4/(-9)). Is n > 1?
True
Let g(c) = c**2 - 2*c - 58. Let t be g(9). Suppose t*b = 4*x - 24, 14*b - 11*b + 2*x = -32. Suppose -7 = 5*s + l + 31, 2*s - 4*l + 2 = 0. Is s > b?
True
Let x = 3/10 - -1/5. Let r(q) = -1912*q - 23038. Let b be r(-12). Which is bigger: x or b?
x
Let w(z) = 6*z**2 + 2*z + 7. Let v be w(6). Let g = -175 + v. Which is smaller: g or 58?
58
Let j = -164 - -398. Let o = 233.91 - j. Are o and -0.02 nonequal?
True
Let j = -17/104 + 499/1144. Which is smaller: j or 4/5?
j
Let h = -563 + 823. Which is greater: 262 or h?
262
Suppose -28*k + 4 = -32*k. Let v = k - 7. Let x(y) = y**3 - 10*y**2 + 17*y - 17. Let j be x(8). Which is bigger: j or v?
v
Let a(x) = -14*x**3 - 80*x**2 - 14*x + 2. Let q be a(-8). Which is smaller: 2161 or q?
2161
Let c = -19178 - -10336. Is -8842 less than c?
False
Suppose 22*z = 25*z + 9. Let c = -79 + 72. Is z greater than c?
True
Let s = -3855 + 3758. Is s at least -98?
True
Suppose 0 = 5*w - 3*u - 12, -5*u - 20 = -4*w - 0*u. Which is bigger: -2/22027 or w?
w
Let g(p) = -p - 1. Let u be g(-11). Suppose 2*t + 6 - u = 0. Suppose -t*c + o - 1 = 0, -3*c + 0 = 3*o - 12. Which is bigger: c or 7/8?
c
Let n(v) = 376*v - 2
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1:11:57
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| 0.054187 |
VFW Post 7361 ladies remember 9/11 attacks
Monday
Sep 18, 2006 at 12:01 AMJun 25, 2009 at 11:31 AM
FEDHAVEN - Veterans of Foreign Wars Ladies Auxiliary 7361 of Fedhaven held a program in remembrance of 9/11 before its meeting Monday. President Susan St. Germain read "If I Knew," a poem described as "very moving."
FEDHAVEN - Veterans of Foreign Wars Ladies Auxiliary 7361 of Fedhaven held a program in remembrance of 9/11 before its meeting Monday. President Susan St. Germain read "If I Knew," a poem described as "very moving."Advocate pins and certificates were presented to Shirley Miller, Helen Rutz and Margaret Shepard for their volunteer work for the auxiliary and VFW post.
The VFW post and ladies auxiliary had Edward Bowlin as guest speaker before their meeting. Bowlin is running for Congress from District 12.
The post and auxiliary meet on the second Monday of the month at the post home, 700 Club Circle in Fedhaven. To join the VFW or auxiliary, call John Cavese at 863-676-0696 or St. Germain 863-696-4486.
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MILF Julia Ann fucking in the couch with her tits
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| 0.051724 |
26:35
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| 0.059524 |
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|
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| 0.051282 |
Steven Donziger outside the Court of Appeals in New York, April 2015 (Reuters: Mike Segar)
Steven Donziger is going to have his day in court, again — this time as a criminal defendant.
Donziger, the lawyer, Obama buddy, and climate activist who tried to extort a few billion dollars from Chevron, is the target of an order from district judge Lewis Kaplan, who has on his own authority appointed three lawyers to prosecute Donziger on criminal contempt charges.
Donziger’s shakedown was, by my reckoning, the largest extortion attempt in human history, and the case involved everybody from activist rock stars such as Roger Waters to Democratic operatives such as Karen Hinton, sometime contributor to Politico and the Huffington Post.
From Judge Kaplan’s original ruling:
This case is extraordinary. The facts are many and sometimes complex. They include things that normally come only out of Hollywood — coded emails among [lead plantiffs’ attorney Steven] Donziger and his colleagues describing their private interactions with and machinations directed at judges and a court appointed expert, their payments to a supposedly neutral expert out of a secret account, a lawyer who invited a film crew to innumerable private strategy meetings and even to ex parte meetings with judges, an Ecuadorian judge who claims to have written the multibillion dollar decision but who was so inexperienced and uncomfortable with civil cases that he had someone else (a former judge who had been removed from the bench) draft some civil decisions for him, an 18-year old typist who supposedly did Internet research in American, English, and French law for the same judge, who knew only Spanish, and much more.
As I wrote at the time: “What’s notable here is that Chevron’s complaint is under the RICO law, meaning that it implies the existence of an ongoing criminal organization. What we have here, if the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York is correct, is the new face of organized crime, and one of the most spectacular attempts at extortion in recorded history.”
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#ifndef CS_COMMON_CS_DIRENT_H_
#define CS_COMMON_CS_DIRENT_H_
#include <limits.h>
#include "common/platform.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#ifdef CS_DEFINE_DIRENT
typedef struct { int dummy; } DIR;
struct dirent {
int d_ino;
#ifdef _WIN32
char d_name[MAX_PATH];
#else
/* TODO(rojer): Use PATH_MAX but make sure it's sane on every platform */
char d_name[256];
#endif
};
DIR *opendir(const char *dir_name);
int closedir(DIR *dir);
struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dir);
#endif /* CS_DEFINE_DIRENT */
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */
#endif /* CS_COMMON_CS_DIRENT_H_ */
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Shemale Love To Have Bareback Sex And Sucks A Cock Views: 1,401
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The present invention relates generally to a sealed container with an opening means enclosed within the container for releasing a liquid enclosed within the container.
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Giardia lamblia is a food and waterborne parasite prevalent in developing countries, and a major cause of outbreaks of diarrhea in the United Sates, that has been classified as a bioterrorism category B organism by the Center for Disease Control because compromised water and food supply could affect US populations as well as army units in foreign countries. Drugs commonly used against anaerobic protozoa are used to treat giardiasis. However, they produce undesirable side effects, clinical resistance may occur in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, and the rate of recurrence is high. The goal of this project is to develop new drug targets for alternative treatments of giardiasis. The sequence of the G. lamblia genome is available, thus, a genomic approach combined with biological insight has been taken to identify enzymes essential for the survival of the organism that are absent or are sufficiently divergent from the human enzymes to exploit those differences in the design of inhibitors. The selected enzymes will be cloned and expressed in E. coli using high throughput techniques, and those that are expressed in soluble form will be validated in G. lamblia by transcription interference methods. Essential enzymes will be prepared for structural and functional studies. Crystal structures will be determined, and will serve to guide the design of inhibitors specific to the Giardia enzymes. Assays to determine the kinetic constants of the enzymes will be developed and the catalytic mechanism will be studied to facilitate the in vitro evaluation of the inhibitors. Crystal structures of enzyme/inhibitor complexes will reveal how the inhibitor may be further improved. The effect of the inhibitors on the growth of G. lamblia will be determined. The long range goals of the project is to establish a database of potential drug targets against giardiasis, to gain insight about their mechanism of action, and to prepare inhibitors that are ready for preclinical evaluation. [unreadable] [unreadable]
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13:20
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371 F.3d 96
WESTINGHOUSE CREDIT CORPORATION n/k/a CBS Corporation, Petitioner-Appellant,Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Bankruptcy-Movant-Appellant,v.Florence B. D'URSO, Trustee, as successor to Florence B. D'Urso, Executrix under the Last Will and Testament of Camillo Durso, deceased, Respondent-Appellee,Durso Supermarkets, Inc., Debtor,Chemical Bank, Defendant.
Docket No. 03-7368(L).
Docket No. 03-7374(CON).
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued December 3, 2003.
Decided June 8, 2004.
COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED John I. Karesh, New York, New York (John H. Eickemeyer, Dana H. Hoffman, Vedder, Price, Kaufman & Kammholz, P.C., New York, New York, of counsel), for Appellants.
Richard H. Dolan, New York, New York (Bennette D. Kramer, Schlam Stone & Dolan, LLP, New York, New York, of counsel), for Appellee.
Before: CARDAMONE, SACK, and JOHN R. GIBSON*, Circuit Judges.
CARDAMONE, Circuit Judge.
1
This appeal concerns the calculation of interest. Crucial to its resolution in this case is fixing when the event takes place that separates pre-judgment from post-judgment time periods. The demarcation between the two periods occurs when a meaningful judgment is entered. The time when an event happens is important ordinarily because of the consequences that flow from it. When a meaningful judgment was entered has significance on this appeal for the same reason, i.e., because that is when post-judgment interest begins to run and pre-judgment interest ceases to apply. Unlike the time when a train departs its station or when the sun rises in the East — events that may be set out in a time-table or a schedule — the entry of a meaningful judgment requires a court to analyze the circumstances surrounding a judgment's entry in order to reach a legal conclusion supported by the evidence that establishes the time when such entry meaningfully occurs. We undertake that task in this opinion.
2
The appellants on this appeal — Westinghouse Credit Corporation and Westinghouse Electric Corporation — are now both part of Viacom, Inc. We refer to appellants collectively as Westinghouse. It appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Stanton, J.) dated March 13, 2003. That order confirmed an arbitration award in Westinghouse's favor, but calculated interest on that award based on the statutory post-judgment interest rate, and applied that rate from the date of an earlier district court judgment that had been vacated on a prior appeal to this Court. Westinghouse contends the district court should have applied a higher interest rate during the period. Because we agree with this contention, we vacate the award and remand with instructions to the district court to amend its judgment so as to add to the award the correct amount of interest.
BACKGROUND
3
Most of the underlying facts are set out in detail on the earlier appeal in Westinghouse Credit Corp. v. D'Urso, 278 F.3d 138 (2d Cir.2002). For purposes of the present appeal, it is sufficient to recite the following: Florence B. D'Urso (Seller) sold all of the shares of Durso Supermarkets, Inc. (which owned 22 supermarkets) in 1989 for $44 million to T.F. Acquisition Corp. (Buyer). Id. at 141-42. Buyer obtained financing to make this purchase of Durso Supermarkets from Westinghouse, and paid the purchase price with a combination of cash and a note and mortgage. The contract covering this transaction called for post-closing adjustments to the purchase price, and part of the cash payment was placed in escrow to cover these adjustments. Id. The agreement further provided that disputes over post-closing price adjustments would be resolved through arbitration and directed that any resulting award was to be paid within ten days. Id.
4
In addition, the agreement contained specific provisions for interest calculations, the subject at the heart of this appeal, in the event that such an award was not paid on time. Section 2.04(c) of the agreement stated
5
If and in the event payment ... is not made on the due date, interest shall be added to the Amount Due, from the date payment was due to the date payment is made, at a rate computed by adding five percent (5%) per annum to the Prime Rate.
6
The parties agree that the prime rate specified under this section is a fixed yearly rate of 10.5 percent, and therefore the interest to be added to the amount due was 15.5 percent per year simple interest (5 percent plus 10.5 percent prime rate).
