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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo%20Comunale
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Palazzo Comunale
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Palazzo Comunale may refer to:
Palazzo Comunale, San Gimignano, seat of the civic authority in San Gimignano, Italy
, site of an astronomical clock in Italy
Palazzo d'Accursio or Palazzo Comunale, former site of administrative offices of the city of Bologna, Italy
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46884561
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichomeris%20ustalella
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Dichomeris ustalella
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Dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in south-eastern Siberia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Korea, Japan, China (Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Yunnan) and Europe, where it has been recorded from most of the continent, except for Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula and Scandinavia.
The wingspan is . Adults are on wing in May and June.
The larvae feed on Tilia cordata, Corylus heterophylla var. thunbergii, Betula, Carpinus and Acer species, as well as Fagus silvatica and Quercus serrata. They feed from in between leaves spun together. Pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground.
References
Moths described in 1794
ustalella
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25575839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20Party%20of%20Uzbekistan
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Ecological Party of Uzbekistan
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The Ecological Party of Uzbekistan (; , O'zEP) is a political party and environmental movement in Uzbekistan. It was founded on 2 August 2008 as the Ecological Movement of Uzbekistan (; ), and re-inaugurated as a formal political party in January 2019 in advance of expected electoral reforms.
Before the 2019 reforms, fifteen of the 150 seats in the Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan (the lower chamber of the Oliy Majlis) had been reserved for the movement under the revised electoral law of 2008. Its legislators were elected at a congress held in conjunction with the 2009–10 Uzbek parliamentary election. One legislator was elected from each territorial subdivision of Uzbekistan (the Republic of Karakalpakstan, provinces, and the city of Tashkent), plus one member from the Executive Committee of the Central Council of the Ecological Movement. Delegates to the congress were elected in equal numbers at the conferences of each of the territorial branches of the Ecological Movement.
Electoral history
Presidential elections
Legislative Chamber elections
References
External links
Official website
2008 establishments in Uzbekistan
Uzbek
Green political parties
Political parties established in 2008
Political parties established in 2019
Political parties in Uzbekistan
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34883002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming%20Highway%20171
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Wyoming Highway 171
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Wyoming Highway 171 (WYO 171) is a Wyoming state road located in northern Hot Springs County that serves the former town of Grass Creek and oil fields owned by Marathon Oil Company.
Route description
Wyoming Highway 171 begins its west end in the former town of Grass Creek, located roughly halfway between Thermopolis and Meeteetse, at an intersection with Hot Springs County Route 36 (CR 36, Grass Creek Road) and CR 17 (4 Mile Road). 4 Mile Road returns to WYO 120, roughly north of Grass Creek. Founded in the 1860s, Grass Creek lies roughly above sea level. The actual population was unknown as of the 2000 census. Highway 171 travels southeasterly from Grass Creek, named Grass Creek Road, as it parallels the creek of the same name. At 8.63 miles, WYO 171 reaches its eastern terminus at WYO 120, northwest of Thermopolis.
Major intersections
References
External links
Wyoming State Routes 100-199
WYO 171 - WYO 120 to WYO 174
Transportation in Hot Springs County, Wyoming
171
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34483136
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Mountains
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Cedar Mountains
|
Cedar Mountains may refer to:
Cedar Mountains (Nevada)
Cedar Mountains (Iron County), a mountain range of Utah
Cedar Mountains (Tooele County, Utah)
Cedar Mountain Wilderness
See also
Cedar Mountain Range, mountain range in New Mexico
Cedar Mountain (disambiguation)
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16012401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodiment%3A%20Collapsing%20Under%20the%20Weight%20of%20God
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Embodiment: Collapsing Under the Weight of God
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Embodiment: Collapsing Under the Weight of God is the third studio album by the band Sculptured. The cover artwork is designed by John Haughm; he used images borrowed with permission from the National Library of Medicine. Haughm also designed the layout for the booklet using similar imagery and the photography of Veleda Thorsson. The album also contains samples of speech from the 1981 film Possession in "Taking My Body Apart", and from the 2000 short film Camera in "Embodiment is the Purest Form of Horror".
Track listing
"Taking My Body Apart" – 8:31
"The Shape of Rage" – 6:04
"A Moment of Uncertainty" – 6:31
"Bodies Without Organs" – 7:37
"Embodiment is the Purest Form of Horror" – 10:36
Personnel
Don Anderson - guitars, vocals
Jason William Walton - bass
Andy Winter - keyboards
David Murray - drums
Thomas Walling - lead vocals
References
External links
Embodiment: Collapsing Under the Weight of God @ Encyclopaedia Metallum
SCULPTURED Embodiment music reviews and MP3 @ progarchives.com
2008 albums
Sculptured albums
The End Records albums
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43980468
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20Bye%20Broadway%2C%20Hello%20France
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Good Bye Broadway, Hello France
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Good-Bye Broadway, Hello France is a 1917 song composed by Billy Baskette, with lyrics written by C. Francis Reisner and Benny Davis. The song was published by Leo Feist, Inc.
Performances
The song was included in The Passing Show of 1917 as part of the finale.
The song was performed by The American Quartet and reached No. 1 on the top 100 songs of 1917. Other covers include those by The Peerless Quartet, (No. 5 on 1917 top 100), Arthur Fields (1917), and Jaudus' Society Orchestra (1918).
The song inspired Irving Berlin's 1918 hit, "Goodbye, France," a song about leaving France to return to the United States.
While the song was popular during its time, it also saw a revival during World War II, where some soldiers preferred World War I songs over the war songs being produced at the time.
In film
The song was used in Tin Pan Alley, a 1940 musical film.
In 1942, the song was featured in the film For Me and My Gal starring Judy Garland and Gene Kelly.
Sheet music
The sheet music was reprinted more than ten times.
Cover art and analysis
The 1917 publication featured an illustration cover by Rosenbaum Studios, which featured John J. Pershing and Joseph Joffre shaking hands across the ocean with the Statue of Liberty and the Eiffel Tower in the background.
On the back of one of the song edition's cover was an ad by Leo Feist which declared "MUSIC WILL HELP WIN THE WAR!", as well as an essay by "A. Patriot" which explained the meaning of the song. The song was meant to lift the nation's spirit and fight off fatigue and worry by promoting the American war effort in Europe.
References
External links
Good-Bye Broadway, Hello France
view the song MP3 and sheet music here
1917 songs
Songs of World War I
Songs with music by Billy Baskette
Songs written by Benny Davis
Songs about New York City
Songs about France
Songs about parting
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57332184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimerotropis%20arenacea
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Trimerotropis arenacea
|
Trimerotropis arenacea, or Rehn's dune grasshopper, is a species of band-winged grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.
References
Oedipodinae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1910
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5796318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannivadi%2C%20Tiruppur
|
Kannivadi, Tiruppur
|
Kannivadi is a panchayat town in Tiruppur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was a part of the Erode District in the past. It is bordered between Karur district and Dharapuram town.
Demographics
India census, Kannivadi had a population of 4249. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kannivadi has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 49%. In Kannivadi, 7% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Cities and towns in Tiruppur district
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5001308
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Mets%20all-time%20roster
|
New York Mets all-time roster
|
Below is an alphabetical list of every player that has played for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball since the franchise's inception in 1962. Included are the seasons in which they played for the Mets and their primary position(s).
Players in bold are members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Players in italics have had their numbers retired by the team.
External links
Baseball-databank.org
Baseball-reference.com
Major League Baseball all-time rosters
Roster
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20380983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evasive%20Space
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Evasive Space
|
Evasive Space is an action video game developed by High Voltage Software and published by Akinai Games. It is one of several video games released as WiiWare through the Wii Shop Channel. It was released in North America on February 16, 2009 and in Japan on April 7, 2009.
Gameplay
Evasive Space is an action game with 3D graphics procedurally generated by High Voltage Software's Quantum3 game engine. Often erroneously labeled as a classic-style shooter, players guide their ship by using the Wii Remote's infrared pointer to avoid obstacles and enemies and collect items and power-ups. The controls are simple: the player points the cursor in the direction they wish to travel and depress the throttle (B button) to move. The further the cursor is from the ship, the faster it travels. When the ship hits a wall or obstacle, it becomes stunned momentarily. Obstacles include enemy turrets, black holes, asteroids, and narrow environments which restrict the player's movement. Items include Energy Cells responsible for powering the ship, Chronospheres that rewind back 5 seconds to the mission timer, and Diodes that can unlock up to six ship upgrades, the first of which being an energy shield that protects the ship from damage. Some levels are completed by collecting a set number of items, and other require the player to guide their ship to the end of the level before a time limit expires.
Multiplayer
Six multiplayer modes are included in the game, which allows up to four people to compete with each other offline. The game also includes a Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection leaderboard feature for players to compare the time scores they receive after successfully completing levels.
Plot
Evasive Space focuses on the character Konki, the Stellar Guardian, who must regain the Constellation Stones from Dr. Dark Matter and his band of space thieves. By recovering the scattered stones, Konki can restore light to the galaxy. The story plays out across 20 levels divided into four different environments.
Reception
Evasive Space has received mixed reviews. Destructoid awarded the game an 8/10, saying that it "looks and feels very polished" and is an "interesting title with fun gameplay." IGN gave the game a 6.9/10, citing issues with the responsiveness of the controls and sometimes frustrating level design. 1UP.com called it clever and smartly designed but potentially frustrating (a "rage machine") for some players. WiiWare World thought the game had a few good ideas but overall was marred by a "frustratingly obtuse" control scheme.
References
External links
High Voltage Software official website
Evasive Space official website
2009 video games
Action video games
WiiWare games
Wii-only games
Wii Wi-Fi games
Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games
Wii games
High Voltage Software games
Video games developed in the United States
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13560206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Folds%20discography
|
Ben Folds discography
|
The discography of Ben Folds, an American singer-songwriter, consists of five studio albums (including two collaborative albums), two live albums, 10 compilation albums, two video albums, eight extended plays and 18 singles. See also Ben Folds Five discography.
Albums
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Video albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
Guest appearances
References
External links
Official website
Discography
Rock music discographies
Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies
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444933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia%20Kirshner
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Mia Kirshner
|
Mia Kirshner (born January 25, 1975) is a Canadian actress, writer and social activist. She is known for television roles as Mandy in 24 (2001–2005), as Jenny Schecter in The L Word (2004–2009), as Amanda Grayson in Star Trek: Discovery (2017–2019), and as Isobel Flemming in The Vampire Diaries (2010-2011). Her film credits include Love and Human Remains (1993), Exotica (1994), The Crow: City of Angels (1996), Mad City (1997), Not Another Teen Movie (2001) and The Black Dahlia (2006).
Early life
Kirshner was born in Toronto, Ontario, the daughter of Etti (Henrietta), a teacher, and Sheldon Kirshner, a journalist who wrote for The Canadian Jewish News. Kirshner is a granddaughter of Holocaust survivors; her father was born in the displaced persons camp at Bad Reichenhall in Germany in 1946, and met Kirshner's mother, a Bulgarian Jewish refugee, after they escaped to Israel. Kirshner's paternal grandparents were Polish Jews. Kirshner had a middle class upbringing and attended Forest Hill Collegiate Institute but later graduated from Jarvis Collegiate Institute. Kirshner studied Russian literature and the 20th-century movie industry at McGill University in Montreal. Her younger sister, Lauren Kirshner, a writer, was involved in the I Live Here project.
Career
Kirshner started her career in 1989 in "Loving the Alien", a second-season episode of War of the Worlds, as both Jo, a young resistance fighter who is captured and duplicated by the enemy aliens, and her doppelgänger. Kirshner made her film debut in 1993 at the age of 18 in Denys Arcand's Love and Human Remains. She convinced her father to sign a "nudity waiver" to play a dominatrix. The following year, she starred in Atom Egoyan's Exotica. In 1996, she appeared in The Crow: City of Angels. She also played Kitty Scherbatsky in the 1997 version of Anna Karenina.
Kirshner also appeared in the first three episodes of 24 as the assassin Mandy in 2001. She would later reprise the role for the second season's finale and in the latter half of the show's fourth season. Also in 2001, Kirshner played Catherine Wyler, The Cruelest Girl in School, in Not Another Teen Movie. The character is primarily a spoof of Kathryn Merteuil (played by Sarah Michelle Gellar) in Cruel Intentions, and was partially based on Mackenzie Siler (played by Anna Paquin) from She's All That. In Marilyn Manson's music video for "Tainted Love", which was featured on the movie's soundtrack, she made a cameo appearance as her character Catherine Wyler.
In 2004, Kirshner was cast as author Jenny Schecter, a main character in the drama series The L Word. She remained with the show for all of the show's six seasons through 2009.
In 2006, she starred in Brian De Palma's The Black Dahlia in which she plays the young aspiring actress Elizabeth Short, whose mutilation and murder in 1947 remains unsolved. While the film itself was critically panned, many reviews singled out her performance for acclaim. Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com, in a largely negative review, notes that the eponymous character was "played wonderfully by Mia Kirshner..." Mick LaSalle wrote that Kirshner "makes a real impression of the Dahlia as a sad, lonely dreamer, a pathetic figure." J. R. Jones described her performance as "haunting" and that the film's fictional screen tests "deliver the emotional darkness so lacking in the rest of the movie." In 2010, Kirshner co-starred in the film 30 Days of Night: Dark Days which began filming in the fall of 2009. In 2010, she was cast as Isobel Flemming, a guest role on The Vampire Diaries.
In 2011, she voiced the title character in Bear 71, a National Film Board of Canada web documentary that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.
On April 20, 2012, it was announced that Kirshner would join the new Syfy series Defiance.
On October 9, 2013, it was mentioned on the Showcase blog that Kirshner would be one of several guest stars in season four of the television series Lost Girl.
In 2018, she began a recurring role on Star Trek: Discovery playing Amanda Grayson, foster mother of series protagonist Michael Burnham and mother of Spock, a role originated by Jane Wyatt on the original Star Trek.
On September 5, 2019, Entertainment Tonight's news outlet ET Online reported that Kirshner would play a character in Lifetime Television's movie, The College Admissions Scandal, with co-star Penelope Ann Miller in roles inspired by real life Hollywood stars Lori Loughlin's and Felicity Huffman's involvement in a massive college admissions bribery scam. Describing her role, Kirshner was quoted saying "This story is about privilege and corruption and it's about people who don't follow the rules because they think they're above rules... My character (based on Lori Loughlin but named "Bethany" in the film) is so corrupt, greedy, narcissistic, self-centered, and the dialogue is hilarious, so I'm glad that they're able to capture humor about this as well."
In September of 2020, it was announced that Kirshner would co-star with Ben Savage in a Hallmark Channel holiday film entitled Love, Lights, Hanukkah!, which premiered on December 12th, 2020. Kirshner plays a restaurant owner named Christina, who learns of her Jewish ancestry through a DNA test.
Philanthropy
In October 2008, after seven years in production, Kirshner published the book I Live Here, which she co-produced with ex-Adbusters staffers Paul Shoebridge and Michael Simons, as well as writer James MacKinnon. In the book, four different groups of women and children refugees from places such as Chechnya, Juárez, Burma and Malawi tell their life stories. The book features original material from well-known comic and graphic artists including Joe Sacco and Phoebe Gloeckner. It was published in the U.S. by Random House/Pantheon. It was supported logistically by Amnesty International, which will receive proceeds from the book. After the release of the book, the Center for International Studies at MIT invited Kirshner to run a 4-week course on I Live Here in January 2009.
In popular culture
Kirshner was ranked #43 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002. She and Beverly Polcyn were nominated for Best Kiss at the 2002 MTV Movie Awards for Not Another Teen Movie. In 2011 it was announced that Kirshner would be the face of Monica Rich Kosann's jewelry collection.
Personal life
Between 2014 and 2015, Kirshner was in a relationship with actor and playwright Sam Shepard.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
24: The Game (2006), as Mandy
References
External links
Mia Kirshner on Twitter
1975 births
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian women writers
Activists from Toronto
Actresses from Toronto
Canadian child actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian people of Bulgarian-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Canadian people of Israeli descent
Canadian Ashkenazi Jews
Canadian Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews
Canadian television actresses
Canadian voice actresses
Jewish Canadian activists
Jewish Canadian actresses
Jewish Canadian writers
Jewish women writers
Living people
McGill University alumni
Writers from Toronto
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21686304
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Moore
|
Ann Moore
|
Ann or Anne Moore may refer to:
Ann Moore (equestrian) (born 1950), 1972 Olympic silver medalist in show jumping
Ann Moore (impostor) (1761–1813), notorious as the fasting-woman of Tutbury
Ann Moore (inventor) (born 1934), inventor of the Snugli
Ann S. Moore (born 1950), CEO of Time Inc.
Anne Elizabeth Moore, editor, artist, and author
Anne Carroll Moore (1871–1961), American librarian
See also
Annie Moore (disambiguation)
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1443027
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonate
|
Bonate
|
Bonate may refer to places in Italy:
Bonate Sopra, a municipality in the province of Bergamo
Bonate Sotto, a municipality in the province of Bergamo
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39339217
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra%20dos%20Sexos
|
Guerra dos Sexos
|
Guerra dos Sexos (Fight or Love?) is a Brazilian telenovela produced and aired by Rede Globo, from 1 October 2012 to 26 April 2013, replacing Cheias de Charme and later replaced by Sangue Bom. It is written by Silvio de Abreu and directed by Jorge Fernando.
While Gloria Pires, Edson Celulari, Mariana Ximenes and Reynaldo Gianecchini the protagonists, while Bianca Bin, Paulo Rocha and Mayana Moura the Main antagonists, counted on Drica Moraes, Eriberto Leão, Luana Piovani, Tony Ramos and Irene Ravache play in the leading roles.
Synopsis
The plot revolves around the fierce competition between men and women in the 21st century. Set in São Paulo, it tells the story of cousins and Octavius II Charlô II, becoming heirs of fortune uncles and Charlô Octavius, who die and leave all the inheritance for cousins like Uncle Enrico did with them. The cousins end up being forced to split the fortune of his uncles, including the network of shops and the famous Charlô's Little Castle, building based on European castles where Octavius and Charlô they settled.
The hide is that the two had a passion in youth, and that after a fight, made them enemies of each other. While Charlô a woman is fun, colorful and determined, Octavius is a tough man, extremely sexist and believes that women should never work with men. Charlô, in turn, became early adoptive mother of Philip. Man womanizer, have an affair with Vanya hidden, right-hand Charlô and his coworker's Charlô stores in which employees of the same sex can not have romantic involvement. Felipe also collects ex-wives, of whom is the father of Analu a rebellious and spoiled girl who gets involved with the honest Nando, 5 a man who works as correct chauffeur of Octavian. Felipe is still the father of Juliana, a young responsible and determined as the grandmother, full of attitude, but however, keep an extra-marital affair with Fabio, disputed photographer Manuela married to a rich and elegant woman who suffers with his sickly jealous by her husband.
Another parallel plot is Roberta Leone. Elegant, cultured and modern, Roberta becomes millionaire widow of Victor Leone, owner of clothing label Positano, and who is the mother of Kiko, a young and clumsy nerd who suffers a heartbreak with Analu, daughter of Felipe. With the sudden death of Victor, Roberta chair the store, a fact that infuriates Octavius, socio half the shares and hoped to drive the brand. To overthrow Roberta, Octavian has the help of Veruska, secretary of Victor, who is willing to pass secret information to him. Roberta, however, relies on the help of Charlô, making its dispute with Octavius increasingly intense. When widow, Roberta Leone falls for Nando, but ends up having conflicts with her son Kiko because this guilt by Nando amorosa.6 and also his disappointment with his sister and his brother Nieta Nene who accuse Nando to be an explorer of woman
Nieta is hardworking and ambitious sister Roberta. Unlike her sister, is poor and lives in a humble village in the neighborhood of Mooca. Nieta always charge for marrying the poor Dino, an honest man who works as a shareholder in the shops of Victor. Nieta and Dino are the parents of Carolina, a young woman who pretends to be sweet and kind, but in reality is a demon in search of wealth and power, longing to marry a wealthy and successful and for that, she chooses Fabio solving destroy his marriage to Manuela. Meanwhile, Carolina dating Ulysses, quarrelsome man, but a good heart, who works in the stores Charlô's as shipper and always handled by Carolina, which for him is an angel. Carolina, however, is in love with Zenon, younger brother of Odysseus, who longs to be an MMA fighter. Still in the plot, have Nene, brother of Nieta fifties and Roberta, who like her sister, want to grow in life and become a successful personality.
Nando is the driver of Octavian, is confidant, ally and close friend of the boss. Lives in the house of his friend Ulysses, and after some confusion, gets involved with Analú, daughter of Felipe. Nando, but is blindly in love with the sister Analú the centered Juliana. Over time, the simpleton driver ends up relating to Roberta Leone, which opens the door to a successful modeling career for Nando, that even involved with the entrepreneur, keep thinking in your great love, Juliana.
Cast
Ratings
Notes
References
External links
TV Globo telenovelas
2012 Brazilian television series debuts
2013 Brazilian television series endings
2012 telenovelas
Comedy telenovelas
Brazilian telenovelas
Portuguese-language telenovelas
Television series set in shops
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46578978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20NCAA%20Men%27s%20Water%20Polo%20Championship
|
1986 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship
|
The 1986 NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship was the 18th annual NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship to determine the national champion of NCAA men's collegiate water polo. Tournament matches were played at the Belmont Plaza Pool in Long Beach, California during December 1986.
Stanford defeated rival California in the final, 9–6, to win their sixth national title. Coached by Dante Dettamanti, the Cardinal finished the season undefeated, 36–0.
The Most Outstanding Players of the tournament were Fernando Carsalade (UCLA), David Imbernino (Stanford), and Craig Klass (Stanford). An All-Tournament Team of eight players was also named.
The tournament's leading scorer was Robert Lynn from USC (12 goals).
Qualification
Since there has only ever been one single national championship for water polo, all NCAA men's water polo programs (whether from Division I, Division II, or Division III) were eligible. A total of 8 teams were invited to contest this championship.
Bracket
Site: Belmont Plaza Pool, Long Beach, California
All-tournament team
Fernando Carsalade, UCLA (Co-Most outstanding player)
David Imbernino, Stanford (Co-Most outstanding player)
Craig Klass, Stanford (Co-Most outstanding player)
Jeff Brush, California
Kirk Everist, California
Erich Fischer, Stanford
Robert Lynn, USC
Bill Schoening, California
See also
NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship
References
NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship
NCAA Men's Water Polo Championship
1986 in sports in California
December 1986 sports events in the United States
1986
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44729943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Landi
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Antonio Landi
|
Antonio Landi (1725–1783) was an Italian poet, writer and dramatist of some importance in the European literary, cultural and theatrical scene.
He was a counselor of the Court in Berlin and was the author of a summary in French of the monumental History of Italian literature of Girolamo Tiraboschi.
Biography
He born in Livorno in 1725 and appointed an abbot in 1765. He preached in the collegiate church of Andrew the Apostle in Empoli, but his "immoral" lifestyle won him a rebuke from the Church, and he eventually abandoned the cassock.
He then moved to Berlin in the service of the emperor Frederick II of Prussia, on the recommendation of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, with the task of composing and adapting stage works for its theater. He also became a court counselor.
At the court in Berlin he was the author of librettos, plays and some historical and literary works such as the Histoire de la littérature d'Italie, an abridged French translation of Tiraboschi, and a history of the Saxon emperors, published in German. He died in Berlin in 1783.
Works
Plays
L’Aspasia. tragedia d’Inanto Lanido Acc. Ap. All’illustriss. Signora Victoria Gaetani Borgherini, Florence, Anton Giuseppe Pagani, 1761
Il Rodrigo tragedia dell'abate Antonio Landi fiorentino dedicata al merito singolare dell'illustriss. signore Giuseppe Riccardi patrizio fiorentino de' marchesi di Chianni, Rivalto, Montevaso, and Apple, Florence, Stamperia Imperiale, 1765
Amore e Psyche, Berlin, 1767;
Orestes e Pilade, Berlin, Haude und Spener, 1771;
Orestes e Pilade, Berlin, Haude und Spener, 1786;
I Greci in Tauride, Berlin, Haude und Spener, 1772;
Vorspiel nel Britannico, Berlin, 1772;
Angelica e Medoro, Berlin, Haude und Spener, 1776;
Il Rodrigo tragedia dell’abbate Antonio Landi fiorentino, Naples, Per il Flauto Regio Impressore, 1776;
Literary and historical works
Raccolta di poesie teatrali dell’abate Antonio Landi, Florence, Domenico Marzi e Compagni, 1771
Des Herrn Abt AL ... Regierungsgeschichte der Fürsten aus dem alten Hause Sachsen, in den Königreichen Italien und Teutschland und in dem Kaiserthume. Aus der Italienischen Handschrift übersetzt von J.A. Mebes, Berlin, 1784;
Histoire de la littérature d'Italie, tirée de l'italien de Mr. Tiraboschi, et abregée par Antoine Landi , Bern, 1784;
Translations
Storia della letteratura italiana del cavaliere abate Girolamo Tiraboschi compendiata in lingua francese da Antonio Landi ... ed ora tradotta in lingua italiana dal p. G.A.M. ... con annotazioni sopra tutti gl'italiani traduttori de' classici autori latini ec. ec. Venice, Adolfo Cesare e Antonio Rosa, 1801-1805.
References
Other sources
Biographical Index Italian (IBI) by Tommaso Nappo - Paul Noto, III, Monaco - London - New York - Parigu, KG Saur, 1993, p. 803
Compositions poetry in praise of the very lapels. Mr Abbot Antonio Landi Florentine Lent in the year 1765 with great applause preached nell'insigne Collegiate of St. Andrew of the land of Empoli , Florence, Imperial Printing House, 1765;
Jocher Christian Gottlieb, Landi (Anton ), say in Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon. Adelung , Johann Christoph (from Bd. 3 Rotermund, Heinrich Wilhelm), III, Leipzig - Delmenhorst - Bremen, Johann Friedrich In Gledischens Handlung, 1810, p. 156;
Gaetano Melzi, INANTO LANIDO , say in Dictionary of anonymous and pseudonymous writers or Italian as it is with regard to Italy Gaetano Melzi , II, Milan, Arnaldo Forni Editore, 1852, p . 26;
Natali Giulio, Literary history of Italy , I, Milan, Vallardi Publishing House, 1973, pp. 50; 386-387;
Amos Parducci, The Italian classic tragedy of the eighteenth century: Front Alfieri , Rocca San Casciano, Licinio Cappelli, 1902, pp. 269; 294; 354;
Pera Francesco, Memoirs and biographies Livorno , Livorno, Vigo, 1867, p.220;
Claudio Sartori, The books printed from its origins to 1800. Catalog analytical indexes with 16 , Indexes I, Cuneo, Bertola & Locatelli Publishers, p. 278;
Carlo Schmidl, Antonio Landi , say in Universal Dictionary of the musicians ''. By Carlo Schmidl, IIa, Milan, Sonzogno, 1938, p. 445.
External links
Italian Biographical Archive (ABI) on line
Operon. Bühnenwerke mit Musik
1725 births
1783 deaths
Italian poets
Italian male poets
People from Livorno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese%20Ledge%20State%20Marine%20Conservation%20Area
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Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area
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Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) is an offshore marine protected area in Monterey Bay. Monterey Bay is on California’s central coast with the city of Monterey at its south end and the city of Santa Cruz at its north end. The SMCA covers . Within the SMCA fishing and take of all living marine resources is prohibited except the commercial and recreational take of pelagic finfish.
History
Portuguese Ledge SMCA was established in September 2007 by the California Department of Fish & Game. It was one of 29 marine protected areas adopted during the first phase of the Marine Life Protection Act Initiative. The Marine Life Protection Act Initiative (or MLPAI) is a collaborative public process to create a statewide network of marine protected areas along the California coastline.
Geography and natural features
This marine protected area is bounded by straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed:
36° 43.00’ N. lat. 121° 56.00’ W. long.;
36° 43.00’ N. lat. 122° 01.30’ W. long.;
36° 41.00’ N. lat. 122° 00.80’ W. long.;
36° 41.00’ N. lat. 121° 56.00’ W. long.; and
36° 43.00’ N. lat. 121° 56.00’ W. long.
Habitat and wildlife
Portuguese Ledge SMCA protects important refuge habitat for several over-fished deepwater rockfish species and is expected to contribute to the recovery of these species.3
Recreation and tourism
The natural environment and ocean resources of the Monterey Peninsula draw millions of visitors from around the world each year, including more than 65,000 scuba divers drawn by the area’s easy access, variety of wildlife, and kelp forests.
The Monterey Bay Aquarium is a tourist attraction featuring a living kelp forest. The exhibit includes many of the species native to the nearby marine protected areas. The aquarium also houses sea otters, intertidal wildlife, and occasionally sea turtles.
In addition to diving and visiting the aquarium, people visit Monterey Bay for kayaking, whale watching, charter fishing, surfing, bird watching, tidepooling and walking on the beach.
California’s marine protected areas encourage recreational and educational uses of the ocean. Activities such as kayaking, diving, snorkeling, and swimming are allowed unless otherwise restricted.
Scientific monitoring
As specified by the Marine Life Protection Act, select marine protected areas along California’s central coast are being monitored by scientists to track their effectiveness and learn more about ocean health. Similar studies in marine protected areas located off of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands have already detected gradual improvements in fish size and number.
Local scientific and educational institutions involved in the monitoring include Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station, University of California Santa Cruz, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories and Cal Poly San Luis Obispo. Research methods include hook-and-line sampling, intertidal and scuba diver surveys, and the use of Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) submarines.
References
External links
California's MPAs
Marine Life Protection Act Initiative
CalOceans
Monterey Bay Aquarium
Marine sanctuaries in California
California Department of Fish and Wildlife areas
Protected areas of Monterey County, California
Monterey Bay
2007 establishments in California
Protected areas established in 2007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayani%20%28horse%29
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Sayani (horse)
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Sayani (1943 – after 1958) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was best known for his form as a three-year-old in 1946 when he won several important stakes races in England and France including the Prix Edmond Blanc, Prix Daphnis, Jersey Stakes and Prix Jacques le Marois. His best performance however, came when he recovered from a poor start to win the Cambridgeshire Handicap under a record weight. He was then retired to stud and became a successful breeding stallion first in France and later in Brazil.
Background
Sayani was a big, heavily built bay horse, variously described as resembling an "ox" or a "bullock" bred in France by Brian Guinness at the Haras de Piencourt-Bailleul. He was probably the best horse sired by Fair Copy, who won the Middle Park Stakes and finished second in the 1937 St Leger. Sayani's dam Perfume was a very successful broodmare who also produced the 2000 Guineas winner My Babu and was the female-line ancestor of the Irish Derby English Prince.
Sayani was trained in France by Joseph Lieux and raced in the ownership of his trainer's wife. Lieux developed an unusual training regimen which seemed to suit the colt. He would bring him to peak fitness a week to ten days before a race and then gave him no serious exercise until he actually ran.
Racing career
1945: two-year-old season
Sayani showed good form as a two-year-old, recording his most important success in the Prix d'Arenberg over 1100 metres at Longchamp Racecourse.
1946: three-year-old season
In the spring of 1946, Sayani established himself as a leading contender for the major three-year-old races with wins in the Prix Edmond Blanc 1,600 metres at Saint-Cloud and the Prix Daphnis over 1850 metres at Le Tremblay. He was then moved up in class and started odds-on favourite for the Poule d'Essai des Poulains but finished third to Pactole.
In June, Sayani was brought back in distance and sent to England to contest the Jersey Stakes over seven furlongs at Royal Ascot. Ridden by Roger Poincelet, he started at odds of 100/6 and won from the filly Wayward Belle, who went on to win the Nassau Stakes. Later that year in England he won the Godolphin Plate at Hurst Park and the Select Stakes (not the current race of the same name) at Newmarket. In August at Deauville Racecourse he won the Prix Jacques le Marois, which was then a race confined to three-year-olds.
In October 1946, Sayani returned to England to contest the Cambridgeshire, an all-aged handicap race over nine furlongs at Newmarket. He was lodged at the stable of Jack Reardon at Epsom, where Lieux's policy of strictly limiting the colt's physical activity drew adverse comment from local horsemen. Carrying a weight of 130 pounds, he was ridden by the Australian jockey Rae Johnstone and started a 25/1 outsider in a thirty-four runner field. The start of the race was extremely rough and Sayani appeared to have lost his chance when he was badly hampered and almost brought down in the first furlong. The colt was able to recover and Johnstone produced him with a late run to take the lead in the final strides. He won by a head from the Irish 2000 Guineas winner Claro to whom he was conceding fifteen pounds, with Toronto a head away in third. His weight set the record in the race: only the American colt Foxhall in 1881 and the four-year-old Florence three years later had previously won under more than 126 pounds.
Assessment
In their book A Century of Champions, based on a modified version of the Timeform system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Sayani the ninety-eighth best racehorse of twentieth century, the nineteenth best horse of the century to have been trained in France, and the second best horse foaled in 1943.
Phil Bull described Sayani's victory as "the greatest performance by any horse in 1946".
Stud record
Sayani was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion, beginning his new career in 1947 at a record stud fee of 300,000 francs. The best of his offspring was La Sorellina who won the Prix de Diane and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe enabling Sayani to win the title of Leading sire in France in 1953. In the same year he was sold and exported to Brazil.
Pedigree
Both Sayani's grandsire Fairway and his great-grandsire Pharos were sired by Phalaris out of the mare Scapa Flow. He was also inbred 4 x 4 to Swynford, who appeared twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree.
References
1943 racehorse births
Racehorses bred in France
Racehorses trained in France
Thoroughbred family 1-w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315%20James%20Madison%20Dukes%20men%27s%20basketball%20team
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2014–15 James Madison Dukes men's basketball team
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The 2014–15 James Madison Dukes men's basketball team represented James Madison University during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Dukes, led by seventh year head coach Matt Brady, played their home games at the James Madison University Convocation Center and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 19–14, 12–6 in CAA play to finish in a four way tie for the CAA regular season championship. They lost in the quarterfinals of the CAA Tournament to Hofstra. They were invited to the CollegeInsider.com Tournament where they lost in the first round to USC Upstate.
Previous season
The Dukes finished the season 11–20, 6–10 in CAA play to finish in a tie for sixth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the CAA Tournament to Towson.
Departures
Incoming transfers
Under NCAA transfer rules, Devonte Morgan will have to redshirt for the 2014–15 season. Will have two years of remaining eligibility.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
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!colspan=9 style="background:#450084; color:#C2A14D;"| Exhibition
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!colspan=9 style="background:#450084; color:#C2A14D;"| Regular season
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!colspan=9 style="background:#450084; color:#C2A14D;"| CAA Tournament
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!colspan=9 style="background:#450084; color:#C2A14D;"| CIT
See also
2014–15 James Madison Dukes women's basketball team
References
James Madison Dukes men's basketball seasons
James Madison
James Madison
James Madison
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36448715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20West%20Coast%20Eagles
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History of the West Coast Eagles
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The West Coast Eagles is an Australian rules football club based in Perth, Western Australia, currently playing in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club was formed in 1986, and played its first season in the competition in 1987. Having lost the 1991 grand final to , the club won premierships in 1992 and 1994, becoming one of the most successful teams of the 1990s. West Coast won its third premiership in 2006, but declined afterwards, finishing last in 2010, before undergoing a rapid resurgence the following season to finish fourth in 2011. In 2015, the club reached a sixth Grand Final, again going down to . In 2018, West Coast defeated to win its fourth Premiership, making it the most successful Non-Victorian team in the modern era.
Formation and first years: 1987–1989
Formed in 1986, the West Coast Eagles were given only 160 days to assemble a team and establish an infrastructure for its inaugural season, 1987. The club appointed Ron Alexander as its first head coach on 22 September 1986 and revealed its 32-men squad for its first season on 30 October that year.
The club's first official home-and-away match at Subiaco Oval against Richmond on 29 March 1987 was played before a crowd of 23,897. The fledgling Eagles, down by 33 points at the final change, somehow managed to outscore the visiting and tiring Tigers nine goals to one in the final term to run out 14-point winners – a club record last quarter comeback that lasted until round 10 of 2006. By season's end, the club had split its games with eleven wins and eleven losses for a seventh-place finish, but despite this quite respectable effort, inaugural coach Ron Alexander was sacked from the position and replaced with WA coaching legend John Todd.
The 1988 season saw the Eagles improve to become one of the strongest teams of the competition, finishing the home and away season in fourth, before narrowly losing the Elimination Final to Melbourne by two points. Despite this loss, the mood was upbeat at the club for the future, although it was the last game for inaugural captain Glendinning.
However, the 1989 season put the club under a lot of pressure. Injuries and poor form led to the club only winning two matches in the first fifteen rounds of the season, culminating in the "Windy Hill Massacre", where the Eagles lost by a club record 142 points to Essendon. In the nadir of this season, with major financial problems besetting the club and a bleak outlook, there was even talk of disbanding the club and reverting to the WAFL as the senior competition in Western Australia. However, the Eagles rallied with five wins in the last seven weeks of the season. While it was enough to stave off the wolves, it was not enough to keep John Todd in the role of senior coach, nor allow first year captain Murray Rance to retain the role.
Malthouse arrival and first Grand Final: 1990–1991
As the VFL made way for the new AFL, the Eagles entered the 1990s with a new coach, Mick Malthouse, a Victorian recruited from Footscray, and a new captain in Steve Malaxos who had won the club's first club champion award in 1987. The change in leadership, and the rise of a few younger players, led to a resurgence at the club winning sixteen games on the way to a third-place finish at the end of the home and away season. This led to a berth in the Qualifying Final against Collingwood, which resulted in a famous draw, but the Eagles could not win the replay, and despite beating Melbourne in the First Semi Final, bowed out a fortnight later to Essendon in the Preliminary Final.
As 1991 started, out of favour captain Malaxos was replaced with youngster John Worsfold. That didn't seem to affect the club as the season saw what was probably the most dominant Eagles side, winning the first 12 games of the season and 19 in the home-and-away series (a record that still stands today) en route to the minor premiership—the first time a non-Victorian side had topped the ladder. However, the young team struggled with the finals pressure exerted by such a dominant season, and while they made the 1991 AFL Grand Final, it was lost to Hawthorn by 53 points in front of a crowd of 75,230. It was the only Grand Final ever to be played at Waverley Park, and the first in the AFL to feature a non-Victorian side.
Premiership success: 1992–1994
The Eagles weren't as strong through the 1992 season, but managed to get a reasonable spot in the finals, winning a classic final against Hawthorn on the way to a Grand Final appearance, this time against Geelong at the MCG. The Eagles struggled early in the match, trailing by as much as four goals, but ended up over-running the Cats to win by 28 points and claim the club's first ever premiership, with Peter Matera winning the Norm Smith Medal for best on ground. The 1992 Premiership was the first senior AFL premiership won by a team from outside Victoria.
The year of 1993 saw relatively little premiership points separate the finalists, and although West Coast were in the mix, the team never fully clicked across the season.
In 1994 the Eagles again won the minor premiership at the end of the home and away season – the club's second McClelland Trophy.
