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48636216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%20Baber	Barrett Baber	Barrett Hankins Baber (born May 18, 1980) is an American country musician, where he plays alternative country and country rock music, and who was a contestant on NBC's The Voice, where he auditioned and got a four chair turn during season nine, and he chose to be a member of team Blake Shelton. His songs have charted on the Billboard magazine charts, during his performances on the show. He finished the competition in third place behind winner Jordan Smith and runner-up Emily Ann Roberts. Early and personal life Baber was born, Barrett Hankins Baber, on May 18, 1980, in Arkansas, who considers Marion, Arkansas, his hometown. He is a survivor of American Airlines Flight 1420, which crashed upon landing at Little Rock National Airport on June 1, 1999. Music career Early music career His music career started in 2004, with his release, Fratbar Superstar, that was released on December 14, 2004. He release the subsequent album, Colt Square Sessions, on April 13, 2012. The third album, Battlefield Us, was released on September 14, 2013. His first extended play, Falling Again, was released on May 8, 2015. 2015: The Voice He appeared on season nine of NBC's The Voice, in the fall of 2015, with this appearance he got a four chair turn during the auditions, when he chose to be part of Blake Shelton's team on the show. His renditions of "Angel Eyes", "I Drive Your Truck", "Right Here Waiting", "Delta Dawn", and "I'd Love to Lay You Down", all have charted on the Billboard magazine Country Digital Songs charts, where they peaked at Nos. 41, 27, 9, 20, and 1, correspondingly. The songs, "Right Here Waiting", "Delta Dawn", and "I'd Love to Lay You Down", charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, at Nos. 36, 47, and 16, respectively. The song, "I'd Love to Lay You Down", charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 92, while it also peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart. – Studio version of performance reached the top 10 on iTunes 2016: New music On February 13, 2016, Baber released a new single, "Kiss Me Hello," co-written with Kenny Lamb. Baber released his newest album "A Room Full of Fighters" on November 4, 2016. Within the first day of the album's release, it topped the ITunes Charts at top 20. Discography Albums Singles References External links Official website The Voice artist profile 1980 births Living people American country rock singers American country singer-songwriters American male singer-songwriters Republic Records artists Singer-songwriters from Arkansas People from Marion, Arkansas The Voice (franchise) contestants 21st-century American singers Country musicians from Arkansas 21st-century American male singers
16095398	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Weslow	William Weslow	William Weslow was an American dancer who split his career between ballet and musical theatre. Dance career Weslow studied ballet with the noted teacher Mary Ann Wells, whose other students included Marc Platt and Tommy Rall. He spent most of his career with the New York City Ballet, where he was promoted to soloist by 1960. In addition to featured roles in George Balanchine's Night Shadows (or La Somnambula), Theme and Variations, The Prodigal Son, Western Symphony, and The Four Temperaments, Weslow also danced in ballets by Frederick Ashton, Todd Bolender, Willam Christensen, and Lew Christensen. At American Ballet Theatre, he was featured in Katherine Litz's The Enchanted. Some of his performances were filmed and have been archived at the New York Public Library. On Broadway, Weslow was featured in Annie Get Your Gun and appeared in the original casts of four other musicals, including Call Me Madam, Wonderful Town, and Plain and Fancy. He also performed at Radio City Music Hall. Weslow's television credits include being a regular on Your Hit Parade, as well as guest appearances on Omnibus and various specials. Later life By the late 1960s, Weslow had already gained a reputation as a skilled masseur, working with dancers like his friend Edward Villella. After retiring from dance, Weslow became a successful massage therapist. Personal life Weslow was involved at various times with photographer George Platt Lynes and choreographer Jerome Robbins. References Further reading "Weslow, William." In Barbara Naomi Cohen-Stratyner, Biographical Dictionary of Dance. New York: Collier Macmillan, 1982. External links American male ballet dancers American male musical theatre actors 1925 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American ballet dancers
47893814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compsolechia%20drachmaea	Compsolechia drachmaea	Compsolechia drachmaea is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1922. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. The wingspan is 17–18 mm. The forewings are rather dark violet grey, slightly whitish speckled with the dorsal area suffused blackish from near the base to near the tornus and with a fine rather irregular hardly curved whitish line from beyond three-fourths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus, a minute whitish dash beyond this in the middle. The apical area is dark brown, with a round black spot resting on the costa near the apex, adjoining this beneath is a large white dot, a blackish pre-terminal dot beneath the apex with small adjacent white dots above and beneath and two other white dots beneath it, but these four white dots sometimes obsolete. The hindwings are dark fuscous. References Moths described in 1922 Compsolechia Moths of South America Fauna of the Amazon
64805334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Kissinger%20and%20the%20Vietnam%20war	Henry Kissinger and the Vietnam war	Henry Kissinger, a noted American diplomat played an important and controversial role in the Vietnam War. Early involvement, 1965–1968 Kissinger's involvement in Indochina started prior to his appointment as National Security Adviser to Nixon. While still at Harvard, he had worked as a consultant on foreign policy to both the White House and State Department. Kissinger says that "In August 1965 ... [Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.], an old friend serving as Ambassador to Saigon, had asked me to visit Vietnam as his consultant. I toured Vietnam first for two weeks in October and November 1965, again for about ten days in July 1966, and a third time for a few days in October 1966 ... Lodge gave me a free hand to look into any subject of my choice". He became convinced of the meaninglessness of military victories in Vietnam, "... unless they brought about a political reality that could survive our ultimate withdrawal". Lodge allowed Kissinger to go anywhere he wanted, and to meet the ruling duumvirate of Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu. In a gaffe, Kissinger spoke frankly to an American reporter, Jack Foisie, who had arrived late to the press conference and was not aware that the press conference was "off-the-record". Kissinger called both Air Marshal Kỳ and General Thiệu immature men of low intelligence, remarks that Foise published and which drew the ire of President Lyndon B. Johnson. In November 1965, when asked to comment by Time after the number of Americans killed in Vietnam passed 1, 000, Kissinger praised Johnson for having to make "difficult and lonely decisions". Kissinger compared Johnson to the sheriff played by Gary Cooper in the 1952 film High Noon, depicting Johnson as a heroic figure making necessary, but unpopular decisions. In a 1967 peace initiative, he would mediate between Washington and Hanoi. In June 1967 at an academic conference in Paris, Kissinger met a French biologist, Herbert Marcovitch, who mentioned that one of his friends was Raymond Aubrac, a Communist hero of the French resistance, who in turn was one of the few Westerners who were friends with Ho Chi Minh. When Ho went to Paris in 1946 in an attempt to negotiate Vietnamese independence from France, he had lived in Aubrac's house for several months and still had warm memories of him and his family. Ho had something of an aversion to Westerners and tried to avoid meeting them as much as possible, and Aubrac was unique in being allowed to correspond with Ho. Wanting to play a role in diplomacy, instead of just writing about it, Kissinger contacted the State Department with a plan for Marovitch and Aubrac to go to Hanoi with a peace offer. The Secretary of State, Dean Rusk, was opposed to Kissinger's plan, saying "Eight months pregnant with peace and all of them hoping to win the Nobel Peace Prize". However, W. Averell Harriman of the "peace shop" was interested and got President Johnson to approve the approach, which was code-named Operation Pennsylvania. In July 1967, Aubrac and Marcovitch went to Hanoi to see Ho, who told him that he was willing to open peace talks with the United States, provided that the Americans "unconditionally" stopped bombing North Vietnam. Before Ho had insisted that the United States had to "unconditionally and finally" stop the bombing, and this slight chance in phrasing was seen as a hopeful sign. Harriman sent his deputy, Chester Cooper, to join Kissinger in the unofficial peace talks in Paris, which seemed promising. However, Aubrac stated that Ho had wanted the United States to cease bombing North Vietnam for a short period of time as a sign of good faith, but the National Security Adviser, W.W. Rostow, persuaded Johnson to increase the bombing of North Vietnam at the same time. On 22 August 1967 Aubrac and Marcovitch were refused visas to visit North Vietnam as the inability of Kissinger to achieve the promised bombing pause had disillusioned Ho. In August 1968, Kissinger wrote to Harriman, who was leading the American delegation at the Paris peace talks: "My dear Averell...I am through with Republican politics. The party is hopeless and unfit to govern". On 17 September 1968, Kissinger arrived in Paris and served as an unofficial consultant to the American delegation. At the time, Kissinger spoke of his disgust with the Republican candidate, Richard Nixon, saying: "Three days of the week I think I'll vote for Hubert. The other days I think I won't vote at all". But at the same time, Kissinger was in contact with the Nixon campaign and began to share information about the progress of the peace talks. Kissinger began to call Richard Allen, Nixon's foreign policy adviser, from a public telephone booth, offering information in exchange for which he wanted a senior position if Nixon won the election. On 12 October 1968, Kissinger told Allen that Harriman had "broken open the champagne" because he persuaded Johnson to order a bombing halt of North Vietnam. Allen called John Mitchell, Nixon's campaign manager, who agreed that this was most important information. As a reward, Mitchell told Allen that Kissinger would receive a senior post he craved, with Allen saying the office of National Security Adviser would suit Kissinger the best. At the same time, Kissinger in contact with the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, lobbying for a senior post if Humphrey won the election. Kissinger had served as the foreign policy adviser to the Republican governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller, during his failed bids to win the Republican nomination in the elections of 1960, 1964 and 1968. He had a low opinion of Nixon during this time, speaking of his "shallowness" and of his "dangerous misunderstanding" of foreign policy. Many were surprised when Kissinger accepted Nixon's offer to serve as his National Security Adviser. Nixon said of Kissinger: "I don't trust Henry, but I can use him". Arrival in Washington, 1969 Nixon had been elected in 1968 on the promise of achieving "peace with honor" and ending the Vietnam War. By promising to continue the peace talks which Johnson began in May 1968 in Paris, Nixon admitted that he had ruled out "a military victory" in Vietnam. Nixon wanted a diplomatic settlement similar to the armistice of Panmunjom that ended the Korean War and frequently stated in private he had no intention of being "the first president of the United States to lose a war". To force the North Vietnamese to sign an armistice, Nixon favored a two-pronged approach of the "madman theory" of seeking to act rashly to intimidate the North Vietnamese while at the same time trying using the strategy of "linkage" to improve relations with the Soviet Union and China in order to persuade both these nations to stop sending arms to North Vietnam. In office, Nixon implemented a policy of Vietnamization that aimed to gradually withdraw U.S. troops while expanding the combat role of the South Vietnamese Army so that it would be capable of independently defending its government against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, a Communist guerrilla organization, and the North Vietnamese army (Vietnam People's Army or PAVN). Kissinger was opposed to Vietnamization. In an article published in Foreign Affairs in January 1969, Kissinger criticized General William Westmoreland's attrition strategy because the Vietnamese Communists were willing to accept far higher losses on the battlefield than the United States and could, therefore "win" as long as they did not "lose" by merely keeping the war going. In the same article, he argued that losses endured by the Vietnamese Communists in the Tet Offensive were meaningless as the Tet Offensive had turned American public opinion against the war, ruling out the possibility of a military solution, and the best that could be done now was to negotiate the most favorable peace settlement at the Paris peace talks. Kissinger, when he came into office in 1969 favored a negotiating strategy under which the United States and North Vietnam would sign an armistice and agreed to pull their troops out of South Vietnam while the South Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were to agree to a coalition government. Kissinger had doubts about Nixon's theory of "linkage", believing that this would give the Soviet Union leverage over the United States and unlike Nixon was less concerned about the ultimate fate of South Vietnam. One of Kissinger's first acts as National Security Adviser in early 1969 was to seek opinions of the Vietnam experts within the CIA, the military and the State Department. The lengthy volume that emerged contained a diverse collection of opinions with some stating the South Vietnamese were making "rapid strides" while others doubted that the government in Saigon would "ever constitute an effective political or military counter to the Vietcong". The "bulls" estimated that American troops would need to fight on in Vietnam for 8.3 years before the South Vietnamese would be able to fight on their own while the "bears" estimated it take 13.4 years of American troops fighting in Vietnam before the South Vietnamese would be able to fight on their own. Kissinger passed the volume on to Nixon with the comment that there was no consensus within the expert community with the implied conclusion that he should be free to act on his own without consulting the experts. On 17 February 1969, Nixon then told the Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin that all matters of substance were to be go through Kissinger rather than the Secretary of State William Rogers. Shortly afterwards, Kissinger met with Dobrynin to tell him that Nixon would not accept any settlement that looked like a defeat nor he want any change in the regime in Saigon, through "evolution" of the Saigon regime was acceptable. Dobrynin, who served in Washington for many years had a favorable impression of Kissinger, who was not dogmatic and rigid like his predecessor W.W. Rostow nor dull and unimaginative like Dean Rusk. Kissinger then set up about undermining Henry Cabot Lodge Jr, the head of the American peace delegation in Paris, as he asked Dobrynin to set up a secret meeting in Paris between him and Le Duc Tho, the most important member of the North Vietnamese delegation in Paris. On 22 February 1969, the Viet Cong launched an offensive in South Vietnam, which Kissinger called "an act of extraordinary cynicism". Nixon, on a trip to Europe, took the offensive as a personal insult and wanted to bomb Cambodia in retaliation. Kissinger persuaded Nixon to wait until his European trip was over. Adding pressure was the claim by General Creighton Abrams, the commander of the American forces in South Vietnam, that his officers had finally found the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), the headquarters that supposedly controlled the Viet Cong just over the border in Cambodia. The Americans had searched for years to find the COSVN. At a meeting in Washington attended by Kissinger, two colonels sent by Abrams showed the supposed location of the COSVN in an area of Cambodia the Americans called the Fishhook and requested a bombing strike by B-52 bombers to wipe it out. In early 1969, Kissinger was opposed to the plans for Operation Menu, the bombing of Cambodia, fearing that Nixon was acting rashly with no plans for the diplomatic fall-out, but on 16 March 1969 Nixon at a meeting at the White House attended by Kissinger announced the bombing would start the next day. As Congress was unlikely to grant approval to bomb Cambodia, Nixon decided to go ahead without Congressional approval and kept the bombings secret, a decision that several constitutional law experts later argued was illegal. On 17 March 1969, B-52 bombers started to bomb the supposed location of the COSVN in an operation code-named Breakfast; Kissinger stated later that he found the name Operation Breakfast be in bad taste. Through Kissinger had initially opposed Operation Menu, he started to champion the bombing as Nixon's chief of staff, H.R Haldeman wrote in his diary he "came beaming in with the reports [of the bombings], very productive". As part of the "linkage" concept, Kissinger in March 1969 sent Cyrus Vance to Moscow with the message that if the Soviet Union pressured North Vietnam into a diplomatic settlement favorable to the United States, the reward would be concessions on the talks on limiting the nuclear arms race. At the same time, Kissinger met with Dobrynin to warn him that Nixon was a dangerous man who wanted to escalate the Vietnam war. In April 1969, North Korea shot down a U.S. Navy plane on a spy mission, killing 31 airmen. Kissinger wanted to bomb a North Korean air base in retaliation, being opposed by the Defense Secretary Melvin Laird, the Secretary of State William Rogers and General Earle Wheeler, the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, who all warned that to bomb North Korea might start a second war in Asia. Kissinger argued that bombing North Korea would help end the Vietnam war, saying: "Hanoi might say, 'This guy [Nixon] is becoming irrational'-and we'd better settle with him". Unable to gain support at the National Security Council, Kissinger appealed to Nixon's Domestic Affair Adviser, John Ehrlichman, saying that through striking North Korea might cause a second Korean war that it might also help with the Vietnam war. When Ehrlichman asked Kissinger how far things might escalate if the U.S bombed North Korea, he was told: "Well, it could go nuclear". Ehrlichman came away convinced that Kissinger with his thick German accent, academic titles, advocacy of a ruthless foreign policy and a role as a senior presidential adviser seemed too much like the eponymous character of the 1964 black comedy Dr. Strangelove and advised Nixon not to strike North Korea, advice that was accepted. Starting in April 1969, Kissinger pressed for a plan code-named Operation Duck Hook that see the United States return to bombing North Vietnam and possibly use nuclear weapons. Nixon and Kissinger played a "good cop-bad cop" routine with Dobrynin with Nixon acting the part of the petulant president at the end of his patience with North Vietnam while Kissinger acted as the reasonable diplomat anxious to improve relations with the Soviet Union, saying to Dobrynin in May 1969 that Nixon would "escalate the war" if the Soviet Union "didn't produce a settlement" in Vietnam. At another meeting in 1969, Kissinger warned Dobrynin that "the train has just left the station and is now headed down the track", saying the Soviet Union better start pressuring North Vietnam now before Nixon did something truly reckless and dangerous. The attempt at "linkage" failed as the Soviet Union did not pressure North Vietnam and instead Dobrynin told Kissinger that the Soviets wanted better relations with the United States regardless of the Vietnam war. After the failure of the "linkage" attempt, Nixon became more open to the alternative strategy suggested by the Defense Secretary Melvin Laird who argued that the burden of the war should be shifted to the South Vietnamese, which was initially called "de-Americanization" and which Laird renamed Vietnamization because it sounded better. In May 1969, the Operation Menu bombing of Cambodia was leaked to the journalist William M. Beecher of the New York Times who published an article about it, which infuriated Kissinger. At the time, Kissinger told the FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, "we will destroy whoever did this". As a result, the phones of 13 members of Kissinger's staff were taped by the FBI without a warrant to find the leaker. Nixon considered Kissinger to be "obsessive and paranoid" and was annoyed with his endless in-fighting with Laird and Rogers. Kissinger accused Laird of leaking Operation Menu, saying in a phone call: "You son of bitch, I know you leaked that story and you're going to have to explain it to the president". At the time, Kissinger portrayed himself to his friends at Harvard as a moderating force who was working to remove the United States from Vietnam, saying he did not want to end up like his predecessor W.W. Rostow, whose actions as National Security Adviser had caused him to be ostracized by the liberal American intelligentsia. In June 1969, the former Defense Secretary Clark Clifford published an article in Foreign Affairs calling for the withdraw of 100, 000 U.S. troops from Vietnam by the end of 1969 and all by the end of 1970. Influenced by Laird, Nixon announced the immediate withdraw of 25,000 U.S. troops from Vietnam, saying: "I would hope that we could beat Mr. Clifford's timetable, just as I think we're done a little better than he did when he was in charge of our national defense". Kissinger was opposed to the withdraw, which he predicted would mean the immediate collapse of South Vietnam. On 4 August 1969, Kissinger met secretly with Xuân Thủy at the Paris apartment of Jean Sainteny to discuss peace. Sainteny was a former French colonial official sympathetic to Vietnamese nationalism who had offered to serve as an honest broker. Kissinger had been hoping to see Tho rather Thuy. Kissinger repeated the American offer of "mutual withdrawal" of U.S and North Vietnamese forces from South Vietnam which Thủy rejected while Thủy demanded a new government in Saigon which Kissinger rejected. Kissinger had a low opinion of North Vietnam, saying "I can't believe that a fourth-rate power like North Vietnam doesn't have a breaking point". Kissinger was opposed to the strategy of Vietnamization, expressing some doubt about the ability of the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam-i.e. the South Vietnamese Army) to hold the field, causing much tension with Defense Secretary Laird who was deeply committed to Vietnamization. In September 1969, Kissinger in a memo advised Nixon against "de-escalation", saying that keeping U.S troops fighting in Vietnam "remains one of our few bargaining weapons". In the same memo, Kissinger stated he was "deeply disturbed" that Nixon had started pulling out U.S. troops, saying that withdrawing the troops was like "salted peanuts" to the American people, "the more U.S troops come home, the more will be demanded", giving the advantage to the enemy who merely had to "wait us out". Instead, he recommenced that the United States resume bombing North Vietnam and mine the coast. Later in September 1969, Kissinger proposed a plan for what he called a "savage, punishing" blow against North Vietnam code-named Duck Hook to Nixon, arguing that this was the best way to force North Vietnam to agree to peace on American terms. Laird was strongly opposed to Duck Hook, warning Nixon that the use of nuclear weapons to kill a massive number of North Vietnamese civilians would alienate American public opinion from the administration and persuaded Nixon to reject it. Reflecting his background as a Harvard professor of political science who belonged to the Primat der Aussenpolitik school which saw foreign policy as belonging only to a small elite, Kissinger was less sensitive to public opinion than Laird, a former Republican congressman who constantly advised Nixon to keep American public opinion in mind. Laird used the National Moratorium protests of 15 November 1969 to persuade Nixon to cancel Duck Hook, arguing that if the war as it was had caused the largest demonstrations ever in American history, then Kissinger's plans for Duck Hook would alienate the public even more. The Cambodian controversy, 1969–1970 Kissinger played a key role in bombing Cambodia to disrupt PAVN and Viet Cong units launching raids into South Vietnam from within Cambodia's borders and resupplying their forces by using the Ho Chi Minh trail and other routes, as well as the 1970 Cambodian Incursion and subsequent widespread bombing of Khmer Rouge targets in Cambodia. The Paris peace talks had become stalemated by late 1969 owing to the obstructionism of the South Vietnamese delegation who wanted the talks to fail. The South Vietnamese President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu did not want the United States to withdraw from Vietnam, and out of frustration with him, Kissinger decided to begin secret peace talks in Paris parallel to the official talks that the South Vietnamese were unaware of. On 21 February 1970, in a modest house in a Paris suburb, Kissinger secretly met Lê Đức Thọ, the North Vietnamese diplomat who was to become his most tenacious adversary. In 1981, Kissinger told the journalist Stanley Karnow: "I don't look back on our meetings with any great joy, yet he was a person of substance and discipline who defended the position he represented with dedication". Not until February 1971 were Rogers and Laird first informed of the parallel peace talks in Paris. Kissinger was to meet Tho three times between February–April 1970, and the North Vietnamese first sensed a softening of the American position during these talks as Kissinger slightly altered the "mutual withdrawal formula" that the Americans had previously held to. Nixon was gravely disappointed that the secret talks in Paris did not have the prompt results he wanted. Kissinger wrote in his memoirs that "historians rarely do justice to the psychological stress on a policy-maker", noting that by early 1970 Nixon was feeling very much besieged and inclined to lash out against a world he was believed was plotting his downfall. Nixon had been humiliated by having two successive nominees to the Supreme Court rejected by the Senate, his failure to end the Vietnam war in 1969 as he had promised had embittered him and in early 1970 his approval ratings in the polls were declining. Nixon had become obsessed with the film Patton, seeing how the film presented Patton as a solitary and misunderstood genius whom the world did not appreciate a parallel to himself and kept watching the film over and over again. In February 1970, several senators led by J. William Fulbright and Stu Symington first learned that the United States had been bombing Laos since December 1964, which led to complaints in Congress about the "secret war" in Laos. Nixon reluctantly decided to admit to the "secret war", and directed Kissinger to issue the necessary statement to the media. Kissinger's statement admitted to the bombing of Laos, but also claimed: "No American stationed in Laos has ever been killed in ground combat operations". Two days later, it emerged that a U.S. Army captain had been killed while fighting in Laos and subsequently the Pentagon admitted that in the period February 1969-February 1970 a total of 27 Americans had killed in Laos. Kissinger claimed that he had not lied, maintaining that all Americans killed in Laos were in "hot pursuit" when chasing the enemy from South Vietnam into Laos, but this argument made no impression. Nixon stated: "No one cares about B-52 strikes in Laos, but people worry about our boys out there". Nixon refused to see Kissinger for the next week, saying that his statement about Laos had caused him to drop 11 points in the public opinion polls. On 18 March 1970, the prime minister of Cambodia Lon Nol carried out a coup against King Sihanouk and ultimately declared Cambodia a republic. On 19 March 1970 Nixon in a note to Kissinger declared: "I want Helms [the CIA director] to develop and implement a plan for maximum assistance to pro-U.S. elements in Cambodia". Out of fury with Lon Nol, the king went to Beijing, where he allied himself to his former enemies, the Khmer Rouge, calling upon the Khmer people to "liberate our motherland". As the most of the Khmer peasantry regarded the king as a god-like figure, the royal endorsement of the Khmer Rouge had immediate results. Cambodia had descended into chaos by late March 1970 as the Lon Nol regime, to prove its nationalist credibility, organized pogroms against the Vietnamese minority, leading the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong to attack and defeat Cambodia's weak army. Nixon believed the situation in Cambodia offered the chance for him to be like Patton by doing something bold and risky. Kissinger was initially ambivalent about Nixon's plans to invade Cambodia, but as he saw the president was committed, he became more and more supportive. In early April 1970, Tho refused to see Kissinger anymore in Paris, saying there was nothing to discuss, which frustrated him. Nixon was greatly influenced by Admiral John S. McCain Jr. who was the sort of tough, pugnacious type whom he felt a natural affinity with. At a meeting at Nixon's house in San Clemente on 18 April 1970, Admiral McCain-who was completely unaware of Nixon's policy of reaching out to China-drew up a map of Southeast Asia with a Chinese dragon sticking its "bloody claws" across the region, and urged the president to invade Cambodia as the only way to stop China. McCain stated that invading Cambodia to destroy the COSVN would be the decisive campaign that end China's bid to dominate Southeast Asia. Kissinger who also attended the meeting in San Clemente, was less impressed with Admiral McCain, whom he afterwards compared to Popeye the Sailor Man, saying he could not believe that Nixon was taking him seriously. On 23 April 1970, Nixon in a memo to Kissinger declared, "we need a bold move in Cambodia to show that we stand with Lon Nol". Kissinger favored having the ARVN invade Cambodia with American air support. As Kissinger spoke with passion for the invasion, Nixon told Haldeman: "Kissinger is really having fun today. He's playing Bismarck". Kissinger for his part often mocked Nixon to his staff, calling him "the meatball mind" and "our drunken friend". When taking calls from Nixon, Laird, and Rogers, Kissinger would often play the phone calls on the intercom that allowed his aides to listen in while making funny faces that mocked those he was taking the calls from. When Kissinger was summoned to a meeting at the White House about Cambodia, he joked: "Our peerless leader has flipped out". On 26 April 1970, Nixon decided to "go for broke" by invading Cambodia with U.S troops, a decision that surprised Kissinger. Neither Laird nor Rogers had been invited to the meeting, which led Kissinger to phone Laird under the grounds that the defense secretary should know what was being planned. Kissinger did not inform Rogers as he knew he was due to testify before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and was likely to face hostile questions from Fulbright. Kissinger wanted Rogers to truthfully say he was unaware of plans to invade Cambodia as otherwise he might be prosecuted for perjury. Kissinger also contacted two conservative Southern Democratic senators who had control of key committees, Senator Richard Russell Jr and Senator John C. Stennis to inform them of the planned invasion. Kissinger claimed that he was appalled by the white supremacist views of Stennis and Russell, but that he admired them for their "integrity and patriotism". When Nixon's speech-writer William Safire pointed out that the use of U.S. troops violated the Nixon Doctrine that America's Asian allies should do the fighting, Kissinger snapped at him: "We wrote the goddamn doctrine, we can change it!" Kissinger was under immense strain as several of his aides were planning to resign to protest the invasion of Cambodia, and his liberal friends from Harvard were pressuring him to resign as well while Nixon was all for more belligerence. Much of Kissinger's staff were deeply opposed to the invasion of Cambodia. Kissinger asked one of his aides, William Watts, to be in charge of National Security Council staffing for the coming invasion. Watts refused, saying he was opposed to the invasion on moral grounds, causing Kissinger to shout: "Your views represent the cowardice of the Eastern Establishment!" Watts resigned on the spot. As Watts was writing his resignation letter, Kissinger's deputy, Alexander Haig, appeared to tell him on behalf of Kissinger: "You've just had an order from your commander in chief. You can't quit". Watts replied: "Fuck you Al! I just did". Kissinger received a phone call from Nixon and his best friend, Charles "Bebe" Rebozo, who both sounded very drunk; Nixon began the call and then handed the phone to Rebozo who said: "The President wants you to know if this doesn't work, Henry, it's your ass". On 30 April 1970, the United States invaded Cambodia which Nixon announced in a television address that Kissinger contemptuously called "vintage Nixon" because of his overblown rhetoric. At the time, Nixon was seen as recklessly escalating the war and in early May 1970 the largest protests ever against the Vietnam War took place. Four of Kissinger's aides resigned in protest while the Cambodian "incursion" ended several of Kissinger's friendships with colleagues from Harvard when he chose not to resign. Two of Kissinger's senior aides, Anthony Lake and Roger Morris, in a joint resignation letter stated they could not in good conscience continue to serve the administration. Nixon in his memoirs claimed that Kissinger "took a particularly hard line" with regards to the "Cambodian incursion". Morris recalled that Kissinger was frightened by the huge antiwar demonstrations, comparing the antiwar movement to the Nazis. Kissinger was afraid to go home to his apartment, and instead lived in his office at the White House basement during the protests against the "Cambodian incursion". Kissinger was haunted by memories of his youth in Germany and had a deep distrust of mass movements of either the left or the right, favoring the Primat der Aussenpolitik school of foreign policy-making by an elite with the masses excluded. In his interview with Karnow, Kissinger maintained he felt torn about where he stood and blamed Nixon for his failure to find "the language of respect and compassion that might have created a bridge at least to the more reasonable elements of the antiwar movement". When several Harvard professors called on Kissinger to resign, he claimed: "If you only knew what I am staving off the right", claiming he was opposed to the invasion. After the resignations of Kissinger' aides, Nixon took away the authority to tap phones, which he had given Kissinger in May 1969, and gave it to the attorney general, John Mitchell. Unknown to Kissinger, Mitchell had been illegally taping his phone since the fall of 1969. Adding to the tension, on 2 May 1970, U.S aircraft bombed North Vietnam for the first time since 1968, causing Senator Fulbright to say "Good God" when he the news while Senate Majority Leader, Mike Mansfield, said he had trouble believing that Nixon and Kissinger were so reckless. To Nixon, Kissinger accused Laird and/or Rogers of leaking the news of the bombing raid on North Vietnam and asked for the FBI to tap their phones. Without informing Nixon, on 4 May 1970 Laird announced the end of the bombing raids on North Vietnam. On the night of 8 May 1970, Nixon, who had been rattled by the protests, stayed up all night, drinking heavily and randomly phoning people he knew. Between 11:00 pm–2:00 am, Nixon made forty calls with Kissinger receiving 8 of the calls. The Cambodian "incursion" saw American and South Vietnamese take the areas of eastern Cambodia that American commanders called the Fish Hook and Parrot's Beak and captured an impressive haul of arms originating from China and the Soviet Union. But the majority of Vietnamese Communist forces had withdrawn deeper into Cambodia before the invasion with only a small number left behind to wage a fighting retreat to avoid charges of cowardice. Kissinger suggested another meeting with Tho in Paris, only to receive a note reading: "The U.S. words of peace are just empty ones". Kissinger's deputy, Haig, went to Phnom Penh to meet Lon Nol, who complained the invasion had not helped as it had only pushed the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong deeper into Cambodia. In June 1970, the Americans pulled out of Cambodia and the Vietnamese Communists returned, through the loss of weapons greatly hindered their operations in the Saigon area for the rest of 1970. Having committed itself to supporting Lon Nol, the United States now had two allies instead of one to support in Southeast Asia. The bombing campaign in Cambodia contributed to the chaos of the Cambodian Civil War, which saw the forces of leader Lon Nol unable to retain foreign support to combat the growing Khmer Rouge insurgency that would overthrow him in 1975. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then second in command, Nuon Chea. The American bombing of Cambodia resulted in 40,000–150,000 deaths from 1969 to 1973, including at least 5,000 civilians. Pol Pot biographer David P. Chandler argues that the bombing "had the effect the Americans wanted—it broke the Communist encirclement of Phnom Penh." However, Ben Kiernan and Taylor Owen suggest that "the bombs drove ordinary Cambodians into the arms of the Khmer Rouge, a group that seemed initially to have slim prospects of revolutionary success." Kissinger himself defers to others on the subject of casualty estimates. "...since I am in no position to make an accurate estimate of my own, I consulted the OSD Historian, who gave me an estimate of 50,000 based on the tonnage of bombs delivered over the period of four and a half years." The Cambodian invasion further polarized an already deeply divided nation and the President's Commission on Campus Unrest headed by William Scranton in its report of September 1970 wrote the divisions in American society were "as deep as any since the Civil War". A number of Republican politicians complained to Nixon that his stance on Vietnam was hurting their chances for congressional elections in November 1970, leading the president to say to Kissinger it was natural that liberals like Senator George McGovern and Senator Mark Hatfield wanted to "bug out...But when the Right starts wanting to get out, for whatever reason, that's our problem". In an attempt to change Nixon's image, Kissinger and Nixon devised the notion of a "standstill cease-fire" where both sides would occupy whatever areas of South Vietnam they were holding at the time of the ceasefire, an offer that Nixon publicly made in a television address on 7 October 1970. In his speech, Nixon apparently moved way from the "mutual withdrawal formula" the North Vietnamese kept rejecting by not mentioning it, winning much acclaim, even from his opponents like McGovern and Hatfield (through he also said the withdraw of U.S. forces would be "based on principles" he had "previously" discussed, i.e. the "mutual withdrawal formula"). Kissinger and Nixon both disliked the idea of a "standstill ceasefire" as weakening South Vietnam, but fearing if Nixon continued on his present course, he would not be reelected in 1972, the offer was seen as worth the risk, especially since the North Vietnamese rejected it. In private, Kissinger called the "standstill ceasefire" offer as the means that "at a minimum...would give us from temporary relief from public pressures". Subsequently, Kissinger has maintained Nixon's offer of 7 October was sincere and the North Vietnamese made a major error in rejecting it. In late 1970, Kissinger met a Rand Corporation researcher, Daniel Ellsberg, who did some work for him early in the Nixon administration. As a Rand Corporation researcher, Ellsberg had access to a secret history of the Vietnam war that came to be known as the Pentagon Papers, and he asked Kissinger to read the study. Kissinger asked: "Do you really think we have anything to learn from that?" Ellsberg stated there was much to learn, leading Kissinger to say: "But you know, we make policy very differently now". Ellsberg stated: "Cambodia didn't look all that different". Kissinger replied: "You must understand, Cambodia was undertaken for very complicated reasons". Ellsberg in some exasperation shot back: "Henry, there hasn't been a rotten decision on Vietnam in the last ten years that wasn't undertaken for complicated reasons". Kissinger in an attempt to change the subject mentioned he had hired a group of Harvard professors led by Thomas Schelling to serve as advisers, but they had all resigned in protest against the invasion of Cambodia, leading Kissinger to label them unpractical idealists who never knew nothing of power as he contemptuously noted "They never had the clearances" (i.e. access to secret information, which presumably would have changed their views). Ellsberg stated "I had the clearances", leading Kissinger say "I know that. I am not speaking of you". Pressing the point, Ellsberg noted "And Bundy and Rostow had the clearances. But their decisions weren't any better". Speaking of his predecessor, Kissinger declared "Walt Rostow is a fool". Elllsberg replied: "That may be true. But McGeorge Bundy is no fool." Kissinger accepted that point, saying "No, he is not fool. But McGeorge Bundy has no sense of policy". Diplomatic maneuvers, 1971–1972 In late 1970, Nixon and Kissinger became concerned that the North Vietnamese would launch a major offensive in 1972 to coincide with presidential election, making it imperative to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail in 1971 to prevent the Communists from building up their forces. As the Cooper–Church Amendment had forbidden U.S. troops from fighting in Laos, the plans that was conceived called for South Vietnamese troops with American air support to invade Laos to sever the Ho Chi Minh Trail in operation code-named Lam Son 719. Kissinger wrote about Lam Son "the operation, conceived in doubt and assailed by skepticism, proceeded in confusion". In the first major test of Vietnamization, the ARVN failed miserably. The ARVN invaded Laos on 8 February 1971 and were stopped decisively by the North Vietnamese. The majority of the ARVN officers were men who began their careers fighting for the French and retained the mentalité de colonisé, automatically deferring to any white man present whatever he be French or American. Without the American advisers to tell them what to do, the ARVN officers tended to freeze up with fear and paralysis as happened during Lam Son 719. By contrast, the officers of the PAVN had begun their careers fighting against the French, and were accustomed to think for themselves, which gave them the edge over the ARVN. Additionally, the U.S. Army had estimated to cut the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos would require 4 U.S. Army divisions while the ARVN in the invasion of Laos had only assigned 2 divisions Under the cover of air strikes flown by the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy, the ARVN advanced 20 miles into Laos and finally took the ruins of the town of Tchepone, which had been heavily bombed by the Americans, but were then pinned down by intense PAVN artillery fire from the hills above, making any further advance impossible. In March, Kissinger sent his deputy Haig to inspect the situation personally, leading him to report that the ARVN officers lacked courage and did not want to fight, making retreat the only option. The retreat when it began turned into a rout. Kissinger wrote Lam Son had fallen "far short of our expectations", which he blamed on bad American planning, poor South Vietnamese tactics and Nixon's leadership style, leading Karnow to write he blamed "everyone, characteristically, except himself". In early 1971, Kissinger clashed with Daniel Ellsberg when he arrived to give a lecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ellsberg, an ardent hawk turned equally ardent dove asked Kissinger: "What is your best estimate of the numbers of Vietnamese who will be killed in the next twelve months as a consequence of your policy?" Kissinger commented that the question was clever in its wording, leading Ellsberg to say it was a basic matter of humanity. Kissinger asked "What other options are there?" Ellberg replied: "Can't you give us an answer?" Kissinger ended up leaving the MIT without answering Ellsberg's question. In late May 1971, Kissinger returned to Paris to fruitlessly meet again with Tho. The North Vietnamese demand that Thiệu step down proved to the main obstacle. Kissinger did not want a repeat of the prolonged bout of political instability that characterized South Vietnam from 1963 to 1967 and believed Thiệu was a force for order. Tho suggested to Kissinger that Americans "stop supporting" Thiệu who was running for the reelection in a ballot scheduled for 3 October 1971. Tho claimed that Thiệu's opponents, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Dương Văn Minh aka "Big Minh", were both open to a coalition government with the Viet Cong and had if either men were elected president, the war would be over by late 1971. Thiệu used a legal technicality to disqualify Kỳ while Minh dropped out when it was clear the election was rigged. In the 1971 election, the CIA donated money for Thiệu's reelection campaign while the Americans did not pressure Thiệu to stop rigging the election. Through Kissinger did not regard South Vietnam as important in its own right, he believed it was necessary to support South Vietnam to maintain the United States as a global power, believing that none of America's allies would trust the United States if South Vietnam were abandoned too quickly. Kissinger also believed that if South Vietnam were to collapse, it "leave deep scars on our society, feeling impulses for recrimination". As a Jew who had grown up in Nazi Germany, Kissinger was haunted by how the Dolchstoßlegende had used by the German right to delegitimatize the Weimar Republic, and believed that something similar would happen in the United States should it lose the Vietnam War, fueling the rise of right-wing extremism. In June 1971, Kissinger supported Nixon's effort to ban the Pentagon Papers saying the "hemorrhage of state secrets" to the media was making diplomacy impossible. Kissinger told Nixon about the leak: "No foreign country will ever trust us again. We might just as well turn it all over to the Soviets and get it over with". Knowing Nixon's fears, Kissinger told him that if he did nothing "it shows that you're weak, Mr. President. The fact that some idiot can publish all the diplomatic secrets of this country on his own is damaging to your image as the Soviets are concerned and it could destroy our ability to conduct foreign policy". Daniel Ellsberg, the man who leaked the Pentagon Papers to the New York Times had been consulted by Kissinger for ideas about Vietnam in late 1968-early 1969, but when he leaked the papers, Kissinger told Nixon that he was a left-wing "fanatic" and a "drug abuser". Kissinger depicted Ellsberg to Nixon as a drug-crazed, sexually perverted degenerate of questionable mental stability out to ruin his administration. Reflecting his increasingly frustration with the war, Nixon often talked to Kissinger in a bloodthirsty manner about a "fantasy holocaust" in which he would have U.S. forces kill every living thing in North Vietnam and then pull out, leading the latter appalled by his own account. By early 1972, Nixon boasted that he had pulled out 400,000 U.S soldiers from Vietnam since July 1969, and battle deaths had fallen from an average of 200 per week in 1969 down to an average of 10 per week in 1972. The policy of Vietnamization had, as Laird predicted it would, tamed the antiwar movement as most Americans objected not to war in Vietnam per se, only to Americans dying in it. With the antiwar movement in decline by 1972, Nixon believed his chances of reelection were good, but Kissinger kept complaining that he was losing "negotiating assets" in his talks with Tho every time a withdrawal of American forces was announced. Likewise, Kissinger noted that the major reason why Congress despite the antiwar feelings of many of its members kept voting to fund the war was because the argument it was patriotic to support "our boys in the field"; as more Americans were pulled out, Congress was less inclined to vote to fund keeping South Vietnamese "boys in the field". However, the imperatives of being re-elected was far more important to Nixon than with giving Kissinger "negotiating assets". In early 1972, Nixon publicly revealed that Kissinger had secretly negotiating with Tho since 1970 to prove that he was really was committed to peace in Vietnam despite what the antiwar movement had been saying about him for the last three years. Reflecting Kissinger's weakening hand in his talks with Tho, Nixon had increasingly come by 1971–72 to believe that "linkage" concept of improving relations with the Soviet Union and China in exchange for those nations cutting off the supply of weapons to North Vietnam offered his best chance of a favorable peace deal. On 6 April 1972, Tho requested Kissinger to meet him in Paris, a request that Kissinger rejected as "insolent". 