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4059918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Greco-Roman%20Heavyweight%20Championship	World Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship	The World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship and the World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship was a Greco-Roman professional wrestling championship contested for throughout the continent of Australia, Europe and North America.The title existed from 1875 through approximately 1937. The final champion Georg Hackenschmidt defeated American Heavyweight Champion, Tom Jenkins, on May 5, 1905 in New York City, New York to unify both titles and become the undisputed World Heavyweight Champion. World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship Title history World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Championship Title history See also American Heavyweight Championship Early wrestling championships European Heavyweight Championship World Catch-as-Catch-Can Championship List of early world heavyweight champions in professional wrestling References External links World/American Greco-Roman Heavyweight Title at wrestling-titles.com World/European Greco-Roman Heavyweight Title at wrestling-titles.com World heavyweight wrestling championships Greco-Roman wrestling
25919816	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyrouz%20%28actress%29	Feyrouz (actress)	Perouz Artin Kalfayan (, 15 March 1943 – 30 January 2016), better known as Feyrouz or Fayrouz, was an Egyptian film child actress. Kalfayan was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 15 March 1943, to an Armenian Egyptian family, her ancestors fled ottoman persecution and settled in Egypt. Her sister, Nelly Kalfaian, also entered the entertainment industry. Her birth name, Perouz, was an Armenian name, likely a form of Feyrouz. She began her acting career very young, making her debut at the age of 7 in the 1950 film Yasmine. Egyptian director Anwar Wagdi was helpful to her in her career. She ultimately retired from acting at 15, in 1959, to wed comedian Badreddine Gamgoum (). The couple had two children together, Iman and Ayman. Filmography 1950: Yasmine (ياسمين) 1951: Feyrouz Hanem (فيروز هانم) 1952: Al Hirman (الحرمان) 1952: Sourat az Zafaf (صورة الزفاف) 1953: Dahab (دهب) 1955: Asafir el Ganna (عصافير الجنة) 1957: Ismail Yassine Tarazaan (إسماعيل يس طرزان) 1958: Iyyami as Sa'eeda (أيامي السعيدة) 1958: Ismail Yassine lil Beih''' (اسماعيل يس للبيع) 1959: Bafakkar fi lli Naseeni'' (بفكر قي اللى ناسينى) (her last role) Awards In 2001, she was honored with "Lifetime Achievement Award" in Cairo Film Festival. References External links Bio in Arabic of Fayrouz and her sisters Actresses from Cairo People from Cairo Egyptian Christians 20th-century Egyptian actresses Egyptian people of Armenian descent 1943 births 2016 deaths Egyptian film actresses
27056182	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granigyra%20pruinosa	Granigyra pruinosa	Granigyra pruinosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea. Description The size of the shell varies between 2.5 mm and 6.2 mm. The small, semitransparent shell is narrowly rimate. It is frosted by minute numerous white tubercles, which are partly embedded in the substance of the shell,. On one specimen there are slight spiral lines below the deep suture. The four whorls are swollen and rapidly increasing in size. Distribution This species occurs in European waters off Ireland, the Bay of Biscay and Portugal. References Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 External links Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114 pruiinosa Gastropods described in 1883
8717798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia%20tridentata	Banksia tridentata	Banksia tridentata, commonly known as yellow honeypot, is a low-growing shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has narrow egg-shaped leaves with a sharp point on the tip, greenish yellow flowers in heads of between 85 and 125, and elliptical to egg-shaped follicles. Description Banksia tridentata is a shrub that typically grows to a height of and forms a lignotuber. It has narrow egg-shaped leaves long and wide on a petiole long. There is a small sharp point on the tip and sometimes two or three small teeth near the tip of the leaf. The flowers are greenish yellow and arranged in heads of between 85 and 125 with hairy, linear, tapering involucral bracts up to long at the base of the head. The perianth is long and the pistil long. Flowering occurs from August to September and the fruit is a sparsely hairy, elliptical to egg-shaped follicle long. Taxonomy This species was first formally described in 1856 by Carl Meissner who gave it the name Dryandra tridentata and published the description in Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. In 1893 Benjamin Daydon Jackson accidentally listed it in Index Kewensis under Banksia, thus unwittingly publishing the name Banksia tridentata. This is now the current name for the species, as in 2007 all Dryandra species were transferred to Banksia by Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele. Distribution and habitat Banksia tridentata grows in kwongan between the Arrowsmith and Hill Rivers. Ecology An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this species found that its range is unlikely to contract and may actually grow, depending on how effectively it migrates into newly habitable areas. Conservation status This banksia is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife. References tridentata Plants described in 1855 Taxa named by Carl Meissner
31004052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Class%208Z%202-8-0	South African Class 8Z 2-8-0	The South African Railways Class 8Z 2-8-0 of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope. In 1904, the Cape Government Railways placed its last eight 8th Class 2-8-0 Consolidation type steam locomotives in service. Most of its other 8th Class locomotives were built with a Mastodon type wheel arrangement. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, these eight were renumbered and designated Class 8Z. Manufacturer The first locomotive in the Cape Government Railways (CGR) Consolidation type 8th Class, later to become the South African Railways (SAR) Class 8X, was designed by H.M. Beatty, the CGR's Chief Locomotive Superintendent from 1896 to 1910. In 1904, a third batch of eight of these locomotives was delivered from the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow, Scotland. All eight were allocated to the Western System of the CGR, numbered in the range from 821 to 828. Characteristics These locomotives were very similar to the previous four Kitson-built Consolidations, but slightly larger in boiler and firegrate area dimensions. They also used saturated steam and cylinders with overhead slide valves, actuated by inside Stephenson valve gear. Of the three models of Type XE1 tender which were in use at the time, these locomotives were equipped with the version which had the coal capacity. Class 8 sub-classes When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, Natal Government Railways and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Even though the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912. In 1912, these locomotives were designated Class 8Z on the South African Railways (SAR) and renumbered in the range from 900 to 907. In spite of the difference in wheel arrangement, the CGR grouped its Consolidation and post-7th Class Mastodon locomotives together as the 8th Class. In 1912, all these and locomotives, together with the to Mastodon locomotives from the Central South African Railways (CSAR), were grouped into ten different sub-classes by the SAR. The locomotives became SAR Classes 8 and 8A to 8F and the locomotives became Classes 8X to 8Z. Service In SAR service, the Class 8Z was used mainly in the Western Cape, shedded at Touws River. A few later ended up at Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State and Klerksdorp in Transvaal. They were withdrawn by 1935. Illustration The main picture shows no. 804 at Touws River, c. 1930. References 1620 1620 2-8-0 locomotives 1D locomotives NBL locomotives Cape gauge railway locomotives Railway locomotives introduced in 1904 1904 in South Africa Scrapped locomotives
65333123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa%20Food%20Prize	Africa Food Prize	The Africa Food Prize, originally the Yara Prize, is an annual award for contributions to African agriculture. Yara Prize Yara International, a Norwegian chemical company and a large producer of fertilizer, established the Yara Prize for a Green Revolution in Africa in 2005. According to the company, "The Yara Prize aims at celebrating significant achievements related to food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture with a transformative power." The first recipient was Meles Zenawi, prime minister of Ethiopia. The choice of recipient received criticism in Norway from human rights organisations and exiled Ethiopians, due to his political history. About 1 000 people demonstrated against the award being given to him. Human Rights Watch stated that Africa Food Prize In 2016, the Yara Prize became the Africa Food Prize, a $100,000 annual award. As of 2021, the Africa Food Price Committee is chaired by Olusegun Obasanjo, former president of Nigeria. The first Africa Food Price winner was Kayano F. Nwanze, president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development. Obasanjo stated that "Dr. Nwanze's accomplishments on behalf of African farmers are a reminder of what's possible when you combine passion, good ideas, commitment, focus, hard work and dedication." References External links Norsk bistand bidrar til drap og tortur i Etiopia, 2016 opinion piece in Dagbladet, with photo of 2005 demonstration African awards Agriculture awards
56954721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Haudemann-Andersen	Jan Haudemann-Andersen	Jan Haudemann-Andersen (born 27 March 1958 in Skedsmokorset) is a Norwegian investor. He is a major private investor on the Oslo Stock Exchange and in property. Background Haudemann-Andersen gained his siviløkonom from Agder distriktshøgskole and BI Norwegian Business School, and attended the Royal Norwegian Naval Academy in Oscarsborg Fortress. He started as a speculative investor with a loan from his stepbrother Stein Haudemann-Andersen (born 1955), who ran the investment firm Adria. In 1986, Haudemann-Andersen established the investment firm Verde with Stein Olav Revelsby (born 1962), Geir Aune (born 1958) and Tore Aksel Voldberg (born 1963). Together, they invested in the oil company Norsk Vikingolje. In 1990, (directly before the Gulf War) they sold out, Norsk Vikingolje became a pure investment company, and changed its name to Frontier. Later, Engebret O. Fekene (born 1957) joined. They focused on shipping, but in 1994, also bought into Morgenbladet. In 1986, Haudemann-Andersen had also established Datum Invest. Other investment firms he started in the 1990s were Decibel, Datum and Wega. In 1997, be established the company Datum together with lawyer and investor Einar Jørgen Greve (born 1960), where Harald Arnet (born 1961) had been director, and later a collaborator with Haudemann-Andersen and the other "Vikakameratene". At the same time, he also established the daughter company Trojan A/S (later Wega Oil). Haudemann-Andersen is also in charge of the everyday management here. In 1995, Haudemann-Andersen became the major shareholder in Tandberg Data, and bought further in via Decibel. He was chairman until 2001, but by 1998 had already begun to sell out before the company fell. He was also heavily involved in Ask (later Proxima): a projector- or video company that was separated from Tandberg. He sold out of the company in 1999. From 1996, Haudemann-Andersen experienced good development of the German IT-company Nexus, where he had most of the shares, purchased through Wega. At the same time, he became major shareholder in Decibel and another IT-firm, the Norwegian Birdstep, until he sold out in 2003. Between 2005 and 2007 he was also major shareholder in Norwegian chip companies Q-Free and Fara. In 2006 he bought up the mining company Wega, and sat on the board there. From 2004, he and a partner bought into the Swedish oil company PA Resources, which made good finds in Tunis. In 2006, he established, (via Datum), the gold mining company Wega Mining, which are based in Burkina Faso, which he sold out of in 2012. In 2016, he sold out of the hydrogen company Nel, which he had bought 50 million shares in the year before. Haudemann-Andersen married Anne Margaret Caroline Stang (born 1960) in 1989 . In 2014, he married violinist Marte Krogh (born 1975), whom he had been in a relationship with since 2009. They divorced in 2016. References Norwegian investors Stock traders People from Skedsmo Norwegian billionaires 1958 births Living people
48369720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Grey%20%28constable%29	Thomas Grey (constable)	Sir Thomas Grey (d. before March 1344) of Heaton Castle in the parish of Cornhill-on-Tweed, Northumberland, was a soldier who served throughout the Wars of Scottish Independence. His experiences were recorded by his son Thomas Grey in his chronicles, and provide a rare picture of the day to day realities of the Wars. His career, blemished by his suicidal charge at the Battle of Bannockburn, a contributing factor to the devastating English defeat, is perhaps best known for his role in the tale of Sir William Marmion the chivalric knight of Norham Castle. Career and life Early life Grey was serving under William de Hesilrig, Sheriff of Clydesdale as early as 1297. Following William Wallace's nighttime assassination of the Sheriff at Lanark, Grey was left for dead, stripped naked in the snow. He only survived because of the heat from the houses burning around him and was rescued the next day and his wounds healed. Grey was knighted before September 1301 and served with the king's lieutenant for Scotland, Patrick IV, Earl of March at Ayr. In May 1303 Grey found himself under the command of Hugh Audley encamped at Melrose Abbey when they were attacked at night by a much larger force led by John Comyn. Grey was beaten to the floor and taken prisoner but most of his comrades were slain. Siege of Stirling Castle (1304) Edward I had captured most of Scotland by April 1304 and embarked upon a nineteen-week siege of the last significant uncaptured fortress at Stirling Castle using twelve siege engines which included the massive trebuchet called "Warwolf". Grey fought at the siege under the command of Henry de Beaumont. A hook thrown from a siege machine ensnared de Beaumont one day, and was about to haul him to his death upon the castle walls, when Grey freed him in the nick of time and dragged him to safety. Just as Grey had performed this act of bravery he was struck in the head by a large bolt fired from a springald (a large multi-man crossbow) just below his eyes. He collapsed to the ground lifeless and preparations for a quick burial were made. Just as the funeral ceremony started, Grey suddenly stirred and opened his eyes, much to the astonishment of the funeral party. He subsequently staged a full recovery. It is from this event that Grey perhaps adopted a ram's head as the crest of his coat of arms as a light-hearted reference to his thick skull. Grey became closer to the Beaumont family, who were kinsmen of both the king and queen, and was drawn into court life. In 1305 Grey acted as attorney for de Beaumont's sister Isabella de Vesci. In December 1307 Grey took custody of Robert Bruce's sister Christina following the execution of her husband Christopher Seton for his part in the murder of John Comyn, Guardian of Scotland. Ambush at Cupar Castle (1308) Upon the death of Edward I he was succeeded by his son Edward II and Grey attended the coronation at Westminster Palace in February 1308. As Grey returned to Cupar Castle, of which he was the then warden, he was ambushed by Walter de Bickerton, a supporter of Bruce. Grey was heavily outnumbered, having only 26 man-at-arms compared to the 400 men commanded by Bickerton. Deciding that he could not avoid the ambush he decided to charge the heart of Bickerton's men using lance and the shock of his horse to down many of the enemy. Seeing the success of his aggression he was joined by his men at arms and together they succeeded in overthrowing many of the enemy and stampeded their horses. Before starting the charge, Grey had instructed his grooms to follow at a distance carrying a battle standard. As they came into view of Bickerton's confused men they mistook the grooms for another formation of soldiers and took flight. Grey and his men drove one hundred and eighty of Bickerton's abandoned horses to his castle as booty. Battle of Bannockburn (1314) Grey's capture at the Battle of Bannockburn was undoubtedly the low point of his career. Grey served under Beaumont and Robert Clifford when they tried to go around the Scottish army on the first day of the battle and met with defeat at the hands of the forces of Sir Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray. On the second day of the battle, the English were heavily defeated and the king fled the field with a force of some 500 knights and was pursued by Sir James Douglas with only a small force, leaving hundreds of English dead on the field and a large number of English nobles and knights taken prisoner. Norham Castle Following their victory at Bannockburn, the Scottish attacked and raided the north of England repeatedly over the ensuing years. Grey was garrisoned at Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1318 which fell to Bruce following an eleven-week siege. Grey was subsequently recompensed £179 arrears of wages for himself and 14 man-at-arms and for horses he had lost. In 1317 Grey's patron de Beaumont and his brother Louis de Beaumont, soon to be installed as Bishop of Durham, were kidnapped by Guy de Middleton before being freed by William de Felton. Middleton was executed and his lands confiscated. In May 1319, as reward for his services, Grey was granted 108 acres at Howick, Northumberland that formerly belonged to a supporter of Middleton, John Mautulent. Grey was appointed in 1319 as Sheriff of Norham and Islandshire and Constable of Norham Castle where he was to be based for 11 years. During this time Norham remained under a state of almost perpetual siege and it is Grey's rescue of William Marmion that he is probably best known for. A two-year truce expired in 1322 and Grey promised the king to recruit an extra 20 men at arms and 50 hobelars to reinforce Lewis de Beaumont's existing garrison to protect both Norham castle and the March. By 17 September Norham found itself besieged by 100 Scottish men at arms and 100 hobelars. The king sent Grey money to pay his garrison and requested that he send frequent reports of the situation and reassured the people around the castle that any losses in crops and goods would be made up to them. Edward II agreed to a 13-year truce with Bruce in May 1323 and, three months later, Grey was given permission to go to Scotland to resupply Norham Castle with corn and ammunition and to replace its ploughs and carts which had been destroyed in the preceding years. He imprisoned 80 Scots at Norham who had, coming from overseas, landed at Lindisfarne and attempted to reach Scotland and on 2 October was ordered to send them to the Sheriff of York at York Castle. On 9 July 1325 Grey was ordered to accept back into the king's peace all those of Northumberland who had joined the Scottish through poverty or other urgent needs. Later career During the buildup to the impending Invasion of England of 1326 Grey was first granted more land at Howyk and then in August ordered to join John de Sturmy, Admiral of the Fleet of the North, alongside other captains and their ships, to help defend the hugely unpopular Edward II from his wife Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March. Grey was ordered to "compel" ships from Northumberland ports to join the fleet and to supervise their departure for Orwell, Suffolk in early September. No naval conflict occurred and, landing at Orwell on 24 September, Isabella and Mortimer seized control of England with virtually no opposition, with most of Edward's orders having been ignored. Edward II was imprisoned and replaced on the throne by Edward III. Edward III resumed hostilities with the Scottish and, shortly after the defeat of the Scottish at Halidon Hill in July 1333, Grey was appointed as deputy constable of Berwick. In about 1334 Grey was granted Mitford Castle and the hamlet of Mollisdoun and in October 1335 he was granted custody of the lands and marriage of the heir of Andrew de Grey in Berwick. Family and descendants Grey married Agnes de Bayles and had the following issue: Sir Thomas Grey, Soldier and Chronicler Margaret Grey (d. 27 May 1378), married John Eure de Aton Thomas is an ancestor of the Earl Greys of Tankerville, Baronet Grey of Chillingham, Baron Greys of Powis and Baron Greys of Werke. References Bibliography External links Norham Castle English Heritage Site Norham Castle Heaton Hall Castle Heaton, Northumberland English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence Knights banneret of England English knights Year of birth unknown 1344 deaths 13th-century English people 14th-century English people People from Northumberland History of Northumberland
13155	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden%20Turkey%20Awards	The Golden Turkey Awards	The Golden Turkey Awards is a 1980 book by film critic Michael Medved and his brother Harry. About The book awards "Golden Turkey Awards" to films judged by the authors as poor in quality, and to directors and actors judged to have created a chronically inept body of work. The book features many low-budget obscurities and exploitation films such as Rat Pfink a Boo Boo, Attack of the 50 Foot Woman, and the apparently lost Him. Other categories include expensive, big studio failures like The Swarm and popular films such as Jesus Christ Superstar. In the introduction the authors admit that "we know our choices will not please everyone—least of all the actors, producers, writers and directors who are honored in the pages that follow. We further recognize that the number of bad films is so enormous and the competition for the very worst is so intense, that all decisions reached here are subject to considerable second-guessing. Nevertheless, we have researched the subject thoroughly—sitting through more than 2,000 wretched films in the last few years—and we believe that our nominees and award winners can stand the test of time." The Medveds had previously celebrated bad cinema in the 1978 The Fifty Worst Films of All Time, many of which were also featured in the various Golden Turkey Awards categories. Subsequently, they turned their attention to box office bombs in The Hollywood Hall of Shame. They also published a sequel to The Golden Turkey Awards, Son of Golden Turkey Awards, in 1986. They declared that Son of Golden Turkey Awards "is our last word...we hereby solemnly pledge that the years ahead will produce no further Golden Turkey publications by the Medved Brothers...we now pass the torch to whichever brave souls feel ready to take up the challenge." Son of Golden Turkey Awards also listed a "Who's Who in the World of Bad Movies" at the end of its awards presentations. The Golden Turkey Awards formed the basis of a 1983 television series The Worst of Hollywood hosted by Michael Medved. Awards given In the book The Fifty Worst Films of All Time the authors invited readers to write in nominating their favorite "worst films". More than 3,000 ballots were received. Based on these votes, the Worst Film of All Time award was given to Plan 9 from Outer Space by Ed Wood. Wood is also awarded the title of Worst Director of All Time, judged by the authors. Raquel Welch is judged the Worst Actress of All Time over nominees including Candice Bergen and Mamie van Doren. Richard Burton is judged as the Worst Actor of All Time over nominees John Agar, Tony Curtis and Victor Mature. While conceding he is sometimes brilliant, the authors claim Burton's "occasional triumphs only serve to highlight the pathetic waste in most of his films; for every Equus in which he appears there are at least a half-dozen Cleopatras or Boom!s. The authors state that "when he is bad ... well, he's just the pits" and list several "bad" films in which he has appeared: The Sandpiper, Hammersmith Is Out, The Voyage, The Medusa Touch and The Assassination of Trotsky. Another Burton film, Exorcist II: The Heretic, is the book's first runner up in the Worst Film of All Time award based on reader response. List of Golden Turkey winners Most Embarrassing Movie Debut: Paul Newman in The Silver Chalice Most Ridiculous Movie Monster: Ro-Man from Robot Monster Worst Performance by a Popular Singer: Tony Bennett in The Oscar Worst Title: Rat Pfink a Boo Boo Most Brainless Brain Movie: They Saved Hitler's Brain Most 'Badly Bumbled Bee' Movie: The Swarm Worst Casting: John Wayne as Genghis Khan in The Conqueror Worst Performance by a Politician: United States Congressman and New York City Mayor John Lindsay in Rosebud Worst Two-Headed Transplant Movie: The Thing with Two Heads Worst Rodent Movie: The Food of the Gods Worst Performance by a Novelist: Norman Mailer in Wild 90 P.T. Barnum Award for Worst Cinematic Exploitation of a Physical Deformity: The Terror of Tiny Town, a Western film with an all-dwarf cast. Worst Musical Extravaganza: At Long Last Love Worst Performance as a Clergyman or Nun: Mary Tyler Moore in Change of Habit Worst Performance as Jesus Christ: Ted Neeley in Jesus Christ Superstar Worst Blaxploitation Movie: Scream Blacula Scream Biggest Rip-off in Hollywood History: The 1976 version of King Kong Worst Credit Line: The 1929 version of William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, "with additional dialogue by Sam Taylor" (this credit does not appear in the surviving prints of the film). Most Unerotic Concept in Pornography: Him, a porn film about a priest with a sexual fixation on Jesus Christ Worst Performance by an Animal: Dinky the Chimp in Tarzan and the Great River. (During filming, Dinky attacked and injured lead actor Mike Henry.) Worst Vegetable Movie: Attack of the Mushroom People (mushrooms are actually fungi, not vegetables) Worst Performance by Sonny Tufts: Government Girl Most Ludicrous Racial Impersonation: Marlon Brando as a native of Okinawa in The Teahouse of the August Moon Most Obnoxious Child Performer: David Kory in Dondi Worst Film You Never Saw (category for films never completed or only released in a limited fashion): Billy Jack Goes to Washington Most Inane Technical Advance: Percepto, designed by William Castle for his 1959 film, The Tingler starring Vincent Price. At certain times in the film small vibrators attached to the underside of some seats within the auditorium were activated to give some audience members a tingle. Worst Line of Romantic Dialogue: an exchange between Gary Cooper and Madeleine Carroll in Northwest Mounted Police Worst Director: Ed Wood Worst Actress: Raquel Welch Worst Actor: Richard Burton (a highly controversial choice, considering that he was a seven-time Oscar nominee, noted Shakespearean performer and widely considered one of the world's greatest actors, but made because Burton starred in so many bad films) In addition, the Golden Turkey Awards had a reader's choice category for Worst Film of All Time, voted upon by readers of The Fifty Worst Films of All Time. First Runner-Up: Exorcist II: The Heretic Worst Film: Plan 9 from Outer Space Hoax film One of the films nominated in the book was in fact an invention of the authors, and the book's readers were challenged by them to figure out which film was actually fake. The fake film was Dog of Norway featuring "Muki the Wonder Hound". This film was illustrated using a photo of a co-author's pet dog. The giveaway was that the same dog was in the photo of the authors in the back of the book. Another film in the book, the now-lost 1974 porn film Him, has also been cited as the hoax, though it is definitely known to have existed. No formal clarification of the hoax film was provided by the subsequent release, The Hollywood Hall of Shame. That book again features the same dog pictured with the authors (as did the subsequent Son of Golden Turkey Awards). In The Hollywood Hall of Shame, in reference to the dish barbecued dog, the authors explain that it was "a snack which produced a mixed reaction among the representatives of an industry that had given the world Lassie, Rin Tin Tin, Benji, Phyllis Diller, and Muki the Wonder Hound." The "Acknowledgements" page of The Fifty Worst Films of All Time ends with: And love, most of all, to Muki, who was there to understand when the going got rough. Reception Betsa Marsh wrote for the Gannett News Service, "In their breezy, irreverent style, bristling with puns and sarcasm, the Medveds take us from one debacle to another... It's a great book to keep with your TV Guide, in your bathroom or even on your coffee table, to impress your friends with your impeccably bad taste." Some critics took exception to the book's style; Kenneth Tucker wrote, "The line between the witty and the arrogant is indeed hard to draw. At times to me, however, the commentary degenerates into smugness or becomes unnecessarily waspish." In Film Comment, J. Hoberman was quite hostile, describing The Fifty Worst Films of All Time and The Golden Turkey Awards as "a pair of humorous non-books researched by teenaged Harry Medved and written by his older brother Michael. The Medved position — if we discount its patina of Mad magazine masochism and resolve to stomach their facetious tone — also suggests that the best bad movies are akin to masterpieces." See also Golden Raspberry Awards Stinkers Bad Movie Awards List of films considered the worst Notes References Medved, Harry, and Randy Dreyfuss. The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (And How They Got That Way). 1978, Warner Books. . Medved, Michael, and Harry Medved. The Golden Turkey Awards. 1980, Putnam. . Medved, Michael, and Harry Medved. The Hollywood Hall of Shame: The Most Expensive Flops in Movie History, 1984, , (paperback) Medved, Harry and Michael. Son of Golden Turkey Awards, 1986, Villard Books. . External links The list on Letterboxd American film awards 1980 non-fiction books Books about film Lists of worsts Books by Michael Medved Books of film criticism Collaborative non-fiction books