7
After the transaction closed, Ms. D'Urso as the Seller calculated the price adjustments and determined that the Buyer had paid her more than was owed under their contract. Accordingly, she returned to Buyer a check for $190,302.70. Id. at 143. Buyer contended that it was owed even more money for the closing adjustments. But Buyer had defaulted on payments owed Seller and had filed for bankruptcy before the closing adjustments dispute could be resolved. Because Westinghouse was Buyer's secured creditor, the bankruptcy court permitted it to prosecute Buyer's post-closing price adjustment claims on Buyer's behalf. Seller demanded that these claims be arbitrated, as called for in the contract, and she successfully moved the district court to withdraw the reference of this claim to the bankruptcy court and instead order arbitration. Id.
8
In 1998 following arbitration, the arbitrator awarded Westinghouse $2.3 million on the post-closing price adjustment claim it was prosecuting as a secured creditor of the Buyer. Id. at 144. In the meantime, Seller had obtained two judgments against Buyer based on other claims Ms. D'Urso had arising out of the sale of Durso Supermarkets. Id. at 143. Seller sought to use these two judgments as a recoupment or setoff to satisfy the arbitration award in favor of Westinghouse. Id. at 144. When Westinghouse petitioned the district court to confirm its arbitration award and to direct that the parties' escrow account be used to satisfy it, the district court confirmed the award, but agreed with Seller's setoff argument. It therefore directed the escrow agents to pay the entire escrow fund to Seller rather than to Buyer. Id. That decision, which formed the basis of a judgment dated June 2, 1999 was the subject of the previous appeal in this Court. The issue we addressed on that appeal was whether Seller was entitled to satisfy and extinguish the arbitration award by recoupment or setoff against Seller's other judgments. Id. We held that Seller (Ms. D'Urso) was not so entitled. Thus, we vacated the judgment and remanded the case to the district court. Id. at 150.
9
On remand, the district court ruled on the only contested issue remaining, which was the calculation of interest. In an order dated March 13, 2003, it held that interest should be calculated using the purchase agreement rate of 15.5 percent per year from the day after the arbitration award was due — August 1, 1998 — up until the day on which the district court had rendered its earlier judgment confirming the award — June 2, 1999, a period of ten months. It further decided that interest should be calculated at the post-judgment interest rate dictated by 28 U.S.C. § 1961 (a lower rate than 15.5 percent) between June 2, 1999 (the date of the district court's earlier judgment) and the date of payment. The district court then rendered a new judgment in which it confirmed Westinghouse's arbitration award and directed the escrow agents to pay that amount plus the specified interest to Westinghouse. This new judgment was dated March 28, 2003, and payment of it was effected on the same day.
DISCUSSION
10
Section 1961 of Title 28 provides a uniform rate at which post-judgment interest is to accrue on civil money judgments recovered in federal district court. It is undisputed that if the district court was correct in applying the § 1961 rate, and if it was correct in applying it from June 2, 1999, then it was also correct that the precise rate mandated by § 1961 was 4.879 percent per year (computed daily and compounded annually). But Westinghouse contends that the § 1961 rate should not have applied because the parties had agreed in the purchase agreement to a higher yearly rate of 15.5 percent interest. Alternatively, Westinghouse urges that the district court should not have applied the § 1961 rate commencing on June 2, 1999 because judgment had not been meaningfully ascertained at that time.
I Standard of Review
11
We have not had occasion to establish the standard under which a district court's award of post-judgment interest under § 1961 is reviewed. That standard we now hold is de novo. We recognize that interest awards are ordinarily said to be subject to an abuse of discretion standard. But such language appears only in cases where the statute commits those awards to the district court's discretion. See, e.g., Commercial Union Assurance Co. v. Milken, 17 F.3d 608, 613 (2d Cir.1994) (reviewing pre-judgment interest awarded under federal law). In contrast, we have not limited review to the abuse of discretion standard in cases where the governing law made an award of interest mandatory. See, e.g., Indu Craft, Inc. v. Bank of Baroda, 87 F.3d 614, 617 (2d Cir.1996) (reviewing pre-judgment interest awarded under New York law).
12
There is no question but that the post-judgment interest awarded in this case was mandatory under § 1961. That section states: "Interest shall be allowed on any money judgment in a civil case recovered in a district court." 28 U.S.C. § 1961; see Lewis v. Whelan, 99 F.3d 542, 545 (2d Cir.1996) (stating that interest awarded under § 1961 is mandatory; Carte Blanche (Sing.) Pte., Ltd. v. Carte Blanche Int'l, Ltd., 888 F.2d 260, 269 (2d Cir.1989)) (same). Further, our review of this award hinges on statutory interpretation. These factors militate in favor of de novo review. Cf. BP Exploration & Oil Co. v. Maint. Servs., Inc., 313 F.3d 936, 947 (6th Cir.2002) (reviewing post-judgment interest award de novo because it involved interpretation of § 1961); Citicorp Real Estate, Inc. v. Smith, 155 F.3d 1097, 1107 (9th Cir.1998) (same). In addition to reviewing the trial court's decision on post-judgment interest, we are required to review the district court's construction of the terms of the purchase agreement, and that construction is also subject to de novo review. See, e.g., Oscar Gruss & Son, Inc. v. Hollander, 337 F.3d 186, 198 (2d Cir.2003).
13
II Purchase Agreement Interest Rate Versus Statutory Interest Rate
14
Westinghouse's primary contention is that the district court should not have applied § 1961 at all. Instead, it maintains, the 15.5 percent yearly interest rate specified in the parties' purchase agreement should have been used. Although Westinghouse was not a signatory to the purchase agreement, it is standing in Buyer's shoes in this litigation. According to Westinghouse, parties are free to fix post-judgment interest at a rate other than that specified in § 1961, and it contends the parties did so here.
A. Post-Judgment Interest Set By Contract
15
We agree that parties may by contract set a post-judgment rate at which interest shall be payable. Yet we are unable to conclude that the parties did so in this case. While we have never addressed the question of whether parties may "contract out" of § 1961, the Fifth and Seventh Circuits have squarely held that they may. See Cent. States, Southeast & Southwest Areas Pension Fund v. Bomar Nat'l, Inc., 253 F.3d 1011, 1020 (7th Cir.2001) ("It is well established that parties can agree to an interest rate other than the standard one contained in 28 U.S.C. § 1961."); ITT Diversified Credit Corp. v. Lift & Equip. Serv., Inc., 816 F.2d 1013, 1018 (5th Cir.1987) ("While 28 U.S.C. § 1961 provides a standard rate of post-judgment interest, the parties are free to stipulate a different rate, consistent with state usury and other applicable laws."); see also Hymel v. UNC, Inc., 994 F.2d 260, 265-66 (5th Cir.1993) (stating the same in dicta). We note that two district courts in other circuits recently took issue with the authority on which the above holdings relied, but neither court disputed the basic premise that parties may by contract override the statutory interest rate set by § 1961. See BP Prods. N. Am., Inc. v. Youssef, 296 F.Supp.2d 1351, 1354-55 & n. 4 (M.D.Fla.2004); Horizon Holdings, L.L.C. v. Genmar Holdings, Inc., 244 F.Supp.2d 1250, 1272-75 (D.Kan.2003).
16
Similar to our sister circuits, we see nothing in § 1961 to prevent parties from setting their own post-judgment interest rates through private agreements, so long as those rates do not violate state usury or other applicable laws. We say this because the text of § 1961 is silent on the point, neither expressly permitting nor ruling out deviations by private agreement. While the section employs mandatory language, we believe this is aimed mainly at precluding district courts from exercising discretion over the rate of interest or adopting an interest rate set by arbitrators, see, e.g., Carte Blanche, 888 F.2d at 269-70, not at limiting the ability of private parties to set their own rates through contract. See Horizon Holdings, 244 F.Supp.2d at 1275.
17
Post-judgment interest serves as a means to "compensate the successful plaintiff for being deprived of compensation for the loss from the time between the ascertainment of the damage and the payment by the defendant." Kaiser Aluminum & Chem. Corp. v. Bonjorno, 494 U.S. 827, 835-36, 110 S.Ct. 1570, 108 L.Ed.2d 842 (1990). Congress' last major amendment to § 1961 was designed to keep post-judgment interest rates high enough so as to deter losing defendants from having an economic incentive to pursue frivolous appeals. See id. at 839, 110 S.Ct. 1570; S.Rep. No. 97-275, at 11, 30 (1981), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 11, 21, 40. Allowing parties to strike their own bargains with respect to post-judgment interest furthers this goal. The parties are usually in the best position to determine the amount of compensation appropriate in case of delayed satisfaction. To the extent they agree on a rate higher than that provided by § 1961, they are simply augmenting what Congress has already said and further discouraging frivolous appeals. To the extent they agree on a lower rate, the successful plaintiff has essentially waived part of the benefit that the statute was intended to confer, and beneficiaries of a statutory provision generally may to do this, absent congressional language to the contrary. See United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 200-01, 115 S.Ct. 797, 130 L.Ed.2d 697 (1995). Although we ultimately need not decide the issue on the particular facts of this case, we are thus of the view that the parties were free to establish a post-judgment interest rate by contract if they wished to do so.
B. Limits on Contracts Setting Post-Judgment Interest
18
Section 1961, of course, is not the only potential limit on private agreements governing post-judgment interest. Such agreements must also comport with applicable laws governing contract and usury in general. Most fundamentally, such contracts must actually indicate the parties' intent to deviate from § 1961. It is at this juncture where our views part from those that Westinghouse urges on us.
19
It has been established that the purchase agreement in this case is governed by New York law. See Westinghouse, 278 F.3d at 146 & n. 3. The general rule under New York and federal law is that a debt created by contract merges with a judgment entered on that contract, so that the contract debt is extinguished and only the judgment debt survives. See Marine Mgmt., Inc. v. Seco Mgmt., Inc., 176 A.D.2d 252, 574 N.Y.S.2d 207, 208 (2d Dept.1991), aff'd, 80 N.Y.2d 886, 587 N.Y.S.2d 900, 600 N.E.2d 627 (1992); Carte Blanche, 888 F.2d at 269. Under New York law, contract language stating that a particular interest rate will accrue on a debt until the date of payment is interpreted as applying to the debt itself, and not to any judgment into which the debt is merged. See Marine Mgmt., 574 N.Y.S.2d at 208-09. If parties want to override the general rule on merger and specify a post-judgment interest rate, they must express such intent through "clear, unambiguous and unequivocal" language. Banque Nationale de Paris v. 1567 Broadway Ownership Assocs., 248 A.D.2d 154, 669 N.Y.S.2d 568, 569 (1st Dept.1998); see Marine Mgmt., 574 N.Y.S.2d at 209.
20
The parties in the case at bar did not do this. They agreed that a 15.5 percent interest rate would be added to any arbitration award "from the date payment was due to the date payment is made." The parties failed to state that this rate would apply to judgments rendered on that award. New York law treats this language therefore as applying only to the contract debt, and not to the judgment into which that debt is merged. Consequently, even though we believe the parties could have contracted out of the § 1961 interest rate, it is quite evident that they neglected to do so.
III Timing of Statutory Rate
21
Westinghouse's alternative contention is that regardless of the parties' intent to contract around § 1961, post-judgment interest could not begin running until March 28, 2003, because that is when judgment was first meaningfully ascertained. Until that date, Westinghouse asserts, the purchase agreement continued to dictate that pre-judgment interest at the rate of 15.5 percent continued to apply. The Seller D'Urso does not dispute that the purchase agreement dictates the rate of pre-judgment interest, but she declares that judgment was meaningfully ascertained on June 2, 1999, nearly four years earlier than the March 2003 date Westinghouse selected. She also points out that Westinghouse never raised this issue before the district court. What is critical about the date judgment was meaningfully ascertained is that this is the date that separates for the computation of interest the pre-judgment and post-judgment periods.