21 February 1972 was in Nixon's words "the week that changed the world" as he landed in Beijing to meet Mao Zedong. Kissinger, who accompanied Nixon to China, spent much time talking to the suave Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai about Vietnam, pressing him to end the supply of arms to North Vietnam. The talks went nowhere as Zhou told Kissinger that the North Vietnamese played off China against the Soviet Union, and to cut off North Vietnam would allow it to fall into the Soviet sphere of influence. As the Chinese People's Liberation Army had been badly bloodied by the Red Army in a border war in 1969, Zhou stated that to face a two-front war with Chinese forces facing North Vietnam in the south and the Soviet Union in the north was not acceptable to his government. Zhou offered Kissinger only the vague message that China supported efforts to find peace in Vietnam while refusing to make any promises, though Kissinger also noted that Zhou declined to endorse North Vietnam's demands. Despite Nixon's coming visit, in late 1971 the Chinese drastically increased their military aid to North Vietnam and continued to send a massive amount of weapons south even as Nixon and Kissinger exchanged pleasantries with Mao and Zhou in Beijing. As usual, when the Chinese increased their supply of arms to North Vietnam, the Soviet Union did likewise as both Communist states competed with one another for influence in Hanoi by tying to be the biggest supplier of weapons. On 30 March 1972, the PAVN launched the Easter Offensive that overran several provinces in South Vietnam while pushing the ARVN to the brink of collapse. By 1 April 1972, the 3rd ARVN division was retreating south with their families. Kissinger summoned Dobrynin to the White House to accuse the Soviet Union of responsibility for the Easter Offensive, saying the North Vietnamese were fighting with Soviet-made weapons, and asked the Soviets to pressure the North Vietnamese to end the offensive. At the time of the Easter Offensive, Kissinger was deeply involved in planning for Nixon's visit to Moscow in May 1972. The offensive brought to the fore the differences between Nixon and Kissinger. Nixon threatened to cancel his summit with Leonid Brezhnev in Moscow if the Soviet Union did not force North Vietnam to end the Easter Offensive at once, saying: "Whatever else happens, we cannot lose this war. The summit isn't worth a damn if the price for it is losing in Vietnam". Nixon in his instructions to Kissinger stated that he viewed the relations with the Soviet Union through the prism of the Vietnam war and if the Soviets were not prepared to help, Kissinger "should just pack up and come home". Kissinger for his part believed that Nixon was massively exaggerating Soviet influence in North Vietnam and not longer believed if he ever did in Nixon's "linkage" concept. Kissinger feared that Nixon was obsessed with Vietnam and damaging relations with the Soviet Union over Vietnam would destabilize the international power balance by increasing American-Soviet tensions. On 20 April 1972, Kissinger arrived in Moscow without informing the U.S. ambassador Jacob D. Beam, and then went to have tea with Brezhnev in the Kremlin. Nixon as usual when under stress departed for a marathon drinking session with Rebozo at Camp David, and via Haig kept sending messages to Kissinger to be tough with Brezhnev. As no American president had ever visited Moscow before, Kissinger got the impression that Brezhnev wanted the planned summit to happen "at almost any cost". Despite Nixon's orders, Kissinger was rather emollient with Brezhnev and through Nixon's instructions stated he was only to discuss Vietnam, he began to talk about arms control instead. Kissinger informed Brezhnev the United States wanted all of the PAVN divisions taking part in the present offensive returned to North Vietnam at once, a "demand" that many historians argue was in fact a disguised concession as Kissinger only mentioned the divisions sent south for the Eastern Offensive, presumably meaning that the PAVN divisions who had arrived before the Easter Offensive could stay, thus abandoning the "mutual withdrawal formula" that Tho had rejected out of hand so many times. Kissinger in his memoirs called this claim "pure nonsense", but Tho at the time interpreted Kissinger's statement to Brezhnev in those terms. Kissinger reportedly considered his demand that the three PAVN divisions engaged in the Easter Offensive to be a "throwaway" as he did not expect North Vietnam to pull any troops out of South Vietnam. Upon his return to Washington, Kissinger reported that Brezhnev would not cancel the summit and was keen to sign the SALT I Treaty. Kissinger went to Paris on 3 May to meet Tho with orders from Nixon that North Vietnam must "Settle or else!" Nixon complained that Kissinger was "obsessed" with the need for a peace treaty while he charged that he now wished he followed his instincts to bomb North Vietnam in 1970, saying if he had done so, the war would have been over by now. On 2 May 1972, the PAVN had captured Quangtri, an important provincial city in South Vietnam, and as a result of this victory, Tho was in no mood for a compromise. Through Kissinger in general shared Nixon's determination to be tough, he was afraid that the president would overreact and destroy the budding détente with the Soviet Union and China by striking too hard at North Vietnam. Moreover, after the rupture caused by the Cambodian incursion, Kissigner was trying hard to rebuilt his relations with the liberal American intelligentsia, saying he did want to become "this administration's Walt Rostow". Kissinger's predecessor, Rostow had once being a professor at Harvard, Oxford the MIT, and Cambridge, but serving as the National Security Adviser had shunned by the Ivy League universities and ended up at the lowly University of Texas, a fate that Kissinger was determined to avoid. On 5 May 1972, Nixon ordered the U.S. Air Force to start bombing Hanoi and Haiphong and on 8 May ordered the U.S Navy to mine the coast of North Vietnam. As the bombings and mining of North Vietnam, Nixon and even more so Kissinger waited anxiously for the Soviet reaction, and much to their relief received only the standard statement decrying the American action and a diplomatic note complaining that American aircraft had bombed a Soviet freighter in Haiphong harbor. The Moscow summit was not canceled. On 6 May 1972, Kissinger returned to Paris to face Tho again. Nixon had ordered Kissinger to be severe, saying "no nonsense. No niceness. No accommodations". As a result, Kissinger was unusually unfriendly, and snapped when Tho mentioned that Senator J. William Fulbright was criticizing the Vietnam war: "Our domestic discussions are no concerns of yours". Tho told Kissinger "I'm giving an example to prove that Americans share our views", and then stated that the United States had never followed the Geneva Accords. Tho charged that the American terms calling for a withdraw from Vietnam months after a peace agreement was signed was unacceptable. Kissinger promised that once a peace agreement was signed, a general election would be called to elect a new South Vietnamese president, Thieu would resign, and that the Communists could take in the election. When Kissinger asked when Thieu should resign, Thuy told him "Tomorrow is best". Kissinger replied: "All other members, except Thieu can remain in the administration, can' t they". Thuy stated that they could, but there had to be release of political prisoners and press freedom, leading Kissinger to ask: "Can anybody publish a newspaper in North Vietnam? I ask for my own education". On 19 July 1972, Kissinger again met Tho in Paris. He asked the rhetorical question: "If the United States can accept governments in large countries that are not pro-American, why should it insist on a pro-U.S. government in Saigon?". Tho charged that Kissinger was bringing nothing new. Prelude to the endgame: peace-making, Paris 1972 On 24 July 1972, Congress passed an act calling for the total withdrawal of all American forces from Vietnam once all of the American POWs in North Vietnam were released, causing Kissinger to say the North Vietnamese only had to wait until "Congress voted us out of the war". However, the sight of Nixon and Kissinger posing for photographs with Brezhnev and Mao deeply worried the North Vietnamese who were afraid of being "sold out" by either China or the Soviet Union, causing some flexibility in their negotiating tactics. The Eastern Offensive had not caused the collapse of the South Vietnamese government, but it increased the amount of territory under Communist control. The North Vietnamese were moving towards taking up the "standstill ceasefire" offer and ordered the Viet Cong to seize as much territory as possible in preparation for a "leopard's spot" ceasefire (so called because the patchwork of territories controlled by the Viet Cong and the Saigon government resembled the spots on a leopard's fur). On 1 August 1972, Kissinger met Tho again in Paris, and for first time, he seemed willing to compromise, saying that political and military terms of an armistice could be treated separately and hinted that his government was no longer willing to make the overthrow of Thiệu a precondition. Kissinger for his part seemed keen to make a deal before the elections, saying that if an agreement was signed by 1 September, all American forces would be out of Vietnam by the end of 1972. Tho demanded $8 billion in reparations for war damage, a demand that Kissinger rejected. By this time, Kissinger's deputy, Alexander Haig, was spying on him on behalf of Nixon. While Kissinger remained optimistic about peace in Vietnam, Haig was pessimistic. Nixon wrote on the margin of a note from Haig: “Al-it is obvious that no progress has been made and that none can be expected”. On 23 August 1972, Kissinger flew to Saigon to meet Thieu and oversee the withdraw of the last U.S. combat troops from South Vietnam. Thieu was distrustful of Kissinger and pressed him to maintain the "mutual withdrawal formula". Kissinger did not tell him that he was on the verge of disregarding it. On 15 September 1972, Kissinger at another meeting in Paris told Tho: “We wish to end before October 15-if sooner, all the better”. . Haig visited Saigon to 4 October 1972 to see Thieu, who spent four hours ranting against Kissinger, accusing him of wanting to betray South Vietnam. Haig sent the transcript of the conversation straight to Nixon. . Nixon's chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman, wrote in his diary that Kissinger and Haig were making completely opposite conclusions, but went on to note: “Unlike ’68 when Thieu screwed Johnson, he had Nixon as an alterative. Now he has McGovern as an alternative, which would be a disaster for him, even worse than the worse possible thing that Nixon could do to him”. . In early October, Nixon demanded that Haig had to be present at all of Kissinger's meetings with Tho as he not longer trusted him. On the evening of 8 October 1972 at a secret meeting of Kissinger and Tho in a house in the Paris suburb of Gif-sur-Yvette once owned by the painter Fernard Léger came the decisive breakthrough in the talks. Tho believed that Kissinger was as he later it put "in a rush" for a peace deal before the presidential election, and began with he called "a very realistic and very simple proposal" for a ceasefire that would see the Americans pull all their forces out of Vietnam in exchange for the release of all the POWs in North Vietnam. As for the ultimate fate of South Vietnam, Tho proposed the creation of a "council of national reconciliation" that would govern the nation, but in the meantime Thiệu could stay in power until the council was formed while a "leopard's spot" ceasefire would come into effect with the Viet Cong and the Saigon government controlling whatever territories they were had at the time of the ceasefire. The "mutual withdrawal formula" was to be disregarded with PAVN forces to stay in South Vietnam with Tho giving Kissinger a vague promise that no more supplies would be sent down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Kissinger accepted Tho's offer as the most best deal possible, saying that the "mutual withdrawal formula" had to be abandoned as it been "unobtainable through ten years of war...We could not make it a condition for a final settlement. We had long passed that threshold". Several of Kissinger's own staff, most notably John Negroponte, were strongly opposed to him accepting this offer, saying Kissinger had given away more than he had obtained. In response to Negronponte's objections, Kissinger exploded in rage, accusing him of "nit-picking" and screamed at the top of his voice: "You don't understand. I want to meet their terms. I want to reach an agreement. I want to end this war before the election. It can be done and it will be done. What do you want us to do? Stay there forever?". Kissinger told Tho that he would go to Washington and Saigon to get the approval of Nixon and Thieu, and he expected the agreement to be signed on either 25 October or 26 October. On 12 October, Kissinger told Nixon “Well, you’re got three for three, Mr. President”-meaning trips to China and the Soviet Union plus a peace agreement for Vietnam. Even the fact that under the peace agreement, the United States was to pay reparations to North Vietnam in the form of economic aid was seen as a benefit by Nixon, who commented that this would be a way of forcing the Vietnamese Communists to admit to the economic failures of their system. Reflecting the "leopard's spot" ceasefire, Kissinger sent Thiệu a message saying he should "seize as much territory as possible" before the ceasefire came into effect while the United States launched Operation Enhance Plus to give South Vietnam as many weapons as possible. Over the course of six weeks in the fall of 1972, South Vietnam ended up with the world's fourth largest air force as the Americans provided as many war planes as they possibly could. However, neither Kissinger nor Nixon appreciated that for Thiệu any sort of peace deal calling for withdrawal of American forces was unacceptable and he saw the draft peace agreement that Kissinger signed in Paris on 18 October 1972 as a betrayal. Kissinger had kept the South Vietnamese in the dark about the peace deal, but the North Vietnamese had shared everything with the Viet Cong. Kissinger had sent Thieu an earlier version of the peace agreement that was less accommodating to him, hoping that when he saw the final agreement, he would approve. However, the ARVN had captured a 10-page summary of the peace agreement from a Viet Cong command post, and Thieu knew what the actual agreement was. On 21 October Kissinger together with the American ambassador Ellsworth Bunker arrived at the Gia Long Palace in Saigon to show Thiệu the peace agreement. The meeting went extremely badly with Thiệu engaged that Kissinger did not take the time to translate the draft peace treaty into Vietnamese, bringing with him only an English language copy. The meeting went from bad to worse with Thiệu having a meltdown as he broke down in tears and hysterically accused Kissinger of plotting with the Soviet Union and China to betray him, saying he could never accept this peace agreement. Kissinger's statement that “Had we wanted to see you out, there would have been many easier ways by which we could have accomplished this” did not improve the mood. Thiệu later stated that he wanted to punch Kissinger in the face at that meeting. Thiệu refused to sign the peace agreement and demanded very extensive amendments that Kissinger reported to Nixon "verge on insanity". Nixon ordered Kissinger to "push Thiệu as far as possible", but Thiệu refused to sign the peace agreement. Thiệu refused to see Kissinger the next day. Kissinger told one of Thieu's aides, Hoang Duc Nha, on the phone “I am the special envoy of the President of the United States of America. You know I cannot be treated as an errand boy". Nha replied “We never considered you an errand boy, but if that’s what you think you are, there’s nothing I can do about it”. As Kissinger returned to Washington, one of his aides recalled "In twenty-four hours, the bottom fell out". Through Nixon had initially supported Kissinger against Thiệu, but two of his most influential advisers, namely his chief of staff, H.R. Haldeman and the Domestic Affairs Adviser John Ehrlichman urged him to reconsider, arguing that Kissinger had given away too much and Thiệu's objections had merit. As Thiệu sensed Nixon's changing mood, on 24 October 1972 he called a press conference to denounce the draft agreement as a betrayal and stated the Viet Cong "must be wiped out quickly and mercilessly". On 25 October 1972, Kissinger held a meeting with the journalist Max Frankel of the New York Times to predict a peace agreement would occur in the next few days unless either North Vietnam or South Vietnam committed “a supreme act of folly”. On October 26, North Vietnam published the draft agreement and accused the United States of tying to "sabotage" it by backing Thiệu. On the same day, Kissinger who until then had never spoken to the media as National Security Adviser called a press conference at the White House to say: "We believe peace is at hand. We believe an agreement is within sight". Kissinger later admitted that this statement was a major mistake as it inflated hopes for peace while enraging Nixon who saw it as weakness. Nixon came very close to disavowing Kissinger as he declared the draft peace agreement had "differences that must be resolved". Taking up Thiệu's cause as his own, Nixon wanted 69 amendments to the draft peace agreement included in the final treaty and ordered Kissinger back to Paris to force Tho to accept them. Kissinger regarded Nixon's 69 amendments as "preposterous" as he knew Tho would never accept them. By this point, Kissinger's relations with Nixon were tense while Nixon's "German shepherds" Haldeman and Ehrlichman intrigued against him. The endgame: the Christmas Bombings and the Paris Peace Accords, 1972–1973 On 20 November 1972, Kissinger met Tho again in Paris. Kissinger no longer aimed at secrecy and was followed by paparazzi as he went to a house owned by the French Communist Party where Tho was waiting for him. Kissinger announced that the Americans wanted major changes to the peace agreement made in October to accommodate Thieu, which led Tho to accuse him of negotiating in bad faith. Tho stated: "We have been deceived by the French, the Japanese and the Americans. But the deception has never been so flagrant as of now". Kissinger insisted the changes he wanted were only minor, but in effect he wanted to renegotiate almost the entire agreement. Kissinger wanted to eliminate all of the powers assigned to the National Reconciliation Council and for the National Liberation Front's Provisional Revolutionary Government to be prevented from signing the peace accords. Tho rejected Kissinger's terms, saying he would abide by the terms agreed to on 8 October. Putting more pressure, Nixon told Kissinger to break off the talks if Tho would not agree to the changes he wanted. Being reelected for a second term meant Nixon was not longer concerned about public opinion as before, and in November 1972, he seriously considered firing Kissinger. Through Nixon decided that Thieu's 69 amendments were unrealistic, he also wanted a demonstration of force to prove that he was still willing to stand by South Vietnam. Kissinger told Nixon: "While we have a moral case for bombing North Vietnam when it does not accept our terms, it seems to be really stretching the point to bomb North Vietnam when it has accepted our terms and when South Vietnam has not". As expected, Tho refused to consider any of the 69 amendments and on 13 December 1972 left Paris for Hanoi after he accused the Americans of negotiating in bad faith. Kissinger by this stage was worked up into a state of fury after Tho walked out of the Paris talks and told Nixon: "They're just a bunch of shits. Tawdry, filthy shits. They make the Russians look good, compared to the way the Russians make the Chinese look good when it comes to negotiating in a responsible and decent way". The National Security Adviser now advised Nixon to bomb North Vietnam to make them "talk seriously". On 14 December 1972, Nixon sent an ultimatum demanding that Tho return to Paris to "negotiate seriously" within the 72 hours or else he would bomb North Vietnam without limit. Knowing that Nixon was considering sacking him, Kissinger approved of his decision to resume bombing North Vietnam. Kissinger told the media that while the peace agreement was "99 percent completed" but "we will not be blackmailed into an agreement. We will not be stampeded into an agreement and, if I may say so, we will not be charmed into an agreement until its conditions are right". At the same time, Nixon ordered Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: "I don't want any more of this crap about the fact that we couldn't hit this target or that one. This is your chance to use military power to win this war, and if you don't, I'll hold you responsible". Following the rejection of Nixon's ultimatum, on 18 December, Operation Linebacker II was launched, the so-called Christmas Bombings that lasted until 29 December 1972. During these 11 days of bombing that were the heaviest bombing of the entire war, B-52 bombers flew 3, 000 sorties and dropped 40, 000 tons of bombs on Hanoi and Haiphong. About 1, 261 people were killed in Hanoi and another 305 in Haiphong as the North Vietnamese authorities had pulled out most people from the two cities beforehand to escape the expected bombings. At the time of the Christmas bombings, a columnist for the New York Times, Scotty Reston, stated that based on unnamed sources that Kissinger was opposed to the Christmas bombings, and was planning to write a book that "would probably be highly embarrassing to Mr. Nixon" if he was fired. Nixon accused Kissinger of talking to Reston, which he denied, until he was caught out when the White House phone log showed that he called Reston several times just before his column ran. On 26 December 1972, in a press statement Hanoi indicated a willingness to resume the Paris peace talks provided that the bombing stopped. On 8 January 1973, Kissinger and Tho met again in Paris and the next day reached an agreement, which in its main points was essentially the same as the one Nixon had rejected in October with only cosmetic concessions to the Americans. At his meeting with Tho on 8 January 1973 in a house in the French town of Gif-sur-Yvette, Kissinger arrived to find nobody at the door to greet him. When Kissinger entered the conference room, nobody spoke to him. Sensing the hostile mood, Kissinger speaking in French said: "It was not my fault about the bombing". Before Kissinger could say anymore, Tho exploded in rage, saying in French: "Under the pretext of interrupted negotiations, you resumed the bombing of North Vietnam, just at the moment when I reached home. You have 'greeted' my arrival in a very courteous manner! You action, I can say, is flagrant and gross! You and no one else strained the honor of the United States". Tho shouted at Kissinger for over an hour, and despite Kissinger's requests not to speak so loudly because the reporters outside the room could hear what he was saying, he did not relent. Tho concluded: "For more than ten years, America has used violence to beat down the Vietnamese people-napalm, B-52s. But you don't draw any lessons from your failures. You continue the same policy. Ngu xuan! Ngu xuan! Ngu xuan!". When Kissinger asked what ngu xuan meant in Vietnamese, the translator refused to translate, as ngu xuan roughly means that a person is grossly stupid. When Kissinger was finally able to speak, he argued that it was Tho who by being unreasonable had forced Nixon to order the Christmas bombings, an claim that led Tho to snap in fury: "You've spent billions of dollars and many tons of bombs when we had a text ready to sign". Kissigner replied: "I have heard many adjectives in your comments. I propose that you should not use them". Tho answered: "I have used those adjectives with a great deal of restraint already. The world opinion, the U.S. press and U.S. political personalities have used harsher words". After the tirade, negotiations proceeded well. Kissinger inserted a vaguely written paragraph calling for the withdraw of all foreign forces from South Vietnam, which Tho accepted while at the same time saying the PAVN forces were not foreign. On the night of 9 January 1973, Kissinger phoned Nixon in Washington to say that a peace agreement would be signed very soon. On 10 January 1973, the negotiations broke down when Kissinger demanded the release of all American POWs in North Vietnam once a peace agreement was signed, but offered no guarantees about Viet Cong prisoners being held in South Vietnam. Tho stated: "I cannot accept your proposal. I completely reject it". Tho wanted the release of all prisoners once a peace agreement was signed, which led Kissinger to say this was an unreasonable demand. Tho who had been tortured as an young man by the French colonial police for advocating Vietnamese independence shouted: "You have never been a prisoner. You don't understand suffering. It's unfair". Kissinger finally offered the concession that the United States would use "maximum influence" to pressure the South Vietnamese government to release all Viet Cong prisoners within sixty days of a peace agreement being signed. Kissinger had been interviewed by the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci, and boasted he was "the cowboy who rides all alone into town with his horse and nothing else", saying the "amazing romantic character suits me precisely because to be alone has always been part of my character". Kissinger's self-portrayal as the heroic "cowboy" who was responsible for all of the foreign policy successes of the Nixon administration enraged Nixon, who almost fired him for that interview when it was published in January 1973. Kissinger denied that he made the remarks that Fallaci attributed to him, only for her to play an audio tape which proved that he did say the things that he was now denying. The furor caused by the Fallaci interview distracted Kissinger from his diplomatic work in Paris. Thiệu once again rejected the peace agreement, only to receive an ultimatum from Nixon: "You must decide now whether you desire to continue our alliance or whether you want me to seek a settlement with the enemy which serves U.S. interests alone". Nixon told Kissinger: "Brutality is nothing. You have never seen it if this son-of-a-bitch doesn't go along, believe me". Nixon's threat served its purpose and Thiệu reluctantly accepted the peace agreement. On 23 January 1973 at 12: 45 pm, Kissinger and Tho signed a peace agreement in Paris that called for the complete withdrawal of all U.S forces from Vietnam by March in exchange for North Vietnam freeing all the U.S POWs. During the three years from 1969 to 1972, 20, 533 Americans had been killed in Vietnam together with about 107, 000 ARVN soldiers and as the American historian A.J. Langguth noted: "...perhaps five time that number of North Vietnamese and Vietcong troops. Civilian casualties were impossible to estimate. They may have run to a million men, women and children". In February 1973, as the Khmer Rouge continued to win victories against the Lon Nol regime, American bombing of Cambodia was increased. On 15 March 1973, Nixon had implied during a speech that the United States might go back into Vietnam should the Communists violate the ceasefire, and as a result Congress began debating a bill to limit American funding for military operations in Southeast Asia. On 29 March 1973, the withdrawal of the Americans from Vietnam was complete and on 1 April 1973, the last American POWs were freed. The peace agreement put into effect the "leopard's spot" ceasefire with the Viet Cong being allowed to rule whatever parts of South Vietnam they held at the time of the ceasefire and all of the North Vietnamese troops in South Vietnam were allowed to stay, putting the Communists in a strong position to eventually take over South Vietnam. Public opinion polls in 1973 showed that 52% of Americans were opposed to military aid to South Vietnam if North Vietnam should violate the Paris peace accords and 71% were against the return of American troops to Vietnam. In April 1973 the CIA estimated the total number of PAVN troops in South Vietnam at 150, 000 (about the same as in 1972) whereas Kissinger accused North Vietnam of moving more troops down the Ho Chi Minh Trail. That month, Kissinger met with Tho in Paris to reaffirm their commitment to the Paris peace agreement and to pressure him to stop the Khmer Rouge from overrunning Cambodia. Tho told Kissinger that the Khmer Rouge's leader, Pol Pot, was a Vietnamphobe and North Vietnam had very limited influence over him. At the same time, Kissinger reported to Nixon that "only a miracle" could save South Vietnam now as Thiệu showed no signs of making the necessary reforms to allow the ARVN to fight. His assessment of Cambodia was even more bleaker as the Lon Nol regime had lost control of much of the countryside by the spring of 1973 and only American air strikes prevented the Khmer Rouge from taking Phnom Penh. Between March–May 1973, American bombers dropped 95, 000 tons of bombs on Cambodia while American fighters dropped another 15, 000 tons of bombs. On 4 June 1973, the Senate passed a bill that already cleared the House of Representatives to block funding for any American military operations in Indochina and Kissinger spent much of the summer of 1973 lobbying Congress to extent the deadline to 15 August in order to keep bombing Cambodia. The Lon Nol regime was saved in 1973 due to heavy American bombing, but the cutoff in funding ended the possibility of an American return to Southeast Asia. The PAVN had taken heavy losses in the Easter Offensive, but North Vietnamese were rebuilding their strength for a new offensive. By the spring of 1973, Nixon was caught up in the Watergate scandal and was losing interest in foreign affairs. Kissigner was angry that the Secretary of State, William Rogers, had not resigned so he take could over the State Department, shouting: "And now's he's hanging on just I said he would. Piece by piece. Bit by bit. He stays on and on and on! He will be with me forever-because he has this President wrapped around his little finger". Not until August 1973 did Nixon inform Kissinger that he was sacking Rogers and appointing him as his successor. Thiệu's government was still receiving massive amounts of military aid, and his regime controlled 75% of South Vietnam's territory and 85% of the population at the time of the ceasefire. But Thiệu's unwillingness to crackdown on corruption and end the system under which ARVN officers were promoted for political loyalty instead of military merit were structural weaknesses that spelled long-term problems for his regime. South Vietnam's economy's had heavily dependent upon the hundreds of millions brought in by spending by the U.S. military and the withdraw of American forces threw the economy into recession. Even more damaging was the Arab oil shock of 1973–74 which destabilized South Vietnam's economy and by the summer of 1974 90% of the ARVN's soldiers were not receiving enough pay to support themselves and their families. The last days of South Vietnam, 1973–1975 Along with North Vietnamese Politburo Member Le Duc Tho, Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on December 10, 1973, for their work in negotiating the ceasefires contained in the Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam", signed the previous January. According to Irwin Abrams, this prize was the most controversial to date. For the first time in the history of the Peace Prize, two members resigned from the Nobel Committee in protest. Tho rejected the award, telling Kissinger that peace had not been restored in South Vietnam. Kissinger wrote to the Nobel Committee that he accepted the award "with humility," and "donated the entire proceeds to the children of American servicemembers killed or missing in action in Indochina." After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, Kissinger attempted to return the award. On 9 August 1974, Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate scandal. Vice President Gerald Ford assumed the presidency. Ford kept Kissinger on as both National Security Adviser and Secretary of State. Around the same time, the South Vietnamese economy, under the weight of inflation caused by the Arab oil shock and rampant corruption, collapsed. By the summer of 1974, the U.S. embassy reported that morale in the ARVN had fallen to dangerously low levels and it was uncertain how much more longer South Vietnam would last. The South Vietnamese regime had lost popular support with widespread protests against corruption breaking out; protestors accused Thiệu and his family of corruption. In August 1974, Congress passed a bill limiting American aid to South Vietnam to $700 million annually. By November 1974, fearing the worse for South Vietnam as the ARVN continued to retreat, Kissinger during the Vladivostok summit lobbied Brezhnev to end Soviet military aid to North Vietnam. The same month, during a visit to Beijing, he lobbied Mao and Zhou to do the same. On 1 March 1975, the PAVN launched a major offensive that saw them quickly overrun the Central Highlands, by 25 March, Hue had fallen. Thiệu was slow to withdraw his divisions and by 30 March when Danang fell, the ARVN's best divisions were lost, leaving the road to Saigon wide open. It was imperative for the North Vietnamese to take the Saigon before the monsoons began in May, leading to a rapid march on the city. Kissinger resisted pressure from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Defense Secretary, James Schlesinger, to immediately withdraw American civilians from South Vietnam, arguing it would damage South Vietnamese morale. Despite this position, Kissinger advised President Ford not to have the U.S.A.F. bomb the advancing PAVN forces, saying "If you do that, the American people will take to the streets again". He expressed little sympathy with South Vietnam, saying: "Why don't those people die faster? The worse thing that could happen would be for them to linger on". On 15 April 1975, with the PAVN rapidly advancing, Kissinger testified before the Senate Appropriations Committee, urging Congress to increase military aid to South Vietnam by another $700 million, which was refused. Kissinger maintained at the time, and still maintains that if Congress had approved this request, South Vietnam would have been saved. In opposition, Karnow argued that by this point, South Vietnam was too far gone, the ARVN's morale had collapsed and it is very doubtful anything short of sending U.S. troops back in could have saved South Vietnam. On 17 April 1975, the Lon Nol regime collapsed and the Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh. On 20 April, Kissinger instructed Graham Martin, U.S. ambassador in Saigon, to start preparing to evacuate all Americans from the country. Kissinger further instructed Martin that no South Vietnamese were to be included in the pull out. Martin complained to Kissinger that the "only ass which isn't covered is mine", Kissinger assured him: "When this thing is finally over, I'll be hanging several yards higher than you". On 29 April, Option IV, the largest helicopter evacuation in history began as 70 Marine helicopters flew 8,000 people from the American embassy to the fleet offshore. Later in the day Kissinger ordered Martin to blow up the satellite terminal at the embassy, saying "I want you heroes home". At 7:53 am, the last Marine helicopter departed from the embassy in Saigon, marking the end of the American presence in Vietnam. On 30 April 1975, Saigon fell to the PAVN and the war in Vietnam finally ended. Books and articles References Henry Kissinger Vietnam War
43257962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison%20Canyon%20Formation	Poison Canyon Formation	The Poison Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in the Raton Basin of Colorado and New Mexico. The formation was deposited from the late Cretaceous through the Paleocene. Description The Poison Canyon Formation consists of thick sandstone beds separated by beds of mudstone and siltstone. It is found throughout most of the Raton Basin. The sandstone is arkosic and coarse-grained to conglomeratic. The mudstone and siltstone beds weather to yellow, are rich in mica, and are not resistant to erosion. The total thickness of the formation is up to . The formation grades below into the Raton Formation, with the transition often very gradual, up to . In the western part of the Raton Basin, the formation intertongues with and partially replaces the Raton Formation. The two are distinguished by color (the Raton Formation is gray and the Poison Canyon Formation is yellow to orange), by the absence of arkosic sandstone in the Raton Formation, and by the absence of coal from the Poison Canyon Formation. In addition, river channel deposits in the Raton Formation are up to six times wider and five times deeper than river channels in the Poison Canyon Formation, and the channels in the Poison River Formation tend to be isolated and lack any sheet-like amalgamation. The Poison Canyon Formation underlies the Cuchara Formation in the northern part of the Raton Basin. The formation derived its sediments from the San Luis uplift to the southwest and the Wet Mountains uplift to the north and northwest. Its age ranges from late Cretaceous (where the formation partially replaces the Raton Formation) to Paleocene. Fossils The Poison Canyon Formation contains sparse fossilized plant remains characteristic of the Paleocene. Economic resources The formation is a significant freshwater aquifer in the Canon City, Colorado area. History of investigation The unit was first named as the "Poison Canyon conglomerates" by R.C. Hills in 1888. Hills later clarified the definition, separating the uppermost beds of his measured section to the Huerfano Formation. See also List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colorado Paleontology in Colorado References Paleogene Colorado Paleogene formations of New Mexico
4070144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics	Germany at the 2002 Winter Olympics	Germany competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. In terms of gold metals, Germany finished ranking second with 12 gold medals. Meanwhile, the 36 total medals won by German athletes were the most of any nation at these Games, as well at any Winter Olympics, until this record was broken by the United States at the 2010 Winter Olympics. Medalists Alpine skiing Men Women Women's combined Biathlon Men Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay Women Women's 4 × 7.5 km relay 1 A penalty loop of 150 metres had to be skied per missed target. 2 Starting delay based on 10 km sprint results. 3 One minute added per missed target. 4 Starting delay based on 7.5 km sprint results. Bobsleigh Men Women Cross-country skiing Men Sprint Pursuit 1 Starting delay based on 10 km C. results. C = Classical style, F = Freestyle 4 × 10 km relay Women Sprint Pursuit 2 Starting delay based on 5 km C. results. C = Classical style, F = Freestyle 4 × 5 km relay Curling Men's tournament Group stage Top four teams advanced to semi-finals. \|} Contestants Women's tournament Group stage Top four teams advanced to semi-finals. \|} Tie-breaker \|} Contestants Figure skating Pairs Ice Dancing Ice hockey Men's tournament Preliminary round - group A Top team (shaded) advanced to the first round. First round - group C Quarter final Team Roster Marc Seliger Robert Müller Christian Künast Dennis Seidenberg Daniel Kunce Christoph Schubert Mirko Lüdemann Erich Goldmann Christian Ehrhoff Andreas Renz Jörg Mayr Len Soccio Klaus Kathan Mark MacKay Stefan Ustorf Tobias Abstreiter Andreas Morczinietz Jochen Hecht Andreas Loth Marco Sturm Jan Benda Martin Reichel Jürgen Rumrich Wayne Hynes Daniel Kreutzer Head Coach: Hans Zach Women's tournament First round - group B Top two teams (shaded) advanced to semifinals. Classification round 5th place semi-final 5th place game Luge Men (Men's) Doubles Women Nordic combined Men's sprint Events: large hill ski jumping 7.5 km cross-country skiing Men's individual Events: normal hill ski jumping 15 km cross-country skiing Men's Team Four participants per team. Events: normal hill ski jumping 5 km cross-country skiing Short track speed skating Men Women Skeleton Men Women Ski jumping Men's team large hill 1 Four teams members performed two jumps each. Snowboarding Men's parallel giant slalom Men's halfpipe Women's parallel giant slalom Women's halfpipe Speed skating Men Women References Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics 2002 Winter Olympics
