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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20Red%20Rocks%20%28The%20John%20Butler%20Trio%20album%29
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Live at Red Rocks (The John Butler Trio album)
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Live at Red Rocks is the fourth live album of The John Butler Trio. It was recorded on 4 June 2010 at Red Rocks Amphitheatre, and was streamed live to fans around the world at Livestream. The album was released in July 2011.
Track listing
Disc 1
"Introduction" – 0:57
"Used to Get High" – 4:27
"I'd Do Anything" – 3:46
"Betterman" – 8:31
"Don't Wanna See Your Face" – 3:37
"Revolution" – 6:47
"Hoe Down" – 0:55
"Better Than" – 3:18
"Johnny's Gone" – 3:43
"Take Me" – 4:51
"Treat Yo Mama" – 10:40
"Losing You" (featuring Mama Kin) – 5:25
"Intro to Ocean" – 1:29
"Ocean" – 12:02
Disc 2
"Ragged Mile" – 3:59
"Zebra" – 7:07
"Good Excuse" – 17:00
"C'mon Now" – 2:39
"Close to You" – 6:06
"Peaches and Cream" – 7:04
"One Way Road" – 5:24
"Funky Tonight" – 11:51
Personnel
John Butler - vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, 12 string guitar, lap steel guitar, banjo
Byron Luiters - electric bass, double bass, didgeridoo, vocals
Nicky Bomba - drums, percussion, steel drums, vocals
Various
Byron Luiters broke a string of his electric bass in the middle of his solo. Nicky Bomba has had to play while the bass has been replaced.
Nicky Bomba broke a rind of his tom just in the middle of his solo.
The amphitheatre is built on an Indian sacred site.
The show was preceded by an exhibition of Indians (Native Americans) invited by the trio.
Butler's wife made an appearance to sing with John.
References
External links
The John Butler Trio official homepage
2011 live albums
John Butler Trio albums
Albums recorded at Red Rocks Amphitheatre
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47953416
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Roberts%20%28Australian%20footballer%29
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Jim Roberts (Australian footballer)
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James Vivian Roberts (19 November 1931 – 12 August 2013) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Geelong in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1931 births
2013 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Geelong Football Club players
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11711719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Robertson%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201968%29
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David Robertson (footballer, born 1968)
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David Alexander Robertson BEM (born 17 October 1968) is a former Scottish football player and coach. Robertson played as a left back for Aberdeen, Rangers, Leeds United, Montrose and represented Scotland. Since retiring as a player, he has managed Elgin City, Montrose, Phoenix FC. He is the current manager of I-League club Real Kashmir.
Playing career
Robertson began playing football with Deeside Boys Club (now Banks O' Dee FC) before he started his football career by signing an "s" form with local club Aberdeen, where he won the Scottish Youth Cup alongside Joe Miller, Paul Wright and Stevie Gray. After becoming a first team regular aged 17, he won a Scottish League Cup winner's medal against Rangers in 1989 and a Scottish Cup winner's medal in 1990 against Celtic in a match which ended with a thrilling penalty shoot out (9–8, Robertson scoring his kick).
Robertson moved to Rangers for £970,000 in 1991. With the Ibrox club, he helped the club to the last six of their joint-record nine championship titles in a row, as well as adding three more Scottish Cups and three more League Cups to his collection. He only received one red card during his spell, for a brutal bodycheck on his friend Joe Miller in the opening minutes of the Old Firm 1992 Scottish Cup semi-final, which broke the Celtic winger's ribs (Miller played on, Rangers still won the match with ten men and Robertson appeared in the final after suspension). During his time at the Gers, he won three caps for Scotland.
After exactly 250 games for Rangers, Robertson signed for Leeds United in 1997 for £500,000, but recurring injury problems curtailed his spell in England and he played only 26 league matches in four years at Elland Road (all in the first season).
Robertson retired from football in 2001 but was back playing in 2002 when he was appointed player/assistant manager of Scottish Football League club Montrose. He scored his first and only goal for Montrose in a 3–2 defeat at Cowdenbeath in the Scottish League Cup. His playing career with Montrose was cut short, however, due to one of his Achilles tendons snapping during a match against Greenock Morton in the same year.
Coaching career
In September 2006, Robertson was appointed manager of Montrose but he resigned just four months later. He moved to Phoenix, Arizona and worked as a director of boy's coaching at the Sereno Soccer Club. Robertson was head coach of USL Pro club Phoenix FC in 2013.
Real Kashmir
In January 2017 Robertson was appointed as the head coach of Indian I-League 2nd Division side Real Kashmir. Under his tenure Real Kashmir won the promotion to Indian top flight football, thus becoming the first team from Kashmir to be promoted to the I-League. Robertson also signed his son Mason to play for the club.
He was awarded the British Empire Medal (BEM) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to the community in Kashmir and UK-India relations.
Statistics
Managerial statistics
.
Honours
Player
Aberdeen
Scottish Cup: 1989–90
Scottish League Cup: 1989–90
Rangers
Scottish Premier Division (6): 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97
Scottish Cup: 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96
Scottish League Cup: 1992–93, 1993–94, 1996–97
Manager
Elgin City
North of Scotland Cup: 2003–04
Real Kashmir
I-League 2nd Division: 2017–18
IFA Shield: 2020, 2021
References
External links
Profile and stats at AFC Heritage Trust
Profile at Post War English & Scottish Football League A-Z Players Transfer Database
Profile at Sporting-Heroes.net
Profile at Leeds United FC History
Living people
1968 births
Footballers from Aberdeen
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scottish football managers
Aberdeen F.C. players
Banks O' Dee F.C. players
Elgin City F.C. managers
Rangers F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Montrose F.C. players
Montrose F.C. managers
Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Association football fullbacks
Scottish Football League representative players
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish expatriate football managers
Expatriate soccer managers in the United States
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in India
Expatriate football managers in India
Real Kashmir FC managers
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69563805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20%28Speech%20album%29
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Speech (Speech album)
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Speech is the first solo album by the American rapper Speech, released in 1996.
The album's first single was "Like Marvin Gaye Said (What's Going On)". It first appeared on the Marvin Gaye tribute album Inner City Blues: The Music of Marvin Gaye.
Production
The album was produced by Speech, who also sang on some of the songs. He played most of the instruments on the album, and recorded it in his home studio. Speech contains guest appearances from Pappa Jon, Laurneá Wilkerson, and Foley.
Critical reception
Trouser Press thought that "Speech shows that he can still construct a lulling, even groovy song cycle, but at this point he just doesn’t have the lyrical chops to give it substance." Entertainment Weekly determined that "with its rapturous echoes of Sly, Stevie, and Prince, Speech by Speech, the boss of the defunct Arrested Development, is more arresting than anyone had a right to expect." The Knoxville News Sentinel concluded that the album "restores some of the initial promise of his group Arrested Development before the band burned out in a blaze of self-importance a couple of years ago."
Vibe called the album "a mess," noting Speech's "desire to become the male Tracy Chapman." The Boston Globe praised Speech's "gift for poppy, smoothly persuasive hip-hop, rather than the gnashing, in-your-face variety." The New York Times stated that "the sound is rawer and less produced and layered than Arrested Development's music ... Where Arrested Development sounded like many streams flowing into a single river, the styles, beats and words on Speech all seem to flow from a single stream-of-consciousness."
AllMusic wrote that "where his former group sounded rootsy and gritty even at their most laid-back, Speech's record sounds slick, generally lacking in funk or dirt."
Track listing
References
1996 albums
Chrysalis Records albums
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67814730
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chnootriba
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Chnootriba
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Chnootriba is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Coccinellidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe and Africa.
Species:
Chnootriba elaterii
Chnootriba pavonia
References
Coccinellidae
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19020161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stary%20Brus
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Stary Brus
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Stary Brus is a village in Włodawa County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Stary Brus. It lies approximately south-west of Włodawa and north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
References
Stary Brus
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35092580
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparking%20Dawn
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Sparking Dawn
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Sparking Dawn is an English language Mauritian online news website founded in January 2012. The website features both Mauritian and International news and is noticeable for its satirical reporting style.
Sparking Dawn was founded in 2012 by a partnership agreement between Tidal Waves Ltd, a limited liability company located in Mauritius and another Mauritian online news website, Island Crisis.
See also
List of newspapers in Mauritius
External links
Sparking Dawn
References
Mass media in Mauritius
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76933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler%20County%2C%20Alabama
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Butler County, Alabama
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Butler County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,051. Its county seat is Greenville. Its name is in honor of Captain William Butler, who was born in Virginia and fought in the Creek War, and who was killed in May 1818.
History
Butler County was formed from Conecuh County, Alabama, and Monroe County, Alabama, by an act passed December 13, 1819, by the Legislature while in session at Huntsville. This was the first session of the Legislature of Alabama as a State. The name of Fairfield was first proposed for this county, but was changed on the passage of the bill to Butler, in honor of Captain William Butler.
The exact date of the first settlement made by White people in the limits of Butler County is not exactly known. Some records have it as early as 1814, but the earliest settler of no dispute is James K. Benson, who settled in the Flat in 1815, and built the first house ever erected in Butler County. It was built near where Pine Flat Methodist Church now stands, and was made of logs. Shortly after, William Ogly and John Dickerson came with their families and made a settlement on the Federal Road, about 3 miles (5 km) south of where Fort Dale was later erected. In the fall of 1816, a party from the state of Georgia came to settle in Pine Flat, including Thomas Hill, Warren A. Thompson, Captain John Watts, and Benjamin Hill. In 1817, many more settlers arrived.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water. It is located in the Gulf Coastal Plain region of the state.
Major highways
Interstate 65
U.S. Highway 31
State Route 10
State Route 106
State Route 185
State Route 245
State Route 263
Adjacent counties
Lowndes County (north)
Crenshaw County (east)
Covington County (southeast)
Conecuh County (southwest)
Monroe County (west)
Wilcox County (northwest)
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 19,051 people, 6,506 households, and 4,331 families residing in the county.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 20,947 people living in the county. 54.4% were White, 43.4% Black or African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races. 0.9% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,399 people, 8,398 households, and 5,870 families living in the county. The population density was 28 people per square mile (11/km2). There were 9,957 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 58.38% White, 40.81% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.05% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. 0.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 8,398 households, out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.70% were married couples living together, 18.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% were non-families. 27.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.90% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 25.10% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 88.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.90 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $24,791, and the median income for a family was $30,915. Males had a median income of $28,968 versus $18,644 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,715. About 20.40% of families and 24.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.30% of those under age 18 and 28.60% of those age 65 or over.
Government
The last Democrat to win the county in a presidential election is Bill Clinton, who won it by a plurality in 1996.
Communities
City
Greenville (county seat)
Towns
Georgiana
McKenzie
Unincorporated communities
Bolling
Chapman
Forest Home
Garland
Industry
Pine Flat
Saucer
Spring Hill
Wald
Notable people
William Butler, militiaman during the Creek War
Hilary A. Herbert, Secretary of the Navy under President Grover Cleveland
Robert Scothrup Lee, farmer and Confederate veteran
William Lee, politician, judge, and militia officer
Warren A. Thompson, explorer
Hank Williams, country singer
Earnie Shavers, hardest hitting heavyweight boxer
Janie Shores, Alabama Supreme Court justice
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Butler County, Alabama
Properties on the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage in Butler County, Alabama
References
External links
The Greenville Advocate
Butler County Clerk of Court
The South Alabama News
The Greenville Standard
1819 establishments in Alabama
Populated places established in 1819
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485050
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Isles
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North Isles
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The North Isles are the northern islands of the Shetland Islands, Scotland. The main islands in the group are Yell, Unst and Fetlar. Sometimes the islands in Yell Sound are included in this group.
Importance
They are a significant group, since Yell and Unst are the second and third largest islands in the archipelago, and also the third and fourth most populous (Whalsay, which is not in the group, is the second most populous). Combined, their total land area is far larger than the rest of the Shetland Islands (excluding Mainland) combined.
Extreme points
The group also contains the most northerly land of the United Kingdom and Shetland at Out Stack near Muckle Flugga, and its most northerly settlement Skaw on Unst. These also happen to be the most northerly British territorial claims currently in existence, since Canadian independence. In similar fashion, Britain's most northerly maritime claims are also based on these islands, having great effect on its fishing and oil industries.
Fetlar also contains some of the most easterly points of Scotland with the exception of the Out Skerries, and much of Fetlar and Unst are under 350 km from Norway.
Travellers do not encounter any further land masses between Out Stack and the North Pole if heading directly north.
Other British records include -
Most northerly castle Muness Castle
Most northerly post office - formerly Haroldswick now Baltasound
Most northerly lighthouse - Muckle Flugga
Most northerly road
Most northerly brewery - Valhalla Brewery
Most northerly coastline - Hermanness
Most northerly church - Haroldswick Methodist Church
Most northerly ferry route - Gutcher (Yell) to Belmont (Unst)
Most northerly "wood" - near Baltasound
Ferries
The regular ferries are the most northerly scheduled routes in the British Isles (excluding those going to the Faroes and Iceland). They operate between Yell and Unst, Yell and Fetlar and Yell and Mainland.
References
Landforms of Shetland
Islands of Shetland
Archipelagoes of Scotland
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31535035
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise%20County%20Cowboys
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Cochise County Cowboys
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The Cochise County Cowboys were a loosely associated group of outlaw cowboys in Pima and Cochise County, Arizona Territory in the late 19th century. The term cowboy had only begun to come into wider usage during the 1870s, and in the place and time, Cowboy was synonymous with rustler. Cattle thieves frequently rode across the border into Mexico and stole cattle from Mexican ranches, which they drove back across the border and sold in the United States. Some modern writers consider them to be one of the first and earliest forms of organized crime syndicates in American history.
The Mexican government lowered tariffs and added forts along the border, and cross-border rustling and smuggling became less attractive. The Cowboys then began to steal cattle and horses from neighboring American ranches, reselling them to unscrupulous butchers. They held up stagecoaches, stole the strongboxes, and strong-armed passengers for their valuables. In some instances, they killed drivers and passengers.
Origins and background
Tombstone, Arizona, was one of the last frontier towns in the American Old West. Outlaws from all parts of the Western territories felt the pressures of encroaching civilization and the increased presence of lawmen and the courts, backed by growing populations of farmers and citizens desiring law and order. The town had boomed in less than 18 months from about 100 miners living in tents and shacks to more than 7,000 people by , when Virgil, Wyatt, and Morgan Earp arrived in Tombstone.
Virgil Earp had been appointed Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County in Prescott and directed to relocate to Tombstone to concentrate on suppressing the Cowboys' illegal activities. He arrived with his brothers Wyatt and Morgan. Wyatt looked for business opportunities. When those didn't work out, Wyatt Earp started riding shotgun for Wells, Fargo & Co., guarding their silver bullion shipments. He was appointed as a Pima County deputy sheriff from June 1880 until November of that year, and Virgil Earp was hired as Tombstone's city marshal in June of 1881.
Cowboys as outlaws
The word cowboy did not begin to come into wider usage until the 1870s. The men who drove cattle for a living were usually called cowhands, drovers, or stockmen. While cowhands were still respected in West Texas, in Cochise County the outlaws' crimes and their notoriety grew such that during the 1880s it was an insult to call a legitimate cattleman a "Cowboy." Tombstone resident George Parsons wrote in his diary, "A cowboy is a rustler at times, and a rustler is a synonym for desperado—bandit, outlaw, and horse thief." The San Francisco Examiner wrote in an editorial, "Cowboys [are] the most reckless class of outlaws in that wild country ... infinitely worse than the ordinary robber." Legal cowmen were usually landowners and generally called herders or ranchers.
On September 16, 1881, thirty days before the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, The Tombstone Epitaph wrote about the "Cow-boy Nuisance" in Arizona:
The notoriety and power of the Cowboys spread from coast to coast. Well-known members of the group included Ike, Billy, and Phineas Clanton, Frank and Tom McLaury, Curly Bill Brocius, Billy Claiborne, Johnny Ringo, Frank Stilwell, Pony Diehl, Pete Spence, and Harry Head. Virgil Earp thought that some of the Cowboys had met at Charleston, Arizona, and taken "an oath over blood drawn from the arm of Ringo, the leader, that they would kill us." Three Cowboys were killed by lawmen in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881. Others were later accused of trying to kill Virgil Earp and of assassinating Morgan Earp. Wyatt Earp's posse killed four more Cowboys when they ran down those identified as taking part in the attacks on his brothers.
Virgil Earp told the Arizona Daily Star on May 30, 1882, that:
He estimated that the Cowboys numbered nearly 200, and that during his time in Cochise Territory about 50 had been killed. A modern estimate puts the number of Cowboys at about 300.
Business owners vs. the Cowboys
Many of the ranchers and Cowboys who lived in the countryside were resentful of the growing power of industrialists from northern states, who increasingly influenced local politics and law in the county. The ranchers largely maintained control of the country around Tombstone, in large part because of the sympathetic support of Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan, who favored the Cowboys and rural ranchers. He grew to intensely dislike the Earps. Behan tended to ignore the Earps' complaints about the McLaurys' and Clantons' horse thieving and cattle rustling. As officers of the law, the Earps were known to bend the law in their favor when it affected their gambling and saloon interests, which earned them further enmity from the Cowboy faction.
Political and regional conflicts
Under the surface were other tensions aggravating the simmering distrust. Most of the Cowboys were Democrats and Confederate sympathizers from southern states, especially Texas. They considered the business owners and the lawmen, especially the Earps, to be Northern Republican carpetbaggers. Traditional, southern-style, "small-government" agrarianism of the rural bandit Cowboys conflicted with Northern-style "big-government" oriented towards development.
Economic conflicts
According to Virgil Earp, the Cowboys were "saddlers", men who lived in the saddle. Their primary occupation was raiding haciendas in Sonora, Mexico, for cattle. They sold the cattle in Tombstone to cooperative butchers. When they couldn't find cattle to steal, they robbed stages and engaged "in similar enterprises". He said that as soon as they had money to spend, they roared into Tombstone to spend it freely in the saloons, brothels, and "faro banks".
The Cowboys' generous spending habits earned them friends among the businessmen in town, who welcomed them. There the Cowboys freely expressed their opinions publicly, loudly, and with little opposition. When the Cowboys broke the law, the businessmen feared alienating their customers and hesitated to support lawmen when they confronted cattle thieves or stage robbers. Virgil Earp said that a lawman "doing his duty must rely almost entirely upon his own conscience for encouragement. The sympathy of the respectable portion of the community may be with him but it is not openly expressed."
Known criminal associates
The lines were not always distinct between the outlaw element and law enforcement. Doc Holliday had a reputation as a killer. He was friends with Bill Leonard, who was implicated in a stagecoach robbery.
On , 1881, three Cowboys tried to rob a Kinnear & Company stagecoach carrying US$26,000 in silver bullion (about $ in today's dollars) near Drew's Station, just outside Contention City. It was en route from Tombstone to Benson, Arizona, the nearest rail terminal. The Cowboys were later identified as Bill Leonard, Harry "The Kid" Head, and Jim Crane, assisted by Luther King.
The brothers Frank and Tom McLaury had a ranch outside Tombstone, which they may have used to receive and sell stolen Mexican cattle. When six U.S. Army mules were stolen from Camp Rucker, Wyatt Earp assisted the U.S. Army in a search. They found the animals on the McLaurys' ranch on the Babacomari River. They also found the branding iron used to change the "US" brand to "D8". Frank Patterson and other Cowboys promised to return the mules but showed up two days later without the animals and laughed at the lawmen.
Pony Diehl was mentioned in the records of the events leading up to and after the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. He was suspected of involvement in numerous robberies and cattle rustling and of involvement in the theft of US Army mules, along with Sherman McMaster. McMaster had been a Texas Ranger in 1878–79, during which his unit captured and held Curly Bill Brocius as prisoner for five months. He was also accused of stealing U.S. Army mules and a robbing a stage with outlaw Pony Diehl.
The Clanton family, led by Newman Haynes Clanton, had a ranch in a valley outside Tombstone that was likely used for selling stolen Mexican beef. He was assisted by his sons Ike, Billy, and Phin Clanton. Old Man Clanton was involved in the robbery, murder, and torture of a number of Mexican smugglers who were ambushed on their way to Tucson in the 1879 Skeleton Canyon Massacre. He was killed on August 13, 1881, by Mexican soldiers in a retaliatory raid along the Mexican border at Guadalupe Canyon. Ike Clanton repeatedly threatened the Earps and Doc Holliday in the days leading up to the shoot-out on at the OK Corral. Unarmed, he ran from the gunfight.
Cowboys and the law
Frank Stilwell had previously been accused and acquitted of two murders. He was named a deputy county sheriff by Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan in April 1881. He was dismissed four months later for "accounting irregularities" relating to the collection of taxes. Law enforcement officers who came into conflict with the Cowboys included Fred White, who was killed by Curly Bill Brocius in what was ruled an accidental shooting. Virgil Earp was at times both U.S. Deputy Marshal for the Southeast Arizona Territory and Tombstone City Marshal. Wyatt Earp had been the Pima County deputy sheriff from June to .
On June 28, 1881, Virgil was appointed by Tombstone Mayor John Clum as the permanent Tombstone City Marshal and was paid $150.00 per month. He was to enforce all town ordinances, including the city's ban against carrying a deadly weapon. John J. Gosper, Secretary of State for the Arizona Territory and acting governor after John C. Frémont's virtual abandonment of his post, interviewed both Sheriff Behan and Deputy U.S. Marshal (and Town Marshal) Virgil Earp.
Gosper interviewed both County Sheriff Behan and City Marshal and Deputy US Marshal Virgil Earp, who blamed each other for failing to bring the Cowboys under control. Gosper expressed his dismay with both lawmen to Washington, D.C., in a report in September 1881:
Weapon ordinance
To counter the ongoing problems with weapons in Tombstone, the biggest city in the county and the county seat, its city council passed an ordinance on April 19, 1881, that prohibited carrying a deadly weapon in town. It required everyone to deposit weapons at a livery or saloon soon after entering town. As City Marshal, Virgil Earp was charged with enforcing this ordinance.
The initial version of Ordinance No. 9, in effect in April, 1880 unintentionally allowed individuals to carry deadly weapons in plain sight, only banning concealed weapons. It had little effect and the later version was passed with the intent to prevent carrying any deadly weapons without a permit. The revised version was in effect when Virgil Earp attempted to disarm the cowboys before the Gunfight at the OK Corral.
After the gunfight on October 26, 1881, in which three Cowboys died, the Earps and Holliday had to defend themselves against murder charges filed by Ike Clanton. The defendants cited the weapons ordinance during the preliminary hearing held by Justice Wells Spicer. In his ruling exonerating the lawmen of murder, Judge Spicer described Frank McLaury's insistence that he would not give up his weapons unless the marshal and his deputies also gave up their arms as a "proposition both monstrous and startling!"
Earp and the Cowboys conflict
Virgil Earp had been appointed the Deputy U.S. Marshal for eastern Pima County on , 1880, before he arrived in Tombstone. Wyatt Earp was appointed assistant sheriff for Pima County from to , 1880. After Town Marshal Fred White was killed on , 1880, Virgil was appointed to replace him, gaining the position permanently on , 1881. He hired his brother Morgan as a deputy town marshal and occasionally called on Wyatt for assistance.
The Earps had repeated conflicts with some of the Cowboys, particularly Ike Clanton, Frank McLaury, and Tom McLaury. This tension eventually resulted in the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, on , 1881. Frank, Tom, and Billy Clanton were killed during that shootout.
Most historians have considered the McLaurys and the Clantons to be outlaw Cowboys. Billy Claiborne fled the Tombstone gunfight and later claimed he was unarmed. Frank McLaury was known as a good shot. Ike Clanton was not well liked because of his drunkenness. His brother Billy was considered level-headed and hard-working. Some townspeople were particularly fond of young Tom McLaury. Billy Clanton and the McLaurys were landowners and commanded some respect in town. The men were so popular that the Nuggett said after the gunfight that the Cowboys' funeral "was the largest ever witnessed in Tombstone."
Earps ambushed
At about 11:30 pm on December 28, 1881, Virgil Earp was ambushed as he walked from the Oriental Saloon to his room. The Sacramento Daily Record-Union reported that "he was fired upon with double-barreled shotguns, loaded with buckshot, by three men concealed in an unfinished building diagonally across on Allen street."
Virgil was hit in the back and left arm by three loads of buckshot from about . The Crystal Palace Saloon and the Eagle Brewery beyond Virgil were struck by nineteen buckshot; three passed through the window and one about a foot over the heads of some men standing by a faro-table. George Parsons wrote that he heard "four shots in quick succession." Critically wounded, Virgil staggered into the hotel. "One shot struck him above the groin, coming out near the spine." The humerus bone in his upper arm was longitudinally fractured. The Los Angeles Daily Herald reported that the "cow-boys are bent on vengeance for the slaughter of their companeros a few weeks ago." "The doctor says there are four chances in five that he will die." TheSacramento Daily Record-Union wrote that "Long ago the cowboy gang threatened the lives of Mayor Clum, Judge Spicer, Marshall Williams, agent of Wells, Fargo & Co., Earp and Holliday, and this is an attempt to carry the threats into execution."
At 10:50 p.m. on Saturday, March 18, 1882, after returning from a musical at Schieffelin Hall, Morgan Earp was ambushed and killed. He was playing a late round of billiards at the Campbell & Hatch Billiard Parlor against owner Bob Hatch. Dan Tipton, Sherman McMaster, and Wyatt watched, having received threats that same day.
The assailant shot Morgan through the upper half of a four-pane windowed door that opened onto a dark alley. Morgan, about from the door, was struck in the right side and the bullet shattered his spine, passed through his left side, and entered the thigh of mining foreman George A. B. Berry. Another bullet lodged in the wall near the ceiling over Wyatt's head. Several men rushed into the alley but found the shooter had fled.
After Morgan was shot, his brothers tried to help him stand, but Morgan said "Don't, I can't stand it. This is the last game of pool I'll ever play." Morgan died less than an hour after he was shot.
Earp vendetta
On December 28, Virgil Earp was ambushed on the streets of Tombstone by hidden assailants shooting from the second story of an unfinished building. A doctor removed of bone from his humerus, and he lost the use of his left arm. The main suspects were Ike and Phin Clanton, and Pony Diehl. Wyatt was appointed as Deputy U.S. Marshal to replace Virgil; in turn, he deputized Sherman McMaster, "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson, Origen Charles, Smith and Daniel "Tip" Tipton. On , 1882, Wyatt Earp obtained arrest warrants for Ike and Phin Clanton and Pony Diehl and led his posse after them. The lawmen searched in Charleston but were unsuccessful. Ike's hat had been found at the scene of Virgil's shooting, but on , 1882, seven Cowboys provided him with an alibi, saying that he was in Charleston at the time. Charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. The Cowboys were not prosecuted for the attack, because of insufficient evidence.
On Saturday, March 18, 1882, at , Morgan Earp was killed by a shot in the back while playing billiards. Pete Spence, Frederick Bode, Frank Stilwell, "Indian Charlie" Cruz, and one other individual were charged as suspects. The judge could not indict them because the primary witness was Spence's wife, giving him protection under the law on spousal privilege. The Cowboys went free.
Wyatt, Warren Earp, Doc Holliday, and a posse of deputies including Cowboys "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson and Sherman McMaster guarded Virgil on his way to the train station in Tucson. They found Frank Stilwell lying in wait and killed him. A second person, possibly Ike Clanton, was also seen but escaped. When Pima County issued warrants for the arrest of the Earps in the murder of Frank Stilwell in the Tucson railyards, Sheriff Behan deputized Johnny Ringo, Pete Spence, Johnny Barnes and about 17 other Cowboys to pursue and arrest the Earps. They were unsuccessful.
Bat Masterson and Luke Short were faro dealers for Wyatt for a while at the Oriental Saloon, but both left in . Lou Rickabaugh, the owner of the Oriental Saloon, was also from Dodge City. Other known Cowboys included Billy Claiborne, Curly Bill Brocius, Johnny Ringo, Frank Patterson, Milt Hicks, Bill Hicks, Bill Johnson, Ed Lyle, and Johnny Lyle. In , Diehl was running from the law, as a warrant was issued for his arrest relating to a stagecoach robbery. He eventually was arrested for numerous crimes, including cattle rustling and robbery, and was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison at Santa Fe, New Mexico. He escaped in February 1885 but was recaptured after four days. He was returned to prison and not released until March 1887, at which point his name disappeared from public records; by some accounts he died in a gunfight.
Aftermath
With the deaths of several Cowboy leaders and the departure of the Earp family, the dominance of the outlaw Cowboys waned. Arizona Territory Governor Frederick Tritle visited Tombstone on April 3, 1882, and put a posse of 30 men under the command of Deputy U.S. Marshal J.H. Jackson. Because Arizona was still a territory, Congress approved all of its expenditures. Tritle telegraphed President Chester A. Arthur and asked for an appropriation of $150,000 from Congress to pay for the costs of rooting out the unlawful elements. He also asked for the power to suspend local officials for six months. The U.S. Congress was unwilling to allocate the funds needed to form such a group. Unable to create a group of rangers, Tritle instead called for the formation of volunteer militia to pursue hostile groups of Apache.
To combat the depredations of the outlaw Cowboys, General William T. Sherman, following a tour of Arizona's eastern and southern counties, recommended suspension of the Posse Comitatus Act to allow the U.S. Army to aid in restoring order. On the basis of the recommendations of Sherman and Tritle, and following consultation with members of the U.S. Senate, President Arthur issued a decree on May 3, 1882, threatening to use military force if the criminal element did not disperse. The use of the U.S. Army to enforce the law was not necessary, as the outlaw Cowboy problem diminished over the next few months.
See also
Ten Percent Ring
References
History of Cochise County, Arizona
Cowboys
Arizona folklore
Crime in Arizona Territory
Conflicts in 1881
Cochise County conflict
Outlaw gangs in the United States
Outlaws of the American Old West
Gangs in Arizona
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10348254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona%20Portwich
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Ramona Portwich
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Ramona Portwich (born 5 January 1967 in Rostock) is an East German-German sprint canoer and marathon canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the late 1990s. Competing in three Summer Olympics, she won five medals with three golds (K-2 500 m: 1992, K-4 500 m: 1998, 1996) and two silvers (K-2 500 m: 1992, K-4 500 m: 1996).
Portwich also won sixteen medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with thirteen golds (K-2 500 m: 1990, 1991, 1995; K-2 5000 m: 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993; K-4 500 m: 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995), two silvers (K-4 200 m: 1994, 1995), and a bronze (K-2 500 m: 1993).
References
DatabaseOlympics.com profile
1967 births
Canoeists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
East German female canoeists
Living people
Olympic canoeists of East Germany
Olympic canoeists of Germany
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Olympic gold medalists for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Sportspeople from Rostock
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
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63007351
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96BB%20Class%202143
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ÖBB Class 2143
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The ÖBB Class 2143 is a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives operated by Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB) in Austria.
Technical specifications
The locomotives have a B-B wheel arrangement, and are powered by SGP T12c diesel motors. They are equipped with a Voith hydraulic transmission.
History
The locomotives were introduced in 1965. A total of 77 locomotives, numbered 2143.001 to 2143.077, have been built by Simmering-Graz-Pauker.
Locomotive 2143.21 is operated by the Stauden-Verkehrsgesellschaft (SVG). This locomotive was formerly also operated by the Wiener Lokalbahnen.
References
External links
ÖBB rolling stock information
Austrian Federal Railways diesel locomotives
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46196861
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20best-selling%20singles%20and%20albums%20of%202011%20in%20Ireland
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List of best-selling singles and albums of 2011 in Ireland
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This is a list of the best selling singles, albums and as according to IRMA. Further listings can be found here.
Top-selling singles
"Someone like You" – Adele
"Lipstick" – Jedward
"We Found Love" – Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris
"Party Rock Anthem" – LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock
"Cannonball" – Little Mix
"On the Floor" – Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull
"Moves like Jagger" – Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera
"Jar of Hearts" – Christina Perri
"Give Me Everything" – Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack & Nayer
"Price Tag" – Jessie J featuring B.o.B
Top-selling albums
21 – Adele
Christmas – Michael Bublé
19 – Adele
Doo-Wops & Hooligans – Bruno Mars
Loud – Rihanna
Talk That Talk – Rihanna
Greatest Hits - Westlife
Up All Night – One Direction
Mylo Xyloto - Coldplay
Mayhem - Imelda May
Notes:
*Compilation albums are not included.
References
2011 in Irish music
2011
Ireland top sellers
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3873297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Edward%20Greene
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James Edward Greene
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James Edward Greene (born in Greenville, Sinoe County on 6 July 1914 – 22 July 1977) was a Liberian politician. He served as the country's Vice President from April 1972 until his death on 22 July 1977.
References
Americo-Liberian people
People of Americo-Liberian descent
Vice presidents of Liberia
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1914 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Liberian politicians
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32994910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad%20Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87
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Nenad Višnjić
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Nenad Višnjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ненад Вишњић; born 25 April 1983) is a Serbian football defender.
Career
He spent most of his career playing with FK Čukarički with whom he played almost for a decade counting over 150 league matches. During the 2009–10 season he spent the first half season playing with FK Budućnost Podgorica in the Montenegrin First League before returning to Čukarički. During the winter break of the 2010–11 season he moved to another SuperLiga club, FK Borac Čačak. He plays as central defender.
Honours
Budućnost Podgorica
Montenegrin Cup: 2009–10
References
External links
Nenad Višnjić at Utakmica.rs
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Belgrade
Serbian footballers
Association football defenders
FK Čukarički players
FK Budućnost Podgorica players
FK Borac Čačak players
Serbian SuperLiga players
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8271751
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization%20of%20monastic%20estates%20in%20Romania
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Secularization of monastic estates in Romania
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The law on the secularization of monastic estates in Romania was proposed in December 1863 by Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza and approved by the Parliament of Romania. By its terms, the Romanian United Principalities (as the state was then known) confiscated the large estates owned by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Romania (which was in strict obedience to the Greek Orthodox Church at the time). One of the measures ensuring secularism and the separation of church and state, it was also designed to provide an arable land reserve for land reform, without raising the issue of boyar estates.
Probably more than a quarter of Romania's farmland was controlled by untaxed Eastern Orthodox "Dedicated Monasteries", which supported Greek and other foreign monks in shrines such as Mount Athos and Jerusalem. These estates, which were mostly formed under Phanariote reigns in Wallachia and Moldavia respectively, had a low productivity and were also a substantial drain on state revenues.
The measure was unpopular among both Liberal and Conservative groupings, but it had both popular support and the support of Romania's suzerain, the Ottoman Empire. On December 23, the Ottoman Empire requested the intervention of the "guaranteeing powers" (the United Kingdom, the French Empire, Italy, the Austrian Empire, Prussia, and the Russian Empire — all had been overseeing Romania ever since the 1856 Treaty of Paris) to influence the country in passing the bill. However, Prime Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu did not wait for their intervention, and on December 25, 1863, he introduced the bill into Parliament, which voted 93 to 3 in favour.
In August 1863, Cuza offered 82 million gold Romanian leu as compensation to the Greek Orthodox Church, but Sophronius III, the Patriarch of Constantinople, refused to negotiate; after several years, the Romanian government withdrew its offer and no compensation was ever paid. State revenues thereby increased without adding any domestic tax burden.
References
Footnotes
Sources
Keith Hitchins, The Romanians, 1774-1866, pp. 313-314. Oxford University Press, USA (1996).
1863 in law
1863 in Romania
Legal history of Romania
Romanian Orthodox Church
Secularism in Romania
History of Christianity in Romania
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2119544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morong%2C%20Bataan
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Morong, Bataan
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, officially the (; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
The municipality is home to the Subic Bay International Airport, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, and the former Philippine Refugee Processing Center. Morong was formerly known as Moron. It is accessible via the Bataan Provincial Expressway, off Exit 65.
History
In 1607, Morong was established when the Order of Augustinian Recollects built a church in a small populated village in Bataan. The original site of the church was said to have been in Barangay Nagbalayong, a village southeast of Morong. The orderly rectangular layout of the streets and roads of Nagbalayong Proper is attributable to the rural planning efforts of the AOR.
In the mid 1800s, the municipal center was moved to a more central location relative to other barangays. This new central barangay was named Poblacion and was given a similar rural planning design to Nagbalayong, wherein the streets are arranged in an orderly rectangular pattern. A significantly larger church was also built in Poblacion.
The oldest records about Morong was written by the Augustian Order of Recollects (AOR) and the town always had been referred to as Moron as far back as 1607. There is no evidence that the town was ever named or referred to as Bayandati. Nagbalayong was only colloquially referred to as Bayandati, owing to the transfer of the town proper from Nagbalayong to Poblacion.
Folkloric tradition alludes the etymology of the name Moron to the Spaniards' mishearing of the phrase "mga Moro umurong" when they asked the local people the name of their village. While there are many records of Muslim led slave-raiding expeditions in the 18th and 19th Century, there is no historical record substantiating this claim. The problem of slave raiding did however influence the architecture of the Morong Church, which was built as a church-fortress.
The most probable etymology comes from the Spanish word morón which refers to a hill which can be seen from the sea. Several towns in Spain and in Spanish colonies are also named Morón, namely Morón in Cuba; Morón de la Fronterra in Sevilla, Spain; and Morón in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to name a few. These place all have hilly topographies and are nearby the ocean.
On June 10, 1955, with the understanding of the Spanish language waning in most of the Philippines and with Moron having an unfortunate meaning in English, the town was renamed Morong by virtue of Republic Act No. 1249.
Establishment of the Town by the Order of Augustinian Recollects
The Augustinian Order of Recollects (AOR) arrived in the Philippines in 1606 and a year later, in 1607, they have began mission work in Zambales. By 1612, the AOR claimed and organized 12 communities in the surrounding area into towns each with small churches and convents.
It is said that in 1607, Morong was officially founded as an ecclesiastical parish by the Augustinian Recollects as well as being founded by Fr. Rodrigo de San Miguel who placed it under the protection of the Our Lady of the Pillar.
The Our Lady of the Pillar Parish of Morong, established in 1607 and is now one of the oldest seats of Catholic faith in the Philippines;. The AOR fortress-church made with local stony corals (Porites species) was built around 1890s. The design of the church is similar to Augustinian Recollect built church, the Sta. Monica Church of Botolan, Zambales, also built with stony corals.
The church has been damaged extensively three times. In 1890, the church was damaged by a strong typhoon and after a few months, fire damaged the convent. During WWII, the church was sent on fire by the invading Japanese Imperial Army, collapsing the roof.
During the Philippine War of Independence from Spain, the anti-friar sentiment among Filipinos reached a boiling point. During this war, several friars were imprisoned and several were also killed by Filipino Revolutionaries. Fray Domingo Cabrejas, cura of Morong and Fray Jose San Juan, cura of Bagac were killed by Filipino Revolutionaries. After several months, the Spanish government sent in retaliation a regiment of the Guardia Civil to capture and kill the revolutionaries of Morong.
World War II
Morong during WWII
For the defense of Bataan, the main and first battle position established by the USAFFE was the Mabatang (Abucay)–Mauban (Morong) Line. General Wainwright was in command of the Mauban side of the defense. The 1st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army, under Gen. Fidel Segundo defended the Morong Town Proper.
On 15 January 1942, the reinforced 1st Infantry Division (Philippines) of Gen. Fidel Segundo, defending the Morong came under heavy bombardment, but successfully held the line.
On 16 January 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army marched towards the town of Morong. An alarm force of combined Filipino and American forces was then positioned in the town decided to engage the Japanese forces. The 26th Cavalry Regiment led by Lieutenant Edwin P. Ramsey successfully forced the Japanese 122d Infantry to a retreat. The 27 heavily outnumbered Filipino and American cavalrymen charged and scattered the surprised Japanese. It was the last charge of American cavalry
On 17 January 1942, the Japanese Army returned and engaged Wainwright's forces which then retreated to the Mauban Line finally abandoning Morong Town Proper.
Morong Residents join the Guerilla Forces
On 28 July 1942, Capt. Ralph McGuire, Capt. E.S Johnson along with a company of soldiers went to Morong to organize the Guerilla Movement in the town. The Morong Town guerillas came to be what is now formally known as the 3rd Regiment, Bataan Military District, East Central Luzon General Area.
The incumbent town mayor at the time, Mayor Angeles was inducted as Sector Commander and given the rank of Captain. After two months of organizing, in September 1942 over 1,400 residents of Morong joined the guerilla force. With Mayor Angeles leading more than a regiment of guerillas, he was then promoted to Colonel.
In 15 October 1943, Capt. Ralph McGuire was killed-in-action in Poon Bato, Botolan, Zambales and with his passing the Morong Town Guerilla Sector lost their contact with the East Central Luzon General Area. The activities of the Morong Town Guerilla Sector resumed in 1944 when the emissaries of John Boone went to the town to re-establish guerilla activities of the group.
Issues of the Forgotten Heroes of Morong, Bataan
All over the country and the world, the heroism of WWII veterans who fought in Bataan are commemorated. Towns and cities, such as Marikina, have erected monuments to honor their citizens who have fought or fallen in defense of Bataan.
In the whole of Bataan, only the town of Morong has no memorial markers have been erected by the government despite the historical significance and sacrifice of the town and its residents during the war. Ever since after the war, the national, provincial and local government has made no efforts to commemorate the brave souls that fought and died in Morong.
A town left sacrificed and undefended during the war, now filled with graves of heroes forsaken and unrecognized.
Geography
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the has a land area of constituting of the total area of Bataan.
Morong is bounded by Dinalupihan to the northeast, Hermosa and Orani to the east, and province of the Zambales to the north. Olongapo City is located directly north of Morong, accessible via SBMA–Olongapo Access Road through Rizal Highway to Aguinado Road or Security Road to East 14th Street.
Environmental protection
The Pawikan Conservation Center is a community-based effort to protect turtles in Morong with a focus on protecting the Olive Ridley species.
Climate
Morong has a tropical monsoon climate (Af) with little to no rainfall from December to April and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall from May to November.
Local government
Barangays
Morong is politically subdivided into 5 barangays.
Demographics
According to the Spanish Census of the country in 1896, Morong was reported to have 2,797 inhabitants.
In the , had a population of . The population density was .
Economy
Existing industries in Morong include mango/cashew production as well as vinegar making from nipa palm nuts and the production of basketry using jungle vines.
There is some variety of developments intended for Morong. Industries targeted for development are the manufacturing of component parts or assembly operations. In addition, there are plans to establish convention centers, exhibit halls, golf course and clubs, entertainment and leisure and sports centers, hotels, beach resorts and meditation centers.
Mining
Morong has also had some activity in mining. In 1972 it had mining activity from Long Beach Mining Corporation producing magnetite concentrate from beach sands and in 2017 there was headway into opening 709.6 hectares of land to Gandara minerals and development corporation in order to mine basalt and other associated minerals.
Economic Zone Developments
The Bataan Technology Park (informally called the "Technopark") is the main zone of the Morong Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), established in March 1997 after a previous ecozone which was established under the 1992 Bases Conversion and Development Act. The park's investors can claim the following benefits:
A 5% levy on Gross Income Earned (in lieu of all national and local taxes and duties)
Tax and duty-free importation of raw materials and capital equipment
Management of the zone as a separate customs territory, ensuring the free flow of movement of goods and capital equipment within, imported and exported out of the zone
The Atmanda Ecopark also has potential as a retirement haven and a corporate training center
Popular culture
The Subic Explosive Ordnance Disposal, located at the Morong portion of Subic Bay Freeport Zone, made an appearance on various teleseryes such as ABS-CBN's May Bukas Pa and Noah.
Gallery
References
External links
[ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]
Municipalities of Bataan
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60754235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoll%20Keenon%20Ogden
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Stoll Keenon Ogden
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Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC (SKO) is a law firm with five offices in Kentucky and Indiana. Founded in 1897, SKO is one of the oldest and largest law firms in the region.
As of 2019, SKO employs more than 140 attorneys, representing business clients and individuals on local, state, national and international levels.
In 2019, SKO was listed on the U.S. News-Best Lawyers® “Best Law Firms” list. The firm's attorneys have been recognized by Martindale-Hubbell®, Best Lawyers in America® and Benchmark Litigation.
History
Early origins
Stoll Keenon Ogden traces its founding to 1897 in Lexington, Kentucky, by Yale Law School graduate, Richard Stoll.
In 1898, Stoll was appointed to the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees. He was re-appointed consecutively by seven governors and served on the board for 47 years. During his tenure at the university, Stoll was appointed Fayette Circuit Court Judge for the 22nd Judicial District in 1921. By 1928, Judge Stoll was elected president of the Circuit Judges of Kentucky, and he served until his resignation from the bench in 1931.
1930-1947
In 1930, Judge Stoll and three lawyers — Wallace Muir, William H. Townsend and James Park—formed a law firm as a “continuous entity” in Lexington. Stoll, Muir, Townsend & Park was located on the sixth floor of the First National Bank & Trust Company building at the corner of Cheapside and Main.
Gayle Mohney joined the firm in 1931, following his graduation from the University of Kentucky College of Law. During his undergraduate years at UK, Mohney was the quarterback of the football team, and is known for drop-kicking a field goal that resulted in a victory over the University of Tennessee as the game-ending horn sounded.