22
In general we refrain from passing on issues not raised below, Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120, 96 S.Ct. 2868, 49 L.Ed.2d 826 (1976); Burnette v. Carothers, 192 F.3d 52, 58 (2d Cir.1999). But we nonetheless retain broad discretion to do so in certain circumstances because the rule of refraining is not one that limits appellate jurisdiction. Lo Duca v. United States, 93 F.3d 1100, 1104 (2d Cir.1996). One such circumstance where we may rule on issues not raised in the district court is when the issues are solely legal ones not requiring additional factfinding. See Baker v. Dorfman, 239 F.3d 415, 420-21 (2d Cir.2000). Such is the case here.
23
As a starting point, we agree with the parties that neither Briggs v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 334 U.S. 304, 306, 68 S.Ct. 1039, 92 L.Ed. 1403 (1948), nor Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 37(b) would have limited the district court's power to award post-judgment interest from June 2, 1999 if such an award had been otherwise justified. Rule 37(b) requires that when a Court of Appeals "modifies or reverses a judgment with a direction that a money judgment be entered in the district court, the mandate must contain instructions about the allowance of interest." Rule 37(b) serves as a reminder of the Briggs rule which holds that if the mandate does not contain such instructions, the district court is powerless to award interest during the period between its original judgment and the judgment it enters on remand, since doing so would deviate from the mandate it has been given. See Briggs, 334 U.S. at 306, 68 S.Ct. 1039; Fed. R.App. P. 37 advisory committee's note. By their terms Rule 37(b) and the underlying Briggs limitation on district court power apply only when the mandate directs the district court to enter a money judgment.
24
We do not infer a different result from the recent decision in Tronzo v. Biomet, Inc., 318 F.3d 1378 (Fed.Cir.2003). In Tronzo the Federal Circuit held that a mandate directed the entry of a money judgment (and Rule 37(b) therefore applied) even though the mandate lacked the word "remanded." See id. at 1380. The court reasoned that "all appellate judgments are returned to the district court for entry and implementation." Id. While we agree that the word remanded is not needed to trigger Rule 37(b) and Briggs, we believe there must be at least some indication that the mandate is directing entry of a particular money judgment. In the absence of such an indication, the district court should not be barred from awarding interest on its own, since doing so would not deviate from the mandate.
25
Rule 37(b) and Briggs did not apply to the instant case because this Court's mandate did not direct the district court to enter a money judgment. Instead, the mandate simply vacated the district court's June 2, 1999 judgment, and remanded "for further proceedings in accordance with the opinion of this Court." The opinion stated that it was remanding "for further proceedings." Westinghouse, 278 F.3d at 142, 144, 150. While it is clear that the effect of the mandate and opinion was to ensure that the district court would ultimately enter a money judgment in favor of Westinghouse, neither document suggested what the amount of the judgment should be or that the judgment could be entered by the district court without further proceedings. To the contrary, the mandate expressly stated that "further proceedings" were required. Accordingly, the district court did not deviate from or enlarge the mandate by awarding interest.
26
However, it did deviate from our rule on when post-judgment interest begins accruing in cases involving multiple judgments. In such cases, post-judgment interest should be calculated from whenever judgment was first ascertained in a meaningful way. Goodrich Corp. v. Town of Middlebury, 311 F.3d 154, 178 (2d Cir.2002); Greenway v. Buffalo Hilton Hotel, 143 F.3d 47, 55 (2d Cir.1998). Where the judgment on damages finds no support in the evidence, it may not be said that damages have been ascertained in a meaningful way. Kaiser Aluminum, 494 U.S. at 836, 110 S.Ct. 1570. Where a judgment is vacated "because it lacks a legal basis or requires further factual development, the vacated award should be treated as a nullity and post-judgment interest therefore accrues from the entry of judgment on remand." Lewis, 99 F.3d at 545-46.
27
The June 2, 1999 judgment in this case was not ascertained in a meaningful way because it awarded no money to Westinghouse, and because it was vacated on appeal. While the trial court ascertained the amount of the arbitration award, such was just the first step in determining the amount to award in the judgment itself. By applying a recoupment or setoff, the court erroneously concluded the judgment should include no monetary damages. Cf. Carte Blanche, 888 F.2d at 267-70 (in which the judgment in question not only confirmed an arbitration award but also included correct damages based on that award). What the district court did is analogous to a judgment that correctly determines liability, but errs in applying the appropriate method to calculate damages. We have previously held that such a judgment was not ascertained in a meaningful way for the purposes of post-judgment interest. See Vt. Microsystems, Inc. v. Autodesk, Inc., 138 F.3d 449, 452 (2d Cir.1998).
28
The situation here is different from one where judgment for plaintiff is entered on a jury verdict, but defendant's post-trial motion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) is granted. In such a case, if an appellate court later reverses defendant's JMOL, it may be proper to calculate post-judgment interest from the original judgment because the appellate court's reversal "does not change the fact that the [original] judgment was ascertained in a meaningful sense." Indu Craft, 87 F.3d at 620. In the instant case, on the other hand, there is no original judgment left standing after the vacatur on appeal.
29
The first meaningfully ascertained judgment in this case is the one dated March 28, 2003. This date is important to Westinghouse because, as noted earlier, until that date the higher 15.5 percent pre-judgment interest rate governed. Hence, pre-judgment interest should have therefore been awarded until that judgment was entered and post-judgment interest should have been awarded thereafter. Of course since the judgment was actually paid on March 28, 2003, there is no need to award any post-judgment interest.
CONCLUSION
30
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court's judgment to the extent that it erroneously calculated post-judgment interest starting on June 2, 1999. We remand with instructions that the March 28, 2003 judgment be amended by awarding Westinghouse interest on its arbitration award from June 2, 1999 until March 28, 2003 at a rate of 15.5 percent per year (simple interest), rather than at the statutory rate of five percent.
31
Vacated and remanded.
Notes:
*
Honorable John R. Gibson, United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation
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Working to understand the complex connections between people, cities, and environments
Is cash for clunkers good policy?
After a bout with the stomach flu, I’m actually feeling kind of human this morning, so I thought I might chat a little about cash for clunkers.
Matt Kahn writes about the program here and here. Slate does a simple calculation here. Matt concludes that the cash for clunkers hurts low-income car buyers in both countries, by effectively setting a price floor for used vehicles, and in the second group of calculations, he works through the carbon return from the program.
I don’t know who designed the program as it was implemented. I was an advocate for a much more limited, spatially targeted version of cash for clunkers prior to this, as it would be very nice to get beaters off the road for local air quality benefits. I also supported a much lower buy-out level, with the supposition being that you’d switch to transit rather than simply exchanging one car for another. Instead, the existing program is targeted towards people who purchased SUVs, woke up when gas prices spiked, and are now looking to offload their bigger cars. And this program does nothing to target gross polluters. Improving mpg does address both local and global emissions, but not as much as explicitly targeting gross polluters would. When I advocated for fleet replacement policies years ago, I was told we couldn’t “do this because it would hurt the poor.” It’s kind of interesting that this existing program, which creates a much higher price floor, has been almost entirely uncontested based on equity grounds.
There has always been some concern about what would happen for low-income motorists when the SUVs began to dominate the secondary market for automobiles. The expectation was that gas guzzlers would so increase the operating costs of motoring that low-income motorists would have to scale back usage. We may be changing that calculus with this program somewhat.
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| 0.058824 |
VIEWS: 11576
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| 0.053191 |
Q:
Infimum inequality comparing restrictions.
Suppose $f$ is a continuous function on the real line. Say we have two collections of sets $\{A_k\}_{k=1}^{n}$ and $\{B_k\}_{k=1}^{m}$, where $n>m$ and
\begin{align}
\bigcap_{k=1}^{n} A_k &= \bigcap_{k=1}^{m} B_k = \emptyset \\
\bigcup_{k=1}^{n}A_k &= \bigcup_{k=1}^{m}B_k
\end{align}
Can I say that
$$
\frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n} \inf_{x\in A_k}f(x) \ge \frac{1}{m}\sum_{k=1}^{m} \inf_{x\in B_k}f(x).
$$
Intuitively the answer is yes, since the $B_k$ give less restrictions, thus the average infimum should be lower.
A:
Take $f$ the identity function. Let $m=2$ with $B_1 = [0,1]$ and $[1,2]$. Let $n = 3$ with $A_1= [0,1], A_2 = [0,1]$ and $A_3 = [1,2]$. Now your inequality reads $$\frac{1}{3} \geq \frac{1}{2}$$
and we have a contradiction.
EDIT: This is a counterexample to the original question. For a counterexample to the modified one see the comments.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes, and mucosal IgA anti-viral responses in women with cervical ectopy.
Data on the prevalence of different human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and the associated mucosal immune response in women with cervical ectopy are scarce. To assess the prevalence of different HPV genotypes and the mucosal anti-viral immune response in cervical ectopy. Detection and typing of HPV DNA was determined in 141 women with cervical ectopy, 272 cytologically normal controls and 98 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) by PCR and direct sequencing. Mucosal IgA antibodies to HPV16 and HPV18 were evaluated in cervical mucus by ELISA. The prevalence of HPV in cervical ectopy was higher (73.7%) than that observed in control samples (30.5% in endocervix, and 1.8% in exocervix), but similar to the prevalence in LSIL (62.2%). Typing showed that the overall distribution frequency concerned 14 different genotypes, with HPV18 being the most prevalent in cervical ectopy (53.9%), whereas HPV16 predominated in LSIL (38.7%). High-risk HPV genotypes were 2.2 times more frequent in cervical ectopy than in the normal endocervix (p<0.0001). HPV infection in cervical ectopy patients was accompanied by a mucosal IgA-antibody response. Antibody reactivity to HPV18 was significantly higher than the response to HPV16. Cervical ectopy is a risk factor for infection with high-risk HPV genotypes, in particular HPV18. Our results emphasize the need of further studies to clarify the oncogenic potential of this virus in cervical ectopy.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
The RPE cell plays a basic role in maintaining the structural and physiological integrity of the neural retina. Alterations in its structural and functional actions can result in loss of photoreceptors and vision. We have studied the RPE cell extensively as an important immunoregulatory cell within the posterior pole of the eye. Our research activities on RPE cells can be subdivided into three categories: normal cell function studies, cytokine interactions and infectious processes. This project has concentrated on studying the ways in which cytokines interact with cells of the immune system and with cells in the ocular microenvironment. These studies indicate that cytokine-mediated activation of RPE cells may be a basic component of ocular immunity and an important aspect of RPE cell transplantation. During the past year, we have studied the Toll-Like receptors (TLR) in RPE cells and possible biological markers associated with patients with retinal vasculitis. TLRs are crucial components of innate immunity that participate in host defense against microbial pathogens. We evaluated the expression and function of TLRs in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Real time PCR analysis revealed gene expression for TLR 1 to 7, 9 and 10 in RPE cells. TLR 1 and 3 were the most highly expressed TLRs. TLR 3 is the receptor for dsRNA, an intermediate of virus replication. Since RPE cells express TLR 3 and are frequently the site of virus replication within the retina, we evaluated TLR 3 signaling and found that IFN-beta is one of the key molecules produced. The presence of TLRs on RPE cells and the resultant TLR signaling in RPE cells suggest that these molecules may play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses within the retina.[unreadable] [unreadable] Retinal vasculitis is a major component of ocular inflammation that plays a role in retinal tissue damage in patients with idiopathic uveitis and Behcet?s disease. We found that levels of selected soluble adhesion molecules and cytokines were altered in the serum of patients with retinal vasculitis. Type 1 IFN, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta were not detectable in normal individuals but were detected in up to 39% of the serum from Behcet?s patients and 47% of uveitis patients. Our in vitro findings further demonstrated that the retinal vascular endothelial cell could be activated throuth TLR3 to produce sE-selectin, sICAM-1 and IFN-beta. Further analysis of innate immune signaling may prove to be a novel target for future studies on pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in retinal vasculitis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
| 0 |
Fuck Me Daddy, Fuck Me In My Ass I Like It!