This time they managed to carry the form through the finals series, despite a scare in the opening week of the finals when Collingwood nearly sneaked over the line in a close game at the WACA Ground. In the end the Eagles did not lose a match in the series, culminating in an 80-point thrashing of Geelong in the Grand Final for the club's second premiership. Dean Kemp was awarded the Norm Smith Medal for best on ground on this occasion.
New rivalry: 1995–1996
In 1995, a local AFL club rival the Fremantle Football Club was introduced to the WA football market, heightening competition for the West Australian audience and forming a fierce rivalry to become the Western Derby, a twice yearly encounter between the two clubs. The derby was for much of the 90s a West Coast affair, with the Eagles winning the first nine encounters before the Dockers finally won the later derby of 1999.
Meanwhile, the club's performances on the field slipped a little from the heights of the early 90s, but never so far as to not make the finals. After bowing out quietly in 1995, the Eagles won their opening final in 1996, resulting in what would normally have been a home semi final against Essendon. However, due to what Eagles fans saw as a poorly constructed contract between the league and the MCG, the game was scheduled to be played at the MCG instead of Subiaco. In all the furore the Eagles were comprehensively thrashed. On a brighter note, young Eagle Ben Cousins won the club's first AFL Rising Star award for the best rookie in the competition for 1996.
Finals failure: 1997–1999
The 1997 and 1998 seasons saw the Eagles mostly making up numbers in the finals, bowing out early both years, with the most notable incident being when captain John Worsfold was dropped for what would have been his final appearance in the 1998 Semi Final; oddly mirroring what happened to his predecessor in the role, Steve Malaxos, who was dropped for the 1990 Preliminary Final and never played for the club again. Worsfold was replaced in the captaincy by his vice captain, Guy McKenna.
In the second week of the 1999 season the Eagles again found themselves in the situation where they earned a home final (after beating the Western Bulldogs at the MCG in the first week), but once again the MCG contract stripped the club of the right to host the final (the higher-ranked Brisbane Lions, who finished 3rd, kept its home final as a reward for finishing higher than the Eagles), and the Eagles faced Carlton and lost on the road. This rule later cost the Adelaide Crows the right to host a Semi Final in 2002, and the Brisbane Lions a Preliminary Final in 2004 (both of which were played against Victorian opposition at the MCG) before it was finally abolished.
The 1999 season is probably more remembered for the continual rumours that linked coach Mick Malthouse to the senior coaching role at Collingwood; the rumours ended up being proven correct when Malthouse was released from his contract to the club for the 2000 season, to be replaced with Ken Judge. Also notable in 1999 was the first Eagle to top the AFL goalkicking, when Scott Cummings won the Coleman Medal with 95 goals but did not make the All Australian Team.
Ken Judge failure: 2000–2001
The Eagles might have started Judge's reign as coach impressively, thrashing reigning premiers North Melbourne in the opening game of 2000, and winning two games by over 100 points in three weeks against Adelaide and Fremantle, but it was to turn sour quite quickly in the latter part of the 2000 season. Sitting at six wins and five losses at the halfway point of the season, injury struck, and West Coast slumped to win only one more match for the season, and missing the finals for the first time since 1989, and another change of captaincy, as McKenna retired to be replaced with Dean Kemp and Ben Cousins as co-captains. The Eagles also introduced much-maligned ochre and tricolour guernseys to their home and away uniforms in these years, which have since been abandoned for the more traditional uniforms worn in previous years.
However, as bad as 2000 might have been, the 2001 season was even worse. In a shocking season, crueled by injury, older players falling away, and general mutterings of dissatisfaction, the club finished 14th. En route, they won only five matches for the entire year, all against other bottom four sides. Judge was sacked after the season, to be replaced in turn by former premiership captain John Worsfold.
John Worsfold arrival: 2002–2004
Worsfold seemingly walked into an impossible situation in his first senior coaching role: a team that was widely tipped to slump further to the bottom of the ladder. Most fans would have been satisfied with just an improvement in performance, but Worsfold and his mostly young charges were almost unbeatable at home, and snuck a couple of crucial away wins to make an unexpected finals appearance on the back of an eleven-win – eleven-loss home and away season in 2002. The Eagles lost first up and were eliminated, but it was a sign of improvement to come. The 2002 season saw the debut of 2001 draft pick Chris Judd in its round two match against .
The 2003 and 2004 seasons were opposites of each other. In 2003, the Eagles ran riot early, sitting in the high reaches of the ladder mid-season before injury took out the second part of the season and the club slumped to finish just inside the finals, and were bundled straight out; in 2004, the season was looking down the barrel early, but a dramatic late-season recovery saw the Eagles steal a spot in the finals in the last week of the home and away season, only to be thrashed in a thunderstorm by the Sydney Swans first up.
2004 however saw the first ever Eagle to win Australian Football's highest individual award, when Chris Judd won the Brownlow Medal in a canter. Previous best West Coast performances had been runner-up efforts from Craig Turley in 1991, Peter Matera in 1994 and 1997, and Ben Cousins in 2003.
Sydney rivalry: 2005
Season 2005 saw the Eagles start by accounting for all opponents in the opening eight weeks before losing to then-bottom-placed Collingwood. The Eagles, however, recovered to be as much as five games clear, before a poor run home saw the club lose the final week and surrender the minor premiership to the Adelaide Crows. Despite this, the Eagles turned it around in the finals to make the Grand Final against the Sydney Swans. However, in reverse of the result in the 2005 Qualifying Final which the Eagles won by 4 points, the Swans managed to hold out the Eagles to win the low scoring encounter by four points. There was some consolation for Eagles fans with Chris Judd being awarded the Norm Smith medal in a losing side which, with captain Ben Cousins having already won the Brownlow Medal, highlighted the quality of the West Coast midfield.
Third premiership: 2006
Despite promises to turn it around in 2006, the season looked set to start badly, with Cousins stripped of his captaincy, former All-Australian ruckman Michael Gardiner relegated to play at Claremont in the WAFL for continued indiscretions including drinking the night before a practise match and Ashley Sampi having some domestic trouble. Chris Judd was appointed to replace Cousins as expected, while Gardiner did make it back to the club to play a couple of games, before crashing his car whilst under the influence of alcohol – which saw him made persona non-grata at the club, and traded to St Kilda.
Despite all this, the Eagles started the season in fairly good form, winning eleven of the opening twelve matches, including a couple of notable comebacks; particularly a club record recovery against Geelong from 54 points down in the third quarter. The Eagles then struggled for a few weeks, slipping off the pace, before good late season form enabled them to win the minor premiership at the end of the season over a slipping Adelaide Crows, the club's third McClelland Trophy.
In the 2006 finals, the Eagles were favourites in every game and lost the opening match at Subiaco to Sydney by 1 point, but came back strong to thrash the Bulldogs in the Semi Final, and come from behind against the Crows in the Preliminary Final to book a berth in the Grand Final, once again against the Swans. The Grand Final ended up with a mirror of the 2006 Qualifying Final result between these two teams, the Eagles winning one of the great Grand Finals of recent years by a solitary point. The first Grand Final decided by this margin since 1966. Andrew Embley was awarded the Norm Smith medal for best on ground.
End of an era: 2007
The Eagles 2007 pre-season was the most turbulent in the club's history, with midfielder Daniel Kerr charged with assault for two separate incidents, and former captain (and 2005 Brownlow Medallist) Ben Cousins suspended from the club indefinitely after continued breaches of team rules, most notably not turning up to training, leading to massive amounts of speculative reporting in the media. Despite this, the Eagles started the season in good form, winning their opening 6 matches, including another one-point victory over the Sydney Swans. However the Eagles of 2007 were nowhere near as dominant as those of 2005 or 2006. Instead, the Eagles spent much of the year in the bottom part of the top four, even slipping out of the top four at times. At the end of the season, the Eagles finished third on the ladder, drawing an away final at Port Adelaide in the opening week of the finals.
The Eagles finals series was cruelled by injuries to key players, something that had been quite common in the latter half of the season, exacerbated by a hamstring injury to Ben Cousins when leading Port Adelaide in the first week. Ultimately West Coast crashed out of the finals in straight sets, losing to Port by three points in the opening week before losing to Collingwood by 19 points in a highly exciting final that went into extra time for only the second time since the extra time rule had been implemented.
In a blow to the club, premiership captain Chris Judd declared his intention to move back to his home city of Melbourne for the 2008 season, prompting much speculation over his final destination.
Capping off an annus horribilis for the club, former Eagles champion Chris Mainwaring died on 1 October 2007, at his home, and his death was widely reported to be the result of drug-taking. This became a major issue in the media, when it was revealed that Cousins had visited Mainwaring at his home the same night, just prior to his death. Cousins volunteered for a drug test following the event. This – on top of Cousins' banishment, Chris Judd's departure and a string of minor incidents (such as Michael Braun's Western Derby speech stunt and the Adam Selwood incident involving Des Headland, all in the Western Derby) – contributed to an impression that 2007 was a disaster for the Eagles, despite a relatively successful year on the field. The view gained further resonance when Ben Cousins was sacked by the club on 17 October 2007 after being arrested for drug possession and other offences the previous day. On 19 November, the AFL Commission found Cousins guilty of "bringing the game into disrepute" and banned him from playing in the league for one year.
Final misses: 2008–2010
These years saw the Eagles miss the finals three years in a row for the first time. At the end of the 2009 season, the Eagles won 4 out of their last 5 matches, including beating premiership contenders Western Bulldogs and ending their 20 loss streak for away matches and their 18 loss streak away from Paterson Stadium. Their 2010 season looked set to get better after a promising end to the 2009 season. However, the Eagles went downhill again and culminated in them 'winning' the 2010 wooden spoon, the first in the club's history, after winning only four games for the season.
By most accounts, the Eagles' tumble to the bottom of the ladder was in part because club management undertook a root-and-branch housecleaning in the wake of the Cousins affair. There had been rumours of a drug culture surrounding the club as early as 2005, and management reportedly shied away from certain players to avoid a repeat. Then-chairman Andrew Barnaba said that he would rather have "a very strong club" than a winner. Despite this, after the 2010 debacle, Worsfold's tenure as coach was thought to be on the nose.
Breakthrough: 2011
The 2011 season started on a bright note for the West Coast Eagles with the club registering two wins to start the season: a narrow four-point victory over in the opening round of the season, and ending a 9-game losing streak at AAMI Stadium against by 18 points in round 2. Their undefeated start to the season however came to a shuddering halt with a narrow 13-point defeat to their 2005/2006 Grand Final nemesis, the Sydney Swans, at home. This remained their only loss at home for the season.
They did, however, bounce back in the following two rounds; narrowly losing to one of the premiership favourites at Aurora Stadium in Tasmania and comfortably beating at home by 9 goals. Round 7 saw the Eagles lose to a young outfit at Etihad Stadium by 16 points, after leading for majority of the match and Daniel Kerr picking up 28 disposals and a goal. The round 8 derby proved somewhat of an easy challenge as the Eagles overcame their cross-town rivals by 33 points, despite missing stars Daniel Kerr and Andrew Embley due to injuries in the warm-up. Matt Priddis won the Ross Glendinning Medal for best-on-ground in the derby. Round 9 saw the West Coast Eagles cruise to a 123-point win against the Western Bulldogs with a 10-goal to none final quarter. Josh Kennedy kicked 10 goals and Luke Shuey kicked 5 goals for the game.
It was announced on 12 April that West Coast would be dropping Hungry Jack's as a sponsor, ending a 25-year partnership. West Coast will form a new partnership with Bankwest, which, ironically, were the former sponsors of cross town rivals .
In round 14, the Eagles comfortably beat at Etihad Stadium by 36 points. In this match, Nic Naitanui took one of the marks of the year and this was the first game that the Eagles had beaten since former Eagles and current skipper Chris Judd left the Eagles at the end of the 2007.
Round 16 saw the Eagles defeat the ladder leaders in a thrilling 96–88 match, which had only been defeated in one game the whole season coming the week prior to Essendon. This created an excellent opportunity for the team to push into the top 4 sides on the AFL Ladder and secure a home final. It was their first win over the Cats since Round 10, 2006 and first at home since Round 2, 2005. At season's end, the West Coast Eagles finished 4th on the ladder taking the much valued double chance into the finals.
West Coast then entered its first finals campaign in four years, but lost its Qualifying Final against the defending premiers . Granted a home final for finishing fourth at the end of the season, they then met in the second semi-final, and won a thriller by less than one goal after a late fightback stalled with only seconds remaining in the match. The Eagles' season of improvement then finished on a disappointing note losing convincingly to the eventual premiers whom they had beaten in Round 16 of the season.
The Eagles' jump from 16th to fourth is currently the equal most amount of spots gained over one season; thus, the Eagles became the first team since the Brisbane Lions of 1998–1999 to reach a preliminary final twelve months after winning a wooden spoon.
Final years under Worsfold: 2012–2013
West Coast began 2012 strongly, losing the 2012 NAB Cup grand final to and winning their opening six games, although they fell away towards the end of the season, eventually finishing in fifth position. The Eagles thrashed by 96 points in their elimination final match to advance to the semi-finals, where they lost by 13 points to . The Eagles went into 2013 as premiership favourites, although injuries and poor form saw them finish in thirteenth position on the ladder, with the team losing its final three games by an average of 71 points. Coach John Worsfold resigned on 5 September 2013.
Adam Simpson era and Fourth Premiership: 2014-
On 4 October 2013 former player Adam Simpson was announced as the team's new coach. Darren Glass was initially renamed as captain for 2014, but retired from football after round 12. He was replaced by five acting co-captains for the remainder of the season – Shannon Hurn, Josh Kennedy, Eric Mackenzie, Matt Priddis, and Scott Selwood. West Coast had a strong preseason and won their opening three matches, although they eventually finished in ninth position. During the season the club were labeled as "flat track bullies" due to beating lower placed teams by large margins, yet failing to defeat teams above them on the ladder. Midfielder Matt Priddis became the third Eagles player to win a Brownlow medal, winning the 2014 medal at the end of the season. Defender Shannon Hurn was named sole captain for 2015.
In contrast to 2014, West Coast endured an underwhelming 2015 NAB Challenge campaign, with key defender Eric Mackenzie suffering a season-ending injury during the opening game against Carlton in Mandurah. The 2015 season started with two losses against the Western Bulldogs and respectively. Predictions of the season for West Coast were poor, but a shock win over preseason premiership favorites Port Adelaide lead to a 6-game winning streak, eventually ending with a loss to in Hobart. Following the defeat, West Coast returned to form with another 6 game winning streak. The Eagles would end up finishing behind local rivals in second position. West Coast had a record average winning margin of 66 points at Subiaco in 2015, with the only losses at the venue coming against and . The Eagles would go on to defeat and in the qualifying and preliminary finals by 32 and 25 points respectively to qualify for the 2015 Grand Final, their first since 2006, only to lose to Hawthorn by 46 points.
The following season would end up being a disappointment, with the team failing to produce another top 4 finish in spite of a late form reversal. In their elimination final, the heavily favoured Eagles were defeated at home by the Western Bulldogs, who would go on to claim the 2016 premiership.
The Eagles' struggles for consistency exacerbated in 2017. After an impressive 6–2 start, they suffered a three-match losing streak and would not win consecutive games for the rest of the home and away season. Facing their first season out of the finals since 2014, the Eagles stunningly claimed eighth spot after defeating minor premiers (and eventual runners-up) Adelaide by 29 points in their farewell match at Subiaco Oval in Round 23. They finished only 0.5% ahead of ninth-placed Melbourne, the smallest gap between eighth and ninth in league history. The Eagles defeated Port Adelaide by two points in an epic extra-time elimination final after Luke Shuey kicked the winning goal after the siren. However, their season was ended the following week, after Greater Western Sydney belted them by 67 points in the first semi final.
Few predicted West Coast would contend in season 2018, with most having them outside the 8. After losing the inaugural game at the new Optus Stadium against the Sydney Swans, West Coast went on to win 10 in a row to surge to top of the ladder, including defeating Hawthorn at Etihad and Richmond, the eventual minor premiers. However, injuries to star forwards Josh Kennedy and Jack Darling saw them struggle, losing 3 games in a row including to Sydney for a second time at the SCG. However they managed to rebound and stabilise. The Eagle's form at the MCG had long been criticised, and round 17 against an in-form Magpies who had won 7 of the previous matches was seen as a stern test. The match was fairly close throughout, until the Eagles got on top in the last quarter to win by a commanding 35 points. The victory was bittersweet, however, as the All-Australian ruckman Nick Naitanui went down with an ACL for the second time after his 2017 injury, putting him out for the rest of the season. In round 22 star midfielder Andrew Gaff was suspended for 8 weeks for a hit on Fremantle player Andrew Brayshaw. Following this many dismissed the Eagles, believing they were unable to win the flag. The following week there was a bright spot in a dark period, as Jeremy McGovern kicked a goal after the siren at Adelaide Oval to pinch the game from Port Adelaide, in a heartbreaking (for Port fans) repeat of the 2017 EF.
The Eagles finished the home and away season second on the ladder with 16 wins and 6 losses, the best result since 2006. The Qualifying final would be against Collingwood (who had finished 3rd) at Optus Stadium. The Pies led for most of the close, hard-fought match, before the Eagles again pulled away in the last quarter to win by 16 points. In the preliminary final the Eagles would face the red hot Melbourne Demons, who had beaten the Eagles at home in round 22, before going on to beat GWS in round 23, and then Geelong and Hawthorn in the QF and SF. What was touted as a close-fought match became a blowout, as the Eagles savaged the hapless Dees. West Coast led 10.9 69 to 0.6 6 at half time, keeping Melbourne goalless in the first half, the first time it had happened in finals in many years. Melbourne were more competitive in the second half but it was too late, as the Eagles cruised to a huge victory, winners by 66 points, 121 to 55. In the other preliminary final, Collingwood shocked and embarrassed premiership favourites Richmond, setting up a very close grand final match-up. Though they went in slight favourites, most were expecting a close Grand Final, and in front of 100,022 at the MCG, it didn't disappoint. Collingwood led for all but 5 minutes of the match, including by 29 points in the first quarter, but the resilient Eagles managed to claw their way back into the contest, however, and with just over 2 minutes to go, a brilliant play set up by a Jeremy McGovern intercept mark and a Liam Ryan speccy, saw Dom Sheed slot a goal from a tight angle to put the Eagles 4 points in front. The Eagles went on to win 79 to 74, claiming their 4th premiership from 7 grand final appearances. Luke Shuey won the Norm Smith Medal.
Despite an average start to the 2019 season, the reigning premiers established themselves as one of the teams to beat once again, losing only twice between Round 7 and Round 21. However, the Eagles failed to obtain the double chance after losing the last two matches of the home and away season, a narrow six-point loss to fellow finalist Richmond in Round 22 and a stunning 38-point upset defeat to Hawthorn in Round 23. The reigning premiers won 15 games and qualified for the 2019 finals series in fifth position; despite a dominant 55-point win over Essendon in the first elimination final, the Eagles fell well short of 2018's glorious finish, bowing out in the second week after losing to Geelong by 20 points in the first semi-final.
The 2020 AFL season was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated a three-month suspension of the season as well as a shortened fixture and the relocation of many teams to interstate hubs. The Eagles were relocated to Queensland soon after the resumption of the season and they struggled, losing three matches in a row early in the season. However, upon returning to Perth, they thrived, at one stage winning eight in a row. They finished fifth on the AFL ladder once again, winning 12 matches and losing five. The Eagles were heavily favoured to beat their 2018 grand final opponents Collingwood in the elimination final, but fell to a stunning one-point defeat to the Magpies.
The 2021 season would prove to be a difficult and disappointing one for West Coast. At the end of Round 13, the Eagles were well poised with an 8–5 record after a stirring comeback victory over reigning premiers Richmond, but would proceed to win just two of their last nine matches to close out the season. The Eagles would miss the finals for just the second time in Simpson’s eight-season tenure as senior coach, finishing ninth with a 10–12 win-loss record.
References
History
West Coast Eagles
West Coast Eagles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexia%20News
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Mexia News
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The Mexia News is an afternoon newspaper published in Mexia, Texas. In January 2009 it changed its name from The Mexia Daily News and converted its publication schedule from five days a week to three. It is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc.
References
External links
Mexia News Website
CNHI Website
Mexia Daily News
Mexia Daily News
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel%2C%20LLC
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Lionel, LLC
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Lionel, LLC is an American designer and importer of toy trains and model railroads that is headquartered in Concord, North Carolina. Its roots lie in the 1969 purchase of the Lionel product line from the Lionel Corporation by cereal conglomerate General Mills and subsequent purchase in 1986 by businessman Richard P. Kughn forming Lionel Trains, Inc. in 1986. The Martin Davis Investment Group (Wellspring) bought Lionel Trains, Inc. in 1995 and renamed it Lionel, LLC.
According to its reorganization papers filed as part of its bankruptcy plan on May 21, 2007, about 95% of the company's sales come from O gauge trains. The plan estimated that about US$70 million worth of O gauge trains are sold each year, and that Lionel accounts for about 60% of that market, making it the largest manufacturer of O gauge trains.
Lionel Eras
Early History
MPC/General Mills era (1970–1986)
Lionel Corporation sold the tooling for its then-current product line and licensed the Lionel name to General Mills in 1969, who then operated Lionel as a division of its subsidiary Model Products Corporation, or MPC, beginning in 1970. General Mills did not buy the company, however. The Lionel Corporation became a holding company and invested in a number of ventures, including what would eventually become an East Coast chain of toy stores known as "Lionel Leisure World".
Lionel struck a deal with General Mills to lease the Lionel name for ten years starting in 1970. This deal included the purchase of a portion of the Lionel tooling and as part of the agreement, production & sale of the 1969 train product line would be handled by the Lionel Corporation. The balance of the tooling was purchased on December 31, 1969. The lease was renegotiated in 1974.
Due to General Mills' cost-cutting measures, production of Lionel-branded toy and model trains returned to profitability, but sometimes at the expense of quality. Detail was often sacrificed, and most of the remaining metal parts were replaced with molded plastic. A number of MPC's changes to the product line endure to the present day, the most noticeable being the use of needlepoint axles and trucks made of Delrin, two changes made to reduce friction and allow longer trains. Also starting in 1973, MPC experimented with a line of cars it called "Standard O," which were scaled to 1:48 (most postwar Lionel and MPC production was undersize for O scale). The experiment's failure is generally blamed on MPC's lack of a 1:48 locomotive and caboose to go with the cars; when it was repeated in the 1980s with locomotives of appropriate size, it proved more successful.
An internal reorganization after 1973 caused Lionel to become part of General Mills' Fundimensions group. Although Lionel's tenure with MPC was relatively short, "MPC" is the most commonly used term for the 1970–1985 era.
In 1979, General Mills resurrected the American Flyer brand and product line, which Lionel Corporation had originally purchased in 1967 from its bankrupt competitor (The A. C. Gilbert Company of New Haven, Connecticut). American Flyer products by Gilbert made after World War II are scaled roughly to a 1:64 proportion and are known as S gauge; their most distinctive feature, however, is that they operate on two-rail track as opposed to Lionel's three-rail trackage system.
After a period of time of absence in the market, Gilbert American Flyer S gauge trains were no longer considered a direct competitor to Lionel's 1:48 proportion O gauge trains. To this day, Lionel markets American Flyer S gauge in limited quantities for the operator and collector markets.
The year 1982 brought General Mills' poorly received move of train production from the United States to Mexico. Some Lionel fans were angry simply because the trains had been made in the United States for more than 80 years, while others criticized the quality of the Mexican-produced trains. Lionel production returned to the United States by 1984. During this time, corporate offices were retained at the company's Mount Clemens (later, Chesterfield), Michigan, location.
When General Mills spun off its Kenner-Parker division in 1985, Lionel became part of Kenner-Parker. The Lionel product line was sold again in 1986, this time to toy-train collector and real estate developer Richard P. Kughn of Detroit, Michigan, who formed Lionel Trains, Inc. (LTI).
Lionel Trains, Inc./Richard Kughn era (1986–1995)
In 1986, Detroit-based real estate developer (and railroad enthusiast) Richard Kughn bought the brand and established Lionel Trains, Inc.
In 1989, Lionel, LLC made the switch from the MPC Sound of Steam to the new and improved Railsounds 1.0, heralding a new era of high-tech audio realism. Some of the engines to get this new sound system were the A6 switcher, Reading T1, and the New York Central Mohawk. In 1995, Lionel introduced the Trainmaster Command Control (TMCC) system along with the fully digital Railsounds 2.5. Engines that got this control and sound system were mostly Hudsons, like the 1995 Lionel No. 490 C&O Hudson, the 1995 Boston and Albany 618 Hudson, and the 1996 Lionel Commodore Vanderbilt. Others soon followed like the articulated engines in 1999 and 2000.
In 1991, the most popular toy train, the Santa Fe F3 was reintroduced with RailSounds. In 1992 Richard Kughn and musician Neil Young, an avid model railroader, created Liontech, chartered to develop exclusive new model train control and sound systems. Liontech's RailSounds II debuted in 1994.
In 1994, TMCC (Trainmaster Command Control), the brainchild of Neil Young, was introduced. Abbreviated as TMCC, it is a technology similar to Digital Command Control which permits, among other things, the operation of Lionel trains by remote control. This allowed collectors to walk around their layout while still being in control of their trains. It introduced new features like whistle, bell, chugging, diesel roar, electro-couplers, and the ability to turn RailSounds on or off.
Richard Kughn sold Lionel in 1995 to the Martin Davis Investment Group (Wellspring), which owned Lionel, LLC from 1995 to 2000 before giving the CEO rights to Richard Maddox.
Wellspring era (1995–present)
Lionel changed hands again in 1995, when Kughn sold controlling interest in the company to an investment group that included Neil Young and the holding company Wellspring Capital Management, which was headed by former Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western) chairman Martin Davis (he had left the board of Viacom, which bought Paramount the previous year). The new company became known as Lionel, LLC. The company continued marketing reproductions of its vintage equipment, and the trend towards producing new equipment that was ever-more-detailed continued. Young now had a 20% stake in the company.
In order to proliferate Trainmaster Command Control as a standard, Lionel licensed it to several of its competitors, including K-Line. Lionel, LLC continued to manufacture and market trains and accessories in O scale under the Lionel brand and S gauge under the American Flyer brand. While most of the American Flyer products are re-issues using old Gilbert tooling from the 1950s, the O scale equipment is a combination of new designs and reissues.
In 1996 and 1997, the Lionel Century Club was unveiled to the public. It featured the 726 Berkshire, the GG-1, the 773 Hudson, the NYC F3, and the Pennsy O-27 scale turbine. All retained their postwar look with the latest technology at the time. In 1998, Century Club II was announced and released with one of the engines being a NYC 4-8-4 Niagara with cab number No. 6024.
Also in 1997 and 1998, the Postwar Celebration Series began. This series featured postwar trains, accessories, transformers, and cars retaining postwar looks with the latest technologies. The series lasted from 1997–2011.
In 1999 and 2000, there was big demand for high-end articulated steam engines. In 1999, Lionel, LLC manufactured the first three articulated steam engines. Those three are the N&W A Class, The Allegheny, and the Big Boy, manufactured in early 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. Since 1998, Lionel has made more than 10 different types of articulated steam engines.
Lionel made a gold and platinum plated 700E hudson to celebrate their centennial in 2000. It featured Trainmaster command control, Railsounds, and Electrocouplers.
In 1999, The Texas Special was fitted with RailSounds and critics pointed out that it had the best diesel horn Lionel ever produced. The set came with a powered A-unit, a non-powered B-unit, a non-powered A-unit, two coach cars, a dome car, and an observation car. The train came in a Lionel Postwar Celebration Series box and was a TMCC engine.
In April 2000, competitor and former partner MTH Electric Trains filed a trade secret misappropriation lawsuit against Lionel, LLC, saying that one of Lionel's subcontractors had acquired plans for an MTH locomotive design and used them to design locomotives for Lionel. The suit eventually went to trial, and on June 7, 2004, a jury in Detroit, Michigan, found Lionel liable and awarded MTH US$40,775,745. Lionel announced it would appeal, and two weeks later filed for bankruptcy, citing the judgment as the main reason. On November 1, 2004, a federal judge upheld the jury's decision. On December 14, 2006, the judgment was overturned on appeal, citing legal mistakes in the jury trial, and a new trial was ordered.
In 2001, Lionel closed its last manufacturing plant in the United States, outsourcing production to Korea and China. While this move proved unpopular with some longtime fans, the backlash was minor in comparison to the failed move of production to Mexico in the 1980s. The company also licensed the Lionel name to numerous third parties, who have marketed various Lionel-branded products since 1995.
In early 2002, Lionel decided to put out fantastic models in black boxes that read "Joshua Lionel Cowen Series". The JLC Series ran from 2002–2012 as a 10-year anniversary for Lionel's first CEO and president, Joshua Lionel Cowen. It became a hit with collectors.
In 2003, Lionel made RailSounds sets for the first time under NYC and Santa Fe Railroads. In 2006, TMCC was phased out when Lionel unveiled their new "Legacy" system.
On May 27, 2004, Union Pacific Railroad sued Athearn (another manufacturer of model railroad equipment) and Lionel for trademark infringement. The railroad claimed both companies put the names and logos of UP, as well as the names and logos of various fallen flag railroads UP had acquired over the years, on their model railroad products without a license. While Athearn quickly settled and acquired a license, Lionel initially resisted, arguing that it and its predecessor companies had been using the logos for more than 50 years, and had been encouraged or even paid to do so. On September 13, 2006, Lionel and UP settled the suit for US$640,000 plus a royalty on future sales.
In September 2004, the company dismissed its CEO, Bill Bracy, and replaced him with Jerry Calabrese, a former Marvel Comics and NASCAR executive. Along with Bracy, another 17 high-level employees were also dismissed.
In July 2005, Lionel sued competitor K-Line for theft of trade secrets. The two companies settled out of court but the settlement quickly fell apart, leading to K-Line declaring bankruptcy and selling its assets to Sanda Kan, a Chinese subcontractor who did manufacturing for both K-Line and Lionel. In January 2006, Sanda Kan licensed the K-Line name and intellectual property to Lionel.
On March 27, 2008, a bankruptcy judge approved Lionel's reorganization plan, including a settlement with MTH. Although the specifics were to remain sealed, the Associated Press reported that Lionel settled with MTH for US$12 million.
The 2004 Christmas movie Polar Express, based on the children's book of the same name, provided Lionel with its first hit in years. Lionel produced a train set based on the movie, and stronger-than-anticipated demand caused highly publicized shortages. Various news stories told of a reporter's quest to locate a set, and some dealers marked the prices up above the suggested retail price of US$229. Sets turned up on eBay with buy-now prices of $449 as Lionel ordered an additional production run but said it would not be able to deliver the additional sets until March of the following year. The set remains a popular seller in the product line in 2012.
In 2006, the Lionel electric train was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame, along with the Easy-Bake Oven. It was the first time an electric toy had ever been inducted. That same year, Lionel made a bigger push to sell its train sets outside of hobby shops, selling them in stores such as FAO Schwarz, Macy's, and Target. By November 2006, the company had turned a US$760,000 profit on sales of US$55 million.
In 2009, Lionel launched a series of the most highly detailed model trains they have ever made called Visionline. The latest addition to Visionline is the GS series of steam locomotives.
In 2010, Lionel decided to remove RailSounds from train sets, using basic TrainSounds instead. In 2013, Lionel introduced "LionChief" Remote control trains to introduce wireless remote control to their starter sets. These sets feature enhanced sounds and long distance wireless control. In 2013, Lionel RailSounds sets were discontinued when Lionel unveiled the LionChief system. In 2014, Lionel revealed LionChief Plus as a new standard for their train sets.
In April 2014, Jerry Calabrese stepped down as president and CEO and was replaced by Howard Hitchcock, former senior vice president and general manager. In August of that year, Lionel moved their service center to their headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina.
In July 2016, Lionel re-entered into the HO scale market for the first time since 1990 by introducing the Polar Express in HO. In 2020, a large expansion to Lionel's HO scale lineup happened when they released a 2-8-2 Mikado and many other stock products.
In 2021, Lionel moved their main manufacturing plant from China to Vietnam.
Bankruptcy
On November 15, 2004, Lionel, LLC filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, citing the US$40 million-plus judgment in the MTH lawsuit as the primary factor. In the filing, it listed $55 million in debt and $42 million in assets. The largest secured creditor was PNC Financial Services Corp., owed $31 million. The MTH judgment was not included in the $55 million figure. On July 26, 2006, Lionel's bankruptcy judge ordered that Lionel submit a plan for emerging from bankruptcy within 75 days of the appeals court's verdict on the MTH lawsuit. On December 14, 2006, a federal appeals court determined that the company was entitled to a new trial, and that their reorganized plan should be filed by March 1, 2007.
Subsequently, on March 27, 2008 Judge Burton R. Lifland, of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in New York, approved Lionel LLC's Chapter 11 reorganization plan, clearing the way for the company to exit bankruptcy. According to Lionel chief executive Jerry Calabrese, the plan called for the company to pay all its creditors in full with interest, whilst the company itself would also obtain up to US$40 million in loans to fund its exit from Chapter 11, pay off its creditors and fund its working capital needs in the future.
In regard to the MTH lawsuit, recent filings revealed Lionel agreed to pay MTH $12 million in cash to settle the lawsuit and a separate suit involving patented smoke-puffing technology.
Lionel's Chapter 11 plan also called for private equity firm Guggenheim Partners to contribute $37.1 million to the reorganized Lionel company, which consequently would now own 48.6 percent of the new Lionel. Similarly, the plan also called for the estate of the deceased Martin S. Davis (former chairman of Gulf+Western Industries/Paramount Communications Inc.) to provide $21.9 million to Lionel, and the Davis estate would now have a 28.6 percent share in the reorganized company. Guggenheim Partners's and the Davis estate's funding totaled $59 million for the reorganization plan; they would also loan Lionel an additional $10 million in second-lien debt. As a result, Calabrese expected the company to be out of bankruptcy "within a week".
Following the reorganization plan, Young was no longer a minority shareholder in the Lionel company; however, Calabrese insisted that the company wanted him to remain involved, claiming that he would have an "ongoing role in the company", but that this role would be "up to [Neil]". The pair organized a meeting on March 28, 2008. As of 2012, Young remains an active consultant in the company's Legacy and other high-end products.
On May 1, 2008, Lionel was fully out of bankruptcy.
Collector value
Lionel trains are often sought by collectors, but the value of each piece can vary greatly. In general, older pieces tend to be more sought after due to age, rarity and nostalgia. The collector value of "modern era" Lionel trains has been limited by comparison to the trains produced by Lionel Corporation prior to 1969. As another generation grows nostalgic for this era, values may increase. As with any collectible, condition and rarity are important in assessing value. In addition, reissues and reproductions by Lionel and others have somewhat decreased the collector value and made it more difficult to authenticate vintage Lionel and American Flyer equipment. There are numerous collectors guides to help buyers make informed decisions on authenticity and value.
Currently, Lionel markets its products to several levels of skills and budget. As in the past, the higher-end, limited run products tend to retain the highest collectible value for the future. These products include the Legacy equipped steam and diesel locomotives which are accurate and highly detailed scale models. Lionel introduced the Vision Line of locomotives and cars in 2009, with the goal of providing the most innovative and detailed O gauge models available. Ready-to-run sets and cars are also offered at lower price points. These sets are in the tradition of, and many are reproductions of, the entry-level sets of the classic Lionel era. In March 2012, Lionel released the first American Flyer exclusive catalog, featuring many all-new models with advanced electronic features and increased scale compatibility.
Lionel also produces lines for children, including battery-powered G scale trains and "Little Lines" sets for children as young as four.
Lionel gauges and scales history
This shows all the scales that Lionel has been associated with for over 100 years total.
Pre-standard gauge: 1900–1906
Standard gauge: 1906–1939, 1986–1990, 1999–2002
O gauge: 1915–1941, 1946–present
OO gauge: 1938–1941
HO gauge: 1957–1967, 1974–1990, 2016–present
G scale: 1987–1995 and 2005–present
S scale: 1967 (Purchase of A.C. Gilbert American Flyer), 1979–present
List of Lionel presidents and CEOs
Lionel Corporation (1900–1995)
Joshua Lionel Cowen 1900–1945
Lawrence Cowen 1945–1959
Roy Cohn (chairman) 1959–1963
John Medaris 1959–1967
Ronald Saypol 1968–1995
Modern era (1970–present)
General Mills 1970–1986
Richard P. Kughn (CEO) 1986–1995
Art Peisner (president) 1986–1995
Martin Davis Investment Group 1995–2000
Gary Moreau 1995–1999
Richard Maddox 1999–2001
Bill Bracy 2001–2004
Jerry Calabrese 2004–2014
Howard Hitchcock 2014–present
Lionel Collectors Club of America
In 1974, the LCCA was created in Des Moines, Iowa, and 83 other charter members. The club mainly focuses on having members show an interest in Lionel trains with train meets, swap meets, and also annual conventions. In 2012, the LCCA and also the Lionel Railroaders Club (LRRC) merged but the name still resides LCCA. Before the merger, it used to be one membership for publications by LCCA and another separate membership for the annual conventions in the summer. After the merger, they changed the decision so that junior membership and regular membership can get the publications and the invitation to the annual conventions with just one membership instead of two.
Presidents
Ricky Gates (1970–1971)
Van Stockdale (1972)
Charles Seddon (1973–1976, 1994–1995)
David Stonecipher (1977)
Ernest Davis (1978–1979)
William Hourigan (1980, 1984–1985)
Larry Black (1981–1982)
Arthur Broshears (1983)
Albert Otten (1986–1987, 1992–1993, 1996–1997, 2000–2001)
Bruce Cox (1988–1989)
William Schmeelk (1990–1991)
Harry Overtoom (1998–1999)
John Fisher (2002–2003)
Eric Frogg (2004–2005)
Louis Caponi (2006–2007)
Richard Johnson (2008–2009)
Al Kolis (2010–2011, 2016–2017)
Dennis DeVito (2012–2015)
Kenneth Kelley (2018–present)
Notes
External links
http://www.lionel.com
Toy train manufacturers
Model railroad manufacturers
American companies established in 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography%20of%20Scotland%20in%20the%20Middle%20Ages
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Geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages
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The geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages covers all aspects of the land that is now Scotland, including physical and human, between the departure of the Romans in the early fifth century from what are now the southern borders of the country, to the adoption of the major aspects of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century. Scotland was defined by its physical geography, with its long coastline of inlets, islands and inland lochs, high proportion of land over 60 metres above sea level and heavy rainfall. It is divided between the Highlands and Islands and Lowland regions, which were subdivided by geological features including fault lines, mountains, hills, bogs and marshes. This made communications by land problematic and raised difficulties for political unification, but also for invading armies.