352793	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist%20General%20Convention%20of%20Texas	Baptist General Convention of Texas	The Baptist General Convention of Texas (BGCT) is the oldest surviving Baptist convention in the state of Texas. It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention and the Baptist World Alliance. In 2009, the BGCT began to also go by the name Texas Baptists to better communicate who they are. The convention's offices are located in Dallas, Texas, though convention staff are located across the state. The president of the BGCT is Jason Burden and the Executive Director is David Hardage. History There were Baptists among the first Anglo-American settlers of Texas, but under Spain (and later Mexico), non-Catholic religious worship was prohibited. The first Baptist sermon preached in Texas was preached by Joseph Bays of Missouri as early as 1820. The first Sunday School in Texas was organized by a Baptist, Thomas J. Pilgrim, at San Felipe de Austin in 1829. Mexican authorities forced the Sunday School to disband and hindered the attempts of the earliest Baptist preachers. The first Baptist church in Texas was organized in Illinois by Elder Daniel Parker. Parker visited Texas in 1832, and concluded that the Mexican laws clearly prohibited organizing a church in Texas. He also decided the immigration of an organized church into the state would not violate the colonization laws. To this end, he and several others constituted a church in Illinois, then traveled to Texas by wagon train, arriving in Austin Colony January 20, 1834. Parker held a strict predestinarian theology, as well as his controversial Two-Seed theology. Like those travellers, the church was named Pilgrim. This church, and those churches of like faith that followed, remained aloof from the majority of Baptists in Texas. Pilgrim church is the oldest Baptist church in Texas, and survives today as a Primitive Baptist church. The first missionary Baptist church in Texas was organized at Washington-on-the-Brazos by Z. N. Morrell in 1837. The following year, Isaac Reed and R. G. Green formed the Union Baptist Church, about 5 miles north of Nacogdoches, Texas. This church, now known as the Old North Church, is the oldest surviving missionary Baptist church in Texas, and cooperates with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. After Texans achieved independence from Mexico, Baptists began to flourish in Texas. Many churches were formed in the days of the Republic of Texas. With the multiplication of churches came also the organization of associations. The first association was the Union Baptist Association, organized in 1840. As the local associations increased, missionary Baptists became interested in cooperation together on the broader state level. In 1848 representatives from four associations met at Anderson, Texas, and started the Baptist State Convention of Texas. In 1853, the Baptist General Association of Texas was organized at Larissa in Cherokee County in east Texas. Other bodies were formed to serve their regions (and often due to dissatisfaction with the other bodies), such as the East Texas Baptist Convention (org. 1877 at Overton) and the North Texas Baptist Missionary Convention (org. 1879 at Allen). B. H. Carroll, pastor of First Baptist in Waco, was instrumental in getting the General Association, during its 1883 meeting, to propose that five conventions in Texas consider the expediency of uniting as one body. The North Texas Convention dissolved, and recommended its churches affiliate with the Baptist State Convention. The East Texas Convention also joined the state convention. In 1886, the Baptist General Association of Texas and the Baptist State Convention of Texas ratified the terms of merger and consolidated into one body called The Baptist General Convention of Texas. In addition to Carroll, other leaders in the merger included S. A. Hayden, J. B. Cranfill, J. B. Link, J. M. Carroll, R. T. Hanks, and G. W. Smith. According to a denomination census released in 2020, it claimed 5,341 churches and 1,708,415 members. Divisions The harmony of unification in the 19th century gave way to three major divisions in the 20th century—the S. A. Hayden controversy and the formation of the Baptist Missionary Association of Texas in 1900, the Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy and the formation of the Premillennial Missionary Baptist Fellowship by J. Frank Norris in 1933, and the conservative/moderate controversy and the formation of the Southern Baptists of Texas Convention in 1998. The body has nevertheless maintained a steady progress throughout the 20th century. Beliefs The Convention is a member of the Southern Baptist Convention and the Baptist World Alliance. Partner ministries Seminaries George W. Truett Theological Seminary Logsdon Seminary Universities Baptist University of the Américas Baylor University Dallas Baptist University East Texas Baptist University Hardin-Simmons University Houston Baptist University Howard Payne University University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Wayland Baptist University Boarding schools San Marcos Baptist Academy Human services BCFS Buckner International Children at Heart Ministries STCH Ministries Medical Baptist Health Foundation of San Antonio Baptist Health System (indirect) Baptist Hospitals of Southeast Texas Baylor Scott & White Health Baylor University Medical Center at Dallas Scott & White Medical Center Hendrick Health System Hillcrest Baptist Medical Center Valley Baptist Health System BSA Health System (indirect) News The Baptist Standard See also Christianity in the United States References Texas Baptists: A Sesquicentennial History, H. Leon McBeth (1998) A History of Texas Baptists, by James Milton Carroll Centennial Story of Texas Baptists, L. R. Elliott, editor Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, Norman W. Cox, et al., editors Flowers and Fruits from the Wilderness, by Z. N. Morrell Missionary Baptists in Texas: 1820-1998, by Oran H. Griffith The Blossoming Desert: A Concise History of Texas Baptists, by Robert A. Baker External links Organizations based in Dallas Baptist Christianity in Texas Religious organizations established in 1886 Baptist denominations established in the 19th century 1886 establishments in Texas
53402299	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo%20Hamby	Alonzo Hamby	Alonzo L. Hamby (born January 30, 1940) is an American historian and academic. He is distinguished professor of history emeritus at Ohio University and the recipient of two National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships, a Harry S. Truman Library Institute Senior Fellowship, a Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Fellowship, and the Ohio Academy of History Distinguished Service Award. He is an expert on Harry S. Truman and his presidency. Life Hamby was born on 30 January 1940. He was born and raised at Humansville, Polk County, Missouri. Career Hamby completed his PhD from the University of Missouri. He is distinguished professor of history emeritus at Ohio University. Hamby is also a distinguished member of the American Historical Association. Bibliography His books include: Liberalism and Its Challengers: From F.D.R. to Bush Man of Destiny: FDR and the Making of the American Century Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman For the Survival of Democracy: Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism The Imperial Years Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal The New Deal: Analysis & Interpretation References External links 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers Living people 1940 births University of Missouri alumni Ohio University faculty American male non-fiction writers
15705211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangmutou%20railway%20station	Zhangmutou railway station	Zhangmutou (formerly Cheung Muk Tou) is a railway station that serves the town of Zhangmutou in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province, China. It is a stop on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen railway. History On 1 January 2009, a new square was opened adjacent to the station. From 10 April 2021, the number of services calling at Zhangmutou was reduced and the destinations were limited to Guangzhou and Shenzhen. However, from 25 June, services levels were increased again. References External links Buildings and structures in Dongguan Railway stations in Guangdong
60468931	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matunggong%20%28state%20constituency%29	Matunggong (state constituency)	Matunggong is a state constituency in Sabah, Malaysia, that is represented in the Sabah State Legislative Assembly. History Representation history References Sabah state constituencies
36874157	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known%20Strangers	Known Strangers	Known Strangers is a Spanish-German-Argentine omnibus film directed by Spanish helmer Manolo González. Filmed from a screenplay by Manolo González and Guillermo Santana. The movie traces the actions of fourteen principal characters, both in parallel and occasionally connected by a radio program that everybody is following. The role of chance and luck is central to the film, and many of the stories concern violence and infidelity. Plot The film begins with in a seemingly innocuous radio talk show. One caller confesses his necrophilia tendencies, which was used by a co-worker in order to blackmail him. A student wants to finally try and abandon her job as a call girl which finances her education and a gang of youngsters decide to do something about the violent husband of a neighbour, while a young writer is searching for a woman, who will mysteriously save his live in the end. These stories are woven together with bits and pieces from the radio show “known strangers”, a programme followed by a big and loyal audience of people who can’t sleep at night. Production Filming primarily took place in Madrid, Spain and Buenos Aires, Argentine. Principal photography began on July 4, 2009 in Buenos Aires, and ended on October 20, 2009 in Madrid. Accolades Manolo González was nominated for the Golden Biznaga at the Malaga Spanish Film Festival in 2010. The film also won the prestigious audience award at the Festival de Cine de Léon. References External links 2010 films
12680939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivers%20%28novel%20series%29	Shivers (novel series)	Shivers is a series of thirty-six children's horror novels written by M.D. Spenser. These are horror novels, each 120-125 pages long, for readers between the ages of 8 and 14. The series was created during the popularity of the Goosebumps series, and it has a similar style. The Shivers series was published between 1996 and 1998. Also issued were compilations called "Four Scares in One", which featured four Shivers books in a single volume. Also, a Shivers-themed Puzzle & Activity Book was published. The series sold millions of copies worldwide. In August 2011, the Shivers series began being republished as eBooks, available from the Amazon Kindle store, iBookstore, Sony Nook and Barnes & Noble. M.D. Spenser is an international journalist born in the United States but living now in England. He is currently working on three books—a book on running; a humorous memoir about his time in journalism, titled "Occasionally Accurate;" and a major novel for young adults titled "Some Say In Ice." List of books The Enchanted Attic: When they move into an old house, two sisters begin to realize something sinister lies in the old attic. They must find out what it is before it's too late. A Ghastly Shade of Green: When Jason's mother takes him and his brother to the Everglades, things begin to disappear, including their dog and family. Ghost Writer: Amber and her family move into a 100-year-old house, where she discovers an old trunk filled with ghostly letters and she gets to meet the writer... The Animal Rebellion:: While staying at his uncle's farm, Winston discovers that the animals on the farm are planning to overthrow their human master. The Locked Room:: Brittany and her younger brother are wary of their mother's new husband—and more scared when they find out that there's a connection between him and a locked room in their house. The Haunting House: Caitlin's family move into an old, burnt-down house that's haunted by something other than ghosts. The Awful Apple Orchard: Daniel and Sara vacation at an apple orchard haunted by ghosts. Terror on Troll Mountain: Paul explores the cliffs of Italy and finds a troll who feeds on children. The Mystic's Spell: Timmy visits a carnival mystic who gives him the power to fight back against his tormentors, but the power may cost him his life unless he is not careful with it. The Curse of the New Kid: A troubled teen tells his story of how his presence in every school he transfers to leads to his tormentors dying. Guess Who's Coming for Dinner: Josh suspects that his best friend, Michael, and his family are cannibals after Josh's favorite teacher disappears after a night at Michael's house. The Secret of Fern Island: Kenny's excursion to a desert island leads to solving the mystery of a missing boy and a cursed lighthouse. The Spider Kingdom: Freddy and Lumpy are captured by huge spiders and get dragged into the Spider Kingdom. The Curse in the Jungle: On an archaeological dig in Guatemala, Harry gets lost and finds the skull of a Mayan ruler, which unleashes an ages-old curse. Pool Ghoul: There's something strange afoot when Matt and Laura's new backyard pool begins terrorizing anyone who dares swim in it...and all eyes are on their neighbor, Miss Pincher, as the one behind it. The Beast Beneath the Boardwalk: Alec and his cousin Mary battle to stay alive in a hurricane while being hunted by the beast that lives beneath the boardwalk. The Ghosts of Camp Massacre: Samantha is staying at a summer camp built near the site where a family was massacred by ghostly Native Americans a century ago. But soon, she finds out the real truth behind the legend. Your Momma's A Werewolf: A vacation in the woods of Michigan leads to Iggy's mom being attacked by a werewolf. The Thing in Room 601: Liam and Diane are stuck in a haunted hotel room when their mom has to leave. Babyface & the Killer Mob: Joey's wish to be a mobster comes true when he wakes up in the body of a gangster named Babyface. A Waking Nightmare: A boy named Martin is being accused of committing destructive acts while sleepwalking and must find the culprit. Lost in Dreamland: Twin siblings Bill and Barbara get trapped in an amusement park where everyone's nightmares come true. Night of the Goat Boy: While at summer camp, Nathaniel finds himself face-to-face with a half-man/half-goat creature thought to be the stuff of legends. The Ghosts of Devil's Marsh: Samantha's past is likely to haunt her when she joins her dad's family. She's fed up with the taunts and whispers of Nana: "DON'T BREAK A DEAD'S HEART." A Ghostly Playmate Virginia has a new friend: a ghost who also plays games with her and won't let her quit. The ghost wants her as a playmate forever... One Foot in the Grave: When she and her family move to France for her dad's job, Bubbie meets a boy named Jean Luc and together they unleash a phantom. Camp Fear: Jane and her friends take the rocky road and soon learn that camping can be very hazardous to their health. Somewhere out in the wilderness, they join their class for a 3-day camping adventure. Their camp was once part of a magnificent, mysterious estate. Now all around the sound of crying can be heard. Watch 'em Kill: A boy named Phillip orders a pack of new and improved growing monster pills, which are supposed to grow when water is added. However, the packaging mentioned nothing about them coming to life, growing larger than life, or eating human flesh... The Terrible Terror Book: Kerri and Erin find a book that predicts bad things that come true. Creepy Clothes: After their parents are in a car crash, Patricia and Sam are sent to stay with their estranged aunt. And when they discover a trunk full of old clothes in her attic, they learn about the sins of the past. Shriek Home Chicago: A year after Terror on Troll Mountain Paul learns that the monster that troubled him and his cousin Anthony has followed Anthony to Paul's home in Chicago. Beware the Bog Girl: On vacation with her scientist father, Julie is troubled by the ghost of a spoiled girl who lives in the swamp. The Forgotten Farmhouse: Nico and Ana get lost while horseback riding and get trapped in an old farmhouse haunted by its gruesomely slain owners. Weirdo Waldo's Wax Museum: Billy and Crissy visit a wax museum in Washington, DC, where they discover a gruesome secret behind the lifelike figures. Terror on Tomahawk Island: Sean and Wendy visit an island haunted by Native American spirits. Madness at the Mall: Brothers Frank and Tom are trapped in a shopping mall with the souls of animals. Similarity to Goosebumps This series is similar in style and tone to the very popular Goosebumps series. Other children's horror series from the 1990s include Bone Chillers, Graveyard School and Shadow Zone. References Series of children's books Novel series American horror novels Horror novel series Book series introduced in 1996
454938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henschel%20Hs%20123	Henschel Hs 123	The Henschel Hs 123 was a single-seat biplane dive bomber and close-support attack aircraft flown by the German Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War and the early to midpoint of World War II. It proved to be robust, durable and effective especially in severe conditions. It continued to see front-line service until 1944, only to be withdrawn due to a lack of serviceable airframes and spare parts (production ended in 1940). Design and development Henschel was a German locomotive manufacturer. Soon after Hitler's rise to power, Henschel decided to start designing aircraft, one of the first being the Hs 123. The aircraft was designed to meet the 1933 dive bomber requirements for the reborn Luftwaffe. Both Henschel and rival Fieseler (with the Fi 98) competed for the production contract requirement, which specified a single-seat biplane dive bomber. The first prototype, the Hs 123V1, was cleared for its maiden flight on 1 April 1935; General Ernst Udet, a World War I ace, flew it on its first public demonstration flight on 8 May 1935. The first three Henschel prototypes, with the first and third powered by 485 kW (650 hp) BMW 132A-3 engines and the second by a 574 kW (770 hp) Wright Cyclone, were tested at Rechlin in August 1936. Only the first prototype had "smooth" cowlings; from that point on, all aircraft had a tightly fitting cowling that included 18 fairings covering the engine valves. The Henschel prototypes did away with bracing wires and although they looked slightly outdated with their single faired interplane struts and cantilever main landing gear legs attached to smaller (stub) lower wings, the Hs 123 featured an all-metal construction, clean lines and superior maneuverability. Its biplane wings were of a "sesquiplane" configuration, whereby the lower wings were significantly smaller than the top wings. The overall performance of the Hs 123 V1 prototype prematurely eliminated any chance for the more conventional Fi 98, which was cancelled after a sole prototype had been constructed. During testing, the Hs 123 proved capable of pulling out of "near-vertical" dives; however, two prototypes subsequently crashed due to structural failures in the wings that occurred when the aircraft were tested in high-speed dives. The fourth prototype incorporated improvements to cure these problems; principally, stronger centre-section struts were fitted. After it had been successfully tested, the Hs 123 was ordered into production with a 656 kW (880 hp) BMW 132Dc engine. The Hs 123 was intended to replace the Heinkel He 50 biplane reconnaissance and dive bomber as well as acting as a "stop-gap" measure until the Junkers Ju 87 became available. As such, production was limited and no upgrades were considered, although an improved version, the Hs 123B, was developed by Henschel in 1938. A proposal to fit the aircraft with a more powerful 716 kW (960 hp) "K"-variant of its BMW 132 engine did not proceed beyond the prototype stage, the Hs 123 V5. The V6 prototype fitted with a similar powerplant and featuring a sliding cockpit hood was intended to serve as the Hs 123C prototype. Production The Hs 123 was manufactured at Henschel's Schönefeld and Johannistal factories. The first production Hs 123 were delivered in 1936. About 265 aircraft were produced. Production of the Hs 123A ended in Autumn 1938. A prototype Hs 123B and a prototype Hs 123C were produced just before production of the Hs 123A ended. Some were exported to China, and 14 were transferred to the Spain Nationalist Air Arm. Operational history Prior to World War II A small pre-production batch of Hs 123A-0s was completed in 1936 for service evaluation by the Luftwaffe. This initial group was followed by the slightly modified Hs 123A-1 series, the first production examples. The service aircraft flew with an armoured headrest and fairing in place (a canopy was tested in the Hs 123V6) as well as removable main wheel spats and a faired tailwheel. The main weapon load of four SC50 50 kg (110 lb) bombs could be carried in lower wing racks along with an additional SC250 250 kg (550 lb) bomb mounted on a "crutch" beneath the fuselage. The usual configuration was to install an auxiliary fuel "drop" tank at this station that was jettisoned in emergencies. Two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns were mounted in the nose synchronized to fire through the propeller arc. The aircraft entered service at StG 162 in autumn 1936. Its career as a dive bomber was cut short when the unit received its first Ju 87A the next year. Remaining Hs 123s were incorporated into the temporary Fliegergeschwader 100 at the time of the Munich Crisis. The Geschwader (wing) had been created as an emergency measure, equipped with obsolete aircraft and tasked with the ground attack role. With the signing of the Munich agreement, the crisis was over and the geschwader was disbanded, the gruppen being transferred to other established units. By 1939, despite its success in Spain, the Luftwaffe considered the Hs 123 obsolete and the schlachtgeschwader (close-support wings) had been disbanded with only one gruppe, II.(Schl)/LG2 still equipped with the Hs 123. Spanish Civil War During the same time, at the request of Oberst (later Generalfeldmarschall) Wolfram von Richthofen, chief of staff of the Legion Condor, five aircraft had been deployed to Spain as a part of the Legion Condor, intended to be used as tactical bombers. In their intended role, the Hs 123s proved to be somewhat of a failure, hampered by their small bomb capacity and short range. Instead, the Hs 123s based in Seville were used for ground support, a role in which their range was not such a detriment, and where the ability to accurately place munitions was more important than carrying a large load. The combat evaluation of the Hs 123 demonstrated a remarkable resiliency in close-support missions, proving able to absorb a great deal of punishment including direct hits on the airframe and engine. The Nationalists in Spain were impressed with the Hs 123's performance in battle, purchasing the entire evaluation flight and ordering an additional 11 aircraft from Germany. The Spanish Hs 123s were known as "Angelito" (dear angel or little angel), and at least one Hs 123 was in service with the Ejército del Aire (Spanish Air Force) after 1945. Second Sino-Japanese War Twelve Hs 123s were also exported to China, where they were used extensively as dive bombers by the temporarily-organized 15th Squadron of the China Central Air Force Academy Group, operating against Imperial Japanese warships along the Yangtze River, especially in 1938. World War II Service from Poland to Greece At the outbreak of hostilities, the surviving 39 Hs 123s assigned to II. (Schl)/LG 2, were committed to action in the Polish Campaign. This single unit proved to be particularly effective. Screaming over the heads of enemy troops, the Hs 123s delivered their bombs with devastating accuracy. A frightening aspect of an Hs 123 attack was the staccato noise of its engine that a pilot could manipulate by changing rpm to create "gunfire-like" bursts. The Hs 123 proved rugged and able to take a lot of damage and still keep on flying. Operating from primitive bases close to the front lines, the type was considered by ground crews to be easy to maintain and reliable in field conditions. The Polish campaign was a success for an aircraft considered obsolete by the Luftwaffe high command. Within a year, the Hs 123 was again in action in the blitzkrieg attacks through the Netherlands, Belgium and France. General Heinz Guderian was continually impressed by the quick turnaround time offered by II.