40370688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus500	Plus500	Plus500 is a global fintech firm providing online trading services in contracts for difference (CFDs), in more than 2,500 financial instruments. The company is currently in the process of adding share dealing and futures trading to its offering. The company has subsidiaries in the UK, Cyprus, Australia, Israel, Seychelles, Singapore, Bulgaria, and the United States. Plus500 is listed on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index in the Investment Banking and Broking sector and Investment Services subsector. History The company was founded in 2008 by six alumni of the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology with an initial investment of only $400,000. The initial platform was based on a Windows OS. In 2010, Plus500 launched a web based version of its online trading platform, allowing Mac and Linux users to trade online. In 2011, they launched their first app for iPad and iPhone users. In 2012, Plus500 introduced its Android-based trading platform for Android smartphones and tablets. In October 2012, Plus500UK Ltd was fined £205,128 by the FCA failing to report transactions accurately for a year and a half. The company was not able to submit complete and accurate transaction reports because of the absence of appropriate systems and controls, documented procedures, or appropriate training for staff. (Chapter 17 of the FSA’s Supervision manual and Principle 3 of the FCA’s Principles for Businesses). In 2013, the company went public on the AIM section of the London Stock Exchange. In 2014, the company launched its Windows app. In May 2015, Plus500 was hit with massive value loss when its stock plunged almost 60 percent due to the company's move to freeze UK based trader accounts. The UK Financial Conduct Authority had ordered Plus500UK (the UK subsidiary of Plus500) to freeze the accounts as part of a review into anti-money-laundering controls. Most customers were able to access their funds within 2 months. The Australian and the Cyprus subsidiaries were not affected. In June 2015, Plus500 agreed to a US$703 million bid from Playtech, an online gambling company that was expanding into trading. However, Playtech walked away from the deal in November 2015 after it failed to get regulatory approval for the takeover. In 2016, the Israeli operating subsidiary of the company, Plus500IL Ltd. was one of a small number of companies to be granted a Trading Arena Licence by the Israeli Security Authority (ISA). In that same year, Plus500 released an app for Apple Watch to trade and view account details directly from Apple’s wearable. In early December 2017, Plus500SG Pte Ltd., the Singapore subsidiary of Plus500, was granted a Capital Markets Services license by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) for dealing in securities and leveraged foreign exchange trading. In June 2018, Plus500 launched its Economic Calendar, covering major financial events and indicators from all over the world, which are provided by Dow Jones & Company, a subsidiary of News Corp. Plus500’s calendar includes a list of the most highly-affected instruments for each economic event. In July 2018, shares of Plus500 were listed in the main market of the London Stock Exchange and the company joined the UK FTSE 250 index of leading mid-cap listed companies. In 2021, Plus500 named Professor Jacob Frenkel, former Chairman of J.P. Morgan Chase International and former governor of the bank of Israel as its new Chairman. Also in 2021, Plus500 signed a deal to acquire Cunningham Commodities LLC. and Cunningham Trading Systems LLC. and in July 2021, Plus500 announced completion of Cunningham’s acquisition, a technology trading platform provider that operates in the futures market in the U.S. as part of the company’s global expansion program. In addition, in June 2021, Plus500’s new research and development (“R&D”) center was opened in Tel Aviv, Israel. In October 2021, a class action was filed against the Israeli subsidiary of Plus500 claiming that the company paused the trading of certain options for 90 minutes, with the aim of preventing Plus500 from incurring losses, violating the Securities Law. Technology Since the company’s inception, Plus500 has utilized proprietary, internally developed technologies. These technologies include the company’s trading platform (available on multiple operating systems, including iOS, Android, Windows, and Surface), risk management tools, customer onboarding, affiliates, back-office systems, marketing, and cashier systems. Operations Plus500 trading apps are supported in 32 languages, including English, German, Italian, Spanish, French, Arabic, Chinese and more. It has been reported that 40% of the transactions were made by either Smartphones or tablets. In December 2017, European and UK watchdogs announced details of planned restrictions on the spreadbetting and CFD sectors. Plus500 CEO Asaf Elimelech said "the board believes the proposals are unlikely to have a material adverse effect on the group's business, thanks to its highly flexible business model". In February 2019, The Times reported that in the company's 2017 Annual Report Plus500 had told investors "in 2017, as in 2016 and 2015, the company did not generate net revenues or losses from market P&L", however in February 2019 the company issued a contradictory report stating that it had incurred a $103 million loss from client trading activity in the 2017 financial year. As of the third quarter of 2021, they had 166,310 active clients (that are actively trading on their platform). This number fluctuates each quarter, and is actually down from the 197,976 active clients in the same period last year. Trading licences Plus500UK Ltd., authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), FRN 509909; Plus500CY Ltd., authorised and regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) SEC registration number 250/14; Plus500AU Pty Ltd. AFSL #417727, issued by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). In addition, Plus500AU Pty Ltd is authorised to provide its services by the FMA in New Zealand (FSP No. 486026) and the FSCA in South Africa (#47546). Plus500IL Ltd, authorised and regulated by the Israel Securities Authority (ISA). Plus500SEY Ltd., authorised and regulated by the Seychelles Financial Services Authority (FSA) with Licence No. SD039. Plus500SG Pte Ltd., regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), License No. CMS100648-1. Funds protection According to saferinvestor, as of July 2021, only UK and CySec regulators offer any form of funds protection in case of broker insolvency. If you are regulated in the UK by The FCA you will fall under the purview of The Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) and have 100% deposit protection up to £85,000. CySec regulated brokers offer a guarantee of funds of 90% of remaining deposit up to €20,000 in case of liquidation of the firm. Sponsorships To complement its online marketing technology efforts, in January 2015, Plus500 signed a sponsorship deal with Atlético de Madrid Football Club. Later that year, Plus500 became the club's main sponsor. In December 2016, Plus500 became the major sponsor of the Brumbies, an Australian professional rugby union football team. Later, in 2020, Plus500 signed sponsorship agreements with three major football clubs: Swiss Super League champions Young Boys, Poland's champions Legia Warsaw, and Serie A club Atalanta. References External links Official site Financial services companies based in the City of London Trading companies Online brokerages Electronic trading platforms Financial services companies established in 2008 Israeli companies listed on the London Stock Exchange Financial derivative trading companies Foreign exchange companies Israeli brands
2406348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20of%20Portugal	Constance of Portugal	Constance of Portugal (pt: Constança; 3 January 1290 – Sahagún, 18 November 1313; ), was Queen of Castile by her marriage to Ferdinand IV. She was the eldest child and only daughter of King Denis of Portugal and his wife Elizabeth of Aragon, later Saint. Life Queen consort of Castile and Leon (1302-1312) The treaty signed between King Sancho IV of Castile and Denis of Portugal in September 1291, established the betrothal between the eldest son and heir of Sancho IV, Ferdinand (aged 5), with the daughter of the Portuguese King, Constance (aged 20 months). Finished with the Valladolid Courts of 1295, María de Molina, Dowager Queen and Regent of the Kingdom of Castile, in the name of her son Ferdinand IV and Henry of Castile the Senator, co-regent of the Kingdom, had a meeting with King Denis of Portugal in Ciudad Rodrigo, where the Queen-Regent surrounded several strongholds in order to end the hostilities between both Kingdoms; in addition, the betrothal between Ferdinand IV and Constance was confirmed, and also the future marriage between Ferdinand IV's sister Beatrice with Constance's brother and heir of the Portuguese throne, Afonso was arranged. Later, in the Treaty of Alcañices (1297), the betrothal between Constance and Ferdinand IV was again ratified. On 23 January 1302 at Valladolid, Constance finally married King Ferdinand IV of Castile. Four years later (1307), shortly after the birth of their first-born child, a daughter called Eleanor (future Queen consort of Aragon), the Castilian King, who was besieging the city of Tordehumos which housed the rebellious magnate Juan Núñez II de Lara, chief of the House of Lara, sent his wife and newborn daughter to solicited a loan from her father, King Denis. During the Valladolid Courts of 1307, where Constance didn't participate, Ferdinand IV tried to end the abuses of the nobility, corrected the administration of justice and softened the tax pressure over the Castilians. The next year (1308), the Queen gave birth to a second daughter, named Constance after her, who died in 1310, aged 2 and was buried in the disappeared convent of Santo Domingo el Real. In April 1311, while in Palencia, Ferdinand IV became gravely ill and was transported to Valladolid, despite the protests of Constance, who wished his transport to Carrión de los Condes, with the purpose to control him with the help of her ally, Juan Núñez II de Lara. During the King's illness, disputes erupted between Juan Núñez II de Lara, Ferdinand IV's brothers and Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena. While the King was in Toro, the Queen gave birth in Salamanca on 13 August 1311 a son, the future Alfonso XI of Castile. The newborn heir to the Castilian throne was baptized in the Old Cathedral of Salamanca, and, against the King's wishes (who wanted to trust his son to his mother María de Molina), the will of Constance prevailed, who (with the support of Juan Núñez II de Lara and Lope Díaz de Haro) wanted to give the custody of the prince to Peter, Lord of Cameros and brother of Ferdinand IV. In the autumn of 1311, surged a conspiracy of who wanted to depose Ferdinand IV and place the Lord of Cameros in the throne. The conspiracy included John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos, Juan Núñez II de Lara and Lope Díaz de Haro; however, the project failed because of the staunch refusal of the Dowager Queen María de Molina. In the Valladolid Courts of 1312, the last of the reign of Ferdinand IV, where reunited funds for the keeping of the army who would fight in the next campaign against the Kingdom of Granada, was reorganized the administration of justice, the territorial and local administration, showing with this the King his wishes of a deep reform in all the ambits of administration, at the time that wanted to reinforce the Crown's authority in detriment of the nobility. The Courts approved the concession of five services and one forera coin, destined to the payment of the King's vassals, with the exception of Juan Núñez II de Lara, who became in the vassal of King Denis of Portugal. On 7 September 1312 at the city of Jaén, Ferdinand IV died aged 26. Because of the high temperature during the month of his death, Peter, Lord of Cameros and brother of the late King and the now Dowager-Queen Constance decided that his remains would be buried in the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba. The Crónica de Alfonso XI confirmed the high temperature as the cause that motivated the burial of Ferdinand IV in Córdoba. The funeral cortege who accompanied the remains of Ferdinand IV to the city of Córdoba was presided by Constance. The body of the King was deposited in the Major Chapel of the Cathedral by disposition of his wife, and was also decided that six chaplains could pray every night before the tombstone during the month of September in the anniversary of his death, in perpetuity. Minority of King Alfonso XI of Castile (1312-1313) When John of Castile, Lord of Valencia de Campos and Juan Núñez II de Lara had knowledge of the death of King Ferdinand IV, they asked Queen María de Molina (who was in Valladolid) to take the regency on behalf of her one-year-old grandson Alfonso XI, in order to avoid that Peter, Lord of Cameros take it. However, the Queen refused to take the regency and she asked that both talk of it with her son Peter. Juan Núñez II de Lara then tried to kidnap the infant King, who was in the city of Ávila. However, the local authorities stopped him on orders from María de Molina. Shortly after Peter, Lord of Cameros arrived at Ávila and they refused his entrance to the city. In the meanwhile, John, Lord of Valencia de Campos and Juan Núñez II de Lara, who are in Burgos, called the ricoshombres and others main authorities of the kingdom to be reunited in Sahagún, at the time that Peter, Lord of Cameros obtained the consent of María de Molina to be the guardian of his nephew Alfonso XI during his minority. When John, Lord of Valencia de Campos (who was at Sahagún with the authorities of the kingdom) knew about the closeness of Peter, Lord of Cameros, he ofended him in front of various witnesses, causing that the Lord of Cameros marched against them. The Lord of Valencia de Campos and his collaborators send them to Philip of Castile, Lord of Cabrera and Ribera, brother of Peter, to talk to him; however, the Lord of Cameros reprimanded his brother to be at the side of the Lord of Valencia de Campos. The Lord of Cabrera and Ribera presented to his mother María de Molina the propositions of the Lord of Valencia de Campos, which consisted of a triumvirate between María de Molina and the Lords of Cameros and Valencia de Campos. The Queen agreed with this idea. The Palencia Courts of 1313 Pedro, Lord of Cameros went to the Cortes of Palencia of 1313 accompanied by an army of 12,000 men, after having recruited in Asturias and Cantabria, and had gone to the Cortes without desire for a fight, but ready for one if the other side wished it. On the side of the Lord of Cameros militated his uncle Alfonso Téllez de Molina (brother of María de Molina), his son Tello Alfonso de Meneses, Rodrigo Álvarez de Asturias and Fernán Ruiz de Saldaña, among others ricoshombres. The main supporters of the Lord of Valencia de Campos was Philip, Lord of Cabrera and Ribera, Fernando de la Cerda and Juan Núñez II de Lara. Once assembled the attendees in the city of Palencia, it was agreed that each of the two sides kept only 1,300 men in the vicinity of the city, although the agreement was broken by the Lord of Valencia de Campos, who kept next to him 4,000 men, who caused that the Lord of Cameros kept 5,000 of his men at his side. During the Cortes, the Dowager Queen Constance stopped to give her support to the Lord of Cameros and began to support the Lord of Valencia de Campos, proceeding Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena (grandson of Ferdinand III of Castile) in the same way. Fearing that disputes arise, at the initiative of Queen María de Molina, the Lords of Cameros and Valencia de Campos and his companions left the city and stayed in the villages, Peter staying in Amusco, John in Becerril de Campos, Queen Constance in Grijota, and María de Molina in Monzón de Campos. At the same time, the prelates and procurators supporters of the Lord of Cameros and María de Molina agreed to meet in the church of San Francisco at Palencia, of the Order of the Franciscans, while the supporters of the Lord of Valencia de Campos reunited in the convent of San Pablo of Palencia, of the Order of the Dominicans, linked to the House of Lara. Despite the wishes of Peter and his mother, the supporters of the Lord of Valencia de Campos didn't agree to any compromise and appointed him guardian of the King, while the other side appointed guardians the Lord of Cameros and Queen María de Molina. The double Cortes of Palencia of 1313 gave origin to two different orders: one of them granted by the Infante Juan, as tutor of Alfonso XI, to the councils of Castile, León, Extremadura, Galicia and Asturias —territories in which they predominated their own supporters—; and the other promulgated by Queen María de Molina and her son, the Infante Pedro, as joint tutors of Alfonso XI, and was delivered at the request of the councils of Castilla, Leon, Toledo, Extremadura, Galicia, Asturias and Andalusia. In both charters of the Cortes are noted the presence of the clergy, the nobility and the notorious men of the towns, and it was deduced from them that the Infante Juan had a certain advantage in the number and quality of his allies, as well as the Infante Peter and Queen María de Molina in prelates, masters of the Military Orders and representatives of the councils. The charter given by Queen María de Molina carries the seals of Alfonso XI and those of both tutors, and the one given by Infante Juan only his own seal; this could conclude that the Royal Chancellery was in the hands of the firsts. Finished the Cortes, each of the two sides began to use the royal seal to issue orders and privileges. Finished the Cortes of Palencia of 1313, Alfonso of Valencia and his father John of Castile "el de Tarifa" occupied the city of León, while the Infante Peter seized of the city of Palencia, directing itself later to Ávila with his mother, where Alfonso XI was. In the meanwhile both sides tried to reach a definitive agreement on who should be the guardian of the infant King, intervening in the negotiations the Masters of the Orders of Santiago and Calatrava, as well as Don Juan Manuel, supporter of John of Castile. The Infante Peter departed for Granada to help Nasr, Sultan of Granada, against whom the son of arráez of Málaga had revolted. However, at the end of 1313 the Infante Peter was aware of the defeat of the Granadian sultan and, during his return to Castile, besieged for three days and took the castle of Rute, located in Córdoba. At the end of 1313, the Infante John summoned the procurators of the Kingdom in Sahagún. Death and burial On 18 November 1313, one day after she had dictated her testament, in which she appointed executors to her parents, the Kings of Portugal, Queen Constance of Portugal died in Sahagún at the age of 23, which caused that Infante Juan and his partisans decided to agree with Queen María de Molina, offering her to be the guardian of the King in the territories in which they had declared tutors to her and to her son the Infante Peter, while the Infante John of Castile "el de Tarifa" would act as guardian of the King in the territories that supported him, accepting Queen María de Molina the proposal. After her death, the remains of Queen Constance were buried in the Royal Monastery of San Benito in Sahagún, where King Alfonso VI of León and Castile and several of his wives had been buried. The remains deposited in a sepulcher, which was placed on the cruiser of the monastery church, next to the graves containing the mortal remains of the wives of Alfonso VI. Her grave had to be destroyed either during the fire that the monastery suffered in 1810, during the Napoleonic invasion of the War of Spanish Independence or during the exclaustration and confiscation of the Royal Monastery of San Benito, carried out in 1835. Although the remains of King Alfonso VI and those of his wives are currently deposited in two tombs in the Monastery of the Benedictine Mothers of Sahagún, the remains of Queen Constance of Portugal have disappeared. In the church of San Juan de Sahagún is conserved a tombstone of modern marble, carved in the 19th century, and placed in the rung that leads to the high altar of the church, next to a similar gravestone in which reference is made to the Infante Sancho Alfónsez, only son of King Alfonso VI, in which the following epitaph was sculpted: The epitaph, roughly translated says: "Here lies Queen Constance, wife of King Ferdinand IV. She died on 23 November 1313". The tombstone was carved after the Spanish War of Independence, when, after the destruction caused in the monastery by the looting carried out by the French troops, and by the fire of 1810, was proceeded to rebuild the Benedictine monastery. However, due to the confiscation of 1835, the works were paralyzed. The purpose of the tombstone, which measures 1.39 meters long by 0.46 meters wide, was to mark the place occupied by the tomb in which the remains of Queen Constance, who had disappeared, had been resting in the Royal Monastery of San Benito. Nevertheless, the tombstone was later placed in the church of San Juan of Sahagún. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography \|- \|- 1290 births 1313 deaths Portuguese infantas House of Burgundy-Portugal Castilian queen consorts Leonese queen consorts Galician queens consort 13th-century Portuguese people 14th-century Portuguese people 13th-century Portuguese women 14th-century Portuguese women 14th-century Castilians 14th-century Spanish women
39115501	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayceeoh	Jayceeoh	Jacob Charles Osher, (born June 6, 1982), more popularly known as Jayceeoh, is an American DJ, record producer and turntablist. He is the founder of label imprint, "Super 7 Records". Biography (2013 - present) In 2014, Jayceeoh gathered musical support from the likes of A-Trak, Diplo, Bassnectar, Borgore, The Bloody Beetroots, MAKJ, and TJR, to name just a few, which ultimately propelled him into becoming one of the fastest rising producer talents in the United States today. His bass heavy productions had also captured the attention of the music industry as a whole and some of the largest online music platforms. His debut original release titled "DAMN," a collaboration with fellow turntablist, DJ Scene, released on "Fools Gold Records" in November 2013. Earlier that year, Jayceeoh was crowned champion of VH1′s "Master of the Mix" TV show, in which he won a Quarter of a Million dollars and a 1 Year contract as the official DJ to Smirnoff Vodka. Wasting no time following the success of the show, Jayceeoh shifted his focus entirely to producing music and building his name in the trap and bass scene. Since then, Jayceeoh has released music on Atlantic Records, Dim Mak Records, Buygore Records, Ultra Records, Fool's Gold Records, and his very own Super 7 Records, amongst others. Jayceeoh is a brand ambassador for SOL Republic Headphones and was the face and voice of the Smirnoff x Spotify campaign in 2014. To date, he has provided the sounds for some of the most well known brands in sports, entertainment, and fashion alike, including, but not limited to: X-Games, Myspace, OK! Magazine, Burton, Nike, Red Bull, McDonald's, Adidas, Oakley, Comedy Central, Warner Bros. Records, and Playboy. He has been spotlighted in multiple magazines, periodicals, and websites including, but not limited to: OK! Magazine, The Source, Complex Magazine, Vibe, MTV.com, Examiner, VH1.com, The New Yorker, New York Press, Village Voice, New York Post, Perezhilton.com, URB, Remix, Tablist and Boston Globe. In the club circuit and live performance realm, Jayceeoh has maintained premier residencies for years across the country in some of the most notable venues in North America. He's also been afforded the opportunity to play in over 32 countries worldwide and on some of the biggest festival stages, including iHeartRadio Festival in Las Vegas, TomorrowWorld Festival in Atlanta, EDC in Mexico City, Firefly Festival in Dover, and Lights All Night festival in Dallas. Prior to 2013, Jayceeoh was the official tour DJ for Sammy Adams and Wiz Khalifa, and has performed alongside and worked with the likes of Bassnectar, Borgore, Terravita, The Bloody Beetroots, A-Trak, Redman, Morgan Page, Baauer, Sidney Samson, and others. In addition to his busy tour schedule and production, he is also the creator of one of the most renowned and successful DJ mixtape series of all time, "Super 7," which is a collaboration of some of the best DJ talent in the world. The Super 7 Series is critically acclaimed and has become an institution in the International DJ community. Some of the past guest DJs include Nghtmre, TJR, TWRK, Jazzy Jeff, Gaslamp Killer, Z-Trip, Party Favor, Tropkillaz, Lookas, Grandtheft, and more. Early years Jayceeoh spent his high school years at the Taylor Allderdice High School in Pittsburgh, PA. Allderdice alumni include Wiz Khalifa, Mac Miller and the founders of their label, Rostrum Records. Throughout Wiz Khalifa's ascent to hip-hop's elite, Jayceeoh held down Wiz and the Taylor Gang with mixtape features as well as being his special occasion tour DJ. Jayceeoh then went on to spend his college years studying music and production at Emerson College in Boston. In January 2011, Jayceeoh won 1st place at the National McDonald's Flavor Battle Finals. In December 2011, Jayceeoh was recruited by Sony/RCA recording artist Sammy Adams to be his official tour DJ for his major label debut. Soon after connecting with Sammy, they toured clubs and arenas alongside some of the biggest Pop stars in the world. They have also made national TV performances on Conan O'Brien and 90210. Discography Singles and official remixes Jayceeoh and Steve 1der - Till a Boy Get Kill (2013) (Independent Release) Jayceeoh and DJ Scene - Ddamn (Original Mix) (2013) (Fools Gold Records) Jayceeoh and Caked Up - King S#!t (2014) (Independent Release) Jayceeoh and Made Monster - Go Harder 2.0 (2014) (Buygore Records) Jayceeoh and Woogie - 2thawall (2014) (Buygore Records) Alison Wonderland - Run (Jayceeoh Remix) (2015) (Warner Music Group Australia) Morgan Page - Running Wild (Jayceeoh Remix) (2015) (Nettwerk Records) Jayceeoh and Riot Ten - Hold It Down (2015) (Super 7 Records) Jayceeoh, B-Sides and Fawks - Jit Going Ham" (2015) (Buygore Records) Sbcr and Jayceeoh - Frankenstein (2015) (Dim Mak Records) Jayceeoh - Turn Me Up Some (featuring Redman and Jay Psar) (2015) (Super 7 Records) Jayceeoh and Woogie - Rap Don't Work (featuring OJ Da Juiceman) (2016) (Elysian Records) Swanky Tunes - At The End Of The Night (Jayceeoh Remix) (2016) (Armada Music) Martin Solveig - +1 (Jayceeoh Remix) (2016) (Big Beat Records) The Knocks - I Wish (Jayceeoh Remix) (2016) (Atlantic Records) Jayceeoh - Elevate (featuring Nevve) (2016) (Trap Nation) Jayceeoh and Styles & Complete - Levitate (2019) (Circus Records) Jayceeoh and Dialedin featuring Med - 187 (2019) (Circus Records) Jayceeoh and The Bloody Beetroots - Grand Slam / Exodus (2019) (Slugz Music) Jayceeoh and Throwdown - Hallelujah (2019) (Disciple Round Table) Henry Fong featuring General Degree - What's the Move (Jayceeoh Remix) (2020) (Dim Mak Records) Jayceeoh featuring LeRome Swiss - Powerful Dream (2021) (Deadbeats) Jayceeoh - Bubble Up (2021) (Deadbeats) Mixtapes and Guest Mixes Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 1 (2010) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 2 (2010) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh Presents "Avant-Gucci" (2010) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 3 (2010) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 4 (2011) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 5 (2012) (Mixtape) Earmilk.com Presents: Jayceeoh - Pop Models Volume 6 (2013) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - BBC Radio 1 Ignition Mix (2015) (Guest Mix for Annie Nightingale) Jayceeoh - Super 7 Volume 6 (2015) (Mixtape) Jayceeoh - BBC Radio 1 Quest Mix (2016) (Guest Mix for Annie Nightingale) Jayceeoh - Diplo & Friends Guest Mix'' (2017) (Guest Mix on BBC Radio 1) References External links 1982 births Record producers from New York (state) Club DJs Emerson College alumni American hip hop DJs Living people Mixtape DJs Musicians from Boston Musicians from Brooklyn Musicians from Los Angeles Businesspeople from Pittsburgh Remixers Record producers from Pennsylvania Record producers from California
53772609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takatomo%20Enoki	Takatomo Enoki	Takatomo Enoki from the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, NTT, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for contributions to compound semiconductor high speed integrated circuits for optical and wireless communication systems. References Fellow Members of the IEEE Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
67219713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20Princeton%20Tigers%20women%27s%20ice%20hockey%20season	2019–20 Princeton Tigers women's ice hockey season	The Princeton Tigers represent Princeton University in ECAC women's ice hockey during the 2019–20 NCAA Division I women's ice hockey season. Resulting in a program-record 26 wins, the Tigers also experienced a pair of historic firsts, winning its first ECAC tournament title, and an NCAA tournament berth for the second consecutive year. On April 4, 2020, the Tigers had announced captains for the 2020-21 season, since cancelled. Sarah Filler earned the honor of the captaincy, while Sharon Frankel and Shannon Griffin were appointed alternate captains. Offseason Recruiting Schedule Source: \|- !colspan=12 style=" "\| Regular Season \|- \|- !colspan=12 style=" "\| ECAC Tournament \|- Roster 2019-20 Tigers Awards and honors Carly Bullock, Women's Hockey Commissioners Association Player of the Month February 2020 All-USCHO Carly Bullock, All-USCHO National Honors Sarah Fillier, All-USCHO National Honors Team awards Elizabeth English Trophy: Carly Bullock Princeton Patty Kazmaier Award: Claire Thompson Rookie of the Year: Kate Monihan Unsung Hero Award: MacKenzie Ebel AHCA All-America Scholar The following Tigers were recognized by the American Hockey Coaches Association as All-America Scholars MacKenzie Ebel Sharon Frankel Claire Thompson, Senior Sylvie Wallin All-Ivy honorees First Team All-Ivy Sarah Fillier, Princeton Carly Bullock, Princeton Second Team All-Ivy Maggie Connors, Princeton Claire Thompson, Princeton References Princeton Tigers
6881248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20on%20Blue%20%28Leigh%20Nash%20album%29	Blue on Blue (Leigh Nash album)	Blue on Blue is Leigh Nash's debut solo album and consists of pop songs. Nash began working on the album a year after Sixpence None the Richer disbanded. Produced by Pierre Marchand who is best known for his collaborations with Sarah McLachlan. "My Idea of Heaven" was released to US radio on the July 14, 2006. A video was also made to accompany the song. Critical and commercial response The album met mixed to positive reviews upon release. Nash's vocals, lyrics and music direction were lauded. Blue on Blue was criticized mainly because of the songs not being as immediately appealing as the ones released by Sixpence None the Richer. Collaborators on this album are Sixpence bandmate Matt Slocum, and the songwriting/production team of Rick Nowels and Billy Steinberg. Commercially, the album did not perform well. One of the main reasons for this is the fact that the album remains unknown among the masses due to the lack of promotion and airplay. So far, it managed to reach No. 25 in the Billboard Top Heatseekers charts; however, the bonus track "Blue Sky" reached No. 5 in Japanese pop music Chart due to its frequent airplay and the advertisement of "Toyota Prius" in Japan in 2007. Track listing "Along the Wall" (Pierre Marchand, Leigh Nash) - 4:30 "Nervous in the Light of Dawn" (Rick Nowels, Billy Steinberg, Matt Slocum, Leigh Nash) - 4:40 "My Idea of Heaven" (Nowels, Steinberg, Leigh Nash) - 4:05 "Ocean Size Love" (Leigh Nash, Scott Cutler, Anne Preven) - 4:58 "Never Finish" (Ron Aniello, Leigh Nash) - 3:44 "Between the Lines" (Leigh Nash, Pierre Marchand) - 4:07 "More of It" (Greg Wells, Leigh Nash) - 3:09 "Angel Tonight" (Holly Knight, Leigh Nash) - 3:17 "Blue" (Jude Cole, Leigh Nash) - 3:32 "Cloud Nine" (Cutler, Preven, Leigh Nash) - 3:47 "Just a Little" (Leigh Nash, Danielle Brisebois, Wayne Rodrigues) - 4:01 iTunes edition bonus track "Thank You" - 3:59 Japanese edition bonus tracks "Run Together" (Rick Nowels, Billy Steinberg, Matt Slocum, Leigh Nash) - 4:13 "Blue Sky" (Rick Nowels, Billy Steinberg, Leigh Nash) - 4:09 "Blue Sky" (A cappella version) - 4:01 "Along the Wall" can be heard at the Kyle XY episode "Hands on a Hybrid". "Blue Sky" is the theme to Toyota Prius in Japan. Chart performance References Leigh Nash albums 2006 debut albums Albums produced by Pierre Marchand
35766749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos%20Szentg%C3%A1li	Lajos Szentgáli	Lajos Szentgáli (7 June 1932 – 2 November 2005) was a Hungarian athlete who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Budapest. References 1932 births 2005 deaths Hungarian male middle-distance runners Olympic athletes of Hungary Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics European Athletics Championships medalists Athletes from Budapest
14124959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintero%20%28surname%29	Quintero (surname)	Quintero is a Spanish surname originating in the Spanish region of Galicia. The name comes from quinto or quinta which means "fifth". It is possible that a "quintero" was a renter of quintas (also known as haciendas, the Spanish equivalent to a ranch). The quintero would rent one-fifth of the land and pay as rent one-fifth of his produce of the land to the landlord. Others have suggested, not dissimilarly, that the surname is habitational, derived from a place called Quintero in Ourense province, so named from quinteiro, meaning "farmstead". Notable people Alejandra Quintero (born 1976), Mexican beauty pageant contestant Armando Quintero Martínez (born 1954), Mexican politician Gabriela Quintero (born 1973), Mexican musician of Rodrigo y Gabriela Hannelly Quintero (born 1985), Venezuelan model and presenter Humberto Quintero (born 1979), Venezuelan baseball player Ioamnet Quintero (born 1972), Cuban high jumper José Quintero (1924–1999), Panamanian theater director and teacher José Quintero Parra (1902–1984), Venezuelan cardinal José Agustín Quintero (1829–1885), Cuban journalist revolutionary Juan Fernando Quintero (born 1993), Colombian footballer Luis Manuel Quintero (1725? – 1810) One of the 44 original settlers of the Pueblo de Los Angeles Quintero brothers, Spanish dramatists: Hermanos Álvarez Quintero (1871–1938) Joaquín Álvarez Quintero (1873–1944) Rafael Caro Quintero (born 1952), Mexican drug lord Related surnames Quintana Quinteros Quinto References External links art-marble.com - list of Surnames Spanish-language surnames
42535224	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20CTX%20series	Honda CTX series	The Honda CTX series is a series of motorcycles created by Honda for the 2014 model year. According to Honda marketing materials, CTX stands for "Comfort, Technology and Experience." The series includes the following models: CTX700/CTX700N CTX1300 External links CTX series
350344	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengham	Mengham	Mengham is the largest settlement on Hayling Island in Hampshire, England. It is the largest shopping area on the Island, and has three schools and a Library. There is an old Church, St. Mary's toward the northern edge of the settlement. There is said to be an entrance to a tunnel in St Mary's churchyard, disguised as a grave. This tunnel allegedly goes down to the shore and in past times smugglers used it to bring contraband items into the mainland. The tunnel, found under the name "Mary Gritt's" leads around 1/2 a mile underground. External links Villages in Hampshire Hayling Island
44962669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Paman	Roger Paman	Roger Paman (c. 1700 - 1748) was an 18th-century English mathematician. Life and work Very little is known about the life of Roger Paman. He cited a professor of St John's College, Cambridge as mentor, so it is possible that he studied at Cambridge University. As he explains in the preface of his only published book, he participated in George Anson's voyage around the world (1740–1744), but he returned to England in 1742 with one of two ships which returned before the end of the expedition. Before embarking on the expedition, he left his mathematical papers to philosopher David Hartley. His papers were presented to the Royal Society in 1742 and, as a result, he was named fellow of the institution in 1743. In 1745 his book "The Harmony of the Ancient and Modern Geometry Asserted" was published in London. The book is a reply to the mathematical concepts of George Berkeley in his book The Analyst (1734). The originality of this book lies in the development of all the calculus in finite differences, in order to avoid the paradoxes of infinity explained by Berkeley. Paman presents in his book the concepts of minimaius and maximinus, a far antecedent of the mathematical concepts of infimum and supremum. References Bibliography External links 1700 births 1748 deaths 18th-century English people 18th-century English mathematicians Fellows of the Royal Society
39677314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyzodiastes%20alveus	Rhyzodiastes alveus	Rhyzodiastes alveus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Rhysodinae. It was described by R.T. & J.R. Bell in 1985. It is found in Vietnam. References Rhyzodiastes Beetles of Asia Insects of Vietnam Beetles described in 1985
30713764	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theretra%20arfakmontensis	Theretra arfakmontensis	Theretra arfakmontensis is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Irian Jaya in Indonesia. References Theretra Moths described in 2010