Roman occupation of what is now southern Scotland seems to have had very little impact on settlement patterns, with Iron Age hill forts and promontory forts in the south and Brochs and wheel houses in the north, continuing to be occupied in the Early Medieval period. The study of place names and archaeological evidence indicates a pattern of early Medieval settlement by the Picts, most densely around the north-east coastal plain; early Gaelic settlement was predominately in the western mainland and neighbouring islands. Anglian settlement in the south-east reached into West Lothian, and to a lesser extent into south-western Scotland. Later Norse settlement was probably most extensive in Orkney and Shetland, with lighter settlement in the Western Islands.
From the reign of David I (r. 1124–53), there is evidence of burghs, particularly on the east coast, which are the first identifiable towns in Scotland. Probably based on existing settlements, they grew in number and significance through the Medieval period. More than 50 royal burghs are known to have been established by the end of the thirteenth century and a similar number of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs were created between 1450 and 1516, acting as focal points for administration, as well as local and international trade. In the early Middle Ages the country was divided between speakers of Gaelic, Pictish, Cumbric and English. Over the next few centuries Cumbric and Pictish were gradually overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, English and Norse. From at least the reign of David I, Gaelic was replaced by French as the language of the court and nobility. In the late Middle Ages Scots, derived mainly from Old English, became the dominant language.
In the middle of this period, through a process of conquest, consolidation and treaty, the boundaries of Scotland were gradually extended from a small area under direct control of the kings of Alba in the east, to almost its modern borders. For most of the Medieval era the monarchy and court was itinerant, with Scone and Dunfermline acting as important centres and later Roxburgh, Stirling and Perth, before Edinburgh emerged as the political capital in the fourteenth century. Largely as a result of Viking raids from about 800, Iona declined as a religious centre. Despite royal attempts to establish a new religious centre at Dunkeld, it was St. Andrews on the east coast, close to the heartland of Pictish settlement, that emerged as the most important religious focus of the kingdom.
Physical
Modern Scotland is half the size of England and Wales in area, but with its many inlets, islands and inland lochs, it has roughly the same amount of coastline at 4,000 miles. Only a fifth of Scotland is less than 60 metres above sea level. Its east Atlantic position means that it has very heavy rainfall, today about 700 cm per year in the east and more than 1,000 cm in the west. This encouraged the spread of blanket peat bog, the acidity of which, combined with high levels of wind and salt spray, made most of the islands treeless. The existence of hills, mountains, quicksands and marshes made internal communication and conquest extremely difficult and may have contributed to the fragmented nature of political power. The early Middle Ages was a period of climate deterioration, with a drop in temperature and an increase in rainfall, resulting in more land becoming unproductive. This was reversed in the period c. 1150 to 1300, with warm dry summers and less severe winters allowing cultivation at much greater heights above sea level and making land more productive. In the late Middle Ages, average temperatures began to reduce again, with cooler and wetter conditions limiting the extent of arable agriculture, particularly in the Highlands.
The defining factor in the geography of Scotland is the distinction between the Highlands and Islands in the north and west and the Lowlands in the south and east. The Highlands are further divided into the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mountains by the fault line of the Great Glen. The Lowlands are divided into the fertile belt of the Central Lowlands and the higher terrain of the Southern Uplands, which included the Cheviot hills, over which the border with England came to run by the end of the period. Some of these regions were further divided by mountains, major rivers and marshes. The Central Lowland belt averages about 50 miles in width, and because it contains most of the good quality agricultural land and has easier communications, could support most of the urbanisation and elements of conventional Medieval government. The Southern Uplands, and particularly the Highlands were economically less productive and much more difficult to govern. This provided Scotland with a form of protection, as minor English incursions had to cross the difficult Southern Uplands; two major attempts at conquest by the English, under Edward I and then Edward III, were unable to penetrate the Highlands, from where potential resistance could reconquer the Lowlands. But it also made those areas problematic to govern for Scottish kings and much of the political history of the era after the wars of independence centred on attempts to resolve problems of entrenched localism.
Settlement and demography
Roman influence beyond Hadrian's Wall does not appear to have had a major impact on settlement patterns, with Iron Age hill forts and promontory forts continuing to be occupied through the early Medieval period. These often had defences of dry stone or timber laced walls, sometimes with a palisade. The large numbers of these forts has been taken to suggest peripatetic monarchies and aristocracies, moving around their domains to control and administer them. In the Northern and Western Isles the sites of Iron Age Brochs and wheel houses continued to be occupied, but were gradually replaced with less imposing cellular houses. There are a handful of major timber halls in the south, comparable to those excavated in Anglo-Saxon England and dated to the seventh century. In the areas of Scandinavian settlement in the Islands and along the coast a lack of timber meant that native materials had to be adopted for house building, often combining layers of stone with turf.
Place-name evidence suggests that the densest areas of Pictish settlement were in the north-east coastal plain: in modern Fife, Perthshire, Angus, Aberdeen and around the Moray Firth, although later Gaelic migration may have erased some Pictish names from the record. Early Gaelic settlement appears to have been in the regions of the western mainland of Scotland between Cowal and Ardnamurchan, and the adjacent islands, later extending up the West coast in the eighth century. There is place name and archaeological evidence of Anglian settlement in south-east Scotland reaching into West Lothian, and to a lesser extent into south-western Scotland. Later Norse settlement was probably most extensive in Orkney and Shetland, with lighter settlement in the Western Islands, particularly the Hebrides and on the mainland in Caithness, stretching along fertile river valleys through Sutherland and into Ross. There was also extensive settlement in Bernicia stretching into the modern borders and Lowlands.
From the reign of David I, there are records of burghs (a Germanic word for a fortress), towns that were granted certain legal privileges by the crown. Most of the burghs granted charters during David's reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England, and early burgesses were usually English or Flemish. They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements. Most of the early burghs were on the east coast. Among them were the largest and wealthiest, including Aberdeen, Berwick, Perth and Edinburgh, whose growth was facilitated by trade with the continent. In the south-west Glasgow, Ayr and Kirkcudbright benefited from the less profitable sea trade with Ireland, and to a lesser extent France and Spain. Burghs were typically surrounded by a palisade or had a castle and usually a market place, with a widened high street or junction, often marked by a mercat cross beside which were houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants. Around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I, and there is evidence of 55 by 1296. In addition to the major royal burghs, the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs; 51 were created between 1450 and 1516. Most were much smaller than their royal counterparts, and excluded from international trade they acted mainly as local markets and centres of craftsmanship.
There are almost no written sources from which to re-construct the demography of early medieval Scotland. Estimates have been made of a population of 10,000 inhabitants in Dál Riata and 80–100,000 for Pictland, which was probably the largest region. It is likely that the fifth and sixth centuries saw higher mortality rates owing to the appearance of bubonic plague, which may have reduced the net population. The examination of burial sites for this period like that at Hallowhill, St Andrews indicate a life expectancy of only 26–29. The known conditions have been taken to suggest it was a high-fertility, high-mortality society, similar to many developing countries in the modern world, with a relatively young demographic profile, and perhaps early childbearing, and large numbers of children for women. The result would have been a relatively small proportion of available workers to the number of mouths to feed, making it difficult to produce a surplus that would allow demographic growth and more complex societies to develop. From the formation of the kingdom of Alba in the tenth century, to before the Black Death reached the country in 1349, estimates based on the amount of farmable land, suggest that population may have grown from half a million to a million. Although there is no reliable documentation on the impact of the plague, there are many anecdotal references to abandoned land in the following decades. If the pattern followed that in England, then the population may have fallen to as low as half a million by the end of the 15th century. Compared with the situation after the redistribution of population in the later clearances and the Industrial Revolution, these numbers would have been relatively evenly spread over the kingdom, with roughly half living north of the Tay. Perhaps ten per cent of the population lived in one of burghs. It has been suggested that they would have had a mean population of about 2,000, but many would be much smaller than 1,000 and the largest, Edinburgh, probably had a population of more than 10,000 by the end of the era.
Language
Modern linguists divide Celtic languages into two major groups: the P-Celtic, from which the Brythonic languages – Welsh, Breton, Cornish and Cumbric derive – and the Q-Celtic, from which come the Goidelic languages – Irish, Manx and Gaelic. The Pictish language remains enigmatic, since the Picts had no written script of their own and all that survives are place names and some isolated inscriptions in Irish ogham script. Most modern linguists accept that, although the nature and unity of Pictish language is unclear, it belonged to the former group. Historical sources, as well as place-name evidence, indicate the ways in which the Pictish language in the north and Cumbric languages in the south were overlaid and replaced by Gaelic, Old English and later Norse in this period. By the High Middle Ages the majority of people within Scotland spoke the Gaelic language, then simply called Scottish, or in Latin, lingua Scotica.
In the Northern Isles the Norse language brought by Scandinavian occupiers and settlers evolved into the local Norn, which lingered until the end of the eighteenth century and Norse may also have survived as a spoken language until the sixteenth century in the Outer Hebrides. French, Flemish and particularly English became the main language of Scottish burghs, most of which were in the south and east, an area to which Anglian settlers had already brought a form of Old English. In the later part of the twelfth century, the writer Adam of Dryburgh described Lowland Lothian as "the Land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots". At least from the accession of David I, Gaelic ceased to be the main language of the royal court and was replaced by Norman French, to be followed by the Chancery, the castles of nobles and the upper order of the Church.
In the late Middle Ages, Middle Scots, often simply called English, became the dominant language of the country. It was derived largely from Old English, with the addition of elements from Gaelic and French. Although resembling the language spoken in northern England, it became a distinct dialect from the late fourteenth century. It was adopted by the ruling elite as they gradually abandoned French. By the fifteenth century it was the language of government, with acts of parliament, council records and treasurer's accounts almost all using it from the reign of James I onwards. As a result, Gaelic, once dominant north of the Tay, began a steady decline.
Political
At its foundation in the tenth century, the combined Gaelic and Pictish kingdom of Alba contained only a small proportion of modern Scotland. Even when these lands were added to in the tenth and eleventh centuries, the term "Scotia" was applied in sources only to the region between the Forth, the central Grampians and the River Spey, and only began to be used to describe all of the lands under the authority of the Scottish crown from the second half of the twelfth century. The expansion of Alba into the wider kingdom of Scotland was a gradual process combining external conquest and the suppression of occasional rebellions, with the extension of seigniorial power through the placement of effective agents of the crown. Neighbouring independent kings became subject to Alba and eventually disappeared from the records. In the ninth century the term mormaer, meaning "great steward", began to appear in the records to describe the rulers of Moray, Strathearn, Buchan, Angus and Mearns, who may have acted as "marcher lords" for the kingdom to counter the Viking threat. Later the process of consolidation is associated with the feudalism introduced by David I, which, particularly in the east and south where the crown's authority was greatest, saw the placement of lordships, often based on castles, and the creation of administrative sheriffdoms, which overlay the pattern of local thegns.
Most of the regions of what became Scotland had strong cultural and economic ties elsewhere: to England, Ireland, Scandinavian and mainland Europe. Internal communications were difficult and the country lacked an obvious geographical centre; the king kept an itinerant court, with no "capital" as such. Dunfermline emerged as a major royal centre in the reign of Malcolm III, and David I tried to build up Roxburgh as a royal centre, but in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries more charters were issued at Scone than anywhere else. Other popular locations in the early part of the era were nearby Perth, Stirling, Dunfermline and Edinburgh. In the later Middle Ages the king moved between royal castles, particularly Perth and Stirling, but also held judicial sessions throughout the kingdom; Edinburgh only began to emerge as the capital in the reign of James III, at the cost of considerable unpopularity to the king. Iona was an early religious centre, and was said to be the burial place of the kings of Alba until the end of the eleventh century, but declined as a result of Viking raids from 794. The transfer of part of the relics of St. Columba from there to Dunkeld in the mid-ninth century, closer to the centre of the kingdom and close to Scone, the ceremonial site of coronations, may have represented an attempt to develop a new religious centre, but it was St. Andrews, with its biblical cult, probably established on the east coast in the centre of their political heartland by Pictish kings as early as the eighth century, and never a major political capital or trading centre, which emerged as the centre of the Scottish church.
Until the thirteenth century the borders with England were very fluid. Northumbria and Cumbria were annexed to Scotland by David I, but lost under his grandson and successor Malcolm IV in 1157. The Treaty of York (1237) and Treaty of Perth (1266) fixed the borders of the Kingdom of the Scots with England and Norway respectively, close to the modern boundaries. The Isle of Man fell under English control in the fourteenth century, despite several attempts to restore Scottish authority. The English were able to annexe a large slice of the Lowlands under Edward III, but these losses were gradually regained, particularly while England was preoccupied with the Wars of the Roses (1455–85). In 1468 the last great acquisition of Scottish territory occurred when James III married Margaret of Denmark, receiving the Orkney Islands and the Shetland Islands in payment of her dowry. In 1482, Berwick, a border fortress and the largest port in Medieval Scotland, fell to the English once again, for what was to be the final change of hands. The only uncertain area was the small region of the Debatable Lands at the south-west end of the border, which would be divided by a French-mediated commission in 1552.
Notes
Geographic history of Scotland
Medieval Scotland
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20560709
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Graves
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Jason Graves
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Jason Graves is an American television, film, and video game music composer. His works include the musical scores for Dead Space, Alpha Protocol, Tomb Raider, The Order: 1886, Until Dawn, Evolve, Dungeon Siege and Far Cry Primal.
Video games
References
External links
Jason Graves on Twitter
21st-century American composers
American male composers
Place of birth missing (living people)
American music arrangers
Living people
Video game composers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American male musicians
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51095731
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Sol%C3%ADs%20%28bishop%29
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Francisco Solís (bishop)
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Francisco Solís was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Drivasto (?–1540).
Biography
Francisco Solís served as Bishop of Drivasto until 1540. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Juan de Zumárraga, Bishop of México (1533).
References
16th-century Albanian Roman Catholic bishops
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47745641
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarrie%20Woodfield
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Clarrie Woodfield
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Clarence Hector Woodfield (9 April 1901 – 14 April 1968) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon and South Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
1901 births
1968 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Essendon Football Club players
Sydney Swans players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy%20Makhynya
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Yuriy Makhynya
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Yuriy Oleksandrovych Makhynya (born 1 January 1961) is a retired Ukrainian professional footballer.
Honours
Soviet Top League champion: 1981.
Soviet Top League runner-up: 1982.
Soviet Cup winner: 1988 (played in the early stages of the 1987/88 tournament for FC Metalist Kharkiv).
USSR Federation Cup finalist: 1987.
1961 births
Living people
Soviet footballers
Soviet expatriate footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Czechoslovakia
Soviet Top League players
FC Bukovyna Chernivtsi players
FC Dynamo Kyiv players
FC Metalist Kharkiv players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Kremin Kremenchuk players
Association football defenders
Soviet expatriate sportspeople in Czechoslovakia
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56692016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxus%20G10
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Maxus G10
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The Maxus G10 van is a large luxury MPV or minivan launched on the Chinese car market in April 2014. Price ranges from CN¥133,800 to 269,800 (US$21,076 to 42,498).
Overview
The Maxus G10 is the second car under the Maxus brand following the Maxus V80 van, which is a sub-brand owned by the Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC). The Maxus G10 is available in 7 colors: Gem Blue, Blanc White, Amber Gold, Aurora Silver, Lava Ash, Champagne Gold, and Obsidian Black. It is available in 7, 9, and 10 seat configurations.
In Malaysia, the Maxus G10 was launched in April 2016 with two variants: Luxury and Sport. An SE variant was launched a year later in June 2017. All variants of the Maxus G10 in Malaysia is powered by a 2.0 litre turbocharged direct injection petrol engine capable of producing 225 hp at 5,500 rpm and 345 Nm at 4,000 rpm.
Maxus EG10 electric van
The Maxus EG10 electric van was based on the Maxus G10 van and was launched on the Chinese car market in early 2016 with the benefits of green-car subsidies from the Chinese government. With a range of only 150 kilometers, the electric EG10 is powered by an electric motor with an output of 204hp and 800nm of torque.
Gallery
References
External links
https://www.ldvautomotive.com.au/vehicles/ldv-g10-people-mover/
https://www.ldvautomotive.com.au/vehicles/ldv-g10-executive-people-mover/
G10
Minivans
Production electric cars
Cars introduced in 2014
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
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20989290
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jankowy
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Jankowy
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Jankowy () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baranów, within Kępno County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately east of Baranów, east of Kępno, and south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
References
Villages in Kępno County
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35252793
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Debts%20Act%201541
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Crown Debts Act 1541
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The Crown Debts Act 1541 (33 Hen 8 c 39) was an Act of the Parliament of England, which introduced the concept of crown debt in English law, i.e. that the crown has priority for its debts before all other creditors.
The whole Act was repealed by section 152(4) of, and Schedule 7 to, the Supreme Court Act 1981.
References
Halsbury's Statutes,
Acts of the Parliament of England (1485–1603)
1541 in law
1541 in England
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1523673
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesu%20%28album%29
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Jesu (album)
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Jesu is the first full-length album by British experimental music band Jesu, released through Hydra Head Records on 8 December 2004. Unlike the Heart Ache EP, where Justin Broadrick executed all instrumentation himself, this release features Ted Parsons on drums, Diarmuid Dalton on bass, and a guest appearance by Paul Neville on guitar on the track "Man/Woman". The album was released in Japan by Daymare Recordings and contains two additional instrumental remixes on a bonus disc. In February 2005, a double vinyl picture disc set was released by Hydra Head, limited to 1000 copies. The picture disc pressing contains an alternate, cleaner mix than the CD or standard LP editions.
Track listing
Personnel
Jesu
Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, bass, programming
Ted Parsons – drums, percussion
Diarmuid Dalton – bass ("Your Path to Divinity", "Tired of Me", "We All Faulter", "Guardian Angel")
Paul Neville – guitar ("Man/Woman")
Technical personnel
Justin K. Broadrick – production, photography
Lars Klokkerhaug, Lars Sorensen – engineering
Aaron Turner – design, layout
Release history
References
Jesu (band) albums
Albums produced by Justin Broadrick
2004 debut albums
Industrial albums by British artists
Hydra Head Records albums
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22667010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasinotus
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Thomasinotus
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Thomasinotus is an extinct genus of small prehistoric ray-finned fish that lived in the Induan age of the Early Triassic epoch in what is now Madagascar. It belongs to the early neopterygian family Parasemionotidae together with Albertonia, Candelarialepis, Icarealcyon, Jacobulus, Lehmanotus, Parasemionotus, Qingshania, Stensioenotus, Suius, and Watsonulus.
See also
Prehistoric fish
List of prehistoric bony fish
References
Parasemionotiformes
Early Triassic fish
Prehistoric animals of Madagascar
Fossil taxa described in 1952
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27503994
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle%20%28season%202%29
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Castle (season 2)
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The second season of American crime-comedy-drama television series Castle was ordered on May 15, 2009, by ABC. The season aired from September 21, 2009, to May 17, 2010. The second season was originally renewed with an order of 13 episodes, but a few weeks after the season premiere, on October 20, 2009, ABC ordered a full season increasing the episode count to 24 episodes.
Overview
Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding a copy-cat murder based on one of his novels. He is intrigued by this new window into crime and murder, and uses his connection with the mayor to charm his way into shadowing Detective Kate Beckett (Katic). Castle decides to use Beckett as his muse for Nikki Heat, the main character of his next book series. Beckett, an avid reader of Castle's books, initially disapproves of having Castle shadow her work, but later warms up and recognizes Castle as a useful resource in her team's investigations.
Cast
Main cast
Nathan Fillion as Richard Castle
Stana Katic as Dt. Kate Beckett
Jon Huertas as Dt. Javier Esposito
Seamus Dever as Dt. Kevin Ryan
Tamala Jones as Dr. Lanie Parish
Ruben Santiago-Hudson as Captain Roy Montgomery
Molly C. Quinn as Alexis Castle
Susan Sullivan as Martha Rodgers
Recurring cast
Arye Gross as Sidney Perlmutter
Juliana Dever as Jenny
Michael Trucco as Detective Tom Demming
Guest cast
Dana Delany as Special Agent Jordan Shaw
Diana Maria Riva as Detective Roselyn Karpowski
Phil LaMarr as Dr. Holloway
Leonard Roberts as Special Agent Jason Avery
Danny Nucci as Gilbert Mazzara
John Brantley Cole Jr. as Officer Clayton Lee
Stephen J. Cannell as Himself
Michael Connelly as Himself
Scott Paulin as Jim Beckett
Episodes
DVD release
Awards and nominations
References
2010 American television seasons
2011 American television seasons
Season 2
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5695629
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory%20Bell%20%28Cincinnati%E2%80%93Miami%29
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Victory Bell (Cincinnati–Miami)
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The Miami–Cincinnati Victory Bell is the trophy awarded to the winner of the American college football rivalry game played by the Cincinnati Bearcats football team of the University of Cincinnati and the Miami RedHawks football team of Miami University. The Victory Bell is the oldest current non-conference college football rivalry in the United States (though the teams were briefly conference rivals in the late 1940s and early 1950s).
Historical background
As part of the agreement for the Symmes Purchase, John Cleves Symmes was instructed by the federal government to reserve a township for the creation of a university. Initially, land had been set aside in Cincinnati, but after a revision of the purchase, Symmes erroneously believed the requirement for a university was no longer necessary so the original plot was sold to settlers. Finally, on March 3, 1803, two days after Ohio attained statehood, Congress granted one complete township to be located in the District of Cincinnati under direction of the Ohio Legislature; if no township within the Symmes Purchase were offered in five years, then a township from federal lands was granted the State of Ohio to be held in trust for the establishment of a college. No township was offered, since no unentered township remained between the two Miami rivers. Miami University was finally founded in 1809, although construction was halted for many years. Interested in higher education did not decline in Cincinnati, with the foundation of the Cincinnati College in 1819, which would later become part of the University of Cincinnati. Delays during the War of 1812 even saw residents of Cincinnati try—and fail—to move Miami to the city in 1822 and to divert its income to the foundation of another college in Cincinnati.
Beyond this foundational rivalry, many early faculty would serve at both universities. Famously William Holmes McGuffey joined the faculty of Miami in 1826, and began his work on the McGuffey Readers while in Oxford. McGuffey resigned in 1836 and became the President of the Cincinnati College, where he urged parents not to send their children to Miami noting, "[Miami would be] where it was more likely they would be made into Drunkards and Gamblers than good Scholars."
Series history
The Bearcats and RedHawks square off each fall for the famed Victory Bell. The first game in the series, played on December 8, 1888, in Oxford, Ohio, was the first college football game played in the state of Ohio. The original bell hung in Miami's Harrison Hall (Old Main) near the site of the first game and was used to ring in Miami victories. The traveling trophy tradition began in the 1890s when some Cincinnati fans "borrowed" the bell. The bell went to the winner of the annual game for the next forty years until it mysteriously disappeared in the 1930s. The original bell reappeared in 1946 and was on display in the lobby of Miami's Murstein Alumni Center for years. The current trophy is a replica of the original bell and is kept in the possession of the winning team each year. One side of the bell is painted black with white numbers showing Cincinnati's victories, while the other side is white with red numbers showing Miami's victories. Ties are indicated on the top of the red yoke in white numbers.
Given the proximity of the schools and many enrollees from the Greater Cincinnati area, from 1909 to 1970 the game was exclusively played at Cincinnati's Nippert Stadium, rather than hosting in the more rural Oxford. From 1912 to 1960 the game took place over Thanksgiving Weekend, making the Victory Bell a featured part of Thanksgiving traditions for fans of both schools. Cincinnati students and fans alike would go on an annual "Pajama Parade" through downtown Cincinnati the night prior to each Victory Bell contest.
The Miami–Cincinnati series ranks fifth on the list of most-played rivalries in college football and is the oldest Division I rivalry west of the Allegheny Mountains. After the 2010–2014 NCAA conference realignment led to the end of several historic rivalries, it is now the most-played currently active rivalry involving schools from the same state, and also holds the same distinction among inter-conference rivalries. Of the more than thirty college football rivalries that include at least 89 games, none is older than Miami vs. Cincinnati.
The two schools also have strong coaching histories, especially Miami's Cradle of Coaches. Four men have been head coaches at both schools: Amos Foster, George Little, Sid Gillman, and George Blackburn.
Miami and Cincinnati extended the rivalry series through 2029, committing to preserving one of the oldest and longest played games in college football. The Victory Bell will be hosted at Paul Brown Stadium in 2018, 2022, and 2026 as a part of the renewed contract. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Mid-American Conference postponed fall sports in August 2020, canceling that year's edition of the Victory Bell game.
Notable games
November 23, 1923: The Bearcats would go on to beat Miami 23–0. The significance of this match-up would come a month later, when Cincinnati player James Gamble "Jimmy" Nippert on would die from blood poisoning, due to a spike wound sustained during the game. James N. Gamble of Procter & Gamble, donated the required funds to complete the stadium. A locker room and training (medical) facility was added as part of the renovation for the safety of players.
November 25, 1950: In a clash of future coaching legends, Miami and Woody Hayes took on Cincinnati and former Miami head coach Sid Gillman for the MAC Championship title in the midst of a snowstorm. The Redskins ended up being too much for the Bearcats and would take the game 28–0 as well as the conference crown. Miami would go on to win the Salad Bowl against Arizona State 34–21. Additionally, this game took place on the same day as the Snow Bowl between Michigan and Ohio State. Ohio State's loss to Michigan led to the Buckeyes to hire Woody Hayes away from Miami.
November 23, 1968: Determined to hand Miami a loss, Cincinnati had a potent offense led by QB Greg Cook and WR/K Jim O'Brien. Climbing back from a 21–6 deficit, a forty-seven-yard field goal by O'Brien with three seconds remaining in the fourth quarter would win the Bearcats the bell 23–21. This was Bo Schembechler's last game before he left to coach at the University of Michigan. Cincinnati Bengals founder Paul Brown was in attendance and concluded to draft Cook based on his performance in the game.
September 27, 2003: The 3–0 Bearcats headed to Oxford to take on Ben Roethlisberger and the RedHawks. Miami jumped to a huge lead, with Roethlisberger passing for 377 yards. The Bearcats mounted a furious comeback, scoring three times in the final eight minutes, but Miami's lead was too much and they would win 42–37.
September 16, 2017: It was Homecoming at Miami, and the RedHawk faithful were hopeful they could finally end Cincinnati's winning streak with the Bearcats now led by then first-year coach Luke Fickell. Miami was leading 17–6 with 4:45 left in the game until the Bearcats mounted an unthinkable comeback, scoring 15 unanswered points in the final 2:52 minutes. The win was sealed when Malik Clements intercepted Gus Ragland for a 14-yard pick-six. The Bearcat would escape, winning 21–17.
September 4, 2021: After the 2020 meeting between the two schools was cancelled the teams resumed their rivalry and for the first time in the series was each others first game of the season. The Bearcats picked up right where they left off and continued to win, Desmond Ridder hit Tyler Scott with an 81-yard bomb 45 seconds into the game, The Bearcats scored the first 42 points of the game and led all the way to a 49-14 win at Nippert Stadium
Game results
Source
Wins by venue
See also
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
List of most-played college football series in NCAA Division I
References
College football rivalry trophies in the United States
Miami RedHawks football
Cincinnati Bearcats football
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20longest-serving%20members%20of%20the%20Parliament%20of%20Australia
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List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia
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This article lists the longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia.
Longest total service
This section lists members of parliament who have served for a cumulative total of at least 30 years.
All these periods of service were spent in one House exclusively. A number of people have served in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, but none of them to date has had an aggregate length of service to the Parliament reaching 30 years.
No woman yet appears on this list. Bronwyn Bishop served in the Australian parliament longer than any other woman, in October 2014 outstripping the record of 27 years and 119 days previously held by Kathy Sullivan. At the end of her term at the 2 July 2016 double dissolution, Bishop had served for 28 years and 274 days.
†= Died in office
Chronological list
This section lists the members of parliament (and of each chamber) with the longest continuous service at any given time. The longest-serving MPs in each chamber are sometimes referred to as the "Father of the House" and "Father of the Senate", and very rarely the overall longest-serving MP is called the "Father of the Parliament".
House of Representatives Practice describes the title "Father of the House" as a "completely informal designation" with "no functions attached to it".
Odgers' Australian Senate Practice notes that the title "Father of the Senate" is "now seldom referred to or used". It further notes that "as no woman senator has ever been in this situation, it is not clear what the title would be in that circumstance".
Longest-serving members by state and territory
See also
List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service
List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress
Members of the Malaysian Parliament who have served for at least 30 years
Members of the New Zealand Parliament who have served for at least 30 years
Records of members of the Oireachtas (Ireland)
Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom
References
Australia
Longest
Australia
Longest
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290070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy%20Alliance
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Holy Alliance
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The Holy Alliance (; , Svyashchennyy soyuz; also called the Grand Alliance) was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. It was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor (Tsar) Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe in the wake of the devastating French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars, and it nominally succeeded in this until the Crimean War. Otto von Bismarck managed to reunite the Holy Alliance following the unification of Germany in 1871, but the alliance again faltered by the 1880s over Austrian and Russian conflicts of interest over the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
Establishment
Ostensibly, the alliance was formed to instill the divine right of kings and Christian values in European political life, as pursued by Alexander I under the influence of his spiritual adviser Baroness Barbara von Krüdener. It was written by the Tsar and edited by Ioannis Kapodistrias and Alexandru Sturdza. Under the treaty European rulers would agree to govern as "branches" of the Christian community and offer mutual service. In the first draft Tsar Alexander I made appeals to mysticism through a proposed unified Christian empire that was seen as disconcerting by the other monarchies. Following revision, a more pragmatic version of the alliance was adopted by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The document was called "an apocalypse of diplomacy" by French diplomat Dominique-Georges-Frédéric Dufour de Pradt.
The agreement was at first secret, and mistrusted by liberals though liberalism was effectively restrained in this political culture until the Revolutions of 1848.
About three months after the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs of Catholic (Austria), Protestant (Prussia), and Orthodox (Russia) confession promised to act on the basis of "justice, love, and peace", both in internal and foreign affairs, for "consolidating human institutions and remedying their imperfections".
The Alliance was quickly rejected by the United Kingdom (though George IV declared consent in his capacity as King of Hanover), the Papal States, and the Ottoman Empire. Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, called it "a piece of sublime mysticism and nonsense". Nonetheless, Britain participated in the Concert of Europe.
Organization
In practice, the Austrian state chancellor and foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich made it a bastion against democracy, revolution, and secularism, as did Russia in its Congress Poland and Prussia in Posen. The monarchs in the Alliance used it to suppress revolutionary influence (especially from the French Revolution) from entering their own nations.
The Alliance is usually associated with the later Quadruple and Quintuple Alliances, which included the United Kingdom and (from 1818) France with the aim of upholding the European peace settlement and balance of power in the Concert of Europe concluded at the Congress of Vienna. On 29 September 1818, Alexander, Emperor Francis I of Austria and King Frederick William III of Prussia met with the Duke of Wellington, Viscount Castlereagh and the Duc de Richelieu at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle to demand stern measures against university "demagogues", which would be realized in the Carlsbad Decrees of the following year. At the Congress of Troppau in 1820 and the succeeding Congress of Laibach in 1821, Metternich tried to align his allies in the suppression of the Carbonari revolt against King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. The Quintuple Alliance met for the last time at the Congress of Verona in 1822 to advise against the Greek Revolution and to resolve upon the French invasion of Spain.
The last meetings had revealed the rising antagonism with Britain and France, especially on Italian unification, the right to self-determination, and the Eastern Question. The Alliance is conventionally taken to have become defunct with Alexander's death in 1825. France ultimately went her separate way following the July Revolution of 1830, leaving the core of Austria, Prussia, and Russia as a Central-Eastern European block which once again congregated to suppress the Revolutions of 1848. The Austro-Russian alliance finally broke up in the Crimean War. Though Russia had helped to suppress the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Austria did not take any action to support her ally, declared herself neutral, and even occupied the Wallachian and Moldavian lands on the Danube upon the Russian retreat in 1854. Thereafter, Austria remained isolated, which added to the loss of her leading role in the German states, culminating in her defeat during the Austro-Prussian War in 1866.
See also
Biedermeier
Second League of Armed Neutrality
Unholy alliance (geopolitical)
Vormärz
The Two Georges, which features a Franco-Spanish dynastic union called the Holy Alliance
References
Further reading
Fischer-Galati, Stephen A. "The Nature and Immediate Origins of the Treaty of Holy Alliance." History 38.132 (1953): 27-39. online
Knapton, E.J. "The Origins of the Treaty of Holy Alliance." History 26.102 (1941): 132-140. online
The Holy Alliance Treaty text
Late modern Europe
19th-century military alliances
1815 in international relations
Military alliances involving Austria
Military alliances involving Prussia
Military alliances involving Russia
Austrian Empire
19th century in Prussia
19th century in the Russian Empire
19th century in Germany
Treaties of the Austrian Empire
Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
Treaties of the Russian Empire
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39742216
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpalus%20nyassicus
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Harpalus nyassicus
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Harpalus nyassicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Basilewsky in 1946.
References
nyassicus
Beetles described in 1946
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15663203
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20South%20Carolina
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1958 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina
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The 1958 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 4, 1958, to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina. The primary election in the 2nd congressional district was held on June 10. All six incumbents were re-elected and the composition of the state delegation remained solely Democratic.
1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district, in office since 1951, defeated E.B. Linder in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.
Democratic primary
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert W. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1957, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.
General election results
|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-
See also
United States House of Representatives elections, 1958
South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1958
South Carolina's congressional districts
References
1958
South Carolina
United States House of Representatives
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27397209
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence%20Children%27s%20Museum
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Providence Children's Museum
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The Providence Children's Museum is a non-profit children's museum in Providence, Rhode Island. The museum is located at 100 South Street in the city's Jewelry District.
In 1976, the museum was founded as the "Rhode Island Children's Museum", the first and currently the only children's museum in the state. Originally, the Pawtucket Congregational Church leased its Pitcher-Goff House to the museum, and the building was renovated with exhibits, play spaces, and activities for children and opened in 1977. In 1997 the museum was renamed the "Providence Children's Museum" and opened its new South Street facility in Providence.
See also
List of museums in Rhode Island
References
GPS visualizer website
External links
Providence Children's Museum Official Website
Museums in Providence, Rhode Island
Museums established in 1976
Children's museums in Rhode Island
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18630903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage%20Plaza
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Hermitage Plaza
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Hermitage Plaza was a project consisting of a podium and 6 buildings, including two towers, proposed by Hermitage Group for the Paris-La Défense business district. If completed beyond 2027, the two tall towers with 86 and 85 floors would be the tallest buildings in the European Union.
Concept
Hermitage Plaza was a mixed-use project at the entrance of Europe's biggest central business district — La Défense in Paris — and is situated across the Seine River from the residential district of Neuilly-Paris. It would bring together programs of luxury serviced apartments, a 5-Star palace hotel, class-A offices, high-end retail, and the public and entertainment space. Placed along Paris' historical axis, linking the Louvre Palace, and its crystal pyramid, to the Arc de Triomphe and the Grande Arche of La Défense, Hermitage Plaza would be visible from every corner of the capital.
The shape of the Hermitage Plaza would be divided into two distinct volumes. The genesis of this design is the will to create optimum permeability of the site at ground level whilst maximizing the views from each of the two towers, as well as preserving views from the neighboring buildings.
The design incorporates a number of distinguishing features such as:
The principal load-bearing columns are up to 8 meters apart, as opposed to the more conventional 6 meters found in contemporary tower structures.
An entirely automated pantograph system will be used to open the windows, allowing direct natural air circulation in the rooms, which is a real innovation for skyscrapers.
The technical rooms, usually placed on the roof, have been inserted in strategic floors (so that the pool's underlying structure would not diminish ceiling heights on any inhabitable floors) in order to provide breath-taking terraces and views to the top-floor luxury penthouses.
The triple-glazed façade grid framework is 1.75m wide, thus replacing commonly used 1.35m.
The project inscribed itself within the Paris-La Défense renewal plan, initiated and driven by the EPADESA (local planning authorities).
History of the project
The project was managed by Emin Iskenderov, a Russian property developer. The project was revealed by Norman Foster, on 11 March 2009 at the MIPIM (real estate show for professionals) which took place in Cannes, France. Hermitage Group had originally proposed a different design, by Jacques Ferrier, which was running for the Tour Signal contest. The Tour Signal contest was won by Jean Nouvel's project but Hermitage Group tried to have its towers built anyway. This was possible because Tour Signal's location was free and Ferrier's project was not planned to be at the same location as Nouvel's from the beginning. However Hermitage Group and Ferrier were soon at odds over undisclosed points and Ferrier left the project; Hermitage then announced it would order a new design from Norman Foster, which became the currently known one.
The Hermitage Plaza would be sited over the riverfront end of Les Damiers, a residential estate of four Brutalist towers constructed in 1976; three sections closest to the riverfront, the Anjou and Bretagne towers and Infra lowrise, are slated to be demolished to make way for the project. Hermitage SAS had claimed to have secured the financing of the project. On 04 January 2022 the project had been canceled because the local public establishment Paris La Défense has not approved the construction of the project.
References
External links
Proposed buildings and structures in France
Twin towers
Proposed skyscrapers
Skyscraper office buildings in France
Proposed skyscrapers in France
Skyscrapers in France
Skyscraper hotels
Residential skyscrapers
Retail buildings in France
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33174252
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularity%20theorem
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Regularity theorem
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In mathematics, regularity theorem may refer to:
Almgren regularity theorem
Elliptic regularity
Harish-Chandra's regularity theorem
Regularity theorem for Lebesgue measure
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44750188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Holmberg
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Marcel Holmberg
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Marcel Holmberg (October 27, 1981, Santiago, Chile) ICA Chartered Architect, founder of MAARC Studio, previously director and founder of PWD Architecture China.
Career
Marcel Holmberg founded MAARC Studio in 2009, now based in Berlin, he oversees the design of all projects in Europe, Asia and South America.
Previously worked with german architects Ole Scheeren in Berlin / Beijing and with Eike Becker in Berlin.
In China he founded and led his own office; PWD Architecture, designing and building a series of mixed use projects. Later collaborating with french office AREP architecture in the design of Transport Oriented Developments across China.
In Chile, he collaborated with architects Marco Polidura, Iñaki Volante and Javier Bize on diverse typologies and participated as a permanent assistant teacher for university workshops.
Personal Background
Descendant of a Swedish-German family from the south of Chile, grew up and spent his formative years in Oakland, California and later in Santiago, Chile. After obtaining his Masters in Architecture he relocated to Beijing.
He is currently residing in Berlin.
References
External links
MAARC
Chilean architects
1981 births
Living people
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57475746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown%20Ponca%20City%20Historic%20District
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Downtown Ponca City Historic District
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The Downtown Ponca City Historic District is a area of historic buildings in Ponca City, Oklahoma. The historic district is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.
The listing included 109 contributing buildings and 33 non-contributing ones.
It includes the City Hall in Ponca City, Poncan Theatre, a Department Store building, Royal Theater, several commercial buildings including the newspaper building, and the Savage Motor Company Building.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Kay County, Oklahoma
Mission Revival architecture in Oklahoma
Early Commercial architecture in the United States
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10658226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusi%20Runo
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Uusi Runo
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Uusi Runo is a 1943 poetry collection by Finnish poet Aaro Hellaakoski.