(Schl)/LG 2. Often positioned as the Luftwaffes most-forward based combat unit, the Hs 123 flew more missions per day than other units, and again proved their worth in the close-support role. With Ju 87s still being used as tactical bombers rather than true ground support aircraft and with no other aircraft capable of this mission in the Luftwaffe arsenal the Hs 123 was destined to continue in service for some time, although numbers were constantly being reduced by attrition. The Hs 123 was not employed in the subsequent Battle of Britain as the English Channel proved an insuperable obstacle for the short-ranged aircraft. The sole operator, II.(Schl)/LG 2 went back to Germany to re-equip with the Messerschmitt Bf 109E fighter bomber (Jabo) variant. The Bf 109E fighter bomber was not capable of carrying any more bombs than the Hs 123. It did, however, have a greater range and was far more capable of defending itself. On the downside were the notoriously tricky taxiing, ground handling, and takeoff/landing characteristics of the Bf 109, which were exacerbated with a bomb load. At the beginning of the Balkans Campaign, the 32 examples of the Hs 123 that had been retired after the fall of France were taken back into service to equip 10.(Schl)/LG 2. The aircraft performed well enough to warrant its use in Operation Barbarossa. Eastern Front service At the start of Operation Barbarossa, the single Gruppe of the Luftwaffe that was dedicated to ground support was II.(Schl)/LG 2, operating 22 Hs 123s (along with 38 Bf 109Es). In service use on the Eastern Front, the remaining aircraft had been field-modified with the main wheel spats removed, additional armour and extra equipment fitted as well as mounting extra machine guns and even cannons in under-wing housings. Some volunteers of Escuadrilla Azul (15 Spanische Staffel/VIII. Fliegerkorps) of JG-27 detached in Luftflotte 2 managed Hs 123s in collaboration of II.(Schl.)/LG 2 units for ground strikes along Bf 109E-7/B fighter-bombers during 1941–42 period. During the initial drive, the unit participated in action along the central and northern parts of the front, including a brief time in support of the fighting around Leningrad, and participating in the battles for Bryansk and Vyazma. The first weeks revealed problems associated with using the Bf 109E which was plagued by undercarriage and engine problems in the fighter-bomber role. Its liquid-cooled inline engine was also more vulnerable to small arms fire than the Hs 123's radial. The winter brought hardship to all German forces in Russia, and the pilots in the open cockpits of the Henschels suffered accordingly. Despite this, they took part in the Battle of Moscow. In January, the unit was re-designated as the first dedicated ground attack wing (in German Schlachtgeschwader 1, SchlG 1). The Hs 123 became a part of 7./SchlG 1. This "new" unit participated in operations in Crimea in May 1942, after which it operated on the southern sector for some time, participating in the Second Battle of Kharkov and going on to take part in the Battle of Stalingrad. In the meantime, the small number of operational Hs 123 continued to slowly dwindle. Aircraft had been salvaged from training schools and even derelict dumps all over Germany to replace losses. The aircraft that had supposedly replaced the Hs 123, the Ju 87, also started to be assigned to ground support units, leaving tactical bombing to newer aircraft. The greatest tribute to the Hs 123 usefulness came in January 1943 when Generaloberst Wolfram von Richthofen, then commander-in-chief of Luftflotte 4, asked whether production of the Hs 123 could be restarted because the Hs 123 performed well in a theater where mud, snow, rain and ice took a heavy toll on the serviceability of more advanced aircraft. However, the Henschel factory had already dismantled all tools and jigs in 1940. After taking part in the Battle of Kursk, SG 1 returned to Crimea, and there during late spring 1944, they finally gave up the aircraft that had served all over Europe from Spain to Leningrad. 7./SG 1 traded its last Hs 123s in mid-1944, for Ju 87s, a type that was to have replaced it back in 1937. By 1945, the Hs 123s that remained serviceable were reassigned to secondary duties such as supply dropping and glider towing. Legacy The Henschel Hs 123 showed that a slow but rugged and reliable aircraft could be effective in ground attack. Despite its antiquated appearance, the Hs 123 proved useful in every World War II battlefield in which it fought. No Hs 123s are known to have survived. Follow-on designs The success of the Hs 123 in the Spanish Civil War led the RLM to put out a request for a successor aircraft. At this point in history, the exact role of aircraft in support of the army was still being developed. This was perhaps the first dedicated attack aircraft design which was intended to fulfill the close air support role in the niche between the tactical bomber and the dive bomber. The successor chosen was the Henschel Hs 129. Operators Republic of China Republic of China Air Force – operated 12 aircraft using them as dive bombers. Nazi Germany Luftwaffe Spanish State Spanish Air Force – purchased the Condor Legion's remaining aircraft, and ordered an additional 11 aircraft from Germany. On the Eastern Front, volunteers of Escuadrilla Azul (15 Spanische Staffel/VIII Fliegerkorps) of JG 27 based in Vitebsk operated Hs 123's alongside II.(Schl.)/LG 2 units. Specifications (Hs 123A-1) See also References Bibliography Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng, eds. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books, 2002. . Fitzsimmons, Bernard, ed. "Hs 123, Henschel." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare. New York: Columbia House, 1967. Franco, Lucas Molina. Henschel HS 123 (Perfiles Aeronáuticos 2: La Máquina y la Historia) (in Spanish with English captions). Valladolid, Spain: Quiron Ediciones, 2006. . Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Nine: Bombers. London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers), 1968 (fourth impression 1972). . Green, William. Warplanes of the Third Reich. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers, 1970 (fourth impression 1979). . Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide to German, Italian and Japanese Fighters of World War II: Major Fighters and Attack Aircraft of the Axis Powers. New York: Arco Publishing, 1980. . Gunston, Bill. The Encyclodepia of the Worlds Combat aircraft'''. New York: Chartwell Books, 1976. Gunston, Bill and Tony Wood. Hitler's Luftwaffe. London: Salamander Books, 1977. . Höfling, Rudolf. Henschel Hs 123: Die Geschichte eines legendären Schlachtflugzeuges (Flugzeug Profile 42) (in German). Stengelheim, Germany: Unitec Medienvertrieb, 2004. Ledwoch, Janusz. Henschel Hs 123 (Wydawnictwo Militaria 4) (in Polish with English captions. Warszawa, Poland: Wydawnictwo Militaria, 1995. . "Legacy of Udet...The Henschel HS 123". Air International, Vol. 15, No 2, August 1978, pp. 72–79. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll. Shepherd, Christopher. German Aircraft of World War II with Colour Photographs. Edinburgh: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1975. . Smith J. R. and Anthony Kay. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company, 1972. . Taylor, John W. R. "Henschel Hs 123." Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. . Weal, John. "Eastern Front Schlachtflieger." Wings of Fame, Vol. 7. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1997. . Winchester, Jim. "Henschel Hs 123." Aircraft of World War II: The Aviation Factfile.'' Kent, UK: Grange Books, 2004. . External links Luftwaffe Resource Center: Henschel Hs 123 Henschel Hs 123 Hs 123 1930s German attack aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Sesquiplanes World War II ground attack aircraft of Germany World War II dive bombers Aircraft first flown in 1935
13565571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manicaragua	Manicaragua	Manicaragua () is a municipality and mountain town in the Villa Clara Province of Cuba. It is located in the Escambray Mountains at the southern part of Villa Clara, bordering the provinces of Cienfuegos to the west and Sancti Spíritus to the east. History The area was originally settled by the Siboney, a Taíno people native of Cuba. Some toponyms of settlements included in the municipality (as Manicaragua, Mataguá, Jibacoa etc.) have an Arawak origin. Geography The municipality includes the town proper (with circa 23,000 inhabitants in 2003) and several villages as Arroyo Seco, El Mango, El Salto del Hanabanilla, Güinía de Miranda, Jibacoa, Jorobada, La Moza, Mataguá (the most populated one), Seibabo etc. It has areas of outstanding natural beauty and value as the Valley of Jibacoa, the Hanabanilla Lake, the dam, and the Hotel of the same name. Demographics In 2004, the municipality of Manicaragua had a population of 73,370. With a total area of , it has a population density of . Economy Manicaragua is one of the four largest municipalities in Cuba. Main crops and source of income in this area include such items as tobacco and coffee. Coffee is grown in the slopes of El Escambray Mountains, a mountain ridge extending from the southeastern part of the Cienfuegos Province to neighboring Sancti Spíritus. Coffee beans from Manicaragua bear a flavorous unparallel nectar, though not known in the Western World due to the economic embargo. Not simingly, cigars made in the local factory, enjoy the popularity of many a tourist from different parts of the World. El Hoyo de Manicaragua, once known as the Land of the Best Tobacco in the World, is a small village located in this municipality. Its popularity faded after the crop was relocated to the western Cuban province of Pinar del Río, where many of the local campesinos were transferred due to their anti-Castro activities. Notable people Ofelia Domínguez Navarro (1894-1976), writer, teacher, lawyer, feminist and activist Juan Ramón Valdés Gómez (b. 1968), painter See also Municipalities of Cuba List of cities in Cuba References External links Manicaragua on EcuRed Populated places in Villa Clara Province
9379281	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Thomas%20%28American%20politician%29	Andrew Thomas (American politician)	Andrew Peyton Thomas (born 1966) is an American politician, author, and former attorney. He served as the county attorney for Maricopa County in Arizona from 2004 until April 6, 2010. During his term in office, he was known for his anti-illegal immigrant policies. On April 10, 2012, Thomas was disbarred by a disciplinary panel of the Arizona State Supreme Court for his actions as county attorney. Early life Thomas was born in Long Beach, California in 1966 and spent most of his childhood in Missouri's Ozarks. He received a B.A. in political science from the University of Missouri in 1988 and a J.D. from Harvard University in 1991. Early career Thomas moved to Arizona to join a law firm in Phoenix, where he practiced civil litigation, and left in 1994 to serve as Assistant Attorney General for Arizona, followed by posts as deputy counsel and criminal justice policy advisor to governor Fife Symington III. Thomas later became chief attorney at the Arizona Department of Corrections. In 2002, Thomas easily won the Republican nomination for Arizona Attorney General, but lost the general election to Terry Goddard, though he managed to make waves with strong stands against crime, abortion and, especially, illegal immigration. Thomas joined the Maricopa County Attorney's Office as a Deputy County Attorney in 2003, then ran successfully for Maricopa County Attorney in 2004, having campaigned for state-based laws and initiatives against illegal immigration, pledging to pursue "fetal homicide" cases, and opposing same-sex marriage. He took office in January 2005, with virtually no prosecutorial experience. Maricopa County Attorney Elections Andrew Thomas ran for Maricopa County Attorney in 2004 on a platform of seeking tougher sentences for violent criminals and stopping illegal immigration. He posted the phrase "Stop Illegal Immigration" on his campaign road signs. Thomas faced Democrat Don Harris in the general election. Thomas was endorsed by The Arizona Republic newspaper, outgoing Maricopa County Attorney Rick Romley, then Phoenix mayor Phil Gordon, and former Arizona Attorney General Grant Woods. Thomas won the election easily, with over 58% of the votes cast. In his 2008 re-election bid, Thomas faced Democrat Tim Nelson. Thomas lost many of his 2004 endorsers. The Arizona Republic wrote "Thomas simply has worn his intensely partisan Republican politics too boldly on his sleeve. Nowhere has that partisanship been more in evidence than in his rabid pursuit of the small fry of illegal immigration, the petty hoodlums and the traffic violators." Rick Romley stated "Police chiefs tell me that the Maricopa County attorney's relationships with their police agencies are at an all-time low. And people are fearful that they are being targeted just because of the color of their skin." Thomas still won the election decisively, beating Nelson by an over 7% margin. Policies As a candidate for Maricopa County Attorney, Andrew Thomas campaigned on "tough on crime, tough on illegal immigration" principles, and promised to stop illegal immigration. As Maricopa County Attorney, Thomas also focused on the rights of crime victims, and adopted tough policies on violent crime, child exploitation, identity theft and repeat offenders. During his time in office, he lobbied for and helped pass legislative bills targeting identity theft, human smuggling, control of methamphetamine, crimes against unborn children and victims' rights. Illegal immigration As Maricopa County Attorney, Thomas kept the issue of illegal immigration at the forefront of Arizona politics. Thomas prosecuted illegal immigrants as co-conspirators in smuggling themselves, under his interpretation of Arizona's 2005 human smuggling law. This practice was initially upheld by Arizona's appeals court in 2008, but was found unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court in Phoenix in 2013, with the current Maricopa County Attorney declining to appeal the ruling. Thomas helped draft and campaigned for Proposition 100, a ballot measure aimed at denying bail to people who are in the U.S. illegally and charged with a range of felonies. During the campaign for the ballot measure, Thomas asserted that "[f]ar too many illegal immigrants accused of serious crimes have jumped bail and slipped across the border in order to avoid justice in an Arizona courtroom." Approved in 2006 by nearly 80% of the state's voters, the law was challenged by the ACLU in a 2008 class-action, and ruled unconstitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in October, 2014. Thomas was a strong supporter of Arizona's 2007 Legal Arizona Workers Act, a law intended to regulate the presence of illegal immigrants in the state. Sometimes called the "Employer Sanctions Law," it makes it a felony for a person to take the identity of another person, whether real or fictitious, for the purposes of obtaining employment, and provides civil penalties for employers that intentionally or knowingly employ an alien who does not have the legal right or authorization under federal law to work in the United States. After the act was signed into law, Thomas set up a web site that explained the law, and provided a form to report violations. In cooperation with Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Thomas' focus of enforcement was on the apprehension of unauthorized workers through workplace raids or through traffic inspections. Few charges were brought against employers. Thomas was also an ardent supporter of Arizona SB 1070, also known as the Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, that at the time of passage in 2010 was the broadest and strictest anti-illegal immigration measure in recent U.S. history, but which was largely struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2012. Tough on Crime Thomas helped draft and campaigned for Proposition 301, an Arizona ballot measure which toughened sanctions for abuse of methamphetamines, including amending Arizona law so that a person convicted for the first or second time of personal possession of methamphetamines could be sentenced to a term in jail or prison, allowing judges to use a jail term as a condition of probation to force methamphetamine users to comply with court mandated drug treatment and rehabilitation. In 2006, Proposition 301 was approved by 58% of Arizona's voters. Thomas put in place a policy in which defendants in most cases were not given the opportunity to negotiate and plea down charges for serious offenses, but rather were required to plead to the most serious charge or face trial on that charge. The list of crimes which were not eligible for plea bargain included second degree murder, manslaughter, aggravated assault with injury or a weapon, sexual assault, arson of an occupied structure, armed robbery, first degree burglary, kidnapping, drive-by shooting, discharging a weapon at an occupied structure, and assault by prisoners with intent to incite riot. In his first two years in office, Thomas nearly doubled the number of times his office sought the death penalty, despite the number of first-degree murder cases remaining more or less the same. In 2007, Thomas sought the death penalty in almost half of potential first-degree murder cases. This policy change contributed to a backlog of capital cases that crippled the county's public defender system. Judge Timothy Ryan, then Maricopa county's assistant presiding criminal judge, stated "We had more death-penalty cases on our plate than any jurisdiction in the nation, [such] that we didn't have enough prosecutors, judges, or qualified defense attorneys to keep things moving along at a rate that anyone could define as satisfactory." Ultimately, all but a few of the 2007 death-penalty cases brought by Thomas' office ended in guilty plea bargains to reduced charges. Community outreach Under Thomas, the Maricopa County Attorney's Office expanded their community outreach programs by sponsoring informational websites which published DUI offenders' photographs online, provided news roundups pertaining to regional crime, and discussed illegal immigration issues. Immediately after starting, Thomas made major changes to the county attorney's office staffing. Among his goals was increasing diversity, and two-thirds of the new appointments were women and minorities. He was criticized for demoting two division chiefs: Paul McMurdie from appeals and Cindi Nannetti from sex crimes. Nannetti was named state prosecutor of the year in 2004 and he was particularly criticized for that move. Nannetti was replaced by Rachel Mitchell. Conflict with Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and Superior Court judges Thomas engaged in a high-profile conflict with the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, who are responsible for allocating funds to his office. The dispute, in which he was joined by Sheriff Joe Arpaio, resulted in a number of lawsuits, with legal costs to the county for recent disputes exceeding 2.6 million. The conflict also resulted in Arpaio investigating and Thomas obtaining multiple indictments against County Supervisors Don Stapley and Mary Rose Wilcox. Thomas originally obtained indictments on Stapley on December 2, 2008, on 118 felony and misdemeanor counts dealing primarily with financial disclosure irregularities. In an effort to mediate differences with the Board of Supervisors, Thomas transferred the case and criminal investigations to the Yavapai County Attorney's Office. All of the counts in the indictment were subsequently dismissed, as it was found that Stapley had not actually violated any County regulations regarding financial disclosures. Thomas then took the case back from the Yavapai County Attorney's office, and obtained a second indictment against Stapley, on 27 similar felony and misdemeanor counts, on December 8, 2009. The United States Postal Service granted a request by Thomas and Arpaio to track Wilcox's mail. Using this information, Arpaio and Thomas obtained search warrants for other information and raided a company that had hired Wilcox. Thomas obtained an indictment of Wilcox, charging her with 36 felony counts related to failing to disclose business loans she took out from the business finance arm of an organization which had business before the Board of Supervisors. In February, 2010, Pima County Judge John Leonardo, appointed by a special master of the Arizona Supreme Court to hear the matter, ruled that Thomas had acted unethically, and had prosecuted Wilcox for political gain and retaliation, despite conflicts of interest that should have precluded his office from prosecuting. In January, 2011, After a ten-month review, Gila County Attorney Daisy Flores concluded there was insufficient evidence to pursue a criminal case against Wilcox. Wilcox sued the county and was awarded a settlement of nearly 1 million in 2011. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the ruling. Related to the Wilcox indictment, and a subsequent attempt by the MCSO to intimidate her attorney, The Arizona Republic editorialized that Thomas and Arpaio were misusing their powers to "intimidate and harass their political enemies." In March, 2009, Maricopa Superior Court Criminal Presiding Judge Gary Donahoe ruled that a conflict of interest between Thomas and the county Board of Supervisors over the investigation of a planned court tower created the "appearance of evil" for Thomas. Thomas has made many statements, both publicly and in legal filings, that judges in Maricopa County Superior Court are biased against him. On December 1, 2009, Thomas and Arpaio announced that they "filed a federal racketeering lawsuit against the Maricopa Board of Supervisors, leading Superior Court judges [including Judge Gary Donahoe], and a private law firm shared by the Board and Court, alleging the defendants have conspired illegally to block criminal investigations and prosecutions of themselves, particularly those related to the new 341 million Superior Court Tower and Supervisor Donald Stapley Jr." On December 9, 2009, Thomas held a press conference to announce that he had filed criminal charges against Judge Donahoe on three felony counts: bribery, obstructing a criminal investigation, and hindering prosecution. Thomas presented no evidence of actual wrongdoing on Donahoe's part, other than several rulings with which he disagreed. Thomas filed the charges without first seeking a grand jury indictment. Subsequent to the filing of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) suit and filing of charges against Donahoe, a number of defense attorneys filed motions in Maricopa Superior Court to disqualify the Maricopa County Attorney's office from prosecuting cases. Those motions later became moot, after the RICO suit and criminal charges against Donahoe were dropped by Thomas. (See below.) On December 23, 2009, the Arizona Supreme Court appointed former Arizona Supreme Court Chief Justice Ruth McGregor as Special Master to administer all matters arising from the controversy. In February, 2010, Pima County Superior Court Judge John S. Leonardo ruled that: [T]he County Attorney [Thomas] has the following conflicts of interest between his duty to impartially exercise his prosecutorial discretion; and Subsequent to this ruling, which dismissed an indictment against Maricopa Supervisor Mary Rose Wilcox, Thomas announced that he was dismissing an indictment against Maricopa Supervisor Don Stapley, dismissing the federal RICO suit, and dropping the charges against Donahoe. In August, 2010, a Greenlee County judge ordered grand jury transcripts released that showed Thomas, in January, 2010, had tried to indict several members of the Maricopa Board of Supervisors, as well as the Maricopa County Mangager, his assistant, an attorney working for the Board of Supervisors, and Donahoe. Based on the ruling by Judge Leonardo, Thomas, through his assistant, requested that the grand jury return the case to his office, to be forwarded to a special prosecutor. Instead, the grand jury took the rare action of ordering the inquiry ended. One of Thomas' own prosecutors had explained to the jury during orientation that to "end the inquiry" meant "the case is so bad, there's no further evidence that could be brought to you folks." Rather than ending the inquiry, as ordered by the grand jury, Thomas held a press conference to announce that he had worked with Arpaio, and Arpaio's attorney, to refer the matter to the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) Public Integrity Section. The DOJ responded that they did not intend to review the file. Further, the acting chief of the section responded "In these circumstances, I was dismayed to learn that your mere referral of information to the Public Integrity Section was cited and relied upon in a pleading in federal court [the now-ended Arpaio/Thomas civil RICO lawsuit] and then used as a platform for a press conference." Phoenix New Times reporter Ray Stern noted that, despite multiple press conferences and a complete set of grand jury transcripts, there is no record of Thomas having presented any evidence of bribery by Donahoe. On May 21, 2010, Donahoe filed a notice of claim, a precursor to filing suit against Maricopa County, alleging abuse of power by Thomas and Arpaio, and demanding 4.75 million to settle his claims. In August 2012, the DOJ announced it was ending its investigation of Arpaio and Thomas and that no indictments would be issued, stating that they "do not believe the allegations presented to us are prosecutable as crimes." As of June, 2014, costs to Maricopa County taxpayers related to Arpaio's and Thomas' failed corruption investigations exceeded 44 million, not including county officials' investigation into the MCSO's budgeting. State Bar of Arizona investigations In 2008, the State Bar of Arizona launched an investigation of Thomas. In response, Thomas filed a Petition for Special Action with the Arizona Supreme Court in an effort to halt the investigation. The Arizona State Bar filed a response noting that "a lawyer who happens to be an elected public officer... cannot simply opt out of the lawyer-regulatory system claiming the privilege of his elected office." Thomas' private attorneys filed a reply on July 2, 2008. . Thomas also posted a call to reform the State Bar of Arizona on the Maricopa County Attorney web site. On August 15, 2008, the Arizona Supreme Court denied his Petition for Special Action and ruled that the State Bar of Arizona could proceed with the ethics investigations against Thomas. The State Bar of Arizona dismissed those complaints in March, 2009. In March, 2010, the Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court, at the request of the State Bar of Arizona, appointed a special investigator to look into accusations of misconduct against Thomas, after a Pima County judge ruled that he acted unethically in investigating county supervisors for political gain. Thomas said that the State Bar of Arizona investigation into his ethical conduct was stacked against him and orchestrated to damage his campaign for state attorney general. Officials involved in the investigation dismissed Thomas' allegations as baseless. Thomas filed a petition with the Arizona Supreme Court in an attempt to end investigations into his ethical conduct. The court refused to end the investigation. On December 6, 2010, the report from the Arizona Supreme Court was released, and with the recommendation that Thomas be disbarred. The report alleges 32 ethics rules violations by Thomas, involving conflicts of interest, dishonesty, misrepresentation, filing a frivolous suit, and filing charges against county officials solely to embarrass or burden them. The report also alleges that Thomas engaged in criminal conduct and "conspired... with others to injure, oppress, threaten or intimidate Judge (Gary) Donahoe" by filing a criminal complaint against him. The investigative report was provided to a judge appointed by the Arizona Supreme Court, who made the decision to move forward with disciplinary recommendations against Thomas. The State Bar of Arizona's probable cause orders, signed by Judge Charles E. Jones, state that "Ethical violations by respondent, as described by Independent Bar Counsel, are far-reaching and numerous. Evidence thus far adduced portrays a reckless, four-year campaign of corruption and power abuse by respondent as a public official, undertaken at enormous and mostly wasteful cost to the taxpayers... Motivation for much of the alleged impropriety appears retaliatory, intended to do personal harm to the reputations of judges, county supervisors and other county officials... Actions by respondent appear intent on intimidation, focused on political gain, and appear fully disconnected from professional and prosecutorial standards long associated with the administration of justice ..." Judge Jones added a 33rd ethical violation in the probable cause orders: that Thomas failed to submit substantive responses to the investigator. 