During his 49-year professional career, Mohney established a national reputation as an expert lawyer in the thoroughbred industry. In 1935, along with Hal Price Headley, he developed a syndication agreement and plan to form the Keeneland Association as “a thoroughbred breeders” racetrack and sales company. Today, the Keeneland Association is the world's leading thoroughbred auction company, and SKO continues to enjoy its longstanding reputation as Keeneland's legal counsel.
1948-2005
In 1948, Stoll, Muir, Townsend & Park merged with Keenon, Huguelet and Odear and adopted the name Stoll, Keenon & Park. Rodman Keenon, a trial lawyer and former state senator from Fayette County, had previously served as clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals.
To more sharply define the firm's operations, William M. Lear Jr. was appointed the firm's first Managing Partner in 1985. His duties included organizing the practice of the firm through a committee system and providing periodic reports to the firm's attorneys.
2006-2011
In January 2006, Stoll, Keenon & Park merged with Louisville-based Ogden Newell & Welch, forming Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC.
In 2010, the firm established the James Welch Sr. Arts Leadership Award, in conjunction with the Fund for the Arts, which annually recognizes distinguished individuals whose leadership has made a lasting impact in the Louisville arts community.
In 2011, the firm continued its involvement in horse racing by sponsoring the oldest thoroughbred horse race in North America—the Phoenix Stakes —which first ran in 1831. Today, the Stoll Keenon Ogden Phoenix Stakes now runs on opening day of Keeneland's fall meet.
2012-2019
In 2016, P. Douglas Barr replaced William Lear as managing director of the firm. Barr became the fourth person in the firm's history to manage operations and strategic direction.
In 2017, Stoll Keenon Ogden merged with Indiana-based Bamberger, Foreman, Oswald & Hahn, with the goal of broadening and diversifying the firm's practice in Indianapolis and Evansville. The merged firm operates as Stoll Keenon Ogden, PLLC.
Stoll Keenon Ogden continues its service to clients over decades, notably those in banking, public utilities, energy, natural gas, coal, beverage alcohol, manufacturing and equine industries.
Growth
1930 – Judge Stoll, Wallace Muir, William H. Townsend and James Park form a law firm known as a “continuous entity” in Lexington, known as Stoll, Muir, Townsend & Park.
1948 – The firm merges with Keenon, Huguelet and Odear and adopts the name Stoll, Keenon & Park.
1982 – Stoll, Keenon & Park acquires the Frankfort-based firm Johnson & Judy.
1993 – Stoll, Keenon & Park opens a Louisville office with Samuel D. Hinkle IV and Lea Pauley Goff, both of whom are still with the firm.
1998 – Firm expands in western Kentucky, acquiring Sheffer Hoffman in Henderson.
2006 – Stoll, Keenon & Park merges with Ogden Newell & Welch, forming Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC.
2017 – Stoll Keenon Ogden PLLC merges with Indiana-based Bamberger, Foreman, Oswald & Hahn, adding 10 attorneys to the firm's Evansville team and an office in Indianapolis with five attorneys.
Practice Areas
SKO attorneys provide legal counsel to clients in Commercial Litigation, Transactional Law, Labor & Employment Law and Utility & Regulatory Law, with more than 40 practice areas, including Bankruptcy & Financial Restructuring, Equine Law, Securities & Corporate Governance, Trusts & Estates, Real Estate, Intellectual Property, and Labor, Employment & Employee Benefits.
Offices
Frankfort, Kentucky
Hodgenville, Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Louisville, Kentucky
Indianapolis, Indiana
Evansville, Indiana
Notable lawyers and alumni
Allison Lundergan Grimes, Secretary of State of Kentucky
Laurance B. VanMeter, Associate Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court
David W. Tandy, former Louisville Metro Council member
References
External links
Official Website
Best Lawyers Profile
Oakwood Legal Group
Martindale-Hubble Profile
Law firms based in Kentucky
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12398853
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon%20narrow-mouthed%20frog
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Luzon narrow-mouthed frog
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The Luzon narrow-mouthed frog (Kaloula rigida) is a species of frogs in the family Microhylidae.
It is endemic to the Central Cordilleras and Sierra Madres of northern Luzon, Philippines.
The Baguio variety is divergent from the rest of the population found in the forested mountains of northern Luzon.
Habitat
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, arable land, rural gardens, urban areas, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. It is threatened by habitat loss.
References
Kaloula
Amphibians of the Philippines
Endemic fauna of the Philippines
Fauna of Luzon
Amphibians described in 1922
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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51347155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20LST-21
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USS LST-21
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USS LST-21 was a United States Navy used primarily in the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater during World War II, but also transported British forces from Calcutta and landed them at Regu Beach, Burma.
Construction and commissioning
LST-21 was laid down on 25 September 1942, at Wilmington, Delaware, by the Dravo Corporation. She was launched on 18 February 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Lillian M. Lloyd; and commissioned on 14 April 1943, Lieutenant Charles M. Brookfiled, USCGR, in command.
Service history
During the war, LST-21 was manned by the United States Coast Guard. She served primarily in the Europe-Africa-Middle East Theater from August 1943 until January 1946, but also transported British forces from Calcutta, India and landed them as Regu Beach, Burma.
1943 convoy duty
On 27 July 1943, LST-21 set sail from Little Creek, Virginia, for foreign waters. On the evening of 13 August 1943, the ship passed through Gibraltar and early in the afternoon of 14 August 1943, landed in Oran, Algeria. The trip was made without incident although there were three general quarters during the passage: (1) Once when destroyers were seen dropping charges and lighted buoys to mark the point of contact; (2) when another escort dropped charges; and (3) when an escort fired her cannon.
Italian campaign
On 11 September 1943, LST-21 set sail for Oran, Algeria, in company with , , , , , , , LST-209, and , and , , , , , , and , for a rendezvous with Convoy KMS 25. This group of LSTs carried Landing craft tanks (LCTs) on deck for delivery at destination.
After passing Algiers, the entire contingent of LSTs was ordered at 15:00 return immediately to Algiers. At 20:24 LST-21 anchored off the harbor. At 11:30, 14 September, LST-21 entered the harbor where the LCT was removed. At 19:00 that evening, LST-21 set sail as flagship, Commander W.S. Blair, for Syracuse, Sicily; in company with six LSTs. Off the Gulf of Tunis the group was ordered to return to Bizerte, Tunisia.
LST-21 arrived in Bizerte at 16:30, 16 September, and proceeded to Carouba Docks where they loaded 63 British trucks and officers and men of a Transportation Unit of the British 8th Army. At 22:00 on 17 September, LST-21 departed from Bizerte for Taranto, Italy as the flagship in company with LST-25, LST-72, LST-175, LST-261, and HMS LST-214. Their escort was the British destroyer . They arrived without incident at Taranto, Italy at 09:00, 20 September, and discharged their cargo. At 23:00 they got underway for Crotone, Italy, arriving at that port at 08:30, 21 September.
At 20:00, 21 September, they sailed for Catania, Sicily with an additional unit . The Group arrived at Catania at 13:25, on 22 September. All units began loading vehicles. LST-21 took aboard all vehicles and officers and men. At 19:30, 22 September, they departed for Bizerte in company with LST-61, LST-175, LST-261, and HMS LST-214, with Cuckmere as their escort. On the morning of 24 September, they entered Bizerte harbor and discharged their cargo. At 12:30 they began loading 71 vehicles and 178 officers and men of the King's Royal Rifles.
At 20:00, LST-21 got underway and proceeded in company with LST-214 for Catania without escort. At 08:00, 27 September, they arrived at Catania and anchored awaiting further orders. At 12:00, they got underway for Taranto, Italy. At 08:30, 28 September, they arrived at Taranto and discharged their cargo during the morning. On 29 September, they took aboard 27 tanks and 18 vehicles as well as 184 officers and men of the 5th and 12th Canadian Transport Regiments. At 05:30, 30 September, they sailed for Barletta, Italy in company with LST-175, LST-214, and LST-261, with minesweeper for escort.
The Group arrived off of Barletta on 1 October, at 13:00. They heaved to off the harbor and were boarded by British Naval Officers in Charge, who instructed them to proceed to Manfredonia to discharge the cargo. At 14:30, they got underway for Manfredonia staying well inshore to avoid the unswept minefields off the coast. At 17:00 they entered Manfredonia harbor and discharged their tanks. She was the first ship to land tanks on the Adriatic coast.
On 2 October, they departed Manfredonia, proceeded south along the Italian Coast and anchored at 18:00 in Brindisi Harbor. At 15:40 on 3 October, they departed Brindisi Harbor as additional escort for SS Ocean Vesper and proceeded toward Taranto. At 15:20, they arrived at Taranto and anchored in the outer harbor. At 18:00 LST-21 in company with and in command of LST-175, LST-214, and LST-261, departed Taranto for Algiers, Algeria without escort. On 8 October, the Group arrived at Algiers at 21:15.
Tank Landing at Regu Beach Burma
LST-21 sailed from Algiers, Algeria, to Port Said, Egypt, in October 1943, this time joining with Convoy UGS 19. She left 11 November, for Colombo, British Ceylon, arriving on 16 November, with Convoy BM 74.
On 1 December 1943, LST-21 was at Calcutta, India, on detached duty with the British Eastern Fleet. Embarking officers and men of the 15th Indian Corps as well as 13 "Lee" medium tanks, she was underway on 3 December, rendezvousing with LST-25 on 4 December, under escort of two Royal Indian Navy launches, with one B-24 Liberator and four Spitfires as aerial escorts. On 5 December,
an air raid was reported but she beached at her destination without incident. At 22:30 on 5 December, she disembarked tanks at Regu Beach, Burma, and returned to Calcutta on 8 December 1943. This was the first American vessel to take the offensive in these waters in World War II.
At the end of December she left Calcutta, as part of Convoy CJ 9A, with 11 LSTs headed for Colombo, British Ceylon, arriving 27 December 1943.
1944 convoy duty from Africa to United Kingdom
LST-21 joined Convoy MKS 38 at Bizerta, Tunisia, in January 1944, as it was en route to Gibraltar, arriving 1 February. Forming Convoy MKS 38G she rendezvoused with Convoy SL 147 and sailed for Liverpool on 2 February, arriving on 13 February 1944.
On 28 January 1944, LST-21 got underway from Bizerte to join a convoy leaving the Mediterranean for England. They were noted to have air coverage as a protection against glider bombs. On January 31, an oceangoing tug out of Oran came alongside each ship in the group to deliver charts for the approaches to Plymouth, England, as they had left Bizerte without such charts. Later that day, LST-21 learned that its ultimate destination had been changed to Milford Haven, Wales.
On 1 February 1944, LST-21 sailed past Alboran Island and at 18:30 passed through the Straits of Gibraltar. The convoy continued heading west until they were over off the coast of Spain and then headed north. They sailed without incident until 5 February, when, at 09:30, one of the destroyer escorts let go with a white flare and started screening the starboard side of the convoy with a smokescreen. At 12:22, they sighted an unidentified aircraft dead ahead and high. An escort ahead opened fire and it soon disappeared into the clouds. The convoy presumed they were spotted.
On 7 February 1944, at 08:25, an escort off of the starboard beam hoisted the black pennant and dropped a depth charge. At 09:00, two British aircraft carriers and seven sloops as escorts rendezvoused with the convoy. At 12:55, an escort ahead indicated an underwater contact and, at 13:02, dropped five depth charges in quick succession. LST-21 went to General Quarters but the escort later gave up the search. At 13:23, an escort astern indicated contact but continued with the convoy after a brief delay. At 15;10 another escort on the starboard bow made a contact and ran alongside the starboard side of the convoy and, at 15:13 dropped one depth charge. Another escort joined the search, but a few minutes later they gave up the search and took station with the convoy. It was determined that they had run into a "wolf pack".
At daybreak on 8 February 1944, planes from the escort carriers were covering the convoy. At 13:00, the convoy changed course and started the last leg of the route toward the British Isles. At 19:30, fog set in and all ships were out of sight of LST-21 which turned on navigation lights and sounded whistle to avoid collision. At 8:45, the fog lifted and at 24:00 the convoy executed an emergency turn to starboard. On 9 February, at 00:35, the convoy resumed it course. At 01:13, they received a radio message that a submarine, , was sunk off the port side of the convoy. At 08:11, the convoy executed an emergency turn of 45 degrees to port, and at 08:40 resumed course. At 10:10, an escort on the starboard bow indicated a contact. LST-21s radioman tuned into an extra receiver on the escorts' and the planes' frequency and the officers and crew in LST-21s wheelhouse listened in on their communications. At approximately 11:00, a plane reported a sub on the surface bearing 150 degrees. The pilot kept repeating this to the Escort Commander, until the reply came back: "Stop telling us about it and get the 'bowstud.'" A few minutes later, the plane reported back: "One down. One down." At 12:14, all ships received a message from the convoy commander confirming the sinking of the second submarine. The weather was thick and visibility only about a mile and a half. At 16:45, they received another message from the Commodore confirming the sinking of a third submarine. The escorts and planes were noted to be having a difficult time with communications due to all of the contacts, real or imagined.
On 10 February 1944, soon after daybreak, the Convoy Commodore sent out another message to all ships announcing that a fourth submarine had been sunk during the night. At 08:30, all LSTs were detached from the main convoy and they headed east to make land. LST-215, with Commander Owles, R.N., was flagship. On 11 February, LST-21 and the other LSTs of Commander William Blair's group (except LST-72 and LST-261 which remained in Oran for repairs) were detached off the southwest coast of Ireland and given one escort. Other LSTs proceeded up the west coast of Ireland for eventual destination of Scapa Flow.
Because of the change in destination from Plymouth to Milford Haven, and thus having no charts of the south coast of Ireland, LST-21s navigation officer took a plotting sheet and drew in the mineswept channel and the lights were plotted in by taking their position from the Admiralty list of lights. With that as a chart, they proceeded through the mineswept channel. At 14:55, the escort reported unidentified aircraft and fired its anti-aircraft guns. LST-21 went to General Quarters.
On 12 February 1944, at 09:00 LST-21 entered Milford Haven and at 09:40 moored off the town of Milford following what was described as a rough and tiring trip.
Pre-Normandy Invasion Activity in Wales, England and Northern Ireland
LST-21 remained in Milford Haven, until 3 March 1944, when it sailed with other LSTs to Plymouth, England. LST-21 arrived in Plymouth, on 4 March, and remained moored there overnight. On 5 March, LST-21 sailed to Portland, and anchored off the harbor in Weymouth Bay. On 6 March, LST-21 moored in Portland Harbor. At 03:30 on 8 March, LST-21 loaded vehicles and then anchored in Weymouth Bay on 9 and 10 March. At 10:15 on 10 March, LST-21 joined a convoy as part of Operation "Fox", arriving at Slapton Sands at 6:15 on 11 March. LST-21 beached and discharging its vehicles there as part of that rehearsal for invasion. After anchoring of Slapton Sands for the night, LST-21 got underway on 12 March, for Plymouth, anchoring there briefly before sailing back to Milford Haven, arriving there on 14 March. On 15 March, LST-21 entered the tidal basin at Milford Haven with LST-17. On 16 March, LST-21 was moved to the drydock where it remained until 22 March, at which time it returned to the basin. On 28 March, LST-21 moved out of the basin and into the Haven.
On 31 March 1994, LST-21 sailed to Derry, Northern Ireland, with LST-17, LST-25, LST-72, LST-73, and LST-261. On 1 April, they reached Lough Foyle, and anchored off Moville, before proceeding toward Derry with a pilot, and to the naval base at Lisahally. On 3 April, LST-21 proceeded to the Derry docks where new guns were installed. On 10 April, LST-21 left the Derry docks and sailed out to sea, arriving at Rosneath naval base, Rosneath/Greenock, Scotland on 11 April. On 13 April, LST-21 set sail for Falmouth, England, and entered Falmouth Harbor on April 14. Thereafter, prior to 4 May, LST 21 sailed from Falmouth to Portland, then to Southampton and then to Solent.
Normandy invasion
By February 1944, LST-21 was in England preparing for the invasion of Normandy. On 16 April 1944, she was transferred with other ships of LST Division 101, Group 51, Flotilla 17, from detached duty with the 11th Amphibious Force to British operational control. LST Division 101 consisted of LST-21 as the flagship, along with LST-17, LST-25, LST-72, LST-73, LST-176, and , all under the tactical command of Commander William S. Blair, USNR. The Division was assigned to Force G, Group "Able." On 1 June 1944, she proceeded to Southampton, England, where she loaded 20 officers, 205 men and 73 vehicles of the British Army and after being sealed proceeded to anchorage off the Isle of Wight. Rhino ferry F-100 and a Rhino tug reported on 4 June 1944, and were secured by a stern cable to LST-21 to be towed to Normandy. On 5 June, she got underway at 16:18 in company with LST Group 33, Group 51 of Division 101 and ten craft of the Coast Guard's Rescue Flotilla One and escorts and proceeded to the Normandy coast of France near Le Hamel, Somme, and Arromanches-les-Bains. En route the Rhino tug broke loose and drifted off. At 12:10 on 6 June 1944, LST-21 arrived in the "Gold Beach" assault area and cast off the Rhino ferry. At 13:50 she discharged six DUKWs from her ramp.
Considerable activity was observed on the beaches and the "Jig Green" beach area was under fire from a German gun situated west of Arromanches-les-Bains. British cruisers lying about off shore carried out a naval bombardment of that area. At 11:46 shells from another German 8.8 cm gun began falling near ships in the area and a British destroyer north of LST-21 engaged the shore battery. The first load was taken into the beach at 15:40 by Rhino ferry and at 19:15 LST-21 got underway toward the beach to meet the Rhino ferry which was laboring through tidal current setting due east. The seas were choppy and the wind freshening. The LST took on 13 casualties from a DUKW and the Rhino ferry returned at 21:45 and departed at 22:40 with the remaining vehicles disembarked from LST-21. The LST then got underway for her assigned anchorage. Ten minutes later ships began making smoke on a red alert, followed nine minutes later by a second red alert. Two minutes later, amidst anti-aircraft fire from the west three bombs successively hit the water on the port beam, a fourth hitting off the starboard bow. At 22:30 a stick of four bombs hit the water from broad on the port bow to dead ahead, and at 23:42 a stick of four bombs hit the water off the port bow. No damage to LST-21 resulted from any of these attacks. There were intermittent alerts and anti-aircraft fire during the morning of 7 June 1944, and in the dive-bombing attack that followed, , north of LST-21, received a bomb hit on the forecastle. At 11:20 on 7 June 1944, the LST got underway in convoy for Southampton, arriving at East Solent at 20:55.
Mooring at Southampton on 8 June 1944, LST-21 discharged casualties and loaded 40 vehicles and 146 Army personnel. At 14:45 on 9 June, she was underway in convoy for the "Gold" assault area, arriving off the Normandy coast on 10 June 1944, and underway to "Jig Green" beach at 16:49. Made smoke on red alert and observed considerable anti-aircraft fire and bomb bursts. At 23:34 she retracted from the beach and proceeded to the outbound area awaiting anchorage. Enemy aircraft were active intermittently during the early morning of 11 June 1944, and at 09:35 on that date she joined a northbound convoy for the Thames River.
Arriving on 12 June, she proceeded to the King George Fifth Docks in London and moored to take aboard 31 English ammunition trucks and 131 Army personnel. On 13 June, she moved to convoy anchorage area due south of Southend, England, and at 21:35 was underway in Convoy EWT 8, arriving at the "Gold" assault area at 21:30 on 14 June, proceeding to "Jig Green" beach. At 22:06 she struck a submerged wreck but passed clear and beached at 22:13. , however, stranded in the same wreck. Red alerts, smoke making and anti-aircraft fire, along with explosions on the beach followed, there being a large fire off the port quarter. Unloading was completed at 00:37 on 15 June 1944, and the LST retracted from the beach and proceeded to the outbound sailing
anchorage. A serious vibration on the starboard shaft became apparent. She took the British in tow at 07:10 and took station in an outbound
convoy but the vibration cut her speed and she was unable to keep up with the convoy. She proceeded alone at best speed and arrived off Calshot, England, reporting damage and remained anchored from 16 to 18 June, awaiting
availability at Southampton Repair Docks.
After being repaired, she remained in service between England and Normandy, making shuttle runs back and forth.
She departed Falmouth, Cornwall, on 30 June, arriving at Seine Bay, France, on 1 July 1944, with Convoy ECM 19. She left Seine Bay, on 2 July, with Convoy FCM 21 which arrived back in Falmouth, 3 July 1944.
She first sailed to Belfast, departing there on 11 May 1945, in Convoy ONS 50 and arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on 31 May 1945. She then proceeded to New York on 1 June 1945, for availability. Departing New York on 13 August 1945, she proceeded to Little Creek, where she remained until 23 August 1945. On 25 August, she arrived at Casco Bay, Maine, and remained there until 4 October 1945, returning to Boston on 6 October. On 1 November 1945, she departed for Hampton Roads, with a load of ammunition. She returned to New York on 14 December 1945, and then sailed for Norfolk, arriving there on 7 January 1946.
1945 convoy duty
LST-21 left from Liverpool, on 11 May 1945, as part of Convoy ONS 50 bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she arrived on 29 May.
Postwar career
Captained by Lt. (sr.g.) R.E. Donegan, USCG, LST-21 arrived at Norwalk Harbor for Navy Day celebrations 27 October 1945. The ship arrived on Thursday, 25 October, coming from Casco Bay, Maine, with a crew of 100. The LST made what is perhaps its last beach landing at Calf Pasture Beach in Norwalk, and over the course of Saturday and Sunday welcomed up to 20,000 visitors.
LST-21 was decommissioned on 25 January 1946, and struck from the Navy list on 19 June 1946. She was sold to Louis Feldman, of Flushing, New York, on 12 March 1948 and was subsequently scrapped.
Honors and awards
LST-21 earned one battle stars for her World War II service.
References
Bibliography
External links
LST-1-class tank landing ships of the United States Navy
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Pittsburgh
1943 ships
Ships built by Dravo Corporation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Vincent%20%28playwright%29
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Richard Vincent (playwright)
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Richard Vincent (born 3 September 1969) is an English actor, playwright, theatre director and screenwriter from Croydon in London.
Life
Vincent trained as an actor at the Drama Centre, London. His first play, "Off the Bone", was produced at the Courtyard Theatre in 1994. "Real Estate" was a selected play at the 1994 International Playwriting Festival at the Warehouse Theatre, Croydon and was produced at the Teatro Colosseo, Rome and developed into a screenplay by Granada Film.
Theatre
Vincent enjoyed an ongoing relationship with the Warehouse Theatre: his plays "Skin Deep" and "Happy and Glorious" have been produced there and he is Associate Director and head of their writers' workshop.
Vincent also has a close relationship with the Croydon Youth Theatre Organisation (CYTO), where he has been a tutor, director and artistic director.
Vincent met his wife, Kathryn, at CYTO. In 2005, CYTO celebrated its 40th birthday with a production of Vincent's specially written play, Ruby, which he also co-directed. In 2014 Vincent wrote an adaptation of Cinderella entitled Sparkling Ashes. The show was created again at CYTO and has since gone on tour with a professional cast. In December of 2015, Richard returned to mark 50 year of the organisation with another self-created production - Abi Understood. This production attracted the likes of TV presenter Matthew Wright and Actor Paul Bazely, who came to watch the show and join the 50th proceedings. On the night Matthew Wright spoke very highly of Vincent’s work.
TV and radio
Vincent's play "The Lost" was produced on BBC Radio 4 starring Bob Peck. He has also written for the BBC drama, "Casualty", and several screenplays for the UK Film Council, including a feature-length animated movie, "Fizzle".
His play "Skin Deep" was given its first performance at the Warehouse Theatre Croydon on the 17th. May 2002.
It was directed by Ted Craig and designed by Isla Shaw, with the following cast: Rae Baker [Chloe Smith], Frank Ellis [Sgt. Bill Cowgate], Colin Wells [Michael], Natasha Gordon [Dr. Amanda Holland], Simon Greiff [PC Gibbons/Simon Cairns], Penelope Woodman [Steph Cowgate].
Works
A small selection of Vincent´s work.
References
English dramatists and playwrights
Living people
1969 births
English male dramatists and playwrights
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Froome
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Chris Froome
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Christopher Clive Froome, (born 20 May 1985) is a British road racing cyclist who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . He has won seven Grand Tours: four editions of the Tour de France (in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017), one Giro d'Italia (2018) and the Vuelta a España twice (2011 and 2017). He has also won several other stage races, and the Velo d'Or three times.
Froome has also won two Olympic bronze medals in road time trials, in 2012 and 2016, and also took bronze in the 2017 World Championships. Froome was born in Kenya to British parents and grew up there and in South Africa. Since 2011 he's been a resident in Monaco. At the age of 22, Froome turned professional with Team Konica Minolta. In 2008, he joined the team . The same year he moved to Italy and started to ride under a British licence. In 2010, he moved to and quickly became one of the team's key cyclists. Froome made his breakthrough as a Grand Tour contender during the 2011 Vuelta a España where he finished second overall, later promoted to first, retrospectively becoming the first British cyclist to win a Grand Tour cycling event. At the 2012 Tour de France, riding as a super-domestique for Bradley Wiggins, Froome won stage seven and finished second overall, behind Wiggins.
His first recognised multi-stage race win came in 2013, in the Tour of Oman, followed by wins in the Critérium International, the Tour de Romandie, the Critérium du Dauphiné, and the Tour de France. In the 2014 Tour de France, he retired after multiple crashes. In 2015, he won his second Critérium du Dauphiné and his second Tour de France. He won a third Tour de France in 2016 and became the first man since Miguel Induráin in 1995 to successfully defend his title. He won his fourth Tour de France in 2017, followed by successive wins at the 2017 Vuelta a España and the 2018 Giro d'Italia, his first victories in both races. These achievements made him the first cyclist to win the Tour–Vuelta double since the Vuelta was moved to September, the first rider to achieve any Grand Tour double in nearly a decade, and the first to hold all three Grand Tour winners' jerseys at the same time since Bernard Hinault in 1983.
Throughout his career Froome has faced a series of allegations that he exploited a loophole in cycling's anti-doping regulations to use a performance-enhancing drug.
In 2019 a serious training crash before the Critérium du Dauphiné halted Froome's career, after he broke numerous bones including his pelvis, femur and four ribs. Although he managed to recover following surgery to return to the peloton in 2020, he struggled to regain any of his former form. He left Ineos Grenadiers at the end of 2020 to join Israel Start-Up Nation but his form struggles continued through the 2021 season, with Froome failing to contend seriously in stage races since his accident. Despite these struggles, Froome remains the most successful general classification rider still active in the peloton as of 2021.
Early life and amateur career
Froome was born on 20 May 1985 in Nairobi, Kenya, the youngest of three boys to mother Jane and English father Clive, a former field hockey player who represented England at under-19 level. His mother's parents had emigrated from Tetbury, Gloucestershire, England, to Kenya to run a crop farm. Whilst living abroad his parents maintained British customs with Sunday roast dinners and Beatles songs which contributed to his desire to represent Great Britain in cycling. In Kenya he would sell avocados and discarded bike parts. Froome's two older brothers, Jonathan and Jeremy, went to Rugby School in Warwickshire, England. When Froome was 13, his mother took him to his first organised bike race, a charity race that he won despite being knocked from his bike by his mother. There he met professional cyclist David Kinjah, who became Froome's mentor and training partner. Initially Kinjah misjudged Froome's attitude, fearing he lacked the "work ethic to keep pace with more experienced riders of the group" His mother was upset with his cycling, often driving out ahead, attempting to drive him back home.
After finishing primary school at the Banda School in Nairobi, Froome moved to South Africa as a 14-year-old to attend St. Andrew's School, a publicly funded school in Bloemfontein and St John's College, a boarding independent school in Johannesburg. Froome attended St John's alongside South African-born Scott Spedding, who went on to a professional rugby union career including playing internationally for France. Whilst in South Africa he was the school's cycling captain and kept in contact with Kinjah. He then studied economics for two years at the University of Johannesburg. In South Africa Froome started to participate in road cycling. On one of his school holidays, his home club gifted him with a second-hand yellow jersey. Being unaware of the Tour de France, he failed to see the significance.
It was not until he was 22 that he turned professional. Froome started road racing in South Africa, specialising as a climber. Froome competed for Kenya in the road time trial and the road race at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, where he finished 17th and 25th respectively, catching the attention of future Team Sky principal Dave Brailsford: "The performance he did, on the equipment he was on, that takes some doing ... We always thought he was a bit of a diamond in the rough, who had a huge potential." While representing Kenya at the 2006 Road World Championships in the under-23 category in Salzburg, Austria, Froome crashed into an official just after the start of the time trial, causing both men to fall; although neither was injured, he finished in 36th place. Froome's appearance at the Worlds came about after he impersonated Kenyan cycling federation president Julius Mwangi by using Mwangi's email account to enter himself into the Championships, in order to add some European racing experience to his CV and boost his chances of obtaining a contract with a professional team.
Professional career
2007–2010: Early years
Froome turned professional in 2007, aged 22, with the South African team, Konica Minolta, withdrawing from university two years into his degree in economics. He competed from April to September in the U23 Nations Cup for the Union Cycliste Internationale's World Cycling Centre (WCC) team based in Aigle, Switzerland. In May he rode his first stage race, the Giro delle Regioni, winning stage five, riding for WCC. In late-May he won stage six of the Tour of Japan, attacking from a breakaway in the fourteen-lap circuit in Shuzenji. In June he competed at the "B" world championships in Cape Town, placing second to China's Haijun Ma in the time trial. In July, he claimed a bronze medal in the road race at the All-Africa Games in Algiers, Algeria. On 26 September, he placed forty-first in the under-23 time trial at the world championships in Stuttgart, three minutes and thirty seconds behind the gold medalist, Lars Boom of the Netherlands. His performances in 2007 attracted the attention of British Cycling coach, Rod Ellingworth, who believed Froome had potential. Froome said: "Although I was riding under the Kenyan flag I made it clear that I had always carried a British passport and felt British. It was then we talked about racing under the Union Flag, and we stayed in touch."
Froome was introduced to the British-based, South African-backed, second-tier UCI Professional Continental team, , by South African Robbie Hunter, signing with them for the 2008 season. In March he finished second overall in the Giro del Capo in South Africa, one minute and forty-one seconds behind his teammate, Christian Pfannberger. Over March and April, he rode the Critérium International, Gent-Wevelgem and the Ardennes classics. In May 2008, Froome switched from a Kenyan licence to a British licence, to have a chance of riding in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where Kenya did not qualify. He made his Grand Tour debut when he was named in 's squad for the Tour de France – becoming the first participant born in Kenya, in which he finished 84th overall and 11th among the young rider classification. In October, Froome finished fourth overall in the Herald Sun Tour in Victoria, Australia.
Froome claimed his next professional win in March 2009, with the second stage of the Giro del Capo in Durbanville, South Africa, attacking a ten-strong breakaway with and finishing four minutes ahead. He then participated in the Giro d'Italia, in which he came 36th overall, and seventh young rider classification. In July he won a minor one day race, Anatomic Jock Race, in Barberton South Africa. In September 2009, it was announced that he was to join British cycling team, , for the 2010 season.
Froome rode the 2010 Giro d'Italia. On stage nineteen, he was suffering with a knee injury and on the Mortirolo Pass he was seen holding on to a police motorbike. He had been dropped by the gruppetto, and intended to reach the feed zone and retire from the race. For holding on to the motorbike he was disqualified from the race. During his first season with Sky, his best result was at the Tour du Haut Var, where he finished ninth in the overall standings. He also finished second at the 2010 national time trial championships. In October he represented England at the Commonwealth Games, in Delhi, coming fifth in the time trial, two minutes and twenty seconds behind the winner, Scotland's David Millar.
2011: Breakthrough, First Grand Tour victory
The early highlights of Froome's 2011 season were top fifteen finishes in the Vuelta a Castilla y León and the Tour de Romandie. Froome had a mixed Tour de Suisse, riding with the lead group on some mountain stages yet losing time on others, and finishing ninth in the final time trial, and 47th in the general classification. He continued his season at the Brixia Tour where he finished 45th in the general classification, and the Tour de Pologne, finishing 85th.
Froome entered the Vuelta a España as a last-minute replacement for Lars Petter Nordhaug and a domestique for Bradley Wiggins. Wiggins gave him credit for his ride in stage nine, where he helped Wiggins gain time on his rivals. The following day in stage ten, however, Froome out-rode Wiggins to finish second in the time-trial behind 's Tony Martin and to take an unexpected lead in the race. During stage eleven he helped his team neutralise some attacks but soon found himself unable to follow the main group. However, he managed to hang on to second place in the general classification.
After losing the jersey to Wiggins on stage eleven, Froome continued to ride in support of his leader. On stage fourteen, he helped to drop rivals including rider Vincenzo Nibali and Joaquim Rodríguez () on the final climb. Wiggins credited his lead to Froome, in a stage which also saw Froome rise back up to second in the standings. On the tough stage fifteen which ended on the Alto de l'Angliru, stage winner Juan José Cobo () took the overall lead. Froome finished in fourth place, forty-eight seconds behind Cobo, and retained his second place in the overall strandings.
On stage seventeen, Froome attacked Cobo from the summit finish, but Cobo fought back, catching Froome in the final 300 metres, only for Froome to attack again to win the stage and arrive one second in front of Cobo. As a result of time bonuses, Froome reduced Cobo's lead to thirteen seconds. Froome was unable to reduce Cobo's lead any further and initially was placed second overall in the Vuelta. On 17 July 2019, Froome was declared the winner of the race following the disqualification of Cobo for drug offences. The win, retroactively, made him the first British rider to win a Grand Tour.
Froome was initially close to being dropped by the team at the end of the season, and Sky's team manager Dave Brailsford had been in talks with 's manager Johan Bruyneel offering a trade, but Brunyeel had turned down the offer saying 'I want a cyclist, not a donkey'. However, after watching Froome's strong performance in the Vuelta, team manager Dave Brailsford reportedly flew to Spain to offer him a new contract in the middle of the race. Five days after the race's finish in Madrid, Froome signed a new three-year contract with Sky.
Later that year, it was revealed Froome had suffered throughout the year from the parasitic disease schistosomiasis, after having picked up the disease during a visit to Kenya in 2010. Brailsford speculated that the disease had affected Froome's earlier career in a negative way. The discovery and subsequent treatment of the illness has been used to explain Froome's rapid rise in form during 2011. He was part of the Great Britain team that helped Mark Cavendish win the world road race championship. In October, Froome finished third overall in the first edition of the Tour of Beijing, 26 seconds behind overall winner, Tony Martin.
2012: Super-domestique to team leader
The early part of Froome's 2012 season was wrecked by illness. He withdrew from the Volta ao Algarve with a severe chest infection, and blood tests showed the schistosoma parasites were still in his system. In March, while on a training ride, Froome collided with a 72-year-old pedestrian. He returned to racing in May, for the Tour de Romandie, where he helped Wiggins win the race overall, before participating in a training camp on Teide in Tenerife with several of his teammates.
Froome was selected for the Sky squad for the Tour de France. After placing 11th in the prologue, he suffered a punctured tyre from the end of stage one and lost over a minute to overall leader Fabian Cancellara (). On stage three, Froome was involved in a crash on the hill-top finish in Boulogne-sur-Mer, and was sent flying into safety barriers, but was unharmed and was given the same finishing time as the winner, Peter Sagan of . On stage seven finishing atop the Category 1 climb to La Planche des Belles Filles, he protected his leader Wiggins and was part of a small group that came in sight of the finish line. Cadel Evans () attacked, Froome jumped on his wheel and won the stage with an advantage of two seconds over his leader and Evans. Froome took the lead in the mountains classification. With that operation, he took the polka dot jersey, but lost it to Fredrik Kessiakoff of the very next day. Froome finished second to Wiggins on stage nine, an individual time trial, and moved up to third overall.
On stage eleven to La Toussuire, Froome attacked the remaining group on the last climb, before the finish line. He subsequently received the order from his team manager to hold back and wait for yellow jersey Wiggins. He finished third on the stage. For his efforts in assisting Wiggins, Froome was lauded in the media as a super-domestique. On stage seventeen, Froome and Wiggins finished second and third respectively on the final mountain stage to further cement their general classification positions, although Froome repeatedly waited for Wiggins on the final climb, costing him the chance of winning the stage. On stage nineteen, a time trial, Froome finished second to Wiggins, mirroring the overall standings. Wiggins went on to win the tour with Froome second, becoming the first two British riders to make the podium of the Tour de France in its 109-year history.
Froome, along with Sky teammates Wiggins, Cavendish and Ian Stannard, as well as Millar () were selected for Team GB's road race at the Olympic Games. Froome and Wiggins also contested in the time trial. Froome won bronze in the time trial, with teammate Wiggins taking gold. Froome was selected as Team Sky's leader for the Vuelta a España, where he aimed to go one better than 2011 and win his first Grand Tour. He lay third after the first mountain finish on stage three, and moved up to second on stage four after leader Alejandro Valverde crashed, losing 55 seconds to the chasing group. Froome moved down to third during the stage-eleven time trial sixteen seconds off leader Rodriguez. He lost another twenty-three seconds on stage twelve, putting him 51 seconds down. He struggled through the rest of the second half of the race. He ended up fourth overall, finishing over ten minutes behind the race winner, Alberto Contador ().
2013: First Tour de France victory
Froome's 2013 season began at the Tour of Oman, where he took the race lead on stage four, finishing second to Rodríguez on the summit finish of Jebel Akhdar. Froome then won the following stage to extend his lead, out-sprinting Contador and Rodríguez. He finished the race taking the overall classification, his first stage race win of his career, 27 seconds ahead of Contador, with Cadel Evans twelve seconds further back. He also won the points classification.
Froome then led at the Tirreno–Adriatico in March, where he won the fourth stage after countering an attack by Contador, rider Nibali and 's Mauro Santambrogio on the final climb to Prati di Tivo. Froome lost time on eventual winner Nibali on the penultimate stage, finishing the race in second place.
Froome returned to action, and to the top step of the rostrum, in the Critérium International. After finishing fourth in the short second-stage time trial, he passed teammate Richie Porte to win the third and final stage. In so doing, he overtook Porte in the general classification.
In late April, Froome won the prologue of the Tour de Romandie in Le Châble, Switzerland, taking the leader's jersey, with a six-second gap over Andrew Talansky of . He remained in the yellow leader's jersey throughout the entire race, increasing his advantage over his rivals to almost a minute with a strong performance in the penultimate queen stage. Near the end of that stage, after losing his support riders in the peloton, Froome gave solo chase to breakaway rider Simon Špilak and after catching him, worked with the Slovenian to maintain and extend their lead on the peloton and improve their general classification standings. Špilak won the stage, which catapulted him into second place in the overall, with Froome on his wheel in second. In the final individual time trial stage Froome took third place, increasing his lead and winning his third race of the season.
Froome's final warm up race before the Tour de France, for which he was favourite, was the Critérium du Dauphiné at the beginning of June. He sat second overall behind 's Rohan Dennis after coming third in the time trial on stage four. Froome won stage five after countering a late attack by Contador, to take the race lead by 52 seconds over teammate Porte. Froome helped Porte solidify his second place on stage seven, and on stage eight the pair rode away from their rivals on the final climb, with only Talansky () able to follow. Froome took second on the stage behind Alessandro De Marchi of , who had attacked earlier, to secure overall victory, with Porte completing a one-two, 58 seconds back. This was Froome's fourth major stage race victory of the season, out of the five he had entered.
Froome's Tour de France got off to a nervy start as he crashed in the neutral zone of the first stage on the isle of Corsica, but he was unharmed. Also, he avoided going down in the large crash towards the end of the stage. After staying out of trouble for the rest of the first week, Froome won stage eight, the first mountain stage of the race, finishing on Ax 3 Domaines, by launching an attack after teammates Peter Kennaugh and Porte had brought back an earlier attack by 's Nairo Quintana, and distanced most of Froome's rivals. Froome's winning margin on the stage was 51 seconds over Porte, and 85 seconds to Valverde () in third. This gave Froome the overall lead in the Tour for the first time and the lead in the mountains classification. On the following stage, however, Froome was left isolated as no teammates were able to follow repeated attacks early in the stage by , and riders. Despite being without any team support for most of the stage, Froome was able to defend his lead by following several attacks by Quintana and Valverde. Froome then finished second in the individual time trial on the twelfth stage, twelve seconds behind Tony Martin, to put further time into all of his rivals. However, on stage thirteen Saxo-Tinkoff caused a split in the peloton due to strong crosswinds, which Froome missed. 's Contador and Roman Kreuziger, and Laurens ten Dam and Bauke Mollema of all made the selection and took 69 seconds out of Froome's lead, although Valverde lost over ten minutes and slipped out of contention.
Froome won stage fifteen, which finished on Mont Ventoux. Kennaugh and Porte dropped all of the leading contenders except Contador on the early part of the climb, before Froome surged clear of Contador with remaining and caught Quintana, who had attacked earlier in the climb. The pair worked together to put time into their rivals, before Froome dropped Quintana with remaining and soloed to the finish. This gave Froome a lead of four minutes and fourteen seconds over Mollema in second place, with Contador a further eleven seconds back. Froome also regained the lead in the mountains classification. He won the stage seventeen time trial, finishing the course from Embrun to Chorges in 51 minutes 33 seconds, with Contador coming in nine seconds behind him, in second place. Froome defended his lead during the Alpine stages, extending his overall lead as Mollema and Contador dropped back.
Froome won the general classification on 21 July with a final time of 83 hours, 56 minutes and 40 seconds; he was 4 minutes and 20 seconds ahead of second-placed Quintana. He was also King of the Mountains for six stages; however, he ultimately finished second to Quintana in that classification. Froome's overall win and stage victories in the Tour win put him at the top of the UCI World Tour ranking, with 587, ahead of Sagan on 409. Partly because the 2013 Tour was the first since Lance Armstrong's admission of doping, such questions were asked of Froome. He insisted that he and his team were clean and stated that the questioning saddened him. Froome was drug tested during the Tour and Team Sky principal Dave Brailsford offered the World Anti-Doping Agency all performance data they had on Froome as evidence.
In October Froome was named winner of the prestigious Vélo d'Or award for the best rider of the year.
2014: Defending champion
As defending champion for the first time, Froome started his 2014 season by again winning the Tour of Oman. After some minor illnesses and back problems, which meant he missed Tirreno–Adriatico, his next stage race was the Tour de Romandie, again as defending champion, which he won by 28 seconds ahead of Špilak, with the two riders placing first and second in that race for the second consecutive year. He also won the final stage of the race, an individual time trial, finishing a second faster than three-time time trial world champion Martin. To celebrate the Tour de France moving from Britain to France in July, Froome rode a bicycle through the Channel Tunnel, becoming the first solo rider to do so and one of few cyclists ever to have made the journey. The Crossing took under an hour at a top speed of 65 km/h.
Froome crashed out on the fifth stage of the Tour de France after falling three times over two days, putting an end to his defence of his Tour de France crown. He came back in time to duel with Alberto Contador on the Vuelta a España. He lost time on the first individual time trial. Before the last stage, a short (10 km) flat time trial, Froome was in second place with a deficit of 97 seconds on the Spaniard. He finally finished second. He was also awarded the overall combativity award.
2015: Second Tour de France victory
Following his 2013 and 2014 early-season victories in the Tour of Oman, Froome decided to begin his 2015 racing season in February at the Ruta del Sol in Spain. He was joined there by Contador, both riders competing in this race for the first time.
Having lost eight seconds to Contador in the first day's individual time trial, Froome ceded even more time to him on the third stage, when the Spaniard broke away from the peloton during the uphill finish to win the stage. Now 27 seconds behind Contador, with only one mountain stage remaining, Froome seemed likely to end up second. But on the penultimate fourth stage, which had a steep uphill finish, Team Sky worked hard and dropped all of Contador's Tinkoff-Saxo teammates as the leaders reached the final climb. After some punchy moves by his support riders, Froome began a solo attack. For a short time Contador was able to follow, but he soon fell away. Froome won the stage and was able to open a 29-second gap on second-place Contador by the finish line, enough to overcome his deficit and take the overall race lead by two seconds. The final fifth stage was relatively flat, with no likely chance for Contador to make up his deficit, allowing Froome to collect his first stage race victory since May 2014. This was the third year in a row that Froome won his season opener stage race.
For the second year in a row, Froome did not start Tirreno–Adriatico, due to a chest infection. He participated in the La Flèche Wallonne but crashed badly, remounted and finished 123rd, at 12:19. He later participated in the Tour de Romandie in hopes of winning it for the third year in a row, but had to settle for third place in the general classification after winner Ilnur Zakarin and second-place Simon Špilak, both of .
In June, he was in full preparation for the Tour de France as he participated to the Critérium du Dauphiné. He won stage seven, the queen stage, thanks to two consecutive attacks on the last climb of the day, one to shed the leading group and another one to get rid of Tejay van Garderen, who had resisted the first one. On the stage, he repeated the exploit of winning solo while putting enough time into van Garderen to win the overall classification as well.
Froome entered the Tour de France as one of the favourites for the overall win. After a strong performance on the Mur de Huy Froome took over the race lead by one second from Tony Martin, although he subsequently lost the jersey to Martin on stage four to Cambrai. Following Martin's retirement from the race with a broken collar bone sustained in a crash near the end of stage six Froome was promoted to race leader, but declined to wear the yellow jersey during stage seven.