The title meaning "new poem" - was written during the Continuation War at night following Helaakoski's absence from writing in the 1930s.
Extract
External links and sources
1943 poetry books
Finnish poetry collections
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22096766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhombodera%20megaera
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Rhombodera megaera
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Rhombodera megaera is a species of praying mantises in the family Mantidae, found in China and Thailand.
Description
R. megaera is one of the largest species in the genus Rhombodera. The underside of the thorax is red.
See also
List of mantis genera and species
References
M
Mantodea of Asia
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1447885
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Facial
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Multi-Facial
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Multi-Facial is a 1995 American short drama film written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel. The film stars Diesel as a multiracial actor and depicts the professional and emotional issues he faces. Multi-Facial was noticed by Steven Spielberg, who would cast Diesel in Saving Private Ryan (1998). It was released on DVD in 1999.
Plot
Mike, a struggling actor with a tattooed arm, auditions for a role as an Italian man. He delivers a profanity-laced anecdote in an Italian accent, about getting into a fight with another man in a restaurant for looking at his girlfriend. The anecdote ends with Mike saying that he discovered the man was a homosexual, so he beat up his girlfriend instead, and is surprised that she doesn't call him anymore. The casting director expresses interest and has Mike speak Italian before telling him they'll get back to him. When the director asks Mike where the monologue came from, Mike says that it's a true story that happened to his friend. Outside, Mike calls his manager without an Italian accent. He complains about the monologue, which wasn't a true story, saying it was offensive and worries that it will keep him from getting the job. He wipes the fake tattoo off his arm and goes to his next audition.
At an audition for a commercial, Mike meets a black actor in the waiting room and the two of them talk about their careers. Mike tells the actor about the audition he just left, and again complains that he thought his monologue was offensive. The actor tells Mike he has just landed a role in an international commercial, but Mike says he doesn't want to do commercials because no great actors have had to do commercials. Before he can audition, the director tells Mike that his skin is "a little too light" and not to bother auditioning. He suggests Mike audition for a Spanish role in a soap opera instead.
Mike goes to another audition and reads with a Cuban accent alongside a Hispanic actress. The two of them are portraying an argument, but when the actress launches into Spanish, Mike is unable to continue. As they leave the audition, the actress guesses correctly that Mike doesn't speak Spanish. She suggests that he try out for a soap opera which is looking for Hispanic actors, but Mike says he doesn't want to do soaps because no great actors have ever done them. Mike attends another audition, where the woman reading with him tells him that she really thinks he could do well. Mike does the reading with her in a heavy urban accent, but the casting directors cut the audition short, saying they're looking for more of a "Wesley type".
Mike moves on to another audition, where they are expecting him from a previous audition. The casting director sees on his resume that Mike can rap; Mike launches into a hip-hop routine. Afterwards, Mike sits down and does a monologue about being a young man watching his father on stage in a performance of Raisin in the Sun. During his father's performance, Mike came to believe that his father wanted him to be a great black actor. After his father died, Mike realized that his father wanted him to be a great actor full stop. When the monologue is finished, the casting director is impressed with Mike's performance, but admits that they are supposed to be casting an actor with dreadlocks. Mike leaves with a promise that they will contact him if they can cast him instead.
The film cuts to Mike sitting silently and angrily at a booth in a diner. He can overhear an actress talking to another man about how frustrated she is to be typecast as a blonde bimbo. When the waitress comes, the actress orders coffee that's "not too light, not too dark". Mike chuckles to himself and mouths the words "not too light, not too dark".
Production
Multi-Facial was written, directed, produced, and scored by Vin Diesel. The film is semi-autobiographical, drawing on Diesel's own frustration trying to find work as an actor of mixed ethnicity. In the early 1990s, Diesel returned from Los Angeles to New York, frustrated with his failures in Hollywood. His mother gave him a copy of Feature Films at Used Car Prices, a book about producing low-budget movies. Diesel said that he found the book "truly empowering" and it motivated him to make his own movies.
Diesel wrote a script for a feature film called Strays, but as an unknown, he was unable to secure financing for it. He decided to produce a short film instead and wrote the script for Multi-Facial in one night. He shot it over the course of three days for three thousand dollars. He also wrote and performed music for the film. However, he became disillusioned by the response to the film and stopped work on it. With encouragement from his stepfather, he finished the final edit and screened the film at the Anthology Film Archives in Manhattan. He received a strong response, and the film was accepted for the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. The film was screened to standing-room only crowds.
Impact on Diesel's career
At age 27, Diesel "would drive around [Los Angeles] with VHS copies of [the film] in the trunk just in case [he] bumped into someone who could help [him] with [his] dreams". Upon seeing Morgan Freeman outside a Four Seasons hotel, he approached Freeman and handed him a copy of the film. In 1997, Steven Spielberg saw Strays (having already been impressed with Diesel's performance in Multi-Facial) and wrote a role into Saving Private Ryan specifically for Diesel as a result, giving him his first major film role.
References
External links
Multi-Facial film review at Allwatchers.com
1995 films
1995 short films
American short films
American films
Films about race and ethnicity
Films directed by Vin Diesel
American independent films
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24398203
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd%20Bengal%20Native%20Infantry
|
33rd Bengal Native Infantry
|
The 33rd Bengal Native Infantry could refer to:
4th Prince Albert Victor's Rajputs in 1824
33rd Punjabis in 1861
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2346545
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Park%20Barracks%2C%20London
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Hyde Park Barracks, London
|
The Hyde Park Barracks are in Knightsbridge in central London, on the southern edge of Hyde Park. They were often known as Knightsbridge Barracks and this name is still sometimes used informally. The barracks are from Buckingham Palace, enabling the officers and soldiers of the Household Cavalry to be available to respond speedily to any emergency at the Palace, practice drills at Horse Guards Parade or beyond and conduct other more ceremonial duties.
History
Its first buildings were constructed for the Horse Guards in 1795, and a riding school and stables designed by Philip Hardwick were added in 1857. These were replaced with new ones designed by Thomas Henry Wyatt on which construction started in 1878 and was completed in May 1880.
These were in turn demolished to make way for modernist buildings by Sir Basil Spence, completed in 1970. It was built to accommodate 23 officers, 60 warrant officers and non-commissioned officers, 431 rank and file, and 273 horses. The most prominent feature is a 33-storey, residential tower, which is one of the two most prominent modern buildings as seen from Hyde Park along with the London Hilton on Park Lane. It was built by Sir Robert McAlpine between 1967 and 1970.
The barracks are the base for the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, which is horsed and carries out mounted (and some dismounted) ceremonial duties on state and royal occasions in London. These duties include the provision of a Sovereign's Escort, most commonly seen at the present Queen's Birthday Parade (Trooping the Colour) in June each year. Other occasions include important ceremonies that take place during state visits by visiting heads of state, or whenever required by the British monarch. The regiment also mounts the Queen's Life Guard at Horse Guards, which consists of one squadron from each regiment.
Reception
The building has been described by the magazine, Country Life, as "dramatically modern and uncompromising", but many people have viewed it less favourably; it was voted number eight in a Country Life poll of Britain's "top ten eyesores". Lord St John of Fawsley remarked that "Basil Spence's barracks in Hyde Park ruined that park; in fact, he has the distinction of having ruined two parks, because of his Home Office building, which towers above St. James's Park".
Critic A. A. Gill described the Barracks as the ugliest building in London, and said that Spence "managed to construct vertical bomb damage out of horizontal bomb damage."
Critics may not have considered the remit placed on the architect to provide quarters and mess facilities for over 500 soldiers, flats for 120 families and stabling for over 270 horses with the provision of an adequate parade ground so that an entire parade of mounted soldiers could practise together. 'I did not want this to be a mimsy-pimsy building', Spence is reported as saying. 'It is for soldiers. On horses. In armour'. He also felt that a tower would cut out less light to the park than a slab block, and would block fewer upper-storey views of the Royal Park from buildings to the south.
In 2015 the C20 charity which campaigns for the preservation of architectural heritage applied to have the building listed. Their bid was endorsed by Historic England, but was rejected by Culture minister Tracey Crouch.
Based units
The following notable units are based at Hyde Park Barracks.
British Army
Household Cavalry
Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment
References
External links
Knightsbridge Barracks at the Survey of London
Installations of the British Army
Skyscrapers in the City of Westminster
National government buildings in London
Barracks in London
Basil Spence buildings
Brutalist architecture in London
Buildings and structures completed in 1970
Household Cavalry
Knightsbridge
20th-century architecture in the United Kingdom
1970 establishments in England
Residential skyscrapers in London
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38927578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Pierson
|
Julia Pierson
|
Julia Ann Pierson (born July 21, 1959) is an American former law enforcement official. She served as the 23rd Director of the United States Secret Service. Pierson became director on March 27, 2013. Amid a series of security lapses involving the agency, Pierson resigned on October 1, 2014.
Early life and education
Pierson is a native of Orlando, Florida. While in high school, she worked at Walt Disney World as a parking lot attendant, watercraft attendant, and in costume in Disney parades.
She was an Explorer in the Learning for Life program of the Boy Scouts of America in a post specializing in law enforcement chartered to the Orlando Police Department. She was the 1978 National Law Enforcement Exploring Youth Representative, leading the Law Enforcement Exploring division, and was selected as the National Law Enforcement Exploring chair.
She attended the University of Central Florida, graduating in 1980 with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.
Career
Following graduation, Pierson served three years in the Orlando Police Department (OPD), patrolling the northeastern section of Orlando. She was one of the first female OPD officers assigned to a beat. She joined the United States Secret Service in 1983 as a special agent. She served in the Miami Field Office from 1983 to 1985, and the Orlando Field Office from 1985 to 1988. From 1988 to 2000, she served on the presidential protective details (PPDs) of Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Between 2000 and 2001, Pierson held the position of special agent in charge of the Office of Protective Operations, and then as deputy assistant director of the Office of Administration from 2001 to 2005. From 2005 to 2006 she served as deputy assistant director of the Office of Protective Operations. From 2006 to 2008 Pierson served as assistant director of the Office of Human Resources and Training. In 2008 Pierson received the Presidential Meritorious Executive Rank Award. From 2008 to her appointment as director in 2013, Pierson served as the chief of staff to the director.
Pierson was appointed by President Barack Obama on March 27, 2013, and became the first woman to head the agency. Pierson was already the agency's highest-ranking woman before being promoted to director. She was tasked with improving the image of the Secret Service, following the Summit of the Americas prostitution scandal. On September 30, 2014, while testifying at a United States House of Representatives hearing, Pierson faced Congressional criticism over the 2014 White House intrusion. On October 1, 2014, Secretary of Homeland Security Jeh Johnson accepted her resignation as director.
References
External links
1959 births
Directors of the United States Secret Service
Living people
People from Orlando, Florida
United States Department of Homeland Security officials
United States Secret Service agents
University of Central Florida alumni
Obama administration personnel
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27206886
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia%20Bar%C3%B3n
|
Colonia Barón
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Colonia Barón is a town in the Quemú Quemú Department of La Pampa Province in Argentina.
References
External links
Populated places in La Pampa Province
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57260058
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipocinae
|
Epipocinae
|
Epipocinae is a subfamily of handsome fungus beetles in the family Endomychidae. There are at least 4 genera and more than 40 described species in Epipocinae.
Genera
These four genera belong to the subfamily Epipocinae:
Anidrytus Gerstaecker, 1858
Ephebus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836
Epipocus Germar, 1843
Epopterus Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836
References
Further reading
Endomychidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
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7000559
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar%20Solos%202
|
Guitar Solos 2
|
Guitar Solos 2 is the second in a series of three albums of improvised guitar solos by various musicians. It was released in the United Kingdom by Caroline Records in 1976, and consists of two guitar solos by Fred Frith, three by Derek Bailey, three by Hans Reichel and one by G. F. Fitzgerald. Frith coordinated and produced the series, which began with his 1974 debut solo album, Guitar Solos.
The two Frith tracks on this album were later included in the 1991 CD reissue of Frith's, Guitar Solos.
Reception
In a review of Guitar Solos 2, and the next album in this series, Guitar Solos 3, Tony Coulter wrote that "[t]raditional guitar playing is most definitely not the focus of these two LPs." He called these compilations by Frith "an indispensable introduction to the world of freely improvising guitarists." Coulter added that these albums emphasize extended technique and showcase these guitarists at their best.
Track listing
Personnel
Fred Frith – guitar
G. F. Fitzgerald – guitar
Hans Reichel – guitar
Derek Bailey – guitar
References
External links
1976 albums
Experimental music albums
Free improvisation albums
Caroline Records albums
Albums produced by Fred Frith
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9009201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper%20Scioto%20Valley%20High%20School
|
Upper Scioto Valley High School
|
Upper Scioto Valley High School is a school in McGuffey, Ohio in the United States. It is part of the Upper Scioto Valley Local School District.
The district serves students from the villages of Alger, McGuffey and Roundhead, as well as Roundhead Township, Marion Township, McDonald Township and parts of other townships in southwest Hardin County, Ohio.
The school came about in 1964 as a result of a consolidation of Roundhead, Alger and McGuffey-McDonald schools. The school originally planned to call itself Scioto Valley, but that name was already in use by a school in Pike County. As the school is located near the headwaters of the Scioto River, the name Upper Scioto Valley was adopted.
The nickname, Rams, comes from the initials of the three schools which consolidated (Roundhead, Alger, McGuffey-McDonald) to form Upper Scioto Valley. The school's colors - red, black and white - were also taken, one each, from the schools from which USV was formed. The Alger Eagles wore red and gray, McGuffey Rockets wore garnet and black, and Roundhead Indians wore blue and white.
Upper Scioto Valley HS holds the distinction as the first high school in Ohio to win boys' and girls' state basketball championships in the same season. The teams accomplished this feat in 1994. Delphos St. John's (in 2002) and Maria Stein Marion Local (in 2003) are the only two other schools in Ohio to accomplish this.
Upper Scioto Valley's Fight Song is sung to the tune "Anchors Aweigh."
Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships
Boys basketball – 1994
Girls basketball – 1993, 1994
References
External links
District Website
High schools in Hardin County, Ohio
Public high schools in Ohio
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28540222
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Fury%2C%20Agent%20of%20S.H.I.E.L.D.%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (disambiguation)
|
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. is a name used to refer to the character of Nick Fury while working for S.H.I.E.L.D., it can also refer to:
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (comics), several comics
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (comic book), a Marvel Comics title featuring the character
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (feature), original Strange Tales feature for the title
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (1968 series), first ongoing series for the character
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (1989 series), second ongoing series for the character
Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (comic strip), Marvel Comics strip featuring the character
Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (film), the 1998 TV-movie based on the comic
See also
List of S.H.I.E.L.D. members
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36217776
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubana%2C%20West%20Virginia
|
Cubana, West Virginia
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Cubana is an unincorporated community in Randolph County, West Virginia, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in Randolph County, West Virginia
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29018261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghal
|
Aghal
|
Aghal () is a town in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It is located at 33°43'9N 70°47'34E with an altitude of 2086 metres (6847 feet).
References
Populated places in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
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61559743
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malheur%20City%2C%20Oregon
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Malheur City, Oregon
|
Malheur City is a ghost town in Baker County, Oregon, United States, situated along Willow Creek. The town was established in 1863 after miners struck gold in the nearby El Dorado mine. Originally located in Baker County, Malheur City became part of Malheur County after the county's formation in 1887. The town became unpopulated around 1911 after mining operations slowed in the area. On August 16, 1957, a brushfire burned all of the town's remaining wooden structures, leaving only stone foundations.
References
Former populated places in Malheur County, Oregon
Ghost towns in Oregon
Populated places established in 1863
1863 establishments in Oregon
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17978030
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball%20at%20the%202002%20Asian%20Games
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Volleyball at the 2002 Asian Games
|
Volleyball was one of the many sports which was held at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea. All matches played at the Gijang Gymnasium.
Schedule
Medalists
Medal table
Draw
The men were drawn into two groups of five and four teams, the women were played in round robin format. The teams were seeded based on their final ranking at the 2001 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship.
Pool A
(Host)
(5)
Pool B
(3)
(4)
Final standing
Men
Women
References
Men's Results
Women's Results
External links
Official website
2002 Asian Games events
Asian Games
2002
2002 Asian Games
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64677553
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian%20Cox
|
Vivian Cox
|
Vivian Cox (1915-2009) was a British film producer and writer, and school teacher. He worked for Rank Studios between 1959 and 1967. Between 1960 and 1976 he produced the stage shows supporting the Royal Command Film Performance. From 1967 to 1975 he taught at Cranleigh.
Select Films
So Long at the Fair (1950)
Tread Softly (1952)
Father Brown (1954)
The Prisoner (1955)
Tears for Simon (1956)
House of Secrets (1956)
Bachelor of Hearts (1958)
We Joined the Navy (1962)
References
External links
Vivian Cox at IMDb
Telegraph obituary (subscription required)
1915 births
2009 deaths
British film producers
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67263561
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Campos%20%28golfer%29
|
Rafael Campos (golfer)
|
Rafael Campos (born April 15, 1988) is a Puerto Rican professional golfer who currently plays on the PGA Tour.
Early life
Campos was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico and started playing golf at age 9.
Professional career
Campos turned professional in 2011 and the following year finished third on the Tour de las Américas Order of Merit. In 2015 he finished third on the PGA Tour Latinoamérica Order of Merit, allowing him to become a Web.com Tour member in 2016. He finished 111th on the Web.com Tour money list in 2016 and did not retain membership.
In March 2017, playing on a sponsor exemption, he tied for 10th at the Puerto Rico Open on the PGA Tour. This allowed him to compete in the following week's Shell Houston Open, where he finished 7th. In May he played the Web.com Tour's Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship on a sponsor exemption and tied for third; a tie for 11th at the following event gave him Special Temporary Membership on the Web.com Tour, and he finished the season 57th on the money list, giving him full membership for 2018.
In 2018, Campos finished runner-up at the Panama Championship, 2 shots behind Scott Langley.
In January 2019, Campos claimed his first professional victory at The Bahamas Great Abaco Classic on the Web.com Tour. He was the first Puerto Rican to win on the Web.com Tour. He finished 18th on the regular-season points list and earned a PGA Tour card for the 2019–20 season.
Campos played in nine events on the PGA Tour in 2019–20 before a back injury caused him to miss the rest of the season (including missing the Puerto Rico Open for the first time since its inception in 2008). Due to the adjustments to PGA Tour eligibility as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, he was able to retain membership in 2020–21 without having to rely on a medical extension.
In February 2021, Campos recorded his best finish on the PGA Tour with a tie for 3rd at the Puerto Rico Open. He had held a share of the lead after 54 holes. A few weeks later, Campos was in contention to win again at the Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship. He eventually finished tied for 2nd, one shot behind Joel Dahmen.
Professional wins (1)
Korn Ferry Tour wins (1)
See also
2019 Korn Ferry Tour Finals graduates
References
External links
Puerto Rican male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Olympic golfers of Puerto Rico
Golfers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Sportspeople from San Juan, Puerto Rico
1988 births
Living people
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24163267
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Penc
|
Jan Penc
|
Jan Penc (born 31 January 1982) is a professional Czech football
player, who most recently played for FC Oberlausitz Neugersdorf
References
Jan Penc at Footballdatabase
Jan Penc at Fupa
1982 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Czech First League players
1. FK Příbram players
FC Vysočina Jihlava players
FK Bohemians Prague (Střížkov) players
Association football defenders
FC Oberlausitz Neugersdorf players
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1320506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Station%20%28New%20Haven%29
|
Union Station (New Haven)
|
Union Station, also known as New Haven Railroad Station or simply New Haven, is the main railroad passenger station in New Haven, Connecticut. It is the third such station in the city of New Haven, preceded by both an 1848 built station in a different location, and an 1879 built station near the current station's location. Designed by noted American architect Cass Gilbert, the present beaux-arts Union Station was completed and opened in 1920 after the previous Union Station (which was located at the foot of Meadow Street, near the site of the current Union Station parking garage) was destroyed by fire. It served the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad for the next five decades, but fell into decline following World War II along with the United States railroad industry as a whole.
The New Haven Railroad went bankrupt in 1961, and the station was transferred to the Penn Central Transportation Company along with the rest of the New Haven Railroad on January 1, 1969. Penn Central itself went bankrupt the next year, and the station building was closed in 1973 to cut costs, leaving only the under-track 'subway' open for passengers. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 1975, but it was almost demolished before being saved by the Northeast Corridor Improvement Project in 1979, which began work to rehabilitate the station building. Reopened after extensive renovations in early 1985, it is now the most important transportation hub in New Haven. In the 21st century, it is the busiest train station in the state of Connecticut by passengers served, as well as one of the most used stations of Amtrak's entire network.
The property is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as New Haven Railroad Station. Its significance is partly as an example of the work of Cass Gilbert, who also designed the Woolworth Building in New York and the U.S. Supreme Court Building. The restored building features interior limestone walls, ornate ceilings, chandeliers and striking stainless steel ceilings in the tunnels to the trains. The large waiting room is thirty-five feet high and features models of NYNH&HRR trains on the benches.
Located at the intersection of the Northeast Corridor and the New Haven–Springfield Line, the station serves a variety of train services, including Amtrak, CT Rail, Metro-North, and Shore Line East.
History
The current Union Station is the third such station to exist in New Haven; the first station, designed by Henry Austin, was opened in 1848 by the New York and New Haven Railroad. It was replaced by a new station in a different part of the city in 1879, under the auspices of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. This station served passengers in the city until it burned down in May 1918. In 1920, the New Haven Railroad opened the present station near the site of the previous station.
Decline
Following the Second World War, railroads faced increasing competition from airlines and automobiles, and passenger train service declined. The New Haven Railroad, majority owner of the station, began to neglect the station's maintenance due to its own financial troubles. In 1973, the station was purchased from New Haven Railroad successor Penn Central by the Connecticut Department of Transportation. That same year, the station building was closed to passengers as a means of reducing expenses, leaving only the station platforms and the connecting tunnels in use.
Revival
In 1982, the city of New Haven and the New Haven Parking Authority signed an agreement with the state of Connecticut to rehabilitate and reopen the station, along with improvements such as building a parking garage. A $28 million rehabilitation project began on March 28, 1983, with a combination of state and federal funding. Restoration included repairing the station's marble furnishings, repairing the large globe lights that hung from the ceiling, cleaning the walls and ceiling, and repairing and installing new wooden benches. With rehabilitation complete, the station building reopened to passengers in 1985. Since then, the station has been operated by the New Haven Parking Authority, while the station has been leased to the city of New Haven by the state government.
Current service
Amtrak
Amtrak runs frequent service through Union Station along the electrified Northeast Corridor rail line. Most Amtrak trains are trains or trains operating between and Boston.
trains run to Springfield, Massachusetts via and trains travel along the same route but continue on to , Massachusetts. Some of these trains connect with Northeast Regional trains; other Northeast Regionals run through to Springfield from New York or vice versa. These through trains must change locomotives at New Haven, as the track north to Springfield is not electrified, unlike the Northeast Corridor. The locomotive change is from a Siemens ACS-64 for the electrified territory to a General Electric P40DC or P42DC for the non-electrified territory, or vice versa. Prior to 2000, when the Northeast Corridor was electrified all the way to Boston, all trains continuing north of Union Station had to change from diesel to electric power.
Additionally, the provides through service from Washington, D.C. beyond Springfield to , Vermont. At New Haven, the Vermonter also has a P42DC diesel-electric locomotive added to the train.
Amtrak operates a yard on the west side of the tracks, next to the station building.
Because of United Airlines code sharing on select Amtrak trains between Union Station and its hub at Newark Liberty International Airport in the New York City area, Union Station is assigned the IATA airport code of ZVE.
New Haven Union Station is the busiest Amtrak station in Connecticut. The station is the tenth busiest Amtrak station in the country, boarding or detraining nearly two thousand passengers daily.
In March 2020, Vermonter service north of the station was suspended indefinitely as part of a reduced service plan due to the coronavirus pandemic. The Vermonter resumed its normal service on July 19, 2021.
Metro-North
Metro-North Railroad operates its New Haven Line from Union Station to Grand Central Terminal in New York City. The service is well patronized by commuters, despite the travel time of about two hours. Shore Line East and Metro-North work together on schedules to provide quick transfers of trains for commuters traveling from the Shoreline to Grand Central Terminal or .
Metro-North operates New Haven Yard on the east side of the tracks, opposite Amtrak's yard. Work is done here, as well as the storing of train cars and locomotives. Smaller yards are located in Bridgeport and Stamford.
A select number of trains start or end their run two minutes to the east at .
CTrail
Two rail services run by the Connecticut Department of Transportation under the CTrail brand are based at New Haven. Shore Line East runs between New Haven and on the Northeast Corridor, with limited peak-hour service west of New Haven. The Hartford Line runs between New Haven and on the New Haven–Springfield Line. Service launched on June 16, 2018.
On April 20, 2020, the station became the indefinite western terminus for Shore Line East service, running on a limited schedule due to the coronavirus pandemic.
Buses and shuttles
CTtransit's New Haven Division provides bus service to the station on four routes. One is a free shuttle that connects Union Station to downtown and the New Haven Green for connections to the remainder of the CTTransit New Haven routes, only running on weekdays. Route 271 on the Kimberly Avenue route to Savin Rock and Milford also serves the station. Route 272 serves Union Station from downtown New Haven via South Church Street and returns to downtown New Haven. Route 278 is the Commuter Connection only on afternoon times connecting Shore Line East.
Other providers at Union Station are Greyhound, Megabus, Peter Pan, and the Yale University Shuttle.
Station layout
The station has four high-level island platforms, which are used for service in both directions. The New Haven Line has nine tracks at the station. The northern platform is adjacent to Tracks 1 and 3 is usually served by Amtrak and can accommodate 8-car trains. The second platform from the north, adjacent to Tracks 2 and 4, is usually served by Amtrak and is 9 cars long. The second platform from the south is adjacent to Tracks 8 and 10, served by Metro-North, Shore Line East, and the Hartford Line, and can fit 7-car trains. The southern platform is adjacent to Tracks 12 and 14, usually serves Metro-North and Shore Line East, and can accommodate 8-car trains. Track 6, not adjacent to any platform in the center of the station, is used only by through trains or idling Shore Line East consists. There are no tracks 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13.
All tracks are connected by the stainless-steel tunnel with elevators and staircases leading onto the platforms, as well as escalators, a staircase, and an elevator leading to the tunnel itself. In 2015, LCD displays replaced a mechanical split-flap display departure board made by Solari di Udine. The split-flap display was donated to the Danbury Railway Museum in Danbury, Connecticut, to eventually be put on display.
On either side of the station, the Northeast Corridor merges into four tracks.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New Haven, Connecticut
References
External links
Hartford Line – New Haven Union Station
Shore Line East – Union Station, New Haven
Station Building from Union Avenue from Google Maps Street View
New Haven (NHV)--Great American Stations (Amtrak)
All of the following are filed under Vicinity of Union Avenue and/or Cedar & Lamberton Streets, New Haven, New Haven County, CT:
New Haven
New Haven
New Haven Union
New Haven Union
Stations on the Northeast Corridor
New Haven
Buildings and structures in New Haven, Connecticut
Railroad stations in New Haven County, Connecticut
Transportation in New Haven, Connecticut
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
New Haven
Historic American Engineering Record in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New Haven, Connecticut
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1920
Cass Gilbert buildings
Transit centers in the United States
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51118614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru
|
Dru
|
Dru may refer to:
People
Andrew Dru Castro (born 1976), American Grammy Award-winning recording engineer, producer and songwriter
Dru Drury (1724–1803), British entomologist
Dru C. Gladney, American anthropologist
Dru Sjodin (1981–2003), American murder victim
(born 1987), French trampolinist
Joanne Dru (1922–1996), American actress
Dru Down (born 1973), stage name of American rapper and actor Danyle Robinson (born 1969)
Dru (singer), Canadian singer-songwriter Andrew Grange
Dru Samia (born 1997), American football player
DRU
Danish Rugby Union, the governing body for rugby union in Denmark
DRU Superliga, the highest tier of the national rugby union competition in Denmark
Design Research Unit, one of the first generation of British design consultancies
Direct Reporting Unit, an agency of the United States Department of the Air Force
In geography
Aiguille du Dru, also known as the Dru, a mountain in the French Alps
Dru Rock, Antarctica, an island
Other uses
Drucilla Dru Winters, a former character on the American soap opera The Young and the Restless
dru, ISO 639-3 code for the Rukai language of Taiwan
Dru, character and Gru’s twin brother in the film Despicable Me 3
Drusilla 'Dru' Blackthorn, from 'The Shadowhunter Chronicles'
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58866156
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Andr%C3%A9%20canta%20De%20Andr%C3%A9
|
De André canta De André
|
De André canta De André - Cristiano De André Live ["DeA sings DeA"] is a live tribute album by Cristiano De André, consisting of updated covers and remakes of songs written (or co-written) and originally performed by his late father Fabrizio De André, recorded during Cristiano's 2009-2010 tour of Italy (originally started on the tenth anniversary of Fabrizio's passing) and released as a CD+DVD bundle. Similarly to De André Senior's 1979-1980 release In Concerto - Arrangiamenti PFM, it was followed by a Volume 2 in 2010, recorded during the same shows and released in the same 2-disc format.
In 2017, Cristiano De André released a Vol. 3 as a follow-up to the first two releases, including twelve new covers and remakes.
Track listing
De André canta De André
"Mégu megún" (Fabrizio De André/Ivano Fossati [lyrics]; F. De André/Mauro Pagani [music])
"'Â çímma" (F. De André/Fossati [lyrics]; F. De André/Pagani [music])
"Ho visto Nina volare" (F. De Andrè/Fossati)
"Se ti tagliassero a pezzetti" (F. De André/Massimo Bubola)
"Smisurata preghiera" (F. De André/Fossati; based on poems by Álvaro Mutis)
"Verranno a chiederti del nostro amore" (F. De André/Giuseppe Bentivoglio [lyrics]; F. De André/Nicola Piovani [music])
"Amico fragile" (F. De André)
"La canzone di Marinella" (F. De André)
"Quello che non ho" (F. De André/Bubola)
"Fiume Sand Creek" (F. De André/Bubola)
"Il pescatore" (F. De André [lyrics]; Gian Piero Reverberi/Franco Zauli [music])
All songs originally recorded and performed by Fabrizio De André.
Tracks 1 and 2 originally released on Le nuvole
Tracks 3 and 5 originally released on Anime salve
Tracks 4, 9 and 10 originally released on Fabrizio De André (1981), also known as L'Indiano
Track 6 originally released on Storia di un impiegato
Track 7 originally released on Volume 8
Track 8 originally released on Volume 1
Track 11 originally released as a standalone single in 1970
All songs arranged by Luciano Luisi, except for "Mégu megún", originally arranged by Mauro Pagani; "Ho visto Nina volare", originally arranged by Piero Milesi; "Amico fragile", "La canzone di Marinella" and "Il pescatore", originally arranged by PFM.
De André canta De André, Vol. 2
"Anime salve" (F. De André/Fossati)
"Nella mia ora di libertà" (F. De André/Bentivoglio [lyrics], F. De André/Piovani [music])
"Don Raffaè" (F. De André/Bubola [lyrics]; F. De André/Pagani [music])
"Cose che dimentico" (F. De André/Carlo Facchini [lyrics]; C. De André [music])
"Â duménega" (F De Andrè [lyrics]; Pagani [music])
Medley: "Andrea" (F. De André/Bubola)/"La cattiva strada" (F. De André/Francesco De Gregori)/"Un giudice" (F. De André/Bentivoglio/Edgar Lee Masters [lyrics], F. De André/Piovani [music])
"La collina" (F. De André/Bentivoglio/Masters [lyrics], F. De André/Piovani [music]) + Reprise (F. De André/Piovani)
"Crêuza de mä" (F. De André [lyrics]; Pagani/F. De André [music])
"Bocca di Rosa" (F. De André lyrics; F. De André/Reverberi [music])
"La canzone dell'amore perduto" (F. De André [lyrics]; F. De André/Georg Philipp Telemann [music])
All songs originally recorded and performed by Fabrizio De André, except "Cose che dimentico", originally performed by Fabrizio and Cristiano De Andrè.
Track 1 originally released on Anime salve
Track 2 originally released on Storia di un impiegato
Track 3 originally released on Le nuvole
Track 4 originally recorded in 1998, first released in 2005 on the collection In direzione ostinata e contraria
Tracks 5 and 8 originally released on Crêuza de mä
Track 6: previously unreleased medley of songs originally released on Rimini (6a), Volume 8 (6b) and Non al denaro non all'amore né al cielo (6c)
Track 7: previously unreleased medley of songs originally released on Non al denaro non all'amore né al cielo
Track 9 originally released on Volume 1
Track 10 originally released on Canzoni
All songs arranged by Luciano Luisi, except "Nella mia ora di libertà" and "Â duménega", arranged by Cristiano De André & Luciano Luisi.
Notturno dell'Amistade DVD
"Disamistade" (F. De André/Fossati)
"Franziska" (F. De André/Bubola)
"Valzer per un amore (Valzer campestre)" (F. De André [lyrics]; Gino Marinuzzi [music])
Track 1 originally released on Anime salve
Track 2 originally released on Fabrizio De André (1981)
Track 3 originally released on Canzoni
Tracks 1 and 3 arranged by Markus Stockhausen; track 2 arranged by Malasangre.
Overview
All songs were newly arranged by keyboardist, programmer and composer Luciano Luisi in a rock/hard rock style, with hints of prog rock and electronica. Described by Luisi on the documentary video Filming Around Tour, on the bonus DVD bundled with the original 2009 release, as "a cross between rock, metal, power pop and Emerson, Lake & Palmer", the new arrangements were, according to Luisi and Cristiano De André, a way to distance De André Junior's live performances from his father's studio and live recordings (which Luisi views as sacred and untouchable), while at the same time bringing them closer to Cristiano's own sensitivity. All songs feature a prominent electric guitar, heavily distorted and often processed, played by Osvaldo Di Dio, as well as Luisi's vintage-sounding keyboards and synths. The only exceptions are a 3-song, fully acoustic medley on the second volume, and "La canzone dell'amore perduto", at the end of the same volume, performed by De André Jr. on piano, backed by a soft guitar accompaniment by Di Dio and a double bass part by Davide Pezzin. PFM's influential 1979 arrangements (originally released on Fabrizio De André in Concerto - Arrangiamenti PFM) for "Amico fragile", "La canzone di Marinella" and "Il pescatore" were reproduced almost verbatim, although Di Dio's guitar is still more prominent in the new versions than Franco Mussida's in the 1979 ones.
Bonus DVDs
Filming Around Tour
Filming Around Tour (a deliberately ungrammatical portmanteau of "Filming around" and "Around (the) tour", meant as "About the tour"), is a short (37 minutes) documentary film, by filmmaker Daniele Pignatelli, about the making of the tour. It includes excerpts from behind-the-scenes interviews with Cristiano De André and the band, as well as full live performances of "'Â çimma", "Se ti tagliassero a pezzetti", "Amico fragile" and "Fiume Sand Creek".
At the start of the film, De André Jr. describes the tour as a "passing of the baton" from his father to himself, and, at the end, he states that he always felt his father's presence on stage.
Talking about the songs from Crêuza de mä, Le nuvole and Anime salve written in Genoese dialect, Cristiano admits that he had a hard time learning all the words and their correct pronunciations, as he had never sung in Genoese before backing his father on his 1997-1998 Anime salve tour (his final one). He also states that De André Sr. had a habit of wrongly pronouncing the German surname 'Kreutzer' (mostly referring either to classical musician Rodolphe Kreutzer or to Beethoven's Violin Sonata No. 9, popularly known as "Kreutzer Sonata" and dedicated to him) in a similar way to the Genoese word crêuza, and that the song "Crêuza de mä", which Cristiano included in the tour setlist, ended up being regularly referred to by all the band members, including himself, as "Kreutzer del mar", using the correct pronunciation of "Kreutzer" - i.e. "Kròiza".
In an interview clip, Cristiano reveals the truth behind some of the nastiest, most cynical lines in "Amico fragile" ["Frail friend"], one of Fabrizio De André's best-known songs, and about its disconnected, stream-of-consciousness-like structure. The germ of the song was born during a summer evening which the De André family spent in their rural house in Sardinia with a group of friends; after dinner, everybody got drunk and Fabrizio was forced to sing in spite of him not wanting to. In his intoxicated state, he improvised a bawdy song where he exposed all of his friends' defects and vices. After they had left, he retreated into the same garage where Cristiano is filming the interview, and wrote the whole of "Amico fragile" right away. The interview clip starts with Cristiano singing the first line of the song while performing its intricate accompaniment on acoustic guitar, displaying his prowess on the instrument; the film then cuts to his full onstage live performance of the same song, after which Cristiano talks about it.
Notturno dell'Amistade
Notturno dell'Amistade [literally "Nocturne of Friendship", from Sardinian], recorded live on 3 July 2010 at the medieval Castello Pallavicino in Varano de' Melegari, is a 3-song excerpt from a longer show performed by Cristiano De André with various guest artists as a benefit concert for Dori Ghezzi's charity organization Fondazione Fabrizio De André. The show included orchestrated and re-arranged versions of songs by Fabrizio De André, performed by all the guests.
"Disamistade" is arranged by trumpeter and composer Markus Stockhausen and performed by the local chamber orchestra Vianiner Philarmoniker with the Cappella Farnesiana choir. It features a new introduction for brass and strings and an expanded orchestration for strings and choir, also including improvised flugelhorn parts by Stockhausen.
"Franziska" features Spanish female quartet Malasangre (literally "Bad Blood", formed by sisters Maria, Marta and Pilar Robles with their cousin Pilar Crespo) and a radical flamenco-style re-arrangement by Malasangre themselves. It is played much faster than Fabrizio De André's original recording on L'Indiano, features prominent nylon-string guitars and is partly sung in Spanish. During the instrumental interludes between verses, the Robles sisters dance on their own.
"Valzer per un amore (Valzer campestre)" features a jazz-oriented orchestral arrangement and a trumpet part by Markus Stockhausen, as well as an excerpt from Dmitri Shostakovich's popular "Waltz 2", taken from his 1956 Suite for Variety Orchestra. A very similar arrangement, including a shorter Shostakovich excerpt, was adopted for the same song by British arranger and conductor Geoff Westley, on his 2011 tribute album Sogno n° 1.