2010 candidacy for Arizona Attorney General On April 1, 2010, Thomas announced his resignation as Maricopa County Attorney, effective April 6, 2010, as required by Arizona law in order to run for the office of Arizona Attorney General. Rick Romley, was appointed interim Maricopa County Attorney by the Maricopa Board of Supervisors. Bill Montgomery thereafter won a 2010 special election, and took office as Maricopa County Attorney in November, 2010. After a divisive campaign leading up to the August 2010 Republican primary election for Arizona Attorney General, in which he was endorsed and supported by Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Thomas lost by 899 out of 552,623 total votes to Tom Horne, who went on to win the general election. Disbarment In April, 2012, a three-member panel appointed by the Arizona Supreme Court voted unanimously to disbar Thomas. The panel issued an extensive 247-page opinion discussing the decision. According to the panel, Thomas "outrageously exploited power, flagrantly fostered fear, and disgracefully misused the law" while serving as Maricopa County Attorney. The panel found "clear and convincing evidence" that Thomas and his deputy brought unfounded and malicious criminal and civil charges against political opponents, including four state judges and the state attorney general. "Were this a criminal case," the panel concluded, "we are confident that the evidence would establish this conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt." Thomas has denied wrongdoing, calling the bar investigation a "political witch hunt." While he had the opportunity to appeal his disbarment, he chose not to. Disciplinary proceedings related to Thomas cost the State Bar of Arizona 616,571, of which Thomas, with his co-defendants, agreed on a restitution repayment amount of 101,294. Under rules set forth by the State Bar of Arizona, Thomas is eligible for reinstatement, five years after the effective date of disbarment. Thomas was disbarred effective May 10, 2012, meaning he is eligible for reinstatement on May 10, 2017. Reinstatement is not automatic for disbarred lawyers in Arizona. 2014 campaign for Arizona Governor In May, 2014, Thomas filed nominating petitions to be placed on the Republican ballot as a candidate for Arizona Governor in the August 26, 2014 primary election. In June, 2014, Thomas qualified for 754,000 in public election funding through the Arizona Clean Elections Commission, by showing that he had received 4500 contributions of at least 5 each from Arizona voters. Thomas received 8.1% of the Republican primary votes, losing to Doug Ducey in a six-way election that shattered Arizona spending records. Personal life Thomas is married to Ann Estrada Thomas, with whom he has four children. Books With Reggie White. References External links Maricopa County Attorney's Office 1966 births Arizona lawyers Arizona Republicans Disbarred American lawyers District attorneys in Arizona Harvard Law School alumni Living people University of Missouri alumni Arizona politicians convicted of crimes
4230522	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistral%20%28typeface%29	Mistral (typeface)	Mistral is a casual script typeface designed by Roger Excoffon for the Fonderie Olive type foundry, and released in 1953. The Amsterdam Type foundry released a version in 1955. Excoffon based the form of the typeface on his own handwriting. The stroke has an informal graphic quality similar to brush and ink. The lowercase letters are carefully designed to connect on a line to an extent unusual in script fonts. Descenders are long, and increase the sense of motion. The face has several specially-designed ligatures (which have not been duplicated in digital versions). In lowercase Mistral is a true connecting script, similar to cursive writing. Choc, another typeface of Excoffon's, grew out of his repeated and ultimately abandoned efforts to make a bold of Mistral. References Bibliography Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. . Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopedia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. . Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. . External links Excoffon's Autograph (many images and examples) Casual script typefaces Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1953 Letterpress typefaces Photocomposition typefaces Digital typefaces Display typefaces Typefaces designed by Roger Excoffon Fonderie Olive typefaces
20935787	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Norona	David Norona	David Noroña, usually simplified as David Norona, (born December 14, 1972) is a Cuban American actor and director who has appeared in films including Though None Go with Me, TV series including The Mentalist and Jack Ryan, and various theatre works. He is co-creator and co-lyricist for Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings and has directed two short films. Biography David Noroña was born in Hialeah, Florida to Cuban parents Jorge Noroña and Edith Iglesias. He began his acting career at Coral Gables High School with roles in The Sound of Music and The Fantasticks. After receiving his BFA with honors from Carnegie Mellon University, he set off for New York City where he made his Broadway debut in Love! Valour! Compassion!. He has acted in films, like shorts Maggie Moore and Soledad, and has appeared in many television series, including Six Feet Under, Inconceivable, Mister Sterling and Lipstick Jungle. Noroña has also landed roles on theatre stages. He played role of Irving Berlin in The Tin Pan Alley Rag both on the Pasadena Playhouse theatre and the Coconut Grove Playhouse. The role landed him a nomination at the Los Angeles Ovation Award. He also had the lead role of Frankie Valli in the original run of Jersey Boys on La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California. On January 24, 2005, he received the prize for "Lead Performance in a Musical, Male" for his role during the San Diego Theatre Critics Circle 2004 awards He also played the role of George in a Latin remake of Of Mice and Men at the Pasadena Playhouse. David Noroña is co-writer and co-lyricist of Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings, a groundbreaking piece that combined classical singing with ambient, trance and dance electronica. It received rave reviews, critical acclaim and nominations to ten Ovation Awards including "Best New Musical". Personal life He is married with three sons and a daughter, and resides in Redding, CA. Works Film Feature 1993: Money for Nothing as US Air Ticket Clerk 1996: Mrs. Santa Claus as Marcello Damaroco 1997: Twisted as Angel 2000: The Expendables as Ramone 2000: Alligator Alley as Jay Taylor 2001: Bailey's Mistake as Father Miguel 2006: Though None Go with Me as Will Bishop 2011: A Crush on You as Gabe Short 2000: Maggie Moore as Alex 2000: Soledad Television (Selective. For a comprehensive list, see IMDb) 2000: Popular as Nurse Dan Murphy (3 episodes) 2001–2002: Six Feet Under as Gary Deitman (8 episodes) 2003: Monk as Lt. Plato (1 episode - "Mr. Monk Goes to Mexico") (as David Noroña) 2003: Mister Sterling as Leon Montero (10 episodes) 2005: Inconceivable as Scott García (9 episodes) 2005: CSI: Miami as Joshua Greenfield (1 episode) 2007: In Case of Emergency as Paul (4 episodes) 2007: Ugly Betty as Tyler Blake (1 episode) 2008–2009: Lipstick Jungle as Salvador Rosa (18 episodes) 2009: Bones as Derek DaFonte (1 episode) 2010: The Defenders as ADA Andrew Gomez (2 episodes) 2011–2014: The Mentalist as D.D.A. Osvaldo Ardiles (8 episodes) 2012: One Tree Hill as Dr. Alvarez (6 episodes) 2016: Designated Survivor as Governor Rivera (1 episode) 2017–2018: The Gifted as Senator Matthew Montez (3 episodes) 2019: Jack Ryan as José Marzan (6 episodes) Theatre As writer/lyricist Paradise Lost: Shadows and Wings (co-creator and co-lyricist of musical) As actor 1995: Love! Valour! Compassion! (Understudy: David Noroña [Bobby Brahms, Ramon Fornos]) 2004: Jersey Boys as Frankie Valli (lead role - original run on La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California) 2008: Of Mice and Men as George 2009: The Tin Pan Alley Rag as Irving Berlin References External links David Noroña at the Internet Broadway Database 1972 births Living people American male stage actors American male television actors American male film actors Hispanic and Latino American male actors Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni American entertainers of Cuban descent
11287819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothapeta%2C%20East%20Godavari%20district	Kothapeta, East Godavari district	Kothapeta is a village in East Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Geography Kothapeta is located at . It has an average elevation of 1 metres (6 ft). Governance The civic body of Kothapeta is going to be upgraded as municipal council. Transport Kothapeta is located on SH 40(Rajamahendravaram-Amalapuram road). The nearest major railway stations to Kothapeta are Rajahmundry railway station and Tanuku railway station. The nearest airport to Kothapeta is Rajahmundry Airport which is 50 km away. References Villages in East Godavari district Mandal headquarters in East Godavari district
184659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Luke	Frank Luke	Frank Luke Jr. (May 19, 1897 – September 29, 1918) was an American fighter ace credited with 19 aerial victories, ranking him second among United States Army Air Service pilots after Captain Eddie Rickenbacker during World War I. Luke was the first airman to receive the Medal of Honor and first USAAS ace in day. Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, a United States Air Force pilot training installation since World War II, is named in his honor. Early life and career Luke was born May 19, 1897, in Phoenix, Arizona, after his father emigrated from Germany to the United States in 1874 and settled there. Frank was his family's fifth child, and had eight brothers and sisters. He grew up excelling in sports, working in copper mines, and participating in bare-knuckle boxing matches. Following the United States' entry into World War I in April 1917, Frank enlisted in the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps on September 25, 1917, and received pilot training in Texas and California. After being commissioned a second lieutenant in March 1918, he deployed to France for further training, and in July was assigned to the 27th Aero Squadron. Although Luke was still a 2nd lieutenant at the time of his death, Stephen Skinner's book The Stand notes that he later received a posthumous promotion to first lieutenant. Because of his arrogance and occasional tendencies to fly alone and disobey orders, Luke was disliked by some of his peers and superiors. But the 27th was under standing orders to destroy German observation balloons. Because of this, Luke, along with his close friend Lieutenant Joseph Frank Wehner, continually volunteered to attack these important targets although they were heavily defended by anti-aircraft guns on the ground. The two pilots began a string of victories together, with Luke attacking the balloons and Wehner flying protective cover. Wehner was killed in action on September 18, 1918 by Georg von Hantelmann in a dogfight with Fokker D.VIIs, which were attacking Luke. Luke then shot down two of these D.VIIs and two balloons and a Halberstadt; the last "credit" enabled Luke to thereby achieve his 13th official kill—a Halberstadt Ctype observation plane of Flieger Abteilung 36. Between September 12 and September 29, Luke was credited with shooting down 14 German balloons and four airplanes: Luke achieved these 18 victories during just 10 sorties in eight days, a feat unsurpassed by any pilot in World War I. Death – September 29, 1918 Luke's final flight took place during the first phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On September 28, 1918, after achieving his 14th and 15th victories, he landed his SPAD XIII at the French aerodrome at Cicognes where he spent the night, claiming engine trouble. When he returned to the 1st Pursuit Group's base at Rembercourt the next day, he was confronted by Captain Alfred A. Grant, his squadron's commanding officer. Despite being under threat of arrest by Grant for absence without leave, Luke took off without authorization and flew to a forward airbase at Verdun, where his sympathetic group commander, Major Hartney, canceled the arrest order and gave Luke tacit approval to continue his balloon hunting. That evening Luke flew to the front to attack three balloons in the vicinity of Dun-sur-Meuse, six miles behind the German lines. He first dropped a message to a nearby United States balloon company, alerting them to observe his imminent attacks. Luke shot down the enemy balloons but was then severely wounded by a single machine gun bullet fired from a hilltop above him, a mile east of the last balloon site he had attacked. Luke landed in a field just west of the small village of Murvaux—after strafing a group of German soldiers on the ground—near the Ruisseau de Bradon, a stream leading to the Meuse River. Although weakened by his wound, he made his way toward the stream, intending to reach the cover of its adjacent underbrush, but finally collapsed some 200 meters from his airplane. Approached by German infantry, Luke drew his Colt Model 1911 pistol and fired a few rounds at his attackers before dying. Reports that a day later his body was found with an empty gun and a bullet hole in his chest, with seven dead Germans in front of him were proven erroneous. According to author Skinner, the fatal bullet, fired from the hilltop machine gun position, had entered near Luke's right shoulder, passed through his body, and exited from his left side. On September 30, 1918 the Germans buried Luke in the Murvaux cemetery, from where his body was retrieved two months later by American forces. His final resting place is the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial, located east of the village of Romagne-sous-Montfaucon. After the United States Army obtained sworn testimony from French and American sources, Luke was awarded a posthumous Medal of Honor. The presentation was made to Frank Luke, Sr., in Phoenix in May 1919. The family later donated the medal to the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio. The museum's small exhibit honoring Luke also contains his flying goggles, the gunsight from his last SPAD, documents written by Luke, and other personal items. The museum's Early Years Gallery displays a fully restored SPAD XIII of the type flown by Luke. Eddie Rickenbacker said of Luke: "He was the most daring aviator and greatest fighter pilot of the entire war. His life is one of the brightest glories of our Air Service. He went on a rampage and shot down fourteen enemy aircraft, including ten balloons, in eight days. No other ace, even the dreaded Richthofen, had ever come close to that." Other aces Luke is often cited as the second-ranking United States ace of World War I, but that statement ignores certain American pilots who flew with other air services. Luke was, however, second only to Rickenbacker among pilots serving only with the AEF. (It is noteworthy that Luke's time on the front was comparatively quite short, and 17 of Luke's 18 victories were officially recorded as destroyed, versus only 11 of Rickenbacker's 26.) Americans flying with Britain's Royal Flying Corps (or Royal Air Force from April 1918) who exceeded Luke's score were Frederick W. Gillet (20 claims, all destroyed); Harold Albert Kullberg (19 confirmed) and Wilfred Beaver (19 claims, 12 destroyed). Tied with Luke at 18 was William C. Lambert. Honors and awards Medal of Honor citation Rank and Organization: Second Lieutenant, 27th Aero Squadron, 1st Pursuit Group. Place and Date: Near Murvaux, France, September 29, 1918. Entered Service At Phoenix, Ariz. Born: May 19, 1897, Phoenix, Ariz. G. O. No.: 59, W.D., 1919. Citation: The citation contained errors attributable to confused accounts from French witnesses to Luke's final flight, and to a staff officer's re-write of the original write-up, which emphasized the numerous high-risk missions he flew between September 12 and 29. Reports that he was intercepted by German fighters, strafed enemy troops before his forced landing; and was "surrounded on all sides" were literal misinterpretations of French testimony and became part of the mythology that grew up around the event. First Distinguished Service Cross Citation: Second Distinguished Service Cross Citation: Other honors Luke Air Force Base, located west of Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Luke. Memorial Statue by Roger Noble Burnham on the grounds of the State Capitol in Phoenix, Arizona. Memorial to Frank Luke and other members of the Phoenix Union High School Class of 1918, in front of the old Phoenix Union High School Building, Phoenix, Arizona. From 1919 to 1932, Luke Field, Territory of Hawaii, was named after Luke. Lukeville, Arizona, on the U.S. border is named after Luke. Frank Luke was named the Class Exemplar of the United States Air Force Academy's class of 2010. In the 2006 movie Flyboys, James Franco's leading character Blaine Rawlings is inspired by Frank Luke. Frank Luke Street near Addison Airport in Addison, Texas is named after Luke. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I List of World War I flying aces from the United States References Bibliography General Pardoe, Blaine. Terror of The Autumn Skies: The True Story of Frank Luke, America's Rogue Ace of World War I, New York, 2008 External links Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: 1897 births 1918 deaths Military personnel from Phoenix, Arizona American World War I flying aces United States Army Medal of Honor recipients United States Army officers American people of German descent American military personnel killed in World War I Burials at Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Recipients of the War Merit Cross (Italy) World War I recipients of the Medal of Honor
56468857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20armed%20conflicts%20in%202017	List of armed conflicts in 2017	The following is a list of armed conflicts with victims in 2017. List guidelines Listed are the armed conflicts having done globally at least 100 victims and at least 1 victim during the year 2017. 10,000+ deaths in 2017 Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct violent deaths in 2017. 1,000–9,999 deaths in 2017 Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 direct violent deaths in 2017.Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are considered wars by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program. 100–999 deaths in 2017 Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100 and fewer than 1,000 direct violent deaths in 2017. Fewer than 100 deaths in 2017 Conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1 and fewer than 100 direct violent deaths in 2017. See also References Notes Citations 2017 2017
2663930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20John%20Straub	Michael John Straub	Michael John Straub (September 23, 1970 – February 23, 2004) was an artist and printmaker. Originally from Clifton Park, New York 1979–1989 and Amherst, New Hampshire 1971–1979, a 1989 graduate of Shenendehowa High School, he studied at and earned a bachelor's degree from Buffalo State College. He was born in Newton, Massachusetts. Straub created hundreds of unique paintings and thousands of prints and lithographs using a variety of techniques, including abstract and pop art, which he showed at various art museums and galleries in the upstate New York area, including the Albright Knox Art Gallery, as well as several art festivals each year, including Buffalo's Allentown and Elmwood art festivals. Working in the disciplines of woodcut, intaglio, monoprints and lithography, his images often draw comparisons with the semiautomatic techniques and hieroglyphs of Paul Klee, Adolph Gottlieb and Keith Haring. Straub's work reflects his concern with the "parodoxical relationship" inherent in creating spontaneous imagery derived from both the physical and spiritual planes. Straub was a resident artist at The Buffalo Arts Studio. Buffalo's bookstores, coffee shops, restaurants, and streets are still filled with his murals, sketches, and graffiti. Straub was also an avid skateboarder, photographer, musician, and poet. Straub's drumming, washboard and jaw harp can be heard on tracks 2 and 7 of Ould Pound's 1998 release "Sounds of the Elma Flatlands". He moved to San Diego, California in December 2002, where he spent the last year and a half of his life. Straub died unexpectedly of heart failure at the age of 33 brought on by an asthma attack on February 23, 2004, in Kaiser Permanente Medical Center located in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. References External links https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1057122703030.30233.1074726335&type=3 University at Buffalo alumni 1970 births 2004 deaths
38742541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepava%20Ridge	Tepava Ridge	Tepava Ridge (, ‘Hrebet Tepava’ \'hre-bet te-'pa-va\) is the narrow rocky ridge extending 7.55 km towards Sandilh Point to the east, 1.6 km wide, and rising to 653 m at its west wxtremity in eastern Aristotle Mountains on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land. It surmounts to the north and south the branches of Pequod Glacier flowing into Exasperation Inlet and Durostorum Bay respectively. The feature is named after the settlement of Tepava in Northern Bulgaria. Location Tepava Ridge is centred at . British mapping in 1976. Maps British Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 65 62. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1976. Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated. Notes References Tepava Ridge. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer. Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English) External links Tepava Ridge. Copernix satellite image Ridges of Graham Land Oscar II Coast Bulgaria and the Antarctic
62183081	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Stoffelshaus	Erik Stoffelshaus	Erik Stoffelshaus (born 14 December 1970) is a German professional football official. Most recently he was the Sporting Director of the Russian Premier League club Lokomotiv Moscow. Career Youth trainer and education Prior to his footballing career, he worked as Industrial Management Assistant at Thyssen Stahl AG. After passing his exams in Sports Science at the Ruhr University Bochum, Erik Stoffelshaus became trainer of the Under-11-/ Under-12-team of FC Schalke 04. Management Schalke 04 On 1 July 2000, he switched from the Schalke 04 training staff to the club management. In his position, he supported Bodo Menze, manager of the club’s youth teams. During this time, the Schalke’s youth teams won two championships and two cups. In 2002, Stoffelshaus acquired the UEFA A Licence for football trainers. In July 2006, Stoffelshaus became Manager of Player Development and Assistant Manager to Andreas Müller. He was involved in the signing of the players Heiko Westermann, Ivan Rakitic, Jermaine Jones and Jefferson Farfan. His time with Schalke ended on 26 May 2009. Technical Director in Canada In November 2013, Stoffelshaus became Technical Director of West Ottawa Soccer Club in Canada. In March 2015, he became Technical Director of the Football Association of the region York in Toronto. Sporting Director of Locomotive Moscow On 22 January 2017, Stoffelshaus was presented as new Director of Football of the Russian-Premier-League-Club Locomotive Moscow. Only a few months later, Stoffelshaus won his first trophy with Locomotive. On 2 May 2017, the club won the Russian Cup for the seventh time in the club history. Because of this victory, Locomotive qualified for the UEFA Europa League the following season. Locomotive reached the round of sixteen, in which it was defeated by Atletico Madrid who went on to win the Europa League Championship. In his second season, Stoffelshaus won his second trophy. On 5 May 2018, the club won the Russian Premier League Championship for the third time in club history. Stoffelshaus resigned as Sport Director of Locomotive Moscow on 31 December 2018. Other After his time at Schalke, Stoffelshaus earned a certificate as a teacher of sports. In 2018, he completed his Masters of Business Administration in Sports Management at the Universidad Europea de Madrid. References 1970 births Living people