Fuck Me Daddy, Fuck Me In My Ass I Like It!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.068182 |
Watch Petite step sister seduce me to fuck her ass ANAL CREAMPIE on yxiz.blogspot, the best hardcore porn site.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.054054 |
Q:
How do I call a method from another class in Swift?
When a button is pressed in FirstViewController, I would like for it to call a func pressedButton() in another class (SecondViewController). How do I do this?
I've tried the following, and it does not work right:
SecondViewController().pressedButton()
Here's the code for pressedButton:
func pressLearnButton() {
let screenSize: CGRect = UIScreen.mainScreen().bounds
let screenWidth = screenSize.width
self.scrollView.setContentOffset(CGPoint(x: screenWidth, y: 0), animated: true)
}
A:
Syntactically, it seems like you're trying to accomplish what a static method normally does. Unless this is what you're trying to accomplish, and I'm guessing it's not, you need to instantiate your SecondViewController before you call a method on it, assign it to a variable, and call your desired method as follows:
let otherViewController: SecondViewController = SecondViewController()
let result = otherViewController.doSomething()
If you're trying to transition (segue) to another view controller when you click on the button you should be using the prepareForSegue() method to make the transition to the next view controller. Also, don't forget to set the segue identifier on the Storyboard.
Hopefully this is helpful.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Q:
How does static code run with multiple threads?
I was reading Threading from within a class with static and non-static methods and I am in a similar situation.
I have a static method that pulls data from a resource and creates some runtime objects based on the data.
static class Worker{
public static MyObject DoWork(string filename){
MyObject mo = new MyObject();
// ... does some work
return mo;
}
}
The method takes awhile (in this case it is reading 5-10mb files) and returns an object.
I want to take this method and use it in a multiple thread situation so I can read multiple files at once. Design issues / guidelines aside, how would multiple threads access this code?
Let's say I have something like this...
class ThreadedWorker {
public void Run() {
Thread t = new Thread(OnRun);
t.Start();
}
void OnRun() {
MyObject mo = Worker.DoWork("somefilename");
mo.WriteToConsole();
}
}
Does the static method run for each thread, allowing for parallel execution?
A:
Yes, the method should be able to run fine in multiple threads. The only thing you should worry about is accessing the same file in multiple threads at the same time.
A:
You should distinguish between static methods and static fields in this case. Each call to a static method will have its own "copy" of the method and its local variables. That means that in your sample, each call will operate on its own MyObject instance, and the calls will have nothing to do with each other. This also means that there is no problem with executing them on different threads.
A:
If the static method is written to be thread safe, then it can be called from any thread or even passed to a thread pool.
You have to keep in mind - .NET objects don't live on threads (with the exception of structs located on a thread's stack) - paths of execution do. So, if a thread can access an instance of an object it can call an instance method. Any thread can call a static method because it all needs to know about is the type of the object.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Gay Cumpilation - Fuck the Cum Out of Me
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.05 |
Tries to suck on toilet while sucking on shit sucks on dick
177 shares
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
| 0.056338 |
/43
Evaluate ((-1)/(-11))/((4 - 1)/(1 + -10)).
-3/11
What is the value of (294/35)/(-3) + (-4929)/795?
-9
What is the value of 5/(3680/1440*4/92)?
45
Calculate 70/(-987)*2227330/(-50775).
28/9
(-22456)/1604 + (-422)/(-30)
1/15
(2402/401 + -6)*((-5022)/(-124))/81
-2/401
What is -112 - (-10368)/96 - 32/(-5)?
12/5
What is the value of (65/156)/(6/69 + 156/3496)?
19/6
294/(-102) - -3 - (-88464)/4947
18
Calculate (-2)/507 - 94112/(-551616).
1/6
What is -1*1/30 + 102081977/(-1674390)?
-61
What is the value of 1422*48/2592 - (-4)/6?
27
44450/630 - 71 - (274/(-54))/(17/(-357))
-107
What is the value of 109440/48384 - 6/14?
11/6
24552/(-930) + 3 + 17
-32/5
Calculate (2 - (1040/(-78) - -15))/((-1)/72).
-24
What is ((-2)/7 + 22/154)/(116 + -115)?
-1/7
Evaluate (-11)/((-14630)/42)*(2 - (-32)/(-36)).
2/57
What is (20 + 4374889/(-219180) + 2/24)*(-15)/(-6)?
4/13
((-212)/(-5))/((-608)/(-760)) - 30
23
Evaluate (423/27 - 1218/126) + 1 + (-346)/50.
2/25
What is the value of (108*(-330)/(-57915))/((-132)/26)?
-4/33
(708/(-20) - 0)*(2/(-15))/((-130)/(-1625))
59
Calculate ((-812)/319)/(24/594).
-63
What is the value of 2625/45 - 22 - (66/(-18) + 5)?
35
What is the value of (-6 + 3 + 2982/980)*(-35)/(-5)?
3/10
5 + 52 + 2595/(-173)
42
(5 - 204/48)/((-11)/660)
-45
Calculate (2/4 + 10057/(-890))*(-10)/(-6).
-18
Calculate (-42)/2*(-1884 - -1885)/(1 - -2).
-7
((-115)/(-120) - 1 - 143/312)/((-2)/(-12))
-3
What is the value of 1584/27 + 1050/(-30)?
71/3
What is ((-21)/196)/((-12)/(-680)) - (-63)/42?
-32/7
Calculate (-2)/((-16)/12)*40*(-6)/36*-8.
80
What is (-246)/(-861)*(-4900)/56?
-25
What is the value of (-31)/(-2945) - (-649718)/61940?
21/2
What is the value of (-11224)/612 + (-59785)/(-3261)?
-1/153
Evaluate (6/(-78) - (-3105)/(-5265))*3*41.
-82
What is 120*(47 + (-7030)/148)?
-60
Evaluate ((-7385)/(-245) - 82) + 49.
-20/7
Evaluate ((-5728)/(-9308))/((-14)/(-39))*(-3 - (-286)/100).
-6/25
What is the value of 365/(-438)*(-171)/380?
3/8
((-470)/50)/((-650)/(-3250))
-47
(-2174)/(-64) + 1*(-107)/(-3424)
34
Calculate (-22)/(-2) - ((-5879744)/(-555555) + (-15)/(-35)).
-2/165
What is the value of (432/(-336) - (-5)/5)*(-98)/(-8)?
-7/2
Evaluate (-18)/15*(-320 - -350).
-36
Calculate (23 - 25 - 26/(-8))*14/(-70).
-1/4
What is (-3834)/568 - (-517)/76?
1/19
Evaluate (-2764776)/(-39967) + 31/17 + -2.
69
What is the value of (-4)/(((-3284)/(-27093))/((-4)/22))?
6
What is (49 + 7824/(-160))/((-3)/48)?
-8/5
(-3946)/136 - (-13 + -89 + 73)
-1/68
Evaluate (-798)/(-285)*(-170)/14.
-34
What is (2/(-4) + 39/26 + -6)/(2 - 1)?
-5
Evaluate (((-3)/(-15))/(-14 - 108717/(-7750)))/((-2)/(-7)).
25
Calculate (489 - 489)*(-2)/4.
0
Evaluate ((-2133)/3476*12)/((-27)/198).
54
27 + (-294)/(-12) + 28/(-182) + 9/(-26)
51
Calculate (1 + -2)*(-12236)/707940*(-6)/14.
-1/135
((-5118)/189 - 42/294) + 6/27
-27
Calculate (-1 - (-6546)/72) + (-2)/7*(-714)/2448.
90
((-9095870)/4550)/(-133) - 6/195
15
Evaluate 21/1 - -29*29/(-841).
20
What is the value of (-11031952)/30873*(4/(-22) - (-34)/(-176))?
134
What is the value of (5/(10/(-18)))/((-279)/3024 + (-154)/1617)?
48
What is the value of ((-130)/195)/((-4)/48)*-4?
-32
(246675/(-4420))/(-253)*48/(-10)
-18/17
2216 + -2166 + -142 + 3
-89
What is the value of 326664/13611 - (155 - 12/(-4))?
-134
Calculate ((-21)/174)/(4060/(-1740))*(4 + (-2)/1).
3/29
Calculate (36/(-168) + 0)/((-477)/1484).
2/3
Calculate (-221)/(-25) + 39*5/845*-39.
-4/25
Evaluate (12*6/63 + -1)/(61*(-130)/860405).
-31/2
(-6*12/36)/(28 + (-6)/3)
-1/13
Evaluate ((-32)/(-800))/(7*(-10)/(-70))*(1 - -1).
2/25
Calculate (3/(-6))/((-25)/10) - 18912/5910.
-3
(22 + (-2352)/108)*((-350)/8 + 1)
-19/2
(-28)/152*(-120)/(-280)*-2
3/19
Calculate ((-464)/224)/(8149/(-1124)).
2/7
(-55)/(-25) - (-144)/(-63)
-3/35
((-186)/(-77))/((-48)/(-224)) - (-4)/66
34/3
Calculate -7 + -12 + -8 - 264/(-8).
6
Evaluate ((-84)/(-98))/((-140)/14259) - 3/(-10).
-87
What is -8 + (-34 - 4719/(-132))*(-100)/(-14)?
9/2
Evaluate ((-2)/5)/1 + (98784/945)/(-112).
-4/3
Calculate (-82 + 180 - 94) + (-100)/26.
2/13
What is the value of (-169)/26*-10*300/2730?
50/7
What is the value of 9*8/(-66) - (-246078)/216678?
3/67
Evaluate 2016/27 + -18 - 64/(-6)*(-5)/20.
54
What is the value of (49365/(-4875) + 20/(-130) - -9)/((-24)/(-60))?
-16/5
Calculate (-3 - 360/(-156))*(27 + 142).
-117
What is (18/(-45) - (-54)/10)*(-14)/((-504)/(-12))?
-5/3
Calculate 1*(-7 + (-98)/(13 + -6)).
-21
28/25200*-5036 + (-11)/(-275)
-50/9
506/121*11 - -3
49
What is -2*15/140 - (-48093)/(-966)?
-50
Calculate (-90 - (-65536)/704)*33.
102
Calculate ((-107920)/19880)/(2/(-7)).
19
Calculate ((-2)/3)/((-83)/(31374/(-735)))*-5.
12/7
Calculate ((-130)/156)/((-588)/84 - (-4)/(12/33)).
-5/24
Evaluate ((-4323)/(-363) - 1/(-11)) + (16 - 26).