Personnel
Musicians
Cristiano De André - Acoustic guitar, 12-string guitar, violin, electric violin, piano, bouzouki, lead vocals
Luciano Luisi - Keyboards, synthesizers, programming, backing vocals
Osvaldo Di Dio - Electric, acoustic and classical guitars, backing vocals
Davide Pezzin - Bass guitar, double bass
Davide De Vito - Drums
Musicians on Notturno dell'Amistade
Cristiano De André - Classical guitar, lead vocals
Markus Stockhausen - Trumpet, flugelhorn
Vianiner Philarmoniker Orchestra, conducted by Giancarlo Guarino
Cappella Farnesiana Choir, conducted by Antonello Aleotti
Malasangre - Classical guitars and vocals on "Franziska"
Production
Produced by Luciano Luisi and Cristiano De André
Arrangements - Luciano Luisi (except as noted above)
Executive producer - Filippo Raspanti for MT Opera & Blue's
Recorded by Giancarlo Pierozzi
Mixed by Paolo Iafelice and Giancarlo Pierozzi at Noise Factory Studios, Milan
Mix assistant - Davide Tessari
Mastered by Claudio Giussani at Nautilus Studio, Milan
Tour production
Audio and lighting suppliers - Milano Music Service
Live production manager - Giovanni "Riccio" Colucci
FOH engineer - Giancarlo Pierozzi
Monitors engineer - Vincenzo "Cina" Cinone
PA engineer - Alessandro Sbruzzi
Lighting designer - Massimiliano Camporeale
Stage managers - Massimo Delle Molle, Gianmaria Ofredi
Lighting technicians - Martino Fusi, Emanuele Ciani
Truck driver - Luca Ceschi
Production manager - Luca Gnudi
Director - Pepi Morgia
Artwork
Art direction and design - Stefano "Steo" Zacchi for Showbiz Design, Bologna (www.steo.biz)
Cover photo - Desirée Sapia
Additional photos - Guido Harari, Patrizia Andreozzi, Valeria Fioranti, Marta Mandelli, Marco Tomacelli
Tour poster design on CD back cover - Guido Harari
Wardrobe - Costume Nacional
Filming Around Tour
A film by Daniele Pignatelli
Camera - Giovanni Bonatelli, Francesca Gasperini, Ronald Gomez, Massimiliano Navarra, Federico Salsano, Simone Serra, Daniele Pignatelli
Cinematographer - Daniele Pignatelli
Post-production - Art3fatti
Audio mixing - Sing Sing Studio
Produced by Marco Mandelli and Daniele Pignatelli
Executive producer - Marco Mandelli
Editor and director - Daniele Pignatelli
With the contribution of Mortaroli & Friends
Special thanks to all the musicians, the sound engineers, the tour technicians for their kindness, producers Michele Torpedine and Bruno Sconocchia, Pepi Morgia, Luvi De André, Dori Ghezzi, Fabrizio De André Foundation... and of course to Cristiano and Fabrizio De André.
Notturno dell'Amistade
Produced by Cristiano De André
Recorded live and mixed by Giancarlo Pierozzi
Executive producer - Filippo Raspanti for MT Opera & Blue's
Production company - Run Multimedia s.r.l., Lucrezia De Moli
Film editing - Enrico Tomei
Special thanks to Fabrizio De André Foundation for the video images
Notes
References
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39121863
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshaal%20Al-Mutairi
|
Meshaal Al-Mutairi
|
Meshaal Al-Mutairi (born 6 April 1984) is a Saudi Arabian football player.
External links
Meshaal Al-Mutairi at slstat.com
1984 births
Living people
Saudi Arabian footballers
Al-Nassr FC players
Al-Faisaly FC players
Al-Riyadh SC players
Al-Shoulla FC players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Professional League players
Association football defenders
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23085618
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee%20funds
|
Employee funds
|
Employee funds (), sometimes referred to as Wage Earner funds, is a socialist version of SWFs whereby the Swedish government taxed a proportion of company profits and put into special funds charged to buy shares in listed Swedish companies, with the goal of gradually transferring companies from private to collective employee ownership. The funds were controlled by representatives by Swedish trade unions.
History
The idea was launched in the 1970s, with Rudolf Meidner playing a leading role in developing the idea, and they were in place 1982–1991. Throughout their existence, they caused much political controversy. Proponents described them as an attempt to increase the power of labour over Swedish companies, and opponents described it as large step towards socialism.
They were introduced following the Social Democrat victory in the 1982 Swedish general election and accumulated funds until the 1991 Swedish general election where the Social Democrat lost for the first time since 1982, when the effort was abolished. While the accumulated wealth was transferred to two holding vehicles named Atle and Bure. Both vehicles were subsequently listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange. On October 4, 1983, an anti-employee funds demonstration in Stockholm gathered between 80,000 and 100,000 participants. It was the largest political protest - in terms of numbers mobilised - to take place in Sweden, from the liberal and right wing political block.
Subsequent Social Democrat victories, such as the one in 1994, did not lead to their reintroduction, as leading members of the party found the whole debate surrounding these funds a problem for the party. Famously, Minister of Finance Kjell-Olof Feldt was captured on camera while writing a negative poem about the funds in his bench in Parliament already when they were introduced.
During the 2020 United States presidential election, candidate Bernie Sanders proposed that Employee funds be adopted in the United States.
References
Economic history of Sweden
Politics of Sweden
1980s in Sweden
Ownership
Market socialism
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20026925
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povilas%20Aksomaitis
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Povilas Aksomaitis
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Povilas Aksomaitis (29 March 1938 – 23 August 2004) was a Lithuanian engineer, politician, and signatory of the 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Biography
Born on Kaunas, Aksomaitis and his family were exiled to Barnaul, Russia, soon after the Soviet occupation of Lithuania during World War II. He was brought back to Lithuania by the International Red Cross in September 1946. After graduating from a secondary school in Kaunas, he studied hydropower engineering at the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. After graduation, he was appointed to the Hydrotechnics and Melioration Research Institute in Kėdainiai. As a scientist, he wrote over 100 academic articles and co-authored four books.
His involvement in the independence movement during the 1980s included arranging the return of the remains of Lithuanian deportees to Siberia. He was elected a member of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania in 1990. As a member of the Homeland Union, he was elected to the Municipal Council of the Kėdainiai district municipality in 1995.
Aksomaitis was awarded a Medal of Lithuanian Independence in 2000. He died in 2004 following complications of a kidney transplant almost twenty years ago.
References
1938 births
2004 deaths
Engineers from Kaunas
Politicians from Kaunas
20th-century Lithuanian politicians
Homeland Union politicians
Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy alumni
Kidney transplant recipients
Signatories of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
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39437366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bboongbboong-E
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Bboongbboong-E
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Bboongbboong (also called 'Farting King Pung Pung') is a children's television program produced by Educational Broadcasting System (EBS). Broadcasting began in March 2000. The show attempts to help children to think and develop their language, expression, and social skills. The characters such as Bboong Bboong-E let the children join in the TV show. The main character Bboongbboong-E's fart has many magical effects.
Characters
Jajan Bro: MC of the show
Bboongbboong-E 만화 캐릭터
Ppickppick-E
Chichi
Bboongsoon-E
Bboongdor-i
Kao
Congraturation bangbangbang
Lalala Band
Exiting Band
Fun Fun Band
Egu
Mukku
Ppangku & Ppongku
Aeongttungsem
Bboong-car
Bboong-chi
Donidoni
Hoshi
Tamtam
Ipari
Former characters
Bboongdol-E and Bboongsoon-E were dropped to reduce animation costs. Recently, Bboongsoon-E returned. In one episode, Bboongsoon-E and Bboonbboong-E got married.
Band
Usually the band called ‘’ provided music for the show, although ‘Fun Fun Band’ also performed.
Daily Episodes
Monday-bbongbong-ee song show
Tuesday-body play
Wednesday-good habit play
Awards
Year 2001 Korean Best television show
Year 2002 Korean best television character
Year 2003 Korean best television character
Reference List
South Korean children's television shows
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8104992
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanae%20Station
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Nanae Station
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is a railway station on the JR Hokkaido Hakodate Main Line. It is located in Nanae, Hokkaidō, Japan. It is operated by JR Hokkaido and has the station number "H71".
Lines
The station is served by the Hakodate Main Line and is located 13.8 km from the start of the line at . Both local and the Rapid Hakodate Liner services stop at the station.
Station layout
The station consists of a side and an island platform serving three tracks.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
The station was opened on 12 October 1902 by the private Hokkaido Railway as an intermediate station during the first phase of construction of its line when track was laid from to Hongō (today ). After the Hokkaido Railway was nationalized on 1 July 1907, Japanese Government Railways (JGR) took over control of the station. On 12 October 1909 the station became part of the Hakodate Main Line. On 1 April 1987, with the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, control of the station passed to JR Hokkaido.
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
Nanae Station
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1902
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47915884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th%20Annual%20Latin%20Grammy%20Awards
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16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards
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The 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards were held on November 19, 2015 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise. This is the second time that Latin Grammys will be held at this location, will be broadcast live on the Univision Network from 8–11 p.m. ET/PT (7 p.m. Central).
The nominations were announced on September 23, 2015. Leonel García leads with six nominations, followed by Natalia Lafourcade with five. Additionally, Juan Luis Guerra and Alejandro Sanz; engineers Edgar Barrera, Demián Nava, and Alan Saucedo; and producer Cachorro López each receive four nominations. Pablo Alborán, Miguel Bosé, Café Quijano, Pedro Capó, Nicky Jam, Ricky Martin, and Vicentico are among those who each receive three nominations. Brazilian singer Roberto Carlos will be honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 18, the day prior to the Latin Grammy Awards.
Performers
Awards
The following is the list of nominees.
General
Record of the Year
Natalia Lafourcade — "Hasta la Raíz"
Bomba Estéreo — "Fiesta"
Miguel Bosé — "Encanto"
Café Quijano — "Será (Vida de Hombre)"
Camila featuring Marco Antonio Solís — "La Vida Entera"
Leonel García featuring Jorge Drexler — "Ella Es"
Juan Luis Guerra 4.40 — "Tus Besos"
Ricky Martin — "Disparo al Corazón"
Alejandro Sanz — "Un Zombie a la Intemperie"
Julieta Venegas — "Ese Camino"
Album of the Year
Juan Luis Guerra 4.40 — Todo Tiene Su Hora
Pepe Aguilar — MTV Unplugged
Rubén Blades and Roberto Delgado & Orquesta — Son de Panamá
Miguel Bosé — Amo
Café Quijano — Orígenes: El Bolero Volumen 3
Natalia Jiménez — Creo en Mí
Natalia Lafourcade — Hasta la Raíz
Monsieur Periné — Caja de Música
Alejandro Sanz — Sirope
María Toledo — ConSentido
Song of the Year
Leonel García and Natalia Lafourcade — "Hasta la Raíz" (Lafourcade)
Pedro Capó, Yoel Henríquez, Ricky Martin and Rafael Esparza Ruiz — "Disparo al Corazón" (Ricky Martin)
Julieta Venegas — "Ese Camino"
Beatriz Luengo, Antonio Rayo Gibo, Yotuel Romero and Diego Torres — "Hoy Es Domingo" (Diego Torres)
Pablo Alborán — "Por Fin"
Claudia Brant and Natalia Jiménez — "Quédate Con Ella" (Natalia Jiménez)
Leonel García — "¿Recuerdas?"
Alejandro Sanz — "Un Zombie a la Intemperie"
Gian Marco — "Vida de Mi Vida"
Pedro Capó — "Vivo"
Best New Artist
Monsieur Periné
Kaay
Iván "Melón" Lewis
Manu Manzo
Matisse
Julieta Rada
Tulipa Ruiz
Raquel Sofía
Vazquez Sounds
Vitrola Sintética
Pop
Best Contemporary Pop Vocal Album
Alejandro Sanz — Sirope
Pablo Alborán — Terral
Miguel Bosé — Amo
Pedro Capó — Aquila
Ricky Martin — A Quien Quiera Escuchar
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
Gilberto Santa Rosa — Necesito Un Bolero
Astrid Asher — Astrid Asher
Café Quijano — Orígenes: El Bolero Volumen 3
Mojito Lite — Nada Es Demasiado
Vicentico — Último Acto
Urban
Best Urban Performance
Nicky Jam and Enrique Iglesias — "El Perdón"
Alexis & Fido — "A Ti Te Encanta"
Alkilados featuring J Alvarez, El Roockie and Nicky Jam — "Una Cita (Remix)"
J Balvin — "Ay Vamos"
Maluma — "El Tiki"
Yandel — "Calentura"
Daddy Yankee — "Sígueme Y Te Sigo"
Best Urban Music Album
Tego Calderón — El Que Sabe, Sabe
Farruko — Farruko Presenta: Los Menores
Nicky Jam — Greatest Hits Vol 1
Don Omar — The Last Don 2
Yandel — Legacy: De Lider a Leyenda Tour (Deluxe Edition)
Best Urban Song
J Balvin, Rene Cano, Alejandro "Mosty" Patiño and Alejandro "Sky" Ramírez — "Ay Vamos" (J Balvin)
Alexis & Fido and Juan Jesús Santana — "A Ti Te Encanta" (Alexis & Fido)
Ilya, Savan Kotecha, Pitbull and Prince Royce — "Back It Up (Spanish Version)" (Prince Royce featuring Jennifer Lopez and Pitbull)
Tego Calderón and Ernesto Padilla — "Dando Break" (Tego Calderón)
Carlos Ortiz, Luis Ortiz and Daddy Yankee — "Sígueme Y Te Sigo" (Daddy Yankee)
Rock
Best Rock Album
Diamante Eléctrico — B
Charliepapa — Y/O
Cuca — La Venganza De Cucamonga
La Gusana Ciega — Monarca
No Te Va Gustar — El Tiempo Otra Vez Avanza
Best Pop/Rock Album
Maná — Cama Incendiada
El Cuarteto de Nos — Habla Tu Espejo
Mikel Erentxun — Corazones
Manolo García — Todo Es Ahora
Camila Luna — Flamboyán
Moderatto — Malditos Pecadores
Best Rock Song
Cachorro López and Vicentico — "Esclavo de Tu Amor" (Vicentico)
Charliepapa — "Astrómetra"
Daniel Aceves and Jotdog — "Celebración" (Jotdog)
Adolfo Cabrales and Carlos Raya — "Entre La Espada y La Pared" (Fito & Fitipaldis)
Daniel Álvarez and Juan Galeano — "Todo Va A Arder" (Diamante Eléctrico)
Alternative
Best Alternative Music Album
Natalia Lafourcade — Hasta la Raíz
Bomba Estéreo — Amanecer
Centavrvs — Sombras de Oro
Los Auténticos Decadentes — Y La Banda Sigue
Porter — Moctezuma
Best Alternative Song
Leonel García and Natalia Lafourcade — "Hasta la Raíz" (Lafourcade)
Famasloop — "Allí Estás"
Andrés Nusser — "Caribbean" (Astro)
Roberto Musso — "No Llora" (El Cuarteto de Nos)
Javiera Mena — "Otra Era"
Tropical
Best Salsa Album
Rubén Blades with Roberto Delgado and Orquesta — Son de Panamá
Luis Enrique — Jukebox Primera Edición
Víctor Manuelle — Que Suenen Los Tambores
Ismael Miranda — Son 45
Rey Ruiz — Estaciones
Best Cumbia/Vallenato Album
Jorge Celedón and Gustavo García — Sencillamente
Américo — Por Siempre
Silvestre Dangond and Lucas Dangond — Sigo Invicto
Gusi — Al Son de Mi Corazón
Iván Villazón and Saúl Lallemand — El Camino de Mi Existencia
Best Contemporary Tropical Album
Juan Luis Guerra 4.40 — Todo Tiene Su Hora
Lucas Arnau — Buen Camino
Leslie Grace — Lloviendo Estrellas
Guaco — Presente Continuo
Johnny Sky — Johnny Sky
Best Traditional Tropical Album
José Alberto "El Canario" and Septeto Santiaguero — Tributo A Los Compadres No Quiero Llanto
Checo Acosta — #SiguedeModa
Rafael "Pollo" Brito — Homenaje A Tito Rodríguez
Alain Pérez — El Alma del Son – Tributo A Matamoros
Sonlokos — Locos Por El Son
Best Tropical Fusion Album
ChocQuibTown — El Mismo
Chino & Nacho — Radio Universo
Daiquiri — Esa Morena
Juan Magan — The King is Back
Jorge Villamizar — El Día Que Vuelva
Best Tropical Song
Juan Luis Guerra — "Tus Besos"
Andrés Castro and Víctor Manuelle — "Agua Bendita" (Víctor Manuelle)
Edgar Barrera, Efraín Dávila, Guianko Gómez and Leslie Grace — "Cómo Duele El Silencio" (Leslie Grace)
Gusi — "Tú Tienes Razón (Bachata)"
Alex Cuba, Luis Enrique and Fernando Osorio — "Ya Comenzó" (Luis Enrique)
Singer-songwriter
Best Singer-Songwriter Album
Alex Cuba — Healer
Santiago Cruz — Equilibrio
Leonel García — Amor Futuro
Marta Gómez — Este Instante
Gian Marco — #Libre
Regional Mexican
Best Ranchero Album
Pedro Fernández — Acaríciame El Corazón
Aida Cuevas — Pa' Que Sientas Lo Que Siento
Mariachi Flor de Toloache — Mariachi Flor de Toloache
Mariachi Los Arrieros del Valle — Alegría del Mariachi
Diego Verdaguer — Mexicano Hasta Las Pampas 2
Best Banda Album
Banda El Recodo de Don Cruz Lizarraga — Mi Vicio Mas Grande
Julión Álvarez y Su Norteño Banda — El Aferrado
Banda Rancho Viejo — Dejando Huella
El Coyote y Su Banda Tierra Santa — Alucine
La Arrolladora Banda El Limón de René Camacho — Ojos En Blanco
Best Tejano Album
Sólido — Sentimientos
Alazzan — Tributo Al Amor y Dolor
La Fiebre — Nueva Era
Los Gallitos — Dueña de Mi Amor
Ruben Ramos and the Mexican Revolution — El Ídolo de Tejas
Elida Reyna and Avante — Al Fin Completa
Best Norteño Album
Pesado — Abrázame
Ariel Camacho y Los Plebes del Rancho — El Karma
La Energía Norteña — Cruzando Territorio
Remmy Valenzuela — Mi Vida En Vida
Voz de Mando — Levantando Polvadera
Best Regional Song
Mauricio Arriaga, Edgar Barrera and Eduardo Murguía — "Todo Tuyo" (Banda El Recodo de Cruz Lizárraga)
Julio Bahumea — "El Amor De Su Vida" (Julión Álvarez y Su Norteño Banda)
José Alberto Inzunza and Luciano Luna — "Me Sobrabas Tú" (Banda Los Recoditos)
Raúl Jiménez E. and Chucho Rincón — "Para Que Nunca Llores" (Diego Verdaguer)
Espinoza Paz — "Perdí La Pose"
Instrumental
Best Instrumental Album
Ed Calle and Mamblue — Dr. Ed Calle Presents Mamblue
Antonio Adolfo — Tema
Chick Corea Trio — Triology
Kenny G — Brazilian Nights
Gustavo Santaolalla — Camino
Traditional
Best Folk Album
Lila Downs — Balas y Chocolate
Reynaldo Armas — La Muerte del Rucio Moro
Ciro Hurtado — Ayahuasca Dreams
Los Tekis — Hijos de La Tierra
Teresa Parodi — 30 Años + 5 Días
Best Tango Album
Orquesta del Tango de Buenos Aires — Homenaje A Astor Piazzolla
Ariel Ardit — Aníbal Troilo 100 Años
Octavio Brunetti and Elmira Darvarova — Piazzolla: Desde Estudios A Tangos
Quinteto Leopoldo Federico — Bogotá - Buenos Aires
Berta Rojas and Camerata Bariloche — Historia Del Tango - History Of Tango
Selección Nacional de Tango — Troilo 100 Años
Best Flamenco Album
Various Artists — Entre 20 Aguas: A La Música de Paco de Lucía
Joselito Acedo — Andando
Argentina — Sinergia
Blas Córdoba "El Kejío" and Chano Domínguez — Bendito
Estrella Morente & Niño Josele — Amar En Paz
Miguel Poveda — Sonetos Y Poemas Para La Libertad
María Toledo — conSentido
Jazz
Best Latin Jazz Album
Paquito D'Rivera — Jazz Meets The Classics
Eddie Fernández — Jazzeando
Iván "Melón" Lewis — Ayer Y Hoy
José Negroni — Negroni Piano +9
José Valentino Ruiz and the Latin Jazz Ensemble featuring Giovanni Hidalgo — I Make You Want To Move
Christian
Best Christian Album (Spanish Language)
Alex Campos — Derroche de Amor
Marco Barrientos — Amanece
Emmanuel Y Linda — Voy Tras de Ti con Todo
Son by Four — Mujer Frente a La Cruz
Tercer Cielo — Irreversible
Best Christian Album (Portuguese Language)
Fernanda Brum — Da Eternidade
Anderson Freire — Ao Vivo
Jane Gomes — Posso Tudo Nele
Bruna Karla — Como Águia
Wilian Nascimento — Não Vou Desistir
Brazilian
Best Brazilian Contemporary Pop Album
Tulipa Ruiz — Dancê
Jamz — Insano
Seu Jorge — Músicas Para Churrasco Vol. 2
Onze:20 — Vida Loka
Jonas Sá — Blam! Blam!
Best Brazilian Rock Album
Suricato — Sol-Te
Banda do Mar — Banda do Mar
Humberto Gessinger — Insular Ao Vivo
Malta — Supernova
Pato Fu — Não Pare Pra Pensar
Best Samba/Pagode Album
Fundo de Quintal — Só Felicidade
Nilze Carvalho — Verde Amarelo Negro Anil
Arlindo Cruz — Herança Popular
Mart'nália — Em Samba! Ao Vivo
Diogo Nogueira and Hamilton de Holanda — Bossa Negra
Zeca Pagodinho — Ser Humano
Sorriso Maroto — Sorriso Eu Gosto - Ao Vivo No Maracanãzinho
Best MPB Album
Ivan Lins — América, Brasil
Maria Bethânia — Meus Quintais
Dorival Caymmi — Centenário Caymmi
Maria Gadú — Guelã
Lenine — Carbono
Best Sertaneja Music Album
Renato Teixeira and Sérgio Reis — Amizade Sincera II
Jorge & Mateus — Os Anjos Cantam
Leonardo & Eduardo Costa — Cabaré
Michel Teló — Bem Sertanejo
Victor & Leo — Irmãos
Best Brazilian Song
Hamilton de Holanda, Diogo Nogueira and Marcos Portinari — "Bossa Negra" (Diogo Nogueira and Hamilton de Holanda)
Bruno Boncini — "Diz Pra Mim" (Malta)
Mallu Magalhães — "Mais Ninguém" (Banda do Mar)
Dudu Falcão and Lenine — "Simples Assim" (Lenine)
Adriana Calcanhotto and Bebel Gilberto — "Tudo" (Bebel Gilberto)
Children's
Best Latin Children’s Album
Mister G — Los Animales
Chino & Nacho — Chino & Nacho for Babies
Lucky Díaz and the Family Jam Band — Adelante
Rockcito — De La Cuna A La Jungla
123 Andrés — ¡Uno, Dos, Tres, Andrés! En Español y En Inglés
Classical
Best Classical Album
Débora Halász, Franz Halász and Radamés Gnattali — Alma Brasileira
José Serebrier — Dvorak-Serebrier Legends: Symphony No. 8no Concerto No. 2, Op. 18 - Montero: Ex Patria, Op. 1 & Improvisations Fernando Otero — Ritual Cuarteto Latinoamericano — Ruperto Chapí: String Quartets 1&2 Iván Valiente — Works For String OrchestraBest Classical Contemporary Composition
Carlos Franzetti — "Capriccio" (Allison Brewster Franzetti)
José Serebrier conducting the Málaga Philharmonic and the FIU Concert Choir — "Auschwitz (Nunca Se Olvidarán)" (Orlando Jacinto García)
Miguel del Águila — "Concierto En Tango Op. 110 For Cello And Orchestra" (JoAnn Falletta conducting the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra)
Fernando Otero — "Conexión"
Yalil Guerra — "El Retrato de La Paloma" (Iván Valiente conducting the Ensamble Solistas de La Habana)
Roberto Sierra — "Trio No. 4 "La Noche"" (Arcos Trío)
Recording Package
Best Recording Package
Natalia Ayala, Carlos Dussan Gómez and Juliana Jaramillo — Este Instante (Marta Gómez)
Julia Rocha — Blam! Blam! (Jonas Sá)
Anna Amendola — Noel Rosa, Preto E Branco (Valéria Lobão)
Pablo González and Francisca Valenzuela — Tajo Abierto (Francisca Valenzuela)
Laura Varsky — Veinte Años El Grito Después (Catupecu Machu)
Production
Best Engineered Album
Andrés Borda, Eduardo del Águila, Demián Nava, Alan Ortiz Grande, Alan Saucedo, Sebastián Schunt, Cesar Sogbe and José Blanco — Hasta la Raíz (Natalia Lafourcade)
Salome Limón and Caco Refojo — Astrid Asher (Astrid Asher)
Daniel Musy, Daniel Musy and Andre Dias — Baile do Almeidinha (Hamilton de Holanda)
Jonathan Allen, Rodrigo de Castro Lopes, Pete Karam and Paul Blakemore — Made in Brazil (Eliane Elias)
Otávio Carvalho and Felipe Tichauer — Sintético (Vitrola Sintética)
Producer of the Year
Sebastian Krys
Mario Adnet and Dori Caymmi
Aníbal Kerpel and Gustavo Santaolalla
George Noriega
Kenny O'brien and Manuel Quijano
Andrés Saavedra
Music video
Best Short Form Music Video
Calle 13 featuring Silvio Rodríguez — "Ojos Color Sol"
Willbert Álvarez — "Te Busqué"
Calle 13 — "Así de Grandes Son las Ideas"
El Cuarteto de Nos — "No Llora"
Porter — "Huitzil"
Best Long Form Music Video
Juanes — Loco de Amor: La Historia
Pablo Alborán — Terral Kinky — MTV Unplugged Ara Malikian — 15 Vicentico — Último Acto''
Special Merit Awards
The following is a list of special merit awards
Lifetime Achievement Awards
Gato Barbieri
Ana Belén and Víctor Manuel
Angela Carrasco
Djavan
El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico
Pablo Milanés
Trustees Award
Federico Britos
Humberto Gatica
Chelique Sarabia
Changes to award categories
Due to the low number of entries, the Best Brazilian Roots Album category was not awarded this year.
References
External links
Official Site
2015 music awards
Latin Grammy Awards by year
2015 in Nevada
2015 in Latin music
Latin Grammy Awards, 16
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67634781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinitsa%2C%20Plovdiv%20Province
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Vinitsa, Plovdiv Province
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Vinitsa () is a village in southern Bulgaria, located in Parvomay Municipality, Plovdiv Province. As of the 2020 June Bulgaria Census, the village has a population count of 1273.
Geography
Vinitsa is located 10 kilometers South West from Parvomay. The Maritsa river flows near the village.
The geographical area, in which it is located - the Upper Thracian Plain, is fertile and enables the inhabitants to cultivate many crops. Near Vinitsa village, an endangered species of swamp snowdrop can be found. Along with Gradina village, this is one of the few places that the endangered plant can be found in Southern Bulgaria. In 1903, the village was renamed from Badarlii to Vinitsa.
Infrastructure
There is one school in Vinitsa, a primary school named "Vasil Aprilov", which allows students to graduate the 8th grade.
Most children from the village continue their education in the nearby Municipality of Parvomay.
There is a community hall with library in Vinitsa, named after Georgi Sava Rakovski. It was built during 1928.
References
Villages in Plovdiv Province
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36017972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackel
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Mackel
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Mackel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Billy Mackel (1912–1986), American jazz guitarist
Ciarán Mackel (born 1955), Northern Irish architect
Kathy Mackel (born 1950), American author and screenwriter
See also
Macke
Mackell
Macken (surname)
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39282999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dong%20Jin%20Kim
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Dong Jin Kim
|
Dong Jin Kim (February 20, 1957 — February 21, 2015) was a Korean American martial artist who primarily studied and taught jujutsu, Hapkido, and Kendo. He was the founder of the JTR Jujutsu martial art. Grand Master Kim held a 9th Dan black belt in Hapkido, as certified by Korea Kido Association, an 8th Dan black belt in jujutsu, as certified by Japan Jigo Tenshin-Ryu Jujutsu Seibukan Association, a 7th Dan black belt in Kendo, as certified by Japan Tokyo-Shudokan, and a 5th Dan black belt Tang Soo Do, as certified by the International Tang Soo Do Federation.
Dong Jin Kim was a member of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) 大日本武徳会 (lit. "Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society"). Under the DNBK, he received a postmortem rank of 8 Dan in Jujutsu and the Hanshi Title. He also held a rank of 8 Dan in Kendo and the Hanshi Title.
Biography
Dong Jin Kim was born in Pusan, South Korea. Kim had over 48 years of experience in martial arts. At ten years of age Kim began training in Tang Soo Do, Hapkido, and Kendo. He was also master in the Japanese art of Jujutsu.
From 1976 through 1984, Kim instructed Kendo in Pusan at the City Prison, Pusan Police Department, and at the De-Wan-Kwan Kumdo School and continued his studies in Kendo under Grand Master Do Hoo Moon. At this time, Kim also received a degree in Physical Education from the College of Physical Education at the Incheon National College. In 1985, Kim moved to Japan. Kim continued his studies in Kendo at the Tokyo Shudokan Kendo School. At this time he also began training in Japanese Jujutsu at the Japan Jujutsu Tokyo School.
In 1988, Kim moved to Fiji. From 1989 through 2000, Kim served in the Fiji Military Forces where he reached the rank of Major. During this time he founded the Fiji Hapkido Association and the Fiji Kendo Association. Kim also conducted combative and defensive tactics training for various law enforcement and military agencies including the Fiji Prison Service, the Fiji Intelligence Service, the protection detail for the President of Fiji, the Fiji Police Academy, and the Fiji Military Forces. At this time Kim received the honorary title of Captain from the Pohnpei Police Department in Micronesia.
In 2000, Kim moved to the United States where he began training various law enforcement and military agencies and units. These organizations include the Salt Lake City Police Department SWAT Team, the Salt Lake County Sheriffs Office, Davis County Sheriffs Office, the Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Police, U.S. Army 19th Special Forces Group (Airborne), U.S. Coast Guard (Headquarters), U.S. Army Military Police (CID) - Protective Services Batallian, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Homeland Security Investigations, Drug Enforcement Administration, and the U.S. Secret Service. In addition to training military and law enforcement agencies, Kim also established training programs for the University of Maryland, American University, and the University of Utah. As a result, for his work with law enforcement, Grand Master Kim was awarded the rank of honorary colonel by The Salt Lake City Police Department in 2004.
In 2008, Kim partnered with the National Defense University to create their Combatives and Defensive Tactics course.
In 2010, Kim founded Shudokan Hapkido International and Shudokan Kendo jujutsu USA located in Washington, D.C. Kim currently serves as the organizations' president.
In 2012, a Combatives and Defensive Tactics course was developed by Kim for the U.S. House of Representatives and delivered in the House Staff Fitness Center.
In 2012, Kim established a training program for the Bureau of Labor Statistics Fitness Center.
In 2013, Kim became the combat jujutsu instructor at the United States Department of Energy Fitness Center.
In 2014, Kim became the combat jujutsu instructor at the United States Justice Department Fitness Center.
In 2014, Kim became the official JTR Jujutsu instructor at United States State Department.
In 2014, Kim established JTR Jujutsu International located in Washington, D.C. He is the founder and president.
In 2014, Kim became a member of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK) 大日本武徳会 (lit. "Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society")
Grand Master Dong Jin Kim died of heart failure in his martial arts school on the snowy morning of February 21, 2015. He celebrated his 58th birthday there with all his family and students just the night before.
U.S. National Kendo Champion
In 2008, Kim competed in the U.S. National Kendo Championship held in Las Vegas, Nevada, winning the title of National Champion in the Senior's Division.
JTR Jujutsu
JTR Jujutsu, is a style of jujutsu developed by Dong Jin Kim that reflects the movements of the attacker back upon him or herself. This style or martial arts pairs classic Jujutsu techniques with modern combative applications. Based in Washington, D.C., JTR Jujutsu is taught as a course at the National Defense University, is practiced by U.S. Special Operations Forces, members of the U.S. Coast Guard, and members of the U.S. Army, as well as practiced by law enforcement officials from the Federal Bureau of Investigations, Homeland Security Investigations, Drug Enforcement Administration, and the U.S. Secret Service. JTR Jujutsu is also taught at U.S. House of Representatives in the House Staff Fitness Center, the U.S. Department of Labor Fitness Center, the United States Department of Energy Fitness Center, United States Justice Department Fitness Center and is the official jujutsu program at the United States State Department.
JTR Jujutsu and founder Dong Jin Kim were members of Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK).
References
External links
JTR Jujutsu
Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (DNBK)
American kendoka
American tang soo do practitioners
American jujutsuka
American hapkido practitioners
American sportspeople of Korean descent
Martial arts school founders
People from Busan
1957 births
South Korean expatriates in Fiji
2015 deaths
South Korean emigrants to the United States
20th-century philanthropists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover%20%28automobile%29
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Crossover (automobile)
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A crossover, crossover SUV, or crossover utility vehicle (CUV) is a type of sport utility vehicle-like automobile built with unibody frame construction. A term that originated from North America, crossovers are based on a platform shared with a passenger car, as opposed to a platform shared with a pickup truck. Because of that, crossovers may also be referred as "car-based SUVs". There are inconsistencies about whether some vehicles are considered crossovers or SUVs; therefore, the term "SUV" is often used as a catch-all for both crossovers and compact SUVs. Forerunners of the modern crossover include the 1977 Matra Rancho and the AMC Eagle introduced in 1979.
In the United States , crossover models comprised more than 50% of the overall SUV market. Crossovers have become increasingly popular in Europe also since the early 2010s.
Definition
The difference between crossover SUVs and other SUVs is generally defined by journalists and manufacturers as a crossover being built using a unibody platform (the type used by most passenger cars), while an SUV is built using a body-on-frame platform (the type used by off-road vehicles and pickup trucks). However, these definitions are often blurred in practice, since unibody vehicles are also often referred to as SUVs. "Crossover" is a relatively recent term, and early unibody SUVs (such as the 1984 Jeep Cherokee) are rarely called crossovers. Due to these inconsistencies, the term "SUV" is often used as an umbrella term for both crossovers and SUVs.
Some regions outside North America do not have a distinction between a crossover SUV and body-on-frame SUV, calling both of them SUVs. Several governmental bodies in the United States also did not acknowledge the crossover distinction, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Crossovers are sometimes also classified as light trucks in some jurisdictions.
Outside of the United States, the term "crossover" tends to be used for C-segment (compact) or smaller vehicles, with large unibody vehicles—such as the Audi Q7, Range Rover, Porsche Cayenne and Volkswagen Touareg—usually referred to as SUVs rather than crossovers. In the United Kingdom, a crossover is sometimes defined as a hatchback with raised ride height and SUV-like styling features.
Characteristics
Compared to truck-based SUVs, they typically have better interior comfort, a more comfortable ride, better fuel economy, and lower manufacturing costs, but also inferior off-road and towing capability.
Many crossovers lack all-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive drivetrain, which, in combination with their lesser off-road capability, causes many journalists and consumers to question their definition as "sports utility vehicles". This has led some to describe crossovers as pseudo-SUVs.
History
Introduced in 1979, the AMC Eagle is retroactively considered to be the first dedicated crossover automobile that made its debut prior to the terms "SUV" or "crossover" being coined. The mass-market Eagle model line was based on a unibody passenger car platform, with fully automatic four-wheel drive and a raised ride height.
Though it is not part of the modern linear evolution, and only fifteen were built, some stretch the definition and history of the "crossover" to regard the off-road racing 1936 Opel Geländesportwagen as the first of the class.
A writer for Motor Trend characterized Studebaker's 1963 Wagonaire as the "first crossover" because the innovative station wagon with a sliding roof "mashed up various vehicle types." It was available only in conventional rear-wheel drive.
Some cite the front-wheel drive 1977 Matra Rancho as a slightly earlier forerunner to the modern crossover. Marketed as a "lifestyle" vehicle, it was not available with four-wheel drive. In 1981, American Motors Corporation (AMC) introduced four-wheel drive subcompact models built on the two-door AMC Spirit, the "Eagle SX/4" and "Eagle Kammback." These two long, low-priced models joined the compact-sized AMC Eagle line and they predicted the market segment of comfortable cars with utility and foul-weather capabilities.
In North America, crossovers increased in popularity during the 2000s, when fuel efficiency standards for light trucks, which had been stuck at since 1996, moved upwards by 2005. With increasing fuel prices, traditional SUVs began to lose market share to crossovers.
The first-generation Toyota RAV4 released in 1994 has been credited as the model that expanded the concept of the crossover market segment. Essentially a shrunken SUV, the RAV4 was based on a modified platform used by the Toyota Corolla and Toyota Carina.
Size categories
Depending on the market, crossovers are divided into several size categories. Since there is an absence of any official distinction, often times the size category might be ambiguous for some crossover models. Several aspects needed to determine the size category of a vehicle may include length/width dimensions, positioning in its respective brand line-up, platform, and interior space.
Subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment)
Subcompact crossover SUVs (also called B-segment crossover SUV, B-SUV, small SUV) are crossovers that depending on the market and the manufacturer, typically have a length dimension under . Subcompact crossovers are usually based on the platform of a subcompact (also known as supermini or B-segment) passenger car, although some high-end subcompact crossover models may be based on a compact car (C-segment). Although some subcompact crossovers offer all-wheel-drive, the majority only offers front-wheel-drive.
The segment may be called differently depending on the market. In several regions, the category may be known as "compact crossover" or "compact SUV" instead.
This category is particularly popular in Europe, India, and Brazil where they count for 37 percent, 75 percent, and 69 percent of total SUV sales in 2018 respectively. In the United States, it accounted for 7 percent of total SUV sales in 2018. The best-selling vehicle is the segment in 2019 was the Honda HR-V, recording 622,154 units being sold worldwide.
Compact crossover SUV (C-segment)
Compact crossover SUVs (also called C-segment SUV or C-SUV) are usually based on the platform of a compact car (C-segment), while some models may be based on a mid-size car (D-segment) or a B-segment platform. It typically has a length dimension between and . Most compact crossovers have two-row seating, while some of others have three rows. "Compact crossover SUV" is a UK term and a part of the C-segment in the European car classification.
The naming of the segment may differ depending on the market. In several regions outside North America, the category may be known as "mid-size crossover" or "mid-size SUV", not to be confused with the North American definition of a mid-size crossover SUV, which is a larger D-segment crossover SUV.
The first compact crossover was the 1980 AMC Eagle that was based on the compact-sized Concord line. Its four-wheel drive system was an almost unheard-of feature on regular passenger cars at the time and it came with full-time all-wheel drive, automatic transmission, power steering, power front disk brakes standard as well as numerous convenience and comfort options. Later models included the 1994 Toyota RAV4, 1995 Honda CR-V, 1997 Subaru Forester, 2000 Nissan X-Trail, 2000 Mazda Tribute, and the 2001 Ford Escape.
Between 2005 and 2010, the market share of compact crossovers in the US has increased from 6 percent to 11.2 percent. In 2014, for the first time ever, sales of compact crossovers have outpaced mid-size sedans in the United States.