47507372	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974%20Currie%20Cup	1974 Currie Cup	The 1974 Currie Cup was the 36th edition of the Currie Cup, the premier annual domestic rugby union competition in South Africa. The tournament was won by for the seventh time; they beat 17–15 in the final in Pretoria. Results Semi-Final Final See also Currie Cup References 1974 1974 in South African rugby union 1974 rugby union tournaments for clubs
50250302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballisodare%20River	Ballisodare River	The Ballisodare River (; also spelled Ballysadare) is a river in Ireland, flowing through County Sligo. Course The Ballisodare River derives from three other Sligo rivers: the Unshin River, the Owenmore River and the Owenbeg River. It flows through Ballysadare, passing under the N4 and N59 roads. Wildlife The Ballisodare River is a noted salmon and trout fishery, with the pools under Ballysadare Falls a favourite spot. See also Rivers of Ireland References Rivers of County Sligo
2335497	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Corke	Kevin Corke	Kevin Corke is an American journalist and is presently a White House Correspondent for Fox News Channel in Washington D.C. Corke was a national news correspondent based in Washington D.C. for NBC News from 2004-2008. Most of his work there involved coverage of the Bush Administration as a member of the White House Press Corps. Additionally, Corke frequently reported from The Pentagon, U.S. Supreme Court and other locations in Washington D.C. Corke also figured prominently in NBC's coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting. Previously, Corke was a news anchor at WTVJ-TV NBC in Miami. Corke also has been frequently seen as a play-by-play sports broadcaster for ESPN. Corke was an anchor and coordinating producer at ESPN in Bristol, CT. While there, he could be seen anchoring SportsCenter, the network's flagship program. Corke was also a sportscaster at 9News KUSA in Denver. Corke covered the Olympic Games in Atlanta and Torino, the latter while a correspondent at NBC News. Corke is a graduate of Harvard University where he earned a Master's degree and received the Littauer Fellow citation for academic excellence, leadership and commitment to work in the public interest. He graduated from the University of Colorado Boulder where he earned Master's and Bachelor's degrees in Journalism. Kevin Corke has won numerous journalism awards, among them national and regional Emmys. Corke is a Life Member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American television reporters and correspondents American television sports anchors Harvard Kennedy School alumni University of Colorado Boulder alumni Emmy Award winners NBC News people Television anchors from Miami Fox News people
4440174	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harisen	Harisen	The is a giant paper fan, usually made in a closed fashion. It is most traditionally used as part of a act, in which the straight man () smacks the funny man () in response to their jokes or idiocy. In popular culture The psychopathic character Kazuo Kiriyama is given a in the movie Battle Royale. Kaname Chidori of the anime Full Metal Panic uses a that she seems to pull out from hammerspace to stop Sousuke Sagara from doing anything that could injure or kill a civilian in Tokyo; at one point, her is seen to be extendable and takes up as much space as a matchbox. In the manga Negima!, character Asuna Kagurazaka wields a giant sword-sized that later transforms into an enormous single-edged sword. The character Dr. Eto in the series Nodame Cantabile is known by the nickname "Harisen" because he uses one to punish his students. In the video game Persona 5, the characters can use an ability called "Harisen Recovery", in which they use a giant to heal status effects inflicted on fellow party members. In the video game series Super Smash Bros. up until Super Smash Bros. Brawl, a large fan (called "" in the Japanese version, but simply "Fan" in Western versions) is a usable item. Characters can wield it as a very fast weapon, causing minimal but repeated and nigh-unstoppable damage to enemy characters. The item's trophy in Brawl mentions its origin as a prop. Additionally, in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, one of Banjo & Kazooie's attacks from Banjo-Tooie (in which Banjo uses Kazooie as a bludgeon) reappears, and is referred to as "Harisen Kazooie" in Japanese as according to the director, Masahiro Sakurai. This ability was originally called "Breegull Bash" in English. See also Slapstick, a wooden device traditionally used in the West for a similar purpose. References External links Ventilation fans Japanese tools Japanese culture Practical joke devices Culture articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia Japanese words and phrases
14108708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibrine%20Kerallah	Djibrine Kerallah	Djibrine Kerallah (1926 – 21 October 2001) was a Chadian politician and diplomat. References 1926 births 2001 deaths Chadian diplomats Foreign ministers of Chad
45716642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%20Ibero-American%20Championships%20in%20Athletics%20%E2%80%93%20Results	1983 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results	These are the results of the 1983 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics which took place from 23 to 25 September 1983 at Estadio Juan Serrahima in Barcelona, Spain. Men's results 100 meters Final – 23 September Wind: +0.5 m/s 200 meters Final – 25 September Wind: +0.1 m/s 400 meters Final – 25 September 800 meters Final – 24 September 1500 meters Final – 25 September 5000 meters Final – 25 September 10,000 meters Final – 24 September Marathon Final – 25 September 110 meters hurdles Final – 25 September Wind: +0.1 m/s 400 meters hurdles Final – 24 September 3000 meters steeplechase Final – 25 September High jump Final – 25 September Pole vault Final – 24 September Long jump Final – 25 September Triple jump Final – 23 September Shot put Final – 23 September Discus throw Final – 23 September Hammer throw Final – 24 September Javelin throw Final – 25 September 20 kilometers walk Final – 24 September 4x100 meters relay Final – 25 September 4x400 meters relay Final – 25 September Women's results 100 meters Final – 23 September Wind: +0.4 m/s 200 meters Final – 25 September Wind: +1.1 m/s 400 meters Final – 25 September 800 meters Final – 24 September 1500 meters Final – 25 September 3000 meters Final – 23 September 100 meters hurdles Final – 24 September Wind: +1.7 m/s 400 meters hurdles Final – 24 September High jump Final – 24 September Long jump Final – 24 September Shot put Final – 24 September Discus throw Final – 25 September Javelin throw Final – 23 September 4x100 meters relay Final – 25 September 4x400 meters relay Final – 25 September References Ibero-American Championships Events at the Ibero-American Championships in Athletics
1627526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm%20Buhl	Vilhelm Buhl	Vilhelm Buhl (16 October 1881 – 18 December 1954) was Prime Minister of Denmark from 4 May 1942 to 9 November 1942 as head of the Unity Government (the Cabinet of Vilhelm Buhl I) during the German occupation of Denmark of World War II, until the Nazis ordered him removed. He was Prime Minister again from 5 May 1945 to 7 November 1945 as head of a unity government (the Cabinet of Vilhelm Buhl II) after the liberation of Denmark by the British Field Marshal Montgomery. Vilhelm Buhl was a member of the Social Democrats. He joined the party while a law student at the University of Copenhagen. Buhl held the post of Finance Minister in the cabinets of Thorvald Stauning from 20 July 1937 to 4 May 1942. During Nazi Germany's occupation of Denmark, Thorvald Stauning had created a unity government. When Thorvald Stauning died in May 1942, Vilhelm Buhl succeeded him. This government only lasted six months, because of a diplomatic incident, the Telegram Crisis, in which King Christian X sent a short and formal reply to a long birthday telegram from Adolf Hitler. Hitler was outraged by this insult, and as a result, Vilhelm Buhl was replaced by Erik Scavenius. Werner Best was sent to Denmark as a new tough Nazi commander. After the liberation of Denmark on 5 May 1945, the politicians and the resistance fighters formed a unity government (Cabinet of Vilhelm Buhl II). Many Danes were dissatisfied with the politicians because of their policy of cooperation with the Germans that had dominated at the start of the war, hence the inclusion of the resistance fighters. Notable members of the cabinet included Aksel Larsen, Hans Hedtoft, H. C. Hansen, Knud Kristensen and John Christmas Møller. In social policy, the government presided over the passage of the Housing Obligation Act of August 1945, introduced obligatory allocation of vacant housing to ensure that vacant flats were let in the first instance to those with low incomes, while also establishing tight rent controls. The government also presided over the trials of the people who had cooperated with the Germans, as a result of which 45 persons were executed. After the elections in October 1945 Knud Kristensen became the new prime minister. References Kristian Hvidt, Statsministre i Danmark fra 1913 til 1995 (1995) Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II, Volume 4 edited by Peter Flora External links 1881 births 1954 deaths Prime Ministers of Denmark Danish Finance Ministers Foreign ministers of Denmark Danish Justice Ministers World War II political leaders Danish people of World War II Members of the Folketing Members of the Landsting (Denmark) People from Fredericia Burials at Vestre Cemetery, Copenhagen 20th-century Danish politicians
4198568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage%20map	Coverage map	Coverage maps are designed to indicate the service areas of radiocommunication transmitting stations. Typically these may be produced for radio or television stations, for mobile telephone networks and for satellite networks. Such maps are alternatively known as propagation maps. For satellite networks, a coverage map is often known as a footprint. Definition of coverage Typically a coverage map will indicate the area within which the user can expect to obtain good reception of the service in question using standard equipment under normal operating conditions. Additionally, the map may also separately denote supplementary service areas where good reception may be obtained but other stations may be stronger, or where the reception may be variable but the service may still be usable. Technical details The field strength that the marked service boundary on a coverage map represents will be defined by whoever produces the map, but typical examples are as follows: VHF(FM) / Band II For VHF(FM) / Band II, the BBC defines the service area boundary for stereo services as corresponding to an average field strength of 54 dB (relative to 1 µV/m) at a height of 10 m above ground level. For mono it is 48 dB (relative to 1 µV/m). The receiving antenna height of 10m dates from the 1950s when receivers were relatively insensitive and used rooftop antennas. Although this may seem unrealistic for typical situations today, when combined with the above threshold it is considered a good proxy for providing coverage to more sensitive modern receivers used without external rooftop antennas. MF / Mediumwave For MF / Mediumwave, the BBC defines the daytime service area boundary as a minimum field strength of 2 mV/m. At night, the service area of mediumwave services can be drastically reduced by co-channel interference from distant stations. Limitations Often coverage maps show general coverage for large regions and therefore any boundary indicated should not be interpreted as a rigid limit. The biggest cause of uncertainty for a coverage map is the quality (mainly sensitivity) of receiving apparatus used. A coverage map may be produced to indicate the area in which a certain signal strength is delivered. Even if it is 100% accurate (which it never is), a major factor on whether a signal is receivable depends very much on whether the receiving apparatus is sensitive enough to use a signal of that level. Commercial receivers can vary widely in their sensitivity, thus perception of coverage can vary widely. The quality of reception can be very different at places only short distances apart, and this phenomenon is more apparent as the transmission frequency increases. Inevitably small pockets of poor reception may exist within the main service area that cannot be shown on the map due to scale issues. Conversely, the use of sensitive equipment, high gain antennas, or simply being located on high ground can yield good signal strengths well outside the indicated area. The significance of local geographical conditions cannot be over emphasised and this was underlined by an experiment which revealed the signal reception conditions around a typical house. The site did not have the critical "line-of-sight propagation" to the transmitter. Average signal levels, taken at the same height, varied by up to 6 dB, and for individual frequencies by up to 14 dB. In RF reception terms these figures are huge differences. Although carriers and broadcasters attempt to design their networks to eliminate dead zones, no network is perfect, so coverage breaks within the general coverage areas are still possible. There are limitations inherent to the way in which data collection for coverage maps is carried out. Traditional coverage maps are based on models, constructed from readings taken by dedicated network testers. This often means that coverage maps show the theoretical capacity of the network rather than its real-world performance. In recent years companies such as OpenSignal and Sensorly have emerged that provide coverage maps based on information crowdsourced from consumer applications. The advantage of this approach is that the coverage maps show network reach and performance as it is experienced by its users. Often companies will construct low power satellite stations to fill in bad reception areas that become apparent once the high power transmitter's coverage map has identified where the network is deficient. References External links The Transmission Gallery: Index of UK TV coverage maps TV Fool: Index of US TV coverage maps Some example radio coverage maps An example of a crowd-sourced coverage map U.S. Wireless coverage maps finder Mobile technology Radio Broadcasting
46198353	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20history%20of%20Akbar%20Hashemi%20Rafsanjani	Electoral history of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani	This is a summary of the electoral history of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, an Iranian politician who was member of Assembly of Experts from Tehran Province since 1982 and Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council since 1989, and has been previously Chairman of the Assembly of Experts (2007–2011), President of Iran (1989–1997), and The Speaker and member of Islamic Consultative Assembly (1980–1989) from Tehran and Minister of Interior (1979–1980). Parliament elections 1980 He was elected to the Parliament representing Tehran with 1,151,514 (54%) votes. He was ranked 15th in the constituency and won a seat in first round. 1984 He was elected to the Parliament representing Tehran with 1,891,264 (81.9%) votes. He received the most votes and won the first seat in the constituency. 1988 He was elected to the Parliament representing Tehran with 1,573,587 (82.3%) votes. He received the most votes and won the first seat in the constituency. 2000 He received 749,884 (25.58%) votes and secured 30th and the last seat of Tehran for the parliament, but withdrawed after the election. Speaker of the Parliament elections He was elected as Speaker of the Parliament of Iran in 10 consecutive sessions (3 terms). Presidential elections 1989 According to Nohen et al, he was the winner, receiving 15,537,394 votes (94.51%). reported 15,550,528 votes (94.52%). 1993 According to Nohen et al, he was the winner, receiving 10,449,933 votes (64%). reported 10,566,499 (63%). 2005 He was the leader in the first round, receiving 6,211,937 votes (21.13%). In the second round, he dropped to second place with 10,046,701 votes (35.93%). 2013 Assembly of Experts 1982 According to Abbas Abdi, he received ≈2.22 million votes out of ≈3.2 votes (≈69%) in Tehran. 1990 According to Abbas Abdi, he received ≈1.60 million votes out of ≈1.9 votes (≈82%) in Tehran. 1998 According to Abbas Abdi, he received ≈1.68 million votes out of ≈2.8 votes (≈60%) in Tehran. 2006 According to the Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA), he received ≈1.56 million votes. Chairman of the Assembly of Experts elections References Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Electoral history of Iranian politicians
19229847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Ashton%20Taylor	Ruth Ashton Taylor	Ruth Ashton Taylor (born April 20, 1922) is an American retired television and radio newscaster, with a career in broadcasting that spanned over 50 years. She was the first female newscaster on television in Los Angeles and the West Coast. She has received many awards and honors, including a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Early life and education A native of Los Angeles, Ruth Ashton graduated in 1939 from Long Beach Polytechnic High School. Taylor completed her undergraduate degree at Scripps College. She relocated to New York City thereafter, receiving a master's degree in journalism from Columbia University in 1944. Career Following her graduation, she took a job as a news writer at CBS radio, taking a place among the original members of the documentary unit of Edward R. Murrow. When she first began as a writer and producer there, she had no thoughts of going on air as, to her knowledge, it simply wasn't done in major news markets. According to Ashton, CBS management didn't want to broadcast women because they "just didn't like those squeaky voices". However, by 1949, she was on the air, interviewing such notable individuals as Albert Einstein. Eventually, she was transferred to a religious program, and, disappointed by her exclusion from news broadcasting, she left CBS radio in New York and returned to Los Angeles. In 1951, she became the first woman in Los Angeles or on the West Coast on television news when she took a job with LA's KNXT-TV (now KCBS). Although originally hired to cover the "Women's Angle", she has indicated in interviews that the lack of conventional roles for women in broadcasting gave her considerable freedom in the stories she selected to cover. In 1958, she left briefly to work as a public information officer at a college before returning in 1962. She officially retired in 1989, but continued occasionally contributing into her 70s. As a news reporter and program host, she became an influential figure on subsequent female journalists, with numerous industry awards and a career that included notable interviews with such diverse people as Jimmy Carter and Jimmy Durante. Honors and awards During her time in broadcasting, Ashton Taylor became a widely known and celebrated figure. In 1983, The Los Angeles Times indicated that she had a reputation as "one of the best newspeople in television". A 2007 article in the Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media described her as "one of the most recognizable people on radio and television in Los Angeles" She received a Star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1990. Other notable honors include a Governors Award for Lifetime Achievement bestowed by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and a Diamond Achievement Award from Women in Communications (1984). References External links 2008 interview, CBS Ruth Ashton Taylor interviews Governor of California George Deukmejian on KCBS Los Angeles, 1990 1922 births Living people American television journalists American women television journalists Radio personalities from Los Angeles Scripps College alumni Columbia University alumni
46602808	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Finland	In Finland	In Finland is a live album by multi-instrumentalist Joe McPhee, pianist Matthew Shipp and bassist Dominic Duval recorded in 2004 and released on the Cadence Jazz label. Reception Allmusic reviewer Steve Loewy states "By the end of this full-length recording, the listener has participated in a journey that applies new perspectives to common themes, challenges traditional concepts, and soars toward a paradigm of order and structure that emerges from a morass of free improvisation -- a magnificent feat that sparkles majestically". On All About Jazz Rex Butters wrote "These three musicians blend their distinctive voices to unite in the interwoven wonder of improvised performance. Maintaining a compelling dynamism throughout, In Finland captures a valuable musical moment and brings an updated look at Matthew Shipp for some thirsty ears". In JazzTimes Mike Shanley noted "Ultimately, the touchstones are noticeable but they're outweighed by the music that McPhee, Shipp and Duval create in the moment. Track listing All compositions by Joe McPhee, Matthew Shipp and Domenic Duval. "Never Before" – 32:43 "Never Again" – 25:29 "In Finland" – 14:45 Personnel Joe McPhee – soprano saxophone, pocket trumpet Matthew Shipp – piano Dominic Duval – bass References Joe McPhee live albums Matthew Shipp live albums 2005 live albums Cadence Jazz Records live albums
55233563	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fear%20%282012%20TV%20series%29	The Fear (2012 TV series)	The Fear is a four-part television drama series, created by Richard Cottan, first broadcast on Channel 4 on 3 December 2012. The series, broadcast over four consecutive nights, stars Peter Mullan as Brighton-based criminal kingpin Richie Beckett, who finds himself waging war on an Albanian sex trafficking gang trying to muscle in on his turf, all whilst trying to deal with the onset symptoms of dementia. The series also stars Harry Lloyd and Paul Nicholls as Richie's children, Matty and Cal, and Anastasia Hille as his wife, Jo. The series averaged an audience of 1.25 million viewers across its four-night run. The series has been released on DVD in Europe, but remains unreleased in the UK. References External links 2012 British television series debuts 2012 British television series endings 2010s British crime television series 2010s British drama television series Channel 4 television dramas 2010s British television miniseries English-language television shows Television shows set in England
49068255	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Shaw%20%28volleyball%29	James Shaw (volleyball)	James Shaw (born March 5, 1994) is an American male volleyball player. He is part of the United States men's national volleyball team. On club level he played for Stanford University. Shaw will started professional career in Italy on 2016–17 season where he played for Pallavolo Padova. In May 2017, it was announced that he would spend the upcoming 2017/2018 season at Sir Safety Perugia. Personal life James Shaw was born in Stanford, California and grew up in Woodside, California. He attended St. Francis High School. He later attended Stanford University, where he graduated from in 2016 with a major in science, technology, and society. His parents are Don and Carolyn Shaw. His father acted as head coach of men's and women's volleyball at Stanford for 27 years. He has one older sister named Jordan who also played volleyball at St. Mary's College. References External links profile at FIVB.org 1994 births Living people American men's volleyball players Place of birth missing (living people) ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle players People from Woodside, California
62397759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self%20Determination%20Music	Self Determination Music	Self Determination Music is an album by American jazz saxophonist John Carter and trumpeter Bobby Bradford released by the Flying Dutchman label in 1970. Track listing All compositions by John Carter except where noted "The Sunday Afternoon Jazz Blues Society" − 5:50 "The Eye of the Storm" (Bobby Bradford) − 15:21 "Loneliness" − 9:10 "Encounter" − 13:27 Personnel John Carter − alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, clarinet Bobby Bradford − cornet Henry Franklin, Tom Williamson − bass Bruz Freeman − drums References John Carter (jazz musician) albums Bobby Bradford albums 1970 albums Flying Dutchman Records albums
61355333	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo-Montenegro%20border%20demarcation	Kosovo-Montenegro border demarcation	The Kosovo-Montenegro border demarcation was a diplomatic agreement between the disputed area of Kosovo and Montenegro which was finalized in 2015 about the eventual borders between them. Montenegro acquired its independence in 2006 and Kosovo unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008. As such, there was no border agreement between them. The diplomatic negotiations between the governments of Kosovo and Montenegro came under heavy criticism from both sides. Around of land stretching had remained disputed. An article by Saudi Gazette stated it was roughly 18,900 acres. Montenegros prime minister Milo Djukanovic stated that "Montenegro does not even need one meter from the territory of Kosovo". The border demarcation deal with Montenegro was one of the explicit requirements by the European Parliament for the visa liberalization process for Kosovo. In 2015, Ramush Haradinaj insisted that the 1974 Yugoslav borders were necessary in order to continue the good relations with Montenegro. The agreement was ratified by both governments in 2015 and was enforced March 2018 leading to Çakorr, an Albanian region symbolizing patriotism, being handed over to Montenegro. The president of Kosovo Hashim Thaçi and Montenegro's prime minister signed the agreement on February 17, 2018. It was ratified in the Kosovan parliament a month later. The agreement has been criticized as the prohibition to travel within the Schengen area had been lifted for more severe border issues amongst Georgia and Ukraine but not for Kosovo with its less severe border issues. Debate A villager named Hajdaraj stated that "they have taken away land that been passed from father to son for generations; we have graves here, the graves of our forefathers who fought on the other side of the border". Villagers in the Rugova valley vowed to take up arms if the government continued to ignore them. In 2016, The Lëvizja Vetëvendosje accused PDK party of for the agreement of the Border Demarcation with Montenegro. Prime minister Isa Mustafa met the Rugova locals opposing the demarcation in 2016. A local stated that the prime minister did not say anything about the matter. Levizja Vetendesojes party leader Albin Kurti held a protest speech with 2000 activists leading to the postponing of the demarcation in the Kosovo parliament. In August 2015, prime minister Ramush Haradinaj criticized the demarcation. Four years later, in 2019, he met Mujë Rugova, to discuss the finalization of the demarcation. Ibrahim Rugova warned of the demarcation already in 2002. Attacks On August 28, 2015, a RTK employee suffered a second attack in his home by a group that opposed the demarcation. An unknown individual tossed an explosive device inside resulting in no one being hurt. A group called Rugovasit claimed both attacks warning of more victims if the government continued to ignore the opposition. On August 30, six opposition supporters were detained by the police on suspicion of involvement in a rocket-propelled grenade attack on parliament. The European and International Federations of Journalists (EFJ/IFJ) condemned the attacks. Violent protests occurred in Pristina with riot police being attacked with molotovs. An article by Kosovapress writes that the Rugova locals attacked RTK because it supported the demarcation. International reports Independent Balkan News Agency published an article explaining that international experts, appointed by Atifete Jahjaga, stated that the demarcation did not breach any laws. The opposition criticized the commission of being too similar to previous commissions. Both Albanian and Montenegrin locals around the borders stated that the politicians should take into consideration the opinions of the public. A report from Saferworld titled Drawing boundaries in the Western Balkans: A people’s perspective published in 2011 states that failure to resolve demarcation issues and raise border-control standards likewise ensures that parts of the region maintain a reputation for being vulnerable to transnational organised crime, smuggling and people trafficking. References 2015 in Montenegro 2015 in Kosovo Land disputes