During the evening of the first rest day of the Tour, it emerged that the team had had some of Froome's data files hacked and released onto the internet.
As the Tour entered the second week of racing stage ten saw the first mountains stage, the summit finish of La Pierre Saint-Martin, where Froome would go on to take the stage win, putting significant time into his general classification rivals. During the remainder of the race the team faced intense scrutiny regarding their dominant performances; Porte was punched in the ribs by a spectator in the Pyrenees, and Froome claimed he had urine thrown at him by another spectator, who Froome described as 'clearly French', and levelled his blame for the poor spectator behaviour on the press for 'irresponsible journalism'. Team Sky then released some of Froome's power data from stage ten in an attempt to calm claims of blood or mechanical doping.
Froome maintained his lead during the final week's Alpine mountain stages, although he lost 32 seconds to Quintana, who had emerged as his principal rival, on the penultimate mountain stage to La Toussuire, and another 86 seconds on the final summit finish on Alpe d'Huez, giving him a lead of 72 seconds over Quintana in the general classification. In addition to winning the race overall he clinched the mountains classification.
In August, Froome confirmed that he would follow up his Tour win by riding in the Vuelta a España. Froome lost time on his rivals on the first summit finishes, though he gained back some time on the summit finish of stage nine. Stage eleven was a mountainous stage in Andorra that Froome had described as "the toughest Grand Tour stage I’ve ever done". He crashed into a wooden barrier on the approach to the first climb of the day; he continued to the end of the stage, though he lost significant time on all his rivals. The following morning, an MRI scan revealed that he had broken his foot in the crash and he withdrew from the Vuelta.
Froome was appointed as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to cycling.
2016: Third Tour de France victory
Before the 2016 season, Froome announced that he would attempt to win the Tour, as well as the time trial and road race at the Olympics. Froome started the season early, competing in the 2016 Herald Sun Tour in Australia (a race in which he had finished fourth in 2008). The Herald Sun Tour consisted of a short individual time trial prologue, followed by four stages. On the last stage, which culminated in a triple climb of Arthurs Seat and a summit finish, Froome broke away in a solo attack on the third and final ascent, and opened up a sufficient gap on the field to secure his first 2016 victory, along with the King of the Mountains award.
Froome's next racing appearance was at the Volta a Catalunya in late March, where he finished eighth overall. He subsequently competed at the Tour de Romandie, which brought mixed results. On the second stage, he punctured on a climb 20 km from the end and finished 17 minutes down on stage winner and new race leader Nairo Quintana. However, on stage four, the queen stage, he and Tejay van Garderen attacked from the bunch to join the day's original breakaway; the pair then rode away on the final climb, and Froome distanced van Garderen with 7.4 km to go, holding on to win the stage with a four-second lead over the leader's group.
In June, as preparation for the Tour de France, he took part in the Critérium du Dauphiné, which he won by 12 seconds over Romain Bardet of AG2R La Mondiale. This was Froome's third victory at the Dauphiné over the last four years.
On Stage 8 of the 2016 Tour de France, Froome attacked on the descent of the Col de Peyresourde and held off the leading group of GC contenders to take a solo victory in Bagnères-de-Luchon. By doing so, Froome took the Yellow Jersey, leading the race by 16 seconds over Adam Yates (). Following the stage, Froome received a fine of 200 Swiss Francs for elbowing a spectator in the face who had run alongside him during the ascent of the Col de Peyresourde. He further surprised his rivals on stage 11 to Montpellier when he finished second in a sprint to Peter Sagan, after being part of a 4-man break in the final 12 kilometers after the peloton split due to crosswinds. On Stage 12, on the ascent up Mont Ventoux, Froome collided with Richie Porte and Bauke Mollema and a motorbike after spectators on the road forced the motorbike to stop. Porte and Mollema continued riding, while Froome ditched his bike and continued on foot until receiving a replacement bike from his team car. He finished the race 1 minute and 40 seconds behind Mollema, but was awarded the same time as Mollema after a jury decision, and retained the yellow jersey. He followed with good results in both of the individual time trials with a second-place finish on stage 13 and winning stage 18. Froome went on to claim his third Tour de France victory on 24 July 2016 and became Britain's first-ever three-time winner of the race.
He followed his Tour win with a bronze medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics, during the Men's Time Trial event, repeating his bronze medal success from London 2012.
After the Olympics, he was named in the start list for the 2016 Vuelta a España, during which he helped the team win the opening team time trial and later won stage 11 on Peña Cabarga, the site of his first Grand Tour stage victory in 2011. He lost over 2 and a half minutes on stage 15 when rivals Nairo Quintana and Alberto Contador attacked together from kilometre 10 and blew the race apart, isolating him from his teammates. However, Froome gained back time lost in a victory on the stage 19 individual time trial to Calp. He finished the Vuelta in second overall, 1:23 back of race winner Quintana.
2017: Completing the Tour-Vuelta double
Froome won his fourth Tour de France title on 23 July 2017. He beat Rigoberto Urán by 54 seconds. Although Froome never won a stage during the 2017 Tour or any prior race during that calendar year, he was victorious thanks to his exceptional time trialing abilities showcased on the Grand Depart in Düsseldorf and on stage 20 in Marseille.
On 19 August, Froome started the Vuelta a España aiming to win it having finished 2nd on three occasions previously and had gone in as the overwhelming favourite. On stage 3 Froome attacked up the final climb with only Esteban Chaves able to follow him. However, they were pegged back on the descent and Vincenzo Nibali won the stage in the reduced sprint. Froome finished 3rd and the bonus seconds at the line plus those he picked up at the intermediate sprint were enough to see him take the red jersey for the first time since 2011. He went on to win stage 9 at Cumbre del Sol (the same finish where he lost to Dumoulin in 2015), also taking the lead in the points classification in the process. Despite a crash on stage 12, he recaptured the lead in the points classification with a 5th-place finish on stage 15 to Sierra Nevada and won the stage 16 individual time trial at Logroño, also taking the stage's combativity prize. A third-place finish on the Alto de l'Angliru cemented the red jersey as well as the combination classification, and on the final sprint stage at Madrid, held on to win the points classification by 2 points over Matteo Trentin. With the victory, Froome became the first British rider to win the Vuelta, and the third man to successfully complete the Tour-Vuelta double in the same year joining Jacques Anquetil and Bernard Hinault. He then competed at the 2017 UCI Road World Championships in Bergen only about a week after his Vuelta victory and won two bronze medals: one in the men's team time trial with Team Sky, the other in the men's individual time trial for Great Britain. On 17 October 2017, he won his third Vélo d'Or award as the best rider of the 2017 season.
Excessive level of an asthma drug at Vuelta
On 13 December 2017, the UCI announced that Froome had returned an "Adverse Analytical Finding" (AAF) for almost twice his allowed dose of salbutamol, an asthma medication. Both the A and B samples revealed urinary salbutamol concentration in excess of the 1000–1200 ng/mL threshold of "therapeutic use".
The threshold for salbutamol is 1000 ng/mL and the decision limit, taking into account measurement uncertainty, is 1200 ng/mL.
The test was taken after stage 18 of the Vuelta a España. In a statement, Froome commented: "My asthma got worse at the Vuelta so I followed the team doctor’s advice to increase my salbutamol dosage. As always, I took the greatest care to ensure that I did not use more than the permissible dose."
Under new WADA rules, compensation has been made for urine concentration and dehydration, under which Froome's level has been lowered to 1,429 ng/mL rather than 2,000 ng/mL. Subsequently, Froome took much of the off-season contacting experts and reading reports on the situation.
Following the leaking of test results to The Guardian and Le Monde newspapers, the newspaper article stated that ' [this] ...threatens to damage his reputation as one of Britain's most successful athletes.' His team were asked to explain the high levels of the drug revealed in the test, and if not adequately explained it would have resulted in a ban from the sport.
His case has been widely criticised by fellow cyclists and in January 2018 UCI president David Lappartient recommended that he was suspended by until his case was resolved. In February 2018 Dave Brailsford defended Froome saying "For me, there's no question, he's done nothing wrong – no question, no question, no question." He went on to say that he believed Froome was innocent and that he felt the case shouldn't have been made public.
On 2 July 2018, the UCI officially closed the investigation into Froome, stating that the rider had supplied sufficient evidence to suggest that "Mr Froome's sample results do not constitute an AAF".
2018: Winning the Giro
On 29 November 2017, Froome announced that he intended to participate in the 2018 Giro d'Italia in an attempt to complete the Giro-Tour double, marking his first start in the race since 2010. A win would make him the seventh rider to win all three Grand Tours, and the third rider to hold all three Grand Tour titles simultaneously in a single 12-month period.
On 5 February 2018, Froome announced he would start his season with an entry into the Vuelta a Andalucía (Ruta del Sol), despite calls for him not to race until his case was resolved. However, there were also signs of support for Froome, with Ruta del Sol organiser Joaquín Cuevas claiming it to be "a pleasure and an honour" to have Froome in the race, and Mauro Vegni, the organiser of the Giro d'Italia, commenting that 'If he [Froome] wins the pink jersey, he'll always be the winner for me'. Cyclingnews.com also reported that Froome would be likely to compete in two Italian pre-Giro stage races: Tirreno–Adriatico and the Tour of the Alps.
Froome entered the 2018 Giro d'Italia as one of the favourites to take the overall victory in Rome at the end of May. Once at the start of the Giro d'Italia, he was he would be cleared of his offences. However, before the race could even begin Froome crashed whilst performing a recon of the opening time trial in Jerusalem. Froome would finish the time trial in 21st place, ceding 35 seconds to overall rival Tom Dumoulin. After the race, Team Sky directeur sportif Nicolas Portal admitted that the injury Froome sustained in the crash was worse that they had stated at the time, and Brailsford said that the crash was a setback to Froome's physical condition, which the team felt was below the required level at the start of the Giro. By the end of the first summit finish on Mount Etna, Froome had risen to eighth overall, one minute and 10 seconds behind early race leader Simon Yates. On stage 8, Froome fell on his injured side when his rear wheel slid on a wet climb. By the end of stage 9 to Gran Sasso d'Italia, Froome had lost a further one minute and 17 seconds to Yates, dropping to 11th overall. Stage 10 could have also proven ominous when afterwards he admitted to feeling pain and an imbalance between his legs; and was glad to maintain his position. Froome's first signs of recovery came through on the most difficult climb of the race to that point, Monte Zoncolan, where he distanced all of his main overall rivals, taking the stage win. Froome's deficit to the maglia rosa was now 3' 10". However, on the final climb of the following stage to Sappada Froome cracked, yielding more than a minute to the other main general classification contenders. Overall, Froome lay 4'52" from Yates, the leader, 2'41" from Dumoulin, 2'24" from Domenico Pozzovivo and 2'15" from Thibaut Pinot.
Froome's fortune began to change as the race entered the third week, with a strong performance in the 34 km, Stage 16 time trial – from Trento to Rovereto – finishing fifth on the stage, rising to fourth overall and moving to within four minutes of Yates. On stage 18 to Prato Nevoso Yates displayed the initial signs of weakness, cracking on the final slopes of the summit finishes and losing 28 seconds to all of his other general classification rivals. Stage 19 of the race had been classified as the 'queen stage' of the race, with three focused climbs in the latter half of the stage. These included the half paved-half gravel climb of the Colle delle Finestre, followed by the climb to Sestriere and the final uphill finish to Bardonecchia.
On the evening before the stage, Team Sky's management decided that Finestre would be the ideal place to put pressure on Yates: if a team rode hard on the front, its 27 hairpin turns would create a concertina effect in the peloton, making it difficult for riders behind to follow, and forcing teams to shed their domestiques. Froome then planned to attack Dumoulin on the 8 km gravel section at the top of the climb. To ensure that Froome would be able to obtain the nutrition necessary to sustain such a long-range attack without carrying extra weight, the team commandeered all its staff at the race including Brailsford and Ellingworth themselves to ensure there were feeding stations every ten minutes up the Finestre. On the stage itself, the early breakaway, which included Froome's teammates Sergio Henao and David de la Cruz, was closed down by Yates's team just before the Finestre. Sky's climbing train set an extremely high tempo at the beginning of the climb: with Yates in difficulty on its lower slopes and with 80 km left of the stage, Froome launched a solo attack. Froome's advantage grew throughout the second half of the stage, culminating in him taking the stage honours. Importantly, a stage victory of more than three minutes which included picking up three bonus seconds at the second intermediate sprint in Pragelato resulted in Froome taking the overall race lead, 40 seconds ahead of the 2017 Giro d'Italia victor, Tom Dumoulin. Taking the maximum number of points on all three of the remaining climbs on the stage (Finestre, Sestriere and the Jafferau), Froome also moved into the lead in the mountains classification. His solo attack was likened to famous historical performances such as Fausto Coppi to Pinerolo in 1949, Claudio Chiappucci to Sestriere in 1992, Marco Pantani on the Galibier in 1998, Floyd Landis's long-range attack to Morzine, and Michael Rasmussen to Tignes in 2007. Froome held on to the maglia rosa on the final 'true' day of racing for the GC, neutralizing several attacks by Dumoulin in the final kilometers before launching a counter-attack of his own, putting an additional 6 seconds into his rival at the finish line at Breuil-Cervinia.
Froome took victory in the 2018 Giro d'Italia making him the first British rider to win the overall title, the first rider since 1983 to hold all three Grand Tour titles simultaneously, as well as becoming the seventh man to have completed the career Grand Tour grand slam. He then went into the 2018 Tour de France as one of the main favorites for victory despite the mostly negative reactions from some fans. Crashing twice on stages 1 and 9 as well as looking vulnerable on several other stages, Froome then shifted his focus on helping his friend and longtime teammate Geraint Thomas. Thanks to his performance in the penultimate day time trial to Espelette, Froome finished third overall behind Thomas.
Despite being defending champion of the Vuelta, Froome decided to skip the 2018 edition having ridden four consecutive Grand Tours. He instead rode the 2018 Tour of Britain. It was the last race of his 2018 season, electing to skip the World Championships in Austria citing physical as well as mental fatigue to be the main reasons behind his decision.
2019: Setback and recovery
On 1 January 2019, Froome announced that he would not be defending his title at the Giro d'Italia, instead focusing on the 2019 Tour de France with the aim of winning the race for the fifth time. He started his season at Tour Colombia in February, and also rode the Volta a Catalunya in support of Egan Bernal. He completed the Tour of the Alps and the Tour de Yorkshire prior to returning to the Critérium du Dauphiné. On 12 June 2019, Froome was hospitalised with a fractured right femur, a fractured elbow, and fractured ribs, after a high-speed crash into a wall while training for the 4th stage of the Critérium du Dauphiné. The incident ruled out his participation in the 2019 Tour de France. He spoke for the first time on 3 August 2019 in an interview about the incident and the recovery process. On 10 September 2019, almost 3 months into his recovery, Froome was confirmed to participate in the 7th edition of the Saitama Criterium, and on 29 September 2019 posted to social media that he was back training on the road.
2020: Back on the road; leaving Team Ineos
In his first official team interview posted on 17 January 2020, Froome confirmed that he had been given the green light to begin full training following the rehab stage of his recovery and participated in a training camp with several teammates in Gran Canaria, citing his big focus as getting to the 2020 Tour de France with the ambition of getting his fifth overall victory. On 22 January, it was announced that Froome's first race back would be the UAE Tour at the end of February, rejoining the peloton for the first time since his accident.
On 9 July 2020, it was announced that Froome's contract with would not be extended beyond the end of the 2020 season, having been with the team since its formation in 2010. Later that day, Froome signed a "long-term" contract with from the 2021 season.
Following the end of the lockdown, Froome completed the Route d'Occitanie, the Tour de l'Ain and the Critérium du Dauphiné. On 19 August 2020, it was announced that he would not be part of the team for the Tour de France, but would instead be the team's designated leader at the Vuelta a España, which would eventually be his final race with Ineos.
2021: A new chapter; Israel Start-up Nation
Froome had been training and working on further rehabilitation in southern California in preparation for the 2021 season. On 17 December 2020, it was announced that he would make his debut at the Vuelta a San Juan in Argentina starting on 24 January. However, with the cancellation of the race due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina, it was later announced that he would open the season at the UAE Tour starting on 21 February. Froome was selected for the Tour de France, his first appearance at the race since 2018, but named Michael Woods as team leader. Froome's compatriot Mark Cavendish, who won the points classification, insisted Froome was not to be written off, citing his own comeback testimony as example. Froome sustained injuries on the opening stage but continued on, eventually completing the race in 133rd overall.
Personal life
Froome met Michelle Cound, a South African of Welsh origin, through South African rider Daryl Impey in 2009. Froome and Cound moved to Monaco together in 2011 and got engaged in March 2013. The couple married in November 2014, and on 14 December 2015 had their first child, a son named Kellan. Froome dedicated his 2013 Tour de France win to his mother, who died of cancer five weeks before his Tour debut in 2008. His second child, a daughter named Katie, was born on 1 August 2018.
Froome was appointed officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to cycling.
Physiology
Since winning his first Tour de France title in 2013, doubts over Froome's performances were raised by various experts, including former Festina coach Antoine Vayer. These allegations were based mainly on his sudden transformation from a relatively unknown rider to a Grand Tour winner, following his breakthrough performance in the 2011 Vuelta. After his dominant showing in the first mountain stage of 2015 Tour, the suspicions increased even further.
In an attempt to answer these questions, Froome promised to undergo independent physiological testing soon after finishing the Tour. The test, arranged by Froome himself, took place shortly before the start of the Vuelta, on 17 August 2015, in the GlaxoSmithKline Human Performance lab in London. Several tests were carried to determine his maximum sustainable power for 20–40 minutes (threshold power), level of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) and his peak power. Froome's peak power was measured at 525 W; his peak 20–40-minute power, at 419 W, corresponds to 79.8 percent of the maximum. Given his weight of (of which 9.8% was body fat) at the time of test, this corresponds to figures of 7.51 and 5.98 W/kg respectively. His maximum oxygen uptake was measured at 84.6 ml/kg/min. At the time, he was reportedly almost heavier compared to his Tour weight of . Using this number, the VO2 max figure would translate to approximately 88.2 ml/kg/min.
Froome also released results from a previous test, carried out in 2007 while being part of the UCI development programme. The 2007 test measured his peak power at 540 W, the threshold power at 420 W and the maximum oxygen uptake of 80.2 ml/kg/min, at a weight of .
Career achievements
Major results
Source:
2005
1st Stage 2 Tour of Mauritius
2006
1st Overall Tour of Mauritius
1st Stages 2 & 3
2nd Anatomic Jock Race
2007
1st Overall Mi-Août en Bretagne
1st Stage 5 Giro delle Regioni
1st Stage 6 Tour of Japan
2nd Berg en Dale Classic
2nd Time trial, UCI B World Championships
3rd Road race, All-Africa Games
8th Tour du Doubs
2008
2nd Overall Giro del Capo
3rd Giro dell'Appennino
4th Overall Herald Sun Tour
6th Overall Volta ao Distrito de Santarém
2009
1st Stage 2 Giro del Capo
1st Anatomic Jock Race
4th Road race, National Road Championships
9th Gran Premio Nobili Rubinetterie
2010
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
5th Time trial, Commonwealth Games
9th Overall Tour du Haut Var
2011
1st Overall Vuelta a España
1st Combination classification
1st Stage 17
3rd Overall Tour of Beijing
2012
2nd Overall Tour de France
1st Stage 7
Held after Stage 7
3rd Time trial, Olympic Games
4th Overall Vuelta a España
4th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
7th UCI World Tour
2013
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 8, 15 & 17 (ITT)
Held after Stages 8 & 15–19
1st Overall Tour de Romandie
1st Prologue
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
1st Stage 5
1st Overall Tour of Oman
1st Points classification
1st Stage 5
1st Overall Critérium International
1st Stage 3
2nd Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 4
2nd UCI World Tour
3rd Team time trial, UCI Road World Championships
2014
1st Overall Tour de Romandie
1st Stage 5 (ITT)
1st Overall Tour of Oman
1st Stage 5
Critérium du Dauphiné
1st Points classification
1st Stages 1 (ITT) & 2
2nd Overall Vuelta a España
Combativity award Overall
6th Overall Volta a Catalunya
7th UCI World Tour
2015
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 10
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
1st Stages 7 & 8
1st Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
1st Points classification
1st Stage 4
3rd Overall Tour de Romandie
1st Stage 1 (TTT)
6th UCI World Tour
2016
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Stages 8 & 18 (ITT)
1st Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
1st Stage 5
1st Overall Herald Sun Tour
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 4
1st Stage 4 Tour de Romandie
2nd Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stages 1 (TTT), 11 & 19 (ITT)
Combativity award Stage 19
3rd Time trial, Olympic Games
3rd UCI World Tour
8th Overall Volta a Catalunya
2017
1st Overall Tour de France
1st Overall Vuelta a España
1st Points classification
1st Combination classification
1st Stages 9 & 16 (ITT)
Combativity award Stage 16
2nd UCI World Tour
UCI Road World Championships
3rd Time trial
3rd Team time trial
4th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné
6th Overall Herald Sun Tour
2018
1st Overall Giro d'Italia
1st Mountains classification
1st Stages 14 & 19
3rd Overall Tour de France
4th Overall Tour of the Alps
9th UCI World Tour
10th Overall Vuelta a Andalucía
General classification results timeline
Classics results timeline
Major championships results timeline
Awards
Vélo d'Or: 2013, 2015, 2017
Velo Magazine International Cyclist of the Year: 2013
International Flandrien of the Year: 2013, 2017
Sports Journalists' Association Sportsman of the Year: 2017
Officer of the Order of the British Empire: 2016
See also
List of British cyclists
List of British cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification
List of Grand Tour general classification winners
List of Grand Tour mountains classification winners
List of Olympic medalists in cycling (men)
List of Tour de France general classification winners
List of Tour de France secondary classification winners
Vuelta a España records and statistics
Yellow jersey statistics
References
Notes
Further reading
External links
Chris Froome profile at Team Sky
1985 births
2012 Tour de France stage winners
2013 Tour de France stage winners
African Games bronze medalists for Kenya
African Games medalists in cycling
Alumni of St John's College, Johannesburg
British Giro d'Italia stage winners
British Tour de France stage winners
British Vuelta a España stage winners
British expatriates in Monaco
British male cyclists
Commonwealth Games competitors for England
Commonwealth Games competitors for Kenya
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games
Cyclists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Giro d'Italia winners
Kenyan male cyclists
Kenyan people of English descent
Living people
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic cyclists of Great Britain
Olympic medalists in cycling
Sportspeople from Nairobi
Tour de France winners
Vuelta a España winners
White Kenyan people
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56951857
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20Indoor%20Athletics%20Championships
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Russian Indoor Athletics Championships
|
The Russian Indoor Athletics Championships () is an annual indoor track and field competition organised by the All-Russia Athletic Federation (ARAF), which serves as the Russian national championship for the sport. It was first held in 1992, following the independence of Russia after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and replacing the Soviet Indoor Athletics Championships. It is typically held as a three-day event in the Russian winter around mid to late February. The venue of the championships is usually in Moscow or Volgograd. A total of 24 athletics events are on the current programme, divided evenly between the sexes.
The first edition of the event in 1992 was poorly attended by the nation's best athletes, as a CIS Indoor Championships was also held the same year and was involved with international selection for the Unified Team.
Events
The following athletics events feature as standard on the Russian Indoor Championships programme:
Sprint: 60 m, 400 m
Distance track events: 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m
Hurdles: 60 m hurdles
Jumps: long jump, triple jump, high jump, pole vault
Throws: shot put
Relays: 4 × 400 m relay
The following indoor national championships events are typically held separately:
Combined events: heptathlon (men), pentathlon (women)
The following events were formerly held at the competition but have since been abolished:
200 m
5000 m
2000 metres steeplechase
3000 metres steeplechase
Racewalking: 5000 m (men), 3000 m (women)
Relays: 4 × 200 m relay, 4 × 800 m relay
Editions
Championship records
Men
* = Defunct events
Women
* = Defunct events
See also
List of Russian records in athletics
References
Athletics competitions in Russia
National indoor athletics competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1992
1992 establishments in Russia
Athletics Indoor
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28000588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic%20serology
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Forensic serology
|
Forensic serology is the detection, identification, classification, and study of various bodily fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, urine, breast milk, vomit, fecal matter and perspiration, and their relationship to a crime scene. A forensic serologist may also be involved in DNA analysis and bloodstain pattern analysis. Serology testing begins with presumptive tests which gives the analyst an indication that a specific bodily fluid may be present, but cannot completely confirm its presence. Following the presumptive tests, are the confirmatory tests that confirms what the unknown substance actually is.
Blood detection
Blood is composed of liquid plasma and serum with solid components consisting of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). To detect blood at a crime scene or in the laboratory, an array of tests can be used. The most publicized test by crime shows is the Luminol process in which a chemical is sprayed onto a surface where blood is suspected to be. The chemical reacts with traces of blood, producing a chemi-luminescence, or apparent glow, as a result of the chemical reaction that occurs. As with all presumptive tests, this technique can produce false positive results due to metals and strong chemicals, such as bleach, that will also react. Another common presumptive test is the Kastle-Meyer or Phenolphthalein test. This is a catalytic test that detects the heme group in blood that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. It is a three step reaction where one drop of alcohol is applied to expose the hemoglobin, followed by the addition of one drop of the phenolphthalein reagent, followed by one drop of hydrogen peroxide. A positive result induces a color change to pink. Similar to the Kastle-Meyer test, a hemastix is also a catalytic test simplified to a specialized strip where the blood sample is added and a positive result induces a color change to a dark green.
For confirmatory tests, the Takayama Crystal Assay or an immunochromatographic test are typically used. The Takayama Crystal Assay, which forms a ferro protoporphyrin ring by a reaction between pyridine and the iron atom of the heme group. The Takayama reagent is added to a slide with a presumptive blood sample. The slide is dried at 115 degrees Celsius following the addition of the Takayama reagent. Then it is placed under a microscope and a positive result is the visualization of dark red, feathery crystals. For the immunochromatographic test, it functions similar to a pregnancy test where antigens present in blood are detected and a positive result is a band at the test site and control site. After performing the various tests an analyst can confirm the presence of human blood and continue to develop a DNA profile with downstream applications such as DNA extraction, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), etc., followed by profile interpretation.
Semen detection
Semen is a colorless fluid that is ejaculated from a male's penis due to sexual arousal. In order to initially detect semen, an alternative light source (ALS) is used. Under UV light, semen fluoresces making it visible to investigators to collect samples from a crime scene. A common presumptive test for detecting semen is called the acid phosphatase (AP) test. The AP test detects the enzyme acid phosphatase that is secreted from the prostate gland. However, this test is only presumptive because acid phosphatase is found in other bodily fluids. To perform the test, a drop of the reagent sodium alpha-napthyphosphate is added to the presumptive stain followed by a drop of fast blue B. A positive result of this test is a color change to dark purple.
Confirmatory tests for semen include the christmas tree stain and the p30/PSA RSID kit. For the christmas tree stain, the sample is extracted with sterile water in order to make a wet mount on a microscope slide. The sample is then heat-fixed to the slide and stained with nuclear fast red for 15 minutes, then rinsed with deionized water. Next, a green stain is applied for 10 seconds, then rinsed with ethanol. The slide is placed under a compound light microscope for sperm observation. If sperm are present, the heads will stain red and the mid-piece and tail stain green. However, not all males release sperm in their semen. If a male is aspermic or oligospermic, they either have no sperm or a low sperm count. Vasectomized males will not release sperm either. When sperm cells are not present, a second confirmatory test, the p30/PSA test, is performed.
PSA(p30) is known as a prostate-specific antigen that is produced by the prostatic gland in males. The p30/PSA test is an immunochromatographic test that detects the presence of the antigen p30 in semen samples. This test functions similar to a pregnancy test, where if the antigen p30 is present a band will appear at the test site and a control band will appear to confirm if the test is working properly. If the confirmatory test is positive, then semen is present in the sample. From there an analyst could continue to develop a DNA profile with downstream applications.
Saliva detection
The presumptive test to detect saliva is the alpha-amylase test also known as the Phadebas Test. This detection technique is based on the activity of the enzyme alpha-amylase which breaks down starches from food into smaller oligosaccharide molecules, starting digestion in the mouth. Using a petri dish gel, the saliva sample is added and allowed to diffuse through the gel overnight. Visualization is accomplished by adding iodine to the gel which stains the starch in the gel blue. If saliva is present, then the alpha-amylase breaks down the starch, creating a clear colored circle around where the sample was placed.
For confirmatory tests there has not been as much research done compared to blood and semen. However, RSID test have been made in order to detect alpha-amylase, but they are not always reliable because there can be a lot of false positives.
Current research: microRNA
Testing for different body fluids with traditional serological techniques, such as those listed above, is possible, but not without some drawbacks. Firstly, not all body fluids have a reliable confirmatory test, and those that do typically require a larger amount of the suspected stain in order to perform the confirmatory test. This can be limiting if the forensic sample being tested is small to begin with. Also, serology is often done before any downstream analyses like DNA, so if sample is limited in size to begin with performing serological analyses and obtaining a DNA profile successfully may not be possible. Currently, researchers are looking into ways to identify bodily fluids with more success and less sample needed, and an emerging way to do this is with micro RNAs.
Micro RNAs (miRNA) are small, noncoding, single-stranded RNA that are used to regulate gene expression by either regulating translation (protein synthesis) or marking messenger RNA (mRNA) for degradation. Given their regulatory role, the theory is that different miRNAs would be present in different amounts in certain fluid or tissue types because each of those tissue types should have unique proteins and mRNA based on their role in the body. MiRNAs are also an ideal target for forensic analysis because they are small compared to other cellular components, so they tend to resist degradation better than other tissue markers, which is important considering that case work samples are not always going to be in pristine condition. Finally, miRNAs have the potential to be co-extracted and analyzed at the same time as DNA, combining the two processes into one for biological sample analysis, saving time and sample.
miRNA can be extracted using a number of commercially available kits, such as the Solid Phase QIAmp DNA mini kit. Ideally, like the QIAmp kit, the extraction method used is able to extract DNA and miRNA simultaneously, minimizing the amount of reactions and the amount of sample used. miRNAs can be quantified using quantitative Real Time PCR, similar to traditional DNA samples. However, primers and probes would have to be designed for the miRNA targets in order to do so. Unlike routine DNA profiling, miRNA amplification requires an extra step before the PCR process. miRNA requires a reverse transcription step to convert the miRNA fragments into their complementary DNA (cDNA) fragments. Once this conversion has happened, the cDNA and the other DNA in the sample can be amplified using PCR and then separated/visualized using a capillary electrophoresis protocol. cDNA specific primers would have to be designed for your miRNA targets. The final output is an electropherogram that contains not only the STR profile of the sample, but also a peak representing which miRNA is present in that sample.
Current potential miRNA biomarkers:
Research is still needed in order to narrow down potential biomarkers, as some tissues and fluids have the same miRNA expressed in different concentrations. To date, blood and semen miRNAs have been the most studied and have found promising candidate biomarkers.
Current research: Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Like the technique of extracting miRNA, researchers have been able to test one or more samples by extracting DNA and testing it in an instrument that most labs have readily available. This method has proven to produce more DNA than PCR based amplification. Researchers have also added other factors to the loop-mediated isothermal amplification make identification of different body fluids. Using LAMP has reduced the time needed to get results, which is what the ultimate goal was. Although it has proven to decrease total and hands-on time needed to get a result, there are still kinks to work out before this method is used in many or all forensic labs.
See also
RSID
Karl Landsteiner
Paul Uhlenhuth
microRNA
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
References
Serology
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61290670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavo%2C%20Rio
|
Cavo, Rio
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Cavo is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Rio, province of Livorno. At the time of the 2011 census its population was 620.
Cavo is located on the Elba Island and it is about 7 km from Rio Marina. The surroundings of Cavo are among the most attractive touristic destinations in the archipelago. The bay Cala del Telegrafo, also known as Fornacelle, is about 1 km from Cavo and is known among the locals as "the beach that sparkles", due to the iron in the fine sand.
Bibliography
References
Frazioni of Rio, Italy
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59663983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekzhan%20Sagynbaev
|
Bekzhan Sagynbaev
|
Bekzhan Talantbekovich Sagynbaev (; born September 11, 1994) is a Kyrgyzstani footballer who plays for Dordoi Bishkek in the Kyrgyzstan League and Kyrgyzstan national football team as a forward.
Career
Club
He won the Kyrgyzstan League in 2018 with Dordoi Bishkek.
International
Sagynabev made his debut for Kyrgyzstan national football team in a 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – Third Round match on March 22, 2018 against Myanmar. Kyrgyzstan won the match 5–1, Sagynbaev scored the last goal. He was included in Kyrgyzstan's squad for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates.
Career statistics
International
Statistics accurate as of match played 21 January 2019
International goals
Scores and results list Kyrgyzstan's goal tally first.
References
External links
Player Profile at Dordoi Bishkek
1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bishkek
Kyrgyzstan international footballers
Kyrgyzstani footballers
FC Dordoi Bishkek players
Association football forwards
2019 AFC Asian Cup players
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2299579
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger%20%28company%29
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Dräger (company)
|
Dräger is a German company based in Lübeck which makes breathing and protection equipment, gas detection and analysis systems, and noninvasive patient monitoring technologies. Customers include hospitals, fire departments and diving companies.
History
The company was founded in Lübeck in 1889 as Dräger & Gerling by and Carl Adolf Gerling. The first patent was taken out for a reduction device for using carbon dioxide to dispense beer. In 1902 Heinrich Dräger's son Bernhard entered the management; from then on, the company was named Drägerwerk Heinr. und Bernh. Dräger. Since 1970, Drägerwerk has been a public limited company, or Aktiengesellschaft (AG) in German.
In 2003, the aerospace division was sold to Cobham plc. In July 2006, it was announced that Draeger Aerospace GmbH had been acquired by B/E Aerospace, Inc.
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, demand for the Draeger's ventilators skyrocketed. In February 2020, the production capacity was doubled and is to be doubled again (as of March 2020). The German federal government commissioned the company with 10,000 devices, which were to be delivered in the course of 2020. Ultimately, only 1,557 devices were delivered, and the rest canceled. An even larger part of the production is sold abroad. In addition, the production of respiratory masks was doubled.
According to an article in New York Times, Xavier Becerra (who has selected by then-President-elect Joseph R. Biden Jr. as his nominee for the Secretary of Health and Human Services in the US), made the statement that they plan to order approximately 1 Million medical ventilators whenever he takes office. In the course of this statement, he named Dräger under the potential suppliers, regarding to fight against Covid19.
Dräger Medical GmbH
Dräger Medical is a manufacturer of medical equipment. The company offers products and services including Emergency Care, Perioperative Care, Critical Care, Perinatal Care
and Home Care. With headquarters in Lübeck, Germany, Dräger Medical employs nearly 14,000 people worldwide, around half of whom work in customer sales & services. R&D and production are located in Lübeck, Germany; Best, Netherlands; Richmond Hill, ON, Canada; Telford, PA, USA; Andover, MA, USA; and Shanghai, China. The company has sales and service subsidiaries in almost 50 countries and is represented in more than 190 countries.
Dräger Safety GmbH
Dräger Safety GmbH is a manufacturer of personal protection and gas detection technology, and a supplier of safety systems for industry, fire prevention, mining and other hazardous areas. The products and services from Dräger Safety warn and protect people from airborne pollutants and enable people to breathe reliably even in extreme situations.
Dräger claims to have longstanding experience, especially in the fields of gas management, gas flow control, gas monitoring and gas measurement.
The current product range encompasses respiratory protective equipment for firefighters, miners and other industrial personnel as well as complete air filter and air supply systems, portable and fixed gas detection and warning systems, devices for on-site or laboratory contaminant analysis, and instruments to determine a person's breath-alcohol concentration.
Dräger combines the practical use of equipment with, for example, consultancy services, training, maintenance, service and commissioning. Represented in over 100 countries, the company has 40 subsidiaries and, with its 3,600 employees, achieved global sales of €557.8 million in 2005 (EBIT: €40.7 million).
Dräger Safety operates production plants in Germany, Great Britain, USA, Sweden, South Africa and China.
Dräger Safety faces heavy competition from other manufacturers of safety equipment such as Sensidyne, LP. Also, the company's competitors include Mine Safety Appliances, Industrial Scientific Corporation and RAE Systems.
Dräger supports the German Firefighting Sports Federation in the German firefighting fitness badge.
Colorimetric gas detector tubes
Dräger was one of a few companies who were early pioneers of colorimetric gas detector tubes (also known as "detector tubes") used to measure the concentration of gases present. In a typical colorimetric gas detector tube a known volume of air is pumped through a tube using a pump. The tube typically has a layer which indicates the analyte by changing colour, depending on the amount of the gas which has passed through the tube the length of the zone which has changed colour will be different. Today colorimetric gas detector tubes are used throughout industry as a low-cost and easy-to-use tool for detecting the presence of gases and are available from a wide range of manufacturers.
An early limitation of detector tubes is that they were designed to detect a single known gas or vapor. Advancements in the design and capability of detector tubes came with the introduction of such tools as the HazMat kit. The specialty kits are designed for use by hazardous material response teams in determining what gases or vapors are present through using a "stack" of colorimetric material that change color based upon the presence of an organic or inorganic gas.
Alcohol screening kits
Dräger developed their first alcohol screening kit in 1953 when some employees came into work hungover following a party the night before. It was originally developed using silicon crystals, where a breath sample was passed through these silicon crystals, if there was alcohol in this breath sample, a chemical reaction would occur resulting in the crystals changing colour. This particular method is still used today to create "single use breathalyzers."
Dräger's first digital display Alcohol Screening Kit was developed in 1980. Later they developed a breathalyzer that uses a fuel sensor. Many of Drägers breathalyzers have United Kingdom home office approval, which means they can be used by the police in a variety of countries, including the UK.
Diving equipment
In 1912 Drägerwerk developed standard diving dress which did not need surface supplied breathing gas via a diver's umbilical, as it used a self contained gas supply came from a rebreather. Two versions were available, one for oxygen to 20 metres, and the other for nitrox to 40 metres. The semi-closed circuit used the injected gas to circulate the gas in the helmet through a scrubber, providing a very low work of breathing in comparison with most other rebreathers which used the lungs of the diver to circulate gas in the loop. The bubikopf helmet was designed for use with this system. The rebreather loop hoses connected to the back of the helmet below the overhanging part, and led from there to the back-mounted scrubber.
Since 1941 Hans Hass used bag-on-back rebreathers for scuba diving, originally built by Dräger for self-rescue of submarine crews (Tauchretter; like the Davis Escape Set). The first Dräger-Tauchretter had been built in 1907. In 1926 the Bade-Tauchretter was brought into service for rescuing drowning swimmers.
Dräger manufactured the popular Atlantis, Ray and Dolphin line of sport diving semi-closed-circuit nitrox rebreathers. It also makes the LAR-5 and LAR-6 military oxygen rebreathers, and the LAV-7 military rebreather which is switchable between closed-circuit and semi-closed-circuit.
Atlantis/Dolphin
The Dräger Dolphin, originally Atlantis is a semi-closed circuit nitrox rebreather for recreational diving using a constant mass flow injection system.
Ray
The Dräger Ray is a semi-closed circuit recreational diving rebreather designed to use standard nitrox breathing gas mixtures.
Construction
Harness and assembly
The soft harness has integrated over-the-shoulder counterlungs and buoyancy compensator bladder. The harness also carries a moderate sized scrubber canister on the upper back, and a single transversely mounted cylinder on the lower back. The Ray delivers a constant mass flow of gas to the breathing circuit through a Dräger Shark regulator and a metering orifice which is chosen from a small range, and which must be matched to the chosen gas mixture.
The whole unit excepting cylinders is supplied in a carrying case.
Breathing loop
The standard unit provides a simple (DSV) with mouthpiece, but an optional DSV connects to the Dräger Panorama full-face mask using the standard Dräger P-port connection system which is also used for the connections between the breathing hoses and counterlungs, and between the counterlungs and scrubber canister. The back mounted scrubber has axial flow, and has an auxiliary P-port on the base, which can be used to connect an optional oxygen monitor cell.
The automatic diluent valve is combined with the metering orifice as a single unit which plugs into a counterlung using a standard P-port connection.
Gas supply
The standard cylinder supplied with the unit is a 4-litre 200 bar steel cylinder, but it can also carry an 8-litre steel cylinder, which is about the same length but larger diameter. Standard open circuit bailout uses a Shark demand valve on the same first stage used for the metering and ADV. There is also a low pressure hose to supply the buoyancy compensator.
Specifications
Recreational semi-closed circuit rebreather with constant mass flow dosage and demand gas supply, open circuit bailout on independent second stage.
Year of design: 2000
Scrubber capacity: approximately 1,25 kg
Width: 450 mm
Height: 600 mm
Weight: approximately 15 kg
Gas supply cylinder: 4 litre 200 bar (standard)
Diving depth:
6 msw (100% oxygen)
22 msw (EAN 50)
30 msw (EAN 40)
40 msw (EAN 32)
Dive duration: approximately 70 minutes (EAN 50)
Gas mixes: EAN 32, EAN 40, EAN 50, 100% Oxygen (require dedicated components - fixed orifice in ADV valve block)
Flow rate (approximate):
EAN 40: 12 litre/minute
EAN 50: 8.25 litre/minute
High altitude breathing equipment
Dräger made the high-altitude oxygen sets used by the 1952 Swiss Mount Everest expedition (the second (autumn) expedition), and John Hunt was able to have adaptors made so that the 1953 British expedition could use oxygen from tanks the Swiss had left behind, particularly for their bottled oxygen "sleeping sets".
See also
References
External links
Select technical reports on Dräger LAR series rebreathers
Rebreathers Diving Center - Dolphin
Companies based in Schleswig-Holstein
Technology companies established in 1889
Diving engineering
Diving equipment manufacturers
Gas sensors
German brands
Draeger
Draeger
Rebreather makers
1889 establishments in Germany
Company in the TecDAX
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32700850
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwanseongsa
|
Hwanseongsa
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Hwanseongsa is a temple located in Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea.
References
Buddhist temples in South Korea
Gyeongsan
Buildings and structures in North Gyeongsang Province
Buddhist temples of the Jogye Order
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35508906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddu%20Khan
|
Saddu Khan
|
Malik Saddu Khan or Sado Khan (11 October 1558 in Multan, died on 18 March 1627 in Kandahar) was a Pashtun figure, and the ancestor of the Sadduzai or Sadozai clan of the Abdali Pashtun tribe, to which belongs Ahmad Shah Abdali and some known families of Multan. He succeeded his father as chief of the Habibzai section of the tribe, but due to his "bravery and ability" he was selected by the Abdalis (later known as Durrani), then living between Kandahar and Herat, to be their overall leader in 1598.
Shadi Khan, the governor of the Emperor Akbar at Kandahar, was hostile to Saddu Khan, so he went over to the interests of Abbas I of Persia, who had lost Kandahar in 1594 and was intriguing for its recovery. This he effected in 1621, after Akbar’s death. Saddu Khan died in 1626 leaving five sons, from whom have descended several well-known clans of the Durrani tribe. The descendants of Saddu Khan are known as Sadduzai and one branch of the family, to which Ahmad Shah Durrani, Timur Shah, Zaman Shah, Hassan Javaid Khan and Shuja Shah Durrani belonged, reigned for many years in Kabul.
He has been wrongly called 'Asadullah Khan' or 'Saadullah Khan' by some historians, but his real name was 'Saddu Khan'.
References
Pashtun people
History of Multan
1558 births
1621 deaths
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38456390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horslunde%20Church
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Horslunde Church
|
Horslunde Church () is a Church of Denmark parish church located in the village of Horslunde, on the island of Lolland, in soitheastern Denmark. The altarpiece and the pulpit date from 1594. Former Danish prime minister, Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow is buried in the churchyard.
History
The church was in Catholic times dedicated to Saint lians. In 1379, Guds Legems Tjeneste in Horslunde Church is mentioned. Nothing is known about its ownership in the Middle Ages apart from the fact that that the Crown had appointment rights to already prior to the Reformation. In 1686, it was presented to Peder Brandt of Pederstrup Manor.
In 1725, it came under the authority of the county of Christianssæde when it together with Pederstrup transferred to Christian Ditlev Reventlow. In 1819, Daniel Smith was appointed as parish priest of Horslunde-Nordlunde. In 1820, he was appointed as provost of Lollands Nørre Herred and in 1829 also of Lollands Søndre Herred. He maintained a close relationship with C. D. Reventlow. In 1834, he transferred to Stege on Møn.
On 1 April 1031, it gained its independence.
Interior
Christian Ditlev Reventlow is buried inside the church. C.D.F. Reventlow, Frederik Reventlow, Frederikke Charlotte Reventlow are interred in the surrounding graveyard.
Churchyard
The surrounding churchuard is inusually large and has most likely been expanded in all directions.
Notable burials in the churchyard include:
Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow (17481827), count and landowner
Frederik Reventlow (17471822), diplomat
Frederikke Charlotte Reventlow (17271952), countess and writer
Christian Stolberg (17481821), district governor, writer and translator
Louise Stolberg (17461824), Salonist, playwright and letter writer.