In 2019, it was stated by American magazine Car and Driver that "so many of these vehicles are crowding the marketplace, simply sorting through them can be a daunting task". Due to its popularity and to cater customer needs, many manufacturers offer more than one compact crossover, usually offering them in slightly different sizes at different price points.
By late 2010s, the segment has emerged as the most popular segment in several regions. For example, nearly 1 in every 4 cars sold in the United States in 2019 is a compact crossover, precisely at about 24.2 percent. It also makes up 5.6 percent of the total European car market.
The best-selling vehicle in the segment in 2019 was the Toyota RAV4, with 961,918 units sold globally.
Mid-size crossover SUV (D/E-segment)
Mid-size crossover SUVs are usually based on the platform of a mid-size (also known as D-segment) passenger car. The first mid-size crossover was the 1999 BMW X5. Some mid-size crossovers have a three-row of seats, while others have two rows, which led to several brands offering multiple models to cater both sub-segments. It typically has a length dimension between and . In Australia, American mid-sized crossovers are classified as large SUVs.
The segment is most popular in North America and China, where larger vehicles are preferred. It makes up 15.8 percent of the total United States car market. In Europe, the segment covers 2.1 percent of the total market in 2019 with luxury crossover SUVs dominating most of the share.
The Toyota Highlander/Kluger is the best-selling vehicle in the category in 2018, with 387,869 sold worldwide.
Full-size crossover SUV
Full-size crossover SUVs are usually based on full-size cars. They are the largest crossovers that offer exclusively three rows. The first full-size crossovers include the GMC Acadia, Saturn Outlook, and the Buick Enclave, with older full-size SUVs were mostly built above a body-on-frame chassis. The full-size crossover SUV class is sometimes intersect and being compared with the three-row mid-size crossover class as in the case of the Jeep Grand Cherokee L. Vehicles in this category usually are longer than in length.
Body style categories
Three-door crossover
While a three-door body-on-frame SUV are not uncommon, crossover SUVs with three doors (including the tailgate door) are more rare in contrast. The decline of two or three-door vehicles in general have led to the disappearance of this category.
Coupe crossover
Crossover SUVs with a sloping rear roofline may be marketed as a "coupe crossover SUV" or "coupe SUV". Although coupe itself supposed to mean a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline and two or three doors, most coupe crossover SUV is equipped with five doors. The sloping roofline arguably offers styling advantage compared to its standard crossover counterpart. The body style has attracted criticism as being less attractive and less practical than normal crossovers. The BMW X6 has generally been considered as the first coupé crossover.
Convertible crossover
There are several notable convertible crossover SUVs entering mass production, including the first of its kind which is the Toyota RAV4 soft top convertible. Released in North America for the 1998 model year, it was only offered up to 1999 model year. Other examples include the Nissan Murano CrossCabriolet, Range Rover Evoque Convertible, and Volkswagen T-Roc Cabriolet.
The category was heavily criticized by journalists, enthusiasts, and analysts for numerous reasons. Industry analyst Dave Sullivan from AutoPacific said that "they're awkward" and "a strange kind of Franken-vehicle." On reviewing the Murano CrossCabriolet, Car and Driver criticized its styling and the steep price tag. Some also questioned its purpose, as the practicality that crossovers usually have did not carryover to its convertible version, since it could only have two doors and little luggage space.
Crossover-styled cars
Many manufacturers have been capitalizing the SUV trend by offering a version of station wagons, hatchbacks or MPVs with a raised ride height and the addition of rugged-looking accessories such as black plastic wheel arch extension kit, body cladding, skid plates and roof rails. Due to its raised ground clearance, it may be marketed as more capable off-road. Some of them may also equipped with all-wheel-drive. This strategy has been used by manufacturers to move models upmarket, or to help filling an absence in a crossover SUV segment. These vehicles has been described as pseudo-crossovers.
Station wagon
Due to its large cargo space and its practicality, many manufacturers are releasing "off-road" versions of station wagons that are marketed to be more capable in soft off-road or all-weather situations due to its raised height, making them a "crossover" between a station wagon and an SUV. In North America, some manufacturers are selling station wagons as crossovers due to the former's unpopularity, with the Subaru Outback as the most popular model.
One of the first manufacturer to offer a crossover version of a station wagon is Subaru, which offers the SUV-look version of the Legacy wagon since 1994 as the Legacy Outback (later as the Outback). At the time, Subaru was absent in the growing SUV segment. Lacking the finances to design an all-new SUV, Subaru added two-tone paint scheme, body cladding and a suspension lift to the Legacy wagon. It was marketed as a capable and more efficient alternative to larger truck-based SUVs. Sales exceeded expectations in North America.
Another example include the Volvo V70 XC (also called V70 Cross Country), first introduced in 1999. In 2002, the model was renamed XC70. Audi has been making Allroad versions of their station wagons since 1999. Volkswagen and Škoda equivalent variants are called Alltrack and Scout respectively.
Hatchback
Crossover-styled variant of hatchbacks or city cars with the same body has been introduced either as a substitute or a complement to the subcompact crossover SUV segment. Most crossover-styled hatchbacks are not offered with all-wheel-drive.
Forerunners of SUV-themed hatchback is the 1983 Fiat Panda 4x4, the 1996 Toyota Starlet Remix, and the 2003 Rover Streetwise. The Volkswagen Golf Country, a conversion by Steyr-Daimler-Puch was also sold during 1990 and 1991. The Golf Country was a lifted version of the Golf Mk2 with part-time four-wheel drive and off-road exterior cladding.
In the 2000s, the Volkswagen CrossPolo started the crossover-styled hatchback trend and was marketed as an SUV-like "lifestyle" vehicle. The Dacia/Renault Sandero Stepway, the crossover-styled version of the Sandero launched in 2009 is an example of a well-received crossover-styled hatchback, as it consistently outsold its standard model and makes up for 65 percent of Sandero sales figures.
MPV/minivan
One of the first MPV with a crossover-styled variant was the Renault Scénic RX4 introduced in 2000, which feature a lifted ride height, rugged body cladding, tailgate-mounted spare wheel and offered with part time four-wheel-drive. Another early example also include the Volkswagen CrossTouran, launched in 2006 as a "lifestyle" version of the Touran. It is fitted with a slightly different suspension to give a higher ride height.
Apart from crossover-styled variants equipped with accessories, due to the declining popularity of MPVs and minivans, many manufacturers had also began developing MPVs with crossover-inspired styling from scratch, and may market them either purely as an MPV or as a "crossover MPV". This include the Chevrolet Orlando, fifth-generation Renault Espace, Mitsubishi Xpander, Renault Triber, fourth-generation Kia Carnival, and Toyota Veloz.
Sedan
Crossover-styled sedans remained a rare phenomenon, however some manufacturers had experimented with it which led to the release of the Subaru Legacy SUS (short for "Sport Utility Sedan"), Volvo S60 Cross Country, Citroën C3L, Renault/Dacia Logan Stepway, and the Qoros 3 GT.
Sales
Europe
Since the early 2010s, sales of crossover-type vehicles have been increasing in Europe. By 2017, European sales of compact and mid-sized crossover models continued to surge. Analysis of the European new car market by data firm JATO Dynamics reveals that SUVs which mostly consisted of crossovers took almost 40% of the market in 2019, with the crossover segment being a key driver of growth for volume and profits.
United States
Sales of crossovers increased 30% between 2003 and 2005. By 2006, the segment came into strong visibility in the U.S., when crossover sales "made up more than 50% of the overall SUV market". Sales increased in 2007 by 16%. In 2013, the Audi Q5 became Audi's second best-selling vehicle in the United States market after the Audi A4 sedan. Around half of Lexus' sales volume has come from its SUVs since the late 1990s.
American manufacturers were initially slow to switch from their emphasis on light truck-based SUVs, and foreign automakers developed crossovers targeting the U.S. market as an alternative to station wagons that were unpopular there. By early 2000s, American car manufacturers had caught up.
List
See
See also
Car classification
List of sport utility vehicles
Mini SUV
Minivan
Recreational vehicle
References
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Automotive design
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Moritz%20von%20Lacy
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Franz Moritz von Lacy
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Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy (; , tr. ; 21 October 1725 – 24 November 1801) was a Baltic German-born Austrian military leader, he was the son of Count Peter von Lacy and was a famous Austrian field marshal. He served during the reign of Maria Theresa and was a close friend to Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, becoming one of the latter's advisers. Lacy was made a Count of the Holy Roman Empire.
Early life
He was born as the son of Count Peter von Lacy and his second wife Margareta Filippina von Funcken-Lösern (1685-1759), widowed Countess Frölich. His father was a Russian Field Marshal who belonged to the Irish branch of the de Lacy family and had followed James II into exile. Franz Moritz was born in St Petersburg, and was educated in Germany for a military career, and entered the Austrian service. He served in Italy, Bohemia, Silesia and the Netherlands during the War of the Austrian Succession, was twice wounded, and by the end of the war was a lieutenant-colonel. At the age of twenty-five he became full colonel and chief of an infantry regiment.
Seven Years' War
In 1756 with the opening of the Seven Years' War he was again on active service, and in the first battle (Lobositz) he distinguished himself so much that he was at once promoted major-general. He received his third wound on this occasion and his fourth at the battle of Prague in 1757. Later in 1757 Lacy bore a conspicuous part in the great victory of Breslau, and at Leuthen, where he received his fifth wound, he covered the retreat of the defeated army. Soon after this began his association with Field-Marshal Daun, the new generalissimo of the empress's forces, and these two commanders, powerfully assisted later by the genius of Laudon, made headway against Frederick the Great for the remainder of the war.
Lacy, a lieutenant field-marshal at thirty-two, was made chief of staff (quartermaster-general) to Daun in the newly created general staff. They were cautious to the point of timidity since Leuthen and many other bitter defeats had taught the Austrians to respect Frederick; but, having resolved to wear out the enemy by Fabian methods, they were strong enough to persist to the end. Thus for some years the life of Lacy, as of Daun and Laudon, is the story of the war against Prussia. After Hochkirch (October 15, 1758) Lacy received the Grand Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa. In 1759 both Daun and Lacy fell into disfavour for failing to win victories, and Lacy owed his promotion to Feldzeugmeister only to the fact that Laudon had just received this rank for the brilliant conduct of his detachment at Kunersdorf. He shadowed Frederick the Great's Prussian army during the failed Siege of Dresden in 1760. His responsibilities told heavily on Lacy in the ensuing campaigns, and his capacity for supreme command was doubted even by Daun, who refused to give him the command when he himself was wounded at Torgau.
Later career
After the Treaty of Hubertusburg a new sphere of activity was opened, in which Lacy's special gifts had the greatest scope. Maria Theresa having placed her son, Emperor Joseph II, at the head of Austrian military affairs, Lacy was made a field marshal, and given the task of reforming and administering the army (1766). He framed new regulations for each arm, a new code of military law, a good supply system. As the result of his work the Austrian army was more numerous, far better equipped, and cheaper than it had ever been before. Joseph soon became very intimate with his military adviser, but this did not prevent his mother, after she became estranged from the young emperor, from giving Lacy her full confidence. His activities were not confined to the army. He was in sympathy with Joseph's innovations, and was regarded by Maria Theresa as a prime mover in the scheme for the partition of Poland. But his self-imposed work broke down Lacy's health, and in 1773, in spite of the remonstrances of Maria Theresa and of the emperor, he laid down all his offices and went to southern France. On returning he was still unable to resume office, though as an unofficial adviser in political and military matters he was far from idle.
In the brief and uneventful War of the Bavarian Succession, Lacy and Laudon were the chief Austrian commanders against the King of Prussia, and when Joseph II at Maria Theresa's death, became the sovereign of the Austrian dominions as well as emperor, Lacy remained his most trusted friend. More serious than the War of the Bavarian Succession was the Turkish war which presently broke out. Lacy was now old and worn out, and his tenure of command therein was not marked by any greater measure of success than in the case of the other Austrian generals. His active career was at an end, although he continued his effective interest in the affairs of the state and the army throughout the reign of Joseph's successor, Leopold II. His last years were spent in retirement at his castle of Neuwaldegg near Vienna. He is buried in a mausoleum in the castle grounds.
Ancestry
His father was the Irish-born Russian Field Marshal and General, Commander of Saint Petersburg and Veliky Novgorod as well as Governor of Riga, Count Pierce Edmond de Lacy (German: Peter Graf von Lacy) (1678–1751).
See also
Irish military diaspora
Irish regiments
References
Further reading
"Franz Moritz von Lacy", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB) (in German), Volume 17, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1883, pp. 487–499; (accessible online).
.
Edward de Lacy-Bellingari (1928), The roll of the house of Lacy: pedigrees, military memoirs and synoptical history of the ancient and illustrious family of De Lacy, from the earliest times, in all its branches, to the present day. Full notices on allied families and a memoir of the Brownes (Camas). Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press, viii & 409 pp. (accessible online).
Stefan Michael Newerkla (2019), "Die irischen Reichsgrafen von Browne-Camus in russischen und österreichischen Diensten. Vom Vertrag von Limerick (1691) bis zum Tod ihres Hausfreunds Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)" [= The Irish counts of Browne-Camus in Russian and Austrian service. From the Treaty of Limerick (1691) to the death of their friend Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)]. In: Lazar Fleishman – Stefan Michael Newerkla – Michael Wachtel (eds.): Скрещения судеб. Literarische und kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Russland und dem Westen. A Festschrift for Fedor B. Poljakov (= Stanford Slavic Studies, Volume 49). Berlin: Peter Lang, pp. 43–68.
Stefan Michael Newerkla (2020), "Das irische Geschlecht O'Reilly und seine Verbindungen zu Österreich und Russland" [The Irish O'Reilly family and their connections to Austria and Russia]. In: Diachronie – Ethnos – Tradition: Studien zur slawischen Sprachgeschichte [Diachrony – Ethnos – Tradition: Studies in Slavic Language History]. Eds. Jasmina Grković-Major, Natalia B. Korina, Stefan M. Newerkla, Fedor B. Poljakov, Svetlana M. Tolstaja. Brno: Tribun EU, pp. 259–279 (accessible online), here pp. 259–261.
1725 births
1801 deaths
People from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Russian nobility
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Austrian Empire
Counts of Austria
Austrian people of Irish descent
Field marshals of Austria
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
18th-century Austrian people
Austrian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Austrian military personnel of the Seven Years' War
Austrian military personnel of the War of the Bavarian Succession
Imperial military personnel of the War of Bavarian Succession
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
People of the Silesian Wars
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crookenden
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Crookenden
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Crookenden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ian Crookenden (born 1943), New Zealand tennis player
Napier Crookenden (1915–2002), British Army General
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1055635
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikont-Verlag
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Trikont-Verlag
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The leftist publishing house Trikont was founded in 1967 in Munich. The record label has its origins in the protest and alternative movements of the 1970s and derived its name from geographical concept 'Trikont', which refers to the three continents Asia, Africa and South-America.
See also
List of record labels
External links
Official site (English)
Official site (German)
(German article)
Book publishing companies of Germany
German independent record labels
1967 establishments in West Germany
Publishing companies established in 1967
Publishing companies of Germany
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30060116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn%20by-election
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Blackburn by-election
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Blackburn by-election may refer to:
Blackburn by-election, 1853
Blackburn by-election, 1869
Blackburn by-election, 1875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themistokli%20G%C3%ABrmenji
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Themistokli Gërmenji
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Themistokli Gërmenji (1871 – 1917) was an Albanian nationalist figure and guerrilla fighter. One of the activists of the Albanian National Awakening and the leader of the Albanian irregulars from 1909 to 1914, he became the prefect of police of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë from 1916 until his execution due to a miscarriage of justice by a French military tribunal in 1917.
Biography
Family
Themistokli was born in Gërmenji family in Korçë in 1871. His family was originally from Gërmenj, a village of modern-day Kolonjë of Albania, near border with Greece. Themistokli's grandfather Demetrius moved from Gërmenj to Korçë in 1860 and adopted Gërmenji as his last name. Because of economic reasons Themistokli's father Atanas moved from Korçë, first to Egypt and then to Bucharest and Istanbul. His mother Konstandina, wife Katarina, three sons (Spiro, Telemakun and Themistokli) and two daughters (Aleksandra and Efterpina) remained in Korçë.
Career
After receiving his first education in Korçë, Themistokli emigrated to Romania in 1892 in search of work and settled in Bucharest at the age of 21. In Bucharest he was influenced by the rise of patriotic societies in the Albanian community. He returned to Korça and Monastir, where he and his brother opened the Liria (Freedom) Hotel, a center of the nationalist movement. That hotel was a centre of the Albanian activism of the Albanian National Awakening in planning the Congress of Monastir and Albanian revolts in the period 1909—1912.
Gërmenji was a supporter of the cooperation with Bulgarians.
In 1911, he traveled to Italy and Greece to find support. In 1911 he was declared persona non grata in Greece because he refused to agree not to carry on nationalistic propaganda south of Vlora as a condition for cooperation with the Greek authorities against the Ottoman Empire. Gërmenji led an Albanian guerilla band composed of different religions and social classes fighting against the Ottoman Empire. While operating between Saranda and Gjirokastra, attempting to capture the military supplies of Ottoman army, he was seized and imprisoned in Ioannina. When he returned to Korça, he led one of two groups of Albanian irregulars around the region, when Albania was fragmented during the First World War (the other was led by Sali Butka).
He subsequently led the guerrilla forces in the Balkan Wars. During the first stages of the conflict between units of the Principality of Albania and the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus he participated at the battle of his native Korça, where the Albanian forces defended unsuccessfully the town against the attack by the forces of the pro-Greek Northern Epirus movement. Gërmenji fled to Sofia when Greek army reoccupied Korça in 1915. In October 1916, he traveled to Pogradec, which was occupied by Austrian and Bulgarian troops, to seek Austrian assistance. When he realized he would receive no help, he turned to the French, who had taken Korça in October 1916.
Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë
French officers had a meeting with Gërmenji on November 24, 1916, before the French army occupied Korçë on November 29. Themistokli Gërmenji came to Korçë from Pogradec, which was occupied by the armies of Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria during Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation of Albania. The French officers appointed a commission led by Gërmenji.
The commission held a meeting on December 10 at 9 a.m. in the Saint George's School and Gërmenji gave a speech to the gathered men; after the meeting he led the commission to the prefecture. In the prefecture they met with Colonel Descoins and other French officers. Haki Shemshedini approached Colonel Descoins on behalf of the commission. Colonel Descoins informed the commission that they should sign a protocol, which they did: the protocol stipulated that an autonomous province would be established on the territories of Korçë, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opar and Gora. It was also agreed that the 14 members of the commission would make up the administrative council, responsible for maintaining the order.
On December 10, 1916, Henry Descoin, the commander of the French garrison of Korçë, after the approval from Maurice Sarrail, declared the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë, and appointed Gërmenji as prefect. The new authorities in Korçë organized the police force and gendarmerie, a post office system and issued the postage stamps. Gërmenji set up Albanian schools throughout the villages of the region and discontinued the use of Turkish and Greek.
Gërmenji was awarded with the Croix de guerre because he participated in the French capture of Pogradec with the battalion from Korçë. At the end of 1917 however Gërmenji was accused of collaboration with the Central Powers and summarily executed on 7 November in Thessaloniki after being sentenced to death by a French military court. It later became clear that the military tribunal had made a grave judicial error, its members having been led astray by Greek informers who wished Germenji removed since he was a powerful Albanian leader.
Legacy
A statue of Gërmenji as a freedom fighter now stands in a main square of Korçë.
See also
Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë
Sali Butka
References
External links
Kosova.albemigrant website
1871 births
1917 deaths
Albanian Christians
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Albania
People from Korçë
20th-century Albanian military personnel
Activists of the Albanian National Awakening
Albanian politicians
Assassinated Albanian politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistenli-Bogdanovo
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Kistenli-Bogdanovo
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Kistenli-Bogdanovo () is a rural locality (a selo) in Bazlyksky Selsoviet, Bizhbulyaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 483 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.
Geography
Kistenli-Bogdanovo is located 17 km north of Bizhbulyak (the district's administrative centre) by road. Petrovka is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Bizhbulyaksky District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmwood%20Park%20High%20School%20%28Illinois%29
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Elmwood Park High School (Illinois)
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Elmwood Park High School, or EPHS, is a public four-year high school located in Elmwood Park, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Elmwood Park Community Unit School District 401.
About EPHS
Elmwood Park High School is a four-year comprehensive high school located in Elmwood
Park, Illinois. Students are all residents of Elmwood Park.
Opened for classes in 1954, Elmwood Park now has an enrollment of approximately 950 students with approximately 225 students in the senior class. Follow-up studies indicate that approximately 90% of the graduates have continued their education beyond high school.
Accreditation
Elmwood Park High School is fully accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the Illinois State Board of Education.
Faculty
The school has a professional staff of 70 certified personnel.
National Honor Society
Elmwood Park High School is chartered as the Harold Grothen Chapter of the National Honor Society of Secondary Schools.
Academics
In 2005, Elmwood Park had an average composite ACT score of 22.0, and graduated 92.9% of its senior class. The average class size is 20.3. Elmwood Park has made Adequate Yearly Progress on the Prairie State Achievement Examination in 2009 for the first time in years, a state test part of the No Child Left Behind Act. As of 2013, U.S. News and World Report had ranked the school in the top 10 percent in Illinois and in the U.S.
Athletics
Elmwood Park competes in the Metro Suburban Conference and Illinois High School Association.
Elmwood Park Tigers 2012 Football team won the Metro Suburban Conference Title for the first time since 1985. They were co-champions of the Metro Suburban Conference again in 2017.
References
External links
Official Website
Educational institutions established in 1954
Public high schools in Cook County, Illinois
1954 establishments in Illinois
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21460975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozdno%2C%20Lubusz%20Voivodeship
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Gozdno, Lubusz Voivodeship
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Gozdno () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubsko, within Żary County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately north of Lubsko, north-west of Żary, and west of Zielona Góra.
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
The village has a population of 59.
References
Gozdno
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11062909
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep%20the%20Car%20Running
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Keep the Car Running
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"Keep the Car Running" is a song by Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire. It is the second single released from the band's second album, Neon Bible in the UK (while "Black Mirror" is the first in the US). This song was #22 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007. In October 2011, NME placed it at number 61 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".
The single was released on 19 March 2007, on 7" vinyl with the B-side, "Broken Window", in the UK under Rough Trade Records. It peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 56. The single was released in the US on 8 May 2007, under Merge Records. It is alternatively titled "Keep the Car Running/Broken Window". It peaked at number 32 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.
The band performed the song during their 24 February 2007 appearance on Saturday Night Live.
Track listing
"Keep the Car Running" – 3:28
"Broken Window" – 6:27
Personnel
Win Butler – vocals, mandolin
Régine Chassagne – vocals, hurdy-gurdy
Richard Reed Parry – electric guitar, background vocals
Tim Kingsbury – bass guitar, background vocals
Will Butler – keyboards, background vocals
Jeremy Gara – drums
Sara Neufeld – violin, background vocals
Owen Pallett – violin
Marika Anthony Shaw – viola
Melanie Auclair – cello
Charts
Certifications
Covers
The song was covered by the Foo Fighters on 17 August and 18 November 2007 during their European Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace Tour at The O2 in London. The band played it once during a set for Jo Whiley's Live Lounge and previously during a concert for BBC Radio 1's Six Weeks of Summer concert event in Brighton. Dave Grohl announced to the audience that he had played the song earlier in the day but was unhappy with it as he felt he did not perform it well enough, so he felt it was his duty to retry it. He said during the first recording that he listens to the song every morning when he wakes up. The song can be found on The Foo Fighters' "Let It Die" single.
It was performed live by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, joined by Win Butler and Régine Chassagne of Arcade Fire, on October 14, 2007 in Ottawa.
The Williamsburg Salsa Orchestra released a Latin-flavored cover.
The song was frequently covered by Fiction Family during their 2009 tour.
References
2007 singles
Arcade Fire songs
2007 songs
Rough Trade Records singles
Songs written by William Butler (musician)
Songs written by Win Butler
Songs written by Régine Chassagne
Songs written by Jeremy Gara
Songs written by Tim Kingsbury
Songs written by Richard Reed Parry
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17723074
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy%20%28Russian%20TV%20channel%29
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Syfy (Russian TV channel)
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Syfy formerly known as the Sci Fi Channel. The Syfy in Russia and Kazakhstan is launched on May 30, 2008. It was available on cable and satellite television.
Syfy replaced Sci-fi Channel on April 13, 2010.
Syfy was announced December 4, 2021 at relaunched February 1, 2022, replacing Russian version of Nat Geo Wild.
Programmes
Battlestar Galactica
Torchwood
Doctor Who
Quantum Leap
Sliders
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
Stargate Universe
Stargate Atlantis
Destination Truth
Robot Chicken
Primeval
Warehouse 13
Face Off
Being Human
Jack Hunter and the Lost Treasure of Ugarit
Movies
Night Watch (2004 film)
Twilight Watch
Beetlejuice
Pterodactyl
Mega Piranha
Xtinction: Predator X
Iron Invader
Red Planet
Destination: Infestation
Universal Soldier: Regeneration
Beyond Loch Ness
Mega Shark Versus Giant Octopus
The Matrix
The 7 Adventures of Sinbad
Atomic Twister
Airline Disaster
Titanic II
Airline Disaster
2010: Moby Dick
Sinbad and The Minotaur
Spawn
Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus
Mega Python vs. Gatoroid
Dead Air
Metal Tornado
The Birds
External links
Official website
Syfy
Russian-language television stations in Russia
Television channels and stations established in 2008
Science fiction television channels
Television channels and stations established in 2021
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nartovsky
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Nartovsky
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Nartovsky () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Yaksatovsky Selsoviet, Privolzhsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia. The population was 424 as of 2010. There are 5 streets.
Geography
It is located on the Kizan River, 38 km southwest of Nachalovo (the district's administrative centre) by road. Atal is the nearest rural locality.
References
Rural localities in Privolzhsky District, Astrakhan Oblast
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218181
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%20Offensive
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Tet Offensive
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The Tet Offensive (, "1968 Yang Earth Monkey Tet event", also , "General offensive and uprising of Tet Mau Than") was a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. It was launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), the United States Armed Forces and their allies. It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam. The name is the truncated version of the Lunar New Year festival name in Vietnamese, Tết Nguyên Đán, with the offense chosen during a holiday period as most ARVN personnel were on leave. The purpose of the wide-scale offensive by the Hanoi Politburo was to trigger political instability, in a belief that mass armed assault on urban centers would trigger defections and rebellions.
The offensive was launched prematurely in the late night hours of 30 January in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones of South Vietnam. This early attack allowed allied forces some time to prepare defensive measures. When the main operation began the next morning, the offensive was countrywide and well coordinated; eventually more than 80,000 PAVN/VC troops struck more than 100 towns and cities, including 36 of 44 provincial capitals, five of the six autonomous cities, 72 of 245 district towns, and the southern capital. The offensive was the largest military operation conducted by either side up to that point in the war.
Hanoi had launched the offensive in the belief that it would trigger a popular uprising leading to the collapse of the South Vietnamese government. Although the initial attacks stunned the allies, causing them to lose control of several cities temporarily, they quickly regrouped, beat back the attacks, and inflicted heavy casualties on PAVN/VC forces. The popular uprising anticipated by Hanoi never happened. During the Battle of Huế, intense fighting lasted for a month, resulting in the destruction of the city. During their occupation, the PAVN/VC executed thousands of people in the Massacre at Huế. Around the U.S. combat base at Khe Sanh, fighting continued for two more months.
The offensive was a military and political defeat for North Vietnam, as neither uprisings nor ARVN unit defections had occurred in South Vietnam. However this offensive had far reaching consequences due to its effect on the views of the Vietnam War by the American public and the world broadly. General Westmoreland reported that defeating the PAVN/VC would require 200,000 more American soldiers and activation of the reserves, prompting even loyal supporters of the war to see that the current war strategy required re-evaluation. The offensive had a strong effect on the U.S. government and shocked the U.S. public, which had been led to believe by its political and military leaders that the North Vietnamese were being defeated and incapable of launching such an ambitious military operation; American public support for the war declined as a result of the Tet casualties and the ramping up of draft calls. Subsequently, the Johnson Administration sought negotiations to end the war, which were derailed in a secret agreement between then Presidential Candidate Richard Nixon and Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.
The term "Tet offensive" usually refers to the January–February 1968 offensive, but it can also include the so-called "Mini-Tet" offensive that took place in May and the Phase III offensive in August, or the 21 weeks of unusually intense combat which followed the initial attacks in January.
Background
South Vietnam Political Context
Leading up to the Tet Offensive were years of marked political instability and a series of coups after the 1963 South Vietnamese coup. In 1966, the leadership in South Vietnam, represented by the Head of State Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ were persuaded to commit to democratic reforms in an effort to stabilize the political situation at a conference in Honolulu. Prior to 1967, the South Vietnamese constituent assembly was in the process of drafting a new constitution and eventual elections. The political situation in South Vietnam, after the 1967 South Vietnamese presidential election, looked increasingly stable. Rivalries between South Vietnam's generals were becoming less chaotic, and Thiệu and Kỳ formed a joint ticket for the election. Despite efforts by North Vietnam to disrupt elections, higher than usual turnouts saw a political turning point towards a more democratic structure and ushered in a period of political stability after a series of coups had characterized the preceding years.
Protests, campaigning and the atmosphere of elections had been interpreted by the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam and Lê Duẩn as signs that the population would embrace a 'general uprising' against the government of South Vietnam. The Politburo sought to exploit perceived instability and maintain political weakness in South Vietnam.
United States War Strategy
During fall 1967, the question whether the U.S. strategy of attrition was working in South Vietnam weighed heavily on the minds of the American public and the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. General William C. Westmoreland, the commander of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), believed that if a "crossover point" could be reached by which the number of communist troops killed or captured during military operations exceeded those recruited or replaced, the Americans would win the war. There was a discrepancy, however, between the order of battle estimates of the MACV and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) concerning the strength of VC guerrilla forces within South Vietnam. In September, members of the MACV intelligence services and the CIA met to prepare a Special National Intelligence Estimate that would be used by the administration to gauge U.S. success in the conflict.
Provided with an enemy intelligence windfall accrued during Operations Cedar Falls and Junction City, the CIA members of the group believed that the number of VC guerrillas, irregulars, and cadre within the South could be as high as 430,000. The MACV Combined Intelligence Center, on the other hand, maintained that the number could be no more than 300,000. Westmoreland was deeply concerned about the possible perceptions of the American public to such an increased estimate since communist troop strength was routinely provided to reporters during press briefings. According to MACV's chief of intelligence, General Joseph A. McChristian, the new figures "would create a political bombshell", since they were positive proof that the North Vietnamese "had the capability and the will to continue a protracted war of attrition".
In May, MACV attempted to obtain a compromise from the CIA by maintaining that VC militias did not constitute a fighting force but were essentially low-level fifth columnists used for information collection. The agency responded that such a notion was ridiculous since the militias were directly responsible for half of the casualties inflicted on U.S. forces. With the groups deadlocked, George Carver, CIA deputy director for Vietnamese affairs, was asked to mediate the dispute. In September, Carver devised a compromise: The CIA would drop its insistence on including the irregulars in the final tally of forces and add a prose addendum to the estimate that would explain the agency's position. George Allen, Carver's deputy, laid responsibility for the agency's capitulation at the feet of Richard Helms, the director of the CIA. He believed that "it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration."
During the second half of 1967 the administration had become alarmed by criticism, both inside and outside the government, and by reports of declining public support for its Vietnam policies. According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. This trend was fueled not by a belief that the struggle was not worthwhile, but by mounting casualty figures, rising taxes, and the feeling that there was no end to the war in sight. A poll taken in November indicated that 55 percent wanted a tougher war policy, exemplified by the public belief that "it was an error for us to have gotten involved in Vietnam in the first place. But now that we're there, let's win – or get out." This prompted the administration to launch a so-called "success offensive", a concerted effort to alter the widespread public perception that the war had reached a stalemate and to convince the American people that the administration's policies were succeeding. Under the leadership of National Security Advisor Walt W. Rostow, the news media then was inundated by a wave of effusive optimism.
Every statistical indicator of progress, from "kill ratios" and "body counts" to village pacification, was fed to the press and to the Congress. "We are beginning to win this struggle", asserted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey on NBC's Today show in mid-November. "We are on the offensive. The territory is being gained. We are making steady progress." At the end of November, the campaign reached its climax when Johnson summoned Westmoreland and the new U.S. Ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker, to Washington, D.C., for what was billed as a "high-level policy review". Upon their arrival, the two men bolstered the administration's claims of success. From Saigon, pacification chief Robert Komer asserted that the CORDS pacification program in the countryside was succeeding, and that sixty-eight percent of the South Vietnamese population was under the control of Saigon while only seventeen percent was under the control of the VC. General Bruce Palmer Jr., one of Westmoreland's three Field Force commanders, claimed that "the Viet Cong has been defeated" and that "He can't get food and he can't recruit. He has been forced to change his strategy from trying to control the people on the coast to try to survive in the mountains."
Westmoreland was even more emphatic in his assertions. At an address at the National Press Club on 21 November, he reported that, as of the end of 1967, the communists were "unable to mount a major offensive ... I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing...We have reached an important point when the end begins to come into view." By the end of the year the administration's approval rating had indeed crept up by eight percent, but an early January Gallup poll indicated that forty-seven percent of the American public still disapproved of the President's handling of the war. The American public, "more confused than convinced, more doubtful than despairing ... adopted a 'wait and see' attitude." During a discussion with an interviewer from Time magazine, Westmoreland defied the communists to launch an attack: "I hope they try something because we are looking for a fight."
North Vietnam
Party politics
Planning in Hanoi for a winter-spring offensive during 1968 had begun in early 1967 and continued until early the following year. According to American sources, there has been an extreme reluctance among Vietnamese historians to discuss the decision-making process that led to the general offensive and uprising, even decades after the event. In official Vietnamese literature, the decision to launch the Tet offensive was usually presented as the result of a perceived U.S. failure to win the war quickly, the failure of the American bombing campaign against North Vietnam, and the anti-war sentiment that pervaded the population of the U.S. The decision to launch the general offensive, however, was much more complicated.
The decision signaled the end of a bitter, decade-long debate within the North Vietnamese Government between first two, and then three factions. The moderates believed that the economic viability of North Vietnam should come before support of a massive and conventional southern war and they generally followed the Soviet line of peaceful coexistence by reunifying Vietnam through political means. Heading this faction were party theorist Trường Chinh and Minister of Defense Võ Nguyên Giáp. The militant faction, on the other hand, tended to follow the foreign policy line of the People's Republic of China and called for the reunification of the nation by military means and that no negotiations should be undertaken with the Americans. This group was led by Communist Party First Secretary Lê Duẩn and Lê Đức Thọ (no relation). From the early to mid-1960s, the militants had dictated the direction of the war in South Vietnam. General Nguyễn Chí Thanh the head of Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), headquarters for the South, was another prominent militant. The followers of the Chinese line centered their strategy against the U.S. and its allies on large-scale, main force actions rather than the protracted guerrilla war espoused by Mao Zedong.
By 1966–1967, however, after suffering massive casualties, stalemate on the battlefield, and destruction of the northern economy by U.S. aerial bombing, there was a dawning realization that if current trends continued, Hanoi would eventually lack the resources necessary to affect the military situation in the South. As a result, there were more strident calls by the moderates for negotiations and a revision of strategy. They felt that a return to guerrilla tactics was more appropriate since the U.S. could not be defeated conventionally. They also complained that the policy of rejecting negotiations was in error. The Americans could only be worn down in a war of wills during a period of "fighting while talking". During 1967 things had become so bad on the battlefield that Lê Duẩn ordered Thanh to incorporate aspects of protracted guerrilla warfare into his strategy.
During the same period, a counter-attack was launched by a new, third grouping (the centrists) led by President Hồ Chí Minh, Lê Đức Thọ, and Foreign Minister Nguyễn Duy Trinh, who called for negotiations. From October 1966 through April 1967, a very public debate over military strategy took place in print and via radio between Thanh and his rival for military power, Giáp. Giáp had advocated a defensive, primarily guerrilla strategy against the U.S. and South Vietnam. Thanh's position was that Giáp and his adherents were centered on their experiences during the First Indochina War and that they were too "conservative and captive to old methods and past experience... mechanically repeating the past."
The arguments over domestic and military strategy also carried a foreign policy element, as North Vietnam, like South Vietnam, was largely dependent on outside military and economic aid. The vast majority of North Vietnam's military equipment was provided by either the Soviet Union or China. Beijing advocated that North Vietnam conduct a protracted war on the Maoist model, fearing that a conventional conflict might draw China in, as had happened in the Korean War. They also resisted the idea of negotiating with the allies. Moscow, on the other hand, advocated negotiations, but simultaneously armed Hanoi's forces to conduct a conventional war on the Soviet model. North Vietnamese foreign policy therefore consisted of maintaining a critical balance between war policy, internal and external policies, domestic adversaries, and foreign allies with "self-serving agendas."
To "break the will of their domestic opponents and reaffirm their autonomy vis-à-vis their foreign allies", hundreds of pro-Soviet, party moderates, military officers, and intelligentsia were arrested on 27 July 1967, during what came to be called the Revisionist Anti-Party Affair. All of the arrests were based on the individual's stance on the Politburo's choice of tactics and strategy for the proposed general offensive. This move cemented the position of the militants as Hanoi's strategy: the rejection of negotiations, the abandonment of protracted warfare, and the focus on the offensive in the towns and cities of South Vietnam. More arrests followed in November and December.
General offensive and uprising
The operational plan for the general offensive and uprising had its origin as the "COSVN proposal" at Thanh's southern headquarters in April 1967 and had then been relayed to Hanoi the following month. The General was then ordered to the capital to explain his concept in person to the Military Central Commission. At a meeting in July, Thanh briefed the plan to the Politburo. On the evening of 6 July, after receiving permission to begin preparations for the offensive, Thanh attended a party and died of a heart attack after drinking too much. An alternative account is that Thanh died of injuries sustained in a U.S. bombing raid on COSVN after having been evacuated from Cambodia.
After cementing their position during the Party crackdown, the militants sped up planning for a major conventional offensive to break the military deadlock. They concluded that the Saigon government and the U.S. presence were so unpopular with the population of the South that a broad-based attack would spark a spontaneous uprising of the population, which, if the offensive was successful, would enable the North Vietnamese to sweep to a quick, decisive victory. Their basis for this conclusion included: a belief that the South Vietnamese military was no longer combat-effective; the results of the 1967 presidential election (in which the Thiệu/Kỳ ticket had only received 24 percent of the popular vote); the Buddhist crises of 1963 and 1966; well-publicized anti-war demonstrations in Saigon; and continuous criticism of the Thiệu government in the southern press. Launching such an offensive would also finally put an end to what have been described as "dovish calls for talks, criticism of military strategy, Chinese diatribes of Soviet perfidy, and Soviet pressure to negotiate—all of which needed to be silenced."