63507672	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagic%20vacuolar%20myopathy	Autophagic vacuolar myopathy	Autophagic vacuolar myopathy (AVM) consists of multiple rare genetic disorders with common histological and pathological features on muscle biopsy. The features highlighted are vacuolar membranes of the autophagic vacuoles having sarcolemmal characteristics and an excess of autophagic vacuoles. There are currently five types of AVM identified. The signs and symptoms become more severe over the course of the disease. It begins with an inability to pick up small objects and progresses to difficulty in walking. The age of onset varies from early childhood to late adulthood, affecting people of all ages. The disorders are caused by a mutation in different parts of the chromosome: Danon disease is caused by a mutation of the LAMP2 gene; XMEA is caused by mutations of the VMA21 gene. These gene mutations slow down the fusion between autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes, leading to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles. The end result is the breakdown of muscle cells, which attributes to muscle weakness in patients suffering from AVM. The mode of transmission is X-linked, with Danon Disease being X-linked dominant and XMEA being X-linked recessive. Other types of AVM are less researched in terms of their mode of transmission, but it is known that these diseases are all gene-related. Diagnosis of AVM involves various types of genetic testing, alongside a thorough examination of the patient's history and symptoms. Treatment of the disease currently involves Enzyme Replacement Therapy and gene therapy is a possibility for the future, a solution which may cure the disease completely. Categories and causes There are five types of AVM: Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA), Pompe Disease, infantile AVM, and adult onset AVM with multiorgan involvement. Danon disease, XMEA and Pompe Disease are better researched in terms of the gene causing the disorder. XMEA is linked to mutations in the VMA21 gene at Xq28 while Danon disease and Pompe Disease are associated with LAMP2 gene located on the X chromosome and the GAA gene respectively. For infantile AVM and adult onset AVM with multiorgan involvement, the LAMP2 gene is unrelated to the two diseases, though the specific genes related are unknown. The causes of the disease is different mutation occurring in the aforementioned genes. For Danon disease which is related to LAMP2, since the LAMP2 gene is responsible for the production of the LAMP-2 protein, which plays a role in the transport of cellular materials into the lysosome, mutations of the LAMP2 gene lead to little to no LAMP-2 protein production, impairing the transport of cellular materials into the lysosome. Without the LAMP-2 protein, fusion between autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes occurs much slower, leading to the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles. This accumulation leads to the breakdown of muscle cells, thereby causing the muscle weakness exhibited in Danon disease patients. Mode of inheritance Most of the AVMs are sex-linked, meaning the gene with regards to AVM is located on a sex chromosome. Danon disease is hereditary and is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern. The LAMP2 gene associated with Danon disease is located on the X-chromosome. Since the X-chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes, females may develop the disease with just one mutation in one of their two copies of the X-chromosome. Since there is only one X-chromosome present in humans, a mutation in that particular X chromosome could already cause the disease. Therefore, males typically exhibit more severe symptoms than females. Because Danon disease is X-linked, this means that fathers cannot pass their X-linked traits to their sons because males always pass their Y-chromosome to their male offsprings. Though also X-linked, the transmission pattern of XMEA is of a X-linked recessive pattern. Since females have two X-chromosomes, this means that females may be carriers who are asymptomatic or only showing mild symptoms. Meanwhile, males become diseased if they inherit just one X-chromosome that contains the mutated VMA21 gene. Similar to Danon disease, males with XMEA cannot pass the mutated gene to their sons, but will pass the gene to their daughters, who will be carriers. Female carriers have a subsequent 25% chance of having a carrier daughter, a 25% chance to have a non-carrier daughter, a 25% chance to have a diseased son, and a 25% son to have a healthy son. Signs and symptoms In general, the signs and symptoms of AVM are similar to common neuromuscular disorders, including limb-girdle weakness, scapuloperoneal dystrophy, distal myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Both muscles of upper and lower extremity would be affected. The symptoms are progressive. Patients might start off having difficulty in buttoning their clothes and picking up tiny objects. As it progresses to a more severe stage, they would have difficulty walking and rising up from the chair. Peripheral neuropathy is exhibited in approximately 20% of patients, and cardiomyopathy affects 15-30% of AVM patients. The age of onset typically ranges from early childhood to late adulthood. In addition, patients of Danon disease also experience cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and skeletal myopathy. Men may also suffer from varying degrees of intellectual disability with additional symptoms being retinal, liver and pulmonary disease. Carrier females may exhibit these symptoms as well. Patients suffering from Pompe disease exhibit a similar set of symptoms, ranging from progressive debilitation, to organ failure and death, of which the severity depends on age of onset, organ involvement, and rate of progression. The onset of Pompe disease varies from infantile, late-infantile, childhood, juvenile, and adult-onset, though Pompe disease is broadly classified into just infant and late-onset. Specifically, for patients suffering from the progressive form of infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD), their symptoms eventually result in their deaths due to cardiorespiratory failure as soon as their first year of developing the disease. XMEA exhibits a similar set of symptoms as other AVMs, though the age of onset is predominantly during childhood. Diagnosis Diagnosis for genetic or rare diseases are often challenging. As such, diagnosis includes a combination of genetic testing, followed by a thorough examination of a person’s medical history, symptoms, a physical exam, and laboratory tests. In addition, a diagnosis may also include a biopsy of the affected muscle tissue. For example, the diagnosis of Pompe disease presents a serious diagnostic dilemma as a result of the rarity and nonspecific phenotypic features of Pompe disease. In other words, the overlapping signs and symptoms that Pompe disease shares with other neuromuscular diseases, such as muscle weakness and even cardiovascular diseases, create significant challenges for diagnosis. Muscle biopsy is often used as an early diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of all muscular diseases. However, it has been discovered that the use of muscle biopsies alone tends to result in false-negative results and subsequent delays in identifying and treating Pompe disease. Therefore, a combination of several tests is typically used in conjunction to confirm whether a patient is suffering from Pompe disease. As mentioned, the signs and symptoms of Pompe disease, such as poor muscle tone and an enlarged heart, are typical to other conditions too. As such, a thorough and differential diagnosis by specialists can help to distinguish Pompe from other diseases with similar symptoms. Supposing the differential diagnosis concludes that Pompe disease is indeed present, further testing such as enzyme activity tests to measure the levels and activity of the acid alpha-glucosidase enzyme, or genetic testing to examine the GAA gene to determine mutations, should be performed for confirmation. In addition, chest x-rays to check for an enlarged heart, electrocardiograms (ECG) to detect abnormal heartbeat patterns, and electromyograms (EMG) to assess for the presence of muscle injury and dysfunction, are additional tests that are performed to diagnosis Pompe disease. Treatment There are two major approaches to treating Autophagic Vacuolar Myopathy: Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) to compensate for the deficiency of the original enzyme by adding exogenous enzyme; and gene therapy to replace or add genes to the body so that the body can produce the required protein. ERT has been the main form of treatment though its effect is temporary. While gene therapy could be the ultimate cure, it is still under active research and more time is required before it can be applied to patients of AVM. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) Enzyme Replacement Therapy has been used to treat Pompe disease. Since Pompe disease is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, the injection of the enzyme would alleviate the symptoms caused the disease. The functional enzyme is produced by genetically modified cells in the laboratory. It is then harvested, purified and eventually injected into the patient's body. With this enzyme, the body will be able to convert glycogen to glucose, providing the body with energy and thus alleviating the problem of energy deficiency in the muscles and heart. However, the exogenous enzyme might induce the production of neutralising antibodies, so immunosuppressive drugs are often consumed simulataneously to reduce the number of neutralising antibodies and prevent the exogenous enzyme from exerting its effect. A major limitation of ERT is that injections are needed routinely, meaning that ERT may not be a permanent cure since it can only improve the patient's muscle strength in the short term. Another constraint is that the enzyme is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier, meaning that ERT is unable to correct the neurological symptoms of the disease. Despite the clear clinical benefits, some side effects from ERT are exhibited. These included mild allergic reactions towards the enzyme, which may snowball into anaphylaxis, a life-threatening allergy. Other side effects are headaches, nausea, vomiting, chest discomfort and abnormal blood pressure. Gene therapy AVM are genetic diseases caused by mutations of the genes. In this way, AVM can be addressed with gene therapy. Gene therapy starts with the repairing or replacement of the gene that causes the disease. If this does not work, additional genes will be inserted into the body to address the mutated gene. Danon Disease, the most common form of AVM, could possibly be cured by adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9)–mediated gene therapy. Clinical studies on mice with the mutated LAMP2 gene have shown that the injection of the normal human LAMP2B gene into Lamp2 knockout mice actually managed to cure the mice from Danon disease. This method could be a permanent solution since the gene would be able to generate the protein needed and normal functions of the protein would be restored. Nevertheless, this method has not yet been trialed on human subjects so it needs further clinical trials to show its validity. The same concept could be applied to other AVM, targeting different gene mutations by introducing the normal version of the mutated gene. Reference Genetic diseases and disorders
32104778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Carriuolo	Nancy Carriuolo	Nancy Carriuolo was named the ninth president of Rhode Island College on May 12, 2008 by the Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education. She began her service as president on July 1, 2008 and is ending her service in May 2016. During 2007-2008, Carriuolo served as Interim Vice President for Academic Affairs at Rhode Island College, overseeing the management of academic activities and programs for the college, while maintaining her duties as Deputy Commissioner and Chief Academic Officer at the Rhode Island Office of Higher Education (RIOHE). Carriuolo was promoted to that position in 2006 after serving since 2000 as Associate Commissioner for Academic and Student Affairs. Career Carriuolo served as the director of the Office of School/College Relations at the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and, immediately prior to joining the Office of Higher Education, served as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of New Haven, where she became a tenured full professor of English in 1987. She also has experience as a junior- and senior-high school teacher and department chair. Carriuolo is the author of over 30 publications with regional, national, or international audiences. Paul Simon, while a U.S. senator, read into the Congressional Record one of her essays originally published in the Chronicle of Higher Education. Carriuolo has published three essays in the Chronicle, most recently on April 18, 2010. Her most recent essay described the campus-wide budget review process that saved $3/4M in her first year as president. She has also published an essay in Education Week, the K-12 companion periodical of the Chronicle. At the invitation of Dr. John Gardner, creator of the internationally known Freshman-Year Experience series, Carriuolo also wrote a monograph on PK-16 partnerships. Carriuolo has worked with a number of regional, national, and international higher education and business organizations as a consultant, is affiliated with several professional associations, and is a past president of the National Association for Developmental Education. In 2009, she received national recognition for her lifelong achievement in developmental education when named a CLADEA fellow. Carriuolo is a longstanding member of the board of the Journal of Developmental Education. She was also the founding statewide leader of the Rhode Island Chapter of the American Council on Education's network of women leaders in higher education. She also served on the board of New England Dollars for Scholars and is currently a member of the boards of the Tech Collective as well as the Association for Authentic and Evidence-based Learning (AAEEBL), an international association. She serves on the executive committee of the statewide Campus Compact and on the board of the Veterans Auditorium (the Vets). In 2018 an e-book of selected correspondence by Rhode Island social activist, journalist and RIC adjunct faculty member Richard Walton was edited by Carriuolo & Herbert Weiss and published to commemorate Walton's life and activism. Education Carriuolo earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the State University of New York at Brockport and a Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Buffalo; she also attended the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, where she completed post-doctoral studies in organizational behavior and management, fundraising, and negotiation. Personal Her husband Ralf is a native Rhode Islander who holds an undergraduate degree from Yale University and a Ph.D. from Wesleyan University. He is Professor Emeritus of Humanities at the University of New Haven, where he served as a music professor. Their son Matthew graduated from Brown University with a B.S. in physics and tutors physics on-line. References Heads of universities and colleges in the United States Rhode Island College faculty State University of New York at Brockport alumni University at Buffalo alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
21814718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntomostola	Syntomostola	Syntomostola is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae. Species Syntomostola semiflava Dognin, 1923 Syntomostola xanthosoma Dognin, 1912 References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog Phaegopterina Moth genera
20385150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Station	Texas Station	Texas Station is a hotel and casino located in North Las Vegas, Nevada. It is owned and operated by Station Casinos. Texas native Frank Fertitta Jr., the hotel-casino's original owner, chose the Texas theme to appeal to customers from his home state. Fertitta sold the hotel-casino for $95 million to Station Casinos, his former company, prior to its opening on July 12, 1995. It was the largest hotel-casino in North Las Vegas at the time of its opening, with a casino and a 200-room hotel. Texas Station has been expanded several times, including a $55 million expansion that began in 1998. The expansion added a food court, a child-care facility, and a parking garage, as well as additional movie theater screens and casino space. A $65 million expansion took place during 2000, and included the addition of a convention hall, a bowling alley, new restaurants, and two wedding chapels. History The Texas Station, located on , was designed and built by Marnell Corrao Associates at a cost of $62.8 million. Chanen Construction Company Inc. of Phoenix provided construction management to Corrao. The hotel included 200 rooms in a six-story building. The resort was located at 2101 Texas Star Lane, near the intersection of North Rancho Drive and West Lake Mead Boulevard. Station Casinos' founder and former owner, Frank Fertitta Jr., owned the hotel-casino during construction but sold it to his former company for $95 million in June 1995, prior to the resort's opening. Although Station Casinos purchased the resort, Fertitta kept ownership of the land, which he purchased in June 1994. Fertitta had wanted the resort to appeal to customers from his home state of Texas, and he included various subtle references to Texas-Mexican history in the project's design. The resort's exterior was designed to resemble an 1890s government architectural style common in Texas, while the interior was designed to replicate the San Antonio River Walk. Texas Station opened on July 12, 1995, with a fireworks show and the presence of the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders. It was the largest hotel-casino to open in North Las Vegas. The casino included 1,600 slot machines, 35 table games, a race and sportsbook, and six bars. The resort also had six restaurants, including Laredo Cantina and Café, Stockyard Steak & Seafood House, Galveston Bay Seafood Co., and the 24-hour Yellow Rose Café. The resort also had the Italian restaurant San Lorenzo, and the Rio Grande Buffet, which included barbecue cuisine. The resort also included a movie theater, operated by Act III Theatres. In November 1995, the resort began a expansion, which was completed in February 1996. A parking garage was also completed in 1996. The Texas Station had initially been a poor financial performer for Station Casinos because of limited customers and casino play. However, revenues later increased following an extensive marketing campaign and the addition of the 600-space parking garage. In 1996, Texas Station adopted C.P. Squires Elementary, one of Clark's County oldest elementary schools, as its community partner. Texas Station set up many fund raising events for at-risk students including a "wishing well sweep" that takes all the coins from its fountains. The initial sweep netted $1,000 in coins and Texas Station committed to donating all future proceeds to the school to help fund a computer lab. Future boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. fought his first fight at the Texas Station on October 11, 1996. A nightclub, Texas Late Nite, opened that month, between the casino's bingo hall and poker room. In January 1997, the Las Vegas Advisor ranked the Texas Station's buffet among the top buffets in Las Vegas. 1998 expansion A potential $40 million expansion was under consideration in December 1997, and was contingent on Station Casinos' success in transforming its corporate structure into a real estate investment trust. At the time, the casino consisted of . In May 1998, plans were announced for a $51 million expansion that would include the addition of in casino space, for a new total of . Other additions would include six movie screens to the 12-screen movie theater; a Kids Quest child-care facility; a food court and expanded video game arcade; a bar and lounge; and a 2,000-space parking garage. The expansion was planned to help the resort better compete against the Fiesta hotel-casino across the street, as well as the nearby Santa Fe hotel-casino. The expansion project began in July 1998, and it ultimately cost $55 million. The Texas Station remained open during the expansion, which nearly doubled the resort's size with the addition of nearly , for a new total of . Tri Star Team Builders was contracted for $38 million to handle the new construction work. As a joint venture, Tri Star Team Builders and PCL Construction worked together on the expansion. The movie theater, then operated by Regal Cinemas, closed temporarily in January 1999 because of the expansion. Construction operated on a continuous 24-hour schedule in the days leading up to the expansion's planned opening. The new areas opened on February 9, 1999, along with the reopening of the movie theater, while the six new movie screens were scheduled to open later in the month. The expansion added of casino space and 850 new slot, video poker and keno machines. The race and sportsbook was also redesigned. Also added was the Martini Ranch, a 24-hour southwestern-themed cocktail lounge located in the center of the casino, with seating for 70 people. The expansion also featured an food court with seven eateries that included Krispy Kreme. Also built was the Kids Quest child-care facility. A parking garage with 2,900 spaces was built on the property's north side, at the southeast corner of West Lake Mead Boulevard and North Rancho Drive. The garage was added to deal with common customer complaints about inadequate parking, and the garage's location was chosen because of its proximity to a busy intersection. In 1999, resort officials planned to plant a time capsule on the property, at a cost of more than $10,000. The capsule included items from North Las Vegas mayor Mike Montandon, Las Vegas mayor Jan Jones, and Nevada governor Kenny Guinn. The capsule was expected to be planted in January 2000, to mark the new millennium, with the intention to have it unburied in the year 3000. 2000 expansion In November 1999, the North Las Vegas Planning Commission approved plans for another expansion that would add to the resort, including an additional of casino space. At the time, the casino had 2,800 slot machines and 40 table games. Other additions included a 60-lane bowling alley, as well as meeting and ballroom space, and a 600-space employee parking garage. In January 2000, Station Casinos announced that the expansion would cost $55 million, with construction expected to begin by March and conclude in early 2001. The expansion was expected to include 350 additional slot machines. The expansion plans had been undergoing refinements for a year up to the time of the announcement. In March 2000, plans were announced for the addition of two wedding chapels to the resort, making the Texas Station the first Las Vegas locals hotel to include a chapel. Up to that time, the resort had received between 40 and 60 wedding requests each day from interested people. Each chapel would be , and they were to be built beside each other, with the option to combine the two for large weddings containing up to 220 guests. Between 80 and 120 weddings were expected to take place each month. The chapels were announced as part of the resort's ongoing expansion. On April 27, 2000, The Venetian and Texas Station were the first casinos to announce child-care centers specifically aimed at employees of Las Vegas casinos. The Texas Station's child-care center was expected to open in June 2000. The resort's makeshift outdoor concert stage, known as South Padre, was removed to make room for the expansion. The South Padre had the capacity for 3,000 people, but it impacted the comfort of some hotel guests because of its proximity to the hotel building. Added to the resort was the Dallas Events Center, a convention hall which also included seating for up to 1,800 people for concerts and boxing matches. The resort's expansion project ultimately cost $65 million, and was completed in late 2000. The expansion included two new restaurants. Austins Steakhouse opened at the resort in November 2000, replacing the Stockyard restaurant. Austins included a modern Italian design, and each element of the restaurant was inspired by artists including Henri Matisse and Frank Lloyd Wright. The Las Vegas Review-Journal gave Austins an "A" rating. Adjacent to Austins was the 26-seat A Bar lounge, and the resort also featured the Texas Star Oyster Bar. The resort's bowling alley opened in December 2000, and accounted for $15 million to $18 million of the $65 million expansion. The resort also introduced its Club Rev concept, in which the bowling alley was turned into a bowling disco two nights a week, with a disc jockey, a light show, and go-go dancers. The wedding chapel also opened in December 2000, and the Texas Station invited more than 250 married couples to renew their vows there to celebrate the opening. Incidents Shootings In 1996, two men shot at security guards in the casino parking lot; there were no injuries. In 1998, near the valet parking lot, a man was injured when another man opened fire on him and three other people. In December 1999, a man was robbed and shot in the parking garage, and he subsequently sued the resort and Station Casinos for alleged inadequate security. In 2001, a murder suspect was shot at by a SWAT officer while fleeing the parking garage. Another shooting, believed to be gang-related, occurred at the Texas Station in January 2005, and it led to an increased police presence at the resort for the following weekend, as well as additional security guards and ushers at the resort's movie theater. In 2010, a woman suffered a non-life-threatening gunshot wound during an attempted armed robbery in the resort's northwest parking lot. Later years In 2004, the Texas Station's sign on North Rancho Drive was replaced with an energy efficient version of equal size. As of 2015, the Texas Station donates the coins from its wishing well to financially troubled schools in the Clark County School District. As of 2017, the casino is . That year, Station Casinos purchased the Texas Station land as a long-term cost-saving measure. In March 2018, a renovation of the Regal Cinemas movie theater began, with completion scheduled for early May. The renovation would add larger seating, and a new bar and concession area on the second floor of the theater. The renovation was expected to cost at least $1.7 million. Nevada casinos were among businesses required to close on March 17, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the state. Although Nevada casinos were allowed to reopen on June 4, 2020, Station Casinos planned to keep Texas Station closed for another year due to economic uncertainty brought on by the pandemic. During its closure, Texas Station was used several times as a drive-through COVID-19 testing site. It was one of the main testing sites in the county. Gallery References External links 1995 establishments in Nevada Casinos completed in 1995 Buildings and structures in North Las Vegas, Nevada Casino hotels Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Hotel buildings completed in 1995 Hotels established in 1995 Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in the Las Vegas Valley Station Casinos
3560261	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Saint%20John%27s%20Bible	The Saint John's Bible	The Saint John’s Bible is the first completely handwritten and illuminated Bible commissioned by a Benedictine abbey since the invention of the printing press. The Saint John's Bible is divided into seven volumes and is two feet tall by three feet wide when open. The Bible is written on vellum by quill, with 160 illuminations included across the seven volumes. The version of the Bible used is the New Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (NRSV-CE). A copy of the Bible has been presented to the Pope at the Vatican in several volumes, with the final volume being presented on 17 April 2015. The scriptorium of The Saint John’s Bible is located in Monmouth, Wales. Origin Beginning in 1970, master calligrapher Donald Jackson expressed in media interviews his lifelong dream of creating an illuminated Bible. Jackson initially attended a Saint John's University-sponsored calligraphy presentation at the Newberry Library in Chicago in 1995. Following the presentation, Jackson discussed a handwritten Bible with Father Eric Hollas, OSB, the former executive director of the Hill Museum & Manuscript Library at Saint John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota. Between 1996 and 1997, Saint John’s explored the feasibility of the Bible project, Jackson created first samples, and theologians developed the illumination schema. The Saint John's Bible was officially commissioned in 1998 and funding opportunities were launched. The public was introduced to the project in 1999 and production was completed in 2011, with the final word penned in May 2011 and touch-up work completed by December 2011. Mission Saint John's states that the purpose of The Saint John's Bible was the following: "At the onset of a new millennium, Saint John's University and the monks of Saint John's Abbey sought to ignite the spiritual imagination of people throughout the world by commissioning a work of art that illuminates the world today." Techniques Donald Jackson, official scribe to Her Majesty's Crown Office at the House of Lords, created a new script specifically for this project. The creators of The Saint John's Bible used a mixture of techniques used in the creation of ancient illuminated manuscripts (handwritten with quills on calf-skin vellum, gold and platinum leaf and hand-ground pigments, Chinese stick ink) and modern technology (computers used to plan the layout of the Bible and line-breaks for the text). Saint John's Bible website states the following regarding the techniques used in the creation of the book: The unique aspect of the Bible is that it is a Bible for our time. It is a combination of ancient methods and materials with themes, images and technology of the 21st century and beyond. The Saint John’s Bible represents humankind’s achievements over the past 500 years. It is a contemporary blending of religious imagery from various Eastern and Western traditions, as befits our modern understanding of the global village. This Bible reflects Saint John’s commitment to Scripture and to the Book Arts, as well as to spiritual, artistic, educational and scholarly programming. Committee on Illumination and Text During production, a team of scholars and theologians gathered weekly to develop the theological content behind the illuminations. This included not only developing the schema for the illuminations (i.e., which passages would be illuminated), but also identifying underlying themes and elements for the artists to incorporate. The Committee on Illuminations and Text met in Collegeville, Minnesota, while much of the artwork was produced in Wales, resulting in a transatlantic collaboration as drafts were passed between the two groups. Michael Patella OSB, chair of the Committee on Illumination and Text, explained the underlying purpose of their work: "The illuminations are not illustrations. They are spiritual meditations on a text. It is a very Benedictine approach to Scriptures." The Saint John's Bible Illuminations There is a great variety of images utilized in The Saint John's Bible. Some of these are drawn from ancient and medieval Christian art, such as fish and trees, while others are more modern: a double helix DNA strand, Buddhist mandalas, and the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. There are also many different depictions of Christ in different contexts. A series of reference books, titled The Art of the Saint John's Bible, have been published by Susan Sink to provide an index for the illustrations included in the volumes of The Saint John's Bible. Volumes The Saint John's Bible consists of seven volumes: Gospels and Acts (completed in May 2002): 25+ illuminations, including opening illuminations to each gospel Pentateuch (completed in August 2003): Illuminated text from the first 5 books of the Old Testament Psalms (completed in April 2004): Illuminations include the digital voice prints of songs from various ethnicities/religious backgrounds Prophets (completed in April 2005): Includes Isaiah, Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Micah, Amos, Daniel, Zechariah, and Baruch Wisdom Books (completed in July 2006): Includes Song of Solomon, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Job, Wisdom, and Sirach Historical Books (completed in March 2010): Largest page count, 25+ illuminations, includes Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Judith, Esther, Ruth, Tobit, 1st and 2nd Maccabees Letters and Revelation (completed 2011) "Seeing the Word" curriculum In collaboration with Saint John's School of Theology and Seminary, curriculum has been developed that aims to educate people on The Saint John's Bible and further its underlying goal of igniting the spiritual imagination. "Seeing the Word," co-produced by Liturgical Press, is a collection of resources promoting guided reflection and meditation on The Saint John's Bible and its illuminations. The program follows the six steps of the prayer process of visio divina (based on lectio divina): listening, meditation, seeing, prayer, contemplation, and becoming Christ-like. Various Editions There are currently three different editions (not including the original copy) of The Saint John's Bible in circulation. Heritage Edition The Heritage Edition of The Saint John's Bible is the full-size fine art reproduction of the original. Measuring two feet tall by three feet wide when open, it is the exact size of the original manuscript. Each volume of the Heritage Edition is signed by the chief scribe and illuminator, Donald Jackson. The edition is limited to 299 signed and numbered seven-volume sets and contains the same volumes as the original. Many of the illuminations are touched-up by hand, including the burnishing of gold leaf. In addition, an eighth volume of commentary that places The Saint John's Bible in its historical context and describes several of the illuminations will accompany the volumes. Institutions and individuals around the world have acquired over 100 of the 299 available sets of the Heritage Edition, and many of these can be viewed by the public at locations in the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the Irish Republic. The Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University displays one of the Heritage Editions in its Special Collections department. Trade Edition The Trade Edition of The Saint John's Bible are smaller, printed copies of the seven volumes available for purchase. They are roughly the size of coffee table books, and feature full-color reproductions of the original manuscript.. Apostles Edition The Apostles Edition includes the following: the seven-volume Saint John's Bible, a custom dedication page in the Pentateuch volume, an original artwork by one of The Saint John’s Bible illuminators, a deluxe viewing display and cabinet, and the donation of a seven-volume Heritage Edition to a qualified nonprofit institution. The 12 Apostles Editions are reserved for major donors to The Saint John’s Bible program at Saint John’s University. Only twelve copies of the Apostles Edition exist, a few of these are currently being housed in the permanent collections at the Library of Congress, the Morgan Library, the Vatican Museum of Art and other locations. Other recently produced handwritten/illuminated Bibles Early in the marketing campaign, the commission responsible for The Saint John's Bible made the claim that it would be the first handwritten Bible in 500 years to the best of their knowledge. The commission was then made aware that several other Bibles had been previously completed, and in 2004 (between the April and May mailings of advertising for the Bible), the phrase "commissioned by a Benedictine Monastery" was added to the advertising and official website. At least one other privately illuminated manuscript, reproducing selections from the Bible—the Pepper Bible—preceded The Saint John's Bible in this timeframe. Staff Artistic director: Donald Jackson Calligraphers: Sue Hufton, Sally Mae Joseph Brian Simpson, Angela Swan, Susie Leiper Director: Tim Ternes Executive director, Heritage Program: Jim Triggs Editor, "Seeing the Word": Barbara Sutton Graphic designer: Vin Godier Illuminators: Thomas Ingmire, Aidan Hart, Suzanne Moore, Diane von Arx, Sally Mae Joseph, Hazel Dolby, Andrew Stewart Jamieson Natural history illustrator: Chris Tomlin Project coordinators: Rebecca Cherry, Rachel Collard Studio assistants: Mark L'Argent, Sarah Harris The Saint John’s Bible Committee on Illumination and Text: Johanna Becker, Irene Nowell, Michael Patella, Ellen Joyce, Nathanael Hauser, Susan Wood, Alan Reed, Columba Stewart Further reading Baker, Jack, Jeffrey Bilbro, and Daniel Train ed. The Saint John's Bible and its Tradition: Illuminating Beauty in the Twenty-First Century. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock, 2018. Homrighausen, Jonathan. Illuminating Justice: The Ethical Imagination of The Saint John's Bible. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2018. Sink, Susan. The Art of The Saint John's Bible: The Complete Reader's Guide. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2013. References External links Official website Library of Congress - St John's Bible 2007 non-fiction books Illuminated biblical manuscripts Bible translations into English Illuminated manuscripts of Welsh origin
10261510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua%20Libro	Dua Libro	Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia (Second Book of the International Language), usually referred to simply as Dua Libro, is an 1888 book by L. L. Zamenhof. It is the second book in which Zamenhof wrote about the constructed language Esperanto, following Unua Libro in 1887, and the first book to be written entirely in the language. Dua Libro consists primarily of translations, which Zamenhof provided as reading material for those who expressed interest in the language after the publication of Unua Libro the previous year. It also usually includes Aldono al la Dua Libro (Supplement to the Second Book), which was originally published separately. In Aldono, Zamenhof solidified Esperanto into its final form. History Zamenhof originally intended to publish Dua Libro in five or six volumes throughout 1888, with one volume appearing approximately every two months. Zamenhof's intention with the publications was to provide reading material in Esperanto for those who expressed interest following the publication of Unua Libro in 1887, to respond to questions about the language, and to establish its final form as he promised to do in Unua Libro. Throughout 1888, he considered suggestions for changes to Esperanto, with the goal of establishing its final form by the time of publication of the final volume at the end of the year. After the publication of Dua Libro in early 1888, Zamenhof decided that there was no need for all the other planned volumes, and instead, in June 1888, he published just one more document to answer some questions he received and to solidify the final form of the language, titled Aldono al la Dua Libro (Supplement to the Second Book), often simply called Aldono (Supplement). Content Dua Libro consists of an introduction and three parts, with most versions also including the separately published Aldono at the end of the book. In the introduction, part I, and part II, Zamenhof wrote about the state of the Esperanto project. In part II, he specifically wrote about the "universal vote" idea proposed in Unua Libro. In part III, he wrote 20 sections of Esperanto text. The texts include collections of model sentences, a translation of "The Shadow" by Hans Christian Andersen, some popular sayings, and two poems—"Kanto de studentoj" and "El Heine'". Aldono al la Dua Libro In June 1888, Zamenhof published Aldono al la Dua Libro to answer frequently asked questions about Esperanto and to solidify its final form as he promised to do in Unua Libro. In Aldono, the only change Zamenhof made to the language is the spelling of the endings of the temporal correlative words (when, then, sometime, always, and never) from -ian to the current -iam. He also discusses an initiative led by the American Philosophical Society to help perfect Esperanto and to encourage its use; however, the initiative failed to actualize due to a lack of interest. See also La Esperantisto History of Esperanto Notes References External links Online HTML reprint of the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia Dua Libro in Project Gutenberg A collection of free Esperanto books compiled by David G. Simpson. This collection includes, among many others, reprints of the "canonical books" of the Esperanto language, i.e., Unua Libro, Dua Libro (with the Aldono al la Dua Libro) and Fundamento de Esperanto. 1888 non-fiction books Esperanto history Esperanto literature
1651430	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skelton%20Hall	Skelton Hall	Skelton Hall is a Grade II listed building located in North Yorkshire, England. In 1814 Mrs Mary Thompson, the widow of Henry Thompson, came to live in Skelton at The Cottage from where she not only kept an eye on the repairs that she financed at the church, but also on the building of Skelton Lodge (later Hall) which is shown in an 1839 lithograph. The Lodge became The Hall in about 1867, and the Thompson's were succeeded as owners by the Thornton Duesberys. Gardens It is believed that the gardens were laid out at the time the house was constructed, and were designed by John Meikle, a student of Capability Brown. Certainly the hand of a master is in evidence, with magnificent plantings complementing sweeping lawns and a lake, now stocked with, among other specimens, carp and tench. Second World War and after The Hall later had a chequered history. During the Second World War it was requisitioned by the RAF, and no doubt the period of their occupation saw this fine building at a low ebb. After the war it was regarded as too large for contemporary living and was divided into two separate properties. In 1997 the individual owners of both wings decided independently to market their houses and as a result a single owner was found for The Hall, namely the Cooke family who undertook a refurbishment to reunite both wings of the property back into one property. References External links Country houses in North Yorkshire Grade II listed buildings in York
106934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry%2C%20Arkansas	Mulberry, Arkansas	Mulberry is a city in Crawford County, Arkansas, United States. It is part of the Fort Smith, Arkansas-Oklahoma Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,655 as of the 2010 Census, an increase of % from 1,627 in 2000. Geography According to the 2010 Census, Mulberry is located at (35.508517, -94.074754). It has a total area of , of which is land and is water (%). As per the USGS National Elevation Dataset, the elevation is . Demographics 2020 census As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,543 people, 718 households, and 446 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 1,627 people, 669 households, and 472 families residing in the city. The population density was 215.5 people per square mile (83.2/km). There were 743 housing units at an average density of 98.4/sq mi (38.0/km). The racial makeup of the city was 96.19% White, 0.06% Black or African American, 2.64% Native American, 0.25% Asian, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.92% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 669 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.83. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,197, and the median income for a family was $32,321. Males had a median income of $28,281 versus $17,734 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,204. About 14.9% of families and 19.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.7% of those under age 18 and 19.9% of those age 65 or over. Education Public education for elementary and secondary students is provided by the Mulberry–Pleasant View Bi-County School District, which leads to graduation from Mulberry High School. See also List of cities in Arkansas Pleasant Hill, Crawford County, Arkansas, a neighborhood of Mulberry References External links Cities in Arkansas Cities in Crawford County, Arkansas Fort Smith metropolitan area
3691795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%2C%20Staffordshire	Ashley, Staffordshire	Ashley is a village and former civil parish in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme of Staffordshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 508. The village is close to the border of Shropshire, adjacent to Loggerheads, and is 4 miles (6 km) North East of Market Drayton. At the 2011 census the population had been incorporated in Loggerheads. History The name means "land once cultivated and left fallow(Ley) in the near ash trees" Ashley Dale and Jugbank. Mainly sandstone cottages now mixed in with modern housing. From medieval times men have indiscriminately hacked clearings in the forests, then linked them with tracks and lanes following no specific pattern. The church of St John the Baptist possesses a 17th-century tower with the remainder built in 1860-62 by J. Ashdown of London in a style representative of the 13th-14th century. The church is notable for its collection of funerary art from several centuries. The spectacular tomb of Sir Gilbert Gerard (d. 1592) and his wife Anne Radcliffe (d. 1608) was later supplemented by free-standing, kneeling figures of their son, Thomas Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard and his son, Gibert 2nd Baron Gerard. This composite family group dominates the Gerard Chapel, on the north side of the church. This is balanced on the south side by the Kinnersley Chapel, containing the memorials of the Kinnersleys of Clough Hall. Most impressive is the sculpture of Thomas Kinnersley I, by Francis Leggatt Chantrey. His son and successor is commemorated by a large and elaborate structure, the work of Matthew Noble. Near to the church is a mound as yet unexcavated but thought to be a burial ground from the time of the Black Death. The Roman Catholic chapel of Our Lady and St John is not far from St John the Baptist. The church and rectory are just one building with a hint of gothic-like adornments on a colour washed stucco. See also Listed buildings in Loggerheads, Staffordshire References External links Loggerheads (and Ashley) Parish Council website Villages in Staffordshire Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme Former civil parishes in Staffordshire
15677893	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owensville%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29	Owensville High School (Indiana)	Owensville High School, sometimes referred to as Owensville Montgomery High School or Owensville Montgomery Township School was a K-12 Public learning facility located in Owensville, Indiana. History Owensville High School was one of the three high schools under South Gibson School Corporation that merged into Gibson Southern High School in 1974. Like the current Owensville Community School, the mascot is the Kickapoos and school colors were Black and Gold. Owensville High School was one of the nine founding members of the Pocket Athletic Conference in 1938 and its membership was transferred to Gibson Southern High School along with Fort Branch High School and Haubstadt High School. Owensville High School had the first high school gymnasium in Indiana with a glass backboard. One of those backboards is now in the Indiana High School Basketball Hall of Fame proudly located in New Castle, Indiana. The school continued to be used as Owensville Community School until the current building was completed in 1992. The School was subsequently demolished. Owensville High School's gym still exists as the REH Center. The school was located on the southwest corner of Walnut and Mill Streets in Owensville. References Former Indiana High School Athletic Association members Owensville, Indiana Defunct schools in Indiana Pocket Athletic Conference Schools in Gibson County, Indiana Educational institutions disestablished in 1974
49119348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangak%20State	Fangak State	Fangak State (previously named Western Bieh State) was a state in South Sudan that existed between 2 October 2015 and 22 February 2020. It was located in the Greater Upper Nile region and it bordered Ruweng to the northwest, Western Nile to the northeast, Eastern Nile to the east, Eastern Bieh to the southeast, Jonglei to the south, Southern Liech to the southwest, and Northern Liech to the west. History On 2 October 2015, President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states. The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society groups challenged the constitutionality of the decree. Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment. In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states. James Kok Ruea was appointed Governor on 24 December. The state was renamed to Fangak State in March 2016. Administrative divisions The state consisted of three counties: Fangak, Canal and Ayod. References Greater Upper Nile States of South Sudan
25838389	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistura%20fasciolata	Schistura fasciolata	Schistura fasciolata is a species of ray-finned fish in the stone loach genus Schistura found fast-flowing streams in China and Vietnam. It can each a length of . References F Freshwater fish of China Fish of Vietnam Cyprinid fish of Asia Fish described in 1927
39508038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eois%20rectifasciata	Eois rectifasciata	Eois rectifasciata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by David Stephen Fletcher in 1958. It is found in Uganda. References Moths described in 1958 Eois Moths of Africa