2
(-8)/1422*256284/37968
-3/79
Evaluate (-24)/(-1)*28*24/(-1344).
-12
What is (-725)/(-154) + (84/(-14))/(31 - -13)?
32/7
Evaluate (-3)/6*(64 + 1419/(-22)).
1/4
Calculate (30360/(-50600))/((-4 - (-985)/250)/(9*-1)).
-90
Calculate (-9 + 21)*1/75.
4/25
Evaluate -118*(-9)/5841 + 4/(-22)*(-1910)/4.
87
Calculate (-3)/(9 + -8 - -29).
-1/10
-16476 + 16508 + (1562/(-52) - 2)
-1/26
(924/165)/((-462)/1980) + -7
-31
What is the value of ((-4)/(-2) - (-10)/(-6))/(37/(9990/(-6)))?
-15
What is the value of (-7 - (-13 + 4))*9/(-12)*276/(-1932)?
3/14
What is -1 - ((-1384)/624 + (-170)/(-150) + (-1)/(-5))?
-3/26
Calculate 595/77 + (-1253)/179.
8/11
Calculate (-11)/528*-8*126/(-420) + 639/(-20).
-32
Evaluate ((-12393)/510 - -25)/(84/48).
2/5
Evaluate 1/(11/123) - 164/(-10496)*-704.
2/11
Calculate (-10)/6*39/(-78)*(32/5 + -6).
1/3
What is (6/20 - 266/420)/(16/3792)?
-79
Calculate 1*(-1 - -2)*((756/44)/(-7) - -1).
-16/11
What is the value of (-12593)/(-686) - (-54)/84?
19
What is the value of (-35594)/(-67340) + (-21)/35?
-1/14
What is the value of (-18)/(((-70)/(-25) - 2)/(-4) + 2/4)?
-60
Calculate 12 + 1*((-108)/8 + 71/71).
-1/2
What is the value of (796 - 799)*((-1)/2)/((-3)/(-92))?
46
((-75222)/(-2189))/126 - 170/99
-13/9
What is ((-1190)/425)/(10 + 495/(-50))?
-28
What is the value of -74*10/(-1480)*-4?
-2
(-20)/6 + (0 - -25)*(96/(-80) - -1)
-25/3
Evaluate (-214)/39 + 30/540*(-936)/(-338).
-16/3
Evaluate (7/2 - 2)*(7474/259)/(-101).
-3/7
-144 + 89 + (-6570)/(-126)
-20/7
Evaluate (17 + (-3)/36*171)*(16 + -40).
-66
Evaluate (-52)/2574*-649 + (-6)/(-3)*-7.
-8/9
(-494)/(-171) + (-11256)/4158
2/11
(-3)/24 + (10/(-70))/(41/(362194/16))
-79
What is ((-2772)/108)/((-1946)/(-8340))?
-110
Evaluate (-84)/(-10) + ((-126)/(-26) - (24 + (-7222)/299)).
67/5
5 - (2/(-2) + -3 + 18349/18054*9)
-5/34
(312/27)/(5432/(-24444))
-52
What is the value of (-23268)/(-166754) - 436/43?
-10
What is the value of 678/24 - 10902/(-1896)?
34
Calculate (-483)/21 + (-672 - 6)/(-6).
90
Calculate (-235 - 285920/(-1280)) + (-30)/(-16).
-39/4
What is the value of (-1 - 4/6)*867*108/(-1530)?
102
What is -13 + 128 + (-2288)/26?
27
Evaluate 600/(-1350)*(15 - 16)*207.
92
Evaluate 1113/(-198) + 4550/84 + -54.
-60/11
Evaluate (8/(-120))/((-505)/22725).
3
What is the value of 25*(20779/(-13223) - (-3)/(-7))?
-50
Evaluate (-165)/(-5720)*-22*14/(-231).
1/26
What is the value of (2772/(-189) - 39/(-3))/((-4)/(-264))?
-110
What is the value of -10 - 75627/(-7344) - (-28)/(-119)?
1/16
Calculate (-196)/24 - (3872/(-264))/22.
-15/2
What is the value of 1134/(-324) + (-9657)/(-74)?
127
What is (-31 - 5038/(-154))*21/(-138)?
-6/23
What is 108/9720*-760*9?
-76
Evaluate (-44)/(220/15) - -294*-1*(-9)/(-27).
-101
Evaluate (4/18 + -12*1660/(-1728))*-4.
-47
What is -10 - ((24 - 10464/168) + 28)?
2/7
(-86 + (-210456)/(-2449))/3
-2/93
What is the value of (((-12)/165)/((-2)/5))/(((-26668)/(-9086))/113)?
7
16/(-1032) - 165250/(-258000)
5/8
Evaluate 10/(-5)*(112897/2958 + ((-5)/(-6) - 1)).
-76
(4/(-8) - -4)/(690/(-3450))
-35/2
Calculate (-3)/(7*(-2013)/(-154)).
-2/61
What is the value of ((-3)/60)/(63/(-3255)*-31)?
-1/12
Calculate 7/((-675)/50 + (15 - 2)).
-14
Evaluate (-2)/4*-6 + 0/(-236) - -13.
16
Evaluate ((-9360)/2496*(-1)/2)/(-1 + 2).
15/8
Calculate ((-6)/188*22*36/396)/(21/14).
-2/47
What is (-228)/60 + 2 - 6068/(-410)?
13
Evaluate 102 - 113 - (26/143 - 3501/319).
-6/29
What is the value of (-1271 + 1287)*(-13)/4?
-52
Evaluate 4 - (14 + -1 + 3*49*2/21).
-23
What is the value of (-1 - (-1768)/8)*147/(-735)?
-44
Wha
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
| 0 |
hot shit
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Enron Emails"
}
| 0.125 |
/*
Copyright The containerd Authors.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package images
import (
gocontext "context"
"os"
"sync"
"text/tabwriter"
"time"
"github.com/containerd/containerd"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/cmd/ctr/commands"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/cmd/ctr/commands/content"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/images"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/log"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/pkg/progress"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes"
"github.com/containerd/containerd/remotes/docker"
digest "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
ocispec "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
"github.com/pkg/errors"
"github.com/urfave/cli"
"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)
var pushCommand = cli.Command{
Name: "push",
Usage: "push an image to a remote",
ArgsUsage: "[flags] <remote> [<local>]",
Description: `Pushes an image reference from containerd.
All resources associated with the manifest reference will be pushed.
The ref is used to resolve to a locally existing image manifest.
The image manifest must exist before push. Creating a new image
manifest can be done through calculating the diff for layers,
creating the associated configuration, and creating the manifest
which references those resources.
`,
Flags: append(commands.RegistryFlags, cli.StringFlag{
Name: "manifest",
Usage: "digest of manifest",
}, cli.StringFlag{
Name: "manifest-type",
Usage: "media type of manifest digest",
Value: ocispec.MediaTypeImageManifest,
}),
Action: func(context *cli.Context) error {
var (
ref = context.Args().First()
local = context.Args().Get(1)
desc ocispec.Descriptor
)
if ref == "" {
return errors.New("please provide a remote image reference to push")
}
client, ctx, cancel, err := commands.NewClient(context)
if err != nil {
return err
}
defer cancel()
if manifest := context.String("manifest"); manifest != "" {
desc.Digest, err = digest.Parse(manifest)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "invalid manifest digest")
}
desc.MediaType = context.String("manifest-type")
} else {
if local == "" {
local = ref
}
img, err := client.ImageService().Get(ctx, local)
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "unable to resolve image to manifest")
}
desc = img.Target
}
resolver, err := commands.GetResolver(ctx, context)
if err != nil {
return err
}
ongoing := newPushJobs(commands.PushTracker)
eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
eg.Go(func() error {
log.G(ctx).WithField("image", ref).WithField("digest", desc.Digest).Debug("pushing")
jobHandler := images.HandlerFunc(func(ctx gocontext.Context, desc ocispec.Descriptor) ([]ocispec.Descriptor, error) {
ongoing.add(remotes.MakeRefKey(ctx, desc))
return nil, nil
})
return client.Push(ctx, ref, desc,
containerd.WithResolver(resolver),
containerd.WithImageHandler(jobHandler),
)
})
errs := make(chan error)
go func() {
defer close(errs)
errs <- eg.Wait()
}()
var (
ticker = time.NewTicker(100 * time.Millisecond)
fw = progress.NewWriter(os.Stdout)
start = time.Now()
done bool
)
defer ticker.Stop()
for {
select {
case <-ticker.C:
fw.Flush()
tw := tabwriter.NewWriter(fw, 1, 8, 1, ' ', 0)
content.Display(tw, ongoing.status(), start)
tw.Flush()
if done {
fw.Flush()
return nil
}
case err := <-errs:
if err != nil {
return err
}
done = true
case <-ctx.Done():
done = true // allow ui to update once more
}
}
},
}
type pushjobs struct {
jobs map[string]struct{}
ordered []string
tracker docker.StatusTracker
mu sync.Mutex
}
func newPushJobs(tracker docker.StatusTracker) *pushjobs {
return &pushjobs{
jobs: make(map[string]struct{}),
tracker: tracker,
}
}
func (j *pushjobs) add(ref string) {
j.mu.Lock()
defer j.mu.Unlock()
if _, ok := j.jobs[ref]; ok {
return
}
j.ordered = append(j.ordered, ref)
j.jobs[ref] = struct{}{}
}
func (j *pushjobs) status() []content.StatusInfo {
j.mu.Lock()
defer j.mu.Unlock()
statuses := make([]content.StatusInfo, 0, len(j.jobs))
for _, name := range j.ordered {
si := content.StatusInfo{
Ref: name,
}
status, err := j.tracker.GetStatus(name)
if err != nil {
si.Status = "waiting"
} else {
si.Offset = status.Offset
si.Total = status.Total
si.StartedAt = status.StartedAt
si.UpdatedAt = status.UpdatedAt
if status.Offset >= status.Total {
if status.UploadUUID == "" {
si.Status = "done"
} else {
si.Status = "committing"
}
} else {
si.Status = "uploading"
}
}
statuses = append(statuses, si)
}
return statuses
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
| 0 |
The Invisible Bicycle Helmet
Two ladies have proved it to be possible: The Invisible Bicycle Helmet. Swedish designers Anna Haupt and Terese Alstin are in the process of developing a collar that acts as a collision airbag to protect your head in case of a fall from your Bicycle.