11058499	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FullBlackHabit	FullBlackHabit	FullBlackHabit is the fifth studio album by 16volt, released on June 19, 2007 by Metropolis Records. The album's title was directly inspired by the 1987 film FullMetalJacket. Early versions of the song "Suffering You" previously debuted on the soundtrack to the 2003 PlayStation 2 video game Primal and later appeared the band's greatest hits album in 2005. Reception Fabryka awarded the FullBlackHabit four out of four stars and said "Eric Powell reconned up with his music fascinations and ideas, to find a golden mean what finally led him to create an album with a variety of songs, modern and fresh but still recognized as a 16volt's venture." Kristofer Upjohn of Raves gave the album four our of five stars and said "the textures and rhythms are catchy and the melodic input is finely performed as well." Track listing Personnel Adapted from the FullBlackHabit liner notes. 16volt Eric Powell – lead vocals, guitar, programming, keyboards, production, engineering, recording, mixing, cover art Addition performers Jason Bazinet – additional percussion (1-3, 5-11, 13) Paul Raven – bass guitar (1, 2, 8, 10, 11) Scott Robison – additional arrangements (12) Bill Sarver (as Billdeaux) – additional programming (12) Kraig Tyler – bass guitar (4, 13), additional guitar (6, 12), guitars (4), additional bass guitar (12) Steve White (as Steve Pig) – additional guitars (1, 2, 9-11, 13) Production and design Ryan Foster – mastering Release history References External links FullBlackHabit at Bandcamp 2007 albums 16volt albums Metropolis Records albums
10509965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20supply%20and%20sanitation%20in%20Venezuela	Water supply and sanitation in Venezuela	Water supply and sanitation in Venezuela is currently limited and many poor people remain without access to piped water. Service quality for those with access is mixed, with water often being supplied only on an intermittent basis and most wastewater not being treated. Non-revenue water is estimated to be high at 62%, compared to the regional average of 40%. The sector remains centralized despite a decentralization process initiated in the 1990s that has now been stalled. Within the executive, sector policies are determined by the Ministry of Environment. The national water company HIDROVEN serves about 80% of the population. Access In 2015, 93% of the total population of Venezuela had access to "improved" water, or 95% of the urban population and 78% of the rural population. As for sanitation, in 2015, 94% of the total population in Venezuela had access to "improved" sanitation, or 97% of the urban population and 70% of the rural population. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program's estimates from 2008 are based on the 2001 census results and show that 93% of citizens had access to potable water and 91% had access to sanitation. A study for the Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), however, estimates based on figures from the 2001 census and HIDROVEN statistics that only 82% of the population had access to an improved source of water in 2001. The same source also quotes a lower coverage figure for sanitation than the WHO (only 66%). According to the same study over 4.2 million people had no access to piped water and 8 million residents did not have access to adequate sanitary facilities in 2001. Rural consumers are particularly under-serviced – only 66% receive potable water and 40% have access to adequate sanitation. In the period 1990–2001 the share of population with access to water supply and sanitation modestly increased from 81% to 82% for water, and 63% to 66% for sanitation. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP/2008) and JMP country files for Venezuela. Data are based on an extrapolation of the trend between the 1991 and 2001 Censuses. Service quality In 2001, the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) conducted a study of the quality of water and sanitation services in the country's 335 municipalities and determined that 231 municipalities, approximately 70%, received insufficient water and sanitation services. In 2008 about 33% of collected wastewater was treated, up from about 14% in 2003. Water supply is not uniformly continuous and often fails to meet basic drinking water quality standards. As a result, many consumers are forced to use alternative and more expensive water sources. For example, it is common in the urban 'barrios' in central Venezuela for poor consumers to pay the equivalent of approximately US$1.90 m³ – much more than the tariff for water from the network – for water purchased from a tanker. The Orinoco River (a massive river that runs throughout all of Venezuela) has poor water quality. As most of Venezuela's water comes from the Orinoco River, this poses a major threat. Water use There are no reliable figures on water use in Venezuela given the low coverage of metering. According to one estimate, average residential water use was about 230 liter/capita/day in 2004. According to another estimate it was twice as much at 450 liter/capita/day in 2010. In parts of Caracas water use is more than 900 liter/capital/day. This compares to 143 l/c/d in Brazil and 259 l/c/d in Peru. History and recent developments Before 1991 a national state-owned enterprise, the Instituto Nacional de Obras Sanitarias (INOS), was in charge of providing water and sanitation services in Venezuela. First phase of decentralization (1991–2001) When INOS was dissolved under the Presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez the intent was to decentralize service provision to the municipalities that already had the legal responsibility for service provision. However, because of the lack of capacity and resources of most municipalities, service provision in 20 out of the 23 states was temporarily entrusted to the ten regional water companies under the holding company HIDROVEN (see above). In the remaining three states services were provided by the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (CVG).The Pérez government also launched a bid for a private concession for the water and sanitation system of Caracas in 1992. However, the bid failed for lack of interested bidders under the proposed conditions. Beginning in 1993 some states began to play a more active role in the sector. Until 1999 five decentralized water companies were created with a strong presence of the state governments (see above under service provision). This process began in Monagas in 1993 with support from the World Bank. Some of them also signed management contracts with private operators, which led to an improvement in the performance of the water and sanitation companies. Between 1994 and 2001 water tariffs throughout the country were increased substantially, so that the ratio of cost recovery to operating costs increased from 27% to 87%. Such a substantial real tariff increase, which apparently did not cause political turmoil, is unusual in developing countries. However, the increase in tariffs was not paralleled by improvement in services. According to the IDB sector performance even deteriorated in this period. The decentralization process remained very slow. Some municipalities refused to receive the service responsibility unless systems would be modernized, but a mechanism to finance the necessary investments was lacking. About 80% of the population thus continued to be served by HIDROVEN and its subsidiaries, and the slowness of the decentralization process consolidated institutions that were meant to be only temporary. New sector law and second phase of decentralization (since 2001) In December 2001 the Government of Hugo Chávez passed a new Water and Sanitation Law (Ley Orgánica para la Prestación de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento). This law was not passed by Parliament. Instead, together with 45 other laws it was passed by the Executive based on an Enabling Act that temporarily gave the President powers to enact laws and bypass Parliament. The law aimed at reforming the institutional structure of the sector through: the actual transfer of the responsibility for service provision to the municipalities through the creation of decentralized service providers – Business Units or Unidades de Gestión (UGs) – each of which would serve several municipalities; the creation of a regulatory agency (Superintendencia Nacional de los Servicios de Agua Potable y de Saneamiento – SUNSAPS), to oversee the implementation of the Law, regulate tariffs and subsidies, and develop a monitoring system for the sector; the establishment of a policy making and financing body for the sector (Oficina Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento, ONDESAPS), whose primary responsibilities would be the management of a funding mechanism for targeted sector investments, policy formulation and facilitation of the provision of technical assistance to decentralized service providers including guidance on the establishment of decentralized service providers; the creation of a national bulk water company to operate and expand regional water infrastructure; and the establishment of a sector financing fund to channel public resources to the sector under a consistent policy framework. According to the law HIDROVEN had to complete the transfer within no more than five years from the publication of the law, i.e. until December 2006. However, the transfer has been very slow and the deadline has not been met. Only in a few regions the decentralization to municipalities has advanced, notably in the State of Guárico where HIDROPAEZ, one of the regional utilities under the umbrella of HIDROVEN, is in the process of being replaced by five business units. The Government has also completed studies on the formation of business units in the states of Cojedes, Carabobo and Aragua. Furthermore, the national institutions foreseen by the law so far have not been created. The Ministry of Environment and HIDROVEN thus continue to undertake the national-level functions that the 2001 law had assigned to the new institutions. In February 2003 tariffs were frozen at the national level through an executive decree. This is in direct contradiction with the 2001 law that stipulates the principle of cost recovery and assigns the responsibility to set tariffs to the municipalities. Responsibility for water supply and sanitation Policy and regulation The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources is in charge of setting water and sanitation policies in Venezuela, in line with overall government policies. There is a Vice-ministry of Water within the Ministry and as of August 2007 the Vice-Minister was Cristóbal Francisco Ortiz. HIDROVEN is under the authority of this Ministry. The Ministry of Industry and Commerce sets maximum allowable tariffs in the sector. Service provision Water and sanitation services in Venezuela are provided by the national water company HIDROVEN, five state water companies, the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (CVG), a few municipalities and community-based organizations. According to the Municipal Law (Ley Orgánica de Régimen Municipal) service provision is a responsibility of the country's 335 municipalities, which own the water and sanitation infrastructure and in principle also set water and sanitation tariffs. However, in practice only few municipalities have the capacity and resources to fulfill these responsibilities. HIDROVEN In practice service provision in most urban areas of Venezuela is the responsibility of one of ten regional utilities ( Empresas Hidrologicas Regionales) affiliated with the Compañía Anónima Hidrológica de Venezuela (HIDROVEN), a state-owned enterprise. Each regional utility covers between one and three of the country's 23 states. The responsibility for setting tariffs within the maximum levels set by the national government is shared between the regional companies and the municipalities. Some of the bulk water supply infrastructure which provides water to municipal and state water companies is owned directly by HIDROVEN and its affiliated regional companies. Corporación Venezolana de Guayana In the region of Guayana, covering the states of Bolivar, Amazonas and Delta Amacuro, water and sanitation services in urban areas are provided by the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (CVG), a conglomerate with its main activities in mining. State water companies There are also five decentralized water companies at the state level: Aguas de Monagas, HIDROLARA in Lara, Aguas de Mérida, Aguas de Portuguesa, and Aguas de Yaracuy. The population of these five states is almost 20% of the country's total population. Municipalities In some municipalities services are provided through municipal utilities, such as in Aguas de Anaco in Anzoátegui state, Aguas de Capitanejo and Aguas de Zamora in Barinas state, Aguas de Ejido in Mérida state, and Sucre in Miranda state. Community-based organizations Rural water systems are managed by community-based organization, including some cooperatives. In 2003 there were also 20 urban cooperatives that provided water services at the neighborhood level. The Chávez government encourages such "community experiences", which also include so-called "technical water tables" (Mesas Técnicas de Agua). These are associations involved in monitoring neighborhood-level segments of water supply and sanitation networks, including the identification and reduction of leakage and illegal connections. In 2003 there were about 1,500 such technical water tables in Venezuela. Economic efficiency Non-revenue water stood at 62% in 2000, far above the regional average of 40% and higher than its historical level of 55% in 1996 and 59% in 1997. HIDROVEN suggests illegal connections are a major contributor to poor non-revenue water performance in the country. An inadequate record maintenance and rehabilitation likely also contributes to high losses. Financial aspects Tariffs and cost recovery Cost recovery. Revenues usually are not sufficient to meet operating costs – the ratio of revenue to operating costs was estimated at 86% in 2002. This was a substantial increase compared to 27% in 1994, 65% in 1997 and 75% in 2000, despite high levels of inflation. As of 2010, 36% of all users, mainly in groups with low ability to pay, received water free of charge. In 2010 Hidrocapital, which serves Caracas, charged on average the equivalent of US$0.41 per cubic meter, while its costs were US$0.44 per cubic meter. For 2008, Hidroven had a sales revenue of MB$786, thus covering 77% of its operation and maintenance costs of MB$1,024. Tariff level and adjustments. Tariff levels vary substantially within Venezuela by a factor of almost 1:10 between regional companies, reflecting differences in the cost of service provision. The highest tariffs are found in Caracas and the lowest in Aguas de Yaracuy and the Llanos. Tariffs were frozen in February 2003 at the national level, leading to a 60% tariff decline in real value because of inflation until 2010. Metering, billing and collection. In 2008 the share of metered water consumption in total water consumption was 36%, up from only 20% in 1998. However, only about half the meters were read in 2008 with a meter reading rate of only 17.5%. Billing and collection performance is inadequate as total sector collection in 2003 amounted for merely 73% of the total billing. In 1998 this coefficient stood at only 62%. In individual companies the ratio varied greatly between 26% in Yaracuy and 80% in Mérida. Investment Historical investment levels There are no recent data on the level of investments in the sector. In the five years between 1997 and 2001 Venezuela invested US$637 million in water and sanitation, or about US$127 million annually on average. Investment in the sector has historically been volatile. For example, annual investments fluctuated in the 1986–1998 period between less than US$100 million (in 1989) and US$400 million (in 1992). To a large extent investment levels mirror fluctuation in oil prices. Investment levels declined from 1986 to 1989 when oil prices were very low. Investments skyrocketed in 1992 after oil prices had increased. Then they plummeted again when oil prices decreased during the remainder of the 1990s. The volatility in sector financing has made it difficult to initiate a sustainable medium-term investment program needed to rehabilitate infrastructure and extend access to services. Planned investment levels In 2002 the Government adopted an ambitious six-year investment plan for the sector. Under that Plan by the end of 2007 access to potable water and sanitation should both reach 99%, non-revenue water should be reduced to 45%, collection efficiency should increase to 95% and the share of treated wastewater should reach 30%. The plan estimates that a total of US$4.77 billion will be required between 2003 and 2015 for the sector, which implies an average annual investment of approximately US$500 million, or about four times historic investment levels. Financing Sources of financing Before the decentralization of the 1990s investments were almost exclusively financed by central government transfers through a number of different programs, including funds borrowed from international financial institutions and passed on as grants to the service providers. In 2000–2001 state governments and municipalities financed almost half of total investments of US$120m and US$190m respectively. The capital market makes no contribution to sector financing. Procedures for Investment Financing The 2001 sector law calls for the creation of a Financial Assistance Fund (Fondo de Asistencia Financiera – FAF) to be administered by a new entity called ONDESAPS which would coordinate and target investments in the sector (see section on the new sector law above). Until 2007 neither FAF nor ONDESAPS have been created. Neither investment subsidies nor recurrent subsidies, whether paid by the national government or state governments, are linked to performance improvements. External support The Inter-American Development Bank and the Andean Development Corporation are the main institutions that provide external support for water supply and sanitation in Venezuela. It was reported in 2004 that the lack in the availability of counterpart funds, which the government has to provide as part of their obligations to execute projects financed by external agencies, had paralyzed various large externally financed projects. Interamerican Development Bank In 2010 the IDB provided a $50 million loan to promote the efficient use of drinking water by replacing pipes and installing meters for 80,000 households in at least five of the subsidiaries of Hidroven, including in the Ocumarito neighborhood in Caracas. Previously the IDB had attempted to support the reform of the water and sanitation sector through a decentralization loan of US$100 million that was approved in 1998 and had to be cancelled subsequently. The loan had aimed at introducing private sector participation, following the model of management contracts in the state of Monagas and Lara. Andean Development Corporation The Andean Development Corporation (Corporación Andina de Fomento CAF) supported the water and sanitation sector through various loans, including five loans approved until 2003 for a total of US$292m, of which three for HIDROCAPITAL, the subsidiary of HIDROVEN serving Caracas. In 2004 CAF approved a US$15m loan to improve water and sanitation services in the Peninsula of La Guajira in Zulia state. In 2005 the CAF reassigned US$25m from a non-disbursing water and sanitation sector modernization and rehabilitation loan to environmental projects. At the beginning of 2008, the CAF announced that it has approved a water and sanitation loan for the Venezuelan states of Amazonas, Anzoátegui, Aragua, Bolívar, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Sucre and Trujillo. The program is estimated to have a total cost of US$72.3m, of which CAF will finance US$50m, the remainder being financed by local counterpart funds. The program will be executed by Hidroven. Canadian Development Agency The Canadian Development Agency CIDA finances a sanitation project for Caracas. External links HIDROVEN Key sources Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF): Venezuela. Análisis del Sector Agua Potable y Saneamiento, Marzo de 2004, written by María Elena Corrales CAF Agua y Saneamiento Venezuela Accessed on 10 October 2007 References Environment of Venezuela Health in Venezuela
11184711	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20reciprocal%20rank	Mean reciprocal rank	The mean reciprocal rank is a statistic measure for evaluating any process that produces a list of possible responses to a sample of queries, ordered by probability of correctness. The reciprocal rank of a query response is the multiplicative inverse of the rank of the first correct answer: 1 for first place, for second place, for third place and so on. The mean reciprocal rank is the average of the reciprocal ranks of results for a sample of queries Q: where refers to the rank position of the first relevant document for the i-th query. The reciprocal value of the mean reciprocal rank corresponds to the harmonic mean of the ranks. Example For example, suppose we have the following three sample queries for a system that tries to translate English words to their plurals. In each case, the system makes three guesses, with the first one being the one it thinks is most likely correct: Given those three samples, we could calculate the mean reciprocal rank as (1/3 + 1/2 + 1)/3 = 11/18 or about 0.61. If none of the proposed results are correct, reciprocal rank is 0. Note that only the rank of the first relevant answer is considered, possible further relevant answers are ignored. If users are interested also in further relevant items, mean average precision is a potential alternative metric. See also Information retrieval Question answering References Summary statistics Information retrieval evaluation
21531637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg%20Holm	Ingeborg Holm	Ingeborg Holm (Margaret Day) is a 1913 Swedish social drama film directed by Victor Sjöström, based on a 1906 play by Nils Krok. It caused great debate in Sweden about social security, which led to changes in the poorhouse laws. It is said to be based on a true story. Synopsis Sven Holm and his wife Ingeborg are happily married with three children, and are about to open a shop in Stockholm. They open the shop, but Sven contracts tuberculosis, and dies. Ingeborg initially tries to run the shop by herself, but when she fails, and develops a debilitating ulcer, she turns to the poorhouse for help. The poorhouse board does not grant her enough assistance to survive outside the workhouse. She has to sell the shop and her house, and board the three children out to foster families. After some time, Ingeborg reads in a letter that her daughter, Valborg, is sick. The poorhouse can't finance a visit, but the determined Ingeborg escapes at night, and, after being chased by police, gets to see the child. When she returns to the poorhouse, the manager is furious that they must pay a fine for the trouble she caused. Later on, Ingeborg is offered a chance to see her younger son, this time with the poorhouse's approval. When the child doesn't recognize her, she is devastated. She tries to make a doll from her scarf for the child to play with, but he cries and turns to the foster mother. This hits Ingeborg so hard that she loses her sanity. She is relegated to the insane women's ward of the workhouse, cradling a plank of wood as if it was one of her children. After fifteen years, her elder son, Erik, now a sailor, visits her without knowing of his mother's psychosis. He becomes desperate when Ingeborg doesn't recognize him - but when he shows her a youthful photograph of herself, which features the inscription "To Erik from mother", her sanity returns. With the return of her family comes the return of Ingeborg's self. Cast Hilda Borgström as Ingeborg Holm Aron Lindgren as Sven Holm / Erik Holm as an adult Erik Lindholm as Employee in Shop Georg Grönroos as Poorhouse Superintendent William Larsson as Police Officer Richard Lund as Doctor Carl Barcklind as House Doctor Bertil Malmstedt as Erik Holm as a child References External links Ingmar Bergman on Ingeborg Holm and other films by Sjöström Swedish silent feature films Swedish films 1913 films Films directed by Victor Sjöström 1913 drama films Swedish black-and-white films Swedish drama films