66919239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varichaetadrilus	Varichaetadrilus	Varichaetadrilus is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Naididae. The species of this genus are found in Eurasia and Northern America. Species: Varichaetadrilus bizkaiensis Rodriguez & Giani, 1984 Varichaetadrilus fulleri Brinkhurst & Kathman, 1983 References Annelids
18354803	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsadang	Namsadang	The namsadang () is a Korean itinerant troupe which consists of male performers who present various performing arts such as acrobatics, singing, dancing and playing like a circus. It is said that namsadang was spontaneously formed before 1900 during the Joseon Dynasty and used to wander about marketplaces and villages. The troupe was considered the lowest class in society along with cheonmin (vulgar commoners) or baekjeong (butchers), so that very few historical documents remain on them. However, since a record that a puppet show was performed during the Silla period (57 BCE – 935 CE) has been found, it is assumed that similar types of itinerant companies appeared in Korean history a long time ago. During the late Joseon Dynasty, there were several namsadang, but the one whose base was set in Cheongryongsa temple (청룡사) in Anseong, Gyeonggi Province was the most famous. They became called namsadang because the troupe were composed of only men and "nam" (남, ) means a male in Korean. Later, a few female members were accepted to join in the group. The six performances which the troupe performs are collectively called Namsadang nori (남사당놀이), literally meaning nori (놀이) performed by namsadang. Nori refers to play, game or performance in Korean. The namsadang nori includes pungmul nori (풍물, Korean spinning hat dance), beona nori (버나놀이, spinning hoops and dishes), salpan (살판, tumbling), eoreum (어름, tightrope dancing), deotboegi (덧뵈기, mask dance drama), and deolmi (덜미, puppet play). All six nori are associated with each other and integrate various activities such as music, feat, acrobatics, stunt, play, dance, and mask dance. Originally there were ten performances on Namsadang-nori but only six have been brought down until now. On December 7, 1964, the South Korean government designated deolmi (puppet play) as the third Important Intangible Cultural Property. On August 1, 1988, all six performances of Namsadang nori were included as Important Intangible Cultural Properties as well. Troupe organization Namsadang usually consisted of 40 ~ 50 members of all ages. The head of the group is called kkokdusoe (꼭두쇠, ) and the second-in-command is called golbaengisoe (골뱅이쇠 ). Underneath there were tteunsoe (뜬쇠 ), gayeol (가열 ), ppiri (삐리 ), jeoseungpae (저승패 ), and deungjimkkun (등짐꾼 ). Tteunsoe is the head of the each performance or senior performer and gayeol is a performer. Ppiri is an apprentice. In addition, jeoseungpae refers to elderly members and deungjimkkun is porters. The troupe was well-organized and strictly disciplined by rules. Because entertainers like singers or actors were often despised in that age, the troupe recruited its members among the orphans, poor farmers` children and sometimes even through kidnapping. They were not well-paid. Very often they were offered only meals and beds and a small amount of money. They had tough lives. The troupe may have functioned as a homosexual community, with each member taking the role of Sutdongmo, "butch", or Yodongmo, "queen". Namsadang nori Namsadang's yeonhui (연희, 演戱) or performances were held on the ground instead of theaters. When namsadang found a village, they had to get a permission from the leader of the village in order to present their talents. Members of namsadang performed the six nori in the biggest yard of the village. The sequence of six nori is as follows. Pungmul nori Pungmul nori (풍물놀이) is the first performance of namsadang nori, combined with music, dance, sangmo nori (상모놀이, spinning streamer hat performance) and various other activities. Pungmul instruments comprise four percussion instruments such as jing (gong), kkwaenggwari (another kind of gong), buk (drum), janggu (double-headed drum) and several sogo (tabors) and nallari/Taepyeongso (double-reed), which make unique melodies and rhythms. The music played by the four instruments of pungmul (i.e. jing, kkwaenggwari, buk, janggu) is called samul nori (four piece playing). Beona-nori Beaona nori (버나놀이) is a performance with beona. This can be a dish, a basin, or a sieve frame. Performers spin and toss the beona into the air by using a tobacco pipe or a long wooden stick while exchanging witty talks with a clown called maehossi (매호씨) or sorikkun (소리꾼). Salpan The word salpan (살판) comes from the saying that "if you do well, you will be alive (salpan), and if you don't, you will be dead" (jookeulpan). It is also called ttangjaeju (땅재주), literally meaning talents held on the ground. The performer executes various acrobatic feats called "gondu" (곤두) while exchanging humorous banter with a maehossi (clown). Eoreum Eoreum (어름) or jultagi (줄타기) is tightrope dancing. It is called "eoreum" because the nori is as hard and cautious as walking on thin ice (eoreum means "thin ice" in Korean). The performer or eoreum-sani dances, sings songs, and does aerial stunts on the rope which is tightly fastened 3 meters off the ground. The performer also exchanges witty talks with a maehossi on the ground and all his performance is accompanied with special rhythm made by a drum. Deotboegi Deotboegi (덧뵈기) means "See with the mask on". Generally, this performance has good humor and tendency to tickle the fancy of the public. Deotboegi gains high popularity among audience. However it also contains keen satire on the society and yangban or the noble class of Joseon Dynasty. Deolmi Deolmi (덜미) or puppet play is played last. It is also known as "kkokdugaksi noreum" (꼭두각시놀음), which comprises the three words: kkokdu (puppet), gaksi (maiden) and noreum (nori, performance). In addition, the puppetry is called "bakcheomji noreum" (박첨지놀음) and "hongdongji nori" (홍동지놀이), all of which are named after the main characters in the play. In Korea, puppet plays appeared first in the early age of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57 – 935 AD). All the other puppet plays disappeared later, but deolmi survives and has been brought down through generations. Its main story is about the resistance against the dominant aristocratic class and satirizes corrupt Buddhist priests. So the play appealed to the commoners and the poor public, which perhaps explains its popularity, and ultimately why it has survived so many years. It was designated as Important Intangible Cultural Property before the other parts of the namsadang nori. Generally performers use about 40 puppets and around 10 hand props. Baudeogi Probably the most famous and eminent person ever in the history of namsadang is Baudeogi Her real name is Kim Amdeok (김암덕). She was born as the daughter of a poor peasant farmer and joined the troupe at the age of 5 in 1853. She had the great makings of the six performances, and with her amazing skills and artistic talent, became a big star among the public. When Baudeogi was 15, she was unanimously elected as kkokdusoe (leader of the troupe) by the troupe members. That was quite unusual because at that time only male could be a leader and she was so young. This might prove her talents and high popularity. In 1865, Heungseon Daewongun, the regency called in her troupe to court and had them cheer workers who engaged in constructing a new palace. They made a great success in their job, and the regency gave her a jade headband button. At that time, only high rank officials could possess and her fame spread nationwide ever since. This is regarded as the beginning of Korean entertainment business as well as Baudeogi is appraised as the first popular entertainer of Korea. The local festival of Anseong is called "Baudeogi Festival" in the honor of her. It is held in Anseong in October every year. Cultural significance The significance of namsadang nori can be found in its common touch. This came into existence spontaneously and performed for the poor farmers, folks, traders, and other middle-class and low-class people. It functioned as consolation for the public and gained high popularity among the general populace. And though it is not so refined as other Korean musical styles (i.e. Dodeuri) and dances (i.e. Kommu, sword dance) for the noble class, it may be seen as performance meant to convey and have most powerful appeal to emotion. Restoration The troupe was re-established in Anseong, which is the birthplace of the old namsadang, to preserve its cultural heritage. The new troupe has its regular performances on every Saturday and also provides overseas performances from time to time. See also Samul nori Kkoktugakshi Nori The King and the Clown Traditional Korean musical instruments Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea Music of Korea Dance of Korea References http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/perform/court_dances.htm External links The official site of Anseong Namsadang Baudeogi Pungmuldan namsadang.or.kr Ministry of Culture visitkorea.or.kr baudeogi.com Arts in Korea Joseon dynasty Important Intangible Cultural Properties of South Korea Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
50566510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb%20ut-Tahrir%20Britain	Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain	Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain (also HT Britain, HTB, HT in the United Kingdom, HTUK) is the British branch of Hizb ut-Tahrir, a transnational, pan-Islamist and fundamentalist group that seeks to re-establish "the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate)" as an Islamic "superstate" where Muslim-majority countries are unified and ruled under Islamic Shariah law, and which eventually expands globally to include non-Muslim states such as Britain. The Home Office of the UK government describes HTB as "radical, but to date non-violent Islamist group" that "holds anti-semitic, anti-western and homophobic views"; a BBC programme described the party's website as promoting "racism and anti-Semitic hatred", calling "suicide bombers martyrs", and urging "Muslims to kill Jewish people". As in other countries, HT preaches that re-establishing the caliphate is a religious obligation of Muslims, that Western countries are waging war against Islam, that "democracy", patriotic feeling for, assimilation into, or voting in a non-Muslim country/society are forbidden in Islam. In Britain, the party describes itself as "focused on directing Muslims to make a positive contribution to society whilst preserving their Islamic identity", according to an HT Media Pack issued after talk of proscribing the party developed. In its work with non-Muslims, the party states it has engaged in panel discussions that "have helped to overcome the intellectual entrenchment" that characterises "most of today's debate" between Muslim and non-Muslim cultures, and hopes that its advancement of "Islamic values and culture" will make a contribution towards "solving" Western society's problems of "racism, alcohol abuse, substance misuse, family breakdown, sexual abuse and the decline in morality". The party seeks out young Muslims (15-18-years old), attracting interest by offering football, trips, workshops, and residential after-school homework club. Potential party members start with the study of party texts in "Halaqa" study circles. As of 2007, HTB "dominate[d]" the Islamist "scene" in Britain with an estimated 8,500 members (compared to only 1,000 for the rival, Muslim Association of Britain) according to a report in Foreign Affairs Journal. However, two years later, another report estimated HTB to be much smaller, with only approximately 2000 activists—the most active numbering approximately 100–200. HTB conferences in 2002 and 2003 drew over 6,000 people, but a 2009 HTB conference was attended by "no more" than 1000 people. Although HTB has been threatened with proscription twice—in the immediate aftermath of 7/7 bombings by the government, and in 2009 when Shadow Home Secretary Chris Grayling promised that HTB would be proscribed if the Conservative Party won the next election—as of 2016, it remained legal in the UK. As of mid-2015, Abdul Wahid was the leader of HT Britain. According to an ex-member, as of 2006, HTB was funded by private donations and membership revenue – members typically donating ten percent of their income to the party. Significance Unlike many other countries, the United Kingdom does not ban Hizb ut-Tahrir, making the country "vital" and "nerve center" for the global HT movement, according to some (ex-member Ed Husain and Centre for Social Cohesion). The UK gives HT "access to the global media", provides a "fertile recruiting ground at mosques and universities" and a location for the production of its leaflets and books for global distribution. According to Zeyon Baran, HT's "London-based headquarters oversees HT activities in Muslim countries," and the global party's "supreme legislative body" (kiedat), is located in London and surrounding cities of high Muslim concentration -- "Birmingham, Bradford and Sheffield". An HT Media Pack denies this, stating that the party's leadership and the "main area" of its "political work" is in the Muslim world and that it is "untrue" that UK branch is among HT's "most important", or that Britain "serves as the base for much of HT's leadership". In at least one HT text the UK is also known as the land of the "arch enemies of Islam". Abdul Qadeem Zallum, HT global leader from 1977 to 2003, writes: ... when the discerning and sincere people say that the British are the head of Kufr [Unbelief] among all the other Kufr states, they mean exactly that, for they are indeed the head of Kufr and they are the arch enemies of Islam. The Muslims should indeed harbour hatred for the British and a yearning for revenge over them… Organization and membership Abdul Wahid was the leader of HT Britain, chairman of its executive committee as of mid-2015. In the global HT organization, HT Britain does not constitute not a "Vilaya" or province, but is "a branch that is entrusted with its own administrative affairs", according to its former UK head Jalaluddin Patel. An executive committee is charged with executing the administrative affairs for HTB. As of 2004, the executive committee had nine member who were elected every two years. An HT Britain Media Pack describes HT membership as "men and women, young and old, from different walks of life and from different ethnic backgrounds", many having "senior roles in IT, economics, medicine, teaching, engineering". Member motivation One ex-member described factors contributing to radicalization of Muslims in Britain as A heightened perception of Muslims and Muslim countries being unjustly attacked (Gulf War I and II, Afghan war, Palestine, Chechnya.) Double standards exhibited by the UN and USA with respect to Israel. Political Islam, being touted as a panacea for the Muslims' problems. A lack of alternative scholarly voices advocating more traditional responses to state oppression and increased media awareness due to proliferation of Islamic literature on the internet. Sadek Hamid quoted one ex-member of HT: HT filled a void for the young intellectually frustrated youth who had been told that Islam is the truth and they must pray and fast by people who couldn't explain why. By HT `proving` that Freedom, Democracy and Capitalism are defective, and that we Muslims are better than those kaffirs, it restored some of the loss of faith in the relevance of the religion. Psychologically, HT provided "the attraction of being part of an elite group, who appeared intellectual", the feeling "of being part of something big" that was "going somewhere". Sadek Hamid describes the "overriding appeal of HT in the 1990s as 'the absence of able alternative Islamic leadership', with other groups with other Islamic groups appearing 'inarticulate, weak or compromising the militant message of Islam.'" HT provided an alternative to "petty local politicking" and a "drift" towards secularism of the Muslim community. As well as a religio-political focal point, the tight-knit HT community provided friendships, mutual support, and marriage partners. More superficially, Sadek Hamid notes "many young people were attracted to HT entirely due to their slick appearance," the members "distinct .. almost uniform-like appearance"—distinct hijab styles and jilbabs for women and "men in casual jackets and designer-stubble beards". The party lost membership by its lack of progress towards the creation of a caliphate. The failure of rumored military takeovers by pro-caliphate forces to materialize in Pakistan, or other countries, disillusioned some of the younger members. Views and criticism As in other countries, HT preaches that working to establish the caliphate is a religious obligation (fard) of Muslims; that America, Britain and the West are waging war against Islam; that democracy is a "system of kufr (unbelief)" that Muslims are "forbidden to adopt, implement or call for"; that patriotism (e.g. loyalty to Britain), assimilation into a non-Muslim society, or voting in democratic elections are also forbidden. The party also seeks the destruction of Israel. Hizb ut-Tahrir preaches that Muslims in Britain should not think of themselves as Muslim and "British", only Muslim. (HTB pamphlets have declared that is haram (forbidden) for Muslims to vote in the British elections, because Britain is not ruled according to Shariah law and participation in "secular politics" would lead to assimilation in British society.) In an HT promotional video shown on BBC News an HTB representative declared: I think Muslims in this country need to take a long, hard look at themselves and decide what is their identity. Are they British or are they Muslim? I am a Muslim. Where I live, is irrelevant. Public campaigns by HT in Britain include "Stand for Islam"—created "in response" to alleged "relentless attacks on the Islamic laws, values and beliefs" and in opposition to government counter-terrorism measures and counter-radicalisation programmes, and SREIslamic—a campaign against elements of the sex and relationship education (SRE) curriculum in primary schools. In a 2004 interview, HT leader Jalaluddin Patel described the party's work as re-establishing the Khilafah state through "intellectual and political work". In Britain this had "two levels": explaining to the Muslim community their "duty to work for the Khilafah (Caliphate) state", to not lose their Islamic identity living in the West and to project a positive image of Islam in Western society. and articulating to "wider community" of non-Muslims in "numerous conferences, seminars and debates", the cause of the Muslim world, presenting "a case for the Khilafah state as a valid model for the Muslim world" and explaining Islam as a political and intellectual system. However, critics (Houriya Ahmed and Hannah Stuart of the research group Centre for Social Cohesion) complain that HT Britain is engaged in an effort to "mainstream" its ideology and downplay its more intolerant beliefs with "euphemistic language" for the benefit of the non-Muslim majority government and population of the state it operates in. Despite this attempt to "soften" its image and represent itself as a "non-violent", "intellectual" alternative to democracy and capitalism, has not involved modifying its ideology, Ahmed and Stuart insist, HT remains committed to a legal system that violates international norms of human rights, and an ideology of jihad, including plans for militarily expanding its proposed Islamic super-state by taking over non-Muslim countries. Ahmed and Stuart contrast the statement by HT Britain head Abdul Wahid that, ‘the party considers violence or armed struggle against the regime a violation of the Islamic Shari’ah’, with the claims of Abdul Qadeem Zallum, the head of Global HT for over two decades, that apostasy from Islam or succeeding from the Caliphate must be stopped even if it means killing ‘millions’. An alternative view is that HT has made an ideological shift and that the UK government has "achieved a considerable measure of success" in pressuring the party to moderate and pragmatise its approach. According to university lecturer Noman Hanif, arguing circa 2006, "the threat of proscription" under Anti-Terrorism legislation and the help of "compliant" former HT members "in the media", has led to HT's modifying its principle of "democracy is Kufr (non-Islamic)". In the May 2006 local election in the UK, the party did not call on its members to refrain from voting.(However, in later 2010 and 2015 Elections HT Britain did declare voting haram/forbidden.) Alleged connection to terrorism According to Michael Whine, a "partial list" of "terrorists who were also HT members and/or influenced by its teachings" in Britain includes: Faisal Moustafa, Shafihur Rehman and Iftikar Sattar, who in 1995 were arrested and charged with conspiring to assassinate the Israeli ambassador, were reported to have been in possession of HT literature and to have helped organize HT meetings in Manchester. (Moustafa was again arrested in November 2000, but acquitted of terrorism charges—though his co-defendant, Moinul Abedin, was sentenced to twenty years). Omar Khan Sharif and Asif Hanif, the Mike's Place suicide bombers, had contact with HT before moving on to more extreme organisations. Mohammad Babar, who is linked to the seven men currently on trial in London on charges of planning terrorist attacks between January 2003 and April 2004, has stated that he was a member of HT while in college. Imam Ramee, an American, spoke on behalf of HT while living in Manchester, and was the featured speaker at the HT organized Muslim Unity Action March against the war in Iraq on March 15, 2003. He was reportedly an associate of Abu Hamza, and is said to have preached to "shoe bomber" Richard Reid, along with Hanif and Sharif, at the North London Mosque in Finsbury Park.Yakub Qureshi, "Muslim Cleric's Battle over FBI Terror," Manchester Evening News online, August 18, 2005 Possibility of proscription On at least two occasions, political leaders in the UK have announced plans to proscribe HT for extremism. Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings the British government announced its intention to ban the organization but later abandoned these. According to The Independent, Prime Minister Blair "shelved the ban after warnings from police, intelligence chiefs, and civil liberties groups that it is a non-violent group, and driving it underground could backfire", and according to The Observer because the Home Office believed a legal ban would not stick. In July 2007, Leader of the Opposition David Cameron asked the then new Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown why the organisation had not been banned from the United Kingdom, arguing it was an extremist group. John Reid the previous home secretary pointed out that two earlier reviews of the group had found insufficient evidence to justify a ban. Jeremy Corbyn, who would himself later become Leader of the Opposition, at the time called such legislation "misguided", arguing that it would "end up entrapping the innocent and preventing legitimate debate." At the 2009 Conservative Party conference, Shadow Home Secretary Chris Grayling told members that HT would be proscribed should the Conservatives win the next election, and in that year David Cameron again "upbraided" Gordon Brown for not banning the HT. The 2010 Tory election manifesto stated that a Conservative government would "ban any organisation which advocates hate or the violent overthrow of our society, such as Hizb-ut-Tahrir." In May 2010 the Conservative Party was elected to office and Cameron became Prime Minister. The Guardian reported that "as recently as" May 2011 Cameron "was explicit" about his desire to see the party banned. But in July 2011 a report submitted to parliament by David Anderson QC, the independent reviewer of terrorism legislation, stated that Anderson does "not recommend changes to the system for proscription". However, in an August 2011 commentary entitled "What does Hizb ut-Tahrir climb-down tell us about our prime minister?", opposition Labor MP Toby Perkins stated: "When former home secretary Alan Johnson marked a year of Tory rule by asking Mr Cameron about the ban, the PM equivocated and in subsequent replies to questions from Ian Austin and myself his stance has got noticeably weaker still." Cameron's party was re-elected in May 2015 and a month later the Guardian reported that he was planning to "press ahead" with a counter-extremism strategy that would includes blacklisting "extremists" "from appearing on the airwaves and speaking at universities", and hinting that the "first group" to be banned could be Hizb ut-Tahrir. A Hizb ut-Tahrir Media Information Pack quotes a variety sources opposing proscription—local student unions (Middlesex University Student's Union), Muslim organization leaders (Muslim Council of Britain, FoSIS) police officers (Bob Beckley) -- or finding no reason for the ban (Association of Chief Police Officers), or no evidence of terrorist activity (Verdict Turkish Second State Security Court). History Founding Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain was started in the early 1980s and led by a Palestinian. In 1986 Syrian-born Omar Bakri Muhammad took charge of the then very small group and led it until 1996 by which time it was starting to make an impact. HT first recruited from among Muslims who came from countries where the party was banned and were temporary residents of the UK. After 1993 the party expanded its targets for recruitment to include second generation Muslim immigrants. According to journalist Faisal al Yafai, by the mid-1990s, Hizb was "a fixture on university campuses, organising societies and debates. Its rhetoric was fierce and angry." The group was known for holding meetings following a format where a speaker from the group would expand on a subject for "around 40 minutes. The audience, almost always students and professionals in their 20s and 30s, listen and then pepper the speaker with questions". In general it did not engage with other Muslim organizations or initiatives at that time. According to one ex-Hizb ut-Tahrir leader Maajid Nawaz, some young members were encouraged to engage in vigilantism against non Muslims and secular Muslim women: We were encouraged by Omar Bakri to operate like street gangs and we did, prowling London, fighting Indian Sikhs in the west and African Christians in the east. We intimidated Muslim women until they wore the hijab and we thought we were invincible. By the mid-1990s the party's activism had attracted the unflattering attention of the mainstream British press. In 1994 the Guardian quoted HT pamphlet as urging Muslims, "throw a stone, trigger a bomb, plant mine, hijack a plane, do not ask how", and "the believers fight the Jews and kill them;" and reported that many mosque officials felt "besieged" by HT party activists who were leafleting mosques, condemning local imams who advocated tolerance and integration. The party issued literature with provocative titles such as "Peace with Israel - A Crime Against Islam" and "Battlefield - The only Place for Muslims and Jews". In 1994, Channel 4 broadcast The Tottenham Ayatollah suggesting Omar Bakri Muhammad was (according to Sadek Hamid) "an affable fool". In 1995, the then-President of the National Union of Students (NUS), declared HTB as ‘the single biggest extremism threat in the UK at the moment’, and the NUS and the Association of University Teachers called on the Department for Education and Employment and the Home Office to ban HTB. The NUS published a survey of calls made to "Campus Watch", (a 24-hour hotline set up by the NUS and an anti-fascist organisation "Searchlight") which found that over 70% of the calls received concerned HTB activism against Jews, Hindus and homosexuals. The party then "went silent" according to al Yafai. Another source (Ahmed & Stuart) describes HTB has making a "tactical" retreat from 1996 to 2001. In 1996, Zallum, HT's global leader at the time, reportedly ordered Bakri to cease "controversial public rallies and combative debates on campuses". Bakri split with Hizb ut-Tahrir, and founded another Islamist organization Al-Muhajiroun. 2001-2005 In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks HTB raised its profile, focusing on the death and destruction resulting from the US invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, developing a theme of the inevitability of a ‘clash of civilisations’—the civilizations clashing being the "Capitalist Western civilisation" and Islam—and emphasising (what they and many Muslims believed) was Western "oppression" of Muslims. According to an internal communique dated 2005, HT's post-9/11 strategy was to increase its activity within British Muslim communities, and to engaged with non-Muslims warning them "that the principles of Western culture do not solve the problems of society" which "are drowning in crime and corruption". During this time HT members sent numerous communications to newspapers and Ofcom (the national regulatory body for broadcast media). These usually requested corrections to articles or disputed statements that HT was linked to violence or terrorism, and insisted that its work was "intellectual and political. The party considers violence or armed struggle against the regime a violation of the Islamic Shari’ah." By 2003, the party had improved its public image in UK over that of its early years in 1990s, being described, for example, as a "Muslim political party" instead of a group of "Muslim fundamentalist" or "Islamic extremists". Plans to ban HT where opposed by British Muslim organizations, "across social, political and cultural affiliations", with one ban opponent wondering if proscription would mean that "expressions of support for people who are living under brutal military occupation" were in danger of being "outlawed". A 2002 HTB conference in London drew 6,500 people, and a conference the next year in Birmingham drew 7,000. In 2003 an HT sponsored conference on shariah-based economics was described by the Birmingham Post as a place where "thousands of Muslim professionals will debate financial systems, values and ethics", with no suggestion that a separate financial system for Muslims was less than a mainstream practice or idea. Muslims in Britain and throughout the world aspire to carry out their financial affairs in accordance with the principles of Islamic law. Muslims are forbidden from obtaining the various conventional mortgage and insurance products and services in the forms currently offered due to their incompatibility with the principles of Islamic law. However criticism was not completely absent. An August 2003 BBC Newsnight report "discovered" that the HTB website "promotes racism and anti-Semitic hatred, calls suicide bombers martyrs, and urges Muslims to kill Jewish people." In 2004, the National Union of Students (NUS) Conference passed a motion applying its "No Platform Policy" to HT, claiming the party was "responsible for supporting terrorism and publishing material that incites racial hatred". HT avoided this boycott by using other names (Ideological Society (IS), at Queen Mary University of London) and by holding functions off campus and using a university official who was also an HT member to email students to advertise the function (in the case of debate at Birmingham University). A motion to revert the "No Platform" policy on HTB was supported by the umbrella group Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS) at the 2006 annual NUS conference. Hijab and Shabina Begum Among the issues the party was involved in was hijab for women. HT organised a demonstration by women in full hijab in front of the French embassy in London in protest against France's March 2004 law banning the wearing of religious symbols in state schools. In 2005, Shabina Begum, a Luton student a sued her school over the right to wear a jilbab rather than the school uniform (shalwar kameez). Local Labour MPs accused her older brother (Shuweb Rahman) of support for HT and of engineering the case. HTB Media Spokesperson Imran Wahid told the Sunday Times "Our members in Luton have consistently advised Shabina and her family to stand up for her right to an education and her right to observe the Islamic ordinances, including the wearing of the jilbab." Begum was also invited to speak at an HTB conference, and an internal HTB email circulated to all women speakers before the event entitled her speech, ‘My struggle to maintain my identity with the Jilbab ban’. Post 7/7 Several terrorist attacks and attempted attacks from 2004 to 2007—particularly the London July 7, 2005 ("7/7") bombings that killed over 50 civilians—raised government/media/public concern about Islamism in Britain. Drawing particular attention to Hizb ut-Tahrir were the departure of senior members and critical memoirs by defectors (The Islamist by Ed Husain, Radical by Maajid Nawaz, "Why I left Hizb ut-Tahrir" by Umm Mustafa), and a provocative comment piece in the Guardian by an HT activist. A month after the 7/7 bombing the government stated its intention to ban HT Britain. After July 2005 critics Ahmad, Stuart and Michael Whine argue the party again adjusted its strategy, presenting its ideology as a "non-violent" political alternative to "capitalism", downplaying its ‘intolerant’ doctrines to soften and mainstream its public image, while encouraging members to ‘keep your ideology in your heart’. The party explicitly condemned the bombings, itself deleted dozens of its most out-spoken leaflets from its website, began working with other Muslim groups, championed grievances of British Muslims (sex education and Danish cartoons of Muhammad). It also allowed journalists into some of its meetings and granted some press interviews, and sought out events (Ahmad and Stuart allege) where it could "project" a "moderate" image. Dilpazier Aslam and leaflets In July 2005 Dilpazier Aslam, a 27-year-old member of Hizb ut-Tahrir and trainee journalist with The Guardian, lost his position with the newspaper, and sued it for unfair dismissal, leading to an undisclosed out-of-court settlement. Aslam had written a piece appearing in The Guardian Comment section following the 7/7 bombings entitled "We rock the boat: today's Muslims aren't prepared to ignore injustice", (where he called on the British public not to act "shocked" by the fact that the 7/7 attacks on civilians were by British-born Muslims, as the attacks were—he asserted—an inevitable result of the UK's foreign policy in Iraq and Afghanistan). The Guardian was criticized for not making clear that Aslam was a member of HT Britain. (The Comment editor had not been aware of this fact.) Citing the antisemitic statements discovered on the party's website ("the Jews are a people of slander ... a treacherous people ... they fabricate lies and twist words from their right places"), Guardian executives decided that membership of Hizb ut-Tahrir was not compatible with membership of the newspaper's trainee scheme. Aslam refused to leave the group, saying he was not an antisemite and did not consider Hizb ut-Tahrir's website to be antisemitic. He was then dismissed and filed a lawsuit. Between late 2005 and early 2006 the party removed 200+ leaflets from its website, leaving about 30. HTB leader Abdul Wahid explained The decision to remove some of our overseas literature from our British website was a considered response to the legitimate proposition that people who read it out of its context might see it as offensive.Abdul Wahid, ‘Hizb-ut-Tahrir's distinction’, Open Democracy, 15 August 2005, available at www.opendemocracy.net/conflictterrorism/criticism_2755.jsp [accessed 15.09.2009] Critics (Ahmed & Stuart) alleged that many of the leaflets hosted by HTB were openly antisemitic or anti-Western, (with one alleging that the US government was complicit in the 9/11 attacks,) and that the removal was a tactical maneuver to improve HT's public image in the aftermath of the 7/7 attacks and the government's proposed proscription of HT, and ‘not because the party has in any way changed its ideology’. Community activities During this time the party also began engaging with other Muslim groups and Muslim-led events or initiatives from which it had previously held aloof. HTB took a stall at the 2007 Global Peace and Unity conference at the London's ExCeL Exhibition Centre, organised by Islam Channel, and tried (but was not allowed) to participate at the 2009 Hounslow Muslim Forum. Yusuf Patel, an HT member and brother of former HTB leader Jalaluddin Patel, spoke at a 2009 Muslim Education Conference in Birmingham. HT was active in local council-sponsored events such as the 2009 Camden Bangladeshi Mela in London where the group MCRCIA (Muslim Community Representatives Camden & Islington Association (MCRCIA)) introduced festival goers to party teachings, (i.e. Islam being "a complete legal, political, economic and social system"; using article 68 of HT's draft constitution to describe ‘Islam Judicial System’, "clarifying ... issues such ‘Women in Islam’, ‘Shari’ah Law’ and ‘The Caliphate".) Several (now defunct) small local organizations set up by HT include Inspire Youth Association (IYA), Newgen Community Forum, Brick Lane Islamic Circle (BLIC). Members set up two primary schools in Slough, Berkshire and in Haringey, North London, managed by the Islamic Shakhsiyah Foundation (ISF). In February 2008, HT head Abdul Wahid won a debate at London Borough of Tower Hamlets with 78 per cent of the audience voting in favor of his resolution that political participation in Britain had "failed British Muslims" and that they should reject democracy and concentrate on initiatives such as building madrassas and mosques. Critics and media The party also continued to come under the spotlight of the media and critics. According to Sadek Hamid, the party developed a "reputation for deceptive opportunism to gain access and exploit the goodwill of other Muslims", by, for example participating in activities without mentioning that they were from HTB. Ahmed and Stuart complained that at the Muslim Education Conference, promotional material found space to describe Yusuf Patel as an education "campaigner... leading a national campaign, evidencing the deep opposition within the Muslim community against the government's proposals to make sex education statutory from the age of five"—but not to mention his connection with HT. Ahmed and Stuart also complained HT was attempting to "mainstream" its message and "conflate" grievances of local Muslim population with HT's own Islamist causes of sharia law, caliphate and opposing Muslim integration into British society. At the Camden Bangladeshi Mela, the MCRCIA made no mention of the fact that the "Islamic principles" it taught were HT doctrine, not the consensus of the Islamic scholars or community. In the news media, critics (such as Lila Green writing in The Independent), wondered if Yusuf Patel and SREIslamic might "like other far-right or religious groups in Britain, ... be using a sensitive community grievance to pursue a wider political agenda", and worried that "it was hard to tell whether Patel is constructively engaging in local democracy or stirring up tension." The Shakhsiyah Foundation and its two schools became subject of stories in the Sunday Times and Opposition attacks on the Government. Opposition leader (at the time) David Cameron claiming that government Pathfinder fund—aimed at combating violent extremism—was being used to fund schools "run by an organisation with links to extremism", i.e. Hizb ut-Tahrir. (He later acknowledged that the government fund providing money to the schools was different from the Pathfinder fund aimed at combating violent extremism.) In November 2006, the BBC Newsnight documentary investigating Hizb ut-Tahrir caused HT to issue a press releases alleging "baseless ... sensationalist allegations" and political motivations to "defam[e] our public image", and that its lawyers had been "instructed ... to commence legal proceedings against the BBC following the broadcast of defamatory allegations." The BBC noted that it had received "many emails of complaint" about the broadcast accusing BBC of attempting to discredit Hizb ut-Tahrir, but stated that in regard to the general question of the "radicalisation of British Muslim youth" in mosques, universities and on the internet, the File on Four/Newsnight project had found allegations of multiple reliable sources which directly contradicted the Hizb ut tahrir's "publicly stated position" and "are serious and worthy of examination". In the 2008 Tower Hamlets debate, the East London Advertiser reported debater and HT head Abdul Wahid's emphasis on importance of upholding of religion obedience over freedom of speech, his attack on Muslim MPs such as Sadiq Khan who voted for gay rights and failed to defend Sharia laws, and on Muslims for "selling out" their morals and principles by joined mainstream political parties. A debater on the other side (Lord Ahmed) complained that HT "just packed the room with their own supporters." As a result of criticism over allowing Abdul Wahid to participate, the Tower Hamlets council compelled the Cordoba Foundation—the event organisers—to return some of the funding provided by the council. Recent reports The 2009 HTB conference was attended by no more than 1000 people, and the early 2011 or late 2010 conference in Tower Hamlets reportedly had a turnout of only 200 people, down from the 6000+ conferences of 2002 and 2003. As of 2015, one unsympathetic source—the anti-Islamist Quilliam Foundation—describes the party as "far less influential than it was". Prominent members Abdul Wahid: HTB Executive Chairman [current] Akmal Ashgar: HTB member, head of New Civilisation think tank Dilpazier Aslam: HTB member and former Guardian newspaper journalist Farid Kassim: HTB's first Deputy Leader and Spokesperson Jamal Harwood: HTB Head of Legal Affairs Mobeen Anway: HTB Spokesman Nasim Ghani: HTB Chairman [current leader] Nazreen Nawaz: HTB Women's Media Representative Omar Bakri Mohammed: HTB former leader [1986-1996]; founder of al-Muhajiroun [1996, UK] Sajjad Khan: HTB Chief Political Advisor, former leader Notes References Books and journal articles External links Hizb ut-Tahrir\| The Liberation Party \| Britain (Official website) Hizb ut-Tahrir Islam and antisemitism Islamic political organizations Islamist groups Sunni Islamic political parties Pan-Islamism Transnational political parties Islamism in the United Kingdom 1980s establishments in the United Kingdom
12953874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengkang%20Sports%20Centre	Sengkang Sports Centre	Sengkang Sports Centre (; ; ), formerly known as Sengkang Sports and Recreation Centre, is a sports complex in Anchorvale of Sengkang New Town, Singapore, near Farmway LRT station. It was scheduled to open in end 2007, but its inauguration was delayed until mid-late 2008. History Sengkang Sports Centre was built as part of a plan to improve amenities in Pasir Ris-Punggol Group Representation Constituency and Sengkang New Town, costing S$1 billion. The People's Association and the then Singapore Sports Council were involved in the planning of the sports complex, and went ahead with the project despite Singapore's economic recession in the early 2000s. Fund raising campaigns were initiated by grassroots leaders to support the construction of the complex. Although the sports complex was originally planned to be ready by 2004, construction began only in 2006. On 2 April that year, the groundbreaking ceremony for Sengkang Sports Centre was held, attended by Member of Parliament for Ang Mo Kio Group Representation Constituency Wee Siew Kim. The S$48.7 million complex was designed by architectural firm LT & T Architects, and was completed by the end of 2007. Facilities Situated on 4 hectares of land beside Sungei Punggol, Sengkang Sports Centre houses a community club, and feature sports facilities including four swimming pools and five water slides. One of the slides has four colours similar to the slides at East Coast Park, which is now closed. It also has an indoor sports hall and a synthetic soccer field and hockey pitch currently used for practice for the nation's best in junior hockey and Punggol Primary School occupying 12,000 square metres (129,170 square feet). The four-storey Anchorvale Community Club is the first community centre in Singapore to be built next to a river and co-located with a sports complex. The available facilities include a multi-media room, a tea arts room, playrooms, a large multi-purpose hall, a reading and study area, and a roof terrace. There is also space for retail, a riverfront café and eating outlets. The indoor sports hall accommodates 12 badminton courts and can also be used for basketball and volleyball. Retractable seating, which allows flexible use of the hall, can seat 200 spectators. Other indoor facilities include a dance studio and a gymnasium, which is in the indoor sport hall with the badminton courts. The sports centre also includes a two-pitch hockey stadium, which was used as a competition venue for hockey during the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics. The sports complex is linked to Sengkang Floating Wetland on Sungei Punggol. People can take part in water sports and other activities. A park connector, a continuous landscaped pavement for pedestrians and cyclists, runs beside the riverbank, connecting all the facilities. Anchorvale Community Club has adopted Sungei Punggol under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources' and Public Utilities Board's Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Programme, and takes the lead in protecting the natural environment of the river. The public swimming pools in Sengkang Sports Centre have started operation from 1 August 2008. Located at 57 Anchorvale Road, Singapore 544964, Sengkang Swimming Complex, it is within walking distance from Farmway LRT station. It is closed for maintenance on Mondays. It has 3 levels of slides: the Speed Slide and Tunnel Slide while on the second level the Multi Coloured slides with a capacity of 4 riders at a time. Lastly, on level 3 there are the twister slides with a capacity of 2 riders at a time. See also List of stadiums in Singapore Notes References External links Sengkang Sports Centre on ActiveSG Sports venues in Singapore Indoor arenas in Singapore Community buildings in Singapore Sports venues completed in 2008 2008 establishments in Singapore Buildings and structures in Sengkang Basketball venues in Singapore Volleyball venues in Singapore Sengkang Anchorvale