References
Churches in Lolland
Buildings and structures in Lolland Municipality
Churches in the Diocese of Lolland–Falster
Buildings and structures associated with the Reventlow family
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59107081
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%20Reiber
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Lucas Reiber
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Lucas Reiber (born October 4, 1993) is a German actor. He is best known for his roles in the films Suck Me Shakespeer 2, The Red Band Society and Die Mutter des Mörders, and for portraying Niklas in the television series Binny and the Ghost.
Biography
He was born and raised in Lichterfelde before moving to Kreuzberg when he was 14.
His mother is Claudia Reiber and he has a sister, Lisa Reiber. His father became a vegan.
Reiber first appeared on stage in 2003 at the age of ten; he impersonated the young Gavroche in the musical Les Misérables at the Theater des Westens. From 2008, he was a member of the "junge Ensemble" (jE) of the Friedrichstadt-Palast, where he studied singing, acting and dance from 2008 to 2011. He took part in several productions there. From 2011 onwards, further acting coachings and singing lessons followed.
In 2009, under the direction of Peter Keglevic, he played his first film role in the two-part television film Ken Follett's Eisfieber ('Ice Fever', based on 'Whiteout'). He impersonated the teenager Craig alongside Heiner Lauterbach (as Craig's grandfather 'Stanley Oxenford') and Sophie von Kessel (as Craig's mother 'Olga'). In his first feature film, the youth film Rock It! (2010), he played the role of Marc, the keyboarder of the rock band, alongside Maria Ehrich and Emilia Schüle. Before the film, he had keyboard lessons for six years and then got guitar lessons for the film. In 2011, he starred alongside Christian Ulmen in the feature film Einer wie Bruno; he played the young musician Benny Schmidtbauer.
In the film comedy Fack ju Göhte 2 (2015), Reiber played the role of Etienne ("Ploppi"). a boy with Asperger's Syndrome. In the opinion of Christoph Schröder, Reiber formed "the only ray of hope" in Fack ju Göhte 2 in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit. In 2016, he received together with Anna Lena Klenke, Max von der Groeben and Jella Haase, the Bavarian Film Award.
Reiber then participated in several television films in major and minor roles. In the ZDF channel three-part Das Adlon. Eine Familiensaga, he had in the 3rd part of the small role of bellboy Raphael. In the ZDF television comedy Zwei mitten im Leben, he played Henry, the friend of the drug-consuming 17-year-old son of the mayor Bea Westkamp (Johanna Gastdorf).
In the ARD TV movie Sprung ins Leben, he appeared in March 2014, alongside Simone Thomalla, in his first major role on television. He played in the talented football player Sebastian, who sits in a wheelchair after a car accident. He excelled in his role a "sensitive portrait of a traumatized young people". In the TV two-parter Die Himmelsleiter in 2015, he played Bruno Zettler, the son of Cologne based black market dealer and former NS - Ortsgruppenleiter Armin Zettler. In the ZDF thriller Die Mutter des Mörders (The mother of the murderer), he had the lead role, on the side of Natalia Wörner. He played Matis, the 20-year-old, mentally handicapped son of the supermarket saleswoman Maria, who comes under suspicion of murder after a violent crime. For his acting performance, he was awarded the 2016 New Faces Award.
Reiber also took over roles in television series. In the third season of the RTL series Doctor's Diary, he played in the scenes with the childhood memories the role of the young Marc Meier, played by Florian David Fitz. In the multi-award-winning Disney series Binny and the Ghost, he was in both seasons as Niklas Neudecker in front of the camera. Two episodes in which he starred as episodes were awarded the 'Goldener Spatz' in 2015. He had further episodes of main roles in the television series Heldt (2013, as paraplegic accident victim Manuel Unterberg) and in Leipzig Homicide (2013, the best friend of a young man who died of an overdose of crystal meth). In January 2017, Reiber was in the ZDF crime series SOKO 5113 (or SOKO Munich) in an episode main role to see; he played Matti Fauser, the ex-boyfriend of a dead youngster tennis player.
In addition to his film career, Reiber occasionally performs in the theater. In March / April 2013, he appeared in the theater on the Kurfürstendamm in Berlin in the role of teenage and half-orphan Jay in the tragicomedy A normal family by Neil Simon. His stage partners were Peggy Lukac (as grandmother) and Chiara Schoras (as Aunt Bella).
Reiber is a member of the Deutsche Filmakademie (German Film Academy).
Awards
2016: Bavarian Film Award for Best Young Actor for film Fack Ju Göhte 2
2016: Bunte's 'New Faces Award' for Best Newcomer for TV Movie The Mother of the Murderer (or Die Mutter des Mörders)
Filmography
Film
Television
Personal life
He likes jogging, cycling and playing a lot of volleyball. In 2015, he was living in a shared flat, in Moabit. He believes in sustainability and wears fair trade clothes. In 2018, he was driving an Opel Insignia GS car.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
People from Steglitz-Zehlendorf
German male film actors
German male voice actors
21st-century German male actors
Male actors from Berlin
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761459
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Owen%20%28educator%29
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Hugh Owen (educator)
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Sir Hugh Owen (14 January 1804 – 20 November 1881) was a pioneer of higher education in Wales. He was the main founder of the University College of Wales at Aberystwyth.
Life
He was born in Llangeinwen, on Anglesey and moved to London at the age of 21 to work as a solicitor's clerk. He went to work for the Poor Law Commission in 1836, eventually becoming its Chief Clerk in 1853.
Owen became involved in the British and Foreign School Society in London and in 1843 published an open letter to the people of Wales, advocating the need to establish British and Foreign schools in Wales. As a non-conformist he supported the idea of non-denominational day schools. In 1843 he was instrumental in the appointing of an agent for the British and Foreign schools Society in North Wales, and then in South Wales at a later date.
In 1846 Owen became honorary secretary of the Cambrian Educational Society and published another letter advocating the establishment of schools in Wales. His campaign led to the establishment of a number of schools, but highlighted another problem: a shortage of trained teachers. In 1856 he was one of the founder member of a movement to establish the Normal College at Bangor for teacher training. His vision included another teacher training college in South Wales, one specifically for women in Swansea and a university for Wales. In 1863 a committee was formed to raise the funds to establish a University for Wales in Aberystwyth. In 1867 the Committee were able to buy the old Castle Hotel cheaply and by 1872 the University opened. It was not financially stable and Hugh Owen retired in order to raise funds, to clear the debt, and secure the future of the University.
Owen was briefly a member of the London School Board, elected to fill a casual vacancy in April 1872, he stood down at the November 1873 school board elections.
Owen saw the need to improve the education in intermediate schools, so that there were suitably qualified entrants for the new University. At the National Eisteddfod in Caernarfon in 1880, he read a paper to members of the Society of Cymmrodorion on Intermediate Education in Ireland and Secondary Education in Wales. This eventually led to the passing of the Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889.
Owen was knighted in August 1881 but died 3 months later.
Legacy
The main library at Aberystwyth University is named after Hugh Owen, as is Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen, a secondary school in Caernarfon ('ysgol' is the Welsh word for school).
The Learned Society of Wales awards the Hugh Owen Medal annually to celebrate outstanding educational research in Wales. The medal is supported by Welsh Government and is awarded in recognition of significant contributions to educational research, or the application of research to produce significant innovations in education policy or professional educational practice in Wales.
References
1804 births
1881 deaths
Welsh Methodists
Welsh philanthropists
People associated with Aberystwyth University
Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
Members of the London School Board
19th-century British philanthropists
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65463460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younine
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Younine
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Younine (), also spelled Yunin, is a municipality in the Baalbek District of the Baalbek-Hermel Governorate in northeastern Lebanon. It is located approximately east of the national capital Beirut, and northeast of the governorate capital of Baalbek. Its average elevation is above sea level and its jurisdiction covers 7,759 hectares. It had 6,557 registered voters in 2010. Its inhabitants are Shia Muslims.
History
Younine was the ancestral village of the 13th-century Mamluk hadith scholars Abd Allah al-Yunini (d. 1220) and Qutb al-Din Musa ibn Muhammad al-Yunini al-Hanbali of Damascus. Qutb al-Din also owned a residence in the village. At the time Younine also contained a Sufi lodge.
In 1838, Eli Smith noted Yunin as a Metawileh village in the Baalbek area.
References
Bibliography
External links
Younine, localiban
Populated places in Baalbek District
Shia Muslim communities in Lebanon
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21829302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat%20culture
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Throat culture
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A throat culture is a laboratory diagnostic test that evaluates for the presence of a bacterial or fungal infection in the throat. A sample from the throat is collected by swabbing the throat and placing the sample into a special cup (culture) that allows infections to grow. If an organism grows, the culture is positive and the presence of an infection is confirmed. The type of infection is found using a microscope, chemical tests, or both. If no infection grows, the culture is negative. Common infectious organisms tested for by a throat culture include Candida albicans known for causing thrush and Group A streptococcus known for causing strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever. Throat cultures are more sensitive (81% sensitive) than the rapid strep test (70%) for diagnosing strep throat, but are nearly equal in terms of specificity.
Purpose
A throat culture may be done to investigate the cause of a sore throat. Most sore throats are caused by viral infections. However, in some cases the cause of a sore throat may be unclear and a throat culture can be used to determine if the infection is bacterial. Identifying the responsible organism can guide treatment.
Technique
The person receiving the throat culture is asked to tilt his or her head back and open his or her mouth. The health professional will press the tongue down with a tongue depressor and examine the mouth and throat. A clean swab will be rubbed over the back of the throat, around the tonsils, and over any red areas or sores to collect a sample.
The sample may also be collected using a throat washout. For this test, the patient will gargle a small amount of salt water and then spit the fluid into a clean cup. This method gives a larger sample than a throat swab and may make the culture more reliable.
A culture for Streptococcus pyogenes can take 18–24 hours when grown at 37 degrees Celsius (body temperature).
See also
Antibiogram
Bacterial culture
Laboratory specimen
Rapid strep test
References
Medical tests
Microbiology techniques
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60548848
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20DeBar
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Dennis DeBar
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Dennis DeBar, Jr. (born October 25, 1971) is an American politician who has served in the Mississippi State Senate from the 43rd district since 2016. He previously served in the Mississippi House of Representatives from the 105th district from 2012 to 2016.
References
1971 births
Living people
Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
Mississippi state senators
Mississippi Republicans
21st-century American politicians
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29407284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Dunham%20%28politician%29
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Stephen Dunham (politician)
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Stephen Dunham (born 1956) is a former Australian politician. He was the Country Liberal Party member for Drysdale in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1997 to 2005.
|}
Dunham held the position of Health Minister in the Burke Government and held senior portfolios in opposition following Labor's victory in 2001.
Dunham had skated to victory in both 1997 and 2001, and there was virtually no hint he was in any danger of losing his seat in 2005. Indeed, the redistribution ahead of that year's election made his already comfortably safe seat even more so, with a majority of 15.7 percent. However, in a shock result, Dunham was defeated by Labor challenger Chris Natt on a swing of 17.5 percent amid the massive Labor wave that swept through the Territory that year.
References
1956 births
Living people
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Country Liberal Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
21st-century Australian politicians
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32873485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Myne
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East Myne
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East Myne is a univallate Iron Age hill fort enclosure in the West Somerset district of Somerset, England. The hill fort is situated approximately west from the town of Minehead. The hill fort is considered to be a deserted post-medieval farmstead.
Background
Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated "[the forts] provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress [of an increasing population] burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn't see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".
See also
List of hillforts and ancient settlements in Somerset
References
History of Somerset
Hill forts in Somerset
Iron Age sites in Somerset
Scheduled monuments in West Somerset
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11972459
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20Communications%20Authority
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Norwegian Communications Authority
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The Norwegian Communications Authority (), prior to 2015 the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority () is a Norwegian government agency responsible for controlling and regulating the telecommunication and postal sector of Norway. The agencies main responsibilities are controlling the telecom market, issuing frequency concessions and telephone numbers.
The authority has a close relationship with the Norwegian Competition Authority and the Norwegian Consumer Council. It is located in Lillesand and is financed though fees charged to the telecom companies. The authority dates back to 1987 when it was created as the Norwegian Telecommunications Authority (). In 1997 it also received responsibility for the postal sector.
External links
Web site
Communication Authority
Communications authorities
Telecommunications in Norway
Government agencies established in 1987
Postal system of Norway
Organisations based in Lillesand
1987 establishments in Norway
Ministry of Transport (Norway)
Regulation in Norway
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44354710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsan%20station%20%28Busan%20Metro%29
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Namsan station (Busan Metro)
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Namsan Station () is a station of Busan Metro Line 1 in Namsan-dong, Geumjeong District, Busan, South Korea.
Station Layout
Gallery
External links
Cyber station information from Busan Transportation Corporation
Busan Metro stations
Geumjeong District
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 1985
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1968530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Watson
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David Watson
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David Watson may refer to:
Politics
David Watson (Queensland politician) (born 1945), Australian politician
David Watson (New South Wales politician) (1870–1924), Australian Senator
David K. Watson (1849–1918), U.S. Representative from Ohio
Sport
Dave Watson (born 1961), English footballer of the 1980s and 1990s, played for Everton F.C.
Dave Watson (ice hockey) (born 1958), retired Canadian professional ice hockey forward
Dave Watson (cyclist) (born 1946), Australian Olympic cyclist
David Watson (footballer, born 1946), English footballer of the 1970s and 1980s, played for Sunderland A.F.C.
David Watson (footballer, born 1973), English football goalkeeper of the 1990s, played for Barnsley F.C.
David Watson (coach) (born 1976), American football coach
Dave Watson (rugby league) (born 1966), New Zealand international of the 1980s and 1990s
Dave Watson (American football) (born 1941), professional American football player
David Watson (1920s rugby league) (1900–1982), Australian rugby player
David Watson (cricketer) (1919–1943), English cricketer
David Watson (rugby union) (1854–1906), Scotland international rugby union player
Dave Watson (racing driver) (born 1945), American racing driver
Arts and entertainment
Dave Watson (playwright) (c. 1946–1998), actor and playwright
David Watson (actor) (1940–2014), American actor of film, television and theatre
David Watson (dancer) (born 1968), professional dancer
David Watson (artist) (born 1944), English industrial painter
David Watson (British musician), record producer, singer and musician
David R. Watson, a.k.a. Iolo, American bowyer and musician
David Watson (New Zealand musician) (born 1960), musician and composer from New Zealand
Other people
David Watson (anarchist) (born 1951), anarchist author
David C. C. Watson (1920–2004), English creationist and author
David Watson (evangelist) (1933–1984), English evangelist and author
D. M. S. Watson (David Meredith Seares Watson, 1886–1973), British paleontologist
David Joseph Watson (died 1948), convicted murderer executed in Florida, US
David McCloy Watson (1902-1980), Irish accountant
David Mowat Watson (1891–1972), British civil engineer
Sir David Watson (general) (1869–1922), Canadian World War I general
David Paul Watson botanist, horticulturist and cannabis breeder, founder of Hortapharm B.V.
David Watson (psychologist), American psychologist
David Watson (academic) (1949–2015), principal of Green Templeton College, Oxford, UK
David M. Watson (born 1973), Australian ornithologist and ecologist
See also
David Milne-Watson (1869–1945), Scottish industrialist
Watson (surname)
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48474155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316%20Quinnipiac%20Bobcats%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2015–16 Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball team
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The 2015–16 Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball team represented Quinnipiac University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Bobcats, led by ninth year head coach Tom Moore, played their home games at the TD Bank Sports Center and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. They finished the season 9–21, 6–14 in MAAC play to finish in ninth place. They lost in the first round of the MAAC Tournament to Rider.
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style="background:#003664; color:#C2980B;"| Regular season
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!colspan=9 style="background:#003664; color:#C2980B;"| MAAC Tournament
References
Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball seasons
Quinnipiac
Quinnipiac Bobcats
Quinnipiac Bobcats
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34860162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian%20Chancellery%20in%20Dubrovnik
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Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik
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The Serbian Chancellery (), sometimes known as the Slavic Chancellery (словенска канцеларија), was a diplomatical and economical office of several states of Serbia in the Middle Ages (such as Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Bosnia, Serbian Empire and Serbian Despotate) in the Republic of Ragusa (now in Dubrovnik, Croatia). It was established in the early 13th century.
It served for Cyrillic transcription by Romanophones in the city in correspondence with Serbia and Slavic lands in the interior; with the Serbian Orthodox and members of the Bosnian Church. The initial chancellors were Romans (Italics), or Slavophones, or Slavicized Romans who hailed from local patrician noble families. Only in the 14th century, there were scribes belonging to the lower classes, whose biographies are harder to determine.
The head scribe (канцелар) of the chancellery was titled dijak srpski ("Serb scribe"). Three early names of chancellery scribes are known from between 1278 and 1336: Ozren, Stojan Ceprić (1312–19, a nobleman), and Stefan Benčulić. During the rule of King and Emperor Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–55), Jaketa Krusić was a chancellery scribe (ca. 1340–47), followed by Đivo Parmesan (1348–63). The next known chancellery scribes were Maroje Niklić (1379–87), Vidoš Bogdanić (1388–89, from Korčula), Rusko Hristoforović (1392–1431, an important figure), Nikša Zvijezdić (1431–1455, sometimes known as Nikola) and Marinko Cvijetković (1455–74). Paskoje Primojević was the Serbian scribe in the 1482–1527 period, while his son Trajan Primojević was recorded in 1531.
References
Sources
Croatia–Serbia relations
Cyrillic script
Serbian language
History of the Serbs of Croatia
Medieval Serbia
13th century in Serbia
14th century in Serbia
15th century in Serbia
13th century in Croatia
14th century in Croatia
15th century in Croatia
Republic of Ragusa
History of Dalmatia
Medieval chancellors (government)
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11723828
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%20naval%20reactors
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Soviet naval reactors
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Soviet naval reactors have been used to power both military and civilian vessels, including:
Nuclear submarines:
Attack submarines.
Cruise missile submarines.
Ballistic missile submarines.
Nuclear icebreakers:
Soviet icebreaker Lenin.
Arktika-class icebreakers.
Taymyr-class icebreakers.
Russian floating nuclear power stations:
Akademik Lomonosov
Nuclear cruisers:
Kirov-class battlecruisers.
Merchant ship:
Sevmorput
Command ship:
SSV-33 Ural
They have included both pressurized water reactors and a relatively few liquid metal fast reactors.
OKBM Afrikantov has been the primary designer of naval reactors for the Soviet/Russian Navy for more than 60 years.
Reactor types
'**'KPM-6 is developed by OKBM Afrikantov.
See also
List of commercial nuclear reactors
List of United States Naval reactors
Nuclear marine propulsion
Rolls-Royce PWR – United Kingdom's naval reactors
United States Naval reactors
References
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
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69273009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie%20Colvin
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Mamie Colvin
|
Mamie White Colvin (June 12, 1883 – October 30, 1955) was an American temperance activist. In 1918, she was the Prohibition Party candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York. She also ran as the Prohibition party candidate for U.S. representative from New York's 21st congressional district in 1921, making her the first woman to seek office at the congressional level in New York history. After failing to get elected into any political office, she went on to become president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union from 1944 until 1953.
Early life
Colvin was born Mamie White on June 12, 1883, in Westview Village, Ohio, to Congregational minister Levi White, and his wife, Mary. While Colvin was a child, her mother was active in the Prohibition movement. Before she started High School, she followed her mother's footsteps and started giving speeches against alcohol. Her speeches lead her to win various contests for the Women's Christian Temperance Union. While attending Wheaton College, she won various honors for state and interstate public speaking contests until she graduated in June 1906. Following graduation, she attended graduate school at Columbia University, where she studied sociology. On September 19, 1906 She married fellow fellow prohibitionist, and politician D. Leigh Colvin.
Political career
In 1918, Colvin unsuccessfully ran for Lieutenant governor of New York, where she received 48,142 votes out of a total of 2.1 million cast. In 1921, she become the first woman to run for United States congress in the state of New York when she represented the Prohibition Party for New York's 21st congressional district. She also did not win this race, but she received 382 out of the 23,928 votes.
Later years
After failing to get elected in any public office, Colvin continued to advocate against alcohol consumption. From 1926 to 1944, Colvin was the president of the New York Women's Christian Temperance Union. In 1944, she became president of the organization at the national level, a position she held until 1953.
On October 30, 1955, Colvin was preparing to give a speech at the First Methodist Church in Clearwater, Florida when she collapsed and died. She had suffered a heart attack.
References
Further reading
Dictionary of American Temperance Biography
American temperance activists
1883 births
1955 deaths
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians
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2411506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut%20Turnpike
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Connecticut Turnpike
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The Connecticut Turnpike (officially the Governor John Davis Lodge Turnpike) is a controlled-access highway and former toll road in the U.S. state of Connecticut; it is maintained by the Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT). Spanning approximately along a generally west–east axis, its roadbed is shared with Interstate 95 (I-95) for from the New York state border in Greenwich to East Lyme; I-395 for from East Lyme to Plainfield; and State Road 695 (SR 695) for from Plainfield to the Rhode Island state line at U.S. Route 6 (US 6) in Killingly. The turnpike briefly runs concurrently with US 1 from Old Saybrook to Old Lyme and Route 2A from Montville to Norwich.
Construction on the Connecticut Turnpike began in 1954 and the highway was opened in 1958. It originally followed a sequential exit numbering system that disregarded route transition, where the exit numbers on I-395 were a continuation of the exit numbers on I-95. In 2015, the I-395 exit numbers were changed to a mileage-based system reflecting their distance from the split from I-95, effectively removing the defining element of the turnpike. In some sections southwest of New Haven, it carries an annual average daily traffic of over 150,000 vehicles.
Route description
I-95
I-95 enters Connecticut as the Connecticut Turnpike in Greenwich at the New York state line. The turnpike stretches for across the state, but only the first is signed as I-95. This portion of the highway passes through the most heavily urbanized section of Connecticut along the shoreline between Greenwich and New Haven, going through the cities of Stamford, Norwalk, Bridgeport, and New Haven, with daily traffic volumes of 120,000 to over 150,000 throughout the entire length between the New York border and the junction with I-91 in New Haven. The turnpike intersects with several major expressways, namely US 7 at exit 15 in Norwalk, Route 8 at exit 27A in Bridgeport, the Merritt and Wilbur Cross parkways at exit 38 (via the Milford Parkway) in Milford, and I-91 at exit 48 in New Haven.
North (east) of I-91, the turnpike continues along the Connecticut shoreline, usually with less traffic. The six-lane highway is reduced to four lanes in Branford, interchanges with Route 9 at exit 69 in Old Saybrook, crosses the Connecticut River on the Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge and continues until the interchange with I-395 at exit 76 near the East Lyme–Waterford line.
I-395
The turnpike leaves I-95 at exit 76 in East Lyme, continuing on as I-395 north heading towards Norwich, Jewett City and Plainfield until exit 35, where the turnpike and I-395 split. I-395 continues north towards Worcester, Massachusetts, ending at I-290 and the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Connecticut Turnpike officially ends at US 6 (Danielson Pike) in Killingly, which continues on towards Providence, Rhode Island. Unlike the I-95 portion, the I-395 portion of the turnpike has changed very little over the years, retaining its grass median with a guardrail separating directions of travel.
US 1
The Connecticut Turnpike incorporated a pre-existing relocation of US 1 between Old Saybrook and Old Lyme, which included the original Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge over the Connecticut River, which opened in 1948. Upon the turnpike's opening in 1958, US 1 has been co-signed with the turnpike between exit 68 in Old Saybrook and exit 70 in Old Lyme.
Route 2A
Route 2A was constructed to serve as a bypass around Norwich. It shares its alignment with the Connecticut Turnpike from its northern terminus at Route 2 to exit 9 on I-395, where it turns east and serves the Mohegan Sun Casino before crossing the Thames River and ending at Route 2 south of Norwich.
SR 695
SR 695 is the unsigned portion of the turnpike from I-395 in Plainfield to US 6 at the Rhode Island state line in Killingly. The road is not signed as SR 695 but eastbound as "To US 6 East" and westbound as "To I-395 South". SR 695 would have become part of the now-defunct alignment of the I-84 freeway between Hartford, Connecticut, and Providence, Rhode Island, had that freeway been built. (Present-day I-84 continues eastbound from Hartford into Massachusetts where it ends at I-90, the Massachusetts Turnpike). There are two partial exits on SR 695. Westbound exit 1 (formerly exit 90) at Squaw Rock Road is only accessible westbound. The easternmost exit (also numbered exit 1, but formerly unnumbered), located east of the Squaw Rock Road onramp and accessible only eastbound, is for Ross Road, and the only onramp provided from Ross Road is for SR 695 westbound. The intersection with I-395 is only partial: there is no access provided from SR 695 westbound to I-395 northbound and no access from I-395 southbound to SR 695 eastbound.
History
The general route and construction of the turnpike were both mandated by state law. Intended to relieve congestion on US 1 and Route 15 (the Merritt and Wilbur Cross parkways), design work began in 1954. The Connecticut Turnpike opened to traffic on January 2, 1958 at 2:30 p.m. However, the westernmost portion of the highway (the connecting Greenwich with the New England Thruway) opened 10 months later. Tolls were originally collected through a series of eight toll booths along the route.
The Connecticut Turnpike was designed and built much differently than other toll roads built around the same time. Unlike toll roads in other states that operated under semi-autonomous, quasi-public toll road authorities, the Connecticut Turnpike was operated by the Connecticut Highway Department (later the Connecticut Department of Transportation) from its inception. Additionally, unlike toll roads in other states where revenues collected from motorists were legally required to be kept within the toll road authority and used to finance the facility's construction and upkeep, toll revenues from the Connecticut Turnpike were placed into the state's general fund and used for highway and non-highway expenditures alike. Finally, the closely spaced interchanges and eight mainline barriers were a result of each town through which the Connecticut Turnpike passed being guaranteed a certain number of access points to gain the support of each affected town for construction of the highway. This is in contrast to toll roads built in neighboring states with widely spaced interchanges that normally featured a ticket system where one obtained a ticket at entering the toll road, then paid a distance-based fare upon exiting.
The turnpike was renamed after former Connecticut Governor John Davis Lodge on December 31, 1985, two months after the tolls were removed. Local legend is the initial phase of turnpike construction in 1954 was so disruptive in heavily Republican Fairfield County that local voters there turned on incumbent Republican Governor Lodge, leading to his defeat by Abraham Ribicoff.
Initially, the Connecticut Turnpike was signed as an east–west route, even after the I-95 designation was added to the turnpike between Greenwich and Waterford in the early 1960s. Signs indicating I-95/Connecticut Turnpike as an east–west route existed in places until the early 1990s, when the remaining east–west signage was replaced by north–south signage.
From Waterford to Killingly, the turnpike was initially designated as Route 52 in 1967, following the opening of the toll-free section of Route 52 from Killingly to the Massachusetts border. To accommodate the truncation of the Hartford to Providence extension of I-84 to Killingly, following Rhode Island's cancellation of its portion of that extension in the early 1980s, Route 52 was to be re-designated as an Interstate. Initially, Connecticut and Massachusetts requested that the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) extend the I-290 designation southward along free Route 52 and the Connecticut Turnpike to I-95 in Waterford. AASHTO rejected the I-290 request and instead approved the I-395 designation in 1983.
Accidents
Several horrific accidents have occurred throughout the turnpike's history. Arguably, the most notorious of these was a serious incident on January 19, 1983, in which a tractor trailer after a brake failure collided with four cars at the Stratford toll plaza, killing seven people and injuring several others. The investigation following the crash determined that the truck driver fell asleep at the wheel just before the crash took place.
In June 1983, a section of the turnpike's northbound Mianus River Bridge in Greenwich collapsed due to corrosion of its substructure, killing three motorists crossing it at the time.
On March 25, 2004, a tanker truck carrying fuel swerved to avoid a car that cut the truck off and subsequently overturned, dumping of home heating oil onto the Howard Avenue overpass in Bridgeport. Passing vehicles kicked up the oil which ignited a towering inferno that subsequently melted the bridge structure and caused the southbound lanes to sag several feet. The northbound lanes, which received less damage from the fire, were opened five days later after being reinforced with temporary scaffolding. The southbound lanes opened on April 1, after a temporary bridge was erected.
Stalling of upgrades by budget deficits and lawsuits
The Connecticut Turnpike opened southwest Connecticut to a mass migration of New Yorkers, leading to substantial residential and economic growth in Fairfield and New Haven counties. The turnpike became a primary commuter route to New York City. With additional segments of I-95 that opened in the 1960s connecting to Providence and Boston, the turnpike became an essential route for transporting people and goods throughout the Northeast. As a result, much of the turnpike had become functionally obsolete by 1965, with traffic exceeding its design capacity. Originally designed to carry 60,000 vehicles per day (VPD) on the four-lane sections and 90,000 VPD on the six-lane portion west of New Haven, the turnpike carried 75,000–100,000 VPD east of New Haven, and 130,000–200,000 VPD between New Haven and the New York state line as of 2006.
There were dozens of plans discussed to alleviate traffic congestion and improve safety on the turnpike for nearly 30 years, but most of these plans languished amid political infighting and lawsuits brought on by special-interest groups. Still, traffic and deadly accidents continued to increase each year on the turnpike, and by the 1990s the Connecticut Turnpike had started to become known as "the Highway of Death".
Furthermore, while most of the turnpike is signed as I-95 or I-395, the highway was designed and built before the Interstate Highway System was established. As a result, much of the turnpike does not meet Interstate standards, particularly with overpasses ranging from ; Interstate Highway standards require of vertical clearance. Interchanges are too closely spaced; ramps and acceleration-deceleration lanes need to be lengthened. In some areas, median and shoulder widths and curve radii also fall short of Interstate standards.
Complicating efforts to upgrade the turnpike to Interstate standards is that engineers did not acquire enough right-of-way to accommodate future expansion when the Connecticut Turnpike was built during the late 1950s, which means adjacent land must be seized to upgrade the turnpike, resulting in lengthy and costly eminent domain battles between the State of Connecticut and landowners refusing to give up their property. Additionally the turnpike passes through areas with some of the highest property values in the country, making land acquisition for expanding the highway extremely expensive. Finally, the turnpike was built through environmentally sensitive ecosystems and wetlands associated with Long Island Sound, meaning most expansion projects require lengthy environmental impact studies that are able to withstand constant litigation by environmental groups. Air pollution laws also cause conflict, since Connecticut is grouped into the federal statistical areas around New York City and it suffers from consequences and special regulations applied to non-compliant air quality areas. An example of this is that it is easier to lengthen an entrance or exit ramp than to add a full lane, since adding any capacity to a road, by definition, will increase the pollution created by the road, further violating federal air quality standards. In 2000, one ConnDOT official commented during a public meeting on expanding I-84 (an Interstate that parallels I-95 about further inland), "If we had tried to build I-95 today, it would be impossible because of the sensitive ecosystems it passes through. It would never get approved."
Bridge collapse jumpstarts turnpike upgrades
A comprehensive plan to address safety and capacity issues on the Connecticut Turnpike did not progress beyond the initial planning stages until the collapse of the Mianus River Bridge on June 28, 1983. Following the collapse, Governor William A. O'Neill initiated an $8 billion program to rehabilitate Connecticut's highways. Included in this program was the inspection and repair of the turnpike's nearly 300 bridges and overpasses. Furthermore, O'Neill directed ConnDOT to develop a viable plan for addressing safety and congestion on the state's roads.
High-priority status
Throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, ConnDOT developed a comprehensive plan to improve the turnpike through Fairfield and New Haven counties. In 1993 ConnDOT embarked on a 25-year multibillion-dollar program to upgrade the Connecticut Turnpike from the Connecticut River at Old Saybrook to the New York state line at Greenwich. The program included the complete reconstruction of several turnpike segments, including replacing bridges, adding travel lanes, reconfiguring interchanges, upgrading lighting and signage, and implementing the intelligent transportation system with traffic cameras, a variety of embedded roadway sensors, and variable-message signs. Since the start of the program, a section through Bridgeport was completely rebuilt to Interstate standards. In 2015, a long-term $2 billion program was completed, to rebuild of turnpike between West Haven and Branford, including a new extradosed Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge over the Quinnipiac River and New Haven Harbor.
Plans to upgrade the turnpike received a boost in 2005 when federal legislation known as SAFETEA-LU designated the I-95 portion of the Connecticut Turnpike from the New York state line to Waterford as High Priority Corridor 65. Corridor 65 also includes the section of I-95 from Waterford to the Rhode Island state line that was built in 1964, which is not part of the Turnpike.
Plans for the I-395/SR 695 section
Traffic is relatively light on the rural I-395 section and the northeast leg (SR 695) in Killingly; this section is largely unchanged from its original 1958 profile. The only two major projects completed on this section since were the 2015 renumbering of exits based on I-395 mileposts (exit 77 became exit 2, up to exit 90 which became exit 35) and the reconstruction of the northbound on and off ramps at exit 11 (old exit 80) in Norwich, completed in 2009.
Improvement projects
Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge replacement (Connecticut River), Old Saybrook (to Old Lyme): $460 million, completed in 1994
Saugatuck River Bridge replacement, Westport: $65 million, completed in 1996
Lake Saltonstall Bridge Widening, East Haven: $50 million, completed in 1997
Widening and reconstruction exits 8-10, Stamford: $80 million, completed in 2000
Reconstruction of exit 40, Milford: $30 million, completed in 2002
Reconstruction of exit 41, Orange: $60 million, completed in 2000
Reconstruction/widening exits 23-30, Bridgeport: $570 million, completed in 2006 (two years behind schedule and $170 million over budget) (NOTE 2)
Widening between exits 51 to 54, East Haven–Branford: $86 million, completed in 2006
Reconfigure northbound ramps at exit 80, Norwich: $8 million, started in April 2009, completed in November 2009.
Widening between exits 51 and 49 (NOTE 1), East Haven–New Haven: $70 million, started in 2005, completed in 2008
Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge replacement, New Haven: $490 million, started in 2008, completed in 2015 (NOTE 3)
I-91/Route 34 interchange reconstruction, New Haven: $270 million, initial phases started in 2004, completed in 2016
Exit 42 reconstruction, West Haven: $36 million, started in 2003, completed in 2007
Housatonic River Bridge replacement, Milford–Stratford: $300 million, work started in September 2009, completed in 2016
West River Bridge replacement and widening (including reconstructing exit 44 and removing exit 45), New Haven: $200 million; construction began in 2014, completed in 2018
Widening between exits 10 and 13, Darien: $35 million, started in 2008, completed in 2010
Widening between exits 14 and 15, Norwalk: $50 million, started in 2013, completed in 2015
Widening and reconstruction between exits 45 and 47 (Long Wharf Section), New Haven: $200–500 million, started in 2009, completed in 2013
Add a travel lane in each direction from Branford to Waterford: $1.0 billion
Reconstruction and widening exits 6-8, Stamford: Cost TBD, expected start TBD, expected completion TBD.
Add a travel lane in each direction from New York state Line to Bridgeport: Cost TBD, expected start TBD, expected completion TBD
In addition, ConnDOT has been reconstructing the median of the turnpike in stages, replacing the pre-existing steel guide rail and grass divider with a , Jersey barrier along the highway's length from the Baldwin Bridge to the New York state line.
Exit 49 was permanently closed in October 2006 as part of this project. Access to Stiles Street is now provided at exit 50 via the newly constructed Waterfront Connector. The southbound on-ramp still exists onto the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge.
The southbound off-ramp and northbound on-ramp for exit 28 were removed in 2000 during reconstruction of the Connecticut Turnpike in Bridgeport.
Replacement of the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge in New Haven was planned to start in 2007. Due to the rising cost of materials however, there were no contractors interested in the project when it was advertised for bid in 2006. ConnDOT broke the project up into several smaller contracts, with construction completed on all contracts by November 2016.
Tolls
Tolls on the Connecticut Turnpike have been a source of controversy from the turnpike's opening in 1958 to the removal of tolls in 1985, and the debate continues today. The Connecticut Turnpike originally opened with a barrier toll system (or open system), unlike toll roads in neighboring states, which used a ticket system (or closed system) for collecting tolls. Initially tolls on the Connecticut Turnpike were $0.25, and the toll barriers were located in the following locations: Greenwich, Norwalk, Stratford, West Haven, Branford, Madison, Montville, and Plainfield. Tolls also were collected until 1969 in Old Saybrook at the west end of the Baldwin Bridge over the Connecticut River. Additionally, unlike other toll roads which featured widely spaced interchanges and generally ran along the outskirts of major urban centers, the Connecticut Turnpike was built through the middle of several large cities (notably Stamford, Bridgeport, and New Haven) and has over 90 interchanges along its length—50 of which are along the stretch between the New York state line and New Haven.
Token war with New York City Subway
There was some controversy in the early 1980s when New York City Subway riders discovered that tokens purchased for use in the Connecticut Turnpike toll booths were of the same size and weight as New York City Subway tokens. Since the turnpike tokens cost less than one third as much, they began showing up in subway collection boxes regularly. Connecticut authorities initially agreed to change the size of their tokens, but later reneged and the problem went unsolved until 1985, when Connecticut discontinued tolls on the turnpike. At that time, the MTA was paid 17.5 cents for each of more than two million tokens that had been collected during the three-year "token war".
Abolition of tolls
After a 1983 truck crash that killed seven people at the Stratford toll plaza, toll opponents pressured the State of Connecticut to remove tolls from the turnpike in 1985. Three years later, these same opponents successfully lobbied the Connecticut General Assembly to pass legislation abolishing tolls on all of Connecticut's highways (with the exception of two car ferries across the Connecticut River in Chester and Glastonbury). While the 1983 Stratford accident was cited as the main reason for abolishing tolls in Connecticut, the underlying reason was that federal legislation at that time forbade states with toll roads from using federal funds for road projects. Because the Mianus River Bridge was rebuilt with federal highway funds following its June 1983 collapse, Connecticut was required by Section 113(c) of the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 to remove tolls from the turnpike once its construction bonds were paid off.
The debate over tolls on the Connecticut Turnpike did not end in 1988 with the abolition of tolls. Prior to their removal in 1985, the tolls generated over $65 million annually. Since their removal in the late 1980s, Connecticut lawmakers have continuously discussed reinstating tolls, but have balked at bringing tolls back out of concern of having to repay $2.6 billion in federal highway funds that Connecticut received for turnpike construction projects following the abolition of tolls.
During the economic recession of the early 1990s, legislators studied reinstating tolls on parts of the Connecticut Turnpike and portions of highways around Hartford to make up for budget deficits. Proposals for reinstating tolls were scrapped in lieu of implementing an income tax and increasing the state gasoline tax and sales tax, and imposing a new tax on corporate windfall profits.
Continuation of toll debate
With continual budget woes in Hartford, the idea of reinstating tolls resurfaced in January 2010. State Representative Tony Guerrera estimated a $5 toll at Connecticut's borders could generate $600 million in revenue. Governor Dannel P. Malloy expressed pessimism that toll revenue would be spent exclusively on infrastructure repairs, but a need to generate additional revenue, paired with decreases in traditional highway funding sources (such as federal aid and gas tax revenue) means the idea could receive serious consideration in the state legislature.
Services
The turnpike has 13 service plazas, which are open 24 hours a day. All feature a Subway, a Dunkin' Donuts, a convenience store and fuel service provided by ExxonMobil (branded as Mobil). Most plazas also offer a variety of other food service options, including McDonald's and Sbarro. From 2011 to 2015, the original plazas were rebuilt with new and expanded buildings and improved fueling facilities. Prior to the rebuilding, the plazas on the I-395 section only had a convenience store.
Darien southbound—between exits 10 and 9—food and fuel—rebuilt 2013
Darien northbound—between exits 12 and 13—food and fuel—Connecticut Welcome Center—Rebuilt 2013. The McDonald's restaurant at this service area claims to be the busiest in the country.
Fairfield northbound and southbound—between exits 21 and 22—food and fuel—rebuilt 2014
Milford northbound and southbound—between exits 40 and 41—food and fuel—rebuilt 2011
Branford northbound and southbound—between exits 53 and 54—food and fuel—rebuilt 2013-14
Madison northbound and southbound—between exits 61 and 62—food and fuel—NB rebuilt 2014, SB rebuilt 2015
Montville southbound only—between exits 9 and 6—food and fuel—rebuilt 2013
Plainfield northbound and southbound—between exits 32 and 35—food and fuel—rebuilt 2012
The former northbound Montville service area has been turned into a State Police barracks.
In addition to the service areas listed above, there is a rest area, with restrooms, picnic area, vending machines, and tourist information, located northbound at milepost 74 between exits 65 and 66. In July 2016, the rest area was closed due to budget cuts and barriers were placed on the highway blocking access to the facility. In September 2019, the rest area was reopened on a seasonal basis, being closed from November until mid May (with no access during that time).
There are three State Police stations located on the turnpike:
Troop F: Westbrook at milepost 74 on southbound side of turnpike.
Troop E: Montville at milepost 96 on northbound side of turnpike (at former service plaza).
Troop G: Bridgeport at milepost 29 and the junction with Route 8 and Route 25 (on surface road, exit 27, just below interchange).
There is one weigh station located northbound at milepost 2 in Greenwich, at the location of the former toll plaza. Weigh stations on both sides of the turnpike used to exist near exit 18 in Westport; these were removed during the 1990s. The former southbound weigh station in Westport is now used by ConnDOT to store construction materials, while the northbound station was demolished; the grounds returned to their natural state.
The administration building for the former West Haven toll plaza can still be seen by drivers between exits 42 and 43. Today, ConnDOT uses the old toll building as a maintenance facility.
During 2013, electric vehicle (EV) charging for Tesla automobiles was added to the Milford northbound and southbound service plazas in support of Tesla's effort to create a Boston–Washington EV corridor. These locations were the second Supercharger installations on the East Coast; the first was in Newark, Delaware, at the Delaware Turnpike's service plaza. Each of the Milford locations received two Supercharger stalls. Later in 2014, the Darien northbound and southbound service plazas each received four Supercharger stalls. In addition, the southbound Darien service plaza received two chargers for CHAdeMO-equipped EV's.
Exit list
Exits were re-numbered to mile-based numbering on the I-395 and SR 695 portions of the turnpike as part of a sign replacement project in 2015.
See also
References
External links
nycroads.com – Connecticut Turnpike
I-95 (Greater New York Roads)
Former toll roads in Connecticut
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
State highways in Connecticut
Interstate 95
Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in Middlesex County, Connecticut
Transportation in New London County, Connecticut
Transportation in Windham County, Connecticut
Freeways in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Swinarton
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Thomas Swinarton
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Thomas Swinarton (May 21, 1821 - December 21, 1893) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Cardwell in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1867 to 1871 as a Conservative.
Swinarton came to Upper Canada from County Down, Ireland. He served as reeve of Albion Township for 9 years and lived in Coventry. He was also warden for Peel County in 1881. Swinarton operated a gristmill, carding mill and sawmill, as well as a tannery and general store. He defeated George McManus in 1867 when he was elected in Cardwell.
References
A History of Peel County to Mark its Centenary as a Separate County 1867-1967, for the Corporation of the County of Peel (1967)
External links
The Canadian parliamentary companion, HJ Morgan (1869)
1821 births
1893 deaths
Politicians from County Down
Irish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
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15946773
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja%20Nielsen
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Anja Nielsen
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Anja Nielsen (born 12 April 1975) is a former Danish team handball player and Olympic champion. She won a gold medal with the Danish national team at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.
References
External links
1975 births
Living people
Danish female handball players
Olympic gold medalists for Denmark
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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1661629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE%20WrestleMania%20X8%20%28video%20game%29
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WWE WrestleMania X8 (video game)
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WWE WrestleMania X8 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and released on the Nintendo GameCube by THQ in June 2002.
Gameplay
WrestleMania X8 features a simple grappling system. Each wrestler has five front grapples, five rear grapples, and miscellaneous grapples, such as an evade and grapple in which a wrestler will dodge and then perform a hold or throw. There are meters based on color for the competitors in a match, and a pin is possible when the player's meter is fully red and their opponent's is fully blue. A large portion of the gameplay revolves around counter moves, with different buttons countering different maneuvers and allow different responses, such as strike and grapple. The game features a wide selection of signature moves used by wrestlers, and all wrestlers in the game have their unique entrances. There are a variety of weapons available, as well as the ability to perform a number of different grapples with them.
The game features a variety of match types, including Standard, Hardcore, Table, Ladder, TLC, Battle Royal, Steel Cage, Hell in a Cell, and Ironman. The number of participants in the match can also be chosen, including a singles match, a tag team match, a handicap match, Triple Threat, Fatal Four-Way, Battle Royal, and Royal Rumble. The Hell in a Cell match features the ability to utilize unique grapples on the walls of the cell, as well as the ability to climb to the roof of the cell and fight atop it, with the option of throwing an opponent through the roof to the mat below.