53588584	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran%20%C4%8Cabradi	Goran Čabradi	Goran Čabradi (; born 1968) is a politician in Serbia. He has served in the National Assembly of Serbia since 2016 as the leader and sole parliamentary representative of the Green Party. Early life and career Čabradi was born in Novi Sad in the province of Vojvodina, then part of the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He has a master's degree in environmental protection and has worked in municipal waste management. Čabradi was a member of the Greens of Serbia before forming the breakaway Green Party. He registered his party as a Slovak minority party, although he acknowledged in a 2016 interview with Politika that he did so only because it would have been financially unfeasible to register the party as a non-minority group. He added that he hoped to re-register the party in the near future. Parliamentary career Čabradi led the Green Party's electoral list in the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election, in which the party ran in an alliance with Jan Paul's Slovak Party and other smaller groups. The party received 23,890 votes (0.63%), well below the five per cent electoral threshold normally required for representation in the assembly. As the list was recognized as representing the country's Slovak minority, however, the threshold requirement was waived, the party was awarded one seat, and Čabradi was duly declared elected. In September 2016, a group of dissident Green Party members sought to remove Čabradi as party president. The rebels, led by Slavica Vasilijević, charged that Čabradi was governing the party in an arbitrary fashion and particularly opposed his decision to support a resolution on the Srebrenica massacre that, in their view, described the Serbian people as genocidal. The Slovak Party, which also opposed the Srebrenica resolution, urged Čabradi to resign his mandate. Online sources do not indicate exactly how this situation was resolved, though it seems to have resulted in a party split. By March 2017, the Green Party's website continued to list Čabradi as president, while the website for a rival group called the "Green Party of Serbia" listed Vasilijević as president. Following his election to the assembly, Čabradi originally served in a parliamentary group with Nenad Čanak's League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina. He left the group in February 2017, ironically after Čedomir Jovanović of the Liberal Democratic Party had agreed to join it to ensure it would not lose its official status in the assembly. Since then, Čabradi has not been aligned with any parliamentary group. In June 2017, Čabradi introduced a bill to legalize medicinal marijuana in Serbia. Although he is not formally aligned with Serbia's coalition government, he voted in favour of Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić's nomination of Ana Brnabić for prime minister later in the same month after the government agreed to establish a ministry of environmental protection. Early in his mandate, Čabradi was a member of the parliamentary environmental protection committee and the committee on the rights of the child, and a deputy member of the agriculture, forestry, and water management committee. He is a member of the parliamentary friendship groups for Austria, Germany, Spain, and Sweden. References 1968 births Living people Politicians from Novi Sad Members of the National Assembly of Serbia Green Party (Serbia) politicians
64444640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou%E2%80%93Jinan%20high-speed%20railway	Zhengzhou–Jinan high-speed railway	The Zhengzhou–Jinan high-speed railway is a high-speed railway in China. History On 31 August 2016, a feasibility study was published which investigated the construction of a railway between Zhengzhou and Jinan. At the time, it was expected to be completed by 2020. Construction officially began on 18 June 2020. The line is expected to be completed by 2023. Stations References High-speed railway lines in China High-speed railway lines under construction
36876097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bland%20%28judge%29	John Bland (judge)	John Bland (? – ) was probably born in Devon, England and became notable in Canadian history for his time spent in Newfoundland. Bland was probably active in Newfoundland as early as 1780 in a mercantile capacity. He became a magistrate at Bonavista, Newfoundland in 1790 and was active in commerce at that time. In 1801 he became a surrogate court judge which paid a regular salary. By that time he was well established in the community. Bland is noteworthy for his advocacy on behalf of the Beothuk people during a documented period from 1797 to 1807 where his letters to various governors at St. Johns identify a number of issues and proposed solutions. References 1820s deaths Judges in Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland Colony judges
27870297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Express	Boston Express	Boston Express is a subsidiary bus company of Concord Coach Lines that operates between New Hampshire and Boston. It serves locations between Logan Airport and southern New Hampshire, including Nashua and destinations along Interstate 93 as far north as Manchester. Routes Fleet The fleet originally consisted entirely of Motor Coach Industries D4500 coaches. In 2017, the company began replacing these with Prevost X3-45 coaches, which, as of February 2020, account for 22 of the 25-bus fleet. All buses are painted white with blue graphics. References Intercity bus companies of the United States Bus transportation in Massachusetts Bus transportation in New Hampshire Companies based in Merrimack County, New Hampshire Transportation companies based in New Hampshire
1138959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamo%20%28manga%29	Shamo (manga)	is a Japanese action manga series written by Izo Hashimoto and illustrated by Akio Tanaka. It was first serialized in Futabasha's Weekly Manga Action in 1998 and moved to Evening in 2004. It was discontinued in 2007 due to creative differences but returned in 2011 and ended in 2015. It tells a story of a boy who killed his parents and turned himself into a cold-blooded martial artist. The manga inspired a Hong Kong film adaptation that was released in 2007. Background Shamo differs significantly from other seinen manga in that the story's protagonist is actually an unrepentant and often unsympathetic criminal. Throughout the manga Ryo Narushima is depicted as being unrepentant for the murder of his parents (who are later implied to have been physically abusive towards Ryo and overly controlling of his life) and is shown committing crimes such as assault and rape for the sake of making himself stronger. Though capable of redemption (as evidenced by his care-taking of his sister and various small charitable acts shown throughout the manga) ultimately Narushima is a Byronic hero spiraling into darkness, his chances at reform slowly ebbing away as he gives in to more and more of his depraved and brutal tendencies. However, Ryo seems to genuinely care for those close to him, and will not hesitate to help them if they are in trouble. He is also shown to have fallen in love with Yan, the granddaughter of the master he studied under while he lived in China and was crushed by her suicide, which made him hellbent on killing the man who drove her to it. A minor theme throughout the manga is society's morally based stratification, how it condemns young criminals like Narushima, and how that condemnation forces Narushima to the fringes of society making his chances of true reform and redemption even more remote. Various supporting characters within Shamo act as dramatic foils to Narushima, with Naoto Sugawara being the primary example of this. Famous, rich, and beloved for the same abilities that make Narushima a social pariah, Sugawara's presence can be seen as an example of society's cognitive dissonance towards violence. Narushima is reviled for his violent traits, while Sugawara is praised & rewarded for using those same traits in a slightly different context. This is part of the recurring theme of "traditional vs. modern karate" in which Ryo (who uses traditional karate meant for combat and self-defense) and the various elder members of Banryukai find themselves hopelessly lost in a world where such karate is scorned in favor of modern sport karate, to the point where Resshin, the man who founded Banryukai along with his late brother, contemplates suicide due to his despair at living in a country of "declawed men" where the style he and his brother used to survive the Second World War has been hopelessly defiled by modern ideals. This story was inspired by the Kobe child murders of 1997 that a 14-year-old "Boy A" ("Shōnen A") killed and decapitated several children. Ryo Narushima is modeled after two persons: Juvenile delinquency part: The "Boy A". Martial art part: of Kyokushin. This Karate fighter's name has same pronunciation as the main character's name. Synopsis Part 1: The reformatory , a talented highschooler who was about to enter Tokyo University, the most prestigious university in Japan, killed his parents before his successful life could begin. The perfect family and perfect life seemed to devour the young boy's restless soul. In a beautiful sunny afternoon when cicadas were singing, he stabbed his father and mother to death with a short knife repeatedly before he came to his senses. The 16-year-old bookworm murderer was convicted and sent to a reformatory where he was gang raped by other boys. , a jailed man who nearly assassinated the Japanese Prime Minister decades ago, was sent to the reformatory to teach the youngsters karate every week. He discovered Ryo's talent and taught him self-defense. Ryo survived and thanks to a law that protects minors, was released two years later, but not before beating several would-be attackers with such savagery that his previous tormentors became terrified of him. He also engaged Kurokawa in a sparring match as a final test of his skills. Ryo returns to society with the mindset of gaining strength so as to survive and never be a victim again. Alone in a city full of crime, he tried to look for his lost sister but ends up mistaking a drug-abusing prostitute for her. Ryo started to fight for his living and used all imaginable dirty tricks to defeat his enemies. He also ambushed gangsters in dark alleys to perfect his fighting skill as well as working as a gigolo. He later enters into a Banryukai karate tournament and spends time training his reflexes by kidnapping a woman and forcing her to attempt to kill him, releasing her after he successfully sensed her killing intent. He wins the tournament by blackmailing his opponents anonymously and throwing them off their game with his knowledge of their dirtiest secrets (e.g. an opponent whose wife is openly unfaithful). He wins in his weight class despite objections from the crowd and his fellow contestants over his vicious fighting style, but his victory is legitimized by Mochizuki himself, who claims that Ryo's fighting is still superior regardless of the context. Part 2: Sugawara In this part, Ryo fights of the twice. Kurokawa, a castaway from that elite dojo, helps Ryo to become stronger as a way to get revenge on , his past foe and the current owner of the Banryukai. Banryukai is possibly modeled after the Kyokushin kaikan and Seidokaikan and Mochizuki is possibly modeled after Kazuyoshi Ishii, the founder of Seidokaikan. Believing that he is the strongest, the "gamecock" starts to take on other good martial artists. A blood-thirsty TV producer notices that this street-fighting young man was the "Youth A" and pushes to have him join "Lethal Fight," a fictional combat arena modeled after Japan's K-1 tournament. Ryo, a dangerous man with an animal instinct who destroyed many good fighters in the ring, one day finds himself facing Thailand's best fighter who was fighting to support his family. Before he is totally defeated, he tries to kick the Thai fighter's neck but the fighter ducks and is hit in the eye and blinded. Ryo wants to take on Sugawara. However, Sugawara is much taller and heavier than Ryo, so his chance to fight him was remote. As a way to provide incentive, Ryo raped Sugawara's supermodel girlfriend. Sugawara vowed to kill Ryo with his hands in the boxing ring to comfort his woman and agreed to a televised fight at the Tokyo Dome. It was the duel between darkness and brightness. Only this time, Ryo (亮), literally "brightness," stands for the dark side. Ryo goes through a painful bodybuilding regime where he used steroids to increase his muscle mass and strength. Before the fight began, his left eye became bloody under the non-human torture. He did not care. Bad luck was on Ryo's side. His small body still was no comparison to Sugawara's. However, he rediscovered his long-forgotten left-handedness suppressed by his parents since he was a child minutes before the end of the last round. Then he wildly gave Sugawara countless heavy left punches before Sugawara used his broken right fist to punch him out of consciousness. He survives the lethal fight and was defeated only five seconds before the fight was over. Sugawara fails to kill him in front of the crowd. Out of anger and frustration, Sugawara invites Ryo to another private fight three months later in an abandoned temple. Sugawara takes several darts and a long wooden stick. Ryo takes a pair of tonfa with him. After a long and brutal duel where Narushima is almost killed, Sugawara is hit in the back of the neck and was hospitalized. Part 3 : The ballet dancer It tells a story that Toma Takahara (高原東馬 Takahara Tōma), a successful male ballet dancer with a savior complex, mysteriously abandoned his dancing career to pursue martial arts. It is revealed that the reason is because, after witnessing Ryo's fight with Sugawara, he became obsessed with Ryo and desired to 'save' him like he has others before. The new volumes (20, 21) pick up with Ryo fighting in a club in Japan. Ryo discovers after one fight that his ability has dropped significantly (implied to be due to the experimental steroids he had taken before) and he decides to start training hard. Ryo enters a Banryukai karate competition in a mask and after losing in the finals by disqualification, is spotted by Mochizuki. Mochizuki offers him money to enter a grappling tournament fighting against Toma. Ryo, desperate for money, accepts and begins training with the master of the man he lost to in the finals (who has since returned to being a hikkikomori). Before the tournament, he visits the comatose Sugawara in the hospital and, after Ryo emotionally implores his rival to wake up, Sugawara hears Ryo's voice and comes out of his coma. Ryo is placed on Team Banryukai, made up of himself and the four Black Dogi (Banryukai masters wearing black gi) and Team Toma is made up of Toma and four masters of various styles ranging from well known to esoteric. Ryo also discovers that Kurokawa was the one who trained Toma, as he now desires to undo what he had done by turning Ryo down the path of violence. This revelation only spurs Ryo on, as he becomes determined to defeat his master, who was now a part of the same society he had taught Ryo to hate and war against. The first four fights end with two no-contests, two wins by team Toma and one win for the Banryukai. While waiting for his turn to fight, Ryo was stabbed by Moemi Funato. However, he still plans to fight. Ryo and Toma start fighting with Toma at a heavy advantage. However, before he can win a sudden thunderstorm floods the stage. adapting more quickly to this new field Ryo turns the tables and begins using mind games to overwhelm the more naive Toma. Having so far fought calmly Toma becomes enraged and afraid further playing into Ryo's hands. As Ryo begins to gain more and more of an advantage, he begins to realize that Toma isn't actually a good person, but rather had just never encountered someone who was truly evil or in need of actual salvation. The damage from the stab wound was too much however and Toma manages to win thanks to Ryo fainting from blood loss, but he is mentally crippled by Ryo's nightmarish fighting style and the hallucinations he had during the fight. During the aftermath of the fight Mochizuki is replaced as chairman and the Banryukai is split into two factions (True and New Banryukai) and officially breaks all ties with Lethal Fight, pinning all of the more sordid things Banryukai members did under the label on Mochizuki. After a night of drinking Mochizuki is mugged and killed. Ryo finds out that Kurokawa and his ringside doctor have both died during the night. Ryo begins living with his sister and her caretaker. Part 4 : 2 Foolish Brothers Ryo begins dating a girl. Her father doesn't approve. He hires 2 hit men to deal with Ryo and get his daughter back despite the fact she is there of her own free will. After a confrontation at his house Ryo agrees to fight the younger brother. While Ryo wins he is mortally wounded and later dies from his wounds, in the forest. Rags of his crow shirt can be seen in the last pages, suggesting an alternative end. Film Shamo was made into a Hong Kong film in 2007. It was directed by Cheang Pou-soi and starred Shawn Yue. Court case The manga, written by Izo Hashimoto and illustrated by Akio Tanaka, was first serialized in 1998 in Manga Action. It moved to Evening and was put on hold in 2007 due in part to creative differences. Shamo manga artist Akio Tanaka was in a legal battle against Shamo's credited creator, Izô Hashimoto, for 150 million yen (about US$1.4 million) in a copyright lawsuit that opened in June 2008 in the Tokyo District Court. Tanaka claimed that he, and not Hashimoto, had created the story and the character concepts. On July 18, 2011, Tanaka announced on his homepage that Shamo would return to the pages of Evening magazine on July 27, 2011, and the title would start to be reprinted in wide editions. The serialization of the series concluded on January 13, 2015. Volume list Notes External links 1998 manga Crime in anime and manga Futabasha manga Kodansha manga Martial arts anime and manga Seinen manga Thriller anime and manga
21821547	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%85tnica	Prątnica	Prątnica () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubawa, within Iława County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Iława, and south-west of the regional capital Olsztyn. The village has a population of 700. References Villages in Iława County
25205068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapp%20House	Knapp House	Knapp House is a historic home located at Newark Valley in Tioga County, New York. It is a two-story, frame Colonial Revival style residence with a hipped roof built about 1905. Also on the property is a two-story, gambrel roofed carriage house and a chicken coop. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state) Houses completed in 1905 Houses in Tioga County, New York National Register of Historic Places in Tioga County, New York 1905 establishments in New York (state)
60509743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%20African%20Wrestling%20Championships	2017 African Wrestling Championships	The 2017 African Wrestling Championships was held in Marrakesh, Morocco from 28 to 30 April 2017. Medal table Team ranking Medal summary Men's freestyle Men's Greco-Roman Women's freestyle Doping cases Zohier Iftene from Algeria who won men's freestyle 65 kg event, tested positive for Stanozolol after the competition. References Africa International sports competitions hosted by Morocco April 2017 sports events in Africa
20520704	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3dulo	Módulo	Módulo is a Brazilian company with international operations specializing in technology for Governance, Risk and Compliance. It operates in areas of software, consulting and education, offering, since 1985, security solutions. The company has offices in Brazil and operates throughout Latin America through a network of partners. Since 1998, Módulo has customers from all sectors, and has participated in projects internationally recognized as the Brazilian electronic elections, the delivery of income tax via the Internet, the Brazilian Payment System (SPB) and the Pan American Games Rio 2007 (edition held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and provider of software with technology for Risk Management, incidents and events. In August 2016, SAI Global acquired Modulo International for US$6.8 mi, with exclusive worldwide licence, except in Brazil, Angola, and Mozambique, includes the right to modify, use, and sell the source code with Modulo Security Solutions SA as the owner. References External links Official website US Official website Technology companies of Brazil
43147437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meruelo%2C%20Spain	Meruelo, Spain	Meruelo is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. References Municipalities in Cantabria
40529707	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotec%20681	Lotec 681	The Lotec 681 was a sports prototype racing car, built by Lotec in 1981. Fitted with a BMW M88 straight-six engine, the car had a reasonably successful, albeit very brief, career before it was replaced by the Lotec M1C in 1982. One car was built. Racing history The Lotec 681 was developed by Lotec in 1981, and featured a 3.5-litre BMW M88 straight-six engine. It debuted at the fourth round of the 1981 Interserie season, held at the Nürburgring; Kurt Lotterschmid ran the car, finishing third overall, and second in the Sports 2000+ category. Lotterschmid ran the car again in the next round, at Most, but, whilst running in second place and with a lap to go, the BMW engine blew; although he was classified second for the first race, he was unable to compete in the second, preventing him from featuring in the overall classification. The series returned to the Nürburgring for the next round, and Lotterschmid took fourth overall, and third in his class. Lotterschmid finished the season by retiring from the final race, held at Zolder. Despite being reasonably successful, the car would not run again, having been made all-but-redundant by rule changes, and Lotec introduced the Group C-spec M1C for 1982. References Sports prototypes
1169984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20blanket	Markov blanket	In statistics and machine learning, when one wants to infer a random variable with a set of variables, usually a subset is enough, and other variables are useless. Such a subset that contains all the useful information is called a Markov blanket. If a Markov blanket is minimal, meaning that it cannot drop any variable without losing information, it is called a Markov boundary. Identifying a Markov blanket or a Markov boundary helps to extract useful features. The terms of Markov blanket and Markov boundary were coined by Judea Pearl in 1988. Markov blanket A Markov blanket of a random variable in a random variable set is any subset of , conditioned on which other variables are independent with : It means that contains at least all the information one needs to infer , where the variables in are redundant. In general, a given Markov blanket is not unique. Any set in that contains a Markov blanket is also a Markov blanket itself. Specifically, is a Markov blanket of in . Markov boundary A Markov boundary of in is a subset of , that itself is a Markov blanket of , but any proper subset of is not a Markov blanket of . In other words, a Markov boundary is a minimal Markov blanket. The Markov boundary of a node in a Bayesian network is the set of nodes composed of 's parents, 's children, and 's children's other parents. In a Markov random field, the Markov boundary for a node is the set of its neighboring nodes. In a dependency network, the Markov boundary for a node is the set of its parents. Uniqueness of Markov boundary The Markov boundary always exists. Under some mild conditions, the Markov boundary is unique. However, for most practical and theoretical scenarios multiple Markov boundaries may provide alternative solutions. When there are multiple Markov boundaries, quantities measuring causal effect could fail. See also Andrey Markov Free energy minimisation Moral graph Separation of concerns Causality Causal inference Notes Bayesian networks Markov networks
7398820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform%20Progressive%20Party	Reform Progressive Party	The Reform Progressive Party (Partido Progressista Reformador, PPR) was a centre-right Brazilian party, formed by the fusion of the Democratic Social Party (PDS) and the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) in 1993. Two years later the party, along with the Progressive Party, formed a new party called Brazilian Progressive Party. The leader of the party was Esperidião Amin, former governor of Santa Catarina in 1983-87. References Political parties established in 1993 Political parties disestablished in 1995 Defunct political parties in Brazil 1993 establishments in Brazil 1995 disestablishments in Brazil
39595026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomba%20%28surname%29	Lomba (surname)	Lomba is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Hermann Lomba (born 1960), French sprinter Jimmy Lomba (born 1978), French middle-distance runner Marcelo Lomba (born 1986), Brazilian football goalkeeper Marisabel Lomba (born 1974), Belgian judoka and Olympic bronze medalist
49347996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20Yuxi	Song Yuxi	Song Yuxi () (1918–2000) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Lincheng County, Hebei. He was CPPCC Chairman of Henan. He was a delegate to the 7th National People's Congress. 1918 births 2000 deaths People's Republic of China politicians from Hebei Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hebei People from Lincheng County Delegates to the 7th National People's Congress Members of the 6th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference CPPCC Chairmen of Henan
38907569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trechus%20manensis	Trechus manensis	Trechus manensis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1994. References manensis Beetles described in 1994
37318521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Allen%20%28footballer%29	Scott Allen (footballer)	Scott Allen (born 30 January 1975) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Footscray in the Australian Football League (AFL). A utility, Allen was selected with pick 59 in the 1992 National Draft, from Portarlington. He appeared in just 15 senior games for Footscray but played finals football in each of his first two seasons. Allen would later play for the Clarence Football Club in the Tasmanian Football League. References External links 1975 births Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Western Bulldogs players Clarence Football Club players Living people
64526933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkran%20Oval%C4%B1	Şükran Ovalı	Şükran Ovalı (born 1 April 1985) is a Turkish actress. Ovalı was born in the Eşrefpaşa district of İzmir. She spent most of her childhood in Bahçelievler, İzmir. After studying at Mustafa Urcan Primary School and Fevzi Çakmak Secondary School, she finished her high school education at Göztepe Selma Yiğit Alp High School, after which she went to Istanbul. She studied acting at Müjdat Gezen Art Center. She made her television debut with the series Sırlar Dünyası, after which she appeared in various TV series. In 2006, she had her first cinematic experience with a role in the movie Pars: Kiraz Operasyonu. Filmography Television Film Awards 22nd Sadri Alışık Theatre and Cinema Awards - Selection Committee Special Award (Ekşi Elmalar) References External links 1985 births Living people Turkish television actresses Turkish film actresses Association footballers' wives and girlfriends