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| 0 |
Fuck Raw My Ass-Hole Hole With Anal Dildo And Get Real Orgasm
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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| 0.081967 |
11:18 HD
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| 0.057692 |
Big titted horny two MILF lesbians licking pussy so hot with big ass - 5 min
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| 0.052632 |
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>CSS Multi-column Layout Test: '-moz-column-rule-width' has same lenght as '-moz-column-gap'</title>
<link rel="author" title="Opera Software ASA" href="http://www.opera.com/" />
<link rel="reviewer" title="Gérard Talbot" href="http://www.gtalbot.org/BrowserBugsSection/css21testsuite/" /> <!-- 2013-08-15 -->
<link rel="help" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-multicol/#crw" title="4.4. '-moz-column-rule-width'" />
<link rel="match" href="multicol-rule-samelength-001-ref.xht" />
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-moz-column-rule-color: green;
-moz-column-rule-style: solid;
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</head>
<body>
<p>Test passes if there is a filled green square and <strong>no red</strong>.</p>
<div id="red-overlapped-reference"></div>
<div id="test-overlapping-green">Le ft Co lu mn Ri gh Co lu mn</div>
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Expected results
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| 0 |
---
abstract: |
We present a direct spectroscopic observation of a shallow hydrogen-like muonium state in SrTiO$_3$ which confirms the theoretical prediction that interstitial hydrogen may act as a shallow donor in this material. The formation of this muonium state is temperature dependent and appears below $\sim 70$ K. From the temperature dependence we estimate an activation energy of $\sim
50$ meV in the bulk and $\sim 23$ meV near the free surface. The field and directional dependence of the muonium precession frequencies further supports the shallow impurity state with a rare example of a fully anisotropic hyperfine tensor. From these measurements we determine the strength of the hyperfine interaction and propose that the muon occupies an interstitial site near the face of the oxygen octahedron in SrTiO$_3$. The observed shallow donor state provides new insight for tailoring the electronic and optical properties of SrTiO$_{3}$-based oxide interface systems.
author:
- 'Z. Salman'
- 'T. Prokscha'
- 'A. Amato'
- 'E. Morenzoni'
- 'R. Scheuermann'
- 'K. Sedlak'
- 'A. Suter'
title: 'Direct spectroscopic observation of a shallow hydrogen-like donor state in insulating SrTiO$_{3}$'
---
The discovery of a high mobility two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at the interface between two insulating Perovskite oxides; TiO$_{2}$-terminated SrTiO$_{3}$ (STO) and LaAlO$_{3}$ (LAO)[@Ohtomo04N; @Thiel06S; @Huijben06NM] has prompted great interest in these oxides. In addition to the 2DEG, this interface was found to be magnetic[@Brinkman07NM; @BenShalom09PRB; @Salman12PRL] and even superconducting below $\sim300$ mK[@Reyren07S]. It is generally agreed that the high carrier densities at the interface are associated with various effects, including doping with electrons or oxygen vacancies [@Thiel06S; @Pentcheva06PRB; @Park06PRB; @Takizawa06PRL; @Kalabukhov07PRB], inter-diffusion [@Takizawa06PRL; @Nakagawa06NM; @Willmott07PRL], and the influence of lattice distortions [@Ahn03N; @Gemming06AM; @Hamann06PRB; @Maurice06PSS; @Okamoto06PRL]. These discoveries provide an interesting prospect for producing interfaces with physical properties not present, nor predictable, from the constituent materials, and may lead to new technological applications. Here we discuss the response of these oxides to impurities, in particular hydrogen, which may play an important role in the discovered phenomena. Moreover, we note that the reported results are extremely relevant for possible applications of STO and related insulating oxides in fuel cells and hydrogen sensors [@Higuchi01PRB; @Higuchi98PRB; @Yukawa99SSI].
Hydrogen is an ubiquitous impurity in device or sample fabrication and can cause unintended modifications of the electronic and structural properties. For example, the properties of the 2DEG at STO/LAO interfaces may be affected if additional free charge carriers are present due to unintentional doping [@Son10JPCM]. The electronic behaviour of interstitial hydrogen can be characterized by the position of the H(+/-) level in the band gap, where the formation energies of H$^+$ and H$^-$ are equal. If this level is close to or intersecting the conduction/valence band, hydrogen will act as a shallow donor/acceptor. In elemental and binary semiconductors, a universal alignment of the H(+/-) level at $\sim$ -4.5 eV with respect to the vacuum level has been found theoretically [@vandeWalle03N] and supported by experiments [@Lichti08PRL]. The model predicted successfully hydrogen shallow donor states in ZnO and InN [@Cox01PRL; @Hofmann02PRL; @Davis03APL]. In this model the H(+/-) level coincides approximately with the host’s charge neutrality level (CNL). In general the CNL is found to be located at relatively constant energies with respect to the vacuum level [@vandeWalle03N; @Xiong07JAP]. The coincidence of the H(+/-) level with the CNL can be understood as follows. In a binary semiconductor H$^+$ and H$^-$ behave similarly, i.e. they break a bond at the anion or cation site, respectively, leaving a dangling bond at the opposite cation or anion site. The H(+/-) level is then located midway in between the energy levels of the dangling bonds, which corresponds to the CNL.
In oxides the situation is different, since H$^+$ tends to form an OH$^-$ antibonding state, without breaking a cation–O bond. H$^-$, on the other hand, causes the formation of an oxygen dangling bond by breaking a metal–O bond. Thus, the H(+/-) level is determined by the average of the oxygen dangling bond and OH$^-$ antibonding levels, which is located at relatively constant energies of about $4.5-5.5$ eV above the valence band maximum [@Xiong07JAP; @Peacock03APL]. Therefore, hydrogen should form a shallow donor state in oxides with a band gap of less than $\sim
4.5$ eV, such as STO which has an indirect band gap of $\sim
3.2$ eV. This prediction has been supported recently by a new theoretical work on hydrogenated vacancies and hidden hydrogen in STO [@Varley14PRB]. In contrast, the universal alignment model described above places H(+/-) deep in the band gap, i.e. $\sim 0.5$ eV below the conduction band minimum, which equals the electron affinity of STO and is located at about $4.0$ eV below the vacuum level. Note, the model in Refs. [@Xiong07JAP; @Peacock03APL] predicts shallow donor states in SnO$_2$, TiO$_2$, ZrO$_2$, and HfO$_2$ which have been observed or inferred in muon spin rotation ($\mu$SR) experiments [@Cox06JPCM2]. In these experiments, positive muons, when implanted into insulators or semiconductors, can capture an electron to form interstitial muonium \[Mu=($\mu^+\rm{e}^-$)\], which can be considered as a light hydrogen isotope and mimics its chemical and electrical interactions. In fact, a large amount of information on the structure and electrical activity of isolated interstitial H states in semiconductors and insulators has been obtained by Mu spectroscopy [@Patterson88RMP; @muSR2010].
In this Letter we present a direct spectroscopic observation of a shallow hydrogen-like Mu state in a STO (100) single crystal, in agreement with the model suggested by Refs. [@Xiong07JAP; @Peacock03APL]. Our results are consistent with muons occupying an interstitial site in the lattice, between two O–O bonds near the face of the oxygen octahedron. We find that up to $\sim
60$% of the implanted muons form a shallow muonium state at 25 K with a relatively small hyperfine coupling. From the field dependence of the Mu characteristic precession frequencies we find that the hyperfine tensor is fully anisotropic and estimate the hyperfine interaction along the principal axes of the tensor $A_X=1.4 \pm 0.1$ MHz, $A_Y=6.7\pm 0.1$ MHz and $A_Z=11.5 \pm 0.1$ MHz. This Mu state is one of the rare clear examples of a fully anisotropic Mu.
The $\mu$SR experiments were performed on the DOLLY, GPS and LEM spectrometers at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Villigen, Switzerland. In these experiments $100 \%$ polarized positive muons are implanted into the sample. Each implanted muon decays (lifetime $\tau_{\mu}=2.2$ $\mu$s) emitting a positron preferentially in the direction of its polarization at the time of decay. Using appropriately positioned detectors, one measures the asymmetry of the muon beta decay along different directions as a function of time, $A(t)$, which is proportional to the time evolution of the muon spin polarization. $A(t)$ depends on the electronic environment of the muon and is used to extract information on the hyperfine interaction between the muon and the electrons in the system. Muonium is spectroscopically identified by its characteristic precession frequencies which allow to determine the Mu hyperfine parameters [@muSR2010; @Patterson88RMP]. In a low energy $\mu$SR (LE-$\mu$SR) experiment, the energy of the implanted muons, $E$, can be tuned (1-30 keV) to perform a measurement of $A(t)$ at depths in the range $\sim 1-200$ nm [@Morenzoni03PB; @Prokscha08NIMA]. The measurements reported here were performed on a $15 \times 15 \times 1$ mm single side epitaxially polished $(100)$ STO single crystal substrate (Crystal GmbH). In the bulk $\mu$SR measurements, the sample was suspended on an aluminized Mylar tape and mounted into a He gas flow cryostat. The muons were implanted with their polarization nominally along $\langle 100
\rangle$ with the field applied perpendicular to it (nominally along $\langle 010 \rangle$). In the LE-$\mu$SR measurements the sample was glued to a cold finger cryostat, with the field applied along $\langle
100 \rangle$ and the polarization of implanted muons perpendicular to it.
![(Color online) The normalized diamagnetic fraction of the $\mu^+$ precession signal at $B=10$ mT as a function of temperature. Circles, squares and triangles are measurements at 4.1 MeV ($B \perp \langle100\rangle$), 14.1 keV and 1.6 keV ($B \parallel \langle100\rangle$), respectively. The drop in asymmetry below $\sim 70$ K is due to formation of muonium. The dashed lines are fits to Eq. \[Activation\].[]{data-label="AsyT"}](AsyT){width="0.8\columnwidth"}
We start by looking at muon spin precession measurements in a field of $B=10$ mT applied perpendicular to the muon’s initial spin direction. At room temperature we find that all muons implanted at 4.1 MeV in bulk STO precess at the Larmor frequency of $\mu^+$, $\nu_0=\gamma_\mu/2\pi~B$, with almost no damping. Here, $\gamma_\mu/2\pi = 135.5$ MHz/T is the muon gyromagnetic ratio. As we decrease the temperature, we find that below $\sim 70$ K the amplitude of the signal precessing at $\nu_0$ (the so called diamagnetic fraction, $f_{\mu^+}$) decreases sharply, reaches a minimum at $\sim
30$ K, and then increase at lower temperatures (Fig. \[AsyT\]). Similar behaviour is observed at lower muon implantation energies. However, in this case the decrease in the $f_{\mu^+}$ is smaller, and at $E=1.6$ keV we observe no increase at low temperatures.
Closer investigation of the measured asymmetries in the bulk below $70$ K reveals that the polarization contains additional components with precession frequencies higher than $\nu_0$. Example asymmetries, measured at $25$ K and applied fields of 1 and 10 mT are shown in Fig. \[AsyField\](a). Note that the additional frequencies are of the order of few MHz \[see Fig. \[AsyField\](b)\], which we attribute to Mu precession frequencies.
![(Color online) (a) The asymmetries at $T=25$ K as a function of time for applied fields 1 and 10 mT ($B \perp
\langle100\rangle$) and (b) the corresponding real Fourier transform showing at least four muonium precession frequencies in both cases. The solid lines are fits to a sum of precessing and damping signals.[]{data-label="AsyField"}](AsyvsB){width="0.8\columnwidth"}
These are directly related to the hyperfine interaction of Mu and confirm its formation at these temperatures. The size of these frequencies ($<10$ MHz) indicates that a “shallow” Mu state is formed, i.e. much smaller than the $\sim 4.4$ GHz frequency observed for vacuum Mu.