35441243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arild%20Dahl	Arild Dahl	Arild Dahl (7 October 1902 – 28 March 1984) was a Norwegian sport wrestler. He was born in Trondheim, and represented the club Narvik Atletklubb. He competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics, where he placed sixth in Greco-Roman wrestling, the lightweight class. He also competed at the 1932 Olympics. He won bronze medals at the 1931 and 1933 European championships. He was Norwegian champion ten times. References External links 1902 births 1984 deaths Sportspeople from Trondheim Olympic wrestlers of Norway Wrestlers at the 1932 Summer Olympics Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics Norwegian male sport wrestlers
1523645	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Center	Marion Center	Marion Center may refer to various communities in the United States: Marion Center, Massachusetts Marion Center, Pennsylvania
17129380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20L.%20Emanuel	Steven L. Emanuel	Steven L. Emanuel is an American attorney who is an author of law school outlines and other law school study aids. Education and bar admissions Emanuel is a graduate of Amherst College and Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the bar in the U.S. states of New York, Connecticut, Virginia, Maryland and Massachusetts. Outline business Steven Emanuel started writing legal study aids to help fellow J.D. candidates while still a law student at Harvard in 1974. He tells how he could not understand his civil procedure professor, decided to write up his own outline of the subject, which ran over 100 pages, and eventually stopped going to class. He gained a solid grasp of the subject by composing the outline, emboldening him to then sell it to his fellow students at a profit that paled in comparison to the effort taken to produce it. The balance between effort and profit shifted later on as the size of his customer base grew. Students were drawn by Emanuel's concise style and straightforward outline format. Steven Emanuel's father, Lazar Emanuel, was himself a lawyer and law school advice author. Some time after Law School, Steven Emanuel founded Emanuel Publishing Corp. Under this umbrella organization he merged several series of study aids. These include CrunchTime, Law in a Flash, and Strategies & Tactics. His organization also eventually acquired the Siegel's series of law study aids. In 1995, Emanuel Publishing entered into an exclusive joint venture with Lexis-Nexis to make law outlines available online. In 1996, he started to create preparatory materials for the Multistate Bar Exam in coordination with the Princeton Review. One critique, expressed in the Washington Monthly, of the Emanuel Outlines and other similar summary guides is that they may oversimplify legal issues in order to make them more palatable to students and keep down the length of legal guides. For instance, Emanuel's 2008 Intellectual Property outline (author Margreth Barrett, Hastings law school) gives three pages to international copyright treaties. A copyright casebook by Gorman and Ginsburg, also intended for students, devotes an equal amount of space to an introduction and history of the subject. Only then does it launch into specific description of copyright treaties. Emanuel contains no discussion of features common among the treaties, showing how being brief does not always clarify the legal matter at hand. The entirety of Emanuel Publishing Corp. was sold to Aspen Publishing in 2001. Steven Emanuel is still responsible for spearheading all edits and revisions to the Emanuel study aids and is a lecturer in the Wolters Kluwer / Aspen publishing bar review course. Family He is married to Marilyn Doreen Mandel Emanuel (since June 1976), and they have five children. References External links Currently-available Emanuel Products as listed on WKLegaledu websites Living people American legal writers College of William & Mary faculty Harvard Law School alumni 1950 births
24730924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20Han%20%28pianist%29	Wu Han (pianist)	Wu Han (吴菡) (born February 19, 1959) is a Taiwanese-American pianist and influential figure in the classical music world. Leading a multifaceted career, she has risen to international prominence through her activities as a concert performer, recording artist, educator, arts administrator, and cultural entrepreneur. She is currently the Co-Artistic Director of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Chamber Music Today in Korea, and Music@Menlo in California and Co-Founder of ArtistLed. Career Wu Han began her musical studies in Taipei, Taiwan at the age of nine. In addition to the piano, she studied two other Chinese instruments, viola and percussion. By 12, Wu Han was playing concerts, and competing and winning competitions. Within a few years, she had captured first prizes in all of Taiwan's major competitions. At the invitation of The Hartt School in Connecticut, she traveled to America in 1981 to continue her studies with a double major in viola and piano. Wu Han studied with Raymond Hanson, Rudolf Serkin, Herbert Stessin, Lillian Kallir, and Menahem Pressler and attended the Marlboro Music School and Festival for two summers. Wu Han has gone on to perform on the world's leading stages including Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center, Washington's Kennedy Center, and Wigmore Hall in London. She collaborates with a wide array of artists and ensembles including the Borromeo String Quartet, Emerson String Quartet, Escher String Quartet, and St. Lawrence Quartet. In recent years, Wu Han's repertoire has expanded to include numerous works by a cadre of leading composers. Works have been commissioned for and dedicated to Wu Han and cellist David Finckel from Bruce Adolphe, Lera Auerbach, Gabriella Lena Frank, Pierre Jalbert, Augusta Read Thomas, and George Tsontakis, and music by several of these composers is featured on ArtistLed's 'For David and Wu Han' album. Partnership with David Finckel Wu Han performs and records frequently in collaboration with cellist David Finckel, whom she married in 1985. Since the 1990s, the two artists have toured widely year-round and have emerged as one of the most popular cello-piano duos on the musical scene today. Wu Han and David Finckel regularly perform on all of the major chamber music series in the United States, as well as across Europe and Asia. They also appear regularly in trio performances with violinist Philip Setzer, clarinetist David Shifrin, and as a piano quartet with violinist Daniel Hope and violist Paul Neubauer. In an award ceremony in New York in 2012, they received Musical America's Musicians of the Year award. ArtistLed In addition to her distinction as an accomplished performer, Wu Han has established a reputation for her dynamic and innovative approach to the recording studio. In 1997, Wu Han and David Finckel launched ArtistLed, classical music's first musician-directed and Internet-based recording company, whose catalog of nineteen albums has won widespread acclaim. BBC Music Magazine saluted the launch by featuring the company's debut album on the cover of its January 1997 issue. Wu Han is a controlling participant in every aspect of the recording process, from selecting the repertoire and recording venue to setting the sound, running the sessions, constructing the edits, and determining the final mix. ArtistLed's Grammy-award-winning recording engineer is Da-Hong Seetoo. Music@Menlo In 2003, Wu Han co-founded Music@Menlo, an annual chamber music festival and institute in Silicon Valley that brings to the San Francisco Bay are a lineup of accomplished musicians, scholars, educators, and musicologists, as well as a roster of gifted young artists, for an immersive three-week chamber music experience in the summer. The $2.1 million annual budget supports over sixty-five public events each year; total annual attendance now exceeds 13,000 with free program attendance exceeding 6,000; nearly 300 artists have come from all over the world to perform in the main-stage concerts, lead multimedia Encounter lectures, coach students of the Chamber Music Institute, and work with Menlo School students in the annual Winter Residency; 378 Chamber Music Institute participants have enrolled in the program to date; and 253 interns have gained real-world professional experience from Music@Menlo's industry-leading Arts Administration Internship Program. Wu Han was instrumental in the formation of Music@Menlo's innovative live recording series, Music@Menlo LIVE, which commercially releases live recordings from the festival each year. The label was launched in 2004 and has been praised as "probably the most ambitious recording project of any classical music festival in the world" (San Jose Mercury News). Close to one hundred live recordings have been released to date. Performances from the festival air nationwide on American Public Media's Performance Today, the largest daily classical music program in the United States, which airs on 260 stations and reaches more than one million people each week. In 2002, Wu Han developed and trademarked AudioNotes, an innovative complement to program notes. The CD-based pre-concert listener guides are designed to offer audiences engaging introductions to many of the concert programs she has presented over the years. The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center In 2004, Wu Han and David Finckel were appointed Co-Artistic Directors of the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center in New York City, where they currently present around 200 concerts, lectures, master classes, and outreach events each season. The Chamber Music Society is recognized as one of the leaders in the field of chamber music in North America. In 2013, Finckel & Wu Han were invited to extend their appointment for a third five-year term, the longest tenure since that of founding Artistic Director Charles Wadsworth. Since becoming Co-Artistic directors, the projects they have directed and initiated include: programming the CMS seasons; expansion of the Bowers Program (formerly known as CMS Two); the creation and growth of CMS recording labels; international partnerships and expanded touring; establishing performance and educational residencies across the United States; commissioning and awarding of the Society's Stoeger Prize for composition; expansion of the Society's online presence via live-streaming of over 25 events per season; expanded national radio broadcasts to 52 shows per year; and the creation of new series such as Late Night Rose and the Quartet Series. They have also directed their attention to expanding the organization's activities internationally with the establishment of residencies and concert series, including the Mecklenburg–Vorpommern Festspiele in Germany; Wigmore Hall in London; Teatro Mayor in Bogota, Colombia; White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, Russia; Bach Inspiration in Taipei, Taiwan, and a teaching and performing residency with the Casual Classic/LG Chamber Music School in Seoul, South Korea. In the United States, the residencies they have established include the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, MA; Drew University in Madison, NJ; Harris Theater in Chicago, IL; St. Cecilia Music Center in Grand Rapids, MI; the University of Georgia in Athens, GA; the Performing Arts Center at Purchase College in Purchase, NY; Saratoga Performing Arts Center in Saratoga Springs, NY; the Chrysalis Chamber Music Institute at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, NC; and Shaker Village in Pleasant Hill, KY. Chamber Music Today Intent on expanding the presence of chamber music in Asia, in 2011, Wu Han assumed the Co- Artistic Directorship of Chamber Music Today with David Finckel. An annual chamber music festival and institute with performances at venues including the IBK Chamber Hall of the new Seoul Arts Center in Seoul, South Korea, the organization brings to the Far East the world's greatest chamber musicians. Educational Activities Wu Han's fervent commitment to nurturing the careers of countless young artists has led her to take on an array of education initiatives. In 2004, Wu Han and David Finckel created the Chamber Music Institute at Music@Menlo. The institute offers a rigorous professional training ground and a wide array of performance opportunities to gifted young musicians who have been selected from conservatories, youth orchestras, and music programs nationally and internationally. In 2009, under the auspices of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Wu Han and David Finckel established chamber music training workshops for young artists in Korea and Taiwan, intensive residency programs designed to bring student musicians into contact with an elite faculty of artists including pianist Leon Fleisher and violinist Arnold Steinhardt. As Co-Artistic Director of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Wu Han has been instrumental in the expansion of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center's CMS Two program that invites outstanding young musicians from around the world through audition to join the CMS artist roster for an extended residency that includes both performance and educational outreach opportunities. Under her leadership, the residency program has expanded from two to three years, and she greatly increased the level of participation of these young artists. Wu Han has presented master classes at venerable institutions throughout the world, and for many years taught alongside the late Isaac Stern at Carnegie Hall and the Jerusalem Music Centre. She has also served as a member of the Artist-Faculty at the Aspen Music Festival and School for many years, and in 2013 established The Finckel-Wu Han Chamber Music Studio, which runs two weeks each summer. Media Wu Han has been the subject of numerous articles around the globe in publications including The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Toronto Star, New York Newsday, The Mercury News, The Strad, BBC Music Magazine, San Francisco Classical Voice, Concerti Magazine, Music Matters, Musical America, and Tokyo's Ongaku-no-Tomo. On television, she has appeared on NBC Nightly News, Channel 13 New York Voices and PBS's AHA! A House for the Arts, and has also been a frequent guest on American Public Media's Performance Today, Saint Paul Sunday, and other popular classical radio programs. Personal life Wu Han lives in New York City with her husband and musical partner, cellist David Finckel. They have one daughter, Lilian Finckel. Discography Wu Han LIVE II (2016) Romantic Piano Quartets (Brahms, Schumann, Mahler) on Deutsche Grammaphon with Daniel Hope, Paul Neubauer and Wu Han (2015) Wu Han LIVE (2014) Dvorak Piano Trios with Philip Setzer and David Finckel (2012) Clarinet Trios with David Shifrin and David Finckel (2011) Mendelssohn: The Piano Trios with Philip Setzer and David Finckel (2011) For David and Wu Han (contemporary works composed for David Finckel and Wu Han) (2009) Schubert Piano Trios with Philip Setzer and David Finckel (2008) Derek Han plays Mozart, with Wu Han, Peter Asimov, and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2008) Russian Recital (featuring solo piano works by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, and Skryabin) (2007) CMS Studio Recordings: Elgar and Walton (2007) CMS Studio Recordings: Beethoven and Dvořák (2007) DG Concerts: Bartok/Dvořák (2007) Brahms Sonatas (2005) Schubert Sonatas (2004) Edwin Finckel: Music For Cello (2001) Russian Classics (2001) Beethoven: Complete Works for Piano & Cello (1998) Sonatas by Strauss, Franck, and Finckel (1997) Sonatas by Tchaikovsky and Kodály with Da-Hong Seetoo and David Finckel (1997) Sonatas by Grieg, Schumann, and Chopin (1997) References External links David Finckel and Wu Han – Official Website ArtistLed – Official Website Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center - Bio Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center – Artist Profile Music@Menlo - Artistic Directors Profile Classical Archives Interview with David Finckel 1959 births American classical pianists Male classical pianists American women classical pianists American classical musicians of Chinese descent American musicians of Taiwanese descent American women musicians of Chinese descent Aspen Music Festival and School faculty Living people University of Hartford Hartt School alumni Taiwanese emigrants to the United States 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American women pianists 21st-century classical pianists Women music educators 21st-century American women pianists 21st-century American pianists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians
448453	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron%20Strabolgi	Baron Strabolgi	Baron Strabolgi (pronounced "Strabogie") is a title in the Peerage of England supposedly created in 1318 for Scottish lord David of Strathbogie, 10th Earl of Atholl. Despite lack of evidence supporting its existence, it was called out of abeyance by the House of Lords in 1916. Whether it ever existed before then is open to serious dispute. History John of Strathbogie, 9th Earl of Atholl (–1306) was imprisoned, stripped of his titles and ultimately executed for fighting against the English crown, but his son David of Strathbogie, 10th Earl of Atholl had his titles restored by Edward II of England sometime between 21 August 1307 and 20 May 1308. He was made Constable of Scotland but stripped of his Scottish titles by 1314 by Robert the Bruce after rebelling against the Scottish king. According to a 1914 House of Lords' decision, Atholl was called by hereditary writ under the barony of Strabolgi, inheritable by heirs general of his body. According to the Lords' decision, upon the death of David de Strabolgi, the third Lord Strabolgi in 1369, the barony fell into abeyance between his daughters and co-heirs Elizabeth, who married Sir Thomas Percy, and Philippa, who married Sir John Halsham. In 1498, the barony vested upon a sole heir, Sir Edward Burgh, the de jure 4th Baron Strabolgi. It fell into abeyance again upon the death in 1602 of his grandson. Burke's Peerage is incredulous of the 1914 House of Lords decision affirming that Atholl was called to Parliament as Baron Strabolgi "despite the absence of any writ of summons for him to the English Parl of 20 Oct 1318 or genuine evidence of his sitting in it." Burke's Peerage notes that "even later writs of summons, however, were worded to 'David (de) Strabolgi, comiti (i.e., 'Earl of') Athol;' rather than domini (i.e. lord)." The Complete Peerage declines to list it, on the grounds that it did not exist before the 20th century. Barons Strabolgi (1318) David of Strathbogie, 10th Earl of Atholl (d. 1326) David of Strathbogie, 11th Earl of Atholl (1309–1335) David of Strathbogie, 12th Earl of Atholl (1332–1369) (abeyant 1369) Edward Burgh, 4th Baron Strabolgi (d. 1528) (abeyance terminated 1496) Thomas Burgh, 5th Baron Strabolgi (d. 1550) William Burgh, 6th Baron Strabolgi (1522–1584) Thomas Burgh, 7th Baron Strabolgi (c. 1555–1597) Robert Burgh, 8th Baron Strabolgi (1594–1602) (abeyant 1602) Cuthbert Matthias Kenworthy, 9th Baron Strabolgi (1853–1934) (abeyance terminated 1914) Joseph Montague Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi (1886–1953) David Montague de Burgh Kenworthy, 11th Baron Strabolgi (1914–2010) Andrew David Whitley Kenworthy, 12th Baron Strabolgi (b. 1967) The heir presumptive is the present holder's third cousin, Hamish Kenworthy Malcolm (b. 1971). References 1318 establishments in England Baronies in the Peerage of England Noble titles created in 1318
26165020	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Sand%20%28short%20story%20collection%29	The Book of Sand (short story collection)	The Book of Sand (original Spanish title: ) is a 1975 short story collection by Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986). In the author's opinion, the collection, written in his last days — and while blind — is his best book. This opinion is not shared by most critics, many of whom prefer his other works such as those in Ficciones (1944). Referring to the collection, Borges said: The first edition, published in Buenos Aires by Emecé, contained 181 pages. In Madrid it was edited that year by Ultramar. Borges opts for an epilogue to this short story collection, different from the cases of his previous collections The Garden of Forking Paths (1941) and Artifices (1944) (later republished together in Ficciones), which had a prologue. Regarding this, Borges begins The Book of Sand's epilogue by saying: "To prologue unread stories is an almost impossible work, as it demands the analysis of plots one should not anticipate. I prefer, thus, an epilogue." Content The work consists essentially of a collection of thirteen short stories (original titles in italics): The Other (El Otro) Ulrikke (Ulrica) The Congress (El Congreso) There Are More Things (There Are More Things) The Sect of the Thirty (La Secta de los Treinta) The Night of the Gifts (La noche de los dones) The Mirror and the Mask (El espejo y la máscara) Undr (Undr) A Weary Man's Utopia (Utopía de un hombre que está cansado) The Bribe (El soborno) Avelino Arredondo (Avelino Arredondo) The Disk (El disco) The Book of Sand (El libro de arena) Amongst these stories the most notable include: The Other, the first story of the collection, in which the protagonist (Borges himself) encounters a younger version of himself (similar to his later short story August 25, 1983), The Congress, on an utopic universal congress (seen by critics as a political essay), There Are More Things, written in memory of H. P. Lovecraft, on an encounter with a monstrous extraterrestrial inhabiting an equally monstrous house, Undr, on the maximum poetic synthesis, The Sect of the Thirty, on an ancient manuscript that tells of the characteristics of a sect that equally venerated Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot, A Weary Man's Utopia (according to Borges, "the most honest and melancholic piece in the collection"), The Disk, on a one-sided coin, and the titular work The Book of Sand, on a book with infinite pages. Evaluating his work, Borges said: Notes References External links Study guide of the stories in The Book of Sand 1975 short story collections Short story collections by Jorge Luis Borges Science fiction short story collections Fantasy short story collections
33653578	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-28%E2%80%93Sand%20River%20Bridge	M-28–Sand River Bridge	The M-28–Sand River Bridge is a bridge located on M-28 over the Sand River in Onota Township, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. History The M-28–Sand River Bridge was designed by the Michigan State Highway Department in 1939 to carry what was then M-94 over the Sand River. The Alpine Excavating Company of St. Ignace, Michigan, was awarded the construction contract, and soon began work on the substructural excavation. On June 16, 1939, a surge of water from Lake Superior flooded the abutment cofferdams, and extensive repairs had to be made. However, the bridge was completed later that year, and has carried traffic since. A later route change redesignated the roadway as part of M-28. Description The bridge carrying M-28 over the Sand River is a medium-span concrete bridge long and wide supported by concrete abutments. The span has a shallow arch, thick at the abutments and at the center of the span. It has a so-called rigid-frame construction, which was a new development by the highway department at the time the bridge was built. The bridge has concrete and steel guardrails and horizontal Art Moderne scoring on the sidewalls of the abutments. Despite its age, the bridge remains in excellent condition. See also References External links photos and description from HistoricBridges.org Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan Bridges completed in 1939 Buildings and structures in Alger County, Michigan Transportation in Alger County, Michigan National Register of Historic Places in Alger County, Michigan Road bridges in Michigan Concrete bridges in the United States M-28 (Michigan highway)
63519128	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Dennis	Martin Dennis	Martin Dennis is a Canadian-born British television director. He won the BAFTA for situation comedy in 2005, having been nominated in 1989, 1996, and 1998. Early life and education Dennis was born in Toronto and lived there briefly until his family moved to Surrey. He attended the University of Birmingham. Career Dennis joined the BBC in 1980 as a runner. He soon became a production manager and was part of the crew behind 'Allo, 'Allo, Don't Wait Up, and Hi-De-Hi. In 1980, Dennis became the director of 'Allo, 'Allo and in 1991 he directed the first series of Men Behaving Badly for Hartswood Films, and went on to direct all the subsequent series and specials. He has also directed Birds of a Feather when it was revived by ITV in 2014. Since 2012, he has directed Friday Night Dinner on Channel 4. References External links Alumni of the University of Birmingham BBC people British television directors Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
20853626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Speedway%20World%20Cup%20Event%201	2004 Speedway World Cup Event 1	The 2004 Speedway World Cup Event 1 was the first race of the 2004 Speedway World Cup season. It took place on August 2, 2004 in the Arlington Stadium in Eastbourne, Great Britain. Results Heat details References See also 2004 Speedway World Cup motorcycle speedway E1
12054977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Tr%C3%A9guier	Roman Catholic Diocese of Tréguier	The former Breton and French diocese of Tréguier existed in Lower Brittany from about the sixth century, or later, to the French Revolution. Its see was at Tréguier, in the modern department of Côtes-d'Armor. The title continues in the contemporary diocese of Saint-Brieuc and Tréguier. History St. Tudgual (Tugdual, Tudual), said to be the nephew of St. Brieuc (who had emigrated from Cardigan), was a bishop who came to Brittany from overseas (Scotland), and was appointed by his uncle Brieuc at the close of the fifth century as superior of the monastery of Tréguier, which Tudual had founded. The biography of St. Tudual, composed after the middle of the ninth century, relates that Tudual, wishing to confirm his authority by royal approval, travelled to the court of King Childebert I, who ordered him consecrated Bishop of Tréguier. Louis Duchesne, however, argued that it was King Nomenoe who, in the middle of the ninth century, had the monastery of Tréguier raised to the dignity of an episcopal see. Numerous synods were held at Tréguier in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and passed regulations for the discipline of the Breton churches. Bishops to 1400 c. 1032: Wiliam I. c. 1045: Martin c. 1086: Hugo I. de Saint-Pabutral c. 1110–c. 1128: Raoul I. c. 1150–c. 1175: William II. 1175–1179: Ives I Hougnon 1179–c. 1220: Geoffroi I. Loiz c. 1224–c. 1237: Stephan c. 1238: Peter I. 1255–c. 1265: Hamon c. 1266–c. 1271: Alain I. de Lezardrieu c. 1284: Alain II. de Bruc 1286–c. 1310: Geoffroi II. de Tournemine c. 1317: Jean I. Rigaud c. 1324: Pierre II. de l'Isle 1327–1330: Ives II. Le Prévôt de Bois Boëssel 1330–1338: Alain III. de Haïloury 1339–c. 1345: Richard du Poirier c. 1354: Robert I. de Peynel 1355–1358: Hugues II. de Monstrelet 1358–1362: Alain IV. 28 November 1362 – 1371: Even Bégaignon 12 June 1372 – 1378: Jean II. Brun 1378–1383: Thibaud de Malestroit 1383–1384: Hugues III. de Keroulay 1385–3 May 1401: Pierre III. Morel 1400 to 1600 1401–1403: Ives III. Hirgouët 1404–1408: Bernard de Peyron 1408–1416: Christophe I. d'Hauterive 15. December 1417 – 1422: Matthieu du Kosker 29. April 1422 – 1430: Jean III. de Bruc 1430–27. August 1435: Pierre IV. Piédru (or Predou) (also Bishop of Saint-Malo) 1435–1441: Raoul II. Rolland 4. May 1442 – 1453: Jean IV. de Plouec 16. March 1454–23. September 1464: Jean V. de Coetquis 8. January 1466 – 1479: Christophe II. du Châtel 1480–1483: Cardinal Raphaël de Saint-Georges 1483–1502: Robert II. Guibé 1502–7. March 1505: Jean VI. de Talhouët 22 November 1505–16. November 1537: Antoine du Grignaux 14 June 1538 – 1540 or 1541: Louis de Bourbon-Vendôme 1541–1544: Cardinal Hippolyte d'Este 1544–1545: Jean VII. de Rieux 8 June 1545 – 1547: François I. de Manaz 1548–27. October 1566: Jean VIII. Juvénal des Ursins 1566–1572: Claude de Kernovenoy 1572–1583: Jean-Baptiste Le Gras 1583–1593: François II. de La Tour 1593–29. October 1602: Guillace III. du Halgoët 1600 to 1800 1604–29. July 1616: Georges-Louet-Adrien d'Amboise 1616–1620: Pierre V. Cornullier 1620–14. September 1635: Gui Champion 1636–19. August 1645: Noël des Landes' 1646–1679: Balthasar Grangier de Liverdis 1679–1686: François-Ignace de Baglion 1686–15. May 1694: Eustache Le Sénéchal de Carcado (or Kercado) 1694–1731: Olivier Jégou de Kervilio 1731–1745: François-Hyacinthe de La Fruglaye de Kervers 1746–30. August 1761: Charles-Gui Le Borgne de Kermorvan 1761–1766: Joseph-Dominique de Chaylus 26. April 1767 – 1773: Jean-Marc de Royère 1773–1775: Jean-Augustin de Frétat de Sarra 6 August 1775 – 1780: Jean-Baptiste-Joseph de Lubersac 1780–1790 (1801): Augustin-René-Louis Le Mintier See also Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France References Bibliography Reference works pp. 641–642. (Use with caution; obsolete) (in Latin) p. 494. (in Latin) p. 254. p. 317. pp. 342. p. 387. pp. 413–414. Studies second edition Treguier 1801 disestablishments in France
36613076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Bartley	Chris Bartley	Chris Bartley may refer to: Chris Bartley (rower) (born 1984), British rower Chris Bartley (singer) (1947–2009), American singer
7886258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison%20%28video%29	Unison (video)	Unison is the first home video by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released on VHS on 2 July 1991. It includes the music videos from her English debut album, Unison (1990). Background This collection features never before used version of "Calling You," previously unreleased version of Dion's breakthrough hit "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" (Canadian black-and-white version mixed with the US performance version), plus exclusive interviews with Dion at her home. Three videos: "Délivre-moi," "Have a Heart," and "Calling You" were filmed during the Unison Tour at the Winter Garden Theatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and later shown in the 1991 MusiMax TV special. In the United States, the US version of "(If There Was) Any Other Way" from 1991 was included; in Canada, the Canadian version from 1990. This VHS was made in both English and in French. The two contain similar interviews conducted in both languages. Unison home video was certified Gold in Canada on 1 May 1992. Track listing Certifications Release history References 1991 video albums Celine Dion video albums Music video compilation albums
41641414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie%20Jo	Billie Jo	Billie Jo is the eighth studio album by American country singer Billie Jo Spears, released in 1975. It reached #45 on the US country charts. Track listing Side 1 "Stay Away From the Apple Tree” (Larry Butler, Roger Bowling) – 2:46 "Lizzie and the Rain Man" (Kenny O'Dell, Larry Henley) – 3:30 "Hurt” (Al Jacobs, Jimmie Crane) – 3:14 "We Still Love in my Mind" (Roger Bowling, George Richey, M. Jackson) – 3:03 ”Enough For You” (Kris Kristofferson) - 2:45 Side 2 "Silver Wings and Golden Rings" (Molly Ann Leiken, Gloria Sklerov) – 3:25 "We Love Each Other" (Buddy Killen) – 2:48 "But I Do" (Troy Seals, Dave Parkinson) – 3:01 "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" (Larry Butler, Chips Moman) – 3:24 "Everytime Two Fools Collide" (Jeff Twell, Janine Dyer) – 2:52 Musicians Bob Moore, Henry Strzelecki - bass guitar Hargus "Pig" Robbins, George Richey, Bobby Wood - piano Karl Himmel, Jerry Carrigan, Kenny Malone - drums Billy Sanford, Grady Martin, Reggie Young - lead guitar Kelso Herston, Pete Wade, Billy Sanford, Reggie Young - rhythm guitar Tommy Allsup - bass Pete Drake - steel guitar Charles "Chuck" Cochran - Moog synthesizer The Jordanaires - backing vocals Production Produced by Larry Butler Recorded at Jack Clement Recording Studio, Nashville, Tennessee Strings Arranged by Bill Justis Sound Engineers – Garth Fundis (Tracks 2 - 10) & Billy Sherrill (Track 1) Album photograph – Walden S. Fabry Album design – Bob Cato References 1975 albums Billie Jo Spears albums Albums arranged by Bill Justis Albums produced by Larry Butler (producer) United Artists Records albums
11424264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois%20County%20State%20Wildlife%20Area	Iroquois County State Wildlife Area	The Iroquois County State Wildlife Area is an Illinois state park that occupies in northeastern Iroquois County, near the border with Indiana. The nearest municipality is Beaverville, Illinois, and the nearest exit on a limited-access highway is Exit 302 on Interstate 57 (Chebanse, Illinois). Ecology The Iroquois County State Wildlife Area is a surviving remnant of the Great Kankakee Swamp, a 5,300 sq mi (14,000 km²) expanse of wetland that once drained the slow-flowing Kankakee River valley. The glacial melt episode that marked the conclusion of the Wisconsonian glaciation washed a fan of sand, silt, and sediments westward from Northwest Indiana into Northeastern Illinois, and this outwash plain, which remained damp or wet year-round, became the home of a significant quantity of habitat-specific wetland plants and insects. History The Kankakee Swamp wetlands were the home of many beaver and other fur-bearing mammals, which led to the nearby locality being incorporated as the municipality of Beaverville. The nearby towns of Chebanse and St. Anne pay tribute to the area's French-Canadian fur-trading heritage. During the great drainage of the Kankakee Swamp, starting in the late 19th century, ditches were dug all over eastern Iroquois County to drain the outwash plain. While most of the ditched land became fertile farmland, the sands of far-northeastern Iroquois County resisted profitable farming activity. In 1944 a predecessor agency of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) began to acquire the land of the future Iroquois County State Wildlife Area. The population of the greater prairie chicken had crashed in Illinois, and the state hoped the flagship species could be induced to rebuild a breeding population in the new sanctuary. Today Attempts in the 20th century to reintroduce the greater prairie chicken to northeastern Iroquois County failed. State naturalists believe the wildlife area is too wet to be a good home for this species. The IDNR adaptively reused the failed prairie-chicken ground as a place to hunt whitetail deer, doves, pheasants, quail, rabbits, and squirrels. These game activities continue in their respective hunting seasons. The Iroquois County State Wildlife Area is today a mosaic of sand dunes and wet prairie habitats. The juxtaposition of the sand and wetland has created a rolling savanna landscape of trees and grass, classified as an oak barren. The dominant oak tree is the black oak, often found on relatively infertile, sandy ground. The black-oak savanna is one of the largest native grassland remnants in Illinois. Prairie forbs include the blazing star and hairy puccoon. See also Willow Slough Fish and Wildlife Area, an adjacent state park across the line in Indiana References External links State parks of Illinois Protected areas of Iroquois County, Illinois Protected areas established in 1944 1944 establishments in Illinois
18877722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teymur%20M%C3%BCsk%C9%99nli	Teymur Müskənli	Teymur Müskənli (also, Teymurmyuskanly) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan. References Populated places in Qubadli District
36151890	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mej%20River	Mej River	The Mej river is a left bank tributary of Chambal River. It originates near Mandalgarh in Bhilwara District and joins Chambal in Kota district. The catchment area of Mej river extends over Bhilwara District, Bundi District, and Tonk District of Rajasthan. Tributaries are Wajan, Kural, Mangali, Ghoda Pachhad and others. Chambal River Rivers of Rajasthan Rivers of India
50291521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-elections%20to%20the%2029th%20Alberta%20Legislature	By-elections to the 29th Alberta Legislature	By-elections to the 29th Alberta Legislature have been held to fill vacancies in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta after the 2015 election. To date, two by-elections have been held to fill vacancies in the 29th Alberta Legislature. The 29th Alberta Legislature was formed after the 2015 election, during which the New Democrats won their first majority government under the leadership of Rachel Notley. Three by-elections since have been in ridings which were initially won by the Progressive Conservatives, and have returned one Wildrose, one Progressive Conservative, and one United Conservative member each to the legislature. Two held in ridings initially won by Wildrose returned United Conservative members. Summary table Fort McMurray-Conklin There will be a by-election in Fort McMurray-Conklin due to the March 5, 2018 resignation of United Conservative Party MLA and former Wildrose Party leader Brian Jean. The by-election is being held on July 12, 2018. Innisfail-Sylvan Lake There will be a by-election in Innisfail-Sylvan Lake due to United Conservative Party MLA Don MacIntyre's sudden resignation on February 5, 2018 after he was charged with sexual assault and "sexual interference" (i.e., touching a minor for a sexual purpose) The by-election is being held on July 12, 2018. Calgary-Lougheed The by-election was held when Dave Rodney resigned his seat on November 1, 2017 to make way for Jason Kenney, the leader of the newly-formed United Conservative Party. Kenney ended up winning the byelection and held the seat for the United Conservative Party. \|} Calgary-Greenway The riding of Calgary-Greenway was left vacant on November 23, 2015, when incumbent Progressive Conservative MLA Manmeet Bhullar was killed in a vehicle accident on Alberta Highway 2. The resulting by-election was won by Prabhdeep Gill of the Progressive Conservatives. The by-election resulted in a Progressive Conservative hold, but saw the vote share for that party drop by 15 points from the 2015 election. Calgary-Foothills Following the Alberta Progressive Conservatives' defeat in the 2015 provincial election, outgoing premier Jim Prentice announced on election night that even though he had personally won re-election in Calgary-Foothills, he was resigning his seat in the legislature. This had the effect of voiding the election result, and necessitated the calling of a by-election to fill the seat. The by-election to succeed him was scheduled for September 3, 2015, and was won by Prasad Panda of the Wildrose Party. Panda's victory increased the Wildrose caucus to 22 members in the Legislature, and kept the Progressive Conservatives at 9. References Elections in Alberta Provincial by-elections in Alberta
25194339	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless%20%28Jacksoul%20album%29	Sleepless (Jacksoul album)	Sleepless is the second album by Canadian R&B/soul band jacksoul, released in 2000. The album won the Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2001. Track listing All tracks produced by Jon "Rabbi" Levine, except where noted. Personnel Adapted credits from the liner notes of Sleepless. Vocals Lead vocals – Haydain Neale Background vocals – Jully Black, Marcie English, Haydain Neale, Lorraine Scott, Liberty Silver Instruments Acoustic guitar – James McCollum Bass – Colin Barret, J.K., Haydain Neale Cello – Akiko Kojima Keyboards – Jon "Rabbi" Levine, Brent Setterington Piano – Brent Setterington ("Don't Tell Me") Shaker – Davide DiRenzo Violins – Sonja Jung, Alex McMaster Production Engineering – Brad Haehnel, Tom Heron, Peter Hudson, Ed Kroutner Engineering assistant – Chris Stringer, Stu Young Mastering – Herb Powers Mixing – Brad Haehnel Mixing assistant – Joel Kazmi, Robert "Taj" Walton ("Baby I Adore You") Imagery Art direction and design – Beehive Hair – Brian and Rhonda (World Salon, Toronto) Makeup – Jody Daye Photography – Margaret Malandruccolo Styling – Alina Karaman References 2000 albums Jacksoul albums Juno Award for R&B/Soul Recording of the Year recordings
65410050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panaspis%20annettesabinae	Panaspis annettesabinae	Sabin's snake-eyed skink (Panaspis annettesabinae) is a species of lidless skinks in the family Scincidae. The species is found in Ethiopia. References Endemic fauna of Ethiopia Panaspis Reptiles described in 2020
22705400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo-logy	Theo-logy	Theo-logy: How a Boy Wonder Led the Red Sox to the Promised Land is a biography of Boston Red Sox general manager Theo Epstein, written by sportswriter John Frascella. It is the first book chronicling the life and professional career of Epstein, who was the Red Sox's GM on and off from 2003 through 2011. Voros McCracken (former special consultant to baseball operations), a quoted source in the book, said that Epstein was also running the team in 2002. The GM at the time was Mike Port, who is now a member of the Umpires Association. References Boston Red Sox