The game marks the WWE video game debuts of former WCW and ECW wrestlers signed during the Invasion storyline such as Booker T, Rob Van Dam, The Hurricane, and Lance Storm (Diamond Dallas Page, another major figure in the WCW/ECW Alliance and the WWF European Champion entering the namesake pay-per-view, was not included in the game). It was also the first appearance of Hulk Hogan and Ric Flair on a WWF/WWE video game since the 16-bit WWF Royal Rumble game (Hogan was on the Genesis version, while Flair was on the SNES version), as well as the only appearance for Scott Hall as an active WWE wrestler under the nWo gimmick, as he was released from the company prior to the game's release and was thus removed from WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth. In addition, the game features "Rollin'" as The Undertaker's entrance theme music although Fred Durst was not included in the game in contrast to previous WWF games that featured the song, while some former WCW wrestlers (including the nWo) and The Hardy Boyz do not have their proper entrance music.
Modes
The game features a Path of a Champion mode, a single player mode in which a player can attempt a championship path and make an attempt to win it. The titles offered are the WWE World Championship, WWE Intercontinental Championship, WWE European Championship, WWE Light Heavyweight Championship, WWE Hardcore Championship and World Tag Team Championship. There are four difficulties in which to play the mode, and there are a variety of unlockables for winning championships with particular wrestlers.
Another mode in the game is the Battle for the Belts mode, in which a player can go after one of 51 fictional belts. A player can challenge either the CPU controlled wrestler who holds the belt or another player who has the belt in an attempt to win it. A player can customize the belt by naming it and changing its color. The game also features a Create-A-Wrestler mode in which a wrestler can be created with customized appearance, moves, profile, and a wide variety of other options.
Development
WrestleMania X8 was Yuke's first WWE game on a Nintendo platform, replacing AKI Corporation as the developer for these systems; some former AKI developers were hired by Yuke's to develop a game with gameplay style closer to their titles rather than Yuke's own SmackDown series on PlayStation, while taking advantage of GameCube's graphical capabilities compared to Nintendo 64.
The game's development was complete before the World Wrestling Federation's lawsuit with the World Wildlife Fund, but was released afterwards, causing the packaging to be initially released with the unabbreviated "World Wrestling Federation" before changing to feature the new World Wrestling Entertainment logo. Although the packaging and paraphernalia feature the WWE logo, the actual game still contains the WWF logo; however, the logos were removed from the "fist" SmackDown (the "ovaltron" stage is also included) and Raw stages. In addition, Stone Cold Steve Austin was replaced with The Rock in the cover on later releases due to Austin's walkout from the promotion following the game's release.
Reception
WWE WrestleMania X8 received "average" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 32 out of 40.
Sequel
The game was succeeded by WWE WrestleMania XIX for the GameCube in 2003.
See also
List of licensed wrestling video games
List of fighting games
References
External links
2002 video games
GameCube games
GameCube-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
THQ games
Video game sequels
Video games developed in Japan
WrestleMania video games
Yuke's games
Professional wrestling games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Simmonds
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Mike Simmonds
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Mike Simmonds (born May 9, 1964) is a former professional football player and current college football assistant coach.
He played college football at Indiana State.
He was drafted and signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1987 and spent three seasons there, he was activated from the practice squad for 5 games during the 1989 season. He spent one season on the San Diego Chargers practice squad.
He began his coaching career at Hillsborough High in Tampa before moving to Jefferson High as a head coach, during his seven-year tenure (1998–2005), his team reached the Florida High School Championship game three times (1998, 2002, 2004).
He started his college coaching career in 2005.
References
External links
http://unipanthers.com/coaches.aspx?rc=596
http://gosycamores.com/hof.aspx?hof=117
1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Belleville, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
Indiana State Sycamores football players
San Diego Chargers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert%20Metz
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Bert Metz
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Bert Metz (born 15 August 1945) is a Dutch climate policy expert. He was co-chair of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group III on mitigation on climate change for the third and fourth assessment report of the IPCC. Currently, he is a fellow at the European Climate Foundation.
Biography
Metz was born in The Hague. He obtained an engineer's degree in chemical engineering at Delft University of Technology and subsequently his Ph.D. degree at the same university. From 1976 to 1987, he worked for Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment in the fields of air pollution, external safety, noise pollution, chemical waste and the enforcement of environmental laws.
From 1987 until 1992, he was Counsellor for Health and Environment at the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Washington DC. In 1992 he became Deputy Director for Air and Energy of the Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, with responsibility for climate policy. He led the Netherlands delegation to the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Convention.
In 1997, he moved to the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency at RIVM to head the group on climate change and global sustainability and was elected as co-chairman of the Working Group on Climate Change Mitigation of the IPCC for the preparation of the Third Assessment Report. In 2002 he was re-elected in that position for the 4th Assessment Report cycle.
Although formally retired, Bert Metz is still very active in the climate policy arena, among others as advisor for the European Climate Foundation and as steering group member of UNEP's annual Emissions Gap Report. In 2008 he was named Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau..
References
1945 births
Living people
Dutch climatologists
Delft University of Technology alumni
Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Scientists from The Hague
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machimoi
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Machimoi
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The term máchimoi (, plural of μάχιμος, máchimos, meaning "pugnacious") commonly refers to a broad category of ancient Egyptian low-ranked soldiers which rose during the Late Period of Egypt (664–332 BCE) and, more prominently, during the Ptolemaic dynasty (323–30 BCE).
History
Herodotus and the Late Period
The earliest attestation of this term given to native Egyptian warriors came from Herodotus – who visited Egypt during the first Persian domination (Manetho's 27th Dynasty) – and since him this term has been usually translated simply as "warriors" or "fighting men". The same term was used by him, referring to Asiatic troops employed by the Persians. Herodotus provided some information about the Egyptian máchimoi, claiming that they were literally a closed caste of warriors who were forbidden to practice other activities outside of combat and were provided twelve arourai of tax-free land as a reward for their services. Herodotus also recognizes two categories of máchimoi, called hermotybies and kalasiries, which were distinct by their districts of origin; he also claims that the two categories were composed by 160,000 and 250,000 soldiers respectively.
As well as Herodotus, also other Greek authors such as Plato and Diodorus Siculus, reports that the máchimoi were deployed in many battles during the Late Period. Pharaoh Apries send them against Cyrene but after their defeat, they proclaimed general Amasis as pharaoh and served him against Apries in 570 BCE. Egyptian máchimoi also fought at Plataea in 479 BCE. During the 30th Dynasty, Egyptian máchimoi were widely used against the Achaemenid Empire: according to Diodorus, pharaoh Teos sent 80,000 of them in his expedition in the Near East in c.360/358 BCE and his nephew Nakhthorheb (the future Nectanebo II) was their commander. Nectanebo II himself later relied on these soldiers before the second Persian conquest of Egypt in 343 BCE.
Ptolemaic Period
Máchimoi were still present during the Ptolemaic period, and most scholars considers them as the direct successors of their Late Period counterparts; Ptolemaic máchimoi are mostly still seen as a caste of native-Egyptian, land-granted, low-ranked warriors whom, with the passing of time, takes on increasingly important roles alongside the Greek army likely since the battle of Raphia in 217 BCE, and exerted increasing social pressure on the Ptolemies and was responsible for various rebellions and uprisings.
Curiously, under the Ptolemies the name máchimoi is attested only on documents while during the Late Period they were mentioned exclusively on Greek literary works: for example, Diodorus clearly calls máchimoi the Egyptian soldiers of pharaoh Teos, but not their Ptolemaic counterparts.
The earliest mention of máchimoi on Ptolemaic documents is dating back to the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (261 BCE) and refers to guard duties; this was not uncommon, as from many documents it seems that they sometimes were guards and sometimes had purely army duties. However, the most famous document mentioning them is the Rosetta Stone (Greek text, row 19) made under Ptolemy V Epiphanes (196 BCE), which refers to an amnesty for some deserted máchimoi.
2013 reinterpretation
A 2013 paper by historian Christelle Fischer-Bovet revised many of the traditional claims about the máchimoi. She challenged most of Herodotus' description, pointing out that ancient Egyptians never used similar caste systems, and both the total numbers of máchimoi and of the lands given to them are almost certainly unsustainable, suggesting that Herodotus unintentionally merged professional military officers with a militia composed by commoners who were called to arms if necessary, and attributed to the whole group an elite status not much different from that of Greek Spartiates. Fischer-Bovet also perceived a discontinuity between Late Period and Ptolemaic máchimoi and criticized the aforementioned traditional rendering of the latter group; historical documents mentioning Greek máchimoi during the Ptolemaic Period proves that they were not exclusively native Egyptians as usually thought, suggesting that the term was rather an indicator of their military role (for example, the pike-bearing máchimoi epilektoi or the mounted máchimoi hippeis) and/or of the amount of land received (a pentarouros, for example, was a máchimos granted with five arourai of land) and not of their ethnicity. In this regard, she accepts the idea that the máchimoi were the lowest level of the military hierarchy, but their socio-economic status was still higher than that of the average peasant.
References
Sources
Christelle Fischer-Bovet (2013), "Egyptian warriors: the Machimoi of Herodotus and the Ptolemaic Army". The Classical Quarterly 63 (01), pp. 209–36, .
Werner Huß, Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit: 332–30 v. Chr. Beck, München 2001, , pp. 20–31; 47–53.
Military history of ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptian society
Military history of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
Ancient Greek military terminology
Ancient Greek infantry types
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40173384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargar
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Chargar
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Chargar (; also known as Charkar) is a village in Sain Qaleh Rural District, in the Central District of Abhar County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 853, in 238 families.
References
Populated places in Abhar County
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8600418
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tha%20Triflin%27%20Album
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Tha Triflin' Album
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Tha Triflin' Album is the third studio album by West Coast hip hop artist King Tee. It was released on January 26, 1993 via Capitol Records. Recording sessions took place in 1992 in California. Production was handled by nine record producers, including DJ Pooh, DJ Aladdin, Bobcat, Marley Marl, Tha Alkaholiks, Broadway, SLJ, Mr. Woody, and King T himself. It also features guest appearances from Ice Cube, Deadly Threat, Nefretitti, Mad Kap, and Tha Alkaholiks. The album spawned two singles: "Got It Bad Y'all" and "Black Togetha Again". Both singles were later included on King Tee's greatest hits compilation Ruff Rhymes: Greatest Hits Collection. The album peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard 200 and number 17 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The success of this album is quite significant as it allowed King Tee's protégés, Tha Alkaholiks, to gain a following. It also provided a foundation for King Tee's Likwit Crew.
Track listing
Album singles
Charts
References
External links
1993 albums
King Tee albums
Capitol Records albums
Albums produced by DJ Pooh
Albums produced by DJ Aladdin
Albums produced by Marley Marl
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22161035
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licus%20Vallis
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Licus Vallis
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Licus Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle of Mars, located at . It is long and was named after an ancient name for modern river Lech in Germany and Austria.
References
See also
Geology of Mars
HiRISE
Vallis (planetary geology)
Water on Mars
Valleys and canyons on Mars
Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle
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9801185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano%20Em%C3%ADlio
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Luciano Emílio
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Luciano Emílio (born 12 December 1978) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Career
Early career
Emílio started playing professional soccer at the age of 16 in 1995, playing for XV de Piracicaba, a member of the state league of São Paulo. The next season, he transferred to Rio Branco, another team in the state league of São Paulo.
In 1997, Emílio signed with 1. FC Köln of the German Bundesliga. He played for the youth team and finally worked his way up to the senior team where he played for several matches.
In 1999, Emílio transferred to Alemannia Aachen, a team in the second Division of the Bundesliga.
Honduras and Mexico
In 2001, Luciano Emílio made a return to Brazil to play for União Barbarense. After a brief stint at União Barbarense, Emílio made a move to the Honduran league to play for Real España in Honduras. He quickly established himself as a key player and won the league scoring titles in 2003 and 2004. He helped lead Real España to the Apertura Championship in 2003. In 2004, Emílio made a move to another Honduran team, Olimpia. Emílio won another scoring title in the Apertura in 2004 with Olimpia.
Emílio enjoyed a brief stint in Mexico in 2005, signing the Mexican second division side Querétaro where he helped the team win the 2005 Clausura title, scoring 10 goals in the process. After playing for a short time with Querataro, Emílio made a return to CD Olimpia in 2005 in time to lead them to championships in the 2005 Apertura and the 2006 Clausura, during which he once again won the scoring title. In 2006, Emílio's eight goals in the UNCAF Tournament were enough to propel his team to the 2007 CONCACAF Champions' cup. Ironically, Emílio would go on to play against CD Olimpia in the 2007 CONCACAF Champions' Cup with his new club, D.C. United.
Major League Soccer
Emilio signed with D.C. United on 16 January 2007, as a Senior International player, after completing his second stint with Honduran club Olimpia. Emílio debuted for United in the 2007 CONCACAF Champions' Cup against Olimpia, scoring once in Tegucigalpa and twice in the return leg in Washington, DC in United's 7–3 aggregate win. He went on to score a fourth time in three games versus C.D. Guadalajara in the opening game of the CONCACAF semi-final.
At the end of his first season with D.C. United, his team received the 2007 MLS Supporters' Shield, the award for gaining the most points overall in a season. In the 2007 MLS season, Emílio had 20 goals and won the MLS Golden Boot award. Emílio won the 2007 MLS MVP award and the inaugural 2007 MLS Newcomer of the Year Award.
After recovering from a lean start to the 2008 season, Emílio scored his first career MLS hat-trick on 14 June against New York Red Bulls.
Though not originally signed under the Designated Player Rule, he later received a pay rise which took him over the maximum salary covered by the league, becoming a designated player.
Emílio received a green card in August 2009 for permanent residency in the United States and counted no longer against DC United's foreign player limit.
Emílio rejected a new contract with D.C. United that would have seen him sign at a significantly lower salary. He later joined former club Rio Branco, but on 28 April 2010, Emilio signed a three-month contract to return to former club D.C. United. He was released by D.C. United at the end of this short-term contract.
Later career
In August 2010, Emilio joined Uruguayan club Danubio, which plays in Primera División Uruguaya.
Emílio returned to Mexico to play for Atlante UTN in "La División de Ascenso" Mexico's Second Division for the Clausura 2011 Tournament.
Career statistics
Club
Honours
Club
D.C. United
Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield: 2007
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup: 2008
Olimpia
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras: 2004–05 Clausura, 2005–06 Apertura, 2005–06 Clausura
Querétaro
Primera División A: Clausura 2005
Real España
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Honduras: 2003–04 Apertura
XV de Piracicaba
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1995
Individual
Major League Soccer MVP: 2007
MLS Golden Boot Winner: 2007
MLS Newcomer of the Year: 2007
MLS Best XI: 2007
References
External links
MLS player profile
Living people
1978 births
People from Ilha Solteira
Association football forwards
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Alemannia Aachen players
1. FC Köln players
Querétaro F.C. footballers
União Agrícola Barbarense Futebol Clube players
Real C.D. España players
Rio Branco Esporte Clube players
C.D. Olimpia players
D.C. United players
Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) players
Danubio F.C. players
Toros Neza footballers
Grêmio Catanduvense de Futebol players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate footballers in Honduras
Expatriate footballers in Uruguay
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Designated Players (MLS)
Major League Soccer MVPs
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Honduras
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20mulch-slider
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Wood mulch-slider
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The wood mulch-slider or Mueller's three-toed lerista (Lerista muelleri ), is a species of lizard belonging to the extensive family Scincidae, a family containing over 1,500 species. The species is found in a diverse range of climates and habitats throughout Western Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria. Named after the German-born Australian naturalist Baron Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich Müller (1825–1896), the species has been the subject of much morphological and nomenclature debate.
Description
Lerista muelleri is a small terrestrial lizard typically reaching a maximum snout-to-vent length (SVL) of , and total adult length (including tail) reaching up to . A key distinguishing feature of the species is the presence of three digits on each of the forelimbs and hindlimbs. Scales are small, shiny, smooth textured and illustrate a tight pattern of composition. The head is elongated displaying a brown to black flecked pattern with recessed ears, and pointed snout providing evidence of adaptive fossorial behaviour.
Colouration is reflective of habitat, with bodies’ commonly exhibiting brown, grey and bronze tones. In the western parts of the continent, lateral striping is often indeterminate. However, individuals in the east often present with a series of clearly defined black longitudinal striping. Undersides of individuals often demonstrate lighter colouration incorporating a blotched pattern of brown spots. Juveniles are often identified by the presence of a reddish colour at the tail.
Taxonomy
Named after the German-born Australian naturalist Ferdinand von Mueller, Lerista muelleri belong to the genus Lerista consisting of in excess of 80 species. The species has undergone extensive morphological investigation resulting in the renaming of what had been acknowledged as taxonomic uncertainty in a widespread and highly diverse species group. A revision in 2007 broadly surveyed specimens from Western Australian collections and identified thirteen species in populations that had been assigned to this name, several previous descriptions and nine new species, and redefined this species with a revised description.
Distribution
Lerista muelleri is distributed throughout the Australian mainland ranging from the Northern Territory, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia, NSW and Victoria. There are no records of the species being found in the state of Tasmania. Individuals are likely to be found in a variety of climatic and terrestrial conditions ranging from hot dry sandy deserts, to more temperate vegetated climates associated with the higher latitudes of the southern states of the continent.
Habitat and ecology
Lerista muelleri is a fossorial diurnal species that occupy their time foraging for food during daylight hours. Similar to many other reptiles, they are ectothermic relying upon environmental conditions for body temperature regulation. Typically, individuals will begin the day in search of the sun to raise body temperatures to gain energy for foraging, and to aid with digestion. Like most ectotherms, when energy levels are adequate, individuals will often seek shelter beneath sand, or in the form of loose soil, fallen logs, and the cover of ground litter and debris.
Habitats are varied and are ultimately reflective of direct environmental conditions. In hot arid regions of the continent, individuals may be found burrowed into sand, or under the cover of rocky outcrops. In more temperate regions of the continent, species are likely to be found in a variety of habitats from floodplains, grassy box woodlands, black box woodlands, and mallee woodlands.
Reproduction
Lerista muelleri is classified as an oviparous reptile producing on average two eggs per clutch. Reproduction is predominantly determined by a combination of both seasonal and environmental factors. As with most oviparous reptiles, females select for sites offering the greatest protection from predation. In the more arid parts of the continent, eggs are likely to be deposited under the protection of sand, providing potential offspring with the benefits of security and ideal climatic conditions for incubation. Similar to their desert dwelling counterparts, individuals residing in more temperate climatic conditions, preferred environments are those likely to increase rates of incubation. This may include protection from predation, cold and wet conditions, under the cover of fallen debris, loose soil, fallen logs, leaf litter and rocks. Rates of mortality amongst juveniles is high as a direct result of stochastic environmental factors.
Diet
The diet of Lerista muelleri is variable consisting of a combination of phyla ranging from invertebrate insects to subterranean species of nematodes. Evidence suggests there are key differences in dietary requirements between the sexes. Due to the size differences, females are likely to select in favour of larger surface dwelling invertebrates, as opposed to males who spend most of their time foraging for smaller more elusive prey. Quite often, individuals will use a combination of olfactory and visual senses to locate prey depending on their environments.
Predators
As with many other small species of ground dwelling animal, predation on L. muelleri comes in many forms. Individuals are often the subject of aerial attack by birds, whilst on the ground, exposure can often lead to individuals being at risk of predation by numerous species of both indigenous and exotic mammal species. Other threats may come in the form of numerous species of elapids, arachnoid and parasitic predators in the form of ticks and mites. Similar to many other species of Scincidae, individuals have the inherent morphological trait of caudal autotomy allowing them to drop or lose part of their tails in the event of capture.
Threats
As with many other species of animal on the Australian continent, impacts of land clearing, altered fire regimes, and agricultural endeavours result in loss of habitat for L. muelleri. However, records of sightings indicate there are no imminent conservational threats.
References
Further reading
Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. .
Fischer JG (1881). "Beschreibung neuer Reptilien ". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 47 (1): 225-238 + Plates XI-XII. (Phaneropis muelleri, new species, pp. 236–238 + Plate XII, figures 13-15). (in German).
Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. .
Skinks of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxa named by Johann Gustav Fischer
Reptiles described in 1881
Lerista
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6088773
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20High%20Commissioners%20of%20the%20United%20Kingdom%20to%20Malta
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List of High Commissioners of the United Kingdom to Malta
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The High Commissioner of the United Kingdom to Malta is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Malta, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission there.
As fellow members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Kingdom and Malta conduct their diplomatic relations at governmental level, rather than between Heads of State. Therefore, they exchange High Commissioners rather than ambassadors.
High Commissioners
1962–1965: Sir Edward Wakefield, Bt. (Commissioner before independence from 1962–64)
1965–1967: Sir John Martin
1967–1970: Sir Geofroy Tory
1970–1972: Sir Duncan Watson
1972–1974: Sir John Moreton
1974–1976: Robin Haydon
1976–1979: Norman Aspin
1980–1982: David Aiers
1982–1985: Charles Booth
1985–1987: Stanley Duncan
1988–1991: Brian Hitch
1991–1994: Sir Peter Wallis
1995–1999: Graham Archer
1999–2002: Howard Pearce
2002–2006: Sir Vincent Fean
2006–2008: Nicholas Archer
2009–2012: Louise Stanton
2012–2016: Robert Luke
2016–: Stuart Gill
References
External links
UK and Malta, gov.uk
Malta
United Kingdom
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19939794
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven%27s%20Pass
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Raven's Pass
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Raven's Pass (foaled February 17, 2005 in Kentucky) is an American-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse most notable for being the first English-trained winner of the Grade I Breeders' Cup Classic at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California.
Background
Raven's Pass was sired by Elusive Quality, who also sired 2004 Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes winner Smarty Jones. His dam, Ascutney, was by Lord At War, making him a half-brother to Miami Mile Handicap winner Gigawatt. He was bred and raced by Stonerside Stable of Paris, Kentucky, until the farm and its bloodstock were sold in September 2008 to Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein, daughter of King Hussein I of Jordan and a wife of Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, who owns Darley Racing, owner of the other half-interest in the horse.
Raven's Pass was trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by John Gosden and ridden in all but two of his races by Jimmy Fortune.
Racing career
2007: two-year-old season
Raven's Pass began his career as an unconsidered outsider in a maiden race at Yarmouth in July, which he won at odds of 20–1, ridden by David Kinsella. Later in the same month, he scored a five-length victory over better opposition in the Listed Winkfield Stakes at Ascot. His progress continued when he stepped up to group race level for the first time and won the Group 3 Solario Stakes at Sandown by seven lengths. In his final start as a two-year-old, he was sent off as second favourite for the Group One Dewhurst Stakes at Newmarket and finished behind juvenile champion New Approach.
2008: three-year-old season
The first half of Raven's Pass's three-year-old career was marked by a run of notable performances, narrow defeats, and the establishment of a long-running series of encounters with the Irish colt Henrythenavigator. In April, he was prepared up for the first Classic by running a short-head second to the top-class Twice Over in the Group III Craven Stakes at Newmarket. Three weeks later, he returned to Newmarket for the Group I 2,000 Guineas. In a strong field, he ran fourth, four and a half lengths behind Henrythenavigator.
The pair met again in the Group One St James's Palace Stakes at Royal Ascot in June. Henrythenavigator prevailed again, but the margin was reduced to three quarters of a length. After a trip to France, in which Raven's Pass finished runner-up to Tamayuz in the Group One Prix Jean Prat, he lined up against Henrythenavigator for the third time in the Group I Sussex Stakes at Goodwood in July. The result was the same as before, but this time the margin of victory was a head.
In August, Raven's Pass was dropped down a level and gained his first win of the year in the Group II Celebration Mile at Goodwood before a fourth clash with Henrythenavigator in the Group I Queen Elizabeth II Stakes at Ascot. Raven's Pass goy the better of his rival for the first time and registered his biggest win in Europe.
The final meeting between Raven's Pass and Henrythenavigator came a month later in the 2008 Breeders' Cup Classic at Santa Anita. In this race, Fortune was replaced as the colt's jockey by Frankie Dettori. American Champion Curlin took the lead early in the straight but was passed by the two European colts, with Raven's Pass claiming the victory to become the first English-trained winner of the Classic.
Assessment
The International Federation of Horseracing Authorities ranked Raven's Pass as the third best Thoroughbred racehorse of 2008, one pound behind joint leaders Curlin and New Approach.
Raven's Pass was a finalist for the Eclipse Award's American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse for 2008.
Stud record
Raven's Pass was retired to stand as a stallion at the Kildangan Stud, as part of the Darley Stud organisation. In April 2010, he underwent surgery for colic, causing him to miss six weeks of the breeding season. Raven's Pass had his first Stakes winner on 29 September 2012 when Steeler won the Royal Lodge Stakes.
Raven's Pass sired his first Group 1 winner in 2018 when Royal Marine won the Prix Jean-Luc Lagardère.
Notable progeny
Raven's Pass has sired four individual Group 1 winners.
c = colt, f = filly, g = gelding''
Pedigree
References
2005 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Breeders' Cup Classic winners
Thoroughbred family 17-b
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23154202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%206700%20classic
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Nokia 6700 classic
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The Nokia 6700 classic is a mobile phone made by Nokia and successor of the 6300 and 6500 classic. It was announced in January 2009 and arrived on the European market in June that year. It has a stainless steel body and a chrome-covered keypad.
Features
The Nokia 6700 classic is a Series 40 6th Edition phone. Among its key features are
Integrated A-GPS navigation with included maps software,
5.0-megapixel camera with LED flash,
WebKit Open Source Browser,
Flash Lite 3.0,
Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR
MIDP Java 2.1 with additional Java APIs.
Supported WCDMA frequencies depend on the region where the device is available. It is a 3G WCDMA (2100/1900/900 MHz) phone but also supports quad-band GSM (1900/1800/900/850 MHz). It has a stainless steel body and a weight of 113 grams.
Note that the 6700 classic is quite different from the Nokia 6700 slide, which is based on the higher powered Symbian-based Series 60 operating system.
References
http://www.nokia.com/gb-en/products/phone/6700-classic/specifications/
External links
Nokia 6700 classic
6700 classic
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49028940
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF-132%20%281961%E2%80%931962%29
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VF-132 (1961–1962)
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Fighter Squadron 132 or VF-132 was a short-lived aviation unit of the United States Navy established on 21 August 1961 and disestablished on 1 October 1962.
Operational history
VF-132 was established as part of Carrier Air Group 13. It was deployed on a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean on from 3 March to 6 May 1962. After returning from the cruise, CVG-13 and its constituent squadrons were disestablished on 1 October 1962.
Home port assignments
The squadron was assigned to NAS Cecil Field.
Aircraft Assignment
Vought F-8 Crusader
See also
History of the United States Navy
List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
References
External links
Strike fighter squadrons of the United States Navy
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44259988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20Brownsville%20Barracudas%20season
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2014–15 Brownsville Barracudas season
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The 2014–15 Brownsville Barracudas season was the inaugural season for the Brownsville Barracudas professional indoor soccer club. (The team was also known as Barracudas FC.) The Barracudas, a Southern Division team in the Major Arena Soccer League, played their home games at the Barracudas Sports Complex in Brownsville, Texas.
The team was led by owner Oscar Ruvalcaba, general manager Ricardo Rodriguez, and head coach Raul Salazar. The Barracudas finished the 2014–15 season with a 4–16 record, good enough for 4th place in the Southern Division but not enough to qualify for the playoffs.
Season summary
Brownsville began the season with a road defeat by the Monterrey Flash before a home opening win against Saltillo Rancho Seco. The team then lost 8 consecutive games before an overtime win at home against Saltillo. Another 6 losses (3 each to the Dallas Sidekicks and Oxford City FC of Texas) preceded a win in Brownsville's final home game against Saltillo. Splitting a road series in Saltillo to end the season, Brownsville ended with a 4–16 record and 4th place in the Southern Division. All 4 of Brownsville's wins came at the expense of Saltillo.
History
Team owner Oscar Ruvalcaba started laying the groundwork for this team in 2001 when he began developing the Barracudas Sports Complex to add more soccer fields in his community. The complex opened in 2004 and began hosting several games each week. Barracudas FC organized as an amateur club that same year and, a decade later, the complex hosts almost 200 teams playing 7-on-7 soccer each week. In May 2014, Ruvalcaba secured an expansion franchise in the new Major Arena Soccer League and began construction of a 2,000-seat open-air soccer arena.
Off-field moves
In May 2014, the Professional Arena Soccer League added six refugee teams from the failed third incarnation of the Major Indoor Soccer League and reorganized as the Major Arena Soccer League. The 2014–15 MASL season will be 20 games long, 4 more than the 16 regular season games of recent PASL seasons. Brownsville joins the league in the new Southern division. The other Southern teams for 2014–15 are the Dallas Sidekicks, Hidalgo La Fiera, Monterrey Flash, Saltillo Rancho Seco, and Beaumont-based Oxford City FC of Texas.
The Barracudas publicly displayed their new MASL uniforms for the first time on October 18 in the food court at Sunrise Mall in Brownsville. The new uniforms, manufactured by Pirma, use the same colors as the team has worn since its founding as an amateur club in 2004. Brownsville's home uniforms are light blue with white sides and the away uniforms are white with a blue collar.
Schedule
Pre-season
Regular season
Originally scheduled for January 31 but rescheduled after Hidalgo La Fiera left the league mid-season.
Originally scheduled for November 7 but postponed due to weather.
Rescheduled due to mid-season withdrawal of Hidalgo, maintaining 20-game schedule.
Postponed due to travel issues caused by "recent acts of violence" in northern Mexico
Awards and honors
The Brownsville Herald declared the debut of the Barracudas franchise as one of the Brownsville metro area's best sports stories of 2014.
Brownsville's Moises Gonzalez earned honorable mention for the league's all-rookie team for 2014-15.
References
External links
Brownsville Barracudas official website
Brownsville Barracudas at The Brownsville Herald
Brownsville Barracudas at El Nuevo Heraldo
Brownsville Barracudas
Brownsville Barracudas
Brownsville Barracudas 2014
Brownsville Barracudas 2014
Brownsville Barracudas 2014
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3896317
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason%20Party%20%28Poland%29
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Reason Party (Poland)
|
Reason of the Polish Left, or Reason Party (; RACJA; RACJA PL), was an anti-clerical minor political party in Poland. It was registered on 8 August 2002, as the "Anticlerical Party of Progress REASON" (Antyklerykalna Partia Postępu RACJA, APP RACJA) and adopted its later name on 14 January 2006.
The party opposed the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church in state affairs, the teaching of religion in schools, and state financial support for the Roman Catholic Church in Poland.
The Party believed in the separation of church and state, the promotion of the role of women in public life, the introduction of sex education in schools, state support for contraception, legalized abortion and euthanasia, tolerance toward social minorities, and the legal recognition of same-sex relationships through civil unions.
The Party supported free public health care, an increase in tax revenues, improvement in economic conditions for businesses, and reduction of unemployment. The Party supported Poland’s membership in NATO.
In June 2005 the Party endorsed Senator Maria Szyszkowska as its candidate in the 2005 presidential election.
References
External links
RACJA Polskiej Lewicy
2002 establishments in Poland
2013 disestablishments in Poland
Anti-clerical parties
Defunct social democratic parties in Poland
Political parties disestablished in 2013
Political parties established in 2002
Secularism in Poland
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35874670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Bradley%20%28cricketer%29
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James Bradley (cricketer)
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James Bradley (3 October 1913 – January 2001) was an English cricketer. Bradley's batting style is unknown, but it is known he bowled slow left-arm orthodox. He was born at Pleasley, Nottinghamshire.
Bradley made his first-class debut for Nottinghamshire against Surrey in the 1937 County Championship. He made eight further first-class appearances for the county, the last of which came against Kent in the 1939 County Championship. In his nine first-class appearances for the county, he took 19 wickets at an average of 41.10, with best figures of 4/116. With the bat, he scored 30 runs at a batting average of 6.00, with a high score of 13.
He died at Mansfield, Nottinghamshire in January 2001, aged 87.
References
External links
James Bradley at ESPNcricinfo
James Bradley at CricketArchive
1913 births
2001 deaths
People from Mansfield District
English cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
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66134339
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20Utah%20State%20Aggies%20football%20team
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1999 Utah State Aggies football team
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The 1999 Utah State Aggies football team represented Utah State University in the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Big West Conference. The Aggies were once again led by head coach Dave Arslanian, who was in his second year with the program. The Aggies played their home games at Romney Stadium in Logan, Utah. Utah State finished with a 4–7 record, a one game improvement over 1998, but would dismiss Coach Arslanian at the end of the season.
Previous season
After a conference championship and bowl game in 1997, Utah State finished the 1998 season with a disappointing record of 3–8. The team had lost several close games early in the season, and would need two wins in the last three weeks of the season to avoid its worst finish since 1984.
Schedule
Season summary
The Aggies opened the season against the Georgia Bulldogs, a very strong team. They lost that opener 7–38 but bounced back after an easy win against Stephen F. Austin 51–17. The third game was against their rival, the Utah Utes. They did not beat the Utes, as they wouldn't win until 2012. They had a close win against BYU in the Old Wagon Wheel rivalry but lost 31–34, they would not win until 2010. After two losses in rivalries, they would win against Arkansas State and then fall into a 4 game slump. They got out of that slump against Nevada with a close win, 37–35. They finished off the season winning against North Texas 34–7. They ended the season with a record of 4–7, 3–3 in the Big West Conference.
Awards and honors
The Aggies had eleven players named to either the first or second all-conference team in the Big West.
References
Utah State
Utah State Aggies football seasons
Utah State Aggies football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut
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Hut
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A hut is a small dwelling, which may be constructed of various local materials. Huts are a type of vernacular architecture because they are built of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice, stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, hides, fabric, or mud using techniques passed down through the generations.
The construction of a hut is generally less complex than that of a house (durable, well-built dwelling) but more so than that of a shelter (place of refuge or safety) such as a tent and is used as temporary or seasonal shelter or as a permanent dwelling in some indigenous societies.
Huts exist in practically all nomadic cultures. Some huts are transportable and can stand most conditions of weather.
Word
The term is often employed by people who consider non-western style homes in tropical and sub-tropical areas to be crude or primitive, but often the designs are based on traditions of local craftsmanship using sophisticated architectural techniques. The designs in tropical and sub-tropical areas favour high airflow configurations built from non-conducting materials, which allow heat dissipation. The term house or home is considered by some to be more appropriate.
In the Western world the word hut is often used for a wooden shed.
The term has also been adopted by climbers and backpackers to refer to a more solid and permanent structure offering refuge. These vary from simple bothies – which are little more than very basic shelters – to mountain huts that are far more luxurious and can even include facilities such as restaurants.
The word comes from the 1650s, from French hutte "cottage" (16c.), from Middle High German hütte "cottage, hut," probably from Proto-Germanic *hudjon-, related to the root of Old English hydan "to hide," from PIE *keudh-, from root (s)keu- (see hide (n.1)). Apparently first in English as a military word. Old Saxon hutta, Danish hytte, Swedish hytta, West Frisian and Middle Dutch hutte, Dutch hut are from High German. Ukrainian "hata" seems to be known from even earlier ages. Avestan or ancient Iranian origins presumably." related to hide, a covering.
Modern use
Huts are used by shepherds when moving livestock between seasonal grazing areas such as mountainous and lowland pastures (transhumance).
They are also commonly used by backpackers and other travelers in rural areas.
Some displaced populations of people use huts throughout the world during a diaspora. For example, temporary collectors in the wilderness agricultural workers at plantations in the Amazon jungle.
Huts have been built for purposes other than as a dwelling such as storage, workshops, and teaching.
Types
Traditional
Bahay kubo – A traditional Filipino stilt house made of bamboo and palm fronds as roofing. They are designed to be lightweight so they can be moved from one place to another by being carried by group of men, a practice commonly called bayanihan.
Balok – A Siberian wilderness hut made of logs, usually communal, used by hunters, fishermen and travelers in the more distant parts of Siberia. Some baloks are mobile and mounted on sleds.
Barabara – An earth sheltered winter home of the Aleut people
Barracks – an old term for a temporary hut, now more used as a term for military housing and a unique hay storage structure called a hay barrack.
Bothy – Originally a one-room hut for male farm workers in the United Kingdom, now a mountain hut for overnight hikers.
Burdei or bordei – a dugout or pit-house with a sod roof in Romania, Ukraine and Canada.
Cabana – an open shelter
Chozo – Spanish for hut, term also used in Mexico.
Clochán – A dry stone hut in Ireland
Earth lodge – Native American dwelling
Heartebeest Hut – hut used by South African Trekboer built of reeds, sometimes plastered with mud
Hytte – A cabin or hut in Norway
Igloo – A hut made of pieces of hard snow or ice
Kolba – Afghanistan
Khata – Ukrainian village house
Lodge is a general term for a hut or cabin such as a log cabin or cottage. Lodge is used to refer to a tipi, sweat lodge, and hunting, fishing, skiing, and safari lodge.
Mitato – A small, dry stone hut in Greece
Orri – A French dry stone and sod hut
Rondavel – Central and South Africa
Roundhouse (dwelling) – a circular hut or house typically with a conical roof
Sheiling – Originally a temporary shelter or hut for shepherds, now may be a stone building. Common in Scotland.
Sod house – A pioneer house type on the American Plains where wood was scarce.
Sukkah – Israel and Jewish diaspora
Tule hut – Coastal North America, West Coast, Northern California
Oca – Brazil
Quinzhee – A shelter made in a pile of snow
Yurt – Central and North Asia
Modern
HORSA hut – A prefabricated school building built to cope with additional demand from the Education Act 1944
Laing hut – prefabricated lightweight timber wall sections bolted together, externally clad with plasterboard and felt. Designed 1940 for barrack accommodation
Nissen hut – a prefabricated steel structure made from a semicircle of corrugated steel invented 1st quarter 20th century.
Jamesway hut – a variation of a Nissen hut
Romney hut – a variation of a Nissen hut
Quonset hut – a type of Nissen hut of lightweight prefabricated structure of corrugated steel having a semicircular cross section
Pratten hut – A prefabricated building generally used in schools for classrooms in the UK after World War 2.
Scout hut – Term given for the buildings used as the meeting place of members of The Scout Association world-wide.
Construction
Many huts are designed to be relatively quick and inexpensive to build. Construction often does not require specialized tools or knowledge.
Marketing usage
The term Hut is also used to name many commercial stores, companies, and concepts. The name implies a small, casual venue, often with a fun and friendly atmosphere. Examples include Pizza Hut and Sunglass Hut. Kiosks may be constructed to look like huts and are often found at parks, malls, beaches, or other public places, selling a variety of inexpensive food or goods. Luxury hotels in tropical areas where guests are assigned to occupy their own freestanding structure sometimes call the structure a "hut", though such huts typically bear little more than superficial resemblance to the traditional concept of a hut.
See also
Architecture of Africa
Cabane en pierre sèche ()
Lean-to – a type of shelter
Mountain hut - building that provides food and shelter for hikers and mountaineers
Palloza – Spanish type of roundhouse
The Primitive Hut – concept in architectural theory
Tipi – Central North America tent
References
Traditional Native American dwellings
Vernacular architecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Anderson%20%28footballer%29
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Nick Anderson (footballer)
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Nicholas Anderson (1865 – unknown) was an English professional footballer, who appeared for Wolverhampton Wanderers in the inaugural season of the Football League.
Nicholas Anderson made his League and club debut on 8 September 1888, as a forward for Wolverhampton Wanderers in a 1–1 draw against Aston Villa at Dudley Road, the then home of Wolverhampton Wanderers
He only played two of the "Wolves" 22 Football League matches in season 1888–89.
Nicholas Anderson had failed to make an impact at Dudley Road and left Wolverhampton Wanderers in May 1889.
References
1865 births
1921 deaths
Footballers from Wolverhampton
English footballers
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football forwards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20Michigan%20State%20Spartans%20football%20team
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2021 Michigan State Spartans football team
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The 2021 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University during the 2021 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Spartans competed as members of the East Division of the Big Ten Conference and played their home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan. This was the program's second season under head coach Mel Tucker.
The Spartans became bowl-eligible by starting the season 6–0. The team finished the season 11–2, 7–2 in Big Ten play to finish in third place in the East division, and ranked No. 10 in the College Football Playoff rankings. MSU was selected to participate in the Peach Bowl on December 30, the school's first New Year's Six bowl game since 2015. The Spartans defeated Pittsburgh 31–21 in the Peach Bowl.
Running back Kenneth Walker III was a consensus All-American and became the first Spartan to win the Walter Camp and Doak Walker awards. Walker led the Spartans and was second in the country with 1,636 rushing yards. MSU had the nation's worst passing defense, allowing 337.7 yards per game.
On November 24, the school announced that they had signed Tucker to a 10-year, $95 million contract extension, all through donor money, amid speculations of Tucker being sought after for other college and NFL coaching positions.
Previous season
The Spartans finished the 2020 season 2–5 to finish in last place in the East Division. In a season initially canceled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the Spartans only played conference opponents and had two games canceled due to COVID-19 protocols, both against Maryland. The Spartans chose not to participate in a bowl game.
Offseason
2021 NFL draft
For the first time since 1940, Michigan State failed to have a player drafted in the NFL draft. The 80-year streak was the second longest active streak.
Several players did sign free agent contracts following the draft:
Shakur Brown, cornerback, Pittsburgh Steelers
Naquan Jones, defensive tackle, Tennessee Titans
Coaching changes
On January 27, 2021, safeties coach Mike Tressel, who had been on staff with MSU for 14 years, left the school to take the defensive coordinator position with Cincinnati. On January 28, the school announced that Travares Tillman, who had spent the previous year as a senior defensive assistant, had been promoted to cornerbacks coach.
Transfers
As a result of the limited season in 2020 due to COVID-19, the NCAA granted a waiver to allow athletes to transfer to another school and be eligible immediately without having to sit out a season. In April 2021, the NCAA further made one-time transfers for all college athletes to be eligible immediately. As a result, transfers were much more common this year than in prior years.
Outgoing
Source
Incoming
As a result of the change in transfer rules, the Spartans welcomed many new transfers to the program.
Source
Recruiting
Preseason
Preseason Big Ten poll
Although the Big Ten Conference has not held an official preseason poll since 2010, Cleveland.com has polled sports journalists representing all member schools as a de facto preseason media poll since 2011. For the 2021 poll, Michigan State was projected to finish in last place in the East Division.
Personnel
Players
Coaching staff
Schedule
Rankings
Awards and honors
Mel Tucker
Mel Tucker was named the conference's Hayes-Schembechler Coach of the Year (coaches vote) and Dave McClain Coach of the Year (media vote). Tucker was also named Region 3 coach of the year by the American Football Coaches Association.
Kenneth Walker III
Running bank Kenneth Walker III was named the winner Walter Camp Award as the college football player of the year as decided by a group of coaches and sports information directors. He was also named the winner of the of the Doak Walker Award as the nation's top running back. Walker became the first player to win the Camp Award while not being named a finalist for the Heisman Trophy. Walker is the only player to win either award in Michigan State history.
Walker received the award for Running Back of the Year and All-Big Ten first team (coaches and media).
Other awards
Wide receiver Jayden Reed was named to the All-Big Ten third team (coaches and media).
Defensive lineman Jacub Panasiuk was named to the All-Big Ten second team (coaches and media). Safety Xavier Henderson was named to the media third team. Punter Bryce Baringer was second team special teams (coaches and media) and Jayden Reed was named to the second team for a return specialist (coaches and media).
Game summaries
Northwestern
In the first game of the season, the Spartans visited Northwestern, one of only two teams MSU beat in the shortened 2020 season. MSU did not name a starting quarterback until shortly before the start of the game when head coach Mel Tucker announced Payton Thorne would start the game.
Transfer running back Kenneth Walker III made a big impact for the Spartans, scoring on the first offensive play, a 75-yard touchdown run to give MSU an early 7–0 lead. Northwestern responded by moving into Spartan territory, but a missed field goal that gave the Spartans the ball on their own 26 yard line. Walker scored his second touchdown of the game 10 plays later from three yards out to push MSU's lead to 14–0 with more than seven minutes remaining in the first quarter. The Wildcats again moved into Spartan territory, but on fourth down and seven, they passed up a field goal opportunity. The fourth down pass was incomplete and MSU again took over possession. Each team then punted twice before MSU took over on their own 34. Five plays later, Thorne hit Jordon Simmons on a short pass that Simmons took 14 yards for the Spartans' third touchdown of the game. The teams exchanged punts again, but the Wildcats got on the board when NU quarterback Hunter Johnson hit Trey Pugh for a one-yard touchdown pass with less than a minute left to play in the half. MSU took the ball down the field, but was forced to attempt a 60-yard field goal which fell well short and teams went to the half with MSU leading 21–7.
In the third quarter, Northwestern again moved into MSU territory, but again missed a field goal. MSU took over and moved the ball to the Wildcat five-yard line where Walker scored his third touchdown of the game extending the Spartans lead to 28–7. Northwestern was able to add a touchdown early in the fourth quarter, but MSU added a Matt Coghlan 37-yard field goal to make the score 31–14. Following a punt by Northwestern, MSU turned the ball over on a Harold Joiner fumble giving Northwestern the ball at their own 37. NU capitalized, scoring a touchdown on a Stephon Robinson Jr. 14-yard catch from Johnson to narrow MSU's lead to 10 with less than three minutes remaining in the game. However, Walker scored his fourth touchdown of the game on a six-yard run to push MSU's lead to 17, 38–21. Northwestern could manage nothing further as MSU won the game easily.