In October, the Politburo decided on the Tet holiday as the launch date and met again in December to reaffirm its decision and formalize it at the 14th Plenary session of the Party Central Committee in January 1968. The resultant Resolution 14 was a major blow to domestic opposition and "foreign obstruction". Concessions had been made to the center group, however, by agreeing that negotiations were possible, but the document essentially centered on the creation of "a spontaneous uprising in order to win a decisive victory in the shortest time possible."
Contrary to Western belief, General Giáp did not plan or command the offensive himself. Thanh's original plan was elaborated on by a party committee headed by Thanh's deputy, Phạm Hùng, and then modified by Giáp. The Defense Minister may have been convinced to toe the line by the arrest and imprisonment of most of the members of his staff during the Revisionist Anti-Communist Party Affair. Although Giáp went to work "reluctantly, under duress", he may have found the task easier due to the fact that he was faced with a fait accompli. Since the Politburo had already approved the offensive, all he had to do was make it work. He combined guerrilla operations into what was basically a conventional military offensive and shifted the burden of sparking the popular uprising to the VC. If it worked, all would be well and good. If it failed, it would be a failure only for the Communist Party militants. For the moderates and centrists, it offered the prospect of negotiations and a possible end to the American bombing of the North. Only in the eyes of the militants, therefore, did the offensive become a "go for broke" effort. Others in the Politburo were willing to settle for a much less ambitious "victory".
The PAVN official history states that the objectives of the Tet offensive were to: annihilate and cause the total disintegration of the bulk of the puppet army, overthrow the "puppet" (South Vietnamese) regime at all administrative levels, and place all government power in the hands of the people. Annihilate a significant portion of the American military's troop strength and destroy a significant portion of his war equipment in order to prevent the American forces from being able to carry out their political and military missions; on the basis, crush the American will to commit aggression and force the United States to accept defeat in South Vietnam and end all hostile actions against North Vietnam. In addition, using this as the basis, they would achieve the immediate goals of the revolution, which were independence, democracy, peace, and neutrality in South Vietnam, and then move toward achieving peace and national unification.
The operation would involve a preliminary phase, during which diversionary attacks would be launched in the border areas of South Vietnam to draw American attention and forces away from the cities. The general offensive and uprising would then commence with simultaneous actions on major allied bases and most urban areas, and with particular emphasis on the cities of Saigon and Huế. Concurrently, a substantial threat would have to be made against the U.S. Khe Sanh Combat Base. The Khe Sanh actions would draw PAVN forces away from the offensive into the cities, but Giáp considered them necessary in order to protect his supply lines and divert American attention. Attacks on other U.S. forces were of secondary, or even tertiary importance, since Giáp considered his main objective to be weakening or destroying the South Vietnamese military and government through popular revolt. The offensive, therefore, was aimed at influencing the South Vietnamese public, not that of the U.S. There is conflicting evidence as to whether, or to what extent, the offensive was intended to influence either the March primaries or the November presidential election in the U.S.
According to General Trần Văn Trà, the new military head of COSVN, the offensive was to have three distinct phases: Phase I, scheduled to begin on 30 January, would be a countrywide assault on the cities, conducted primarily by VC forces. Concurrently, a propaganda offensive to induce ARVN troops to desert and the South Vietnamese population to rise up against the government would be launched. If outright victory was not achieved, the battle might still lead to the creation of a coalition government and the withdrawal of the Americans. If the general offensive failed to achieve these purposes, follow-up operations would be conducted to wear down the enemy and lead to a negotiated settlement; Phase II was scheduled to begin on 5 May and Phase III on 17 August.
Preparations for the offensive were already underway. The logistical build-up began in mid-year, and by January 1968, 81,000 tons of supplies and 200,000 troops, including seven complete infantry regiments and 20 independent battalions made the trip south on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. This logistical effort also involved re-arming the VC with new AK-47 assault rifles and B-40 rocket-propelled grenade launchers, which granted them superior firepower over the ARVN. To pave the way and to confuse the allies as to its intentions, Hanoi launched a diplomatic offensive. Foreign Minister Trinh announced on 30 December that Hanoi would rather than could open negotiations if the U.S. unconditionally ended Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing campaign against North Vietnam. This announcement provoked a flurry of diplomatic activity (which amounted to nothing) during the last weeks of the year.
South Vietnamese and U.S. military intelligence estimated that PAVN/VC forces in South Vietnam during January 1968 totaled 323,000 men, including 130,000 PAVN regulars, 160,000 VC and members of the infrastructure, and 33,000 service and support troops. They were organized into nine divisions composed of 35 infantry and 20 artillery or anti-aircraft artillery regiments, which were, in turn, composed of 230 infantry and six sapper battalions.
U.S. unpreparedness
Suspicions and diversions
Signs of impending communist action were noticed among the allied intelligence collection apparatus in Saigon. During the late summer and fall of 1967 both South Vietnamese and U.S. intelligence agencies collected clues that indicated a significant shift in communist strategic planning. By mid-December, mounting evidence convinced many in Washington and Saigon that something big was underway. During the last three months of the year intelligence agencies had observed signs of a major North Vietnamese military buildup. In addition to captured documents (a copy of Resolution 13, for example, was captured by early October), observations of enemy logistical operations were also quite clear: in October, the number of trucks observed heading south through Laos on the Hồ Chí Minh Trail jumped from the previous monthly average of 480 to 1,116. By November this total reached 3,823 and, in December, 6,315. On 20 December, Westmoreland cabled Washington that he expected the PAVN/VC "to undertake an intensified countrywide effort, perhaps a maximum effort, over a relatively short period of time."
Despite all the warning signs, however, the allies were still surprised by the scale and scope of the offensive. According to ARVN Colonel Hoang Ngoc Lung the answer lay with the allied intelligence methodology itself, which tended to estimate the enemy's probable course of action based upon their capabilities, not their intentions. Since, in the allied estimation, the communists hardly had the capability to launch such an ambitious enterprise: "There was little possibility that the enemy could initiate a general offensive, regardless of his intentions." The answer could also be partially explained by the lack of coordination and cooperation between competing intelligence branches, both South Vietnamese and American. The situation from the U.S. perspective was summed up by an MACV intelligence analyst: "If we'd gotten the whole battle plan, it wouldn't have been believed. It wouldn't have been credible to us."
From early to late 1967, the U.S. command in Saigon was perplexed by a series of actions initiated by the PAVN/VC in the border regions. On 24 April a U.S. Marine Corps patrol prematurely triggered a PAVN offensive aimed at taking Khe Sanh Combat Base, the western anchor of the Marines' defensive positions in Quảng Trị Province. For 49 days during early September and lasting into October, the PAVN began shelling the U.S. Marine outpost of Con Thien, just south of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The intense shelling (100–150 rounds per day) prompted Westmoreland to launch Operation Neutralize, an intense aerial bombardment campaign of 4,000 sorties into and just north of the DMZ.
On 27 October, an ARVN battalion at Sông Bé, the capital of Phước Long Province, came under attack by an entire PAVN regiment. Two days later, another PAVN regiment attacked a U.S. Special Forces border outpost at Lộc Ninh, in Bình Long Province. This attack sparked a ten-day battle that drew in elements of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division and the ARVN 18th Division and left 800 PAVN troops dead at its conclusion.
The most severe of what came to be known as "the Border Battles" erupted during October and November around Dak To, another border outpost in Kon Tum Province. The clashes there between the four regiments of the PAVN 1st Division, the U.S. 4th Infantry Division, the 173rd Airborne Brigade and ARVN infantry and Airborne elements, lasted for 22 days. By the time the fighting was over, between 1,200 and 1,600 PAVN and 262 U.S. troops had lost their lives. MACV intelligence was confused by the possible motives of the North Vietnamese in prompting such large-scale actions in remote regions where U.S. artillery and aerial firepower could be applied indiscriminately, which meant that tactically and strategically, these operations made no sense. What the North Vietnamese had done was carry out the first stage of their plan: to fix the attention of the U.S. command on the borders and draw the bulk of U.S. forces away from the heavily populated coastal lowlands and cities.
Westmoreland was more concerned with the situation at Khe Sanh, where, on 21 January 1968, a force estimated at 20,000–40,000 PAVN troops had besieged the U.S. Marine garrison. MACV was convinced that the PAVN planned to stage an attack and overrun the base as a prelude to an all-out effort to seize the two northernmost provinces of South Vietnam. To deter any such possibility, he deployed 250,000 men, including half of MACV's U.S. maneuver battalions, to I Corps.
This course of events disturbed Lieutenant General Frederick Weyand, commander of U.S. forces in III Corps, which included the Capital Military District. Weyand, a former intelligence officer, was suspicious of the pattern of communist activities in his area of responsibility and notified Westmoreland of his concerns on 10 January. Westmoreland agreed with his estimate and ordered 15 U.S. battalions to redeploy from positions near the Cambodian border back to the outskirts of Saigon. When the offensive did begin, a total of 27 allied maneuver battalions defended the city and the surrounding area. This redeployment may have been one of the most critical tactical decisions of the war.
Before the offensive
By the beginning of January 1968, the U.S. had deployed 331,098 Army personnel and 78,013 Marines in nine divisions, an armoured cavalry regiment, and two separate brigades to South Vietnam. They were joined there by the 1st Australian Task Force, a Royal Thai Army regiment, two South Korean Army infantry divisions, and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps brigade. South Vietnamese strength totaled 350,000 regulars in the Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps. They were in turn supported by the 151,000-man South Vietnamese Regional Forces and 149,000-man South Vietnamese Popular Forces, which were the equivalent of regional and local militias.
In the days immediately preceding the offensive, the preparedness of allied forces was relatively relaxed. Hanoi had announced in October that it would observe a seven-day truce from 27 January to 3 February for the Tet holiday, and the South Vietnamese military made plans to allow recreational leave for approximately half of its forces. General Westmoreland, who had already cancelled the truce in I Corps, requested that South Vietnam cancel the upcoming cease-fire, but President Thiệu (who had already reduced the cease-fire to 36 hours), refused to do so, claiming that it would damage troop morale and only benefit communist propagandists.
On 28 January, eleven VC cadres were captured in the city of Qui Nhơn while in possession of two pre-recorded audio tapes whose message appealed to the populace in "already occupied Saigon, Huế, and Da Nang". The following afternoon, General Cao Văn Viên, chief of the South Vietnamese Joint General Staff, ordered his four Corps' commanders to place their troops on alert. Yet, there was still a lack of a sense of urgency on the part of the allies. If Westmoreland had a grasp of the potential for danger, he did not communicate it very well to others. On the evening of 30 January, 200 U.S. officers—all of whom served on the MACV intelligence staff—attended a pool party at their quarters in Saigon. According to James Meecham, an analyst at the Combined Intelligence Center who attended the party: "I had no conception Tet was coming, absolutely zero ... Of the 200-odd officers present, not one I talked to knew Tet was coming, without exception."
Westmoreland also failed to communicate his concerns adequately to Washington. Although he had warned the President between 25 and 30 January that "widespread" communist attacks were in the offing, his admonitions had tended to be so oblique or so hedged with official optimism that even the administration was unprepared. No one – in either Washington or Vietnam – was expecting what happened.
Weyand invited CBS News Correspondent John Laurence and Washington Post reporter Don Oberdorfer to his III Corps headquarters in the week before the Tet offensive to alert them that a major enemy attack was coming "just before or just after Tet." He said the Vietnamese had too much respect for the holiday to attack during Tet itself. Weyand said he had moved 30 U.S. and South Vietnamese battalions closer to Saigon to defend the city.
Offensive
Whether by accident or design, the first wave of attacks began shortly after midnight on 30 January as all five provincial capitals in II Corps and Da Nang, in I Corps, were attacked. Nha Trang, headquarters of the U.S. I Field Force, was the first to be hit, followed shortly by Ban Mê Thuột, Kon Tum, Hội An, Tuy Hòa, Da Nang, Qui Nhơn, and Pleiku. During all of these operations, the PAVN/VC followed a similar pattern: mortar or rocket attacks were closely followed by massed ground assaults conducted by battalion-strength elements of the VC, sometimes supported by PAVN regulars. These forces would join with local cadres who served as guides to lead the regulars to the most senior South Vietnamese headquarters and the radio station. The operations, however, were not well coordinated at the local level. By daylight, almost all communist forces had been driven from their objectives. General Phillip B. Davidson, the new MACV chief of intelligence, notified Westmoreland that "This is going to happen in the rest of the country tonight and tomorrow morning." All U.S. forces were placed on maximum alert and similar orders were issued to all ARVN units. The allies, however, still responded without any real sense of urgency. Orders cancelling leaves either came too late or were disregarded.
At 03:00 on 31 January PAVN/VC forces attacked Saigon, Cholon, and Gia Định in the Capital Military District; Quảng Trị (again), Huế, Quảng Tín, Tam Kỳ and Quảng Ngãi as well as U.S. bases at Phú Bài and Chu Lai in I Corps; Phan Thiết, Tuy Hòa and U.S. installations at Bong Son and An Khê in II Corps; and Cần Thơ and Vĩnh Long in IV Corps. The following day, Biên Hòa, Long Thanh, Bình Dương in III Corps and Kien Hoa, Dinh Tuong, Gò Công, Kiên Giang, Vĩnh Bình, Bến Tre, and Kien Tuong in IV Corps were assaulted. The last attack of the initial operation was launched against Bạc Liêu in IV Corps on 10 February. A total of approximately 84,000 PAVN/VC troops participated in the attacks while thousands of others stood by to act as reinforcements or as blocking forces. PAVN/VC forces also mortared or rocketed every major allied airfield and attacked 64 district capitals and scores of smaller towns.
In most cases, the defense was led by the South Vietnamese. Local militia or ARVN forces, supported by the South Vietnamese National Police, usually drove the attackers out within two or three days, sometimes within hours; but heavy fighting continued several days longer in Kon Tum, Buôn Ma Thuột, Phan Thiết, Cần Thơ, and Bến Tre. The outcome in each instance was usually dictated by the ability of local commanders—some were outstanding, others were cowardly or incompetent. During this crucial crisis, however, no South Vietnamese unit broke or defected to the communists.
According to Westmoreland, he responded to the news of the attacks with optimism, both in media presentations and in his reports to Washington. According to closer observers, however, the General was "stunned that the communists had been able to coordinate so many attacks in such secrecy", and he was "dispirited and deeply shaken." According to Clark Clifford, at the time of the initial attacks, the reaction of the U.S. military leadership "approached panic". Although Westmoreland's appraisal of the military situation was correct, he made himself look foolish by continuously maintaining his belief that Khe Sanh was the real objective of the North Vietnamese and that 155 attacks by 84,000 troops was a diversion (a position he maintained until at least 12 February). Washington Post reporter Peter Braestrup summed up the feelings of his colleagues by asking "How could any effort against Saigon, especially downtown Saigon, be a diversion?"
Saigon
Although Saigon was the focal point of the offensive, the PAVN/VC did not seek a total takeover of the city. Rather, they had six primary targets to strike in the downtown area: the headquarters of the ARVN Joint General Staff, Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the Independence Palace, the US Embassy in Saigon, the Republic of Vietnam Navy Headquarters and Radio Saigon. Elsewhere in the city or its outskirts, ten VC Local Force Battalions attacked the central police station and the Artillery Command and the Armored Command headquarters (both at Gò Vấp). The plan called for all these initial forces to capture and hold their positions for 48 hours, by which time reinforcements were to have arrived to relieve them.
The defense of the Capital Military District was primarily a South Vietnamese responsibility and it was initially defended by eight ARVN infantry battalions and the local police force. By 3 February they had been reinforced by five ARVN Ranger Battalions, five Marine Corps, and five ARVN Airborne Battalions. U.S. Army units participating in the defense included the 716th Military Police Battalion, seven infantry battalions (one mechanized), and six artillery battalions.
At the Armored Command and Artillery Command headquarters on the northern edge of the city the PAVN planned to use captured tanks and artillery pieces but the tanks had been moved to another base two months earlier and the
Breechblock breechblocks of the artillery pieces had been removed, rendering them useless.
One of the most important targets, from a symbolic and propagandistic point of view, was Radio Saigon. Its troops had brought along a tape recording of Hồ Chi Minh announcing the liberation of Saigon and calling for a "General Uprising" against the Thiệu government. They seized the building, held it for six hours and, when running out of ammunition, the last eight attackers destroyed it and killed themselves using explosive charges, but they were unable to broadcast due to the cutting off of the audio lines from the main studio to the tower as soon as the station was seized.
The US Embassy in Saigon, a massive six-floor building situated within a four-acre compound, had been completed only in September. At 02:45 it was attacked by a 19-man sapper team that blew a hole in the surrounding wall and charged through. With their officers killed in the initial attack and their attempt to gain access to the building having failed, the sappers simply occupied the chancery grounds until they were all killed or captured by U.S. reinforcements that were landed on the roof of the building six hours later. By 09:20 the embassy and grounds were secured, with the loss of five U.S. personnel.
At 03:00 on 31 January, twelve VC sappers approached the Vietnamese Navy Headquarters in two civilian cars, killing two guards at a barricade at Me Linh Square and then advanced towards the base gate. The sound of gunfire alerted base sentries who secured the gate and sounded the alarm. A .30-caliber machine gun on the second floor of the headquarters disabled both cars and killed or wounded several sappers while the Navy security force organized a counterattack. Simultaneously a U.S. Navy advisor contacted the U.S. military police who soon attacked the VC from adjoining streets, the resulting crossfire ended the attack, killing eight sappers with two captured.
Small squads of VC fanned out across the city to attack various officers and enlisted men's billets, homes of ARVN officers, and district police stations. Provided with "blacklists" of military officers and civil servants, they began to round up and execute any that could be found.
On 1 February General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, chief of the National Police, publicly executed VC officer Nguyễn Văn Lém, captured in civilian clothing, in front of photographer Eddie Adams and a film cameraman. That photography, with the title of Saigon Execution won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and is widely seen as a defining moment in the Vietnam War for its influence on public opinion in the U.S. about the war, even being called "the picture that lost the war".
Outside the city proper two VC battalions attacked the U.S. logistical and headquarters complex at Long Binh Post. Biên Hòa Air Base was struck by a battalion, while the adjacent ARVN III Corps headquarters was the objective of another. Tan Son Nhut Air Base, in the northwestern part of the city, was attacked by three battalions. A combat-ready battalion of ARVN paratroopers, awaiting transport to Da Nang, went instead directly into action supporting the United States Air Force's 377th Security Police Squadron and the U.S. Army's 3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment in halting the attack. A total of 35 PAVN/VC battalions, many of whose troops were undercover cadres who had lived and worked within the capital or its environs for years, had been committed to the Saigon objectives. By dawn most of the attacks within the city center had been eliminated, but severe fighting between VC and allied forces erupted in the Chinese neighborhood of Cholon around the Phú Thọ racetrack, southwest of the city center, which was being used as a staging area and command and control center by the PAVN/VC. Bitter and destructive house-to-house fighting erupted in the area. On 4 February, the residents were ordered to leave their homes and the area was declared a free fire zone. Fighting in the city came to a close only after a fierce battle between the ARVN Rangers and PAVN forces on 7 March.
On the morning of 2 March 1968, while patrolling north of Tan Son Nhut Air Base near the small village of Quoi Xuan to locate VC rocket sites, Company C, 4th Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment walked into an ambush losing 48 killed in just 8 minutes. U.S. forces claimed they killed 20 VC. Specialist Nicholas J. Cutinha would be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Quoi Xuan. General Fillmore K. Mearns would describe this as "a classic example of a properly executed ambush." The following day as US troops swept the area they were engaged by VC forces in an 8-hour battle losing 3 dead while killing 10 VC.
While their attacks on Saigon had been quickly repulsed, in early March, more than 20 VC battalions remained near Gia Định Province, threatening Saigon. While most of these units had suffered heavy losses in the offensive, their continued presence applied pressure on Saigon and prevented the reestablishment of South Vietnamese Government control. From 11 March to 7 April, Allied forces launched Operation Quyet Thang to pacify the area around Saigon. The operation was considered a success and the U.S. claimed 2,658 VC killed and 427 captured. It was followed immediately by Operation Toan Thang I (8 April – 31 May) which expanded the security operation across III Corps and resulted in a further 7645 VC killed and 1708 captured for South Vietnamese losses of 708 killed, U.S. losses of 564 killed and other Allied losses of 23 killed.
Huế
At 03:40 on the foggy morning of 31 January, allied defensive positions north of the Perfume River in the city of Huế were mortared and rocketed and then attacked by two battalions of the PAVN 6th Regiment. Their target was the ARVN 1st Division headquarters located in the Citadel, a three-square mile complex of palaces, parks, and residences, which were surrounded by a moat and a massive earth and masonry fortress. The undermanned ARVN defenders, led by General Ngô Quang Trưởng, managed to hold their position, but the majority of the Citadel fell to the PAVN. On the south bank of the river, the PAVN 4th Regiment attempted to seize the local MACV headquarters, but was held at bay by a makeshift force of approximately 200 Americans. The rest of the city was overrun by PAVN forces which initially totaled approximately 7,500 men. Both sides then rushed to reinforce and resupply their forces. Lasting 25 days, the battle of Huế became one of the longest and bloodiest single battles of the Vietnam War.
During the first days of the North Vietnamese occupation, U.S. intelligence vastly underestimated the number of PAVN troops and little appreciated the effort that was going to be necessary to evict them. General Westmoreland informed the Joint Chiefs that "the enemy has approximately three companies in the Huế Citadel and the marines have sent a battalion into the area to clear them out." A later assessment ultimately noted three Marine and 11 Vietnamese battalions engaged at least 8 PAVN/VC battalions of the PAVN 6th Regiment, not including the large number of forces outside the city.
Since there were no U.S. formations stationed in Huế, relief forces had to move up from Phu Bai Combat Base, eight kilometers to the southeast. In a misty drizzle, U.S. Marines of the 1st Marine Division and soldiers of the 1st ARVN Division and Marine Corps cleared the city street by street and house by house, a deadly and destructive form of urban combat that the U.S. military had not engaged in since the Battle of Seoul during the Korean War, and for which neither side were trained. Because of poor weather conditions, logistics problems and the historical and cultural significance of the city, American forces did not immediately apply air and artillery strikes as widely as they had in other cities.
VC forces around Huế included six main-force battalions, while two PAVN regiments operated in the area. As the battle unfolded three more PAVN regiments redeployed from Khe Sanh arrived as reinforcements. The North Vietnamese plan of attack on Huế involved intensive preparation and reconnaissance. Over 190 targets, including every government and military installation on both sides of the river would be hit on January 31 by a force of five thousand. Other forces would block American and ARVN reinforcement routes, mainly Highway 1. Over half of the ARVN 1st Division was on holiday leave and PAVN commanders believed the population of Huế would join the fight as a part of the General Uprising.
Outside Huế, elements of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division and the 101st Airborne Division fought to seal PAVN access and cut off their lines of supply and reinforcement. By this point in the battle 16 to 18 PAVN battalions (8,000–11,000 men) were taking part in the fighting for the city itself or the approaches to the city. Two of the PAVN regiments had made a forced march from the vicinity of Khe Sanh to Huế in order to participate. During most of February, the allies gradually fought their way towards the Citadel, which was taken only after twenty-five days of intense struggle. The city was not declared recaptured by U.S. and ARVN forces until 25 February, when members of the ARVN 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment, 1st Division raised the South Vietnamese flag over the Palace of Perfect Peace.
During the intense action, the allies estimated that PAVN forces had between 1,042 and 5,000 killed and 89 captured in the city and in the surrounding area. 216 U.S. Marines and soldiers had been killed during the fighting and 1,609 were wounded. 421 ARVN troops were killed, another 2,123 were wounded, and 31 were missing. More than 5,800 civilians had lost their lives during the battle and 116,000 were left homeless out of an original population of 140,000. 40–50% of Huế was destroyed by the end of the battle.
In the aftermath of the recapture of the city, the discovery of several mass graves (the last of which were uncovered in 1970) of South Vietnamese citizens of Huế sparked a controversy that has not diminished with time. The victims had either been clubbed or shot to death or simply buried alive. The official allied explanation was that during their initial occupation of the city, the PAVN had quickly begun to systematically round up (under the guise of re-education) and then execute as many as 2,800 South Vietnamese civilians that they believed to be potentially hostile to communist control. Those taken into custody included South Vietnamese military personnel, present and former government officials, local civil servants, teachers, policemen, and religious figures. Historian Gunther Lewy claimed that a captured VC document stated that the communists had "eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants." The North Vietnamese officer, Bùi Tín, later further muddied the waters by stating that their forces had indeed rounded up "reactionary" captives for transport to the North, but that local commanders, under battlefield exigencies, had executed them for expediency's sake.
General Trưởng believed that the captives had been executed by the communists in order to protect the identities of members of the local VC infrastructure, whose covers had been blown. The exact circumstances leading to the deaths of those citizens of Huế discovered in the mass graves may never be known exactly, but most of the victims were killed as a result of PAVN and VC executions, considering evidence from captured documents and witness testimonies among other things.
Khe Sanh
The attack on Khe Sanh, which began on 21 January before the other offensives, probably served two purposes—as a real attempt to seize the position or as a diversion to draw American attention and forces away from the population centers in the lowlands, a deception that was "both plausible and easy to orchestrate." In Westmoreland's view, the purpose of the base was to provoke the North Vietnamese into a focused and prolonged confrontation in a confined geographic area, one which would allow the application of massive U.S. artillery and air strikes that would inflict heavy casualties in a relatively unpopulated region. By the end of 1967, MACV had moved nearly half of its manoeuvre battalions to I Corps in anticipation of just such a battle.
Westmoreland—and the American media, which covered the action extensively—often made inevitable comparisons between the actions at Khe Sanh and the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, where a French base had been besieged and ultimately overrun by Viet Minh forces under the command of General Giáp during the First Indochina War. Westmoreland, who knew of Nguyen Chi Thanh's penchant for large-scale operations—but not of his death—believed that this was going to be an attempt to replicate that victory. He intended to stage his own "Dien Bien Phu in reverse."
Khe Sanh and its 6,000 U.S. Marine Corps, Army and ARVN defenders was surrounded by two to three PAVN divisions, totaling approximately 20,000 men. Throughout the siege, which lasted until 8 April, the allies were subjected to heavy mortar, rocket, and artillery bombardment, combined with sporadic small-scale infantry attacks on outlying positions. With the exception of the overrunning of the U.S. Special Forces camp at Lang Vei, however, there was never a major ground assault on the base and the battle became largely a duel between American and North Vietnamese artillerists, combined with massive air strikes conducted by U.S. aircraft. By the end of the siege, U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy aircraft had dropped 39,179 tons of ordnance in the defense of the base.
The overland supply route to the base had been cut off, and airborne resupply by cargo aircraft became extremely dangerous due to heavy PAVN antiaircraft fire. Thanks to innovative high-speed "Super Gaggles", which utilized fighter-bombers in combination with large numbers of supply helicopters, and the Air Force's utilization of C-130 Hercules cargo aircraft employing the innovative LAPES delivery method, aerial resupply was never halted.
When the Tet offensive began, feelings ran high at MACV that the base was in for a serious attack. In I Corps, the Tet Truce had been cancelled in apprehension of a communist assault that never happened. The offensive passed Khe Sanh by and the intermittent battle continued. Westmoreland's fixation upon the base continued even as the battle raged around him in Saigon. On 1 February, as the offensive reached its height, he wrote a memo for his staff—which was never delivered—stating: "The enemy is attempting to confuse the issue ... I suspect he is also trying to draw everyone's attention from the area of greatest threat, the northern part of I Corps. Let me caution everyone not to be confused."
In the end, a major allied relief expedition (Operation Pegasus) launched by all three brigades of the 1st Cavalry Division reached Khe Sanh on 8 April, but PAVN forces were already withdrawing from the area. Both sides claimed that the battle had served its intended purpose. MACV estimated that 5,500 PAVN troops had been killed and considerably more wounded. During the entire battle from 1 November 1967 to 14 April 1968, 730 U.S. personnel were killed and another 2,642 wounded. Khe Sanh Base was later closed on 5 July 1968 because the base was seen as having less of a strategic importance than before.
Aftermath
Except at Huế and mopping-up operations in and around Saigon, the first surge of the offensive was over by the second week of February. The U.S. estimated that during the first phase (30 January – 8 April) approximately 45,000 PAVN/VC soldiers were killed and an unknown number were wounded. For years this figure has been held as excessively optimistic, as it represented more than half the forces involved in this battle. Stanley Karnow claims he confirmed this figure in Hanoi in 1981. Westmoreland himself claimed a smaller number of enemies disabled, estimating that during the same period 32,000 PAVN troops were killed and another 5,800 captured. The South Vietnamese suffered 2,788 killed, 8,299 wounded, and 587 missing in action. U.S. and other allied forces suffered 1,536 killed, 7,764 wounded, and 11 missing.
North Vietnam
The leadership in Hanoi was despondent at the outcome of their offensive. Their first and most ambitious goal, producing a general uprising, had ended in a dismal failure. In total, about 85,000–100,000 PAVN/VC troops had participated in the initial onslaught and in the follow-up phases. Overall, during the "Border Battles" of 1967 and the nine-month winter-spring campaign, 45,267 PAVN/VC troops had been killed in action.
Hanoi had underestimated the strategic mobility of the allied forces, which allowed them to redeploy at will to threatened areas; their battle plan was too complex and difficult to coordinate, which was amply demonstrated by the 30 January attacks; their violation of the principle of mass, attacking everywhere instead of concentrating their forces on a few specific targets, allowed their forces to be defeated piecemeal; the launching of massed attacks headlong into the teeth of vastly superior firepower; and last, but not least, the incorrect assumptions upon which the entire campaign was based. According to General Tran Van Tra: "We did not correctly evaluate the specific balance of forces between ourselves and the enemy, did not fully realize that the enemy still had considerable capabilities, and that our capabilities were limited, and set requirements that were beyond our actual strength.
The PAVN/VC effort to regain control of the countryside was somewhat more successful. According to the U.S. State Department, the VC "made pacification virtually inoperative. In the Mekong Delta, the Viet Cong was stronger now than ever and in other regions the countryside belongs to the VC." General Wheeler reported that the offensive had brought counterinsurgency programs to a halt and "that to a large extent, the VC now controlled the countryside". This state of affairs did not last; heavy casualties and the backlash of the South Vietnamese and Americans resulted in more territorial losses and heavy casualties.
The heavy losses inflicted on VC units struck into the heart of the infrastructure that had been built up for over a decade. MACV estimated that 181,149 PAVN/VC troops had been killed during 1968. According to General Tran Van Tra, 45,267 PAVN/VC troops had been killed during 1968 From this point forward, Hanoi was forced to fill nearly 70% of the VC's ranks with PAVN regulars. PRG Justice Minister Trương Như Tảng said that the Tet offensive had wiped out half of the VC's strength, while the official Vietnamese war history notes that by 1969, very little communist-held territory ("liberated zones") existed in South Vietnam. Following the Tet offensive and subsequent U.S.–South Vietnamese "search and hold" operations in the countryside throughout the rest of 1968, the VC's recruiting base was more or less wiped out; the official Vietnamese war history later noted that "we could not maintain the level of local recruitment we had maintained in previous years. In 1969 we were only able to recruit 1,700 new soldiers in Region 5 (compared with 8,000 in 1968), and in the lowlands of Cochin China we recruited only 100 new soldiers (compared with 16,000 in 1968)." As also noted by the official history, "because our armed local forces had suffered severe losses, guerrilla operations had declined." However, this change had little effect on the overall result of the war, since in contrast to the VC, the PAVN had little difficulty making up the casualties inflicted by the offensive. Some Western historians have come to believe that one insidious ulterior motive for the campaign was the elimination of competing southern members of the Party, thereby allowing the northerners more control once the war was won.
It was not until after the conclusion of the first phase of the offensive that Hanoi realized that its sacrifices might not have been in vain. General Tran Do, PAVN commander at the battle of Huế, gave some insight into how defeat was translated into victory:
On 5 May Trường Chinh rose to address a congress of Party members and proceeded to castigate the Party militants and their bid for quick victory. His "faction-bashing" tirade sparked a serious debate within the party leadership which lasted for four months. As the leader of the "main force war" and "quick victory" faction, Lê Duẩn also came under severe criticism. In August, Chinh's report on the situation was accepted in toto, published, and broadcast via Radio Hanoi. He had single-handedly shifted the nation's war strategy and restored himself to prominence as the Party's ideological conscience. Meanwhile, the VC proclaimed itself the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, and took part in future peace negotiations under this title.
The Lê Duẩn faction, which favoured quick, decisive offensives meant to paralyse South Vietnam-United States responses, was replaced by Giáp and Trường Chinh, who favoured a strategy of more protracted, drawn-out conventional warfare. High-intensity, conventional big-unit battles were replaced with smaller-scale, quick attack and quick withdrawal operations to continually put pressure on the allied forces at the same time that mechanised and combined-arms capabilities were being built. The plan for a popular uprising or people's war was abandoned for a greater combination of guerrilla and conventional warfare. During this period, the PAVN would undergo a significant strategic re-structuring, being built into a combined-arms capable force while continually applying pressure on the U.S./ARVN with lighter infantry units. In line with the revamped strategy of Hanoi, on April 5, 1969, COSVN issued Directive 55 to all of its subordinate units: "Never again and under no circumstances are we going to risk our entire military force for just such an offensive. On the contrary, we should endeavor to preserve our military potential for future campaigns."
The PAVN official history describes the first phase of the Tet offensive as a "great strategic victory" that "killed or dispersed 150,000 enemy soldiers including 43,000 Americans, destroyed 34 percent of the American war reserve supplies in Vietnam, destroyed 4,200 strategic hamlets and liberated an additional 1.4 million people."
South Vietnam
South Vietnam was a nation in turmoil both during and in the aftermath of the offensive. Tragedy had compounded tragedy as the conflict reached into the nation's cities for the first time. As government troops pulled back to defend the urban areas, the VC moved in to fill the vacuum in the countryside. The violence and destruction witnessed during the offensive left a deep psychological scar on the South Vietnamese civilian population. Confidence in the government was shaken, since the offensive seemed to reveal that even with massive American support, the government could not protect its citizens.
A political rivalry had also re-emerged after the 1967 South Vietnamese presidential election, when the coalition between Nguyen Van Thieu and Air Force commander Nguyen Cao Ky re-emerged. Nguyen Cao Ky would be sidelined for the duration of the war afterwards, retaining his position was Vice President.
The human and material cost to South Vietnam was staggering. The number of civilian dead was estimated by the government at 14,300 with an additional 24,000 wounded. 630,000 new refugees had been generated, joining the nearly 800,000 others already displaced by the war. By the end of 1968, one of every twelve South Vietnamese was living in a refugee camp. More than 70,000 homes had been destroyed in the fighting and perhaps 30,000 more were heavily damaged and the nation's infrastructure had been virtually destroyed. The South Vietnamese military, although it had performed better than the Americans had expected, suffered from lowered morale, with desertion rates rising from 10.5 per thousand before Tet to 16.5 per thousand by July. 1968 became the deadliest year of the war to date for the ARVN with 27,915 men killed.
Moreover, in addition to the heavy civilian casualties inflicted in the battle by U.S. forces to retake the cities from the PAVN/VC, the presence of VC fighters in the villages exposed their rural bases to attack. Writes Marilyn B. Young:
In Long An province, for example, local guerrillas taking part in the May—June offensive had been divided into several sections. Only 775 out of 2,018 in one section survived; another lost all but 640 out of 1,430. The province itself was subjected to what one historian has called a "My Lai from the Sky" – non-stop B-52 bombing.
In the wake of the offensive, however, fresh determination was exhibited by the Thiệu government. On 1 February Thiệu declared a state of martial law, and on 15 June, the National Assembly passed his request for a general mobilization of the population and the induction of 200,000 draftees into the armed forces by the end of the year (a decree that had failed to pass only five months previously due to strong political opposition). This increase would bring South Vietnam's troop strength to more than 900,000 men. Military mobilization, anti-corruption campaigns, demonstrations of political unity, and administrative reforms were quickly carried out. Thiệu also established a National Recovery Committee to oversee food distribution, resettlement, and housing construction for the new refugees. Both the government and the Americans were encouraged by a new determination that was exhibited among the ordinary citizens of South Vietnam. Many urban dwellers were indignant that the communists had launched their attacks during Tet, and it drove many who had been previously apathetic into active support of the government. Journalists, political figures, and religious leaders alike—even the militant Buddhists—professed confidence in the government's plans.
Thiệu saw an opportunity to consolidate his personal power and he took it. His only real political rival was Vice President Kỳ, the former Air Force commander, who had been outmaneuvered by Thiệu in the presidential election of 1967. In the aftermath of Tet, Kỳ supporters in the military and the administration were quickly removed from power, arrested, or exiled. A crack-down on the South Vietnamese press also ensued and there was a worrisome return of former President Ngô Đình Diệm's Cần Lao Party members to high positions in the government and military. By the summer of 1968, the President had earned a less exalted sobriquet among the South Vietnamese population, who had begun to call him "the little dictator."
Thiệu had also become very suspicious of his American allies, unwilling to believe (as did many South Vietnamese) that the U.S. had been caught by surprise by the offensive. "Now that it's all over", he queried a visiting Washington official, "you really knew it was coming, didn't you?" Lyndon Johnson's unilateral decision on 31 March to curtail the bombing of North Vietnam only confirmed what Thiệu already feared, that the Americans were going to abandon South Vietnam to the communists. For Thiệu, the bombing halt and the beginning of negotiations with the North brought not the hope of an end to the war, but "an abiding fear of peace." He was only mollified after an 18 July meeting with Johnson in Honolulu, where Johnson affirmed that Saigon would be a full partner in all negotiations and that the U.S. would not "support the imposition of a coalition government, or any other form of government, on the people of South Vietnam."
United States
The Tet offensive created a crisis within the Johnson administration, which became increasingly unable to convince the American public that it had been a major defeat for the communists. The optimistic assessments made prior to the offensive by the administration and the Pentagon came under heavy criticism and ridicule as the "credibility gap" that had opened in 1967 widened into a chasm.
At the time of the Tet offensive, the majority of the American public perceived that the war was not being won by the United States and its allies, despite assurances from the President and military leaders that such was the case. No matter that the PAVN/VC lost about 30,000 of their best troops in the fighting at Tet, they were capable of replacing those lost with new recruits from North Vietnam. In 1969, the year after the Tet battles, the US suffered 11,780 killed, the second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March.
The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18 February 1968 MACV posted the highest U.S. casualty figures for a single week during the entire war: 543 killed and 2,547 wounded. As a result of the heavy fighting, 1968 went on to become the deadliest year of the war for the US forces with 16,592 soldiers killed. On 23 February the U.S. Selective Service System announced a new draft call for 48,000 men, the second highest of the war. On 28 February Robert S. McNamara, the Secretary of Defense who had overseen the escalation of the war in 1964–1965, but who had eventually turned against it, stepped down from office.