905217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey%20Searle	Humphrey Searle	Humphrey Searle (26 August 1915 – 12 May 1982) was an English composer and writer on music. His music combines aspects of late Romanticism and modernist serialism, particularly reminiscent of his primary influences, Franz Liszt, Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, who was briefly his teacher. As a writer on music, Searle published texts on numerous topics; he was an authority on the music of Franz Liszt, and created the initial cataloguing system for his works. Biography Searle was the son of Humphrey and Charlotte Searle and, through his mother, a grandson of Sir William Schlich. He was born in Oxford where he was a classics scholar before studying—somewhat hesitantly—with John Ireland at the Royal College of Music in London, after which he went to Vienna on a six-month scholarship to become a private pupil of Anton Webern, which became decisive in his composition career. Searle was one of the foremost pioneers of serial music in the United Kingdom, and used his role as a producer at the BBC from 1946 to 1948 to promote it. He was General Secretary of the International Society for Contemporary Music from 1947 to 1949. He accepted this post with the encouragement of the new president, Edward Clark. For Clark, he composed the Quartet for Clarinet, Bassoon, Violin and Viola, Op. 12, a musical palindrome. Searle wrote his Piano Sonata, Op. 21 for a recital at the Wigmore Hall on 22 October 1951, given by the Australian pianist Gordon Watson to celebrate the 140th anniversary of the birth of Franz Liszt. (Watson also performed the complete Transcendental Études on that occasion.) The Sonata was loosely based on Liszt's Sonata in B minor and has been described as "probably, both the finest and most original piano work ever produced by a British composer". Searle taught throughout his life, with students that include Michael Finnissy, Jonathan Elias, Nicola LeFanu and Wolfgang Rihm. Other works of note include a Poem for 22 Strings (1950), premiered at Darmstadt, a Gogol opera, The Diary of a Madman (1958, awarded the first prize at UNESCO's International Rostrum of Composers in 1960), and five symphonies (the first of which was commercially recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Sir Adrian Boult). Searle also contributed humorous compositions to some of the Hoffnung Music Festivals, including a setting of Young Lochinvar and a parody of serialism, Punkt Kontrapunkt. Searle wrote the monographs Twentieth Century Counterpoint and The Music of Franz Liszt. He also developed the most authoritative catalogue of Liszt's works, which are frequently identified using Searle's numbering system, abbreviated as "S.". He also composed film scores, including music for The Baby and the Battleship (1956), Beyond Mombasa (1956), Action of the Tiger (1957), The Abominable Snowman (1957), Law and Disorder (1958), Left Right and Centre (1959), October Moth (1960) and The Haunting (1963), as well the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Myth Makers. Among his notable pupils were composers Hugh Davidson, Brian Elias, Michael Finnissy, Alistair Hinton, Geoffrey King, and Graham Newcater. Searle married Fiona Nicholson in 1960. He died in London in 1982, aged 66. List of works Source Operas The Diary of a Madman (1958) The Photo of the Colonel (1963–64) Hamlet (1964–68) Ballets Noctambules (1956) The Great Peacock (1957–58) Dualities (1963) Orchestral Variations on an Elizabethan Theme, jointly composed with Lennox Berkeley, Benjamin Britten, Arthur Oldham, Michael Tippett and William Walton (1953) Symphony No. 1 (1953) Symphony No. 2 (1956–58) Symphony No. 3 (1959–60) Symphony No. 4 (1961–62) Symphony No. 5 (1964) Sinfonietta (1968–69) Labyrinth (1971) Three Ages (1982) Piano concertos Piano Concerto No. 1 (1944) Piano Concerto No. 2 (1955) Suites Suite No. 1 for Strings (1942) Suite No. 2 (1943) Night Music (1943) Poem for 22 Strings (1950) Concertante for Piano, Strings and Percussion (1954) Scherzi (1964) Hamlet Suite (1968) Zodiac Variations (1970) Tamesis (1979) Chorus and instruments Gold Coast Customs (1947–49) for speakers, male chorus and orchestra The Riverrun (Joyce) (1951) for speakers and orchestra The Shadow of Cain (1952) for speakers, male chorus and orchestra Jerusalem (1970) for speakers, tenor, chorus and orchestra My Beloved Spake (1976) for chorus and organ Dr Faustus (1977) for solo woman, chorus and orchestra Voice and orchestra 3 Songs of Jocelyn Brooke (1954) for high voice and ensemble Oxus (1967) for tenor and orchestra Contemplations (1975) for mezzo-soprano and orchestra Kubla Khan (1973) for tenor and orchestra Unaccompanied chorus The Canticle of the Rose (Sitwell, 1965) Rhyme Rude to My Pride (1974) for male chorus Chamber music Bassoon Quintet (1945) Intermezzo for 11 Instruments (1946) Quartet for Clarinet, Bassoon, Violin and Viola, Op. 12 (1948; a musical palindrome) Passacaglietta in nomine Arnold Schoenberg (1949) for string quartet Gondoliera (1950) for celesta and piano 3 Cat Poems (1951/53): "The Owl and the Pussy-Cat" for speaker, flute, cello and guitar and "Two Practical Cats" for speaker, flute/piccolo, cello and guitar Suite for Clarinet and Piano (1956) Three Movements for String Quartet (1959) Cello Fantasia (1972) Il Penseroso e L'Allegro (1975) for cello and piano Song cycle Les fleurs du mal (1972) for tenor, horn and piano Songs Two Songs of A.E. Housman, op. 9 (1946): March Past (On the idle hill of summer) and The Stinging-Nettle, for voice and piano Counting the Beats (1963) for high voice and piano Piano Sonata (1951) Suite (1955) Prelude on a Theme by Rawsthorne (1965) Guitar Five Op.61 (1974) Selected bibliography Source References Sources External links Humphrey Searle: British Composer (1915–1982) Humphrey Searle, profile by Robert Clements, Classical Net Images of Humphrey Searle on the National Portrait Gallery website 1915 births 1982 deaths 20th-century classical composers 20th-century English musicians Alumni of the Royal College of Music British ballet composers English classical composers English musicologists English opera composers Male opera composers English male classical composers Franz Liszt International Rostrum of Composers prize-winners People from Oxford Twelve-tone and serial composers 20th-century British composers 20th-century musicologists 20th-century British male musicians
57532704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo%20Antinori	Edgardo Antinori	Edgardo Antinori (born 22 December 1969) is an Argentine judoka. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics. References External links 1969 births Living people Argentine male judoka Olympic judoka of Argentina Judoka at the 1992 Summer Olympics Place of birth missing (living people)
621182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20ellipsoid	Reference ellipsoid	In geodesy, a reference ellipsoid is a mathematically defined surface that approximates the geoid, which is the truer, imperfect figure of the Earth, or other planetary body, as opposed to a perfect, smooth, and unaltered sphere, which factors in the undulations of the bodies' gravity due to variations in the composition and density of the interior, as well as the subsequent flattening caused by the centrifugal force from the rotation of these massive objects (for planetary bodies that do rotate). Because of their relative simplicity, reference ellipsoids are used as a preferred surface on which geodetic network computations are performed and point coordinates such as latitude, longitude, and elevation are defined. In the context of standardization and geographic applications, a geodesic reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model used as foundation by spatial reference system or geodetic datum definitions. Ellipsoid parameters In 1687 Isaac Newton published the Principia in which he included a proof that a rotating self-gravitating fluid body in equilibrium takes the form of a flattened ("oblate") ellipsoid of revolution, generated by an ellipse rotated around its minor diameter; a shape which he termed an oblate spheroid. In geophysics, geodesy, and related areas, the word 'ellipsoid' is understood to mean 'oblate ellipsoid of revolution', and the older term 'oblate spheroid' is hardly used. For bodies that cannot be well approximated by an ellipsoid of revolution a triaxial (or scalene) ellipsoid is used. The shape of an ellipsoid of revolution is determined by the shape parameters of that ellipse. The semi-major axis of the ellipse, , becomes the equatorial radius of the ellipsoid: the semi-minor axis of the ellipse, , becomes the distance from the centre to either pole. These two lengths completely specify the shape of the ellipsoid. In geodesy publications, however, it is common to specify the semi-major axis (equatorial radius) and the flattening , defined as: That is, is the amount of flattening at each pole, relative to the radius at the equator. This is often expressed as a fraction 1/; then being the "inverse flattening". A great many other ellipse parameters are used in geodesy but they can all be related to one or two of the set , and . A great many ellipsoids have been used to model the Earth in the past, with different assumed values of and as well as different assumed positions of the center and different axis orientations relative to the solid Earth. Starting in the late twentieth century, improved measurements of satellite orbits and star positions have provided extremely accurate determinations of the earth's center of mass and of its axis of revolution; and those parameters have been adopted also for all modern reference ellipsoids. The ellipsoid WGS-84, widely used for mapping and satellite navigation has close to 1/300 (more precisely, 1/298.257223563, by definition), corresponding to a difference of the major and minor semi-axes of approximately (more precisely, 21.3846857548205 km). For comparison, Earth's Moon is even less elliptical, with a flattening of less than 1/825, while Jupiter is visibly oblate at about 1/15 and one of Saturn's triaxial moons, Telesto, is highly flattened, with between 1/3 to 1/2 (meaning that the polar diameter is between 50% and 67% of the equatorial. Geodetic coordinates Historical Earth ellipsoids Currently the most common reference ellipsoid used, and that used in the context of the Global Positioning System, is the one defined by WGS 84. Traditional reference ellipsoids or geodetic datums are defined regionally and therefore non-geocentric, e.g., ED50. Modern geodetic datums are established with the aid of GPS and will therefore be geocentric, e.g., WGS 84. See also Earth ellipsoid Earth radius of curvature Great ellipse Meridian arc Normal gravity Planetary coordinate system Notes References P. K. Seidelmann (Chair), et al. (2005), “Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements: 2003,” Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 91, pp. 203–215. Web address: https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE OpenGIS Implementation Specification for Geographic information - Simple feature access - Part 1: Common architecture, Annex B.4. 2005-11-30 Web address: http://www.opengeospatial.org External links Geographic coordinate system Coordinate systems and transformations (SPENVIS help page) Coordinate Systems, Frames and Datums Geodesy Global Positioning System Navigation Geophysics Surveying
509802	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Detroit%20%281813%29	HMS Detroit (1813)	HMS Detroit was a 20-gun sloop of the Royal Navy, launched in July 1813 and serving on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. She was the most powerful British ship in the Lake Erie squadron until the Americans captured her during the Battle of Lake Erie on 10 September 1813. Detroit was commissioned into the United States Navy as its first USS Detroit. However, she was so damaged that the sloop took no further part in the war. Postwar, Detroit was sunk for preservation at Misery Bay off Presque Isle until 1833, when she was refloated and converted for commercial service. In 1841, Detroit was reduced to a hulk at Buffalo, New York where she was purchased with the intent of sending her over Niagara Falls. The plan went awry and Detroit ran aground on a shoal before the falls and broke up. Design and description In November 1812, the British learned of the American plan to gain mastery over the upper Great Lakes. In response, the British ordered the construction of a new vessel at Amherstburg Royal Naval Dockyard in Amherstburg, Upper Canada. The design of the vessel was a repeat of , which itself was based on the ocean-going sloops. The design was modified by Master Shipwright William Bell for service on the Great Lakes. The ship measured 305 tons burthen (bm) and was long between perpendiculars with a beam of , a depth of hold of and a draught of . After capture by the Americans in 1813, the dimensions of Detroit were reported as long with a beam of and a draught of 12 ft, but this has been discredited as an attempt by Jesse Elliott to claim larger ships to receive larger payouts from the prize courts as it produced disproportionate measurements. The Americans give the displacement of the vessel as . No design drawings remain, though from contemporary art, Detroit was seen to have a flush, corvette-style upper deck, pierced for 20 guns. The ship was designed to be armed with four long guns and sixteen carronades. However, due to the inability of the British to resupply Amherstburg during the War of 1812, the sloop of was armed with a mix of guns taken from other ships in the Lake Erie squadron and from Fort Malden. The hodgepodge armament was composed of one 24-pounder carronade, one carronade, two 24-pounder long guns, one 18-pounder long gun on a pivot, six long guns and eight long guns. At the Battle of Lake Erie, the ship had a company of 150. Construction and career Construction of Detroit began in January 1813, however delays began almost immediately as William Bell complained that he did not have enough shipwrights. The construction placed further burdens on British supply lines, with the vessel requiring of oak timber, 200 oak knees and over of pine timber and boards. Furthermore, there was shortages of fabric for sails, bolts, sheaves and deadeyes. Reinforced by shipwrights sent from Kingston, Upper Canada, planking of the sloop began in April. However, this was soon interrupted when Brigadier General Henry Procter ordered the shipwrights to concentrate their efforts on the construction of gunboats for the army. On 27 April 1813, the guns meant for Detroit were captured at the battle of York. Commander Robert Barclay of the Royal Navy arrived in June to take command of the Lake Erie squadron. In June and July, Barclay and the Lake Erie squadron made several voyages to Long Point to await reinforcements and stores meant for Detroit. Barclay's American counterpart, Oliver Hazard Perry was also constructing newer, more powerful ships at Put-in-Bay and these were completed before Detroit became operational. Barclay was forced to retreat to Amherstburg to await Detroits completion. In the meantime, the Perry blockaded Long Point, preventing further supplies from reaching Amherstburg. As the situation at Amherstburg became untenable, Procter and Barclay agreed that Barclay would have to challenge Perry's American squadron. Detroit launched in mid-July and was commissioned into the Royal Navy in August as Barclay's flagship. Without the guns that were captured at York, Barclay was forced to arm Detroit with a mix of guns pulled from other vessels in the squadron and Fort Malden. The guns themselves were not in optimal condition, as they lacked flintlocks and required alternative and less dependable means for firing them. For sails, a spare set from Queen Charlotte was used. Furthermore, there was a lack of sailors in the squadron, with crews being filled out with soldiers from Procter's army. Battle of Lake Erie Barclay and his squadron set sail from Amherstburg on 9 September 1813 intending to bring the American squadron to battle. The two forces met on 10 September, and Detroit which was second in Barclay's line of battle, squared up with Perry's flagship . Detroit began that battle with a single shot from its 24-pounder long gun directed at Lawrence. It missed, but Detroits second shot hit. Lawrence and the schooners and engaged Detroit, with Lawrence exchanging broadsides with Detroit. Queen Charlotte moved up the battle line and added her guns to Detroits in battering Lawrence, eventually knocking the American ship out of the battle. This forced Perry to shift his command to . By this point Barclay had been injured and command of Detroit had passed to Lieutenant George Inglis. After Perry had shifted to Niagara, he moved the vessel up the American battle line, and closer to Detroit in order to engage the British flagship. Detroit began firing at Niagara, but by this point was heavily damaged and the crew tired, unlike Niagara which had to this point, barely taken part in the battle. Niagara moved to pass in front of Detroits bow in order to rake the British ship. Queen Charlotte, to this point unable to engage Niagara, attempted to get into a position to attack the American vessel. However, in doing so, became entangled in Detroits yardarms, locking the two vessels together and immobilising them. Niagara continued to fire on the two British ships while they tried to disentangle themselves, causing considerable damage. After untangling, Queen Charlotte struck her colours, followed by Detroit and the rest of the British squadron. American service The British prizes were taken to Put-in-Bay and laid up to prevent the ship from sinking. The Americans used their prizes Detroit and Queen Charlotte as hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted both, further damaging the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, Pennsylvania, the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks. In May 1814 assisted in fitting out prizes Detroit and Queen Charlotte at Put-in Bay, and convoyed them to Erie in November. There the vessels were used as receiving ships for the rest of the war. Following the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, the Americans submerged Detroit in 1815 at Misery Bay off Presque Isle Bay in order to preserve the ship. In 1816 the Rush-Bagot Treaty, which demilitarized the Great Lakes, came into effect; the treaty limited each nation to two warships on the upper Great Lakes. On 8 August 1825 the US government closed the Lake Erie station and sold the submerged Detroit and other vessels to the merchant Benjamin H. Brown of Rochester, New York. He did nothing with them until 20 June 1836 when he sold them to George Miles of Erie. Miles raised Detroit and fitted the vessel out as a trading barque. She worked on the Great Lakes until 1841, when she was laid up at Buffalo, New York as a hulk. Fate A group of merchants purchased the hulk in September 1841, intending to create a spectacle at Niagara Falls. They had her re-rigged to sail and set her loose atop Niagara Falls hoping that she would go over the falls to smash at their base. However, Detroit ran aground on a shoal before reaching the falls. Detroit eventually broke up on site. Citations References 1813 ships War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom Great Lakes ships War of 1812 ships of Canada Ships built in Ontario Corvettes of the United States Navy United States Navy Michigan-related ships War of 1812 ships of the United States Vessels captured by the United States Navy Provincial Marine Amherstburg, Ontario
15438133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpeyroux%2C%20Aveyron	Montpeyroux, Aveyron	Montpeyroux (; )is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France. Residents of the commune are referred to as Montpeirosiens. In 1790–1794, the commune absorbed Seignour Delcros, Engalenc and Esparou; in 1832, it absorbed Le Bousquet, Brionnès and Crozillac. Population See also Communes of the Aveyron department References Communes of Aveyron Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
50463721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859%20Minnesota%20gubernatorial%20election	1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election	The 1859 Minnesota gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1859 to elect the governor of Minnesota. Results References 1859 Minnesota gubernatorial November 1859 events
36468307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni%20Bernad%C3%B3	Antoni Bernadó	Antoni "Toni" Bernadó Planas (born December 9, 1966) is an Andorran long-distance runner who finished 87th in Men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, 49th at the 2000 Summer Olympics, 57th at the 2004 Summer Olympics, 58th at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 74th at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He is the first and so far only athlete to have finished five Olympic Marathons. He held the Masters M40 3000 metres world record for three years. Personal bests 3000 metres – 8:03.69 (Palafrugell 2007) 5000 metres – 14:10.06 (Mataró 2005) 10,000 metres – 29:47.74 (Vic 2002) Half marathon – 1:05:24 (Barcelona 2005) Marathon – 2:14:25 (Barcelona 2003) Competition record Notes References External links 1966 births Living people People from Sant Julià de Lòria Andorran male marathon runners Andorran male long-distance runners Olympic athletes of Andorra Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics World Athletics Championships athletes for Andorra Athletes (track and field) at the 2001 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games competitors for Andorra
1822986	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanes%20Independent%20School%20District	Eanes Independent School District	Eanes Independent School District (EISD) ( ) is a school district headquartered in unincorporated Travis County, Texas (USA), in Greater Austin. Its enrollment is about 7,814 students, distributed among six elementary schools, two middle schools, and one high school. All nine schools are rated Exemplary - the highest designation possible - in the State of Texas 2009 accountability ratings, marking the second consecutive year for that accomplishment. The district's overall state is Exemplary, making Eanes ISD one of just two 5A districts in the state to receive that designation in 2009. Only 9.5 percent of districts statewide are rated exemplary. See the bottom of this page for more information about TEA accountability ratings. The school district encompasses the whole city of West Lake Hills, a majority of Rollingwood, the Lost Creek neighborhood, and parts of Austin including Davenport, the Rob Roy neighborhoods, Seven Oaks, and the Cuernavaca neighborhoods. , EISD covers of land within the City of Austin, making up 3.7% of the city's territory. History "A log cabin built on property of Robert Eanes (1805-95) in 1872 was the first Eanes school. In 1874 the school was moved to a one-room frame structure on this adjacent 2-acre tract given by William and Sophia Teague. Itinerant Ministers conducted worship service in the Schoolhouse, and a community cemetery was located nearby. Eanes Chapel, organized in 1923 by University Presbyterian Church in Austin, erected a stone building in 1928. It was purchased in 1956 for classrooms. The Eanes Independent School District, created in 1958, is now (1975) a modern educational complex with over 1,800 Students." Quote from a plaque located on the current Eanes Elementary Campus. "The year 1957 proved to be a watershed year for the Eanes community because that year county officials decided to close down the county’s school system. Eanes residents faced two alternatives. They could vote to join the Austin Independent School District or they could go it alone and establish their own system…the voters, on April 12, 1958, opted to stay independent…establishing the Eanes Independent School District." Academic Achievements Texas nonprofit, Children at Risk, 2014 Greater Austin School District Rankings – Eanes ISD is ranked #3 in the Austin Area and #33 in the State based on Student Achievement, Campus Performance and Growth. the district spends $18,000 per student, above the national average. Eanes ISD is ranked number one in the state for Best Places to Teach, College Readiness, and Best Facilities as of December 1, 2015. On the national level, Westlake was the only comprehensive four-year Texas public school in the top 60. Technology in Schools "The Eanes school district will become one of the first in the state to distribute iPads to every single one of its students, kindergarten through 12th grade." Jan. 2013 Schools Westlake High School Westlake High School (established 1969) has an enrollment of about 2,400 students. The school is a U.S. Blue Ribbon School and has won the Texas Successful Schools Award for Outstanding Performance. Its principal is Steve Ramsey. The school is a member of the Model Schools initiative. The current recognition by the TEA is under the Exemplary rating, the highest possible. Middle schools Hill Country Middle School (established 1975) has an enrollment of about 900 students. The school was named a U.S. Blue Ribbon School in 1990-91 and has won the Texas Successful Schools Award for Outstanding Performance. Its principal is Mrs. Kathleen Sullivan. (as of 2011). The Assistant Principals are Mr. Felix Grimmett and Ms. Amanda O’Daniel. West Ridge Middle School (established 1987) has an enrollment of about 903 students. The school was named a U.S. Blue Ribbon School in 1992-93 and has won the Texas Successful Schools Award for Outstanding Performance. Its principal is Ms. Dianne Carter. The Assistant Principals are Ms. Chaundy Satterwhite and Ms. Erika Bacon. Primary schools Barton Creek Elementary School (established 1991) - mascot: Blue Jays - Principal: Tiffany Phelps - Assistant Principal: Erin Webb 2000-01 National Blue Ribbon School Bridge Point Elementary School (established 1997) - mascot: Bobcats - Principal: Sheri Bryant - Assistant Principal: Robin Lowe Cedar Creek Elementary School (established 1978) - mascot: Eagles (Cedar Creek Eagles) - Principal: Laura Coaxum - Assistant Principal: Holly Reid Eanes Elementary School (established 1872) - mascot: Mustangs - Principal: Lesley Ryan - Assistant Principal: Staci Hubbard National Blue Ribbon School in 1996-97 and 2005 Forest Trail Elementary School (established 1984) - mascot: Falcons - Principal: Cody Spraberry - Assistant Principal: Michael Buthe 1989-90 National Blue Ribbon School Valley View Elementary School (established 1982) - mascot: Cardinals - Principal: Jennifer Dusek - Assistant Principal: Brandis Smoland 1996-97 National Blue Ribbon School References External links School districts in Travis County, Texas Education in Austin, Texas School districts established in 1958
54829929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La%20Colombo	Shangri-La Colombo	Shangri-La Colombo is a 5-star hotel in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Owned by Shangri-La Hotels, the property is part of the larger One Galle Face development project at the site of the Old Army Headquarters. It is the second Shangri-La hotel on the island (after Shangri-La's Hambantota Golf Resort & Spa) and the 101st hotel of the chain of Shangri-La Hotels world-wide. The hotel was opened on 11 November 2017. The property has 500 rooms, and has room to accommodate up to 2,000 conference guests. 2019 Easter Sunday bombings The Shangri-La was one of three sites of the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings along with the Kingsbury and Cinnamon Grand Colombo. Sri Lankan celebrity chef Shantha Mayadunne and her daughter were among the fatalities. Sri Lankan cricketer Hasitha Boyagoda was having breakfast in the hotel when the bombing took place. He escaped with only minor injuries. Three of the four children of Danish billionaire Anders Holch Povlsen were killed in the attack. References 2017 establishments in Sri Lanka Apartment buildings in Colombo Hotels established in 2017 Hotels in Colombo Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
18934561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansay	Kansay	Kansay is an administrative ward in the Karatu district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 11,514. References Karatu District Wards of Arusha Region
41794852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerdanbeh	Gerdanbeh	Gerdanbeh () is a village in Mahur Rural District, Mahvarmilani District, Mamasani County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 20 families. References Populated places in Mamasani County
57654354	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi%20Hirsh%20Broide	Zvi Hirsh Broide	Zvi Hirsh Broide (, also spelled Tzvi Hirsch Braude) was a leading Talmudic scholar who served as Rav of the town of Salant. He was the first rebbi of Rabbi Yisrael Salanter. Life His brother's name was Nachum Broide. Their father's name was Rabbi Arie Leib Broide, rabbi of Lvov and their mother was Chana, daughter of Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch Orenstein. Namesake He had a namesake, the son in law of the Rabbi Simcha Zissel Ziv, the Alter of Kelm, who was later the Rosh Yeshiva of the Kelm Yeshiva and the teacher of Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler. Famous students Rabbi Yisrael Salanter Rabbi Alexander Moshe Lapidos References 19th-century births Year of death missing Lithuanian Orthodox rabbis Year of birth missing
20239298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdix%20%28mythology%29	Perdix (mythology)	Perdix (Ancient Greek: Πέρδιξ means "partridge") was a nephew and student of Daedalus in Greek mythology. In other sources, Perdix was the mother of Talos or Attalus, and sister of Daedalus. Mythology Daedalus was so proud of his achievements that he could not bear the idea of a rival. His sister Perdix, had placed her son (variously named Perdix, Talos, or Calos) under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts. He was an apt scholar and showed striking evidence of ingenuity. While walking on the seashore, he picked up the spine of a fish or a serpent's jaw. Imitating it, he took a piece of iron and notched it on the edge, thus inventing the saw. He made a pair of compasses by putting two pieces of iron together, connecting them at one end with a rivet, and sharpening the other ends. Daedalus was so envious of his nephew's accomplishments that he took an opportunity, when they were together one day on the top of a high tower, to push him off, but Athena, who favors ingenuity, saw him falling and arrested his fate by changing him into a bird called after his name, the perdix (partridge). This bird does not build its nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights, but nestles in the hedges, and mindful of his fall, avoids high places. For this crime, Daedalus was tried and banished. In some accounts, Athena leaves Daedalus with a scar in the shape of a partridge, to remind him of what he did. Perdix is mentioned in book VIII (236-59) of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Notes References John Tzetzes, Book of Histories, Book I translated by Ana Untila from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. Online version at theio.com Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Perdix" Metamorphoses in Greek mythology Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology Characters in Greek mythology
15824368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavigny	Cavigny	Cavigny () is a commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. See also Communes of the Manche department References Communes of Manche
6343757	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolie%20Justus	Jolie Justus	Jolie L. Justus (born February 24, 1971) is an American lawyer and politician from Missouri. A Democrat, she was a member of the Missouri State Senate representing the 10th Senatorial District in Kansas City, serving as the Missouri Senate Minority Leader in her final two years. Early life and education A lawyer by trade, she was raised in Branson, Missouri where she attended Branson High School. She then went on to earn degrees at Southwest Missouri State University in Springfield and the University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. In 2011, Justus completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow. Career Jolie Justus was elected to the Missouri State Senate in 2006. She represented Kansas City and Grandview and currently serves as the Director of Pro Bono Services for the law firm of Shook, Hardy, & Bacon LLP. Under her direction, this company has been recognized as one of the Top 100 free legal services programs in the nation. In 2015 Jolie Justus ran for Kansas City Council's 4th District seat to replace termed-out incumbent, Jan Marcason, and garnered 72% of the vote in the April 7 municipal primary. She won the June 23, 2015 Kansas City General Election against her challenger, John Fierro, obtaining 76.4% of the votes. As a Kansas City Councilwoman, Justus is Chair of the Airport Committee, Co-Chair of the Legislative Committee, and Vice Chair of the Finance Committee. She has also been a member of the Transportation & Infrastructure Committee, the City Market Oversight Committee, and the Midtown Housing Advisory Board. Prior to her time on the Council, Justus was both the Senate Democratic Leader in Jefferson City, as well as the Chair of the Senate Standing Committee on Progress and Development. She was also the ranking member of both the Judiciary Committee and the Senate’s Committee on Jobs, Economic Development and Local Government. Justus introduced the Childcare Assistance Foster Care Reform bill while in the Senate, that would allow for children who opted out of the foster care system early, to be allowed to re-enter state custody until they turned 21. She also sponsored the Missouri Nondiscrimination Act, known as MONA, that would ban discrimination based on a person’s sexual orientation or gender. In addition, Justus co-sponsored the reform of the Criminal Code in 2014, which was passed in to law. Justus has also served as an Adjunct Professor at the UMKC School of Law since 2010. She ran for Mayor of Kansas City in the 2019 Kansas City mayoral election, where she was defeated by Quinton Lucas. Personal Justus was the first openly gay member of the Missouri Senate and only the third ever publicly gay member of the Missouri General Assembly, after Representatives Tim Van Zandt (D-Kansas City), and Jeanette Mott Oxford (D-St. Louis). References External links Missouri Senate - Jolie Justus official government website Follow the Money - Jolie Justus 2008 2006 campaign contributions 1971 births 21st-century American women politicians 21st-century American politicians American women lawyers Lawyers from Kansas City, Missouri Lesbian politicians LGBT city councillors from the United States LGBT state legislators in Missouri Living people Missouri Democrats Missouri lawyers Missouri state senators Missouri State University alumni People from Branson, Missouri Politicians from Kansas City, Missouri University of Missouri–Kansas City alumni Women state legislators in Missouri
27929587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Leeman	George Leeman	George Leeman (August 1809 – 25 February 1882) was a lawyer, railwayman and a Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of York in the nineteenth century. Work Legal practice Leeman was articled to Robert Henry Anderson's legal practice, and established a legal practice in York in 1835 when he qualified as a solicitor. He became a senior partner in Leeman & Wilkinson of York and Beverley. He was Clerk of the Peace for the East Riding of Yorkshire from 1845 (and a member of the Society of Clerks of the Peace from November 1849) and a Deputy Lieutenant for the North Riding. Railwayman In 1849 he became chairman of the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, succeeding his rival the 'Railway King' George Hudson after Leeman's investigations helped uncover Hudson's illegal share dealing. Leeman was deputy chairman of the successor company, the North Eastern Railway, from 1855 to 1874 and chairman from 1874 to 1880, having encouraged its formation through mergers in 1854, and he was a chairman of the Railway Association of Great Britain. Leeman resigned as chairman of the NER in 1880 after the failure of his mining company reduced his wealth and harmed his health. He remained a member of the board until his death two years later. Other business He was involved the 1860s in developing iron ore mining at Rosedale for Teesside steel works, co-owning the Rosedale and Ferryhill Iron Company from 1860 to 1877. He was a director of the York Herald and chairman of the Yorkshire Banking Company from 1867 to 1880. Political career He became a Liberal councillor for Castlegate Ward in 1836 and for Guildhall Ward in 1839, and was an Alderman for 28 years from 1850. He was elected Lord Mayor of York three times in 1853, 1860, 1870, and was the Member of Parliament for York 1865–8 and 1871–80, having first stood for Parliament in 1852. When Anthony Trollope campaigned in Beverley as a Liberal candidate, Leeman warned him against it; Trollope came last due to corruption and vote-buying. Personal life Leeman was born in York, the son of George Leeman, a greengrocer. He lived at The Mount, York, and married twice, first to Jane Johnson in 1835, and second to Eliza, the widow of Rev. Charles Payton, in 1863. One son, William Luther Leeman, attended St. Edmund Hall, Cambridge, and University College, Durham, and was Rector of Middleton St. George, 1874–6, Vicar of Rosedale, Yorkshire, 1877–9, and of Seaforth, Lancashire, 1879–82. His second son, Joseph Johnson Leeman (1842 – 2 November 1883), became a partner in Leeman and Wilkinson and succeeded George as MP for York. Another son, Francis Lawley Leeman (born 19 July 1854, died 1883), attended Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge. George also had at least three daughters, including Priscilla. He was a member of the Reform Club and the Yorkshire Philosophical Society from 1844. He died in Scarborough in 1882. A statue of Leeman by local sculptor George Walker Milburn, paid for by public subscription, was unveiled in 1885 and stands outside York railway station; Station Road was renamed Leeman Road at the same time. References Further reading External links 1809 births 1882 deaths Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Politicians from York UK MPs 1865–1868 UK MPs 1868–1874 UK MPs 1874–1880 Councillors in North Yorkshire Lord Mayors of York North Eastern Railway (UK) people British railway entrepreneurs English solicitors Deputy Lieutenants of the North Riding of Yorkshire 19th-century British businesspeople
14674390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri%20Interim%20Assembly	Ituri Interim Assembly	The Ituri Interim Assembly is a 32-member legislative body that serves as the legislature of Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It was created in April 2003 by the Ituri Pacification Commission, a UN-sponsored commission that assessed the current state of conflict in the Ituri region. Petronille Vaweka is the chairperson of the Assembly and represents the province in the National Assembly in Kinshasa. See also Ituri Interim Administration Ituri Interim Administration Provincial legislatures of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri 2003 establishments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
60107394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20UConn%20Huskies%20football%20team	2019 UConn Huskies football team	The 2019 UConn Huskies football team represented the University of Connecticut (UConn) during the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Huskies were led by head coach Randy Edsall, who was in the third year of his second stint as head coach at the school. The team played their home games at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Connecticut, and competed as members of the East Division of the American Athletic Conference. They finished the season 2–10, 0–8 in AAC play to finish in last place in the East Division. The 2019 season was the Huskies' last as members of the American Athletic Conference. Preseason Coaching changes In January 2019, head coach Randy Edsall announced the hiring of Lou Spanos to be the new defensive coordinator, replacing the fired Billy Crocker. Spanos had spent the 2018 season as an analyst at Alabama. In February, offensive coordinator John Dunn unexpectedly left to join the staff of the New York Jets. Offensive line coach Frank Giufre was promoted to become the new offensive coordinator. Personnel changes On July 30, 2019, it was announced that linebacker Eli Thomas was retiring from football after suffering a stroke. AAC media poll The AAC media poll was released on July 16, 2019, with the Huskies predicted to finish sixth in the AAC East Division. Schedule UConn's 2019 schedule began with three non-conference games: at home against Wagner of the Northeast Conference, at home against Illinois of the Big Ten Conference, and on the road against Indiana, also of the Big Ten Conference. Their fourth non-conference game came mid-season against rival UMass, a football independent. In American Athletic Conference play, the Huskies played the other members of the East Division and draw Houston, Navy, and Tulane from the West Division. They did not play Memphis, SMU, or Tulsa as part of the regular season. Source: Roster Game summaries Wagner Illinois Indiana UCF South Florida Tulane Houston UMass Navy Cincinnati East Carolina Temple Players drafted into the NFL References UConn UConn Huskies football seasons UConn Huskies football
45284243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudophilautus%20puranappu	Pseudophilautus puranappu	Pseudophilautus puranappu (Puran Appu's shrub frog) is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are wet lowland forests of Sri Lanka. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is one of the 8 species of rhacophorids that was discovered from Adam's Peak recently. Etymology The frog was named after legendary hero Veera Puran Appu, who was a Sri Lankan leader led to fights against British troops in Sri Lanka. Description The dorsal color is well distinctive where the middle parts of the body with dark brown same as limbs, but other parts of the dorsum is light creamy brown. References puranappu Amphibians described in 2013 Frogs of Sri Lanka Endemic fauna of Sri Lanka
51705251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903%20TCU%20football%20team	1903 TCU football team	The 1903 TCU football team represented Texas Christian University (TCU) as an independent during the 1903 college football season. TCU finished the season 0–7 overall. They played their home games in Waco, Texas. Schedule References TCU TCU Horned Frogs football seasons College football winless seasons TCU football
19002927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C5%82%C4%99cze	Podłęcze	Podłęcze may refer to the following places: Podłęcze, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland) Podłęcze, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland) Podłęcze, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) Podłęcze, Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
5957521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalyanmoy%20Deb	Kalyanmoy Deb	Kalyanmoy Deb is an Indian computer scientist. Deb is the Herman E. & Ruth J. Koenig Endowed Chair in Communication Systems in the Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering at Michigan State University. Deb is also a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Michigan State University. Deb established the Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory at IIT Kanpur in 1997 and the Computational Optimization and Innovation (COIN) Laboratory at Michigan State in 2013. In 2001, Wiley published a textbook written by Deb titled Multi-Objective Optimization using Evolutionary Algorithms as part of its series titled "Systems and Optimization". In an analysis of the network of authors in the academic field of evolutionary computation by Carlos Cotta and Juan-Julián Merelo, Deb was identified as one of the most central authors in the community and was designated as a "sociometric superstar" of the field. Deb has several honors, including the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award in engineering sciences (2005), the Thomson Citation Laureate award for his highly cited research in computer science (1996–2005), and the MCDM Edgeworth-Pareto Award for a record of creativity to the extent that the field of multiple-criteria decision making would not exist in its current form in 2008. Deb has been awarded the Infosys Prize in Engineering and Computer Science from Infosys Limited, Bangalore, India for his contributions to evolutionary multi-objective optimization, which have led to "advances in non-linear constraints, decision uncertainty, programming and numerical methods, computational efficiency of large-scale problems, and optimization algorithms." He is also a recipient of the 2012 TWAS Prize from the World Academy of Sciences. Background and career Deb received his B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering (1985) from IIT Kharagpur and his MS (1989) and PhD (1991) in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Alabama. His PhD advisor was David E. Goldberg, and his PhD thesis was titled Binary and Floating-Point Function Optimization using Messy Genetic Algorithms. From 1991 to 1992 he was a postdoc at UIUC. In 1993, he became a professor of mechanical engineering at IIT Kanpur, where he went on to hold the Deva Raj Endowed Chair (2007-2010) and the Gurmukh and Veena Mehta Endowed Chair (2011-2013). For his next position, he left for the Michigan State University, where has been the Herman E. & Ruth J. Koenig Endowed Chair since 2013. Research NSGA Deb is a highly cited researcher, with 138,000+ Google Scholar citations and an h-index of 116. A large fraction of his citations come from his work on nondominated-sorting genetic algorithms for multiobjective optimization. In 1994, Deb and coauthor Nidamarthi Srinivas introduced one of the first nondominated-sorting genetic algorithms, which they termed "NSGA". NSGA-II In 2002, Deb and coauthors Amrit Pratap, Sameer Agarwal, and T.A.M.T. Meyarivan introduced a notion of crowding distance for an individual, which "calculates a measure of how close an individual is to its neighbors." They also introduced a faster way to implement nondominated sorting, by for every individual keeping track of which other individuals it strictly dominates. By incorporating crowding distance, elitism, and the faster implementation of nondominated sorting into the original NSGA, Deb and his coauthors modified the original NSGA and made it faster and more reliable. They termed this modification "NSGA-II". According to the Web of Science Core Collection database, this paper was the first paper comprised solely of Indian authors to have more than 5,000 citations. NSGA-III In 2013, Deb and coauthor Himanshu Jain proposed a modification of NSGA-II for solving many-objective optimization problems with 10+ objectives. They termed this modification "NSGA-III". Awards Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (2005) Infosys Awards (2010) J.C.Bose National Fellow (2011) IEEE Fellow (2011) ACM Sr. Member (2012) Edgeworth-Pareto Award (2008) Honorary Doctorate Degree, Univ. of Jyvaskyla, Finland]] (2013) The World Academy of Sciences (2012) CajAstur "Mamdani" Prize, European Soft Computing Center]] (2011) Finish Distinguished Professor (FiDiPro) (2007–2009) Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel Award, AvH, Germany (2003) Humboldt Fellow, AvH, Germany (1998) Notes References External links Kalyanmoy Deb: Current Classic Paper in Engineering Podcast (November, 2010) Interview with Deb by ESI Special Topics Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Michigan State University faculty Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences Scientists from Tripura TWAS laureates Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science