Walker, who scored four touchdowns in the game, eclipsed the total touchdown runs by Spartan running backs the prior season (0) on his first run of the game and ran for more yards in the game (264) than any Spartan did all of the prior season. It was the most rushing touchdowns scored in a game by a player for the Spartans since 2010 and first time since 2012 that a Spartan ran for more than 200 yards in a game. Thorne played well, not turning the ball over and completing 60% of his passes.
The win moved MSU to 1–0 on the season.
Youngstown State
MSU returned home to face Youngstown State for their first home game with fans since November 30, 2019.
MSU again started well, scoring on the first play from scrimmage for the second consecutive game as Thorne threw a 75-yard touchdown pass to Jayden Reed on a flea flicker. The Penguins went three-and-out on their first possession and MSU also punted on their next possession. YSU failed to gain a first down again on their next possession and MSU moved down the field quickly scoring on a Thorne 10-yard run to move MSU's lead to 14–0. YSU moved to midfield, but was forced to punt on a third down sack by MSU's Jeff Pietrowski. After two first downs, MSU's next drive stalled and they were forced to punt from their own 47. The Penguins blocked the ensuing punt and took over at the Spartan 46-yard line. YSU moved to MSU's 29 before Xavier Henderson made a spectacular one-handed interception at the MSU two-yard line to give the Spartans the ball back. Three plays later Thorne hit Reed again on an 85-yard touchdown pass to give MSU a 21-point lead. Following a three-and-out for Youngstown State, MSU pushed the lead to 28–0 on an Elijah Collins 10-yard screen pass from Thorne. YSU answered on their next possession, scoring on a quarterback run of six yards to return the lead to 21 points. With just over four minutes remaining in the half, the Spartans moved the ball down the field quickly and scored on a Walker six-yard touchdown run to give MSU a 35–7 lead at the half.
In the second half, YSU took the opening kickoff and moved down the field, scoring on a 26-yard touchdown run to make the score 35–14. MSU missed a 50-yard field goal attempt on the next possession, but YSU went three-and-out on their second possession of the half. The Spartans scored again with less than five minutes remaining in the third quarter when Thorne hit Jalen Nailor for a 16-yard touchdown. With a 42–14 lead, MSU began to substitute heavily and Anthony Russo replaced Thorne at quarterback. MSU threatened to score again early in the fourth quarter, but Russo fumbled the ball on a run at the YSU one-yard line, giving the Penguins the ball with five minutes remaining. YSU would hold the ball for the remainder of the game, but could not score as MSU won easily 42–14.
Thorne threw for four touchdowns in the less than three quarters of action. Walker, who had four touchdowns on 23 carries against Northwestern, shared the load, only carrying the ball seven times, but notched 58 yards and touchdown. Jordon Simmons took the bulk of the rushes for MSU, carrying the ball 16 times for 123 yards. MSU put up 275 yards rushing and over 300 yards through the air in the blowout.
The win moved MSU to 2–0 on the season.
Miami
The Spartans next traveled to face No. 24-ranked Miami at Hard Rock Stadium. The meeting was only the fifth all-time between the schools with MSU failing to win any of the four prior games.
For the first time on the season, the Spartans did not get the ball first and did not score on the first play from scrimmage in the game. Instead, Miami moved the ball well, moving into Spartan territory, before quarterback D'Eriq King was stripped by Pietrowski and MSU recovered at their own 29. It was Pietrowski's second forced fumble on the season. The Spartans got a first down, but nothing more and were forced to punt the ball on the ensuing possession. Pinned inside the one-yard line by the Spartan punt, Miami moved to their own 19 before being forced to punt the ball back to the Spartans. MSU lost yardage on the next possession and went three-and-out. Following a punt by Miami, the Spartans moved into Miami territory to start the second quarter. Walker moved the ball to the Miami six, but the Spartans could get no closer and settled for a Coghlin field goal to take the 3–0 lead. Miami responded, moving the ball to the MSU three-yard line. On fourth down, the Hurricanes chose to go for it and King hit wide receiver Charleston Rambo for a touchdown to give Miami and 7–3 lead. On the ensuing possession, Thorne hit Tre Mosley on a 51-yard pass to move to the Miami 24-yard line. However, the MSU offense sputtered from there and settled for a Coghlin field goal attempt that missed left leaving the score at 7–3. Miami respond again, moving into MSU territory, but they also were forced to attempt field goal that was also no good. Taking over at their own 20, MSU turned to Walker, as he rushed three times for 42 yards to move the ball into Hurricane territory. Thorne then hit Walker o a seven-yard touchdown catch and run to give MSU the 10–7 lead with just under three minutes remaining in the half. MSU intercepted King on the next possession give the Spartans the ball back with 1:29 remaining. MSU could not take advantage of the turnover and was forced to punt. The Hurricanes were unable to muster anything and the half ended with MSU leading 10–7.
In the second half, the teams exchanged punts before MSU was able to move into Miami territory again on the strength of Walker's legs. Thorne then hit Nailor for an 11-yard touchdown pass to put MSU up 17–7. Miami quickly responded as King hit Rambo again for a touchdown pass to narrow the lead to three again. Following a punt by MSU, King was sacked and fumbled the ball on the second play of the fourth quarter. Jacub Panasiuk recovered the fumble forced by Drew Beesly and MSU took over at the Miami 17. Three plays later, Thorne hit Reed for a 10-yard touchdown pass putting MSU up 24–14. The Hurricanes responded with a field goal to narrow the lead to seven at 24–17. Thorne then hit Nailor again, this time from 39 yards out for a touchdown to push MSU's lead to 14. On the first play of the ensuing possession, King was intercepted again, this time by Ronald Williams Jr. MSU took over on the Miami 23 with just over four minutes remaining. Two rushes by Walker put MSU at the Miami three. An end around to Reed from eight yards out put the game out of reach as the lead ballooned to 38–17. Miami failed to score on their next possession as the clock ran out and MSU won 38–17.
Walker again dominated for the Spartans, rushing for 182 yards and scoring on a touchdown reception. Thorne also played well, throwing four touchdown passes for the second consecutive game. The Spartan defense forced four turnovers in the game despite allowing 440 yards in the win. After not scoring more than 30 points in any game in 2020, the Spartans scored more than 30 points for the third consecutive game.
The win moved MSU to 3–0 on season.
Nebraska
The newly ranked Spartans (No. 20 AP, No. 21 Coaches) returned home to face Nebraska for a night game at Spartan Stadium.
The Spartans took the first possession of the game to their 39 before Thorne threw his first interception of the season on a long throw to the Nebraska 18-yard line. A poor punt following the Cornhuskers first possession gave MSU the ball at their own 44-yard line. The Spartans moved into Nebraska territory and were faced with a fourth and one before Thorne was sacked on the fourth down play to give the ball back to the Cornhuskers. Nebraska moved to midfield on their next possession but were again forced to punt. The teams then exchanged punts to end the first quarter with no score. On the first possession of the second quarter, Thorne hit Reed on a flea flicker for a 35-yard touchdown pass to give the Spartans a 7–0 lead. Nebraska responded by moving deep into Spartan territory, but the MSU defense stopped them at the Spartan 10 forcing a field goal to narrow the lead to 7–3.Aa 41-yard kickoff return from Reed put MSU at the 43 on their next possession. A 35-yard pass completion to Mosley moved MSU into Nebraska territory, but the drive sputtered inside the 10 and the Spartans settled for a field goal to return their lead to 10. Nebraska answered on the ensuing possession, moving into Spartan territory and scoring on a 12-yard Adrian Martinez run to tie the game at 10. With just over four minutes remaining in the half, MSU again moved into Cornhusker territory, but again were stopped inside the 10 and settled for a field goal to take 13–10 lead. With just over a minute remaining in the half, the Spartans forced Nebraska to punt. William Pryzstup, the Cornhuskers' punter, who had issues with earlier punts, shanked a punt that netted only seven yards giving the Spartans the ball at the Nebraska 46 with 16 seconds remaining. The Spartans were able to move to the Nebraska 27 to set up for another field goal. A poor snap led to the field goal being blocked as the half ended with MSU leading 13–10.
On the first drive of the second half, the Cornhuskers moved to the MSU 10, but settled for a field goal to tie the game at 10. Back-to-back punts gave the Huskers the ball at their own 31 and they moved to midfield as the quarter ended. On the second play of the fourth quarter, Martinez fumbled and the Spartans recovered at the Nebraska 45. After having the ball for only one possession in the third quarter, the Spartans quickly gave the ball up as they lost yardage on the drive and were forced to punt. Martinez then scored from three yards out with just over seven minutes remaining to give Nebraska a 20–13 lead. MSU again lost yards on their quick three-and-out possession. The Spartans were able to force Nebraska to punt on their next possession. The Cornhuskers, who had replaced Prystup at punter after his poor first half performance, again made an error on the punt. MSU used two returners and Reed caught the punt as most Nebraska players were focused on the other returner on the left side for the field. As a result, Reed was able to return the punt 62 yards for a touchdown to tie the game at 20 with under four minutes remaining the half. MSU's defense forced another punt, but the offense continued its second-half struggles as it failed to gain any yards. Nebraska took over with 47 seconds remaining, but could not do anything as the half expired.
In overtime, the Spartans won the toss and elected to go on defense. On third down, MSU defensive back Chester Kimbrough jumped a Martinez pass to intercept the ball and return it most of the waydown the field, but was unable to score as he was tackled at the Nebraska two-yard line. On the MSU overtime possession, Walker, who had a fairly quiet game, took the first handoff to the Nebraska three-yard line. Two Walker rushes later and MSU brought out the field goal unit. Coghlin's 21-yard field goal gave the Spartans the 23–20 overtime win.
The Spartan offense struggled mightily in the game, managing only 14 yards in the second half. A major difference in the game was MSU's punter, Bryce Baringer, who averaged over 58 yards per kick while the Nebraska punters averaged under 33 yards. Walker ran for 74 yards in the game while Thorne threw his first interception on the season. MSU only converted one third down in the game, but still managed to pull out the win.
The win moved MSU to 4–0 on the season.
Western Kentucky
MSU, now ranked No. 17 in the AP poll and No. 16 in the Coaches poll, next welcomed Western Kentucky to Spartan Stadium for the first-ever matchup between the schools.
Western Kentucky got the ball first and the MSU defense quickly forced a punt. Reed repeated his heroics from the prior game against Nebraska, returning the punt 88 yards for a touchdown to give MSU the 7–0 lead. The Spartan defense again forced a Hilltopper punt on the next possession and MSU moved quickly down the field as Walker scored on five-yard run to push the lead to 14–0. On the ensuing possession, WKU moved to the Spartan 10, but the defense stiffened and forced a 37-yard field goal to narrow the lead to 14–3. Following a long Thorne pass to Mosely, Thorne hit Reed on a 46-yard touchdown pass to move the Spartan lead to 21–3. WKU answered quickly, scoring on a Bailey Zappe 4-yard touchdown pass to move within 11. Following an MSU punt, WKU again moved into MSU territory, but was forced to settle for a field goal, drawing within eight early in the second quarter. Walker's second touchdown run of the game on the ensuing possession extended the MSU lead to 28–13 with just over nine minutes remaining in the half. Once again, WKU moved into MSU territory, but had to settle for yet another field goal moving the score to 28–16. On the next possession, the Spartans went to Walker, as he rushed on six of the eight plays including a three-yard touchdown run to move the lead to 35–16. WKU quarterback Zappe was stripped on the next possession by MSU linebacker Cal Halladay and Halladay recovered the fumble giving the Spartans the ball at the Hilltopper 31. Six plays later, Thorne ran the ball in from 12 yards out to push the lead to 42–16 shortly before the half. WKU was able to get into MSU territory on the final play of the half, but were stopped at the MSU 29, ending the half.
In the second half, MSU was forced to punt on their first possession. Again, WKU moved into MSU territory, reaching the MSU three-yard line before multiple penalties pushed the Hilltoppers back to the 20. On fourth down, Zappe's pass fell incomplete as the Spartans took over at their own 20. MSU moved into WKU territory helped by an unsportsmanlike penalty on the Hilltoppers. However, MSU was stymied at the WKU three and settled for Coghlin's first field goal of the night, pushing MSU's lead to 45–16. With less than a minute remaining in the quarter, WKU took over and scored on a 23-yard pass. A two-point conversion narrowed the lead to 21. The Spartans turned to run game, but rested Walker on their next drive. After a first down, the run game came up short at the Hilltopper for 46. Walker reentered the game on fourth down, but could get nowhere on the play and MSU turned the ball over on downs. WKU's next drive was helped by a targeting call against Halladay and the Hilltoppers scored on a one-yard pass to bring the game within two touchdowns with under nine minutes remaining. MSU moved well on their next drive helped by an unnecessary roughness call against WKU. At the WKU one-yard line, Thorne was tackled for a two-yard loss forcing a field goal by Coghlin to push the lead to three scores. The Hilltoppers next drive ended at the MSU 40, but the Spartans were forced to punt with just over a minute remaining in the game. The Hilltoppers were able to get a first down on their last drive of the game, but let the clock run out as the Spartans won 48–31.
The Hilltoppers, playing a fast-paced, run-and-gun type offense, threw for 488 yards against the Spartan defense, but MSU forced one turnover and three field goals to keep MSU ahead. Meanwhile, the Spartan offense continued to play well, rushing for 192 yards, 126 by Walker. Thorne threw for 327 yards while Reed had 283 total yards (127 yards receiving, 151 yards on returns, and seven yards rushing).
The win moved MSU to 5–0 on the season for the first time since 2015.
Rutgers
MSU, now ranked No. 11 in the country (AP and Coaches) traveled to face Rutgers for their third conference game.
The Spartans moved the ball into Scarlet Knight territory on the first drive of the game, but Kenneth Walker lost three yards on fourth down at the Rutgers 22. MSU settled for a field goal attempt, but instead faked the field goal and punter Bryce Baringer attempted to run for the first down, but was tackled easily for a three-yard loss. Rutgers took advantage of the poor play and moved into MSU territory, converting a third-and-18 early in the drive and scored on shovel pass from four yards out to take a 7–0 lead. MSU, looking to answer quickly, did so as Payton Thorne hit Jalen Nailor on a 63-yard touchdown pass to tie the game at seven. MSU's defense forced a punt on the next Rutgers possession and the offense again moved into Knight territory. However, the drive came up short at the Rutgers 34, forcing MSU to punt. Rutgers moved into MSU territory as the second quarter began and drove to the MSU seven yard-line. However, the defense stiffened preventing any further advance by Rutgers and they settled for a field goal to retake the lead at 10–7. On the ensuing possession, Thorne again hit Nailor for a 63-yard touchdown pass to put MSU up 14–10. Following a punt by the Scarlet Knights, a bad snap led to a Rutgers fumble recovery at the MSU 13 with 7:24 remaining in the half. The Spartan defense prevented the touchdown following the turnover and the Knights settled for a field goal to draw within one. MSU answered on the next play as Thorne hit Nailor for a third time, this time on a flea flicker for a 65-yard touchdown pass to put MSU up 21–13. Following a punt by Rutgers, MSU moved into Knight territory, but poor clock management resulted in MSU attempting a field goal with one second remaining. Matt Coghlin's 35-yard attempt was no good and the Spartans went to the half with an eight-point lead.
In the second half, Rutgers was forced to punt on their first possession and MSU's offense went backwards on penalties and also punted. Following another punt by the Knights, the Spartans again struggled, going backwards again due to penalties and were forced to punt, giving Rutgers the ball at their own 40. However, the Spartan defense continued to hold the Knights and forced another punt that was downed at the MSU six-yard line. Looking to get the offense going, Thorne handed the ball to Walker. Walker made several Rutgers players miss en route to a 94-yard touchdown run that saw Nailor and Walker shaking hands as Walker ran into the end zone. The score, the longest play from scrimmage in Spartan history, moved MSU's lead to 28–13. The teams exchanged punts on their next possessions as the third quarter came to an end. Rutgers finally managed to move into MSU territory on their next possession, getting to the MSU eight yard-line, but the Spartan defense stopped the Knights on fourth down forcing the turnover on downs with 8:17 remaining in the game. The Spartans moved to midfield on their next possession, but Thorne was intercepted, giving Rutgers the ball on their own 44. The Scarlet Knights again moved into MSU territory, but Simeon Barrow sacked Rutgers quarterback Noah Vedral, forcing a fumble that was scooped up by Spartan defensive lineman Jacob Slade who returned it to the Rutgers 41. Following the turnover, the Spartans moved inside the 20, but could not move any further settling for a Coghlin field goal. The field goal, the 72nd of his Spartans career, moved Coghlin ahead of Brett Swenson for the most field goals in school history. With just over two minutes remining, the Knights went to their second-stringers and turned the ball over on downs. MSU then ran out the clock to secure the 31–13 victory.
In the game, MSU became just the fifth FBS team in history to have a 300-plus yard passer (Thorne, 339), a 200-plus yard rusher (Walker, 233) and 200-plus yard receiver (Nailor, 221) in the same game. The Spartans dominated the Knights in yardage, outgaining Rutgers 588 to 377 in the win.
The win moved MSU to 6–0 on the season, making them bowl-eligible. They moved to 3–0 in Big Ten play.
Indiana
The Spartans, newly ranked No. 10 (AP poll) and No. 9 (Coaches), travelled to face Indiana in the battle for the Old Brass Spittoon. Indiana had three previous losses on the season, all to teams ranked in the top 10 of the AP poll in week six.
Michigan State got the ball first, but could manage very little as Kenneth Walker III was dropped for a two-yard loss on third and one. The Hoosiers first possession went into MSU territory, but the MSU defense, as it has done all year, stiffened inside the red zone. Indiana moved to MSU's two-yard line, but Angelo Gross sacked IU quarterback Jack Tuttle on third down to force a field goal attempt. The 24-yard field goal gave the Hoosiers the early 3–0 lead. The Spartans got their first first down of the game on an eight-yard run by Walker, but could manage no more and were forced to punt for the second consecutive possession. Taking over at their own 24, the Spartans forced the Hoosiers to a third-and-eight from the IU 26. MSU linebacker Cal Haladay intercepted Tuttle's third-down pass and returned it 30 yards for the first touchdown of the game, giving the Spartans a 7–3 lead. After the teams exchanged punts on their next two possessions, IU moved into MSU territory again, but the MSU defense forced another field goal try as the Hoosiers narrowed the lead to 7–6. Taking over early in the second quarter, the Spartans managed their second first down of the half, but were again forced to punt. Indiana once again moved into MSU territory but the Spartan defense continued to bend, but not break. The Hoosiers moved to the MSU seven, but were again forced to settle for a field goal which gave them a 9–7 lead. MSU took over with 6:55 left in the half, but were again forced to punt. Looking to expand their lead, the Hoosiers moved to midfield, but also had to punt giving MSU the ball at the 13 with 1:28 left in the half. MSU was forced to punt again, having to punt on all their first half possessions. With 25 second remaining, Indiana moved into MSU territory to set up a 55-yard field goal attempt which was no good as the half ended. As a result, the Spartans trailed 9–7 at the half.
Indiana got the ball to start the second half and again moved into Spartan territory. However, the MSU defense forced a punt giving MSU the ball at the 20. The MSU offense finally crossed midfield, setting up Matt Coghlin's 52-yard field goal to take the lead at 10–9. Back-to-back punts gave Indiana the ball at their own 27 with 5:25 remaining in the quarter. Defensive back Darius Snow intercepted Tuttle's pass at the Indiana 39 giving the Spartans good field position. Two plays later, following two laterals that left tight end Tyler Hunt with the ball, Hunt threw to Payton Thorne for a 15-yard completion that was initially ruled incomplete. After replay overruled the call on the field, Thorne returned the favor, hitting Hunt for a 12-yard touchdown pass, extending the MSU lead to 17–9. With just under two minutes remaining in the quarter, the Hoosiers moved into MSU territory again as the third quarter ended. Stephen Carr ran the ball in from one-yard out with 13 minutes remaining in the game to narrow the lead to two. The Hoosiers two-point attempt fell incomplete and the lead remained 17–15. Following a 28-yard completion to Jayden Reed, the Spartans reached the Indiana 28, but were forced to settle for a 49-yard field goal to give the Spartans a 20–15 lead with 8:31 remaining in the game. Following punts by both teams on their next possessions, MSU cornerback Chester Kimbrough sacked Tuttle and forced a fumble which he also recovered at the IU 23-yard line. Looking to put the game out of reach, Thorne threw to the end zone on second down, but the ball was intercepted with 3:14 left in the game. Needing a touchdown for the win, IU could not get past their own 26 and their fourth down pass fell incomplete. Taking over on downs, Walker rushed for 12 yards on back-to-back rushes to get the first down and seal the win as MSU was able to run out the clock. The win returned the Old Brass Spittoon to East Lansing.
After an offensive outburst (588 total yards) against Rutgers the previous week, MSU was held to 241 total yards against Indiana, the team's lowest total since 2012. Thorne only threw for 126 yards and two interceptions in the game while Walker rushed the ball 23 times, but only gained 87 yards.
The win moved MSU to 7–0 for the first time since 2015.
Michigan
Following their bye week, MSU played the annual in-state rivalry game against Michigan at Spartan Stadium. Both teams entered the game undefeated with identical records of 7–0. This marked the first time since 1964 that the two teams have met while both being ranked in the AP poll's top 10. ESPN's Gameday pre-game show traveled to East Lansing to highlight the game; it was the first trip to East Lansing for the show since 2015. In addition, Fox broadcast the game as part of its Big Noon Kickoff.
Michigan State received the opening kick off and moved into Michigan territory, reaching the Wolverine 41. however, on a third down play, Spartan QB Payton Thorne threw a pass into double coverage that was intercepted at the Michigan two-yard line. Following a penalty on their first play and a short gain on first down, Michigan struck first on a 93-yard pass and run touchdown to give the Wolverines the early 7–0 lead. The Spartans neared midfield on their next possession, but were forced to punt with under 10 minutes left in the quarter. Michigan was also forced to punt on their next possession and the Spartans took over at their own 19. Thorne scrambled 22 yards for a first down to move the ball to midfield, but three plays later, his pass was tipped at the line of scrimmage and intercepted by Michigan. An unsportsmanlike penalty on offensive lineman Jarrett Horst set the Wolverines up at the MSU 30. Michigan was able to move to the MSU eight, but as the Spartan defense had done all year, the defense tightened up and forced Michigan to settle for a field goal extending the lead to 10–0. MSU moved into Wolverine territory on the ensuing possession and Kenneth Walker III scored on a 27-yard run on the first play of the second quarter to narrow the lead to 10–7. Michigan again moved into MSU territory on the next possession, but again were forced to settle for a field goal to increase the lead to six. The Spartans moved to midfield again and faced a fourth and one at the Michigan 48. MSU chose to go for it and offensive coordinator Jay Johnson called a play-action pass from Thorne to Jalen Nailor. Nailor was wide open on the play, but was tripped up at the Wolverine eight. Moving with tempo while Michigan attempted to substitute, Walker scored on the next play, an eight-yard rush to give MSU the 14–13 lead. With 7:10 remaining in the quarter, Michigan quickly answered on a 17-yard pass to retake the lead at 20–14. Looking to retake the lead with less than four minutes remaining in the half, Thorne was sacked and fumbled the ball at the MSU three-yard line. The fumble was recovered and ran into the end zone by a Wolverine. However, the play was reviewed by instant replay and the call was overturned, ruling that the Thorne was down by contact before the fumble occurred. MSU was forced to punt, giving the ball back to Michigan with 1:13 remaining in the half. Michigan moved to the MSU 17, but once again the MSU defense held its ground, forcing the Wolverines to settle for a 35-yard field to extend the lead to 23–14 with two seconds left in the half. MSU knelt out the clock to go into halftime trailing by nine.
Michigan got the ball to start the second half and moved to midfield, but were unable to convert a third and one as the Spartan defense stopped Michigan at the MSU 40. A false start on the next play left Michigan with fourth and five. However, on the ensuing punt, Michigan's punter fumbled the snap and attempted to run for the first down, but was stopped short give MSU the ball at their own 40. Following a holding call, MSU was forced to punt. Taking over at their own 46, Michigan moved quickly into MSU territory and a 19-yard touchdown pass moved the score to 30–14 with less than seven minutes left in the third quarter. Needing to answer to avoid getting blown out, MSU moved into Michigan territory, but were stopped short leaving a fourth and four play from the Michigan 29. Thorne threw the ball to Jayden Reed to the Michigan one yard line to get the first down and put MSU on the doorstep. Walker scored on the ensuing play to and Thorne hit Tre Mosley for the two-point conversion to narrow the score to 30–22. As the fourth quarter began, the Wolverines were forced to punt, giving MSU the ball at their own 14 with 14:46 remaining in the game. MSU was able to move to their own 42 and on third down, Walker slipped through the line for a 58-yard touchdown run, his fourth in the game, to draw MSU within two. Thorne then hit Reed on the two-point conversion to tie the game at 30 with 12:29 remaining. Looking to retake the lead, Michigan again moved into MSU territory, but once again the Spartan defense forced the Wolverines to settle for a field goal to give them the 33–30 lead. MSU was forced to punt on the next possession and Michigan returned it to midfield. Looking to put the game away, Wolverine quarterback J. J. McCarthy fumbled the ball on the first play of the possession and Jacub Panasiuk recovered at the Michigan 41. MSU moved to the Wolverine 23 before Walker scored his fifth touchdown of the game on a 23-yard run to put MSU back in the lead at 37–33. Michigan, needing a touchdown, again moved into MSU territory, but their fourth down pass fell incomplete giving MSU the ball at the MSU 31 with 1:43 remaining. MSU attempted to run out the clock, but could not garner a first down. With Michigan using their timeouts, MSU was forced to punt with 1:15 remining and Michigan took over at their own 33. A 15-yard roughing the passer penalty on the first play of the possession put the ball at the Michigan 48. However, Charles Brantley intercepted the next pass at the MSU 40 to seal the win. MSU was able to run out the clock for the 37–33 win and retained the Paul Bunyan trophy for a second straight year.
Walker strengthened his Heisman Trophy candidacy by rushing for five touchdowns and 197 yards in the game, the most touchdowns by any player in the rivalry and the most scored by any opposing player in Wolverines history. Thorne threw two interceptions in the loss, but made two key throws on fourth down to extend drives. MSU was out-gained 552 to 395, but MSU's "bend, but don't break" defense forced Michigan to settle for four field goals, keeping the Spartans in the game. The win moved Mel Tucker's record to 2–0 against Michigan, the first MSU coach ever to start their career with a 2–0 record against Michigan.
The win moved MSU to 8–0 on the season, 5–0 in Big Ten play.
Purdue
The Spartans, now ranked No. 5 in the AP poll, No. 6 in the Coaches poll, and ranked No 3 in the initial College Football Playoff rankings traveled to face Purdue on November 6.
MSU got the ball first and moved the ball well, moving to the Boilermakers' 38-yard line before Kenneth Walker III was tackled and fumbled the ball. The ball was recovered by Purdue and replay upheld the close call on the field ending the Spartans' drive. MSU's "bend but don't break" defense continued to bend, but broke on the first Purdue possession as the Boilermakers scored on a five-yard pass to take the 7–0 lead. MSU quickly answered as Payton Thorne hit Tre Mosley for a 26-yard touchdown pass to tie the game at seven with 6:23 left in the first quarter. The Spartan defense was able to fore a punt on the next Purdue possession, but the MSU offense also was forced to punt setting Purdue up at their own 30 with less than two minutes remaining in the quarter. Purdue quickly moved into MSU territory and Boilermaker quarterback Aidan O'Connell notched his second touchdown pass on the day to give Purdue the 14–7 lead early in the second quarter. MSU was able to move to the Purdue 26 on the next possession, but freshman kicker Stephen Rusnak, subbing for injured kicker Matt Coghlin, missed a 43-yard field goal. The teams each exchanged punts before Purdue extend the lead to 21–7 on a 39-yard screen pass for a touchdown. Walker narrowed the lead to seven with 1:04 remaining in the half on a 14-yard touchdown run. Purdue looked to extend the lead before the half, but the drive ended as the half ended at midfield with Purdue leading 21–14.
The Spartan defense forced a punt on the first possession of the third quarter and Payton Thorne tied the game at 21 on 32-yard run on MSU's first possession of the half. Helped by an MSU targeting foul, Purdue moved to the Spartan one before scoring on a one-yard run to retake the lead at 28–21. Following a three-and-out by MSU, the Boilermakers added to their lead on 29-yard field goal with 6:31 left in the half. Another three-and-out by MSU led to a seven minute and 14 second drive that ended with Purdue ahead 31–21 following another field goal early in the fourth quarter. Trailing by 13, MSU moved into Purdue territory, but on a fourth down from the nine, Thorne's pass into the end zone was intercepted by Purdue. With just over nine minutes left in the game, the Spartans needed a stop by their defense, but Purdue again moved deep into MSU territory. The Spartans were able to keep Purdue out of the end zone, but another field goal move the deficit to 16 points with less than seven minutes left in the game. Facing their first loss on the season, MSU answered quickly, going 83 yards in under two minutes and scoring a touchdown on another Mosley catch from Thorne. The ensuing two-point conversion narrowed the lead to eight with 4:58 remaining. Again, needing a stop from their defense, Purdue again moved deep into MSU territory. Using up clock, the Boilermakers added another field goal with 41 seconds left in the game to push the lead to 11. With the game essentially over, MSU was unable to do much and lost 40–29.
Walker rushed for 152 yards and one touchdown in the loss. Thorne completed 20 of 30 passes and two touchdowns, but the MSU defense, which had been able to give up yards, but prevent touchdowns, struggled. Purdue notched 536 passing yards as O'Connell threw for three touchdowns. The loss moved MSU to 8–1 on the season, dropping them to 5–1 in Big Ten play.
Maryland
MSU, ranked No. 8 in the AP poll and No. 9 in the Coaches poll, returned home to face Maryland on November 13. MSU, now ranked No. 7 in the College Football Playoff, was scheduled to play Maryland twice in 2020, but both games were canceled due to COVID-19 issues at Maryland. After a rough game the prior week against Purdue, the MSU defense faced another challenge with Maryland quarterback Taulia Tagovailoa who led the conference in passing yards per game and a Maryland offense that was second in the conference in total yards.
Michigan State got the ball first and moved to midfield quickly. On the third play of the drive, Payton Thorne hit Montorie Foster on a flea flicker for a 52-yard touchdown to give MSU the 7–0 lead. MSU's defense passed its first test, forcing the Terrapins to punt on the ensuing possession. Starting from their own 16, MSU could do nothing on their next possession and were forced to punt. A second Maryland punt gave MSU the ball again, this time at their own 14. MSU moved into Maryland territory before Thorne hit Jayden Reed on a 29-yard pass for the Spartans' second touchdown of the game. The point after was no good leaving MSU with a 13–0 lead. With just under seven minutes remaining in the quarter, the Terrapins moved to midfield, but once again were forced to punt by MSU's defense. A quick three-and-out for MSU gave Maryland the ball with 1:55 left in the first quarter. This time the Maryland offense moved quickly down the field, helped by a 45-yard run by Tagovailoa and a touchdown run on the next play narrowed the lead to 13–7. As MSU took over to start the second quarter, they moved downfield on a 14-play drive that was capped by a two-yard touchdown pass from Thorne to Heyward to push the lead back to 13. Following another Maryland punt, the Spartans again moved into Terrapin territory and Kenneth Walker III scored on a one-yard run to move the MSU lead to 27–7. Maryland, taking over with 1:42 left in the half, answered the score on a 4-play, 80 yard drive to narrow the lead again to 13. MSU took over with 50 second left in the half and moved to midfield, but Thorne's Hail Mary pass was intercepted on the final play of the half as the score remained 27–14.
In the second half, Maryland looked to cut further into MSU's lead and quickly moved to the Spartan 16-yard line. However, MSU linebacker Noah Harvey, who had just committed a pass interference penalty on the prior play, intercepted Tagovailoa at the Spartan one-yard line and returned it to the MSU 36 to keep the lead at 13. Walker took over on the next possession, rushing the ball on four of the eight plays in the next Spartan possession before Thorne hit Reed for his fourth touchdown pass of the game, second to Reed, to push the lead to 34–14 with 9:37 left in the third quarter. Maryland answered quickly on their next drive, going 64 yards on three plays to return the lead to 13. On the ensuing Spartan possession, Thorne hit Hunt for an 11 yard pass completion, but Hunt was stripped of the ball and Maryland recovered at the MSU 33. Maryland quickly moved inside the MSU five-yard line, but the Spartan defense again stiffened and, after a 3-yard loss and an incompletion, sacked Tagovailoa for a 19-yard loss on third down. The 41-yard field goal attempt on the next snap was no good and MSU avoided giving up points after the turnover. With under six minutes left in the quarter, the Spartans moved to the 40, but a sack of Thorne on third down resulted in a punt. The Terrapins moved into MSU territory, reaching the 30 with the help of an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty on Xavier Henderson, but a sack of Tagavailoa moved the Terrapins back to midfield as the third quarter ended. Maryland was able to get close for a fourth and four play at the Spartan 24, but corner Ronald Williams Jr. broke up the fourth-down pass turning the ball over on downs. On the next MSU possession, Thorne hit Reed for a 28-yard pass play and Walker notched a 36-yard gain to put the ball at the Maryland 20. Following an unnecessary roughness call on Maryland, Walker scored his second touchdown of the game on a three-yard run to push the lead to 40–21. The two-point conversion attempt was incomplete, leaving the MSU lead at 19 points with 10:27 left in the game. The Terrapins reached midfield on their next possession, but again turned the ball over on downs. Following a punt by MSU, the Terrapins moved into Spartan territory, but again came up short on downs. The Spartans, taking over with 3:29 left in the game, were able to run out the clock to end the game and ensure the 19-point win.
Thorne threw for four touchdowns in the win while Walker kept up his great season, rushing for 154 yards on 30 carries and notching two touchdowns. The MSU defense, who had been torched for over 525 yards passing against Purdue, allowed 350 yards passing as MSU outgained the Terrapins 481–451. The win moved MSU to 9–1 on the season and 6–1 in conference.
Ohio State
The Spartans returned to the road to face No. 3 Ohio State in Columbus. ESPN's Gameday pre-game show broadcast from Columbus marking the second time on the season an MSU game was part of the show.
With MSU's last ranked passing defense facing OSU's top passing attack, the Spartans won the toss and deferred, giving the Buckeyes the ball to start the game. OSU ran the ball only twice on the initial drive, moving quickly down the field and scoring on a 23-yard touchdown pass to take an early 7–0 lead. The Spartan were able to get a first down on their first drive, but could move no further and were forced to punt. Four plays later, the Buckeyes scored on a 77-yard touchdown pass to further extend the lead to 14–0. The Spartans were able to move into Buckeye territory on the ensuing possession, but Matt Coghlin's 46-yard field goal attempt was wide right leaving the deficit at 14. Four plays into the next possession, the Buckeyes scored again, torching MSU's secondary for a 43-yard touchdown pass and a 21–0 lead with 2:31 left in the quarter. MSU managed a first down on their next drive, but Jordon Simmons fumbled and the Buckeyes recovered at MSU's 44. Moving to the MSU three, OSU notched another passing touchdown to further extend the lead to 28 early in the second quarter. A three-and-out by MSU led to a one-yard touchdown run for OSU putting the score at 35–0 with 10 minutes left in the half. With the game essentially over, the Spartans again went three-and-out and OSU again scored, this time 12-yard pass to put the game well out of reach at 42–0. Following another punt, the Buckeyes scored their seventh touchdown of the half, a five-yard touchdown pass from C. J. Stroud (his sixth in the half) to put the score at 49–0 with 1:30 left in the half. MSU was unable to get anything going on their next possession, punting again and OSU knelt to run out the clock and take the 49-point lead into the half.
In the third quarter, the Spartans moved into OSU territory, but were forced to punt. The Buckeyes, finally content to run the ball, moved to the Spartan 18, but missed a field goal to leave the score at 49–0. A three-and-out gave OSU the ball again with 5:47 left in the quarter. With OSU finally turning to backups, MSU was able to intercept the ball and took over at midfield. MSU moved into Buckeye territory as the game shifted to the fourth quarter. Thorne then hit Keon Coleman for a 12-yard pass to break the shutout at 49–7. Following punts by both teams, the Buckeyes an eight minute drive to move the Spartan one before another touchdown moved the score to 56–7 with 3:25 remaining. A punt by MSU gave the Buckeyes the ball with 1:20 remaining and they were able to run out the clock to end the game.
The loss ended the Spartans chances at the Big Ten Championship and College Football Playoff as they dropped to 9–2 on the season and 6–2 in conference play. MSU was outgained 655–224 with the Buckeyes throwing six touchdowns and gaining 449 yards in the air.
Penn State
The Spartans returned home for the final game of the regular season with the Land Grant Trophy at stake against Penn State.
In snowy, windy weather that got progressively worse throughout the game, MSU started well, moving to the Nittany Lion two-yard line before Kenneth Walker III scored to give MSU a 7–0 lead. After forcing Penn State into a three-and-out, the Spartans again quickly moved downfield and scoring on a nine-yard pass from Peyton Thorne to Tre Mosley to take a 14–0 lead with just over six minutes remaining in the first quarter. Penn State quickly answered however, scoring on a 27-yard touchdown pass against MSU's beleaguered secondary to pull within seven. MSU came up short on their next possession and were forced to punt. PSU could not get past midfield on the ensuing possession and were forced to punt early in the second quarter. Starting from their own seven, the Spartans could not move the ball on two plays. Thorne was then hit on a third-down scramble that appeared to be a targeting penalty that would have extended the drive, but no call was made and the Spartans were forced to punt from the back of their end zone. Starting at midfield, PSU wasted no time, scoring through the air again on three plays to tie the score at 14. MSU answered by embarking on a 15-play, 70-yard drive, that came up short at the Penn State five. Coghlin hit the 23-yard field goal, despite slipping slightly in the snowy conditions. Coghlin would not return to the game after the kick due to an injury that appeared related to his ongoing hip problem. The Lions took over and methodically moved down the field, but the MSU defense stiffened inside their own 10 and Penn State settled for a field goal attempt that went wide, leaving MSU with the 17–14 lead after running out the clock until halftime.
In the second half, the snowy conditions continued to worsen and PSU's opening drive stalled at midfield. The ensuing punt pinned MSU inside its own 10. On third down, Thorne was intercepted by Daequan Hardy who easily returned the ball for a 17-yard touchdown, giving PSU the 20–17 lead. The extra point kick was no good as the weather conditions continued to deteriorate. Trailing for the first time in the game, the Spartans moved methodically down field on a 15-play, 75-yard drive capped by a Thorne one-yard quarterback sneak for the touchdown. The extra point was no good, but MSU had regained the lead, 23–20. The drive took up just under nine minutes of the third quarter. PSU took over and moved into Spartan territory, but were stopped at the MSU 16 on third down. With weather conditions still making field goal attempts difficult, PSU elected to go for it on fourth-and-one, but were stuffed on the run play, turning the ball over to MSU with 12:43 left in the game. MSU managed two first downs, but were forced to punt. The punt, a bad one due in part to the weather conditions, gave Penn State the ball at their own 40. However, two plays later Haladay forced a fumble that was recovered by Beesly giving MSU the ball at the PSU 48. MSU moved to the Penn State twenty, but an eight-yard loss on an end around and a incomplete pass left MSU at a fourth and 15 from the Lions' 20-yard line. Following a timeout, Thorne hit Reed on a jump ball pass in the end zone for a touchdown to extend MSU's lead. Evan Johnson kicked the extra point for the Spartans and MSU had a 10-point lead with just over five minutes remaining. On the ensuing kickoff, PSU fumbled the ball and Justin White recovered it, giving MSU the ball at the PSU 29. MSU moved to the Lion 22, but on fourth down, Walker was stopped for a loss, giving the Lions the ball back with 4:02 remaining. Trailing by 10, the Lions were able to move into MSU territory and top off the drive with 15-yard touchdown pass to narrow the lead to 30–27. PSU's onside kick was recovered by Jayden Reed, and MSU was able to kneel out the clock to ensure the three-point victory.
Michigan State reclaimed the Land Grant Trophy, held by Penn State for the last two seasons. With the victory, MSU reached 10 wins for the first time since 2017, and went undefeated at home (6–0) for the first time since 2015. Walker rushed for 146 yards in the snow while Thorne accounted for three touchdowns (two passes and one rush) in the win.
Peach Bowl vs. Pittsburgh
MSU, now ranked No. 10 in the CFP, played in the Peach Bowl against the ACC champions, No. 12-ranked Pittsburgh, on December 30. Walker and Heisman Trophy finalist Kenny Pickett, quarterback for Pitt, announced that they would not play in the game in order to prepare for the NFL draft.
MSU started the game well, after pinning Pitt inside their five-yard line on the opening drive, MSU took over on the ensuing punt at the Pitt 29. Three plays later, Thorne hit Reed on a 28-yard touchdown pass to give MSU the 7–0 lead. The Panthers answered on the next possession, moving down the field on a 12-play, 75-yard drive capped off by Pickett's backup, Nick Patti, scoring on a 16-yard run to tie the game at seven. However, on the run, Patti dived to the pylon and landed awkwardly, injuring his left shoulder. He was helped off the field and would not return with what was later determined to be a broken left clavicle. The Spartans moved into Pitt territory on their next possession, reaching the Pitt 11-yard line. However, the drive sputtered and MSU had to settle for a 36-yard field goal to take a 10–7 lead. Pitt's next possession moved the game into the second quarter, but the Spartan defense forced a punt. MSU moved once again into Pitt territory as Thorne hit Jalen Nailor, making his return after missing the last four games of the season, on a 50-yard pass to the Pitt four-yard line. However, a penalty and a sack left MSU at the 15 with a field goal attempt that went wide leaving the score 10–7. Following a three-and-out by Pitt, MSU again moved into Pitt territory, but were stymied at midfield and forced to punt. Another three-and-out left MSU with the ball with under six minutes left in the half. Moving again into Panther territory, Thorne was intercepted at the Pitt 13 ending the drive. The Panthers took advantage of the turnover, quickly moving downfield and with a minute remaining, third-string Pitt quarterback Davis Beville hit Jared Wayne for a four-yard touchdown to give Pitt the 14–10 lead. Taking over with 58 seconds left in the half, the Spartans gained a first down, but a sack of Thorne ended any hopes of a late scoring drive and the Spartans ran out the clock.
Getting the ball first in the second half, Thorne threw two incompletions before attempting to scramble and was stripped of the ball. The fumble was picked up by Pitt linebacker Cam Bright and returned 26 yards for a touchdown extending the Panther lead to 21–10. Again, the MSU offense moved into Pitt territory, but with fourth down at the Pitt 28, Thorne's pass was incomplete and the Spartans turned the ball over on downs. The Spartan defense forced yet another three-and-out, but MSU could not get a first down on the next possession and was forced to punt. Yet another three-and-out gave the ball back to the Spartans with less than five minutes remaining in the quarter. MSU moved to midfield and facing a fourth and five at their own 41, Thorne hit Nailor for a first down to keep the drive moving. However, another sack of Thorne resulted in only the third punt of the game for the Spartans. Yet again, the Spartan defense kept Pitt from doing any damage offensively and MSU took over as the fourth quarter began. MSU again moved into Pitt territory and reached the Panther five before a penalty and a sack of Thorne moved the ball back to the Pitt 15. On third down, Thorne hit Heyward on a 15-yard touchdown pass, a terrific catch by Heyward, to draw the Spartans within five at 21-16.Hhowever, the ensuing two-point try fell short after a false start penalty. Needing another stop, the Spartan defense again forced a three-and-out and MSU took over at their own 29 with 5:37 left in the game. The Spartans moved to the Pitt 22 before Thorne hit Reed on another touchdown pass to give MSU the 22–21 lead with 2:46 remaining. Thorne's pass to Nailor on the two-point attempt extended the lead to three at 24–21. Needing a field goal to tie and with less than three minutes remaining, Pitt moved steadily down the field, reaching the MSU 26 with 36 seconds remaining. On the next play, Cal Haladay repeated his Indiana heroics, intercepting Beville at the Spartan 22 and returning the ball 78 yards for a touchdown to give MSU an insurmountable 31–21 lead with 22 seconds left. A mistake by Pitt on the ensuing kickoff allowed MSU to recover the ball at the Pitt 23 and MSU was able to kneel on the final play to end the game.
The Spartans greatly missed Walker in the game, rushing for only 56 yards on 36 attempts. Thorne, though he struggled in the second and third quarters, threw for a career-high 354 yards and passed Kirk Cousins for the most passing touchdowns in a single season in Spartan history with 27. The much-maligned Spartan defense limited Pitt to 274 yards in the game, albeit mostly against the Panthers' third-string quarterback. MSU dominated possession in the game, running 86 plays to only 55 for Pitt. The win gave the Spartans their first 11-win season since 2015.
References
Michigan State
Michigan State Spartans football seasons
Peach Bowl champion seasons
Michigan State Spartans football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio%20Antonio%20Mella
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Julio Antonio Mella
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Julio Antonio Mella McPartland (25 March 1903 – 10 January 1929) was a Cuban political activist and one of the founders of the original Communist Party of Cuba.