The temperature dependence of $f_{\mu^+}$ is related to the Mu fraction, $f_{\rm Mu}=1-f_{\mu^+}$. It can be calculated following a semi-empirical model [@Cox06JPCM2], $$\label{Activation}
f_{\mu^+} = 1 - f_{\rm Mu}= 1 - \frac{f_0}{1+N \exp (-\Delta/T)},$$ where $f_0$ is the normalized maximum Mu fraction, $N$ is a density-of-states parameter and $\Delta$ is the Mu activation energy which can be considered as an effective ionization or binding energy [@Cox06JPCM2]. A fit of $f_{\mu^+}$ in bulk (circles in Fig. \[AsyT\]), between 25 and 200 K, yields an ionization energy of $\Delta=600 \pm 15$ K or $52 \pm 2$ meV. Similar fits for the data at low implantation energies yield $\Delta=515 \pm 15$ K ($45 \pm 2$ meV) and $270\pm 10$ K ($23\pm1$ meV) for 14.1 keV and 1.6 keV, respectively. Similar decrease in shallow muonium ionization energy near the surface has been recently detected in ZnO and CdS. This effect is attributed to the presence of electric fields due to band bending near the free surface [@Prokscha14condmat].
It is worthwhile noting here that the absence of (or weak) energy dependence of the diamagnetic fraction below $\sim 10$ K indicates that the Mu formation at low $T$ does not depend on the number of track electrons, i.e., there is no *delayed* Mu formation below $T \sim 10$ K. Mu can form in two ways: i) *promptly* during charge-exchange collisions with subsequent thermalization as neutral Mu, and ii), *delayed*, where the positive muon thermalizes at an interstitial lattice site, followed by a capture of an electron from its own ionization track. The latter is significantly suppressed if the number of track electrons is $\lesssim 10^3$, corresponding to implantation energies of less than a few keV [@Prokscha07PRL]. It is also suppressed in materials with a large dielectric constant, $\varepsilon$, where the electric field of the muon point charge is effectively screened by the surrounding medium, thus suppressing the probability of capturing a track electron. In STO, $\varepsilon \sim
300$ at room temperature, reaches $\sim 10000$ at $\sim25$ K and then saturates at $20000-25000$ below 10 K [@Mueller79PRB]. The increase of the diamagnetic fraction below $\sim 30$ K in the bulk may be due to the increasing $\varepsilon$ at these temperatures, as *delayed* Mu formation becomes less likely. The low temperature flattening of $f_{\mu^+}$ corresponds well to the saturation of $\varepsilon$.
It is somewhat surprising that a shallow Mu state can be observed in a system with such a large $\varepsilon$. For shallow donors, one usually applies a hydrogenic effective-mass model to estimate the binding energy of the donor to be $E_D \sim R_y
(m^*/m_e)/\varepsilon^2$, where $R_y = 13.6$ eV the Rydberg constant , $m_e$ the electron mass, and $m^*$ the conduction-band effective mass of the electron [@Cox06JPCM2]. This approximation is justified by the large electron wave-function spreading over several lattice sites. This implies that at 25 K, where $\varepsilon \sim 10000$ in STO, the binding energy should be zero, i.e. no Mu should form. Therefore, the observation of a shallow Mu state indicates that it might have a more localized polaronic character [@Cox06JPCM2]. Furthermore, it is known that doping of STO may increase $m^*/m_e$ up to $\sim 20$ [@Ravichandran11PRB], and that an electric field may lower $\varepsilon$ [@Hyun01APL]. Hence, “doping” STO with Mu may cause a local deformation of the lattice with a local modification of $m^*$ and $\varepsilon$.
Now we turn to evaluating the hyperfine interaction tensor of Mu. We consider a general Hamiltonian for a muon (spin $\mathbf{I}$) interacting with an electron (spin $\mathbf{S}$) with a fully anisotropic hyperfine interaction [@Senba00PRA], $$\label{Ham}
{\cal H}=\gamma_{e}BS_{z}-\gamma_\mu BI_z+A_Z S_{Z}I_{Z}+A_Y S_{Y}I_{Y}+A_X S_{X}I_{X}.$$ where $\gamma_{\mu}$ and $\gamma_e$ are the muon and electron gyromagnetic ratios, $z$ is defined by the direction of $B$ and $A_i$ ($i=X,Y,Z$) are the Mu hyperfine interactions along the principal axes.
![(Color online) The asymmetries measured (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to $\langle100\rangle$ at $T=25$ K and in ZF. (c) and (d) are the corresponding Fourier transform showing clear ZF muonium precession frequencies in both cases. The solid lines are fits to a sum of precessing and damping signals[]{data-label="ZFAsy"}](ZFAsy){width="1.0\columnwidth"}
The coordinates $(X,Y,Z)$/$(x,y,z)$ denote the hyperfine interaction/laboratory frame, such that the components of a spin angular momentum vector seen in the $(X,Y,Z)$ system are expressed in terms of the components of the same vector seen in the $(x,y,z)$ system as $$\left[ \begin{array}{l} S_X \\ S_Y \\ S_Z \end{array} \right] =
D(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)
\left[ \begin{array}{l} S_x \\ S_y \\ S_z \end{array} \right],$$ where $\alpha$, $\beta$,and $\gamma$ are the Euler angles of the three consecutive rotations around $Z$, $Y$, and $Z$ axes of the $(X,Y,Z)$ coordinate system, which initially coincides with the $(x,y,z)$ system. In ZF, the Hamiltonian (\[Ham\]) can be diagonalized analytically to calculate the Mu frequencies, giving a maximum of 6 possible frequencies depending on the values of $A_i$ [@Senba00PRA]. These are the sums and differences of the different $A_i$ parameters. Indeed our ZF measurement, shown in Fig. \[ZFAsy\](a) and (b), with different relative orientations between the implanted muon spin and STO crystal give $\nu=2.4, 2.7,
4.1, 5.1, 6.5$ and $9$ MHz \[Fig. \[ZFAsy\](c) and (d)\]. From these we estimate the hyperfine parameters $A_X=1.4 \pm 0.1$ MHz, $A_Y=6.7\pm 0.1$ MHz and $A_Z=11.5 \pm 0.1$ MHz.
Next, we extract the field dependent Mu precession frequencies from the asymmetries measured in bulk STO at 25 K. Here, we limit ourselves to four/five most visible frequencies for each field, as plotted in Fig. \[FrqB\].
![(Color online) The observed Muonium precession frequencies as a function of applied field (with an angle of $\sim 14^\circ$ between $B$ and $\langle010\rangle$) at $T=25$K. The lines are calculated values with $A_X=1.37$, $A_Y=6.67$ and $A_Z=11.52$ MHz with $(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)=(0^\circ,57^\circ,27^\circ)$ (solid) and $(0^\circ,17^\circ,0^\circ)$ (dashed).[]{data-label="FrqB"}](FrqB){width="0.8\columnwidth"}
Using $A_i$ values we calculate the Mu frequencies in an applied field by numerical diagonalization of ${\cal H}$. The amplitudes or probabilities of precession between different Mu energy states depend on the initial spin direction of the muon relative to the hyperfine principal axes. We find that in order to best model the field dependence in Fig. \[FrqB\], one has to set the $(\alpha,\beta,\gamma)=(0^\circ,57^\circ,27^\circ)$ (solid line in Fig. \[FrqB\]) and $(0^\circ,17^\circ,0^\circ \pm 45^\circ)$ (dashed line in Fig. \[FrqB\]). The agreement with our experimental results is excellent considering the uncertainties and limited resolution in the experimental data. Note, there is a small frequency splitting in the highest frequency branch. This may be attributed to a small amount of mosaicity or the structural distortion in STO at this temperature [@Cowley96PTSL]. Such effect results in different domain orientations and thus a small variation in the local environment of Mu, which can only be resolved at high frequencies. Using the extracted hyperfine parameter to calculate the precessing amplitudes reveals that there is no missing fraction, i.e., $f_{\mu^+} + f_{\rm
Mu}^{\rm S} = 1$, where $f_{\rm Mu}^{\rm S}$ is the fraction of shallow Mu. This excludes the existence of any Mu state deep in the band gap. Although we cannot exclude that the observed neutral muonium centre is metastable, the fact that the summ of the Mu$^+$ and Mu$^0$ fractions accounts for the full muon polarization, suggests an equilibrium balance between the two charge states. The observed hyperfine interaction strength and ionization energy imply a shallow donor state, modelling the analogous hydrogen state [@Cox09RPP].
Note that the angle between the STO cubic axes and the normal to the face of the oxygen octahedron are $\sim 54^\circ$. Therefore, the hyperfine tensor and the first set of angles (solid lines in Fig. \[FrqB\]) could be attributed to a Mu occupying an interstitial site between two O–O bonds and near the face of the oxygen octahedron in the STO crystal. The determination of the second set of angles (dashed lines in Fig. \[FrqB\]) is much less reliable since it shows a much weaker angular dependence. Nevertheless, if we assume that the angle between the applied field and the $\langle 010 \rangle$ is $\sim
14^\circ$, then these angles are also consistent with the same Mu site. Our results are consistent with neutron diffraction results [@Sata96PRB], infrared absorption experiments and theoretical studies on hydrogen defect vibrational modes [@Tarun11JAP; @Thienprasert12PRB] as well as other theoretical work [@Varley14PRB]. However, they disagree with Refs. [@Weber86PRB; @Houde87PRB; @Klauer92PRL; @Villamagua07PS] which place the hydrogen on O–O bond or the face of the cube between corner sharing Sr atoms and the O atoms at the face center. Note also that such sites, which have high symmetry, will result in an axially symmetric Mu hyperfine tensor. Surprisingly, we also find that the implanted muons occupy a different site from that occupied by other implanted impurities in STO such as Li [@Salman04PRB; @Salman06PRL].
In conclusion, we present a direct spectroscopic observation of a shallow hydrogen-like muonium state in STO. This confirms a theoretical prediction that interstitial hydrogen may act as a shallow donor in STO [@Xiong07JAP; @Peacock03APL; @Varley14PRB]. The formation of this muonium state appears below $\sim 70$ K and implies an activation energy of $\sim 50$ meV in bulk which decrease to $\sim
25$ meV near the surface of the crystal. We find that the shallow impurity state has a fully anisotropic hyperfine tensor, with $A_X=1.4
\pm 0.1$ MHz, $A_Y=6.7\pm 0.1$ MHz and $A_Z=11.5 \pm 0.1$ MHz. These results provide strong evidence of the sensitivity of the electronic properties of STO, and in particular its surface region, to impurities. Finally, since hydrogen is an ubiquitous impurity, these findings may prove crucial for interpretation of the variety of observed phenomena at LAO/STO interfaces [@Ohtomo04N; @Thiel06S; @Huijben06NM]. We believe that hydrogen doping effect may be a possible explanation for the excess charge carriers at the interfaces of LAO/STO, and therefore require a more detailed experimental and theoretical consideration. We propose that a systematic study of the transport properties of LAO/STO interfaces as a function of hydrogen doping may provide quantitative information about this effect.
This work was performed at the Swiss Muon Source (S$\mu$S), Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland). We would like to thank Rob Kiefl, Kim Chow and João Campos Gil for useful suggestions and fruitful discussions. We are also grateful to Ekaterina Pomjakushina for her assistance with the allignment of the crystals.
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| 0 |
Fuck you, fuck you, fuck you, you're cool, and fuck you, I'm out
618 shares
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
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| 0.052632 |
Q:
Sorting Realm records that are inserted quickly
Sometimes my app will add many Realm records at once.I need to be able to consistently keep them in the same order.
The documentation recommends that I use NSDate:
Another common motivation for auto-incrementing properties is to preserve order of insertion. In some situations, this can be accomplished by appending objects to a List or by using a createdAt property with a default value of NSDate().