64347783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20botanical%20gardens%20and%20arboretums%20in%20Michigan	List of botanical gardens and arboretums in Michigan	This list of botanical gardens and arboretums in Michigan is intended to include all significant botanical gardens and arboretums in the U.S. state of Michigan See also List of botanical gardens and arboretums in the United States References Arboreta in Michigan botanical gardens and arboretums in Michigan
61901885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponomaryovskaya%2C%20Konoshsky%20District%2C%20Arkhangelsk%20Oblast	Ponomaryovskaya, Konoshsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast	Ponomaryovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Tavrengskoye Rural Settlement, Konoshsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 368 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. Geography Ponomaryovskaya is located 48 km southeast of Konosha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pogarinskaya is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Konoshsky District Velsky Uyezd
127232	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savona%2C%20New%20York	Savona, New York	Savona is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 827 at the 2010 census. The village is named after Savona in Italy. The Village of Savona is located in the eastern part of the Town of Bath. The village is located at the intersection of Routes 226, 415, and Interstate 86. History The name "Mud Creek" was associated with the village in the 19th century. The village was incorporated in 1883. Unwanted attention was brought to the village in 1993 by the slaying of a young boy, Derrick Robie, aged four, by thirteen-year-old Eric Smith. Geography Savona is located at (42.285283, -77.218814). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. The village lies next to the Cohocton River at the confluence of Mud Creek, and is at the intersection of state routes 226 and 415. Sanford Lake is a small lake north of the village. Demographics At the 2000 census there were 822 people, 317 households, and 230 families in the village. The population density was 786.5 people per square mile (302.3/km). There were 339 housing units at an average density of 324.4 per square mile (124.7/km). The racial makeup of the village was 98.54% White, 0.49% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61%. Of the 317 households 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 23.0% of households were one person and 10.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.97. The age distribution was 27.5% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median household income was $33,182 and the median family income was $39,018. Males had a median income of $30,893 versus $20,156 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,194. About 10.5% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 2.1% of those age 65 or over. References External links Brief Savona information Villages in New York (state) Populated places established in 1883 Villages in Steuben County, New York
52039984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Coret	Jonathan Coret	Jonathan Coret (born ) is a Mauritian male weightlifter, competing in the 56 kg category and representing Mauritius at international competitions. He participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in the 56 kg event. Major competitions References 1989 births Living people Mauritian male weightlifters Place of birth missing (living people) Weightlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games competitors for Mauritius
3608305	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian%20capital%20market	Romanian capital market	Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, successive Romanian governments have tried to promote reform programs in all sectors: politics, economics, civil rights, local administration, etc. Among these measures has been the establishment of the modern Romanian capital market. Development of a Romanian capital market was founded on the privatisation program, in which shares in more than 5,000 companies, property of the Romanian State at the time, were granted for free to the population. These shares were listed on the RASDAQ market. On September 30, 2014 the Romanian Parliament decided that the RASDAQ market should be dissolved. The market still remains operational however it is no longer possible to list on it. Currently, the Romanian capital market had two main components: the Bucharest Stock Exchange (BVB) and the Alternative Trading System (ATS), which is a part of BVB. There are 84 companies listed on BVB. Romania has also a separate derivatives exchange - The Sibiu Monetary Financial and Commodities Exchange (BMFMS). The Romanian market is regulated by the Romanian Financial Supervisory Authority (ASF). External links AGF - Romanian Forum about Capital Markets BVB - The official webpage of the Bucharest Stock Exchange BMFMS - The Sibiu Monetary Financial and Commodities Exchange ASF - The official webpage of the Financial Supervisory Authority Stockpedia — Stock exchange info, charts, tools Economy of Romania
2271302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulsa%20Doom%20%28band%29	Thulsa Doom (band)	Thulsa Doom is a Norwegian heavy metal band. It takes its name from the Robert E. Howard character. This is not to be mistaken for the New York hardcore punk band with the same name that existed from 1998-2000. History The band was formed in 1999 by guitarist Ole Petter Andreassen (also a member of The Cumshots and Black Debbath), under the stage name El Doom. He was joined by his Black Debbath colleague, bass player Egil Hegerberg, using the name Angelov Doom, as well as singer Papa Doom, guitarist Doom Perignon and drummer Fast Winston Doom. The band's music is somewhat similar to stoner rock legends Kyuss and early Black Sabbath. The band's debut release She Fucks Me was released in 2000. The five-track EP has a picture of Bill Clinton on the cover. Thulsa Doom have since released three full-length albums. One of their trademarks is very long and strange album titles. Singer Papa Doom left the band in 2003, and guitarist Doom Perignon is now the band's singer. The band's latest album Keyboard, Oh Lord! Why Don't We? is a bit less heavy and more melodic than the previous albums. Their cover version of Beach Boys' "Tears in the Morning" was a minor TV hit in Norway in the summer of 2005 with a video directed by Jarle Medhus. Members Papa Doom (Jacob Krogvold) – lead vocals (1999–2003 2013-) Doom Perignon (Henning Solvang) – guitar, lead vocals since 2003 El Doom (Ole Petter Andreassen) – guitar, vocals Angelov Doom (Egil Hegerberg) – bass, keyboards, vocals Fast Winston Doom (Halvor Winsnes) – drums Discography Albums The Seats are Soft But the Helmet Is Way Too Tight (2001) ...And Then Take You to a Place Where Jars are Kept (2003) Keyboard, Oh Lord! Why Don't We? (2005) A Keen Eye for the Obvious (2017) EPs She Fucks Me (EP) (2000) Singles City of people / Sleep with celebrity (2001) External links Official site Stoner rock musical groups Norwegian heavy metal musical groups Norwegian hard rock musical groups Norwegian doom metal musical groups Musical groups established in 1999 1999 establishments in Norway Musical groups disestablished in 2006 2006 disestablishments in Norway Musical groups from Oslo
1076614	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20Benard	Marvin Benard	Marvin Larry Benard (born January 20, 1970) is a Nicaraguan former Major League Baseball outfielder who batted and threw left-handed. Personal life Benard moved to Los Angeles with his mother and father when he was 12. After a stellar prep career at Bell High School, he attended El Camino College (Torrance, CA) freshman year. After his Head Coach Tom Hicks stepped down, Benard transferred to L.A. Harbor Junior College in Wilmington, Calif., then Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho. His cousin, Maurice Benard, is a soap opera actor. His son, Isaac, was drafted by the Tampa Bay Rays in the 23rd round of the 2016 Amateur Draft and was a member of the Princeton Rays in the Appalachian League, where he hit .255 with 3 home runs and 3 stolen bases in 110 at-bats. Major League career Benard played with the San Francisco Giants from 1995 to 2003. He was a starter from 1999–2001, and played most of the 1996 season due to an injury to Glenallen Hill. He won the 1999 Willie Mac Award for his spirit and leadership. Despite a disappointing postseason performance in 2000, Marvin had one of the most memorable hits of series, driving in Ellis Burks with an RBI single in Game 3 of the 2000 National League Division Series. Benard had above-average power for a leadoff hitter. A notorious first-pitch hitter prone to striking out, Benard had good bat speed and could steal bases, though he was caught stealing 29% of the time over the course of his career. He played all three outfield positions, mostly as a center fielder. As a pinch hitter, he had a career .267 batting average. Benard hit the final San Francisco Giants home run in the history of Candlestick Park, which came in the first inning of the Giants' eventual 9-4 loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers. After becoming a free agent after the 2003 season, Benard agreed to a minor-league contract with the Chicago White Sox but was released before the season began and signed with the Toronto Blue Jays. He was released after one season with the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs, hitting .211 with four homers and 18 RBI in 33 games. Post-retirement On April 11, 2010, Benard admitted to using steroids during the 2002 season in which the Giants reached the World Series. Benard was employed as a hitting coach for the San Diego Padres' short-season Class A Northwest League affiliate, the Tri-City Dust Devils, for the 2015 season. In 2016 he managed the Nicaragua national baseball team. He is currently employed as a color commentator for the Giants' Spanish-language radio broadcasts, working road games alongside Erwin Higueros. See also List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report References External links Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League) 1970 births Living people Atlantic City Surf players Clinton Giants players Everett Giants players Fresno Grizzlies players Lewis–Clark State Warriors baseball players Los Angeles Harbor Seahawks baseball players Major League Baseball broadcasters Major League Baseball outfielders Major League Baseball players from Nicaragua Minor league baseball coaches Navegantes del Magallanes players Nicaraguan expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Nicaraguan emigrants to the United States People from Bluefields Phoenix Firebirds players San Francisco Giants announcers San Francisco Giants players San Jose Giants players Shreveport Captains players Baseball players from Los Angeles Syracuse SkyChiefs players Tiburones de La Guaira players Baseball coaches from California
24129130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kdousov	Kdousov	Kdousov is a village and municipality (obec) in Třebíč District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 107 (as at 2 October 2006). Kdousov lies approximately south-west of Třebíč, south of Jihlava, and south-east of Prague. References Czech Statistical Office: Municipalities of Třebíč District Villages in Třebíč District
68102324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Renzi	Francesco Renzi	Francesco Renzi (born 11 May 2001) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Poggibonsi. He is the son of Italian politician Matteo Renzi. References External links 2001 births Living people Italian footballers Association football forwards Udinese Calcio players U.S. Pistoiese 1921 players Serie C players A.C. Prato players Serie D players U.S. Poggibonsi players
41274811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s%20Caribbean	America's Caribbean	America's Caribbean is a loosely used nickname for the U.S. Virgin Islands and for Florida's Key West For instance the U.S. Travel and Tourism Administration and the USVI Commissioner of Tourism as well as other tourist and cruise companies use this term thus avoiding mentioning specific destination. References Tourism in the United States Virgin Islands Tourist attractions in Key West, Florida
20535731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior%20Pantherz	Junior Pantherz	Junior Pantherz (or JPZ) are a Canadian post-rock music group formed in 1999 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The band is named after a Sloan song "Junior Panthers". The Original band featured neighborhood pals Terry Mattson on Guitar/Vocals, and Arnold Van Lambalgen on Drums. In an eight-year span, the band released 5 CDs and a retrospective Vinyl LP collection entitled ...Discover Vinyl. JPZ are now mainly an inactive band, reappearing occasionally for one-off shows or friends' weddings. Gravitational Pull and Polar Opposites Schoolyard chum Corey Dahlen joined in early 1999 on Bass, effectively forming the Power Trio. They released their first E.P "Gravitational Pull" the same year. After a few local shows under their belt, the band released their first full-length Album "Polar Opposites" in 2000. It contained re-recorded songs from the first E.P, as well some new numbers. Both Polar Opposites and Gravitational Pull were limited to 50 copies, which were handmade by the band and sold out quickly. The Last Two Million Years The Last Two Million Years was released independently in 2001. Ballistics The band's fourth release Ballistics was released independently in 2003. Death by Life The songs on "Death by Life" cover much heavier topics compared to the earlier material. They released the album in June 2005 - but not without a few difficulties. While on the summer tour, the Junior Pantherz broke up. They played their "last" show on June 24, 2005, at Louis' Pub (a student bar in Saskatoon) with Whitey Houston and Voyd. Rejoice, Remain and Discover Vinyl In 2006, Junior Pantherz reformed. Their first live return came in October 2006 when they opened for Danko Jones in Regina. The addition of Maygen Kardash (sister of bassist S.J.) on keys. Work begun on their 6th CD shortly thereafter. The band emphasized on arrangement and instrumentation. Rejoice, Remain was released in October 2007. In addition to the album, a collection of previously released old songs was released by the Saved by Vinyl label based out of Calgary, Alberta. "...Discover vinyl" is limited to 500 numbered copies on White Vinyl. Discography 1999 Gravitational Pull (EP) 2000 Polar Opposites 2001 The Last Two Million Years 2003 Ballistics 2005 Death By Life 2007 "Rejoice, Remain" 2007 Discover Vinyl (Vinyl Compilation) References Citations Musical groups established in 1999 Musical groups disestablished in 2005 Musical groups reestablished in 2006 Musical groups from Saskatoon Canadian post-rock groups 1999 establishments in Saskatchewan 2005 disestablishments in Canada
5734050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Snow	Millennium Snow	, also known as A Thousand Years of Snow, is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Bisco Hatori. It was originally serialized in Hakusensha's LaLa magazine from July 2001 to May 2002, and later resumed in the January 2013 issue of LaLa DX and ended in the December 2013 issue. The story focuses on a sickly teenage girl and a vampire who just might save her life. Millennium Snow is licensed in English for release in North America, Australia and Southeast Asia. Plot Millennium Snow focuses on Chiyuki Matsuoka, a high school girl hospitalized with a heart problem. Since birth her heart has been very weak and she was told that she would probably live to be only fifteen. However, one day she meets Tōya Kanō, a vampire, with the opposite problem: Tōya lives for about one thousand years. It's customary for a vampire at his age of eighteen to choose a human partner to be with for 1000 years who in turn would let him drink their blood and share his life span for the millennium. Early in the series, Chiyuki offers Tōya her blood, so that she would be able to live longer, but Tōya refuses, claiming he dislikes the sight and taste of blood. In the beginning, he even looks down on humans, believing that they are weak creatures who will only die before him and leave him behind, but later on he, with the help of Chiyuki, starts to see the world in a different perspective. Characters The heroine of the story, Chiyuki is a 17-year-old high school student who is regularly hospitalized due to having a weak heart condition since birth; due to this, her life expectancy is very short and was even told that she may not survive the next year. She suffers from mini heart attacks whenever she becomes very distressed and had worsened severely at the beginning of the manga. She tends to be a spunky person who is able to withstand anything. However, she also can be very emotional and cries a lot accordingly. Upon her first meeting with Tōya, he tells her that humans are weak. Later, they go out shopping but Chiyuki has an heart attack and is immediately sent back to the hospital. When they return to the hospital, she believes she is finally dying and tells him not to be sad if she dies because other people out there need him. Distraught, he saves her by giving her a little bit of his blood. Since then, Chiyuki's health has improved to the point when she starts attending school again but is adamant to stay with him. The effects are not permanent as he tells her that it's only a matter of time before her heart fails her again. Tōya is the 18-year-old vampire that Chiyuki meets. While Tōya tells Chiyuki that he hates blood, his friend Yamimaru reveals to Chiyuki that he, like any other vampire, does indeed like blood but simply doesn't want to be a burden on anyone. He can be out during the daytime, though still avoids garlic. Since he doesn't take in any blood, he has become anemic and whenever he is starving for food, he often falls over and is unable to move around until Yamimaru comes to help him. Later in the series, Chiyuki helps them by giving Toya a whole day's worth of food during their school lessons. The main reason Tōya does not want to look for a partner is that he would not want to force anyone to live for a thousand years as he sees it as more of a curse than a blessing. He often puts on the facade that he's a tough guy, but in reality he's quite the opposite. He extremely dislikes Satsuki. As noted by Yamimaru, he is just jealous that he and Chiyuki have become so close because he cares for Chiyuki more than anyone else. Eventntually, he starts to fall in love with Chiyuki. Tōya's servant bat who was at first the only one that Tōya can rely on, especially if Tōya has collapsed from a lack of energy. He has the ability to transform into a normal looking human, though this can only be done for about four to five hours per day. He has two human forms: one that is very tall (6'6") and theoretically looks like Tōya's older brother, and a much younger version who can theoretically appear to be Tōya's younger brother. He is a very handsome student at Chiyuki's school who's very popular among the girls. He tends to be very suave and flirts a lot with the female students. As noted by Chiyuki, he also has a great sense of humor. Satsuki lives with his grandmother and has been able to gain a lot of her wisdom because of it. Similar to Tōya, he is not a human but in fact a werewolf. It is due to this that he constantly tries to appear as a normal person. If he didn't, he would always feel very insecure about him being a werewolf. He also seems to care a lot for Chiyuki and likes to protect (as well as flirt with) her to annoy Tōya. Later, he too starts to fall in love feelings with Chiyuki. Keigo Kuramatai He is Chiyuki's 26-year-old cousin who also acts like a brother to her. He is very protective of her due to her health; he can also be very possessive of her. Chiyuki believes that he left for the United States to study English, but the truth is that he is studying to become a heart specialist for her sake. He tries to separate Chiyuki from Tōya; even going as far as attempting to murder Tōya with a rock but manages to hit Chiyuki instead. He does not know Satsuki is a werewolf. Release Millennium Snow is written and illustrated by Bisco Hatori. The manga was originally serialized in Hakusensha's LaLa magazine between the July 2001 and May 2002 issues, and was later collected into two tankōbon volumes published from November 2001 to August 2002. A special chapter titled was released in the July 2002 issue of LaLa DX. The manga resumed in the January 2013 issue of LaLa DX, and ended in the December 2013 issue. Millennium Snow is licensed in English for release in North America by Viz Media, and in New Zealand and Australia by Madman Entertainment. Chuang Yi has licensed the series in English and Mandarin. Reception Millennium Snow was positively received by readers. The first volume of the English-language release appeared at the fourth place on Publishers Weeklys list of the bestselling graphic novels for April 2007. More than 20,000 copies of the first volume were sold in 2007. In 2013, the Japanese edition of volume three sold an estimated 27,582 copies for the week of August 5–11, with an estimated 27,765 copies sold in all. In his review of the first Millennium Snow volume, Anime News Network's Theron Martin felt that the character designs "not only have the typical ridiculously lanky look but simply aren't very appealing despite her efforts to portray Toya and Satsuki as bishonen studs." Martin liked the unrelated bonus story at the end of the volume, calling it "exquisitely beautiful and melancholy". Millennium Snow ranked sixth on About.com's 2007 Reader's Poll for Best New Shojo Manga. References External links 2001 manga Dark fantasy anime and manga Hakusensha manga Romance anime and manga Supernatural anime and manga Shōjo manga Vampires in anime and manga Viz Media manga
15413412	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnoy-le-Grand	Fresnoy-le-Grand	Fresnoy-le-Grand is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Industry The cookware manufacturer Le Creuset is based in the town and was founded there in 1925 by Armand Desaegher and Octave Aubecq. Sport The village has a strong athletic club which was formed in 1942 and is called the Association Sportive de Fresnoy (ASF). Population The inhabitants of Fresnoy-le-Grand are called Fresnovsiens. See also Communes of the Aisne department References Communes of Aisne Aisne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
66154026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuich%C5%8D	Kikuichō	is a district located in the northern part of Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. Geography Kikuichō is bordered by eight other districts of Shinjuku: (clockwise, from the north) Babashitachō, Waseda-tsurumakichō, Waseda-minamichō, Bentenchō, Haramachi-itchōme, Haramachi-nichōme, Wakamatsuchō, and Toyama-itchōme. It is primarily a residential area. Shops, restaurants and several temples are located along the main thoroughfare, Natsumezaka-dōri. The closest train stations are Waseda Station (Tokyo Metro) on the Tokyo Metro Tozai Line and Ushigome-yanagichō Station on the Toei Oedo Line. Land Price The average land price in Kikuichō was ¥835,868/m2 as of December 2020. By comparison, the average price across all of Shinjuku was ¥946,124/m2. Addresses Addresses in Kikuichō do not implement the modern format, and there is no division into . Instead, the older system based on lot numbers remains in use. Due to subdivision, multiple buildings often share the same lot number. Demographics Notable Facilities and Places History Kikuichō was named by Natsume Naokatsu in April 1869. Natsume Sōseki, his son, wrote about the origin of the name: Natsume Naokatsu also gave his name to the long slope in the area, Natsumezaka. Kikuichō was a originally a district of Ushigome-ku. It became part of Shinjuku-ku on March 15, 1947 with the merger of the former wards of Yotsuya-ku, Ushigome-ku, and Yodobashi-ku. References External links Ushigome Daini Junior High School (official website) Kikuicho Campus, Waseda University (official website) Kantsuji Temple (official website) Neighborhoods of Tokyo Districts of Shinjuku
1348606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta-bote	Porta-bote	A portaboat (also foldaboat, foldboat, folding boat, Porta-Boot, or porta-bote, all registered trade marks) is a type of small recreational boat that folds to flat for storage and transport. The Portaboat was originally invented in 1969. It became popular in the 1980s and 1990s when many boating and fishing enthusiasts started downsizing to condominiums and apartments without storage room for an ordinary boat. See also Folding boat Folding kayak References External links Porta-Bote.com commercial website. Folding boats
33563115	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Minney	Bruce Minney	Bruce Minney (October 2, 1928 — August 5, 2013) was an American artist who worked in a variety of media. He was a commercial illustrator for over 40 years producing paintings for men’s adventure magazines, paperbacks, and storyboards. Later he moved to ceramics and won numerous awards for his efforts. His most recent work included collages and paintings. Early life and career As a child, Minney loved to draw and after graduating from Oakland High in 1946, he was accepted by the California School of Arts and Crafts. After graduation, he married his high school sweetheart, Doris Schulz, and worked as a fireman in nearby Orinda as he tried to launch his art career. In 1955, he packed his wife, his four-year-old daughter Carole, and all their belongings into a 1950 Plymouth and drove cross country to New York City. Doris got a job in advertising with Doyle, Dane, Bernbach, while Bruce stayed home with his daughter and created samples. Eventually, he hooked up with Eddie Balcourt, a well-known artist's representative, and began his career as a professional illustrator. Minney did many credited and uncredited illustrations for Stag, For Men Only, Male, True Action, Man’s World and many other publications of Magazine Management. He also did all the interior illustrations for the short-lived Space Science Fiction Magazine. As the 1960s wore on and U.S. involvement in Vietnam increased and magazines like Penthouse became more explicit, the readership of the men’s adventure magazines dropped and jobs were harder to come by. One of the last men’s adventure magazine illustration Bruce did was for National Lampoon in November 1970. This illustration is a brutal, acerbic parody in the men’s adventure style set in Vietnam. Minney was the featured artist in Illustration magazine #40. His work was also featured in the Season 5 episode "Going Hollywood" of the History Channel series American Pickers, which aired on August 5, 2013. Paperbacks From 1969 to 1986, Minney created over 400 paperback illustrations in oils and acrylic for Grosset & Dunlap, Avon, Fawcett, Harlequin, Ace, Pinnacle, Manor Books, and Pyramid. Among the titles he illustrated were: the Lone Ranger series Horatio Hornblower series, and Windhaven series. Ceramics In the 1990s and into the 2000s, Minney worked in ceramics and exhibited his works at many arts and crafts shows in California and Florida, winning numerous awards. References External links "Oh, Those Pulpy Days of 'Weasels Ripped My Flesh'" from The New York Times "Charles Copeland" reprinted from Illustration Magazine #33 Bruce Minney Interview 1928 births 2013 deaths Artists from Oakland, California California College of the Arts alumni Place of birth missing Place of death missing People from Orinda, California American magazine illustrators
46395053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty%20Mountain	Dirty Mountain	Dirty Mountain is a summit in Albany County, Wyoming, in the United States. With an elevation of , Dirty Mountain is the 764th highest summit in the state of Wyoming. References Mountains of Albany County, Wyoming Mountains of Wyoming
61963836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrodraco	Ferrodraco	Ferrodraco ("Iron Dragon" after the ironstone the fossil was found in) is an extinct genus of anhanguerid pterosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, containing the single species F. lentoni. The species was named after the former mayor of Winton, Graham Thomas ‘Butch’ Lenton. It is the most complete pterosaur fossil from Australia, being known from the holotype specimen AODF 876, consisting primarily of the anterior portion of the skull and dentary, cervical vertebral centra and a partial wing. Its wingspan was estimated to be about . Ferrodraco was found to have been within the subfamily Ornithocheirinae, as sister taxon to Mythunga. A recent study also recovered Ferrodraco as sister taxon to Mythunga, but both placed within the family Anhangueridae, more specifically within the subfamily Tropeognathinae. Ferrodraco is also the latest surviving member of Anhangueria. Discovery and naming The holotype specimen was initially discovered in April 2017 when cattle farmer Robert A. Elliott was spraying herbicide near Belmont Station. It was excavated by a team led by Adele H. Pentland. Nicknamed 'Butch', it was further prepared by volunteer Ali Calvey. It was subsequently CAT scanned. In 2019, the type species Ferrodraco lentoni was named and described by Adele H. Pentland, Stephen Francis Poropat, Travis R. Tischler, Trish Sloan, Robert A. Elliott, Harry A. Elliott, Judy A. Elliott and David A. Elliott. The generic name is derived from the Latin ferrum, "iron", and draco, "dragon", in reference to the fact that the skeleton was found in ironstone. The specific name honors the late mayor of Winton Shire, Graham Thomas ‘Butch’ Lenton, for his work for the local community and his support for the Australian Age of Dinosaurs. He died in 2017. The holotype, AODF 876, was found in a layer of the Winton Formation dating from the Cenomanian - lower Turonian, about ninety-six million years old. It consists of a partial skeleton with skull and lower jaws. It contains the front part of the head with the premaxillae, the maxillae and the dentaries; the left frontal bone, the rear part of the left lower jaw; forty single teeth; five neck vertebrae; the right shoulder joint; the left ulna; the left radius; the proximal and distal left wrist bones; two fourth metacarpals; phalanges from the first to third fingers of the left hand; and the first phalanx of the fourth finger. It represents a fully-grown but not yet mature animal. The skeleton has largely been preserved three-dimensionally due to the ironstone, but some bones however, have been crushed. It was probably fossilized in articulation but got some time prior to the discovery dispersed by erosion and cattle. Ferrodraco is the only pterosaur fossil known from the Winton Formation, and in 2019, it was the most complete pterosaur ever found in Australia, a continent where such finds are rare. Description Size and distinguishing traits The wingspan of Ferrodraco was estimated at . The describing authors indicated two autapomorphies (distinguishing traits) that Ferrodraco had. The first tooth pair in both the premaxillae of the snout and in the front lower jaws is smaller than the other front teeth. The fourth to seventh tooth pairs are smaller than the third and eight pair. Additionally, a unique combination is present of traits that in themselves are not unique. The front edge of the premaxilla is flattened and triangular. The first tooth pair in the premaxillae is directed vertically and is slightly set-off to above from the jawline. The front parts of the upper and lower jaws are not expanded sideways. The rear teeth are directed vertically, gradually declining in size. The tooth sockets are swollen relative to the outer wall of the jaw bones. The snout bears a premaxillary crest, the front edge of which continues the line of the snout tip, steeply rising under an angle of 60 degrees, and ending in a rounded crest top. Skeleton The length of the skull has been estimated to be about . The snout bears a relatively high crest, and it probably had a triangular profile in side view; the rear edge has not been preserved. The crest is very thin transversely however, only up to thick. It is hollow inside, the smooth bone walls being connected by small struts. The crest has a base length of and a height of . The symphysis of the lower jaws, their front fused area, probably extended to below in a second crest. There is an estimated total of twelve teeth in the upper jaw and thirteen teeth in the lower jaw for a total of fifty in the head as a whole. The teeth are formed as conical spikes with an oval cross-section, transversely flattened. The swollen tooth sockets cause an undulating profile of the jawlines in top view. Classification Ferrodraco was the youngest known member of the clade Anhangueria, and proves that the clade did not become extinct during the Late Cretaceous. In 2010 however, an ornithocheirid jaw fragment that includes two teeth (specimen WAM 68.5.11) had been reported from Australia, the same place where Ferrodraco was found, and this specimen was unearthed in the Molecap Greensand, layers that possibly have an even younger age than Ferrodraco. The 2019 study of Ferrodraco made by Pentland et al. contained the results of two phylogenetic analyses, trying to determine the position of Ferrodraco in the evolutionary tree. The first analysis found Ferrodraco within the clade Ornithocheirae, more precisely within the subfamily Ornithocheirinae as the sister species of Mythunga, another Australian pterosaur from somewhat older layers. The second analysis placed Ferrodraco as a basal member of the Anhangueria, and sister taxon to the polytomy that comprises Anhanguera, Coloborhynchus and Ornithocheirus. However, a more recent study made in 2020 by Borja Holgado and Rodrigo Pêgas placed Ferrodraco within the family Anhangueridae, more specifically within the subfamily Tropeognathinae, although still the sister taxon to Mythunga. Topology 1: First analysis by Pentland et al. (2019). Topology 2: Holgado & Pêgas (2020). See also Timeline of pterosaur research References Fossil taxa described in 2019 Pterosaurs of Australia Pteranodontoids
64516476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wengener%20Schichten%20Formation	Wengener Schichten Formation	The Wengener Schichten Formation is a geologic formation in Montenegro. It preserves bivalve and brittle star fossils dating back to the Ladinian of the Triassic period. Fossil content The following fossils were reported from the formation: Bivalves Ostreida Halobiidae Daonella lommeli Ophiuroidea Ophiurida Ophiodermatidae Palaeocoma raiblana See also List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Montenegro References Bibliography Geologic formations of Montenegro Triassic System of Europe Ladinian Stage Mudstone formations Deep marine deposits Paleontology in Montenegro
112085	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Valley%2C%20Illinois	Cherry Valley, Illinois	Cherry Valley is a village of in the Kishwaukee River valley, which lies primarily in Winnebago County. Approximately ten percent of the village is within Boone County. The village is within the Rockford, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area, and borders the southeast side of Rockford. The population is 3,162 as of the 2010 census, up from 2,191 in 2000. History Official documents from the Winnebago County Clerk's office and the Village of Cherry Valley state Cherry Valley was settled in 1836. The first settler within Cherry Valley was Joseph Griggs who, along with his family, settled on the north bank of the Kishwaukee River in 1835. Cherry Valley was incorporated as a village on January 31, 1857. Early landmark events for Cherry Valley was the establishment of a mill on the Kishwaukee River, and the coming of the railroad in 1852. Early on Cherry Valley was called by various names, such as "Griggs Ford" and Graball, and then other names, before the present name was adopted. After deciding to change the name, the people put their suggestions into a hat. A Mrs. Butler, from Cherry Valley, New York placed the name of Cherry Valley in the hat and that name was selected. The core of the village, centered on its main street businesses in small brick buildings, is surrounded by several blocks of houses built in the 19th century. This late 19th-century appearance is further accentuated by turn-of-the-20th-century-style lamp lights as well as the original brick paving along the eastern end of main street. Relationship with Rockford Although close to Rockford, Cherry Valley was far enough away to be considered, for most of its history, not a part of the Rockford community. However, with the advent of modern transportation in the later 20th century, Cherry Valley became in essence a suburb of Rockford. As the city of Rockford grew and expanded its boundaries, it came in direct contact with Cherry Valley. Since that time, there have been land control-related issues between the two municipalities. For the most part, these issues have been resolved with a boundary agreement between the two communities. Cherry Valley today In the last dozen years Cherry Valley has seen a shift towards Chicago, with roughly a third of its new residents being former Chicago suburban residents who live in the village and commute to work in the Chicago suburbs. Being near to an interchange on I-90 (Jane Addams Memorial Tollway) contributed to this shift, and in 2006 the toll booths on the Cherry Valley interchange and exit were removed because of increased traffic flow and the need to remove the chronic traffic jams that had built over the years. Most of Cherry Valley is within the Rockford School District, with a small portion in the Belvidere School District. Schools closed and demolished in 2019 Geography The core of the village is located a little north of the confluence of the north and south branches of the Kishwaukee river. There is a slight depression as one moves towards the center of the village, which is a formation of the Kishwaukee river valley. According to the 2010 census, Cherry Valley has a total area of , of which (or 97.04%) is land and (or 2.96%) is water. The north branch of the Kishwaukee River travels through Cherry Valley's central business district. The largest body of water in the village is Cherry Valley Lake which is situated just east of the Kishwaukee River in Baumann Park. The village is served by Interstate 90, Interstate 39, U.S. Route 20 and U.S. Route 51. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,191 people, 857 households, and 623 families residing in the village. The population density was 583.3 people per square mile (225.0/km). There were 887 housing units at an average density of 236.1 per square mile (91.1/km). The racial makeup of the village was 93.98% White, 1.69% African American, 0.18% Native American, 2.56% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.87% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.19% of the population. There were 857 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02. In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males. The median income for a household in the village was $59,871, and the median income for a family was $70,833. Males had a median income of $50,943 versus $29,153 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,725. About 4.7% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over. Cherry Valley has the highest income and education levels of any community within the Rockford metropolitan area. Development and growth Key to the village economy is million square foot CherryVale Mall, one of the first enclosed shopping malls in Illinois. CherryVale, which draws shoppers from a radius of over , produces the greatest single source of revenue for the village, in the form of a 1% sales tax that is levied and collected by the State of Illinois and then distributed to the community. Because of this sales tax, Cherry Valley is one of only a handful of communities within Illinois that does not levy a municipal property tax. Another notable commercial enterprise in Cherry Valley is the Kegel Motorcycle Company, which has a strong claim to being the world's oldest Harley-Davidson dealership. The town is home to Six Flags Hurricane Harbor Rockford, formerly Magic Waters, which is owned by Rockford Park District and is managed by Six Flags starting 2018. Notable people Virgil Abloh is a DJ and fashion designer, with notable brands Off-White and Pyrex Vision. On March 26, 2018, he was named artistic director for men's wear at Louis Vuitton. John Baumgarten. Businessman, Illinois state representative. He served as mayor of Cherry Valley in 1945. Baumgarten died at Swedish American Hospital in Rockford, Illinois Mo Pitney (born 1993), country music artist References External links Cherry Valley, Illinois, official website Cherry Valley Historical Society Villages in Illinois Villages in Winnebago County, Illinois Villages in Boone County, Illinois Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois Populated places established in 1835 1835 establishments in Illinois
21548955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%20Dennis	Tad Dennis	Tad Dennis, born Timothy Alan Dennis, is a world-class athlete in the men's single slalom canoe division and a current member of the USA Canoe/Kayak National Team. Tad was born on May 28, 1984 in Riverdale, Georgia. He grew up in Peachtree City, Georgia and attended McIntosh High School, graduating in 2002. Tad began kayaking at age 7 and began competing in the sport of whitewater slalom at age 11. From ages 11 to 13 Tad was on the US National Team for the Cadet age group, competing in the solo kayak (K1 men's) division. Tad then switched to the men's single canoe (C1 men's) division at age 14 and was a member of the US National Team for the Junior age group until he was 17. In 2001, Tad placed fourth at the Junior World Cup race in Prague, Czech Republic. Due to injury, Tad took a four-year-long hiatus from kayaking and started again in the summer of 2006. That August, Tad placed 8th at the US National Championships in Charlotte, North Carolina. The following spring, Tad placed 3rd at the 2007 USA Canoe/Kayak National Team Trials, earning him the third and last place on the US National Team in the men's C1 division. In spring of 2008, Tad placed 3rd at the US Olympic Team Trials at the U.S. National Whitewater Center earning him yet again the last spot on the US National Team. His teammate Benn Fraker was selected to represent the United States in the 2008 Summer Olympics. In addition to kayaking, Tad works as an air traffic controller at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport. Race results References 1 USA Canoe/Kayak 2 Tad Dennis Athlete Biography 3 Results courtesy of International Canoe Federation 4 Tad Dennis's personal webpage 1984 births Living people Kayakers Air traffic controllers
11043867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown-St.%20Peters	Georgetown-St. Peters	Georgetown-St. Peters was a provincial electoral district for the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was created from mostly 3rd Kings and part of 5th Kings. The district was named Georgetown-Baldwin's Road from 1996 to 2007. Members The riding has elected the following Members of the Legislative Assembly: Election results Georgetown-St. Peters, 2007–2019 2016 electoral reform plebiscite results Georgetown-Baldwin's Road, 1996–2007 References Georgetown-St. Peters information Defunct Prince Edward Island provincial electoral districts

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