Mella studied law at the University of Havana but was expelled in 1925. He was working against the government of Gerardo Machado, which had grown increasingly repressive.
Mella left the country, reaching Central America. He traveled north to Mexico City, where he worked with other exiled dissidents and communist sympathisers against the Machado government. He was assassinated in 1929, but historians still disagree on which parties were responsible for his death.
The 21st-century Cuban government regards Mella as a communist hero and martyr.
Early life
Mella was born Nicanor McPartland in 1903 in Havana. His father was Nicanor Mella Breá (1851–1929), a tailor and son of Matías Ramón Mella Castillo, one of the heroes of the Dominican Republican war of independence. Mella's mother was Cecilia McPartland, daughter of Irish immigrants. Although Cecilia was not married to Nicanor senior, they initially named Mella after his father. As children, Nicanor Mella and his younger brother Cecilio went to New Orleans with their mother while she convalesced from lung troubles. Later the boys returned to Cuba to live with their father's wife Mercedes Bermúdez Ferreira. She acted as their stepmother. At that time, Mells's name was changed from Nicanor to Antonio, and his younger brother was renamed as Nicasio Mella.
Antonio Mella engaged in secondary studies at Chandler College in Marianao, Havana, and Colegio Mimó. His step-mother, Mercedes Bermúdez Ferreira, died in 1915. After visiting the US again in 1917, Mella returned to Cuba. He prepared for the University of Havana at Academia Newton before being sent to boarding school at the prestigious Escolapios of Guanabacoa. After being expelled from here, Mella finished his secondary studies at the public Instituto de la Habana and/or Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza of Pinar del Río, in 1921.
Mella became a political activist and was first arrested during the democratic rule (1921–1924) of Alfredo Zayas. He studied law at the University of Havana, emerging as a radical leader. Students forcibly occupied Havana University and sought power through demands for changes to improve their education and academic independence, including: modernization of textbooks, autonomy for the university, free education for all, and more unusually, for students to serve as head of the university for a day.
Mella was soon involved in the political struggle against Gerardo Machado, a future Cuban president. The student organized the formal founding of the Moscow-directed, "internationalist" Partido Comunista de Cuba. At this time he was also associated with women radicals Rosario Guillaume (Charito) and Sarah Pascual. He was expelled from the University after being arrested and accused of a bomb plot. After being released from jail in late 1925, Mella fled to Central America in early 1926, and headed north to Mexico City.
Ancestors
Foundation of the "internationalized" Cuban Communist Party
Cuba had a number of communist and/or anarchist parties, especially in Havana and in the eastern area of Cuba, at least as early as the beginning of the Cuban Republic. Possibly the first was founded in 1906 near Manzanillo by Agustín Martín Veloz (Martinillo).
The original "internationalized" Communist Party of Cuba was formed in the 1920s when Gerardo Machado was president and then dictator of the country.
This organization is said to be related to several fronts, including the anti-imperialist league and its anti-clerical analogue. This party was formally recognized by Moscow in 1925. Contacts with Moscow representatives were said to be made in a restaurant at 687 Compostela Street, at the corner of Luz Street in Havana.
The founders of the Cuban Communist Party are listed as: Julio Antonio Mella, Juan Marinello, Alejandro Barreiro, Carlos Baliño, Alfonso Bernal del Riesgo, Jesús Menéndez, Carlos Rafael Rodríguez, Lázaro Peña, Blas Roca, Rubén Martínez Villena, Anibal Escalante, Emilio Roig, Dr Celestino Hernandez Robau, and Fabio Grobart.
Fabio Grobart (aka Abraham Semjovitch; Alberto Blanco) was born in Bialystok, Poland, in 1905 and died in Cuba on 22 October 1994. He was a member of the Soviet-dominated Comintern and was often considered a covert, Moscow-appointed leader of the Communists in the Caribbean area.
Other founders also used pseudonym: Mella used such names as Cauhtémoc Zapata, Kim (El Machete), and Lord McPartland in his writing. The revolutionary known as Blas Roca was born Francisco Calderío.
Alejandro Barreiro is sometimes considered an anarchist, although the Communist Party of Cuba claims him as their own. Barriero is said to have gone mad in 1929, when Mexican police raped his daughters after searching his house. The pseudonyms chosen by some of these "actors" often included historical references. For instance Fabio or, in English, Fabian, referred to Roman consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, known to have used stealthy tactics. Fabian Socialism was an English socialist movement, to which playwright George Bernard Shaw belonged, which advocated stealthy democratic change.
The Cuban Communist Party was later renamed as the People's Socialist Party for electoral reasons. Its policy was dictated from Moscow. At one time, it supported the dictatorship of Gerardo Machado. Later it supported Fulgencio Batista, in whose government Dr. Juan Marinello and Carlos Rafael Rodriguez were ministers without portfolio. Although covert communist support was given to Castro and Che Guevara in the Sierra Maestra, the People's Socialist Party was officially critical of Fidel Castro's rise to power until the summer of 1958.
Mexico
Mella fled Machado's repression in Cuba. He escaped through Cienfuegos, Cuba, reaching Honduras in 1926. He traveled from there through Guatemala and into Mexico, settling in Mexico City. In Mexico, he wrote for a number of newspapers: Cuba Libre, El Libertador, Tren Blindado ("The Armored Train", a Trotskyist symbol), El Machete, and the Boletín del Torcedor (which is published in Havana). Additionally, in 1926, he founded the Asociación de Nuevos Emigrados Revolucionarios Cubanos.
Death
At the time of his murder, he was working as a Cuban Marxist revolutionary in Mexico. He worked with other exiles and supporters to organize the overthrow of the Cuban government of General Gerardo Machado. This cause was an embarrassment to the Cuban Communist Party, which was trying to gain power by establishing a modus vivendi with Machado. Cuban communists were also disturbed by suspecting that Mella had fallen under the influence of former Soviet leader Leon Trotsky. Mella was assassinated on 10 January 1929, while walking home late at night with photographer Tina Modotti.
The Mexican government tried to implicate Modotti in the murder, publishing nude photographs of her by American Edward Weston in an attempt to generate public opinion against her. Muralist Diego Rivera was highly active in defending her and exposing the Mexican government's crude attempt to frame her. Analysts have not reached consensus on the parties responsible for Mella's assassination: the dictatorial Cuban government; the result of Trotsky-Stalin Communist Party feuding; or by a combination of these interests. While two known criminals were charged with his murder, there was speculation that Italian Communist assassin Vittorio Vidali had committed the crime.
Murder of Julio Mella
Many political murders, often of communist backsliders and other "heretics" such as Trotskyists, have been attributed to Vidali's "bloody hand". Outside of Cuba, he was believed responsible for Mella's death. Mella and Vidali had both been involved with Modotti in sexual relationships. All three figures are represented in Diego Rivera's mural In the Arsenal.
Because Diego Rivera was close to these three, some observers interpreted his mural as evidence of being involved in the plot against Mella. Rivera was expelled from the Mexican Communist Party in 1929, also suspected of Trotskyite leanings.
The police investigating this crime received conflicting eyewitness reports. In one version, Mella and Modotti were walking alone, in another Vidali was said to be walking with Mella and Modotti. Mella's wounds were made from point blank range, and neither Modotti or Vidali were injured. As Modotti initially gave a false name to the investigators, the police were suspicious of her alibi. She was arrested, but soon released. Officially José Agustín López (said to have no particular political affiliations) was charged with Mella's murder, but two other known killers, José Magriñat and Antonio Sanabría, were also suspected. Magriñat was arrested but soon released. He was killed by Communists in Cuba in 1933.
The official position of the present Cuban government is still that Mella was killed at Gerardo Machado's orders, but it admits that Tina Modotti was a Stalinist operative who operated in a number of countries. Yet there are some even in Cuba who seem to believe that Vidali did it. Adding to the mystery, according to Albers (2002), both Magriñat and Diego Rivera, who had just returned from Cuba, had warned Mella that he was in danger.
Funeral and symbolism
On 29 September 1933 the troops of Fulgencio Batista, less than a month in power, broke up a procession to bury his ashes in Havana. Perhaps six people were shot under confused circumstances. There is a small park on Infanta Street, near the José Raúl Capablanca chess club, that commemorates this event.
Mella's bust (now replaced by a far larger obelisk) stood in a small park on San Lazaro Avenue slightly east and downhill of Havana University and is the object of much Marxist veneration. Before the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, this bust was often blown down at night and could be heard in the silence after the explosion rumbling in a most frightening way as it rolled eastwards. Each time, by next morning it was rapidly restored to its pedestal.
In Caimito, a small town in Artemisa Province, there is a camp called Campamento Internacional Julio Antonio Mella honoring him. The town of Mella, in Santiago de Cuba Province, was named after him.
See also
History of Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
References
External links
1903 births
1929 deaths
1929 murders in North America
20th-century Cuban people
Cuban communists
Cuban revolutionaries
Cuban Trotskyists
Mexican communists
People from Havana
Cuban emigrants to Mexico
Popular Socialist Party (Cuba) politicians
Cuban people of Dominican Republic descent
Cuban people of Irish descent
People murdered in Mexico
Cuban people murdered abroad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Gr%C3%B6nsfelder
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Karl Grönsfelder
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Karl Grönsfelder (18 January 1882 – 20 February 1964) was a Bavarian political activist and politician (KPD).
When the Communist party was briefly banned in 1923/24, his activism earned him a period in "protective custody" in June 1924. A longer period of detention followed the Nazi take-over in 1933. After 1945 Grönsfelder returned to political activism, despite being marginalised and expelled (not for the first time) from the Communist Party in 1949.
Life
Provenance and early years
Karl Grönsfelder was born in Frankfurt am Main. His parents were in service, his father as a coachman and his mother as a cook. He was brought up by his grandparents in Bartenstein, a small town remotely located in the hills between Heidelberg and Nuremberg. He acquired what was in most respects a basic education at the village school, also receiving training as a mechanic. Between 1900 and 1903 he worked as an itinerant mechanic, taking in Frankfurt, Düsseldorf, Siegburg, Krefeld and Cologne. In 1903 Grönsfelder settled in Nuremberg, which is where he would live for the rest of his life.
Nuremberg and socialist politics
Nuremberg was a booming industrial city and a bastion of Germany's increasingly assertive labour movement. In 1908 Grönsfelder joined the Social Democratic Party ("Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / SPD). It was also in 1908 that he joined the Metal Workers' Union. Between 1910 and 1913 he was a member of a political circle of "young comrades" who studied socialist literature and backed the charismatic socialist philosopher-activist Rosa Luxemburg. During a period when the political left was buzzing with shifting thought patterns and alliances, he tended as a young man to find himself at the more extreme end of the party spectrum, and critical of what he would have identified as Bernstein revisionism. During the war years, between 1914 and 1918, his mechanical skills were much in demand.
Party splits
The decision in 1914 of the SPD leadership to accept what amounted to a political truce for the duration of the war became progressively more contentious within the party because of the industrial scale of the slaughter on the front and the destitution inflicted on the civilian population at home. In 1917 the party split apart, primarily over whether or not to continue to back parliamentary votes to fund the war. Grönsfelder was a member of the breakaway group that became the Independent Social Democratic Party (Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands / USPD). Two years later, as the USPD itself broke up, he was a founder member in Nuremberg of the German Communist Party. Within the party he was an outspoken advocate, notably in respect of trades union matters. In 1920 the membership at Nuremberg's huge MAN truck plant elected him to the works council. Within the party he was a member of the regional leadership (Berzirksleitung), serving as chairman of it between 1921 and 1924. He represented the Nuremberg Communists at party conferences nationally, and, in the case of the Comintern Third World Congress held in Moscow in June 1921, internationally. In 1923, Grönsfelder was appointed to the party's Trades Union Commission and, at the same time, elected a member of the national party executive committee.
Party activism and Landtag membership
On 19 December 1923 he succeeded as a communist member in the Bavarian Parliament (Landtag) after Eisenberger took a job in Moscow with the Comintern. Grönsfelder would continue to sit as a member till 1928. However, as economic destitution in the country spilled into violence the Communist Party was banned for several months at the end of 1923, and Grönsfelder, who continued with his party work, was arrested in June 1924 and, despite the parliamentary immunity which membership of the legislature should have conferred, briefly held in "protective custody". He was nevertheless released in time to participate in the regional elections of 1924 in which he was re-elected.
In 1925 he was combining his parliamentary work with work as ab party instructor for the Augsburg sub-district. In 1926 he became regional secretary and, after 1928, secretary for trades union matters in the North Bavaria regional leadership.
Party split
The death of Lenin early in 1924 opened the way for a lengthy and wide-ranging power struggle in the Soviet Communist Party. Savage factionalism in Moscow found its direct counterpart in the German Communist Party. By 1929 most party members in Moscow who might have constituted a threat to Stalin's agenda had been removed from positions of power and influence, while the German party was under the increasingly tight control of the hardline Stalinist faction around Ernst Thälmann. Within the party there was growing apprehension at the rise of the National Socialist Workers' (Nazi) Party, and there were those who advocated collaboration with the SPD in order more effectively to resist the Nazi tide. Stalin, his strategic vision honed by the Russian Civil War, was uncompromising in opposing any collaboration with the SPD, and the German party leadership under Thälmann took the same position, rejecting the idea of any compromise with the "Social Fascists". In the North Bavaria region Karl Grönsfelder, representing trades union opinion within the party on the issue, was forthright in his criticism of the party line, and in 1930 he was one of a number of leading communists in the Nuremberg leadership to find himself excluded from The Party.
In 1928 Heinrich Brandler and August Thalheimer, expelled from the Communist Party two years before Grönsfelder, had founded an alternative Communist Party, known as the Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (Opposition) / KPD (Opposition)) Karl Grönsfelder, together with a number of his party comrades in the Franconia / North Bavaria region, now joined the KPD (Opposition). The new alternative Communist Party failed to become the mainstream Communist Party and there was therefore never any chance of a united front against Nazism from the political left, but it nevertheless remained politically vigorous, and in the Nuremberg region Karl Grönsfelder was its leader.
A communist survivor in Nazi Germany
The political backdrop changed dramatically in January 1933 when the Nazis took power and converted Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Political activity (except in support of the Nazi party) became illegal. Grönsfelder was arrested by the Gestapo on 12 April 1933 and detained. After his arrest he was briefly held in a temporary prison in Fürth. In May 1933 he was placed for a short time in Stadelheim Prison (Munich) before being transferred to Dachau concentration camp. Grönsfelder later recalled that in the concentration camp internees from the Communist Party and those from the SPD agreed that they should never again "march alone", and these discussions were reflected elsewhere in Germany. However, with the party leaderships in exile in Paris and Moscow, and any communist leaders who had failed to escape now locked away, the practical impact of this belated reduction in communist hostility towards the moderate left SPD was not immediately apparent.
His wife, Emma Grönsfelder (1883–1967), had followed a political trajectory similar to his since 1918, and was arrested at the same time as her husband, and held in "protective custody" at the prison in Aichach between April and September 1933.
Many communist leaders arrested by the Gestapo spent the twelve Nazi years locked away. Others died in concentration camps. Karl Grönsfelder was released in 1935, however, after only two years in state custody. There is a suggestion that because of his growing deafness the authorities did not see him as such a major threat as some of his comrades. However, he was unable to register with the labour exchange. He was unemployed between 1935 and 1937, and kept under close state surveillance. After 1937, still closely monitored by the authorities, he was helped by a former Communist comrade identified as "Ludwig Sch." who had subsequently gone over to the Nazis (for what Grönsfelder, writing much later, described as "legitimate reasons" - " aus ehelichen Gründen") to obtain work as a mechanic in the type-writer department at the Triumph factory (better remembered for manufacturing motor cycles) in Nuremberg.
War returned in September 1939 and Karl Grönsfelder was arrested again. However, his wife invoked the intervention of the influential former communist who had arranged his job at Triumph, and five days later he was released and sent back to work. Grönsfelder later asserted that if he had stayed in detention just one more day, he would have been transported to Buchenwald concentration camp. Instead, he appears to have spent most of the war years quietly working as a mechanic with Triumph. By 1944, however, aged 62, he was on long-term sick leave: in order to escape the by now constant scourge of the air raids on the cities, he was living in the countryside location to which his daughter and grand daughter had been evacuated.
Post war Bavaria
The war ended in May 1945 with Bavaria in the US occupation zone of what had been Germany. Communist Party membership was no longer illegal and Grönsfelder resumed his in 1946. In 1947 he joined the party's regional leadership team (Bezirksleitung) for Bavaria. However, as matters turned out the old tensions within the party had endured. Bavaria filled up with refugees displaced by the red army. Grönsfelder's continued readiness to criticise Stalin grated with members the German party leadership, for many of whom adherence to the Kremlin line was an integral part of being a good antifascist communist. Grönsfelder was denounced as a Titoist and supporter of the hated Brandler. He was expelled from the Communist Party, again, in 1949, although within Bavaria he remained an active and loquacious member of the regional leadership team (Bezirksleitung) till 1953, when he was required to retire on account of his age. By this time, the US occupation zone had been subsumed, in May 1949, into a new US sponsored West German state, and it was here, at Nuremberg, that Karl Grönsfelder died on 20 February 1964.
References
Politicians from Nuremberg
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Landtag of Bavaria
Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians
Communists in the German Resistance
Dachau concentration camp survivors
1882 births
1964 deaths
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20447197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Beck
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Rich Beck
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Richard Henry Beck (born January 21, 1940) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher. Beck played for the New York Yankees in the baseball season.
Beck was signed by the Yankees as an amateur free agent in from Gonzaga University, where he played college baseball for the Bulldogs from 1961-1962.
References
External links
1940 births
Living people
New York Yankees players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Washington (state)
Gonzaga Bulldogs baseball players
People from Pasco, Washington
Columbia Basin Hawks baseball players
Bakersfield Bears players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Columbus Confederate Yankees players
Idaho Falls Yankees players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tidewater Tides players
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34460623
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushtanka
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Kushtanka
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The Kushtanka () is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Babka, which in turn is a tributary of the Sylva. The river is long.
References
Rivers of Perm Krai
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5825858
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Withycombe
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James Withycombe
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James Withycombe (March 21, 1854 – March 3, 1919) was an English-American Republican politician who served as the 15th Governor of Oregon.
Biography
Withycombe was born to tenant farmers Thomas and Mary Ann Withycombe in Tavistock, England, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1854. Withycombe immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1871, settling on a farm near Hillsboro, Oregon. He worked on his father's farm for four years, and in 1873 Withycombe purchased his own parcel on the Horace Lindsay Land Claim, later expanding his holdings to .
Agriculture became Withycombe's passion, becoming a prosperous livestock breeder and establishing a reputation as a successful scientific farmer. On June 6, 1875, in Washington County he married Isabell Carpenter, and the couple had a daughter and three sons together.
Farmer and educator
His success led to his involvement in local farming organizations. He became a charter member of the Farmington Grange, and later became a leader in the state grange movement. From these platforms, Withycombe's efficient, innovative, and profitable farming methods became a model for farmers across the Pacific Northwest. His stature gained him an appointment as State Veterinarian in 1889, where he diligently worked to improve conditions of livestock health around the state.
Although mostly self-educated, he was sought after by the Oregon Agricultural College at Corvallis (now Oregon State University) in 1898 to be the head of the college's experimental farming station. He received his Master's Degree in Agriculture 1891 from OAC. Using this position to advance Oregon agriculture, he played a major part in introducing alfalfa and clover to Eastern Oregon, laying the groundwork for the region's future agricultural economy.
Withycombe also became heavily involved in Oregon's agricultural industry, serving as president of the North Pacific Wool Growers and Northwest Sheep Breeders Associations. His tenureship on the board of the Oregon Academy of Sciences saw the dairy industry's profits rise from $2.5 million to $20 million. Such accomplishments built up respect for Withycombe statewide and gained the state Republican Party's attention.
Governorship
Withycombe entered politics in the 1906 Oregon gubernatorial election. He won the Republican nomination in the primary but lost in the general election to incumbent Democratic Governor George Earle Chamberlain. The 1910 gubernatorial election of controversial Democratic Governor Oswald West energized Oregon Republicans, who tapped Withycombe for the 1914 gubernatorial race. He handily defeated challenger Charles Smith; the first Republican Governor to assume office via election since T. T. Geer in 1903.
As Governor, James Withycombe vigorously promoted agricultural development. A notable proposal from his administration was to ask the Legislative Assembly to subsidize flax production as a prison industry.
The Withycombe Administration backed the "Good Roads" movement, creating the Oregon Highway Commission while in office. With the new commission in place, a large road-building program was initiated, establishing many of Oregon's modern state routes and highways.
Upon the U.S. entry into the First World War, Governor Withycombe took a vocal and patriotic position in support of the war effort. He encouraged volunteer military service, and promoted the state's war industries.
While in office, he took a strong position against labor unions. He spoke out publicly against the Industrial Workers of the World, claiming that it terrorized labor and would cripple industry following several instances of IWW threats to disrupt production in 1917. He organized veterans of the Spanish–American War into an Oregon State Defense force, and encouraged citizens in Eastern Oregon to form self-defence committees to defend the state against violent labor agitators. Withycombe used his powers as Governor to prevent a shipyard strike in Astoria, by calling out the National Guard.
His 1918 reelection campaign capitalized on his wartime acts, portraying him as a wartime Governor actively protecting the state and aiding the defense of the United States. These efforts gained him a second term, of which he only served two months.
Death and legacy
Withycombe died in office of a heart condition on March 3, 1919, succeeded by Secretary of State Ben W. Olcott. He was interred in Mount Crest Abbey Mausoleum in City View Cemetery in Salem, Oregon.
Withycombe Hall at Oregon State University is named after the him, as he was the head of the agricultural research station at OSU's predecessor (Oregon Agricultural College). The building is home to the Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, plus it contains an auditorium used by the Theater Department.
Camp Withycombe, a military facility in Clackamas, was named for him.
See also
List of U.S. state governors born outside the United States
References
External links
Oregon State Archives: Withycombe Administration-Photo and public speeches of Governor James Withycombe.
Oregon State Library
1854 births
1919 deaths
Governors of Oregon
Oregon Republicans
Oregon State University alumni
Oregon State University faculty
Industrial Workers of the World in Oregon
Politicians from Hillsboro, Oregon
English emigrants to the United States
People from Tavistock
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Burials at City View Cemetery
19th-century American politicians
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54109421
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roods%20Creek
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Roods Creek
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Roods Creek is a river in Delaware County, New York. It begins just south of Cannonsville Reservoir and flows south into Crystal Lake. After exiting Crystal Lake it continues flowing south and then flows into Silver Lake. After exiting Silver Lake it continues southward before converging with the West Branch Delaware River east of the hamlet of Hale Eddy.
References
Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Delaware County, New York
Tributaries of the Delaware River
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33936581
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA%20CBA
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NBA CBA
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NBA CBA may refer to:
NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement, a labor agreement in the National Basketball Association
NBA–CBA relationship, the relationship between the National Basketball Association and the Continental Basketball Association
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38261717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindranath%20Bhargava
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Ravindranath Bhargava
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Ravindranath Bhargava was an Indian politician from the state of the Madhya Pradesh. He represented Barghat Vidhan Sabha constituency of undivided Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by winning General election of 1957.
References
People from Seoni district
Madhya Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
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7934924
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%A1%20%C5%A0tub%C5%88a
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Horná Štubňa
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Horná Štubňa (German: Oberstuben, Hungarian: Felsőstubnya) is a village and municipality in Turčianske Teplice District in the Žilina Region of northern central Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1390. The village belonged to a German language island. The German population was expelled in 1945.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 627 metres and covers an area of 31.388 km². It has a population of about 1,610 people.
Famous people
Emília Vášáryová, actress
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Bytca, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1737-1919 (parish A)
Lutheran church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1820-1923 (parish B)
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
External links
Surnames of living people in Horna Stubna
Villages and municipalities in Turčianske Teplice District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnim%20Nature%20Park
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Barnim Nature Park
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Barnim Nature Park () is a nature park and reserve in the state of Brandenburg, and partly in Berlin, Germany. It covers an area of 750 km2 (290 sq mi). It was established on September 24, 1998.
Overview
The park is located between the northern side of Berlin and the central-north Brandenburg, between the towns of Oranienburg, Liebenwalde, Eberswalde and Bernau. Its territory is extended principally in the district of Barnim, and partly in Oberhavel and Märkisch-Oderland. It includes parts of some localities in Berliner districts of Pankow and Reinickendorf; as Buch, Blankenfelde, Karow, Französisch Buchholz, Lübars and Hermsdorf.
Covering 750 square kilometers, 55% is forest, 32% is used for agriculture and 3% is water, including the lake Arkenberger Baggersee. The remainder is settlement and land transport. It is the only natural park in Berlin. In the east there is a glacial valley.
The visitor center of the Barnim Nature Park has been merged with the Agricultural Museum Wandlitz and is situated inside the Barnim Panorama.
References
External links
Official site of the Naturpark Barnim
Nature parks in Brandenburg
Barnim
Oberhavel
Märkisch-Oderland
Parks in Berlin
Pankow
Protected areas established in 1998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview%20Township%2C%20Jones%20County%2C%20Iowa
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Fairview Township, Jones County, Iowa
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Fairview Township is a township in Jones County, Iowa.
History
Fairview Township was organized in 1842.
References
Geography of Jones County, Iowa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumanau%20people
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Rumanau people
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The Rumanau are an indigenous ethnic group residing in Sabah, eastern Malaysia on the island of Borneo. They are known as the Lobu in the Keningau District near Lanas, and the Rumanau in the Masaum, Mangkawagu, Minusu areas of the Kinabatangan District along the Kinabatangan River, in Sandakan Division. Their population was estimated at 2,800 in the year 1991. They are a sub-group of the Kadazan-Dusun, although their language (ISO 639-3 ruu) belongs to the Paitanic branch of the Austronesian language family.
Etymology
The Rumanau people derived their name from two words "ru" and "ranah". The word ru is equivalent to the English phrase "to be with" or "to work with", and ranah refers to "wet earth" or "muddy soil". Thus the named Rumanau people means people who work with muddy soil. Wet paddy cultivation is the only known occupation among Kadazan-Dusun which involves "working with muddy soil". The Rumanau were the first ethnic group migrating out from Nunuk Ragang to acquire the skill of wet paddy cultivation. The paddy cultivation phase in Momolianism evolution had a big impact on the Rumanau people.
References
Ethnic groups in Sabah
Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
Kadazan-Dusun people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodplumpton
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Woodplumpton
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Woodplumpton is a village and civil parish in the City of Preston, Lancashire, England, located north of Preston.
Geography
It is part of the Fylde, a flat area of land between the Forest of Bowland and the Lancashire coast.
Community
The village contains a primary school, the Wheatsheaf pub and a church. The school is C of E and has a strong link with the church.
St Anne's Church is the location of the grave of Meg Shelton, the notorious Fylde Hag, who was buried there in 1705 after being accused of witchcraft.
Parish
The parish includes the villages of Eaves, Catforth and Lower Bartle. Higher Plumpton is also included in the parish, but like Lower Bartle, is a very small hamlet.
In the 19th century Woodplumpton was known as Plumpton-Wood.
The parish was part of Preston Rural District throughout its existence from 1894 to 1974. In 1974 the parish became part of the Borough of Preston, which became a city in 2002.
Demography
In 1901 the population of the parish was 1,208 and covered 4,970.5 acres. In 2001 it had a population of 2,051, increasing to 2,154 at the 2011 Census.
Gallery
See also
Listed buildings in Woodplumpton
References
External links
Villages in Lancashire
Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of Preston
The Fylde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuttsville%2C%20Virginia
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Nuttsville, Virginia
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Nuttsville is an unincorporated community in Lancaster County in the U. S. state of Virginia.
Nuttsville was named for a local resident.
References
Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Lancaster County, Virginia
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48171196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligaments%20of%20malleus
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Ligaments of malleus
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The ligaments of malleus are three ligaments that attach the malleus in the middle ear. They are the anterior, lateral and superior ligaments.
The anterior ligament of the malleus also known as Casserio's ligament is a fibrous band that extends from the neck of the malleus just above its anterior process to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity close to the petrotympanic fissure. Some of the fibers also pass through the fissure to the spine of sphenoid bone.
The lateral ligament of the malleus is a triangular fibrous band that crosses from the posterior aspect of the tympanic notch to the head or neck of the malleus.
The superior ligament of the malleus is a delicate fibrous strand that crosses from the roof of the tympanic cavity to the head of the malleus.
Additional Images
References
Ear
Human head and neck
Ligaments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layton%20%28given%20name%29
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Layton (given name)
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Layton is a masculine given name which may refer to:
Layton Freborg (born 1933), American politician
Layton Kor (1938–2013), American rock climber
Layton Maxwell (born 1979), Welsh footballer
Layton Williams (born 1994), English actor
English-language masculine given names
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s%20Back%20%28The%20Man%20Behind%20the%20Mask%29
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He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)
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"He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" is a song by American shock rock musician Alice Cooper. It was released as the lead single from his 1986 album Constrictor, and the theme song of Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives, a slasher film and sixth part of the Friday the 13th film series released in the same year. The song is heard various times throughout the film and in the end credits. Two other songs, "Teenage Frankenstein" (also from Constrictor) and "Hard Rock Summer" (which remained commercially unreleased until 1999) are also featured in the film.
The song features the famous "ki-ki-ki ma-ma-ma" (admittedly in its popular misheard version, "ch-ch-ch, ha-ha-ha") sound effect, a trademark of the Friday the 13th series. It has also been described as celebrating the return of series antagonist Jason Voorhees, after being killed off in the fourth film Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter and only appearing in flashbacks and hallucinations in the fifth film Friday the 13th: A New Beginning.
"He's Back (The Man Behind the Mask)" was a minor chart success, popular among fans of Cooper's later work and enthusiasts of slasher films. It has been called "strangely new wave-ish" and said to "perfectly enscapulate the Friday the 13th films and the era in which they came to prominence."
The 7" single featured a "live" version of "Billion Dollar Babies" as its B-Side. The 12" single featured "Billion Dollar Babies (Recorded Live)" as well as a haunting "live" version of "I'm Eighteen". Both versions were in fact originally recorded in the studio for the Alice Cooper a Paris TV special in 1982 during the Special Forces era, which were remixed in 1986 with crowd noise to resemble "live" recordings.
A demo version of the song, with a slightly rockier and much more upbeat feel, as well as the final release version, were featured in the four-disc retrospective boxed set The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper, which chronicles Cooper's career. The song was also available on a compilation album of songs from his two late-1980s MCA albums, Constrictor and Raise Your Fist and Yell, entitled Prince of Darkness.
The song has been covered by some other artists. Finnish metal band Children of Bodom recorded a version in 2002, but it was never released, and "He's Back" has been performed live by another Finnish metal band, Lordi. In addition, the song was covered by One Man Army and the Undead Quartet, which was released on the Swedish death metal group's 2007 album Error in Evolution.
A reference to the song is made in the 2005 Friday the 13th tie-in novel Friday the 13th: Hate-Kill-Repeat; while attending a party, a character notices that the song being played is by Alice Cooper and that the premise of it involves "something about a man behind a mask".
Most recently, the song was used for the credits sequence in Friday the 13th: The Game.
Music video
The song is well known for its music video, which combines clips from Jason Lives with original footage featuring Cooper performing the song and Jason Voorhees played, as he is in the film, by C. J. Graham menacing teenagers at a midnight showing of Jason Lives. It was directed by Jeffrey Abelson from a concept by Keith Williams. Some of the film footage features the Paintball scene where Jason was played by Dan Bradley, which was filmed before he was replaced by Graham. This video was not present on any home media release until 2020 when Shout Factory's line Scream Factory released it as a bonus feature on their Friday the 13th deluxe box set.
References
External links
[ Constrictor] at Allmusic.
1986 singles
Songs written by Tom Kelly (musician)
Songs written by Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper songs
Friday the 13th (franchise) music
Songs written for films
American new wave songs
Songs written by Kane Roberts
MCA Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Islip
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Mount Islip
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Mount Islip ( ) is a peak in the Angeles National Forest in California, United States. On a clear day the sharp, high peak provides impressive views of the Mojave Desert, the Los Angeles Basin, Santa Catalina Island, and San Clemente Island.
A trailhead for climbing Mount Islip is located at Islip Saddle, along the Angeles Crest Highway, approximately northeast of downtown Los Angeles. Another trailhead is at the Crystal Lake Recreation Area, north of Azusa.
Gallery
References
External links
Mountains of Los Angeles County, California
San Gabriel Mountains
Mountains of Southern California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Harrison
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Benjamin Harrison
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Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 March 13, 1901) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893. He was a grandson of the ninth president, William Henry Harrison, and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a founding father who signed the United States Declaration of Independence.
Harrison was born on a farm by the Ohio River and graduated from Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. After moving to Indianapolis, he established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indiana. During the American Civil War, he served in the Union Army as a colonel, and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers in 1865. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876. The Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1887.
A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent Grover Cleveland in the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote. Hallmarks of Harrison's administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891. During his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. In addition, Harrison substantially strengthened and modernized the U.S. Navy and conducted an active foreign policy, but his proposals to secure federal education funding as well as voting rights enforcement for African Americans were unsuccessful.
Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term. The spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 midterm elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for reelection in 1892, due to the growing unpopularity of high tariffs and high federal spending. He returned to private life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1899 he represented Venezuela in its British Guiana boundary dispute with the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to the court of Paris as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis. He died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. Many have praised Harrison's commitment to African Americans' voting rights, but scholars and historians generally regard his administration as below average due to its corruption, as well as focused criticism on his signing of the McKinley Tariff. They rank him in the bottom half among U.S. presidents.
Family and education
Harrison was born on August 20, 1833, in North Bend, Ohio, the second of Elizabeth Ramsey (Irwin) and John Scott Harrison's ten children. His paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, circa 1630 from England. Harrison was of entirely English ancestry, all of his ancestors having emigrated to America during the early colonial period.
Harrison was a grandson of U.S. President William Henry Harrison and a great-grandson of Benjamin Harrison V, a Virginia planter who signed the Declaration of Independence and succeeded Thomas Nelson, Jr. as governor of Virginia.
Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U.S. president, but he did not attend the inauguration. His family was distinguished, but his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U.S. congressman from Ohio, spent much of his farm income on his children's education. Despite the family's modest resources, Harrison's boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting.
Harrison's early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, but his parents later arranged for a tutor to help him with college preparatory studies. Fourteen-year-old Benjamin and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmer's College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. He attended the college for two years and while there met his future wife, Caroline "Carrie" Lavinia Scott, a daughter of John Witherspoon Scott, the school's science professor, who was also a Presbyterian minister.
Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, in 1850, and graduated in 1852. He joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity that permitted dual membership. Classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U.S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid, Harrison's vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop. He also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian.
Marriage and early career
After his college graduation in 1852, Harrison studied law with Judge Bellamy Storer of Cincinnati, but before he completed his studies, he returned to Oxford, Ohio, to marry Caroline Scott on October 20, 1853. Caroline's father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony. The Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison (August 12, 1854 – December 13, 1936) and Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930).
Harrison and his wife returned to live at The Point, his father's farm in southwestern Ohio, while he finished his law studies. Harrison was admitted to the Ohio bar in early 1854, the same year he sold property that he had inherited after the death of an aunt for $800 (), and used the funds to move with Caroline to Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison began practicing law in the office of John H. Ray in 1854 and became a crier for the federal court in Indianapolis, for which he was paid $2.50 per day. He also served as a Commissioner for the U.S. Court of Claims. Harrison became a founding member and first president of both the University Club, a private gentlemen's club in Indianapolis, and the Phi Delta Theta Alumni Club. Harrison and his wife became members and assumed leadership positions at Indianapolis's First Presbyterian Church.
Having grown up in a Whig household, Harrison initially favored that party's politics, but joined the Republican Party shortly after its formation in 1856 and campaigned on behalf of Republican presidential candidate John C. Frémont. In 1857 Harrison was elected Indianapolis city attorney, a position that paid an annual salary of $400 ().
In 1858, Harrison entered into a law partnership with William Wallace to form the law office of Wallace and Harrison. In 1860, he was elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court. Harrison was an active supporter of the Republican Party's platform and served as Republican State Committee's secretary. After Wallace, his law partner, was elected county clerk in 1860, Harrison established a new firm with William Fishback, Fishback and Harrison. The new partners worked together until Harrison entered the Union Army after the start of the American Civil War.
Civil War
In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued a call for more recruits for the Union Army; Harrison wanted to enlist, but worried about how to support his young family. While visiting Governor Oliver Morton, Harrison found him distressed over the shortage of men answering the latest call. Harrison told the governor, "If I can be of any service, I will go."
Morton asked Harrison if he could help recruit a regiment, although he would not ask him to serve. Harrison recruited throughout northern Indiana to raise a regiment. Morton offered him the command, but Harrison declined, as he had no military experience. He was initially commissioned as a captain and company commander on July 22, 1862. Morton commissioned Harrison as a colonel on August 7, 1862, and the newly formed 70th Indiana was mustered into federal service on August 12, 1862. Once mustered, the regiment left Indiana to join the Union Army at Louisville, Kentucky.
For much of its first two years, the 70th Indiana performed reconnaissance duty and guarded railroads in Kentucky and Tennessee. In 1864, Harrison and his regiment joined William T. Sherman's Atlanta Campaign and moved to the front lines. On January 2, 1864, Harrison was promoted to command the 1st Brigade of the 1st Division of the XX Corps. He commanded the brigade at the battles of Resaca, Cassville, New Hope Church, Lost Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peachtree Creek, and Atlanta. When Sherman's main force began its March to the Sea, Harrison's brigade was transferred to the District of Etowah and participated in the Battle of Nashville.
On January 23, 1865, Lincoln nominated Harrison to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from that date, and the Senate confirmed the nomination on February 14, 1865. He rode in the Grand Review in Washington, D.C. before mustering out on June 8, 1865.
Post-war career
Indiana politics
While serving in the Union Army in October 1864, Harrison was once again elected reporter of the Indiana Supreme Court, although he did not seek the position, and served as the Court's reporter for four more years. The position was not a politically powerful one, but it provided Harrison with a steady income for his work preparing and publishing court opinions, which he sold to the legal profession. Harrison also resumed his law practice in Indianapolis. He became a skilled orator and known as "one of the state's leading lawyers".
In 1869 President Ulysses S. Grant appointed Harrison to represent the federal government in a civil suit filed by Lambdin P. Milligan, whose controversial wartime conviction for treason in 1864 led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Ex parte Milligan. The civil case was referred to the U.S. Circuit Court for Indiana at Indianapolis, where it evolved into Milligan v. Hovey. Although the jury found in Milligan's favor and he had sought hundreds of thousands of dollars in damages, state and federal statutes limited the amount the federal government had to award to Milligan to five dollars plus court costs.
With his increasing reputation, local Republicans urged Harrison to run for Congress. He initially confined his political activities to speaking on behalf of other Republican candidates, a task for which he received high praise from his colleagues. In 1872, Harrison campaigned for the Republican nomination for governor of Indiana. Former governor Oliver Morton favored his opponent, Thomas M. Browne, and Harrison lost his bid for statewide office. He returned to his law practice and, despite the Panic of 1873, was financially successful enough to build a grand new home in Indianapolis in 1874. He continued to make speeches on behalf of Republican candidates and policies.
In 1876, when a scandal forced the original Republican nominee, Godlove Stein Orth, to drop out of the gubernatorial race, Harrison accepted the party's invitation to take his place on the ticket. Harrison centered his campaign on economic policy and favored deflating the national currency. He was defeated in a plurality by James D. Williams, losing by 5,084 votes out 434,457 cast, but Harrison built on his new prominence in state politics. When the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 reached Indianapolis, he gathered a citizen militia to make a show of support for owners and management, and helped to mediate an agreement between the workers and management and to prevent the strike from widening.
When United States Senator Morton died in 1877, the Republicans nominated Harrison to run for the seat, but the party failed to gain a majority in the state legislature, which at that time elected senators; the Democratic majority elected Daniel W. Voorhees instead. In 1879, President Rutherford B. Hayes appointed Harrison to the Mississippi River Commission, which worked to develop internal improvements on the river. As a delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention the following year, he was instrumental in breaking a deadlock on candidates, and James A. Garfield won the nomination.
U.S. Senator from Indiana
After Harrison led Indiana's Republican delegation at the 1880 Republican National Convention, he was considered the state's presumptive candidate for the U.S. Senate. He gave speeches in favor of Garfield in Indiana and New York, further raising his profile in the party. When the Republicans retook the majority in the state legislature, Harrison's election to a six-year term in the U.S. Senate was threatened by Judge Walter Q. Gresham, his intraparty rival, but Harrison was ultimately chosen. After Garfield's election as president in 1880, his administration offered Harrison a cabinet position, but Harrison declined in favor of continuing his service in the U.S. Senate.
Harrison served in the Senate from March 4, 1881, to March 3, 1887, and chaired the U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (47th Congress) and the U.S. Senate Committee on Territories (48th and 49th Congresses).
In 1881, the major issue confronting Senator Harrison was the budget surplus. Democrats wanted to reduce the tariff and limit the amount of money the government took in; Republicans instead wanted to spend the money on internal improvements and pensions for Civil War veterans. Harrison took his party's side and advocated for generous pensions for veterans and their widows. He also unsuccessfully supported aid for the education of Southerners, especially children of the freedmen; he believed that education was necessary to help the black population rise to political and economic equality with whites. Harrison opposed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which his party supported, because he thought it violated existing treaties with China.
In 1884, Harrison and Gresham competed for influence at the 1884 Republican National Convention; the delegation ended up supporting James G. Blaine, the eventual nominee. In the Senate, Harrison achieved passage of his Dependent Pension Bill, only to see it vetoed by President Grover Cleveland. His efforts to further the admission of new western states were stymied by Democrats, who feared that the new states would elect Republicans to Congress.
In 1885 the Democrats redistricted the Indiana state legislature, which resulted in an increased Democratic majority in 1886, despite an overall Republican majority statewide. In 1887, largely as a result of the Democratic gerrymandering of Indiana's legislative districts, Harrison was defeated in his bid for reelection. Following a deadlock in the state senate, the state legislature eventually chose Democrat David Turpie as Harrison's successor in the Senate. Harrison returned to Indianapolis and resumed his law practice, but stayed active in state and national politics.
Election of 1888
Nomination for president
The initial favorite for the Republican nomination was the previous nominee, James G. Blaine of Maine. After Blaine wrote several letters denying any interest in the nomination, his supporters divided among other candidates, with John Sherman of Ohio as the leader among them. Others, including Chauncey Depew of New York, Russell Alger of Michigan, and Harrison's old nemesis Walter Q. Gresham, now a federal appellate court judge in Chicago, also sought the delegates' support at the 1888 Republican National Convention. Blaine did not publicly endorse any of the candidates, but on March 1, 1888, he privately wrote that "the one man remaining who in my judgment can make the best one is Benjamin Harrison."
Harrison placed fifth on the first ballot, with Sherman in the lead, and the next few ballots showed little change. The Blaine supporters shifted their support among candidates they found acceptable, and when they shifted to Harrison, they found a candidate who could attract the votes of many other delegations. He was nominated as the party's presidential candidate on the eighth ballot, by a count of 544 to 108 votes. Levi P. Morton of New York was chosen as his running mate.
Campaign against Cleveland
Harrison's opponent in the general election was incumbent President Grover Cleveland. Harrison reprised a more traditional front-porch campaign, abandoned by his immediate predecessors; he received visiting delegations to Indianapolis and made over 90 pronouncements from his hometown. The Republicans campaigned heavily in favor of protective tariffs, turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North. The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana. Harrison and Cleveland split the four, with Harrison winning New York and Indiana. Voter turnout was 79.3%, reflecting large interest in the campaign; nearly eleven million votes were cast. Harrison received 90,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. Allegations were made against Republicans for engaging in irregular ballot practices; an example was described as Blocks of Five. On October 31 the Indiana Sentinel published a letter allegedly by Harrison's friend and supporter, William Wade Dudley, offering to bribe voters in "blocks of five" to ensure Harrison's election. Harrison neither defended nor repudiated Dudley, but allowed him to remain on the campaign for the remaining few days. After the election, Harrison never spoke to Dudley again.
Harrison had made no political bargains, but his supporters had made many pledges on his behalf. When Boss Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania, who was rebuffed for a Cabinet position for his political support during the convention, heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him president". Harrison was known as the Centennial President because his inauguration celebrated the centenary of the first inauguration of George Washington in 1789. In the congressional elections, Republicans increased their membership in the House of Representatives by 19 seats.
Presidency (1889–1893)
Inauguration and cabinet
Harrison was sworn into office on Monday, March 4, 1889, by Chief Justice Melville Fuller. His speech was brief—half as long as that of his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, whose speech remains the longest inaugural address of a U.S. president. In his speech, Benjamin Harrison credited the nation's growth to the influences of education and religion, urged the cotton states and mining territories to attain the industrial proportions of the eastern states and promised a protective tariff. Of commerce, he said, "If our great corporations would more scrupulously observe their legal obligations and duties, they would have less call to complain of the limitations of their rights or of interference with their operations." Harrison also urged early statehood for the territories and advocated pensions for veterans, a call that met with enthusiastic applause. In foreign affairs, Harrison reaffirmed the Monroe Doctrine as a mainstay of foreign policy, while urging modernization of the Navy and a merchant marine force. He gave his commitment to international peace through noninterference in the affairs of foreign governments.