However, since records are added so quickly sometimes, the dates are not always unique, especially considering Realm stores NSDate only to the second accuracy.
Is there something I'm missing about the suggestion in the documentation?Maybe the documentation wasn't considering records added in quick succession? If so, would it be recommended to keep an Int position property and to always query for the last record at the moment when adding a new record, so as to ensure sequential positions?However, querying for the last record in such a case won't return the previous record unless you've also added and finalized a write, which is wasteful if you need to add a lot of records.Then, it would require batch create logic, which is unfortunate.
A:
However, since records are added so quickly sometimes, the dates are not always unique, especially considering Realm stores NSDate only to the second accuracy.
The limitation on date precision was addressed back in Realm v0.101. Realm can now represent dates with greater precision than NSDate.
However, querying for the last record in such a case won't return the previous record unless you've also added and finalized a write, which is wasteful if you need to add a lot of records.
It's not necessary to commit a write transaction for queries on the same thread to see data that you've added during the write transaction.
Is there something I'm missing about the suggestion in the documentation?
You skipped over the first suggestion: appending objects to a List. Lists in Realm are inherently ordered, so you do not need to find a way to create unique, ordered values. Simply append the new object to the list, and rely on the list's order to determine the order in which the objects were added. This also has the advantage of being safe when using Realm Mobile Platform's synchronization features, as incrementing fields can generate duplicates on different devices and timestamps may not be reliable.
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| 0 |
Q:
While using Travis, why do I get unable to locate credentials in after_deploy
So this is my .travis.yml:
language: python
python:
- "3.5"
cache: pip
install:
- pip install awscli
script:
- echo 'test'
deploy:
provider: s3
access_key_id: $AWS_ACCESS_ID
secret_access_key: $AWS_SECRET_ID
bucket: "xxxxx.com"
local_dir: build
skip_cleanup: true
cache_control: "max-age=21600"
on:
branch: master
after_deploy:
- aws configure set preview.cloudfront true
- aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id $CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_ID --paths "/*"
It is just a html page without node or other framework. I want to push to AWS S3 bucket, and create an invalidation for this bucket's cloudfront.
The problem is, it can upload into AWS S3 bucket successfully, and can't run cloudfront to create invalidation.
I got this error message from Travis.
> Deploying application
> uploading "index.html" with {:content_type=>"text/html", :cache_control=>"max-age=21600"}
>$ aws configure set preview.cloudfront true
>$ aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id $CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_ID --paths "/*"
Unable to locate credentials. You can configure credentials by running "aws configure".
Done.
Any thoughts on that?
A:
I believe this is because your S3 upload you are providing the access keys but those are specific to that operation. You need to setup your credentials so they can be used by the AWS CLI commands in your after_deploy. Try this in your after_deploy:
after_deploy:
- aws configure set aws_access_key_id $AWS_ACCESS_ID
- aws configure set aws_secret_access_key $AWS_SECRET_ID
- aws configure set preview.cloudfront true
- aws cloudfront create-invalidation --distribution-id $CLOUDFRONT_DISTRIBUTION_ID --paths "/*"
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Q:
Enviar um comando para o Terminal via C++
Como fazer para enviar um código para o terminal?
Por exemplo: em uma tela gráfica onde eu digito o nome de uma pasta, e ele envia para o terminal um mkdir NomePasta ? (Claro, serão outras funcionalidades, como executar programas por exemplo, mas só preciso saber como enviar o comando).
A:
Você pode usar a função system. No entanto devo alertar que deve tomar muito cuidado com ele. Em primeiro lugar por que esse comando vai enviar o argumento diretamente ao terminal, que vai executar de acordo com o ambiente do usuário. Assim talvez o comando não faça o que você espera que ele faça. Se foi definido um alias para mkdir, ou se o próprio executável tiver mudado.
Outro problema é que com o argumento dado pelo usuário. Se ele disser que o nome da pasta é documentos && rm -rf /, você vai causar danos ao computador se executar o comando assim. É algo bem parecido com SQL Injection (pesquise).
A solução é fazer o que você quer fazer com o comando, sem usar o comando. Por exemplo, se quer criar um diretório, que tal usar a função mkdir que é perfeitamente segura e faz exatamente o que a documentação diz que faz? Em suma: procure alternativas.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
Q:
"A food is fed (to) someone or something" vs. "Someone or something is fed on (or with) a food"
Focusing on the passive voice, which of the following grammatical constructions is (or are) more typical of AE?
More research is necessary before *soy formula is fed to babies^ source
More research is necessary before babies are fed on soy formula.
More research is necessary before babies are fed with soy formula.
More research is necessary before soy babies are fed soy formula.
-
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when babies are fed on formula milk source>/
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when formula milk is fed to babies.
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when babies are fed with formula milk.
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when babies are fed formula milk.
.
In the winter, certified organic fodder is fed to our Jersey and Guernsey cows.
In the winter, our Jersey and Guernsey cows are fed on certified organic fodder.
In the winter, our Jersey and Guernsey cows are fed with certified organic fodder.
In the winter, our Jersey and Guernsey cows are fed certified organic fodder is fed.
.
This ensures that a clean supply of ink is fed to your printer every time.
source>/
This ensures that your printer is fed on a clean supply of ink every time. (sounds weird).
This ensures that your printer is fed with a clean supply of ink every time.
This ensures that your printer is fed a clean supply of ink every time.
A:
In the first part of your tryptich, I favor number three,
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when babies are fed formula milk.
But coming in a close second is
Reductions in mother-to-child transmission are optimized when babies are fed with formula milk.
Frankly, I prefer getting rid of the passive "are fed" and "are fed with" by wording the sentence as follows:
We reduce mother-to-child transmissions optimally by feeding babies formula milk.
Or,
We reduce mother-to-child transmissions optimally when we feed babies formula milk.
Or,
Optimally, by feeding babies formula milk we reduce mother-to-child transmissions.
As for the middle part of your tryptich, I like number two,
In the winter, our Jersey and Guernsey cows are fed with certified organic fodder.
However, I would prefer it read as follows:
In the winter, we feed our Jersey and Guernsey cows certified organic fodder.
Now for the last part of your tryptich. I think I prefer number three,
This ensures that the printer is fed with a clean supply of ink every time.
And believe it or not, it sounds just fine, as is, since the feeding is done mechanically, I assume, by some built-in device and not a human being. If so, then the word This could precede the name of the device; for example,
"This auto-feed device ensures that the printer is fed with a clean supply of ink every time."
(By the way, I was brought up in Rochester, a decent size city in Upstate New York, near Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes, the names of which you can remember by using the acronym/mnemonic H.O.M.E.S., which stands for Lakes Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
| 0 |
The effect of selected immunomodulating agents on experimental contact reactions.
A guinea pig experimental model which allows comparison of the macroscopic appearance of skin tests with the nature and degree of the dermal inflammatory cell infiltrate has been used to study the effects of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, azathioprine and cyclosporin A on contact reactions. The immunomodulating capabilities of the agents tested are assessed by their effects on the allergic contact reaction to oxazolone, a cell-mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Non-specific, anti-inflammatory actions are assessed by effects on the toxic contact reaction to croton oil. Changes are compared to findings in reference animals for each reaction. The reference materials and the uses and limitations of the experimental model are evaluated. When administered prior to sensitization, all agents enhanced the macroscopic appearance of the allergic contact reactions. Changes in the dermal cellular infiltrates were not pronounced. When administered prior to testing, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and azathioprine caused changes compared to controls which varied in direction and degree both macroscopically and microscopically. Cyclophosphamide which was the most active agent showed non-specific, anti-inflammatory effects and caused a peripheral blood leukopenia, the level and character of which was essentially independent of the dermal cellular infiltrate of tests. Cyclosporin A demonstrated no non-specific, anti-inflammatory activity on the toxic reaction, but had by far the most pronounced immunosuppressant effect of the agents tested, with virtual quenching of both the macroscopic appearance and all aspects of the dermal cellular infiltrates of the allergic contact reaction.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
Monkey See
2:40 pm
Wed May 21, 2014
'Batman V Superman': A Legal Thriller (We Hope)
Henry Cavill played Superman in Man Of Steel and will return to go to court with Batman (we hope) next year.
Clay EnosWarner Bros. Pictures
We learned today that the upcoming sequel to Man Of Steel will be called Batman v Superman: Dawn Of Justice.
This is interesting for several reasons. First of all, "Dawn Of Justice" sounds like a dirty movie about sheriffs. Second of all, "Dawn Of Justice" sounds like it precedes the Morning Of Reckoning, the Afternoon Of Relief, the Dusk Of Regret, the Evening Of Resignation, and the Hot Muggy Midnight Of History Repeating Itself, all leading up to Batman V Superman: Dawn Of Justice: The Next Day.
But most of all, the use of "v" rather than "vs." is primarily for court cases, which tend to be captioned along the lines of Me v. You (or would be, if you and I were ever to go to court on opposing sides of anything, which would never happen, because we would go to mediation because it's much cheaper and it would allow us to maintain our good relationship).
And it's typically shown that way, as a small "v" with a dot after it, not as a v with no dot. Batman v Superman isn't really ... anything, although Batman V. Superman would be the best name on the best driver's license that a police officer ever extracted from a drunk person yelling from the back of a moving pickup truck on New Year's Eve.
While it's unlikely that Batman v Superman is in fact about the epic court battle between our two heroes, I eagerly hold my breath at the possibility that it will be.
In my dream version of this idea, Batman sues Superman over an incident in which Superman accidentally picks up Batman's cape at the dry cleaner's, which leads to the revelation that Superman only sees black and white, which renders his colorful costume very ironic. Batman v Superman!
Or perhaps Batman sues Superman after Superman refers to himself as "The Real Caped Crusader," and they wind up in a battle over intellectual property. Batman v Superman!
Or perhaps Batman has to take action after Alfred makes a bequest that violates the Rule Against Perpetuities (that's what Body Heat is about, by the way) and Superman is trying to take Alfred's entire snood collection for himself, and they must battle in court! Batman v Superman!
Or Batman sues Superman because it turns out they have houses next to each other, and Batman learns that Superman's driveway lops over the property line, and Superman is like, "Easement!" and Batman is like, "No way!" and Superman says, "Adverse possession!" and Batman says "It has to be open and notorious!" and Superman says, "I AM VERY NOTORIOUS; I AM SUPERMAN!" And then Batman says, "It has to be hostile!" and Superman says, "Aw, I could never be mad at you," and they hug and agree to share the driveway since Superman doesn't actually have a car. Batman v Superman!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0 |
British shemale fuck shemale Porn Videos
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
| 0.061594 |
Inhibition of uterine estrogen receptor transformation by sodium molybdate.
The effects of sodium molybdate on the transformation of mouse uterine cytoplasmic estradiol . receptor complex has been studied. If molybdate is added to cytosol containing the nontransformed estradiol . receptor complex, it blocks the receptor transformation which otherwise occurs during incubation at 28 degrees C. The inhibition by molybdate is apparent both in sucrose gradient centrifugation analyses of estradiol . receptor complexes and [3H]estradiol dissociation kinetic studies. A molybdate-sensitive change of the nontransformed estradiol . receptor complex can also be inferred from behavior of the estradiol . receptor complex on low ionic strength sucrose gradients.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
| 0 |
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