Troop request
During the first two weeks of February, Generals Westmoreland and Wheeler communicated as to the necessity for reinforcements or troop increases in Vietnam. Westmoreland insisted that he only needed those forces either in-country or already scheduled for deployment and he was puzzled by the sense of unwarranted urgency in Wheeler's queries. Westmoreland was tempted, however, when Wheeler emphasized that the White House might loosen restraints and allow operations in Laos, Cambodia, or possibly even North Vietnam itself. On 8 February, Westmoreland responded that he could use another division "if operations in Laos are authorized". Wheeler responded by challenging Westmoreland's assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: "In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them."
Wheeler's promptings were influenced by the severe strain imposed upon the U.S. military by the Vietnam commitment, one which had been undertaken without the mobilization of its reserve forces. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. By obliquely ordering Westmoreland to demand more forces, Wheeler was attempting to solve two pressing problems. In comparison with MACV's previous communications, which had been full of confidence, optimism, and resolve, Westmoreland's 12 February request for 10,500 troops was much more urgent: "which I desperately need ... time is of the essence". On 13 February, 10,500 previously authorized U.S. airborne troops and marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. The Joint Chiefs then played their hand, advising President Johnson to turn down MACV's requested division-sized reinforcement unless he called up some 1,234,001 marine and army reservists.
Johnson dispatched Wheeler to Saigon on 20 February to determine military requirements in response to the offensive. Both Wheeler and Westmoreland were elated that in only eight days McNamara would be replaced by the hawkish Clark Clifford and that the military might finally obtain permission to widen the war. Wheeler's written report of the trip, however, contained no mention of any new contingencies, strategies, or the building up the strategic reserve. It was couched in grave language that suggested that the 206,756-man request it proposed was a matter of vital military necessity. Westmoreland wrote in his memoir that Wheeler had deliberately concealed the truth of the matter in order to force the issue of the strategic reserve upon the President.
On 27 February, Johnson and McNamara discussed the proposed troop increase. To fulfill it would require an increase in overall military strength of about 400,000 men and the expenditure of an additional $10 billion during fiscal 1969 and another $15 billion in 1970. These monetary concerns were pressing. Throughout the fall of 1967 and the spring of 1968, the U.S. was struggling with "one of the most severe monetary crises" of the period. Without a new tax bill and budgetary cuts, the nation would face even higher inflation "and the possible collapse of the monetary system". Johnson's friend Clifford was concerned about what the American public would think of the escalation: "How do we avoid creating the feeling that we are pounding troops down a rathole?"
According to the Pentagon Papers, "A fork in the road had been reached and the alternatives stood out in stark reality." To meet Wheeler's request would mean a total U.S. military commitment to South Vietnam. "To deny it, or to attempt to cut it to a size which could be sustained by the thinly stretched active forces, would just as surely signify that an upper limit to the U.S. military commitment in South Vietnam had been reached."
Reassessment
To evaluate Westmoreland's request and its possible impact on domestic politics, Johnson convened the "Clifford Group" on 28 February and tasked its members with a complete policy reassessment. Some of the members argued that the offensive represented an opportunity to defeat the North Vietnamese on American terms while others pointed out that neither side could win militarily, that North Vietnam could match any troop increase, that the bombing of the North be halted, and that a change in strategy was required that would seek not victory, but the staying power required to reach a negotiated settlement. This would require a less aggressive strategy that was designed to protect the population of South Vietnam. The divided group's final report, issued on 4 March, "failed to seize the opportunity to change directions... and seemed to recommend that we continue rather haltingly down the same road."
On 1 March, Clifford had succeeded McNamara as Secretary of Defense. During the month, Clifford, who had entered office as a staunch supporter of the Vietnam commitment and who had opposed McNamara's de-escalatory views, turned against the war. According to Clifford: "The simple truth was that the military failed to sustain a respectable argument for their position." Between the results of Tet and the meetings of the group that bore his name, he became convinced that deescalation was the only solution for the United States. He believed that the troop increase would lead only to a more violent stalemate and sought out others in the administration to assist him in convincing the President to reverse the escalation, to cap force levels at 550,000 men, to seek negotiations with Hanoi, and turn responsibility for the fighting over to the South Vietnamese. Clifford quietly sought allies and was assisted in his effort by the so-called "8:30 Group" – Nitze, Warnke, Phil G. Goulding (Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs), George Elsey and Air Force Colonel Robert E. Pursely.
On 27 February, Secretary of State Dean Rusk had proposed that a partial bombing halt be implemented in North Vietnam and that an offer to negotiate be extended to Hanoi. On 4 March, Rusk reiterated the proposal, explaining that, during the rainy season in the North, bombing was less effective and that no military sacrifice would thus occur. This was purely a political ploy, however, since the North Vietnamese would probably again refuse to negotiate, casting the onus on them and "thus freeing our hand after a short period...putting the monkey firmly upon Hanoi's back for what was to follow."
While this was being deliberated, the troop request was leaked to the press and published in The New York Times on 10 March. The article also revealed that the request had begun a serious debate within the administration. According to it, many high-level officials believed that the U.S. troop increase would be matched by the communists and would simply maintain a stalemate at a higher level of violence. It went on to state that officials were saying in private that "widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached."
A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the "turning point" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, "We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds" and added that, "we are mired in a stalemate that could only be ended by negotiation, not victory." Far from suffering a loss of morale, however, the majority of Americans had rallied to the side of the president. A Gallup poll in January 1968 revealed that 56 percent polled considered themselves hawks on the war and 27 percent doves, with 17 percent offering no opinion. By early February, at the height of the first phase of the offensive, 61 percent declared themselves hawks, 23 percent doves, and 16 percent held no opinion. Johnson, however, made few comments to the press during or immediately after the offensive, leaving an impression of indecision on the public. It was this lack of communication that caused a rising disapproval rating for his conduct of the war. By the end of February, his approval rating had fallen from 63 percent to 47 percent. By the end of March the percentage of Americans that expressed confidence in U.S. military policies in Southeast Asia had fallen from 74 to 54 percent.
By 22 March, President Johnson had informed Wheeler to "forget the 100,000" men. The President and his staff were refining a lesser version of the troop increase – a planned call-up of 62,000 reservists, 13,000 of whom would be sent to Vietnam. Three days later, at Clifford's suggestion, Johnson called a conclave of the "Wise Men". With few exceptions, all of the members of the group had formerly been accounted as hawks on the war. The group was joined by Rusk, Wheeler, Bundy, Rostow, and Clifford. The final assessment of the majority stupefied the group. According to Clifford, "few of them were thinking solely of Vietnam anymore". All but four members called for disengagement from the war, leaving the President "deeply shaken." According to the Pentagon Papers, the advice of the group was decisive in convincing Johnson to reduce the bombing of North Vietnam.
Johnson was depressed and despondent at the course of recent events. The New York Times article had been released just two days before the Democratic Party's New Hampshire primary, where the President suffered an unexpected setback in the election, finishing barely ahead of Senator Eugene McCarthy. Soon afterward, Senator Robert F. Kennedy announced he would join the contest for the Democratic nomination, further emphasizing the plummeting support for Johnson's administration in the wake of Tet.
The President was to make a televised address to the nation on Vietnam policy on 31 March and was deliberating on both the troop request and his response to the military situation. By 28 March Clifford was working hard to convince him to tone down his hard-line speech, maintaining force levels at their present size, and instituting Rusk's bombing/negotiating proposal. To Clifford's surprise, both Rusk and Rostow (both of whom had previously been opposed to any form of deescalation) offered no opposition to Clifford's suggestions. On 31 March, President Johnson announced the unilateral (although still partial) bombing halt during his television address. He then stunned the nation by declining to run for a second term in office. To Washington's surprise, on 3 April Hanoi announced that it would conduct negotiations, which were scheduled to begin on 13 May in Paris.
On 9 June, President Johnson replaced Westmoreland as commander of MACV with General Creighton W. Abrams. Although the decision had been made in December 1967 and Westmoreland was made Army Chief of Staff, many saw his relief as punishment for the entire Tet debacle. Abrams' new strategy was quickly demonstrated by the closure of the "strategic" Khe Sanh base and the ending of multi-division "search and destroy" operations. Also gone were discussions of victory over North Vietnam. Abrams' new "One War" policy centered the American effort on the takeover of the fighting by the South Vietnamese (through Vietnamization), the pacification of the countryside, and the destruction of communist logistics. The new administration of President Richard M. Nixon would oversee the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the continuation of negotiations.
Phase II
To further enhance their political posture at the Paris talks, which opened on 13 May, the North Vietnamese opened the second phase of the general offensive in late April. U.S. intelligence sources estimated between February and May the North Vietnamese dispatched 50,000 men down the Ho Chi Minh Trail to replace losses incurred during the earlier fighting. Some of the most prolonged and vicious combat of the war opened on 29 April and lasted until 30 May when the 8,000 men of the PAVN 320th Division, backed by artillery from across the DMZ, threatened the U.S. logistical base at Đông Hà, in northwestern Quảng Trị Province. In what became known as the Battle of Dai Do, the PAVN clashed savagely with U.S. Marine, Army and ARVN forces before withdrawing. The PAVN lost an estimated 2,100 men according to US/ARVN claims, after inflicting casualties on the allies of 290 killed and 946 wounded.
During the early morning hours of 4 May, PAVN/VC units initiated the second phase of the offensive (known by the South Vietnamese and Americans as "Mini-Tet") by striking 119 targets throughout South Vietnam, including Saigon. This time, however, allied intelligence was better prepared, stripping away the element of surprise. Most of the communist forces were intercepted by allied screening elements before they reached their targets. 13 VC battalions, however, managed to slip through the cordon and once again plunged the capital into chaos. Severe fighting occurred at Phu Lam, (where it took two days to root out the VC 267th Local Force Battalion), around the Y-Bridge and at Tan Son Nhut. By 12 May, however, it was all over. VC forces withdrew from the area leaving behind over 3,000 dead.
The fighting had no sooner died down around Saigon than U.S. forces in Quảng Tín Province suffered a defeat when the PAVN 2nd Division attacked Kham Duc, the last Special Forces border surveillance camp in I Corps. 1,800 U.S. and ARVN troops were isolated and under intense attack when MACV made the decision to avoid a situation reminiscent of that at Khe Sanh. Kham Duc was evacuated by air while under fire, and abandoned to the North Vietnamese.
The PAVN/VC returned to Saigon on 25 May and launched a second wave of attacks on the city. The fighting during this phase differed from Tet Mau Than and "Mini-Tet" in that no U.S. installations were attacked. During this series of actions, VC forces occupied six Buddhist pagodas in the mistaken belief that they would be immune from artillery and air attack. The fiercest fighting once again took place in Cholon. One notable event occurred on 18 June when 152 members of the VC Quyet Thang Regiment surrendered to ARVN forces, the largest communist surrender of the war. The actions also brought more death and suffering to the city's inhabitants. A further 87,000 were made homeless while more than 500 were killed and another 4,500 were wounded. During part of the second phase (5 May – 30 May) U.S. casualties amounted to 1,161 killed and 3,954 wounded,
Phase III
Phase III of the offensive began on 17 August and involved attacks in I, II and III Corps. Significantly, during this series of actions only North Vietnamese forces participated and targets were military in nature, with less concise attacks against city-targets. The main offensive was preceded by attacks on the border towns of Tây Ninh, An Lộc, and Loc Ninh, which were initiated in order to draw defensive forces from the cities. A thrust against Da Nang was preempted by the U.S. Marines' Operation Allen Brook. Continuing their border-clearing operations, three PAVN regiments asserted heavy pressure on the U.S. Special Forces camp at Bu Prang, in Quang Duc Province, five kilometers from the Cambodian border. The fighting lasted for two days before the PAVN broke contact; the combat resulted in US/ARVN claiming 776 PAVN/VC casualties, 114 South Vietnamese and two Americans.
Saigon was struck again during this phase, but the attacks were less sustained and once again repulsed. As far as MACV was concerned, the August offensive "was a dismal failure". In five weeks of fighting and after the loss of 20,000 troops, the previous objectives of spurring an uprising and mass-defection had not been attained during this "final and decisive phase". Yet, as historian Ronald Spector has pointed out "the communist failures were not final or decisive either".
The horrendous casualties and suffering endured by PAVN/VC units during these sustained operations were beginning to tell. The fact that there were no apparent military gains made that could possibly justify all the blood and effort just exacerbated the situation. During the first half of 1969, more than 20,000 PAVN/VC troops rallied to allied forces, a threefold increase over the 1968 figure.
See also
Tet 1969
VC and PAVN battle tactics, after Tet
References
Bibliography
Part 1, Part 2
Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theater, Volume 5: Concluding the 30 Years War. Southeast Asia Report No. 1247 , Washington, D.C.; Foreign Broadcast Information Service; 1983
Primary sources
The 1968 Battles of Quang Tri City& Hue, US Army Center for Military History
CIA: Intelligence Warning of the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam; An Interim Study; April 8, 1968
The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960–68, Part 2, Section 48
Library of Congress Country Studies: Vietnam & The Tet Offensive. 1987
MILESTONES: 1961–1968, U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968
Vietnam January–August 1968, Foreign Relations Series
Historiography and memory
Laurence, John (2002) The Cat from Hue: a Vietnam War Story, Public Affairs Press (New York),
www.tfpike.com
External links
Government
Westmoreland request for troops Feb 12 (#68)
General information
General notes by O.Khiara
A Viet Nam Reappraisal Clark M. Clifford
Bibliography: The Tet Offensive and the Battle of Khe Sanh
Tet Offensive Research Project
United States History: Tet Offensive
1968 in South Vietnam
Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United States
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968
Battles involving Vietnam
Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia
Battles of the Vietnam War involving New Zealand
Battles of the Vietnam War involving Thailand
Battles of the Vietnam War involving South Korea
Campaigns of the Vietnam War
History of South Vietnam
Military history of the United States during the Vietnam War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20hooded%20scaly-foot
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Eastern hooded scaly-foot
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The eastern hooded scaly-foot or eastern scaly-foot (Pygopus schraderi) is a species of flap-footed lizard found in the complex heaths of the lower west coast and the spinifex grasslands of mainland Australia. They are popular pets and are often mistaken for snakes due to their limbless appearance
Taxonomy
Family Pygopodidae
The family of Pygopods consists of 41 described species found only in Australia and New Guinea. They inhabit most of mainland Australia except for south-eastern Victoria and Tasmania, preferring dry open habitats.
Pygopods, or ‘legless lizards’, move by lateral undulations of the body and tail. They have no forelimbs but have retained vestigial hind limbs in the form of small scaly flaps that are usually held flat on either side of the body.
Pygopods can further be distinguished from snakes by their broad fleshy tongues, ear-openings (which snakes lack), and long tails, which grow up to four times the length of the body and can be voluntarily broken off. Pygopods also have scales on their belly that are the same size as adjacent scales and larger scales that are in a paired series. By contrast, most snakes have one series of enlarged, transverse ventral scales.
Despite their snake-like appearance, the closest relatives of Pygopods are geckos. The relationship is so close that there is growing agreement that the families are actually one and the same. Shared characteristics between the two groups include: a similar skull and inner ear, the sharing of a voice in the form of a ‘squeak’ and both species lay parchment-shelled eggs in clutch sizes of two. Both species also share the ability to lick clean the clear spectacles covering their lidless eyes.
Genus Pygopus
Five species fall under the genus Pygopus; the common scaly-foot (Pygopus lepidopodus), the western hooded scaly-foot (Pygopus nigriceps), Roberts’ scaly-foot (Pygopus robertsi), the eastern hooded scaly-foot (Pygopus schraderi), and the northern hooded scaly-foot (Pygopus steelescotti). All four species are large and robust, with round snouts and prominent ear-openings. They have smooth to keeled scales in 21 or more rows, enlarged paired ventrals, long tails and very large, well-developed limb-flaps. The identification between the species can often be determined by the presence or extent of dorsal keels and whether the nostril contracts at the 1st upper labial scale or is separated.
Common names
Pygopods are also referred to as snake lizards and flap-footed lizards.
Etymology
The species common name comes from the dark symmetrical scales on top of the lizard’s head which give it a ‘hooded appearance’.
The specific name, schraderi, is not in honor of Carl Wilhelm Otto Schrader, the German explorer and naturalist. Boulenger (1913) does not give a specific etymology, but notes that the holotype was from the collection of a Mr. P. Schrader, after whom he presumably named the species.
Description
The eastern hooded scaly-foot is the second smallest species in the genus Pygopus. It has a snout-vent length of 198mm but can grow to lengths of up to 475mm, with females growing larger than males. Their tails alone account for more than three-quarters of their total body length. However, they will readily shed their tails when threatened and are capable of re-growing their tails so at times their tail may be shorter than their body. A re-growing tail is indicated by an abrupt change in pattern and scale arrangement.
The markings on these lizards range from reddish-brown to pale grey on the upper body, with a whitish colour underneath. Dark brown to black symmetrical scales on top of the lizard’s head give it a ‘hooded appearance’. These head markings closely resemble those of young brown snakes (Pseudonaja spp.), although it is not known whether this is due to direct mimicry or whether the pattern helps to regulate temperature. The body scales may be dark-edged, forming on overall reticulated or net-like pattern. Individual paler and darker scales may form distinct but irregular V-shaped cross-bands or sometimes broken longitudinal lines or stripes, especially on the flanks. All of these markings as still present, but sometimes only faintly in larger individuals. Its scales are keeled, with body scales in 21-25 rows (including ventrals) at mid-body. The eastern hooded scaly-foot has fewer than 120 ventral scales that are noticeably wider than adjacent body scales and its nostril contracts at the 1st upper labial scale.
Distribution and habitat
The eastern hooded scaly-foot is found in inland New South Wales, Victoria, eastern South Australia, inland Queensland and adjacent parts of the Northern Territory. It is found in dry to arid zones in a variety of open habitats ranging from stony plains and dry woodlands to arid mallee, mulga scrubs and spinifex-dominate desert grasslands. It prefers stony and heavy soils and is dependent on large, interconnected territories. Due to its inability to sustain or rapidly recover from aerobic activity, this species will shelter in soil cracks, grass and under debris, as well as large burrows to avoid predation
In NSW, the hooded scaly-foot is rare in the NSW Murray Catchment, but is found in areas supporting native grasslands and grassy woodlands, especially in the region bordering the Murrumbidgee Catchment in the north.
Within Victoria, the hooded scaly-foot is rarely encountered and is known to exist at only six sites including Terrick Terrick National Park, Korrack Korrack grasslands and areas west of Mildura such as Lake Ranfurly and Ned’s Corner Station.
Behaviour
Not a lot is known about the ecology of the eastern hooded scaly-foot, however research has shown that is primarily nocturnal, although populations in southern Victoria have been observed to be active during the day. They are also thought to be inactive during winter. Although usually encountered singly, occasional aggregations have been reported, possibly related to breeding
Snake mimicry is an important part of this species’ survival strategy. To deter predators, the eastern hooded scaly-foot will rear and flicker its tongue in apparent mimicry of venomous snakes. Unfortunately, this behaviour is so impressive that this harmless species is often mistaken for a venomous snake and killed. When grasped, they struggle fiercely, rotating their bodies and uttering long harsh squeaking sounds. These sounds are also emitted occasionally during social interactions.
The eastern hooded scaly-foot has been observed to excavate tunnels in soft soil by removing soil with the mouth and rotating the body to widen the tunnel. Such tunnelling behaviour may allow the animal access to insects, on which it feeds.
Captive scaly-foots have been recorded to live for up to 7 years. However, little is known about ages of individuals on the wild.
Predators
Predators of the eastern hooded scaly-foot include raptors, goannas, feral cats, foxes and elapid snakes.
Hunting and diet
The eastern hooded scaly-foot is a hypo-metabolic (low energy) specialist that requires minimal amounts of food and water. They feed predominantly on surface-active arthropods such as spiders; but they also feed on spider egg sacks and scorpions. This species has been observed to actively search for prey. Once caught, prey is disabled and crushed as the hooded scaly-foot rapidly rotates its body along the long axis. Dentition is pleurodont, with the teeth blunt and rounded, and firmly attached to the bone.
Reproduction
The eastern hooded scaly-foot is oviparous and lays a clutch of two eggs (occasionally one or three) once a year in spring or early summer with breeding occurring from August to March. Pregnant females have been reported in January and February and incubation periods range from 66 to 77 days. Pygopus species have been noted to lay communally.
In captivity, few courtship or mating displays have been observed. Males will follow the female while flicking their tongue repeatedly. Pelvic spurs, modified spine-like scales and hind-limb ‘flaps’ on males are thought to assist the male in gripping the female.
Captivity
Pygopods are easy to maintain in captivity and are highly sought after. However, they are rarely available due to their unpredictable breeding performance. A license is required before this species can be kept as a pet in Australia.
Conservation
The eastern hooded scaly-foot has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List but it is listed as ‘threatened’ under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and is classified as ‘critically endangered’ in Victoria under the Department of Sustainability and Environment’s Advisory List of Threatened Fauna. Threats to the eastern hooded scaly-foot include:
Climate change affecting sex determination
Habitat loss and degradation
Misidentification
Elevated levels of predation due to habitat modification
Predation from foxes and feral cats
Altered and inappropriate fire regimes
Poor advice and planning
In Victoria, the Mallee CMA is undertaking a number of monitoring based projects to help address knowledge gaps for the eastern hooded scaly-foot. The Mallee CMA aims to:
Control pest plants and prevent weed invasion in known habitat;
Control pest animals in known habitat;
Reduce the impact of grazing by fencing off patches of vegetation; and
Reduce the use of insecticides in hooded scaly-foot sensitive areas.
References
Pygopus
Pygopodids of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger
Reptiles described in 1913
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Wiebe
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Ella Wiebe
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Ella Wiebe is a member of the Football Ferns, the New Zealand women's association football team.
Wiebe, born in Germany but now a naturalised New Zealander, made her senior international debut for New Zealand as a substitute in a friendly against Japan on 14 November 2009.
References
Living people
New Zealand women's international footballers
New Zealand women's association footballers
German emigrants to New Zealand
1978 births
Women's association football forwards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Roche-Canillac
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La Roche-Canillac
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La Roche-Canillac (; ) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
References
Communes of Corrèze
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33048354
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20albums%20discography
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Prince albums discography
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Prince's albums discography consists of 42 studio albums (including four soundtrack albums), four live albums, nine compilation albums (including one soundtrack album), 17 video albums and three posthumous albums. See Prince singles discography for his singles and extended plays, and Prince videography for his music videos and video albums.
Prince has sold over 100 million records worldwide, including 36.5 million certified units in the United States, and over 10 million records in the United Kingdom. Rolling Stone ranked him at No. 27 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
Overview
Prince's music career began when he signed a record deal with Warner Bros. Records in 1977 at 18 years of age. In 1978, he released his debut album, For You. He followed the release with Prince (1979), Dirty Mind (1980), and Controversy (1981), three albums that were certified platinum and shifted from For You'''s disco/soul route and instead blended New Wave, rock, pop, R&B, and funk, building up his success.
His 1982 album 1999, credited for being an enormous influence on the next few decades of dance, electro, house, and techno music, sold over six million copies worldwide and became the fifth best-selling album of 1983.
The next album, Purple Rain, the first of three credited to Prince and The Revolution, was the 1984 soundtrack to his film-debut of the same name. In a runaway phenomenon of success, it sold over 22 million copies around the world and at one point, Prince had the number-one song, album, and film in the United States, a feat matching The Beatles' 1964 achievement with A Hard Day's Night. Soon tiring of the project's enormous success and consequent over-exposure, he and the band recorded throughout touring and planned a change of image and musical direction by means of a quick follow-up. 1985's Around the World in a Day released within a year of its predecessor and days after the lucrative Purple Rain tour was curtailed, had no lead single nor advance promotion. It inaugurated his own Paisley Park record label, and eschewing Purple Rains rock and metal elements, headed off into psychedelic influences and instrumentation.
Prince and The Revolution continued multi-platinum success with the soundtrack to his second movie Under the Cherry Moon, 1986's Parade. It showed further expansion of his musical palette, in ongoing collaboration with band members Wendy Melvoin, Lisa Coleman and composer Clare Fischer. The film and album brought into play Broadway-style orchestration and French-influenced chanson arrangements but, like its predecessors, it also included tracks written, performed and produced entirely solo by Prince.
Following disputes about musical direction and a new style of presentation with an expanded 'soul-revue' flavor, Prince disbanded The Revolution at the end of the tour.
He resumed a solo career with 1987's Sign o' the Times, an experimental double album, which topped several critic end-of-year polls and was Grammy nominated for Album of the Year. The album's projected tour would largely be cancelled as Prince concentrated on developing the acclaimed concert film of the same name, filming in Europe and at his new Paisley Park facility in Chanhassen.
An untitled follow-up (eventually known as The Black Album), promotional copies of which were distributed before it was cancelled, became the most bootlegged album in the history of the music business to date. After a period in which he'd seemed more accessible and grounded, it also restored earlier enigma.
1988's Lovesexy (his first UK number-one record) built further on his mystique while recycling one of the Black Album tracks.
During its subsequent tour, under some financial pressure, he suddenly became involved with production for a highly anticipated forthcoming Warner Bros. film production directed by Tim Burton, writing and producing songs for its soundtrack. His Batman album, inspired by the movie, ended his decade by selling 11 million copies worldwide as one of two soundtracks to Batman, the biggest-grossing movie in cinema history to that date.
Prince entered the 1990s with the soundtrack to his fourth movie, Graffiti Bridge. Its moderate success was dwarfed by his 1991 album Diamonds and Pearls which, mixing elements of new jack swing, R&B, jazz-soul, and hip hop and introducing his new band The New Power Generation, spawned several huge hit singles. In its wake, Prince signed what was touted as the biggest deal in music history, worth a reported $100m. However, after his 1992 follow-up, the Love Symbol Album, only scraped the five million copies he needed to advantage himself under the deal, he began to become dissatisfied with his record company, fearing they hadn't adequately promoted it, perhaps to disadvantage his side of the deal. Warner countered with requests for him to slow down on delivery of new projects and extend their term of promotion, a request denied by Prince. It was the beginning of a dispute which mushroomed rapidly.
By 1993, Prince had changed his name to an un-pronounceable symbol in order to escape the terms of his contract as the Warner-owned product, 'Prince'. He began demanding faster release by Warner of more projects than they were prepared to promote. In a growing effort to eject himself from his contract, his demands increased further to include ownership of his master recordings and he notoriously began to refer to himself as a 'Slave' to the company, wearing this word on his face in public and in negotiation with the label with resultant public embarrassment for both Warner's public image and his own. He also began to pursue erratic and unconventional promotional methods for his projects, whether under aliases or as part of projects by his band, now being planned under the auspices of a new label, NPG Records which Prince increasingly operated as if an independent venture using Warner as distributor.
In return for co-operating with Warner's The Hits/The B-Sides compilation albums, Prince, under his new name, was granted the opportunity to trial-release independently of Warner on his NPG imprint using an external distributor and label. The one-off experiment, his single "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", might have demonstrated that he needed the clout of Warner Bros. for continued success but the single instead became an international smash, his first UK number one single, and wrangles between the parties continued with Warner Bros. gradually coming round to the idea of ending their arrangement.
To this end, Warner released several 'Prince' albums in quick succession, including Come and the first official release of his funk 'bootleg' The Black Album in 1994. The rock-influenced The Gold Experience had been planned by Prince for release under his new name in competition with Warner's 'Prince' products but it was delayed by the label until 1995, losing the momentum of its hit single. By 1996, his sales were at a fraction of what they had been prior to the dispute and the final new album he delivered to the label, 1996's Chaos and Disorder, saw his lowest chart performance since 1980.
Prince then began an independent career, licensing to record companies on limited deals or self-distributing via a succession of online operations.
The first project, Emancipation was a 3-LP set licensed to EMI later in 1996. He continued with a bootleg-style collection of outtakes, Crystal Ball, which sold initially via his website in 1998. Now taking 100% of retail minus costs, Prince found even reduced sales to be much more profitable than at his commercial peak with Purple Rain under his prior percentage deal with Warner. As news of his achievement began to circulate in the changing music industry, Prince's reputation and influence began to recover as his prior struggles were vindicated. His innovation was later rewarded when he received a Webby award, the first recognition of his stance against major record companies as prescient of changes to come later in the industry as a whole and of his own online retailing as visionary and pioneering.
In the meantime, Prince was not advantaged by being ahead of the times. The poppy Rave Un2 the Joy Fantastic in 1999, under a one-off deal with Arista Records, failed to deliver an anticipated return to former mainstream chart success. In 2001, while Warner released another successful compilation The Very Best of Prince and now using his birth name again, put out the critically successful jazz-influenced album The Rainbow Children but it struggled to achieve more than cursory media attention and saw poor sales. A solo piano album One Night Alone, sold again via his online operation, gave its name under slight variation to his first live set, the box set One Nite Alone...Live, which saw the big hits of his past redeveloped in the jazz mode of The Rainbow Children alongside many of its tracks in live form.
Adapting to low-sales profitability and developing his hardcore fanbase, now in close contact with his online business Prince, during the early part of the new century, was releasing much more low-key albums via his websites developing a prescient subscription-model for user music purchases.
He was also optimising and downsizing his touring setup and taking much closer involvement with its administration and management which involved minimal contractual involvements and more spontaneous campaigning on promotion and live appearances. A major mainstream 'comeback' soon followed with 2004's Musicology tour, whose album garnered five Grammy nominations and, availing of a loophole (closed behind him), in chart regulations, embedded album sales within ticket sales for the tour which were among the strongest of that year. The result that the album peaked within the Billboard top 3.
These cutting-edge promotional tactics were extremely effective in restoring Prince rapidly to the commercial high ground, and 3121 (2006), became his first album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200. The follow-up, Planet Earth (2007), licensed to record companies for the world was suddenly given away free as a cover-mount on a British newspaper, a very profitable exercise for Prince, particularly as in addition to providing an income from the paper equivalent to high sales, it also served to launch and promote a record-breaking single-venue booking in London, his 21 Nights residency at the Millennium Dome. Its follow-on live album Indigo Nights (2008), a collection of aftershow performances at the venue, was marketed within an expensive coffee-table book.
The three-disc 2009 set Lotusflow3r sold very well via the Target retailer in the US again seeing the inside of the top three in the Billboard 200. A further British newspaper cover-mount deal distributed 20Ten in 2010 although the exercise had reduced impact on the second outing and critical reception was poor. It was with the solo album Art Official Age and his new band 3rdeyegirl's debut Plectrumelectrum in 2014, that Prince finally returned to critical favour and headlines following the dynamic and spontaneous HitnRun tour which took London's media by storm and gave its name to the band's next album Hit n Run Phase One. First released exclusively on the new Tidal streaming service on September 7, 2015 before being released on CD on September 15, 2015, by NPG Records. His final album before his death, Hit n Run Phase Two, was released on December 11, 2015, also through Tidal.
In the weeks following his death in April 2016, 19 different Prince albums charted on the Billboard 200 all at the same time, and he became the first and only artist ever to have 5 albums in the Billboard top 10 simultaneously.
Studio albums
A With The Revolution
B With The New Power Generation
C' With 3rdeyegirl''
Posthumous albums
Live albums
Special editions
This section contains remix albums, mixtapes and premium/special (expanded) editions from previously released albums.
Compilation albums
Internet albums
This section lists albums that have only been made available for download on the internet.
Albums credited to Madhouse
Albums credited to The New Power Generation
Albums credited to The NPG Orchestra
References
Bibliography
External links
Guide2Prince Worldwide Prince discography
Review of Prince's albums
The Digital Garden List of unofficial Prince recordings
Discographies of American artists
Pop music discographies
Rhythm and blues discographies
Rock music discographies
Soul music discographies
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21299662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Bowyer%2C%201st%20Baronet
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Sir William Bowyer, 1st Baronet
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Sir William Bowyer, 1st Baronet (29 June 1612 – 2 October 1679), was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1659 and 1679.
Bowyer was the eldest son of Sir Henry Bowyer and his wife Anne Salter, daughter of Sir Nicholas Salter, and was baptised at St Olave's Church, Hart Street, London. He was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1630, he was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn. Bowyer was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire between 1646 and 1647 and a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckinghamshire from 1659 until 1679. Having been a Royalist before the Restoration, he was knighted by June 1660, and afterwards made a Baronet, of Denham, in the County of Buckingham by King Charles II of England on 25 June 1660.
On 29 May 1634, he married Margaret Weld, daughter of Sir John Weld at St Olave's Church, Old Jewry, London. They had three sons and several daughters. Bowyer died intestate, aged 67, and was buried at Denham. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his oldest son William.
Bowyer was a friend and often host of John Dryden and assisted in the translation of Virgil.
References
1612 births
1679 deaths
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
Cavaliers
High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
Latin–English translators
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686099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Valley
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North Valley
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North Valley may refer to:
North Valley (San Jose), California
North Valley, New Mexico
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34564127
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreasson
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Andreasson
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Andreasson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Egon Andreasson (1910–1983), Swedish politician
Knut Olaf Andreasson Strand (1887–1980), Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party
Marcus Andreasson (born 1978), Swedish footballer
Martin Andreasson, born 1970, is a Swedish Liberal People's Party politician, member of the Riksdag 2002–2006
Mattias Andréasson (born 1981), Swedish singer and Swedish Idol 2007 contestant
Rikard Andreasson (born 1979), Swedish cross country skier who has competed since 2000
Rune Andréasson (1925–1999), Swedish comic creator
Veronica Andrèasson (born 1981), Swedish road cyclist
See also
Andreasson BA-11, acrobatic biplane designed for homebuilding
Andreasson BA-4B, single-seat aerobatic biplane marketed for homebuilding
Andreassen
Andreessen (disambiguation)
Andriessen
Andresen
Andersen
References
Patronymic surnames
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51348844
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold%20On%20to%20Me%20%28The%20Black%20Sorrows%20song%29
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Hold On to Me (The Black Sorrows song)
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"Hold On to Me" is a song by Australian blues and rock band The Black Sorrows. It was released as the first single from their fifth studio album Hold On to Me. It peaked at number 41 in October 1988.
The song was covered by John Denver in his 1991 Different Directions album.
Track listing
7" single (CBS 652906-7)
"Hold On to Me" – 3:51
"Safe in the Arms of Love" – 3:01
Charts
References
1988 singles
CBS Records singles
Songs written by Joe Camilleri
Song recordings produced by Joe Camilleri
The Black Sorrows songs
1988 songs
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59713246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adisu%20Tebebu
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Adisu Tebebu
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Adisu Tebebu (born 3 December 1980) is an Ethiopian boxer. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
References
1980 births
Living people
Ethiopian male boxers
Olympic boxers of Ethiopia
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
Lightweight boxers
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20746536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Hotel%20%28New%20York%20City%29
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Metropolitan Hotel (New York City)
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The Metropolitan Hotel in Manhattan, New York City, opened September 1, 1852, and was demolished in 1895. It was built at a time of a "hotel boom" in response to the opening of the New York Crystal Palace exhibition of 1853.
It occupied a three-hundred-foot brownstone-faced frontage of four floors above fashionable shopfronts occupying 300 feet on Broadway and 200 feet on Prince Street. The site, formerly that of Niblo's Garden,
was owned by Stephen Van Rensselaer, and the architects were Joseph Trench and John Butler Snook, who designed the hotel in the "grand commercialized style reminiscent of Roman palazzos," with many of its furnishings imported from Europe, including the largest plate-glass mirrors in the United States: the interior decorations and furnishings were claimed in 1866 to have cost $200,000. It could shelter six hundred guests, in steam-heated rooms and in "family apartments" with private drawing rooms.
The Metropolitan, operated on the "American plan" that included three meals a day, was managed by the Leland brothers, organizers of the first American hotel chain. Unlike many New York hotels, the Metropolitan allowed the slaves of its Southern patrons to stay on the premises. Mary Todd Lincoln and her black seamstress, Elizabeth Keckley stayed at the Metropolitan on various occasions. In 1860, a delegation of Japanese arrived in New York to learn about technological advances and to visit the City. The Lelands hosted them and sought to provide privacy for the unusually attired foreign guests who were hounded by the curious press and public. The Civil War presented the City with an economic downturn, and the Metropolitan's lavish proprietors suffered great economic losses. After 1871, the hotel was for a time managed by Richard Tweed, son of the infamous William M. Tweed ("Boss Tweed"), who became the hotel's proprietor.
The Metropolitan Hotel closed and was demolished in 1895.
See also
List of former hotels in Manhattan
References
External links
Metropolitan Hotel at the Museum of the City of New York
The lost Metropolitan Hotel
1852 establishments in New York (state)
Broadway (Manhattan)
Buildings and structures demolished in 1895
Defunct hotels in Manhattan
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Hotel buildings completed in 1852
Hotels disestablished in 1895
Hotels established in 1852
SoHo, Manhattan
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38546723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%20del%20Rocadillo
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Torre del Rocadillo
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Torre del Rocadillo is a historic ruined tower, located about a mile to the west of Puente Mayorga in the municipality of San Roque in the Province of Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain.
It was constructed in the 16th century.
References
Towers in Spain
Buildings and structures in San Roque, Cádiz
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Cádiz
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64740714
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20J.%20Sullivan%20%28Wyoming%20politician%29
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Michael J. Sullivan (Wyoming politician)
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Michael J. Sullivan (born 1943/1944) was an American politician who served as the Wyoming Labor Commissioner and was active in local politics in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Early life and education
Michael J. Sullivan was born 1943/1944. He graduated from Louisiana University with a bachelor's degree in business and graduated from the University of Northern Colorado with a master's degree in business. He served in the United States Air Force and retired as a colonel.
Career
Department of Labor
From 1970 to 1975, Sullivan served as a Wage and Hour Inspector for the Wyoming Department of Labor. On May 14, 1975, Wyoming Labor Commissioner Vernie Martin announced the appointment of Sullivan as Deputy Labor Commissioner.
In 1983, Martin was put on trial for charges of attempting to defraud Wyoming through a false travel voucher. Sullivan was selected by Governor Edgar Herschler to served as acting Labor Commissioner and served until his retirement in 1995.
Local politics
In 1976, Sullivan filed to run for one of two city council seats in Cheyenne, Wyoming, from Ward 3. In the primary election he placed first ahead of incumbent council members, Delmer Woods and Victoria Anderson. In the general election he and Carol E. Clark placed first and second defeating both of the incumbents. In 1980, he ran in Cheyenne's mayoral election, but placed fourth behind incumbent Mayor Don Erickson, former Mayor Bill Nation, and City Council President John Rogers. In 1982, he unsuccessfully ran for a seat on the Cheyenne city council.
In 1977, the Cheyenne city council voted in favor of a maximum 10¢ per hour on-street parking fee. Sullivan opposed the fee and instead support an optional sales tax. In 1980, he launched a petition drive to place a referendum on a mineral severance tax onto the ballot with the support of the AFL–CIO and the Wyoming Employee Associations.
Later life
In 2002, Sullivan announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for the Wyoming House of Representatives in the 8th district. He won in the Democratic primary, but lost in the general election to incumbent Republican Representative Larry Meuli.
Electoral history
References
1943 births
Living people
Wyoming Democrats
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