John Philip Sousa's Marine Corps band played at the Inaugural Ball inside the Pension Building with a large crowd attending. After moving into the White House, Harrison noted, quite prophetically, "There is only a door—one that is never locked—between the president's office and what are not very accurately called his private apartments. There should be an executive office building, not too far away, but wholly distinct from the dwelling house. For everyone else in the public service, there is an unroofed space between the bedroom and the desk."
Harrison acted quite independently in selecting his cabinet, much to the Republican bosses' dismay. He began by delaying the presumed nomination of James G. Blaine as Secretary of State so as to preclude Blaine's involvement in the formation of the administration, as had occurred in President Garfield's term. In fact, other than Blaine, the only Republican boss initially nominated was Redfield Proctor, as Secretary of War. Senator Shelby Cullom's comment symbolizes Harrison's steadfast aversion to use federal positions for patronage: "I suppose Harrison treated me as well as he did any other Senator; but whenever he did anything for me, it was done so ungraciously that the concession tended to anger rather than please." Harrison's selections shared particular alliances, such as their service in the Civil War, Indiana citizenship and membership in the Presbyterian Church. Nevertheless, Harrison had alienated pivotal Republican operatives from New York to Pennsylvania to Iowa with these choices and prematurely compromised his political power and future. His normal schedule provided for two full cabinet meetings per week, as well as separate weekly one-on-one meetings with each cabinet member.
In June 1890, Harrison's Postmaster General John Wanamaker and several Philadelphia friends purchased a large new cottage at Cape May Point for Harrison's wife, Caroline. Many believed the cottage gift appeared improper and amounted to a bribe for a cabinet position. Harrison made no comment on the matter for two weeks, then said he had always intended to purchase the cottage once Caroline approved. On July 2, perhaps a little tardily to avoid suspicion, Harrison gave Wanamaker a check for $10,000 () for the cottage.
Civil service reform and pensions
Civil service reform was a prominent issue following Harrison's election. Harrison had campaigned as a supporter of the merit system, as opposed to the spoils system. Although some of the civil service had been classified under the Pendleton Act by previous administrations, Harrison spent much of his first months in office deciding on political appointments. Congress was widely divided on the issue and Harrison was reluctant to address the issue in hope of preventing the alienation of either side. The issue became a political football of the time and was immortalized in a cartoon captioned "What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?" Harrison appointed Theodore Roosevelt and Hugh Smith Thompson, both reformers, to the Civil Service Commission, but otherwise did little to further the reform cause.
Harrison quickly saw the enactment of the Dependent and Disability Pension Act in 1890, a cause he had championed while in Congress. In addition to providing pensions to disabled Civil War veterans (regardless of the cause of their disability), the Act depleted some of the troublesome federal budget surplus. Pension expenditures reached $135 million under Harrison (equivalent to $ billion in ), the largest expenditure of its kind to that point in American history, a problem exacerbated by Pension Bureau commissioner James R. Tanner's expansive interpretation of the pension laws. An investigation into the Pension Bureau by Harrison's Secretary of Interior John Willock Noble found evidence of lavish and illegal handouts under Tanner. Harrison, who privately believed that appointing Tanner had been a mistake, due to his apparent loose management style and tongue, asked Tanner to resign and replaced him with Green B. Raum. Raum was also accused of accepting loan payments in return for expediting pension cases. Harrison, having accepted a dissenting congressional Republican investigation report that exonerated Raum, kept him in office for the rest of his administration.
One of the first appointments Harrison was forced to reverse was that of James S. Clarkson as an assistant postmaster. Clarkson, who had expected a full cabinet position, began sabotaging the appointment from the outset, gaining the reputation for "decapitating a fourth class postmaster every three minutes". Clarkson himself stated, "I am simply on detail from the Republican Committee ... I am most anxious to get through this task and leave." He resigned in September 1890.
Tariff
The tariff levels had been a major political issue since before the Civil War, and they became the most dominant matter of the 1888 election. The high tariff rates had created a surplus of money in the Treasury, which led many Democrats (as well as the growing Populist movement) to call for lowering them. Most Republicans preferred to maintain the rates, spend the surplus on internal improvements and eliminate some internal taxes.
Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed the McKinley Tariff that would raise the tariff even higher, including making some rates intentionally prohibitive. At Secretary of State James Blaine's urging, Harrison attempted to make the tariff more acceptable by urging Congress to add reciprocity provisions, which would allow the president to reduce rates when other countries reduced their rates on American exports. The tariff was removed from imported raw sugar, and sugar growers in the United States were given a two cent per pound subsidy on their production. Even with the reductions and reciprocity, the McKinley Tariff enacted the highest average rate in American history, and the spending associated with it contributed to the reputation of the Billion-Dollar Congress.
Antitrust laws and the currency
Members of both parties were concerned with the growth of the power of trusts and monopolies, and one of the first acts of the 51st Congress was to pass the Sherman Antitrust Act, sponsored by Senator John Sherman of Ohio. The Act passed by wide margins in both houses, and Harrison signed it into law. The Sherman Act was the first Federal act of its kind, and marked a new use of federal government power. While Harrison approved of the law and its intent, his administration was not particularly vigorous in enforcing it. However, the government successfully concluded a case during Harrison's time in office (against a Tennessee coal company), and had initiated several other cases against trusts.
One of the most volatile questions of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by gold and silver, or by gold alone. The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining together in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the gold standard. Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply. Owing to worldwide deflation in the late 19th century, however, a strict gold standard had resulted in reduction of incomes without the equivalent reduction in debts, pushing debtors and the poor to call for silver coinage as an inflationary measure.
The silver coinage issue had not been much discussed in the 1888 campaign and Harrison is said to have favored a bimetallist position. However, his appointment of a silverite Treasury Secretary, William Windom, encouraged the free silver supporters. Harrison attempted to steer a middle course between the two positions, advocating a free coinage of silver, but at its own value, not at a fixed ratio to gold. This failed to facilitate a compromise between the factions. In July 1890, Senator Sherman achieved passage of a bill, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, in both houses. Harrison thought that the bill would end the controversy, and he signed it into law. The effect of the bill, however, was the increased depletion of the nation's gold supply, a problem that would persist until the second Cleveland administration resolved it.
Civil rights
After regaining the majority in both Houses of Congress, some Republicans, led by Harrison, attempted to pass legislation to protect black Americans' civil rights. Harrison's Attorney General, William H. H. Miller, through the Justice Department, ordered the prosecutions for violation of voting rights in the South; however, white juries often failed to convict or indict violators. This prompted Harrison to urge Congress to pass legislation that would "secure all our people a free exercise of the right of suffrage and every other civil right under the Constitution and laws". Harrison endorsed the proposed Federal Elections Bill written by Representative Henry Cabot Lodge and Senator George Frisbie Hoar in 1890, but the bill was defeated in the Senate. Following the failure to pass the bill, Harrison continued to speak in favor of African American civil rights in addresses to Congress. Most notably, on December 3, 1889, Harrison had gone before Congress and stated:
The colored people did not intrude themselves upon us; they were brought here in chains and held in communities where they are now chiefly bound by a cruel slave code...when and under what conditions is the black man to have a free ballot? When is he in fact to have those full civil rights which have so long been his in law? When is that quality of influence which our form of government was intended to secure to the electors to be restored? … in many parts of our country where the colored population is large the people of that race are by various devices deprived of any effective exercise of their political rights and of many of their civil rights. The wrong does not expend itself upon those whose votes are suppressed. Every constituency in the Union is wronged.
He severely questioned the states' civil rights records, arguing that if states have the authority over civil rights, then "we have a right to ask whether they are at work upon it." Harrison also supported a bill proposed by Senator Henry W. Blair, which would have granted federal funding to schools regardless of the students' races. He also endorsed a proposed constitutional amendment to overturn the Supreme Court ruling in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) that declared much of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional. None of these measures gained congressional approval.
National forests
In March 1891 Congress enacted, and Harrison signed, the Land Revision Act of 1891. This legislation resulted from a bipartisan desire to initiate reclamation of surplus lands that had been, up to that point, granted from the public domain, for potential settlement or use by railroad syndicates. As the law's drafting was finalized, Section 24 was added at the behest of Harrison by his Secretary of the Interior John Noble, which read as follows:
That the President of the United States may, from time to time, set apart and reserve, in any State or Territory having public land bearing forests, in any part of the public lands wholly or in part covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not, as public reservations, and the president shall, by public proclamation, declare the establishment of such reservations and the limits thereof.
Within a month of the enactment of this law Harrison authorized the first forest reserve, to be located on public domain adjacent to Yellowstone National Park, in Wyoming. Other areas were so designated by Harrison, bringing the first forest reservations total to 22 million acres in his term. Harrison was also the first to give a prehistoric Indian Ruin, Casa Grande in Arizona, federal protection.
Native American policy
During Harrison's administration, the Lakota Sioux, previously confined to reservations in South Dakota, grew restive under the influence of Wovoka, a medicine man, who encouraged them to participate in a spiritual movement called the Ghost Dance. Many in Washington did not understand the predominantly religious nature of the Ghost Dance, and thought it was a militant movement being used to rally Native Americans against the government. On December 29, 1890, troops from the Seventh Cavalry clashed with the Sioux at Wounded Knee. The result was a massacre of at least 146 Sioux, including many women and children; the dead Sioux were buried in a mass grave. In reaction Harrison directed Major General Nelson A. Miles to investigate and ordered 3,500 federal troops to South Dakota; the uprising was brought to an end. Wounded Knee is considered the last major American Indian battle in the 19th century. Harrison's general policy on American Indians was to encourage assimilation into white society and, despite the massacre, he believed the policy to have been generally successful. This policy, known as the allotment system and embodied in the Dawes Act, was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to American Indians as they sold most of their land at low prices to white speculators.
Technology and naval modernization
During Harrison's time in office, the United States was continuing to experience advances in science and technology. A recording of his voice is the earliest extant recording of a president while he was in office. That was originally made on a wax phonograph cylinder in 1889 by Gianni Bettini. Harrison also had electricity installed in the White House for the first time by Edison General Electric Company, but he and his wife would not touch the light switches for fear of electrocution and would often go to sleep with the lights on.
Over the course of his administration, Harrison marshaled the country's technology to clothe the nation with a credible naval power. When he took office there were only two commissioned warships in the Navy. In his inaugural address he said, "construction of a sufficient number of warships and their necessary armaments should progress as rapidly as is consistent with care and perfection." Harrison's Secretary of the Navy Benjamin F. Tracy spearheaded the rapid construction of vessels, and within a year congressional approval was obtained for building of the warships , , , and . By 1898, with the help of the Carnegie Corporation, no less than ten modern warships, including steel hulls and greater displacements and armaments, had transformed the United States into a legitimate naval power. Seven of these had begun during the Harrison term.
Foreign policy
Latin America and Samoa
Harrison and Secretary of State Blaine were often not the most cordial of friends, but harmonized in an aggressive foreign policy and commercial reciprocity with other nations. Blaine's persistent medical problems warranted more of a hands-on effort by Harrison in the conduct of foreign policy. In San Francisco, while on tour of the United States in 1891, Harrison proclaimed that the United States was in a "new epoch" of trade and that the expanding navy would protect oceanic shipping and increase American influence and prestige abroad. The First International Conference of American States met in Washington in 1889; Harrison set an aggressive agenda including customs and currency integration and named a bipartisan delegation to the conference, led by John B. Henderson and Andrew Carnegie. The conference failed to achieve any diplomatic breakthrough, due in large part to an atmosphere of suspicion fostered by the Argentinian delegation. It did succeed in establishing an information center that became the Pan American Union. In response to the diplomatic bust, Harrison and Blaine pivoted diplomatically and initiated a crusade for tariff reciprocity with Latin American nations; the Harrison administration concluded eight reciprocity treaties among these countries. On another front, Harrison sent Frederick Douglass as ambassador to Haiti, but failed in his attempts to establish a naval base there.
In 1889, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the German Empire were locked in a dispute over control of the Samoan Islands. Historian George H. Ryden's research indicates Harrison played a key role in determining the status of this Pacific outpost by taking a firm stand on every aspect of Samoa conference negotiations; this included selection of the local ruler, refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, as well as the establishment of a three power protectorate, a first for the U.S.. These arrangements facilitated the future dominant power of the U.S. in the Pacific; Secretary of State Blaine was absent due to complication of lumbago.
European embargo of U.S. pork
Throughout the 1880s various European countries had imposed a ban on importation of United States pork out of an unconfirmed concern of trichinosis; at issue was over one billion pounds of pork products with a value of $80 million annually (equivalent to $ billion in ). Harrison engaged Whitelaw Reid, minister to France, and William Walter Phelps, minister to Germany, to restore these exports for the country without delay. Harrison also successfully asked the congress to enact the Meat Inspection Act to eliminate the accusations of product compromise. The president also partnered with Agriculture Secretary Rusk to threaten Germany with retaliation – by initiating an embargo in the U.S. against Germany's highly demanded beet sugar. By September 1891 Germany relented, and was soon followed by Denmark, France and Austria-Hungary.
Crises in Aleutian Islands and Chile
The first international crisis Harrison faced arose from disputed fishing rights on the Alaskan coast. Canada claimed fishing and sealing rights around many of the Aleutian Islands, in violation of U.S. law. As a result, the United States Navy seized several Canadian ships. In 1891, the administration began negotiations with the British that would eventually lead to a compromise over fishing rights after international arbitration, with the British government paying compensation in 1898.
In 1891, a diplomatic crisis emerged in Chile, otherwise known as the Baltimore Crisis. The American minister to Chile, Patrick Egan, granted asylum to Chileans who were seeking refuge during the 1891 Chilean Civil War. Egan, previously a militant Irish immigrant to the U.S., was motivated by a personal desire to thwart Great Britain's influence in Chile; his action increased tensions between Chile and the United States, which began in the early 1880s when Secretary Blaine had alienated the Chileans in the War of the Pacific.
The crisis began in earnest when sailors from took shore leave in Valparaiso and a fight ensued, resulting in the deaths of two American sailors and the arrest of three dozen others. Baltimores captain, Winfield Schley, based on the nature of the sailors' wounds, insisted the sailors had been bayonet-attacked by Chilean police without provocation. With Blaine incapacitated, Harrison drafted a demand for reparations. The Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs Manuel Matta replied that Harrison's message was "erroneous or deliberately incorrect," and said that the Chilean government was treating the affair the same as any other criminal matter.
Tensions increased to the brink of war – Harrison threatened to break off diplomatic relations unless the United States received a suitable apology, and said the situation required, "grave and patriotic consideration". The president also remarked, "If the dignity as well as the prestige and influence of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who in foreign ports display the flag or wear the colors." The Navy was also placed on a high level of preparedness. A recuperated Blaine made brief conciliatory overtures to the Chilean government which had no support in the administration; he then reversed course, joined the chorus for unconditional concessions and apology by the Chileans, who ultimately obliged, and war was averted. Theodore Roosevelt later applauded Harrison for his use of the "big stick" in the matter.
Annexation of Hawaii
In the last days of his administration, Harrison dealt with the issue of Hawaiian annexation. Following a coup d'état against Queen Liliuokalani, the new government of Hawaii led by Sanford Dole petitioned for annexation by the United States. Harrison was interested in expanding American influence in Hawaii and in establishing a naval base at Pearl Harbor but had not previously expressed an opinion on annexing the islands. The United States consul in Hawaii, John L. Stevens, recognized the new government on February 1, 1893, and forwarded their proposals to Washington. With just one month left before leaving office, the administration signed a treaty on February 14 and submitted it to the Senate the next day with Harrison's recommendation. The Senate failed to act, and President Cleveland withdrew the treaty shortly after taking office.
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Harrison appointed four justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. The first was David Josiah Brewer, a judge on the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. Brewer, the nephew of Justice Field, had previously been considered for a cabinet position. Shortly after Brewer's nomination, Justice Matthews died, creating another vacancy. Harrison had considered Henry Billings Brown, a Michigan judge and admiralty law expert, for the first vacancy and now nominated him for the second. For the third vacancy, which arose in 1892, Harrison nominated George Shiras. Shiras's appointment was somewhat controversial because his age—sixty—was older than usual for a newly appointed Justice. Shiras also drew the opposition of Senator Matthew Quay of Pennsylvania because they were in different factions of the Pennsylvania Republican party, but his nomination was nonetheless approved. Finally, at the end of his term, Harrison nominated Howell Edmunds Jackson to replace Justice Lamar, who died in January 1893. Harrison knew the incoming Senate would be controlled by Democrats, so he selected Jackson, a respected Tennessee Democrat with whom he was friendly to ensure his nominee would not be rejected. Jackson's nomination was indeed successful, but he died after only two years on the Court.
In addition to his Supreme Court appointments, Harrison appointed ten judges to the courts of appeals, two judges to the circuit courts, and 26 judges to the district courts.
States admitted to the Union
Six new states were admitted to the Union while Harrison was in office:
North DakotaNovember 2, 1889
South DakotaNovember 2, 1889
MontanaNovember 8, 1889
WashingtonNovember 11, 1889
IdahoJuly 3, 1890
WyomingJuly 10, 1890
More states were admitted during Harrison's presidency than any other.
Vacations and travel
Harrison attended a grand, three-day centennial celebration of George Washington's inauguration in New York City on April 30, 1889, and made the following remarks "We have come into the serious but always inspiring presence of Washington. He was the incarnation of duty and he teaches us today this great lesson: that those who would associate their names with events that shall outlive a century can only do so by high consecration to duty. Self-seeking has no public observance or anniversary."
The Harrisons made many trips out of the capital, which included speeches at most stops – including Philadelphia, New England, Indianapolis and Chicago. The President typically made his best impression speaking before large audiences, as opposed to more intimate settings. The most notable of his presidential trips, theretofore unequaled, was a five-week tour of the west in the spring of 1891, aboard a lavishly outfitted train. Harrison enjoyed a number of short trips out of the capital—usually for hunting—to nearby Virginia or Maryland.
During the hot Washington summers, the Harrisons took refuge in Deer Park, Maryland and Cape May Point, New Jersey. In 1890, John Wanamaker joined with other Philadelphia devotees of the Harrisons and made a gift to them of a summer cottage at Cape May. Harrison, though appreciative, was uncomfortable with the appearance of impropriety; a month later, he paid Wanamaker $10,000 () as reimbursement to the donors. Nevertheless, Harrison's opponents made the gift the subject of national ridicule, and Mrs. Harrison and the president were vigorously criticized.
Reelection campaign in 1892
The treasury surplus had evaporated and the nation's economic health was worsening – precursors to the eventual Panic of 1893. Congressional elections in 1890 had gone against the Republicans; and although Harrison had cooperated with congressional Republicans on legislation, several party leaders withdrew their support for him because of his adamant refusal to give party members the nod in the course of his executive appointments. Specifically, Thomas C. Platt, Matthew S. Quay, Thomas B. Reed and James Clarkson quietly organized the Grievance Committee, the ambition of which was to initiate a dump-Harrison offensive. They solicited the support of Blaine, without effect however, and Harrison in reaction resolved to run for re-election – seemingly forced to choose one of two options – "become a candidate or forever wear the name of a political coward".
It was clear that Harrison would not be re-nominated unanimously. Many of Harrison's detractors persisted in pushing for an incapacitated Blaine, though he announced that he was not a candidate in February 1892. Some party leaders still hoped to draft Blaine into running, and speculation increased when he resigned at the 11th hour as Secretary of State in June. At the convention in Minneapolis, Harrison prevailed on the first ballot, but encountered significant opposition.
The Democrats renominated former President Cleveland, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. The tariff revisions of the past four years had made imported goods so expensive that now many voters shifted to the reform position. Many westerners, traditionally Republican voters, defected to the new Populist Party candidate, James Weaver, who promised free silver, generous veterans' pensions, and an eight-hour work day. The effects of the suppression of the Homestead Strike rebounded against the Republicans as well, although the federal government did not take action.
Harrison's wife Caroline began a critical struggle with tuberculosis earlier in 1892, and two weeks before the election, on October 25, she died from the disease. Their daughter Mary Harrison McKee assumed the role of First Lady after her mother's death. Mrs. Harrison's terminal illness and the fact that both candidates had served in the White House called for a low key campaign, and resulted in neither of the candidates actively campaigning personally.
Cleveland ultimately won the election by 277 electoral votes to Harrison's 145, and also won the popular vote by 5,556,918 to 5,176,108; this was the most decisive presidential election in 20 years. It gave Harrison the distinction of being the only president whose predecessor and successor were the same man.
Post-presidency (1893–1901)
After he left office, Harrison visited the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in June 1893. After the Expo, Harrison returned to his home in Indianapolis. Harrison had been elected a companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States in 1882, and was elected as commander (president) of the Ohio Commandery on May 3, 1893. For a few months in 1894, Harrison lived in San Francisco, California, where he gave law lectures at Stanford University. In 1896, some of Harrison's friends in the Republican party tried to convince him to seek the presidency again, but he declined. He traveled around the nation making appearances and speeches in support of William McKinley's candidacy for president.
From July 1895 to March 1901 Harrison served on the Board of Trustees of Purdue University, where Harrison Hall, a dormitory, was named in his honor. He wrote a series of articles about the federal government and the presidency which were republished in 1897 as a book titled This Country of Ours. In 1896, Harrison at age 62 remarried, to Mary Scott Lord Dimmick, the widowed 37-year-old niece and former secretary of his deceased wife. Harrison's two adult children, Russell, 41 years old at the time, and Mary (Mamie) McKee, 38, disapproved of the marriage and did not attend the wedding. Benjamin and Mary had one child together, Elizabeth (February 21, 1897 – December 26, 1955).
In 1898, Harrison served as an attorney for the Republic of Venezuela in their British Guiana boundary dispute with the United Kingdom. An international trial was agreed upon; he filed an 800-page brief and traveled to Paris where he spent more than 25 hours in court on Venezuela's behalf. Although he lost the case, his legal arguments won him international renown. In 1899 Harrison attended the First Peace Conference at The Hague.
Harrison was an active Presbyterian and served as an Elder in the First Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis and on a special committee on creed revision in the national Presbyterian General Assembly. However, he died before he could cast his vote at the meeting.
Death
Harrison developed what was thought to be influenza (then referred to as grippe), which later proved to be pneumonia, in February 1901. He was treated with steam vapor inhalation and oxygen, but his condition worsened. Harrison died from pneumonia at his home in Indianapolis on March 13, 1901, at the age of 67. His last words were reported to be, "Are the doctors here? Doctor, my lungs...". Harrison's remains are interred in Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery, next to the remains of his first wife, Caroline. After her death in 1948, Mary Dimmick Harrison, his second wife, was buried beside him.
Historical reputation and memorials
Historian Charles Calhoun gives Harrison major credit for innovative legislation in antitrust, monetary policy and tariffs. Historians have often given Secretary of State Blaine credit for foreign-policy initiatives. However, Calhoun argues that Harrison was even more responsible for the success of trade negotiations, the buildup of the steel Navy, overseas expansion, and emphasis on the American role in dominating the Western Hemisphere through the Monroe Doctrine. The major weakness which Calhoun sees was that the public and indeed the grassroots Republican Party was not fully prepared for this onslaught of major activity. The Democrats scored a sweeping landslide in 1890 by attacking the flagship legislation, especially the McKinley tariff, because it would raise the cost of living of the average American family. McKinley himself was defeated for reelection.
According to historian R. Hal Williams, Harrison had a "widespread reputation for personal and official integrity". Closely scrutinized by Democrats, Harrison's reputation was largely intact when he left the White House. Having an advantage few 19th-century presidents had, Harrison's own party, the Republicans, controlled Congress, while his administration actively advanced a Republican program of a higher tariff, moderate control of corporations, protecting African American voting rights, a generous Civil War pension, and compromising over the controversial silver issue. Historians have not raised "serious questions about Harrison's own integrity or the integrity of his administration".
Following the Panic of 1893, Harrison became more popular in retirement. Scholars have argued that Harrison's economic policies contributed to the Panic of 1893. His legacy among historians is scant, and "general accounts of his period inaccurately treat Harrison as a cipher". More recently,
historians have recognized the importance of the Harrison administration—and Harrison himself—in the new foreign policy of the late nineteenth century. The administration faced challenges throughout the hemisphere, in the Pacific, and in relations with the European powers, involvements that would be taken for granted in the twenty first century.
Harrison's presidency belongs properly to the 19th century, but he "clearly pointed the way" to the modern presidency that would emerge under William McKinley. The bi-partisan Sherman Anti-Trust Act signed into law by Harrison remains in effect over 120 years later and was the most important legislation passed by the Fifty-first Congress. Harrison's support for African American voting rights and education would be the last significant attempts to protect civil rights until the 1930s. Harrison's tenacity at foreign policy was emulated by politicians such as Theodore Roosevelt.
Harrison was memorialized on several postage stamps. The first was a 13-cent stamp issued on November 18, 1902, with the engraved likeness of Harrison modeled after a photo provided by his widow. In all Harrison has been honored on six U.S. Postage stamps, more than most other U.S. Presidents. Harrison also was featured on the five-dollar National Bank Notes from the third charter period, beginning in 1902. In 2012, a dollar coin with his image, part of the Presidential $1 Coin Program, was issued.
In 1908, the people of Indianapolis erected the Benjamin Harrison memorial statue, created by Charles Niehaus and Henry Bacon, in honor of Harrison's lifetime achievements as military leader, U.S. Senator, and President of the United States. The statue occupies a site on the south edge of University Park, facing the Birch Bayh Federal Building and United States Courthouse across New York Avenue.
In 1951, Harrison's home was opened to the public as a library and museum. It had been used as a dormitory for a music school from 1937 to 1950. The house was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964.
Theodore Roosevelt dedicated Fort Benjamin Harrison in the former president's honor in 1906. It is located in Lawrence, Indiana, a northeastern suburb of Indianapolis. The federal government decommissioned Fort Harrison in 1991 and transferred 1,700 of its 2,500 acres to Indiana's state government in 1995 to establish Fort Harrison State Park. The site has been redeveloped to include residential neighborhoods and a golf course.
In 1931, Franklin Hall at Miami University, Harrison's alma mater, was renamed Harrison Hall. It was replaced by a new building of the same name in 1960 and houses the college's political science department. In 1966, Purdue University opened Harrison Hall, an 8-floor, 400-room residence hall. Harrison served as a Purdue University Trustee for the last six years of his life.
See also
List of presidents of the United States
List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
Notes
References
Sources
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896 (1919) online complete; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize
Further reading
Bourdon, Jeffrey Normand. "Trains, Canes, and Replica Log Cabins: Benjamin Harrison's 1888 Front-Porch Campaign for the Presidency." Indiana Magazine of History 110.3 (2014): 246–269. online
Calhoun, Charles W. "Benjamin Harrison, Centennial President: A Review Essay." Indiana Magazine of History (1988). [ online]
Dewey, Davis R. National Problems: 1880–1897 (1907)
Gallagher, Douglas Steven. "The" smallest mistake": explaining the failures of the Hayes and Harrison presidencies." White House Studies 2.4 (2002): 395–414.
Morgan, H. Wayne, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969)
Primary sources
Debs, Eugene V. "General Benjamin Harrison — Relentless Foe of Labor: A Democratic Campaign Speech in Terre Haute, IN, Oct. 27, 1888," Terre Haute Weekly Gazette, November 1, 1888, section 2, pp. 1, 4.
Harrison, Benjamin. Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, Twenty-third President of the United States (1892), compiled by Charles Hedges.
Volwiler, Albert T., ed. The Correspondence between Benjamin Harrison and James G. Blaine, 1882–1893 (1940)
External links
Official
Benjamin Harrison Presidential Site
White House biography
Media coverage
Other
Benjamin Harrison: Resource Guide, Library of Congress
Benjamin & Caroline Scott Harrison Collection, Miami University Libraries
Benjamin Harrison Collection, 1853–1943 , at the Indiana Historical Society
Essay on Harrison and each member of his cabinet and First Lady, Miller Center of Public Affairs
"Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, August 20, 1999
Recording of an 1889 Harrison speech – Vincent Voice Library, Michigan State University
Collection of Benjamin Harrison's Personal Letters & Manuscripts
Benjamin Harrison Collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library
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Deaths from influenza
Deaths from pneumonia in Indiana
Benjamin
Indiana lawyers
Indiana Republicans
Infectious disease deaths in Indiana
Miami University alumni
Ohio lawyers
People from Hamilton County, Ohio
Politicians from Indianapolis
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Presidents of the United States
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Candidates in the 1892 United States presidential election
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19th-century American politicians
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20th-century Presbyterians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20Kilkenny%20Senior%20Hurling%20Championship
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1958 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
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The 1958 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship was the 64th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board.
On 2 November 1958, Tullaroan won the championship after a 1-12 to 3-02 defeat of Bennettsbridge in the final. It was their 19th championship title overall and their first title in ten championship seasons.
Results
Final
References
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaranga%20huahineensis
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Macaranga huahineensis
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Macaranga huahineensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to French Polynesia.
References
Flora of French Polynesia
huahineensis
Vulnerable plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korshikoviella
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Korshikoviella
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Korshikoviella is a genus of green algae in the family Characiaceae.
References
External links
Sphaeropleales genera
Sphaeropleales
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57307751
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elonus%20simplex
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Elonus simplex
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Elonus simplex is a species of ant-like leaf beetle in the family Aderidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
References
Further reading
Aderidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20soldier
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Christian soldier
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The phrase Christian soldier may refer to:
Miles Christianus, a Christian allegory based on New Testament military metaphors.
Christians in the military
Military order (society), one of a variety of Christian societies of knights.
Church militant and church triumphant
See also
Miles Christi (disambiguation)
Holy war#Christianity
New Testament military metaphors
Onward, Christian Soldiers
Soldiers of Christ, Arise
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie%20Park%20%28East%20Chicago%29
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Prairie Park (East Chicago)
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Prairie Park is a neighborhood in the Indiana Harbor section of East Chicago, Indiana. It is bounded on the north by U.S. 12 (Columbus Avenue), and on the south by Indiana 312 (Chicago Avenue). To the west, it looks across Elm Street at the Washington Park neighborhood, and to the east it is bounded by the Cline Avenue expressway and industrial northern Gary beyond.
As of the 2010 United States Census, Prairie Park had 812 residents, of whom 46.2% were African American and 48% were Hispanic. The population was down from 946 in 2000. There are approximately 300 homes in the neighborhood.
Prairie Park is known as one of East Chicago's more diverse and affluent neighborhoods. It is home to the Block Middle School, Washington Elementary School, and the main building of the East Chicago Public Library.
History
Prairie Park is one of East Chicago's newest neighborhoods, having been built between the 1960s and 1990s. Like Sunnyside to its north, Prairie Park has suburban-style curved streets, in contrast to the conventional street grid found elsewhere in East Chicago and neighboring cities.
Beginning in the 1960s, the neighborhood was built in three stages on land previously owned by Inland Steel. The development, originally planned to include 600 homes, was managed by the Purdue-Calumet Development Foundation.
The neighborhood was originally intended to house the city's elites. To that end, restrictive covenants prohibited building any homes worth less than $14,000.
References
East Chicago, Indiana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Doyle%20%28hurler%29
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Eddie Doyle (hurler)
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Edmond Doyle (1 February 1897 – 9 May 1948) was an Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Mooncoin and with the Kilkenny senior inter-county team in the 1930s.
Playing career
Club
Doyle played his club hurling with the famous Mooncoin club and enjoyed much success. He helped Mooncoin to a three-in-a-row of senior county titles in 1916, 1917 and 1918. In the absence of a senior championship Doyle still continued his winning ways ne capturing junior county medals in 1920 and 1922. He captured further senior county titles in 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1932. Doyle was captain of the team in the latter year. Although he had retired in 1935 Doyle returned the following year and played a significant role in Mooncoin’s county final victory. It was his seventh senior county triumph overall.
Inter-county
Doyle first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Kilkenny senior inter-county team in the late 1920s. It would be 1931, however, before he first tasted success. That year he won his first Leinster title as Kilkenny won their first provincial title for the first time in five years. Kilkenny later played Cork in one of the most famous All-Ireland finals of all-time. The first game ended in a draw while the replay of this game also ended with both teams all square. After a third game between these two great rivals Cork won on a score line of 5-8 to 3-4. Doyle captured a second Leinster title in 1932 as Kilkenny retained their provincial crown. He later lined out in his second championship decider as Kilkenny faced Clare. A score line of 3-3 to 2-3 gave Kilkenny the victory and gave Doyle his first All-Ireland medal. In 1933 Doyle was captain of the Kilkenny team and he added a third consecutive Leinster medal to his collection. He later lined out in a third successive All-Ireland final. Limerick provided the opposition on that occasion, however, a 1-7 to 0-6 victory gave Kilkenny the championship title and gave Doyle a second All-Ireland medal. Doyle retired from inter-county hurling shortly after this victory.
Personal life
Doyle married Mary Jo Flynn from Kilmacow at St. Patrick's Church in Kilkenny on 16 August 1932 and later lived in Mooncoin where he worked as a farmer. The couple had nine children.
Death
On 9 May 1948, Doyle died aged 51 as a result of stomach cancer at Kilkenny County Hospital. His passing was widely mourned in sporting and political circles in Kilkenny. His funeral cortege was described in the Kilkenny People as being "one of the largest ever seen in Kilkenny", with former teammates including Lory Meagher, Podge Byrne, Dick Grace and Jimmy Walsh providing a guard of honour
External links
Information about Doyle on the Mooncoin GAA website
1897 births
1948 deaths
Mooncoin hurlers
Kilkenny inter-county hurlers
Leinster inter-provincial hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners
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11154395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbery%20GAA
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Carbery GAA
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Carbery GAA is a Gaelic football and Hurling division in the south-west area of County Cork, Ireland. The division is one of eight divisions of the Cork County Board and a division is responsible for organising competitions for the clubs within the division from Under 12 up to adult level The winners of these competitions compete against other divisional champions to determine which club is the county champion. In addition, the division selects football and hurling teams from the adult teams playing at junior level or county intermediate level, and these then compete for the Cork GAA Senior Football Championship and Cork Senior Hurling Championship.
The Carbery division consists of 26 clubs from Bandon in the east to Bantry Blues in the west.
List of clubs
Argideen Rangers
Ballinascarthy
Bandon
Bantry Blues
Barryroe
Carbery Rangers
Castlehaven
Clann na nGael
Clonakilty
Diarmuid Ó Mathúnas
Dohenys
Gabriel Rangers
Goleen
Ilen Rovers
Kilbrittain
Kilmacabea
Kilmeen and Kilbree
Muintir Bháire
Newcestown
O'Donovan Rossa
Randal Óg
St Colum's
St James
St Mary's
St Oliver Plunketts
Tadhg MacCarthaigh
Honours
Recent:
Cork Senior Football Championship Winners (4): 1937, 1968, 1971, 2004 Runners-Up: 1931, 1964, 1973, 1974, 2000
Cork Senior Hurling Championship Winners (1): 1994 Runners-Up 1993
Football
Gaelic football is the stronger of the two sports played by clubs in this division. All 26 clubs play football at adult level.
Junior A Football Championship
Junior B Football Championship
Junior C Football Championship
Junior D Football Championship
Minor A Football Championship
Minor B Football Championship
Minor C Football Championship
Under-21 A Football Championship
Under-21 B Football Championship
Under-21 C Football Championship
Hurling
South West Junior A Hurling Championship
South West Junior B Hurling Championship
South West Junior C Hurling Championship
Minor A Hurling Championship
Minor B Hurling Championship
Under-21 A Hurling Championship
Under-21 B Hurling Championship
Under-21 C Hurling Championship
Several teams don't play hurling at adult level. Some of these have started playing underage hurling, namely Carbery Rangers, Ilen Rovers, Kilmacabea, Goleen Those who don't play hurling at any level are Muintir Bháire, Tadhg MacCarthaigh, Castlehaven and Clann na nGael.
References
Divisional boards of Cork GAA
Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Cork
Gaelic football clubs in County Cork
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31375376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%85tkowski
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Piątkowski
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Piątkowski (; feminine: Piątkowska, plural: Piątkowscy) is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Aleksandra Piątkowska, Polish diplomat
Andrzej Piątkowski (1934–2010), Polish sabreur
Dominika Piątkowska (born 1986), Polish figure skater
Edmund Piątkowski (born 1936), Polish track and field athlete
Eric Piatkowski (born 1970), American basketball player
Ewa Piątkowska, Polish boxer
Ewa Piątkowska (volleyball), Polish volleyball player
Kamil Piątkowski, Polish footballer
Maria Piątkowska (born 1931), Polish sprinter, hurdler, and long jumper
Mateusz Piątkowski (born 1984), Polish footballer
Walt Piatkowski (born 1945), American basketball player
See also
Starkowiec Piątkowski, a village in Greater Poland
Załazek Piątkowski, a village in Subcarpathian Voivodeship in Poland
Polish-language surnames
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2646362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy%20Scott
|
D'Arcy Scott
|
D'Arcy Scott (8 March 1872 – 1 October 1926), the son of Sir Richard William Scott, was mayor of Ottawa from 1907 to 1908.
Scott was a prominent Ottawa lawyer. He played an important role in the construction of Union Station, now the Government Conference Centre in Ottawa. In 1908 he was appointed chief assistant commissioner of the Board of Railway Commissioners, the predecessor of the Canadian Transportation Agency.
In his youth Scott was an active member of the Ottawa Canoe Club and a competitive paddler; in 1893 and 1897 he won the American Canoe Association paddling championship and in 1894 and 1895 he placed second.
References
Mayors of Ottawa
Lawyers in Ontario
1872 births
1926 deaths
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63317388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Balochistan
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Culture of Balochistan
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The culture of Balochistan () or simply Baloch culture is defined in terms of religious values, Balochi and Brahui language, literature and traditional values of mutual respect. It has its roots in the Urdu, Balochi, Brahui and Pashto. Folk music, handicraft, drama and Balochi cinema plays a significant role in Baloch culture. Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Pirak, Chaukhandi tombs and Quaid-e-Azam Residency.
Balochistan celebrates its culture day every year where people from different villages gather together to organise several types of cultural programs. It marks its historical significances across the provincial state. It includes folk music, dance, craft exhibition and other activities.
Beliefs
Likewise other people around the world, Balochistann people are also known for believing in supernatural powers such as wind, and sea. They believe that crossing the boundaries of supernatural power "nazzar" (evil eye) and "jinn" (demons, spirits), can affect or curse a human life.
Background
One of the most important parts of the cultural identity of Baloch people is the Pashtu and Saraiki languages, "99th most spoken language in the world". This language is spoken only by native people as it is one of the toughest languages. Besides language, Baloch dressing has been greatly influenced by the entire country. Their nomadic life style is completely different than other provincial states of the country.
Despite celebrating several colourful festivals peacefully and traditionally, there is also an unlawful tradition or settlement practice called Baad. Baad (dispute resolution) is an "unlawful marriage custom" found in its Harnai district that is used to make settlements between the two enemies. To be more specific, a girl is given in a compensation to a victim whose brother or any family member has been killed/murdered by the girl's very close relatives such as brother or father. All the decisions related to this custom are made by a single individual called jirga, who heads the tribal court. The young woman is then given to deceased's family "without her consent".
Food
Baloch cuisine is noted for its traditional and unique food culture. Dalag is among prominent foods which is regarded by the Baloch people as a core element of their culture and identity. "Sajji" is another dish that has now become familiar in other parts of the country.
Festivals
Balochistan is the only state in Pakistan where "Jashn-e-Kalat" festival is being celebrated. This festival involves in circus performances, rifle shooting and other cultural programs and shows. It was named after an emperor who ruled this region. The festival is celebrated to honour the diversified culture of Balochistan state.
References
Culture of Balochistan, Pakistan
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30859326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20N.%20Okeke-Ojiudu
|
P. N. Okeke-Ojiudu
|
Chief Patrick Nwokoye Okeke-Ojiudu (1914-1995), also referred to as P.N. or P.N. Okeke, was a Nigerian politician, businessman, teacher, philanthropist and the patriarch of the Okeke-Ojiudu family. He was Minister of Agriculture from 1959-1966, a period known as the Nigerian First Republic.
Early life
Born into a far from wealthy family from Alor, Anambra, Okeke-Ojiudu had to work hard in order to pay for his education at all levels. In 1938 he went to St. Charles Teachers Training College Onitsha, Anambra State where he studied from 1938-41. Due to his outstanding distinctions, he was posted direct as Headmaster. He was sent to St. Anthony's school Umudioka. There he served under father Michael Iwene Tansi (beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1998), and even at the time struck him as a Saint. Also at St. Anthony's, he was privileged to teach Francis Arinze (now Cardinal) who entered school at the age of ten. The two would go on to become good friends.
In 1947, P.N. passed the Senior Teachers Certificate Examination and was posted to St. Charles T.T.C. as a tutor. He soon left his job as a tutor at St. Charles College to take up trading.
Political career
After success trading in textiles and building materials, Okeke-Ojiudu ventured into politics in 1950 winning the Local Government election in his home town, and in 1951 became a member of the Onitsha Northern District Council where he was elected Chairman of the Staff and Education Committee. He would later serve as the Vice-Chairman of Onitsha Urban District Council.
In 1953 he was elected into the Eastern House of Assembly under the NCNC banner and in 1957 he was again elected member of the House with a massive vote of 67,000 second only to NCNC leader Nnamdi Azikiwe who polled 77,000 votes. While in office, Okeke-Ojiudu politically fought alongside Nigerian legend and founder of Africa's freedom movement, President Nnamdi Azikiwe as a parliamentarian.
In 1959 he became the first Minister of Agriculture (Eastern), in the first republic of Nigeria, a position which he held till 1966. Okeke-Ojiudu was the first Minister to join the then Premier Michael Okpara in his cabinet.
As minister he turned his attention to establishing Farm settlements throughout the region, which in turn led to an increase in food production. Next he turned to the problems of the African Continental Bank, the establishment of the Universal Insurance Company, re-organisation of the Eastern Nigeria Development Corporation (E.N.D.C.), and Nigerian Construction And Furniture Company (N.C.F.C.). Even NIGERCEM Nkalagu now a major revenue earner for Eastern states was to some extent under his supervision. He also assisted the regional government in securing a loan for the starting and running of the University of Nigeria Nsukka.
Business
In the wake of the military takeover of January 1966, he retired into private life and gave full rein to his private enterprise. He is the founder of Peenok Investments, a real estate and investment company based in Nigeria.
Since then the Okeke-Ojiudu family has spawned a series of companies such as the Zodiac Hotels Group headed by son Chief E.A. Okeke-Ojiudu and P.M.C. (Peenok Medical Center) by son Ambassador Dr F.C. Okeke-Ojiudu (Nigeria's first Ambassador to the Vatican City), to name a few. The family also owns major property interests across West Africa and overseas.
Honors
For his outstanding services and achievements, the Pope in 1975 bestowed the Knighthood of the Order of St. Sylvester (KSS) on him. He was also a Knight of St. Mulumba (KSM) of which he was one of the founding members.
Personal life
P. N. Okeke was married to Grace Nwuduezue Adimorah. The couple had a daughter, Pamela, and five sons: Francis, Anthony, Chijioke, Ikenna and Chike.
He died at his home in Enugu, in 1995.
References
External links
Chief P.N. Okeke-Ojiudu: The Patriarch
The Chief P.N. Okeke-Ojiudu Memorial
What the people say about Father Tansi
Nigerian Real Estate Entrepreneurs - Patrick N. Okeke-Ojiudu
Igbo politicians
1914 births
1995 deaths
Igbo businesspeople
Igbo educators
Igbo philanthropists
Nigerian real estate businesspeople
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons politicians
Federal ministers of Nigeria
20th-century Nigerian businesspeople
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39274287
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%20Barik%2C%20Kerman
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Ab Barik, Kerman
|
Ab Barik (, also Romanized as Āb Bārīk; also known as Jū Bārīk) is a village in Deh Kahan Rural District, Aseminun District, Manujan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 238, in 57 families.
References
Populated places in Manujan County
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26829301
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncorked%20%28album%29
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Uncorked (album)
|
Uncorked is the third live album by singer-songwriter Al Stewart, and features guitarist and harmony vocalist Dave Nachmanoff. It was released on 29 September 2009 and was produced by Dave Nachmanoff and released independently on Stewart's label, Wallaby Trails Recordings.
Track listing
"Last Days of the Century / Constantinople / Last Days" – 7:23
"Coldest Winter" – 5:56
"Warren Harding" – 3:10
"News From Spain" – 5:59
"Bedsitter Images" – 4:14
"Midas Shadow" – 3:53
"Running Man" – 4:37
"Palace of Versailles" – 4:29
"Auctioning Dave (Story)" – 1:11
"Princess Olivia" – 2:58
"Life In Dark Water" – 5:03
"Carol" – 4:59
"Old Admirals" / [hidden story] – 8:21
Personnel
Al Stewart – guitar, vocals
Dave Nachmanoff – guitars, vocals
Michael Nachmanoff – bass guitar on "Carol"
References
Al Stewart albums
2009 live albums
Live folk albums
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