43150084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20Malaysia%20Premier%20League	2015 Malaysia Premier League	The 2015 Liga Premier () was the 12th season of the Liga Premier, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia. The season was held from January and concluded in August 2015. The Liga Premier champions for 2015 season was Kedah. The champions and runners-up were both promoted to 2016 Liga Super. Changes from last season Team changes To Liga Super Promoted from 2014 Liga Premier PDRM Felda United Relegated from 2014 Liga Super T-Team PKNS From Liga FAM Relegated to 2015 Liga FAM Perlis PBAPP Promoted to 2015 Liga Premier Kuantan Kuala Lumpur Rule changes A total of 4 foreign players can be registered by Liga Premier teams, including at least one player from AFC countries. A maximum of 3 foreign players can be fielded at one time in a match. The announcement was made by FAM during the exco meeting in November 2013, following a decision to upgrade the foreign players quota from 2 in 2013 to 3 in the April 2013 meeting. The Liga Premier also introduced the "home grown players" rule, which aims to encourage the development of young footballers at Liga Premier clubs. The new rule required clubs to name at least five U-21 players in their squad. Name changes Negeri Sembilan were renamed to NS Matrix for sponsorship reason. Teams A total of 12 teams are contesting the league, including 8 sides from the 2014 season, two promoted from the 2014 Malaysia FAM League and two relegated from 2014 Liga Super. On 27 May 2014, Kuala Lumpur earned promotion from the 2014 Malaysia FAM League. They returned to the second division after being absent for a year. This was followed by Kuantan. The two teams replace Perlis and PBAPP who were all relegated to the 2015 Liga FAM. T-Team and PKNS were relegated from 2014 Liga Super. They are replacing PDRM and Felda United who get promotion to 2015 Liga Super. Team summaries Team locations Stadium Personnel and sponsoring Foreign players The number of foreign players is restricted to four per Malaysian League team. A team can use four foreign players on the field in each game, including at least one player from the AFC country. Note: Flags indicate national team as has been registered to the official Liga Premier. Players may hold more than one FIFA and non-FIFA nationality. League table Fixtures and results Fixtures and results of the Liga Premier 2015 season. Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 1Match delayed due to bad weather. Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Season statistics Top scorers As of 22 October 2015. Champions Hat-tricks Own goals Scoring First goal of the season: Shahril Ishak for Johor Darul Ta'zim II against UiTM (6 February 2015) Fastest goal of the season: 1 Minute – Shahrizal Saad for NS Matrix against Kuantan (6 March 2015) Largest winning margin: 7 goals T-Team 7–0 SPA (18 August 2015) Highest scoring game: 8 goals NS Matrix 3–5 T-Team (13 March 2015) Most goals scored in a match by a single team: 7 goals T-Team 7–0 SPA (18 August 2015) Most goals scored in a match by a losing team: 3 goals NS Matrix 3–5 T-Team (13 March 2015) Transfers For recent transfers, see List of Malaysian football transfers 2015 See also 2015 Liga Super 2015 Liga FAM 2015 Piala FA 2015 Piala Presiden 2015 Piala Belia References External links Football Malaysia Official Website Malaysia Premier League seasons 2 Malay Malay
10112291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Junor	John Junor	Sir John Donald Brown Junor (15 January 1919 – 3 May 1997) was a Scottish journalist and editor-in-chief of the Sunday Express between 1954 and 1986, having previously worked as a columnist there. He then moved to The Mail on Sunday. Early life Born in Glasgow, he studied at Glasgow University and had a wartime commission in the Fleet Air Arm. At Glasgow University he became president of the University Liberal Club, and later stood unsuccessfully three times for Parliament in Scotland for the Liberal Party. In the 1945 General Election he contested Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire. He then fought a by-election in 1947 for Edinburgh East, and finally was beaten at Dundee West in 1951. He was knighted in 1980. Journalism His Sunday Express column (which he continued to write in his years as editor-in-chief) was noted for recurrent catchphrases, two of them being "pass the sick-bag, Alice" and "I don't know, but I think we should be told". Junor frequently mentioned the small town of Auchtermuchty in Fife. Junor could be brutally forthright in his column. He once wrote: "[W]ith compatriots like these [the IRA Brighton bombers] wouldn't you rather admit to being a pig than be Irish?" Following complaints that the comment was racist, Junor was censured by the Press Council in May 1985. He was often lampooned in Private Eye where he was known as 'Sir Jonah Junor', and the Daily Express building on Fleet Street as 'the Black Lubyanka'. Contempt of Parliament On 24 January 1957, Junor was called to the Bar of the House of Commons to be reprimanded for contempt of Parliament – the last non-politician to be so called. The matter concerned an article about petrol allocation that appeared in the Sunday Express on 16 December 1956. Junor apologised: Family Junor married in 1942, and had two children. The journalist Penny Junor is his daughter, and the journalist Sam Leith, his grandson. Works The Best of JJ (1981) Listening for a midnight tram: memoirs (1990) References Penny Junor (2002): Home Truths: Life Around My Father, Graham Lord (2012): Lord's Ladies and Gentlemen: 100 Legends of the 20th Century Notes 1919 births 1997 deaths Journalists from Glasgow Alumni of the University of Glasgow Daily Mail journalists Scottish columnists Scottish newspaper editors Scottish autobiographers Scottish knights Artists' Rifles soldiers Scottish Liberal Party parliamentary candidates Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
4472212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Connealy	Matt Connealy	Matthew James "Matt" Connealy (born December 11, 1951) is a former member the Nebraska Legislature, and former Executive Director of the Nebraska Democratic Party. Personal life Born in Oakland, Nebraska, he graduated from Decatur High School in 1970. He attended the University of St. Thomas in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1970 to 1973. Career He was elected in 1998 to represent the 16th Nebraska legislative district and reelected in 2002. He sat on the General Affairs committee and was vice chairperson of the Revenue, Urban Affairs, and Building Maintenance committees. Due to term limits approved by Nebraska voters in Initiative Measure 415 in 2001, state senators are limited to two terms, and Connealy was "termed out" in 2006. Campaigns and elections He unsuccessfully ran for the United States House of Representatives in 2004 in . Connealy won a competitive four-way primary on Tuesday, May 11, 2004 with 50.2% of the vote, defeating Janet Stewart, Charlie Matulka, and Phil Chase for the nomination. In the general election, Republican Jeff Fortenberry defeated State Senator Matt Connealy 54%-43%. Connealy won only two counties: Thurston and Burt. In 2006, Connealy unsuccessfully sought elective office as Nebraska Public Service Commissioner for district 3. Connealy was defeated by Tim Schram 56%-44%. References External links The Washington Post 2004 election results Endorsement of Connealy by the Catholic Democrats of Nebraska 1951 births Living people Nebraska state senators Nebraska Democrats University of Nebraska alumni People from Oakland, Nebraska People from Decatur, Nebraska Catholics from Nebraska
28872516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Herman	Charles Herman	Charles Herman or Hermann is the name of: Charles Herman (Canadian football), 1930s Canadian Football League player - see 1936 in Canadian football Charles Herman, inventor of the Wonder Wheel, a type of Ferris wheel Charles Herman, a character in the film A Beautiful Mind Charles F. Hermann (born 1938), American political scientist Charles Hermann (athlete), Canadian discus thrower and shot putter - see Athletics at the 1930 British Empire Games See also Charles Herman-Wurmfeld (born 1966), American film director Charles Chuck Harmon (1924–2019), American retired Major League Baseball player
2322014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menezes	Menezes	Menezes, sometimes Meneses, was originally a Portuguese toponymic surname which originated in Montes Torozos, a region in Tierra de Campos, northeast of Valladolid and southeast of Palencia. The ancestor of the Meneses lineage was Tello Pérez de Meneses. The family wealth and power grew remarkably in the 13th and 14th centuries, through several marriages with the Castilian and Portuguese royal families. As a surname, Menezes/Meneses may refer to: People Alex Meneses, United States actress and model Alexandre Menezes, Brazilian guitarist Alfred Menezes, Canadian cryptographer Antonio Martínez de Meneses, Spanish playwright Antônio Meneses (born 1957), Brazilian cellist Armando Menezes (1902–1983), Goan poet, writer, academic and civil servant Christianne Meneses Jacobs, United States writer, editor, and teacher Daiana Menezes (born 1987), Brazilian actress, model and television host Eugenio Fernando Menezes (born 1982), LastManStands T20Cricket South African Captain 2013-2017 Francisco Meneses Osorio, Spanish painter Glória Menezes, She uses Menezes as artistic name. Brazilian actress Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist Guillermo Meneses, Venezuelan writer Heloísa Pinheiro, Brazilian real-life "Girl from Ipanema" Holdemar Menezes, Brazilian writer Icarius De Menezes, Brazilian creative director Ivan Menezes, Indian-born American/British business executive Jean Charles de Menezes, Brazilian killed by London police officers who mistook him for a terrorist João Costa Menezes, Portuguese actor and filmmaker Jorge de Menezes, Portuguese explorer Luís de Menezes Bragança (1878–1938), Indian journalist, writer, politician and anti-colonial activist Mai Meneses, Spanish singer-songwriter Manuel Menezes, Indian business executive, chairman of the Indian Railway Board Margareth Menezes, Brazilian singer Monsueto Menezes, Brazilian sambista, singer, composer and drummer Paulo Barreto Menezes (1925–2016), Brazilian civil engineer and politician Philadelpho Menezes, Brazilian poet, visual poet, pioneer of new media poetry Simone Menezes, Brazilian conductor Tobias Barreto de Meneses (1839–1889), Brazilian critic, poet, jurist Tyler Menezes, Canadian-American computer programmer and businessperson Victor Menezes, United States engineer Vidaluz Meneses (1944–2016), Nicaraguan librarian, poet, dean, and social activist Melroy Menezes, Business Process Consultant -SAP Jaison Menezes, Vice President, Credit Suisse Politics António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva (1596–1675), Portuguese general in the Portuguese Restoration War António José Severim de Noronha, 1st Duke of Terceira (1792–1860), Portuguese soldier and statesman Aristide Menezes, political figure in Guinea-Bissau Carlos Alberto Menezes Direito, Brazilian judge of the Supreme Federal Court Duarte de Menezes (1488–1539), Portuguese nobleman and colonial officer Duarte de Menezes, 3rd Count of Viana (1414–1464), Portuguese nobleman and military figure Fernando de Magalhães e Menezes, Portuguese colonial administrator and Chief of Staff in 1891 Fradique de Menezes, Former President of São Tomé and Príncipe Francisco de Meneses Brito, Spanish Governor of Chile João Afonso Telo, 4th Count of Barcelos (died 1381), Portuguese nobleman João Rodrigues de Sá e Menezes (16th century), first Count of Penaguião, a Portuguese title José Manuel da Cunha Faro Menezes Portugal da Gama Carneiro e Sousa (1788–1849), Portuguese count and Prime Minister Leonor de Castro Mello y Meneses (1512–1546), Portuguese noble and court official, the IVth Duchess of Gandia Leonor Telles de Meneses, Queen Consort of Portugal Luís Filipe Menezes, Portuguese politician Manuel de Menezes, Duke of Vila Real (16th century), Portuguese Governor of Ceuta Mark Menezes, American lawyer and Under Secretary of Energy Omar Fayad Meneses, Mexican politician Pedro de Meneses, 1st Count of Vila Real (1370–1437), Portuguese nobleman and military figure Dom Roque Tello de Menezes, Portuguese nobleman Religion Aleixo de Menezes, Portuguese Archbishop of Braga Beatrice of Silva Menezes, Saint (1424–1492), Spanish nobleman, foundress of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady Juan Francisco Meneses, Chilean priest and political figure María Romero Meneses, Nicaraguan nun Mary Noel Menezes, Guyanese Roman Catholic nun and historian Rozario Menezes, Roman Catholic Bishop of Lae, Papua New Guinea Sports Agdon Menezes, Brazilian football forward Alex Paulo Menezes Santana, known as Alex Santana, Brazilian footballer Ademir Marques de Menezes, Brazilian footballer António de Menezes, Portuguese fencer Benedicto de Moraes Menezes, Brazilian football player Bruno Marques Menezes, Brazilian footballer Bruno Menezes, Brazilian footballer Bruno Menezes Soares, also known as Bruno Mineiro, Brazilian football striker Carlos Menezes, Peruvian boxer Carlos de Menezes Júnior, Brazilian professional footballer Cecília Menezes, Brazilian indoor volleyball player Eduardo Menezes, Brazilian Olympic show jumping rider Enilton Menezes de Miranda, Brazilian footballer Eugenio Fernando Menezes (born 1982), LastManStands South African Captain, poet, writer, attorney Felipe Menezes, Brazilian professional footballer Fernando Meneses, Chilean footballer Francisco Jackson Menezes da Costa, known as Jackson Caucaia, Brazilian footballer Frederika Menezes, Goan author, poet and artist Gledson da Silva Menezes, Brazilian football defender Gustavo Menezes, American racing driver Harlei de Menezes Silva, Brazilian goalkeeper Helena de Menezes, Brazilian sprinter Henry Menezes, Indian football manager Jady Menezes, Brazilian kickboxer João Menezes (born 1996), Brazilian tennis player Igor Caetano Menezes Trindade, Brazilian football player Jady Menezes Jeferson Lima de Menezes, known as Gauchinho, Brazilian footballer José Clayton Menezes Ribeiro, Brazilian-Tunisian footballer Jude Menezes, Indian field hockey goalkeeper Luís Vinícius de Menezes, Brazilian footballer Luiz Antonio "Mano" Venker Menezes, Brazilian football manager Paulo Menezes (footballer) (born 1982), footballer from Brazil Paulo Menezes (football coach) (born 1978), Portuguese football manager Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes, Brazilian geologist, mineralogist and mineral dealer Luiz Henrique Ferreira de Menezes, Brazilian former footballer Marcos Antonio Menezes Godoi, Brazilian football player Osman Menezes Venâncio Júnior, Brazilian footballer Mauro Menezes, former professional tennis player from Brazil Paulo Victor de Menezes Melo, also known as Paulinho, Brazilian footballer Rildo da Costa Menezes, Brazilian footballer Ronald Menezes, Brazilian freestyle swimmer Tony Menezes, Canadian-Brazilian footballer Valeska Menezes, Brazilian volleyball player Vergel Meneses, Filipino basketball player Vilson Xavier de Menezes Júnior, Brazilian footballer Yasmin Menezes, Brazilian female acrobatic gymnast William Menezes, Brazilian football goalkeeper See also Meneses de Campos, municipality in Spain MQV (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone), cryptographic protocol Spanish-language surnames Portuguese-language surnames
29389113	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Caversham%20International%20Tennis%20Tournament	2009 Caversham International Tennis Tournament	The 2009 Caversham International Tennis Tournament was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Saint Brélade, Jersey, Great Britain between 9 and 15 November 2009. ATP entrants Seeds Rankings are as of November 2, 2009. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Colin Fleming James Marsalek David Rice Daniel Smethurst The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Daniel Cox Robin Haase Henri Kontinen Roman Valent Champions Singles Jarkko Nieminen def. Stéphane Robert, 4–6, 6–1, 7–5 Doubles Frederik Nielsen / Joseph Sirianni def. Henri Kontinen / Jarkko Nieminen, 7–5, 3–6, [10–2] External links ITF search 2009 Draws Caversham International Tennis Tournament Carpet court tennis tournaments Tennis tournaments in Jersey Caversham International Tennis Tournament 2009 in tennis
23726682	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azilal%20Province	Azilal Province	Azilal (in berber : ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) is a province in the Moroccan region of Béni Mellal-Khénifra. Its population in 2004 is 504,501. The major cities and towns are: Afourar Azilal Ait Attab Bzou Demnate Foum Jamaa Ouaouizeght Subdivisions The province is divided administratively into the following: References Azilal Province
2707657	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika%20distinction	Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction	The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction is a doctrinal distinction made within Tibetan Buddhism between two stances regarding the use of logic and the meaning of conventional truth within the presentation of Madhyamaka. Svātantrika is a category of Madhyamaka viewpoints attributed primarily to the 6th-century Indian scholar Bhāviveka. Bhāviveka criticised Buddhapalita’s abstinence from syllogistic reasoning in his commentary on Nagarjuna. Following the example of the influential logician Dignāga, Bhāviveka used autonomous syllogistic reasoning (svātantra) syllogisms in the explanation of Madhyamaka. To have a common ground with essentialist opponents, and make it possible to use syllogistic reasoning in discussion with those essentialists, Bhāviveka argued that things can be said to exist conventionally 'according to characteristics'. This makes it possible to take the mere object as the point of departure for the discussion on inherent existence. From there, it is possible to explain how these things are ultimately empty of inherent existence. Prasaṅgika views are based on Candrakīrti's critique of Bhāviveka, arguing for a sole reliance on prasaṅga, "logic consequence," a method of reductio ad absurdum which is used by all Madhyamikas, using syllogisms to point out the absurd and impossible logical consequences of holding essentialist views. According to Candrakīrti, the mere object can only be discussed if both parties perceive it in the same way. As a consequence (according to Candrakirti) svatantrika reasoning is impossible in a debate, since the opponents argue from two irreconcilable points of view, namely a mistaken essentialist perception, and a correct non-essentialist perception. This leaves no ground for a discussion starting from a similarly perceived object of discussion, and also makes impossible the use of syllogistic reasoning to convince the opponent. Candrakīrti's works had no influence on Indian and early Tibetan Madhayamaka, but started to rise to prominence in Tibet in the 12th century. Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the Gelugpa school and the most outspoken proponent of the distinction, followed Candrakīrti in his rejection of Bhavaviveka's arguments. According to Tsongkhapa, the Svātantrikas do negate intrinsic nature ultimately, but "accept that things conventionally have intrinsic character or intrinsic nature." Tsongkhapa, commenting on Candrakirti, says that he "refute[s] essential or intrinsic nature even conventionally." For Tsongkhapa, as well as for the Karma Kagyu school, the differences with Bhavaviveka are of major importance. Established by Lama Tsongkhapa, Candrakīrti's view replaced the Yogācāra-Mādhyamika approach of Śāntarakṣita (725–788), who synthesized Madhyamaka, Yogacara and Buddhist logic in a powerful and influential synthesis called Yogācāra-Mādhyamika. Śāntarakṣita established Buddhism in Tibet, and his Yogācāra-Mādhyamika was the primary philosophic viewpoint until the 12th century, when the works of Candrakīrti were first translated into Tibetan. In this synthesis, conventional truth or reality is explained and analysed in terms of the Yogacara system, while the ultimate truth is presented in terms of the Madhyamaka system. While Śāntarakṣita's synthesis reflects the final development of Indian Madhyamaka and post-dates Candrakīrti, Tibetan doxographers ignored the nuances of Śāntarakṣita's synthesis, grouping his approach together with Bhāviveka's, due to their usage of syllogistic reasonings to explain and defend Madhyamaka. After the 17th century civil war in Tibet and the Mongol intervention which put the Gelugpa school in the center of power, Tsongkhapa's views dominated Tibetan Buddhism until the 20th century. The Rimé movement revived alternate teachings, providing alternatives to Tsongkhapa's interpretation, and reintroducing Śāntarakṣita's nuances. For the Sakya and Nyingma schools, which participated in the Rimé movement, the Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction is generally viewed to be of lesser importance. For these schools, the key distinction between these viewpoints is whether one works with assertions about the ultimate nature of reality, or if one refrains completely from doing so. If one works with assertions, then that is a Svātantrika approach. Refraining from doing so is a Prāsangika approach. Indian Madhyamaka Madhyamaka originated with the works of Nāgārjuna (c. 150 – c. 250 CE), and his commentators. The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction can be traced to the following three commentators: Buddhapālita (470 – 550 CE), a minor author in India, whom Tibetan tradition credits as the founder of the Prasangika "school," was an early adopter of syllogistic and consequentialist methods in his writings, although of a particularly limited form; Bhāviveka (c. 500 – c. 578 CE), who was influenced by the developing Buddhist logic initiated by Dignāga (c. 480 – c. 540 CE), and used syllogistic reasoning in his commentary on Nagarjuna. He did so to catch up with these developments in Buddhist logic, and prevent Madhyamaka from becoming obsolete. His criticisms of Buddhapalita are retrospectively imagined as the foundation of the Svatantrika "school"; Candrakīrti (c. 600 – c. 650 CE), who defended Buddhapālita against Bhāvyaviveka. Although he "attracted almost no following and made no impact on the development of the Madhyamaka tradition" in India, he became regarded by the Tibetan tradition after 1200 CE as an important proponent of Prāsangika. Śāntarakṣita (725–788), who synthesized Madhyamaka, Yogacara and Buddhist logic in a powerful and influential synthesis called Yogācāra-Mādhyamika. He established Buddhism in Tibet, and his Yogācāra-Mādhyamika was the primary philosophic viewpoint established there, which reigned superior until the 12th century, when the works of Candrakīrti were first translated into Tibetan. The name Prasangika is derived from , a method of logical inquiry which deconstructs the opponents' argument in debate through the use of unwanted logical consequences. It arises from Bhāvaviveka's criticism that Buddhapālita ought not to have relied solely on reductio ad absurdum argumentation —hence the name "Prāsangika", from prāsanga ("consequence")—but ought to have set forth "autonomous" (svātantra) syllogisms of his own. Bhāviveka Bhāviveka (c. 500 – c. 578 CE) argued that autonomous syllogistic reasoning was required when explaining or commenting on Nagarjuna's teachings on voidness or essencelessness. To be able to use syllogistic reasoning, both parties need to share a common object of discussion at the conventional level. While the various opponents have different opinions on the specifics of their teachings, the mere objects or mere forms are commonly appearing to both parties, "enjoy[ing] a certain existence 'according to their characteristics." Bhāviveka criticised Buddhapalita for merely repeating Nagarjuna's ad absurdum approach in his commentary, instead of clarifying Nagarjuna's teachings. According to Bhāviveka, syllogistic reasoning could be used for the sake of clarification. Bhāviveka further argued that Buddhapalita only showed the logical consequences, and incoherence, of the Samkhya's views on causation and inherent existence, but failed to address their arguments against Buddhist critiques. Furthermore, simply negating the opponent's view, without positing one's own position, "leaves room for doubt in the opponent's mind," and is unwarranted. To facilitate the possibility of discussing Madhyamaka with opponents, Bhāviveka made a provisional division of the two truths, accepting that phenomena exist "according to their characteristics." Bhāviveka made a further distinction in his treatment of ultimate truth or reality. Ultimate truth or reality transcends discursive thought, and cannot be expressed in words. To be able to talk about it anyway, and distinguish it from relative truth or reality, Bhāviveka makes a distinction between the "world-transcending" or "ultimate truth in itself," which is ineffable and beyond words; and the "pure worldly wisdom" or "approximate truth," which can be talked about and points to the "ultimate truth in itself," which has to be personally experienced. Dreyfus and McClintock observe that Bhāvaviveka was more influential in Indian Madhyamaka than was Candrakirti: "In this regard, Bhāvaviveka should probably be seen as quite successful: apart from Candrakirti and Jayananda, nearly all other Indian Madhyamikas were to follow in his footsteps and embrace autonomous arguments as important tools in their endeavors to establish the supremacy of the Madhyamaka view." Candrakirti Candrakirti (c. 600 – c. 650 CE) had little impact during his lifetime. The first commentary on his Madhyamakavatara was written in India in the 11th century, more than 300 years after his death. In the 12th century his works were translated in Tibetan, and became highly influential. Candrakirti rejected Bhāviveka's criticism of Buddhapālita, and his use of independent logic. According to Candrakīrti, the mere object can only be discussed if both parties perceive it in the same way. According to Candrakirti, this is impossible, since the opponents argue from two irreconcilable points of view, namely a mistaken essentialist perception, and a correct non-essentialist perception. This leaves no ground for a discussion starting from a similarly perceived object of discussion, and also makes impossible the use of syllogistic reasoning to convince the opponent. According to Chandrakirti, without a conventionally appearing set of characteristics to designate upon, the Svātantrika would not be able to establish a syllogism. Candrakirti also rejected Bhāviveka's argument that autonomous arguments should be used in commentaries to clarify the original text, noting that Nagarjuna himself, in his auto-commentary on the Vigrahavyavartani, also didn't use autonomous arguments. Candrakirti rejected "the use of autonomous arguments, for the very reason that they imply the acceptance (however provisional) of entities. According to Chandrakirti, this mode of thinking is a subtle form of grasping at inherent existence: one's mind is still searching for some way to hold on to an essence, self, or identity for conventionally perceived objects. For Candrakirti, there is no use in explaining the relative truth in any philosophical system; "the relative truth consists simply of phenomena as we observe them, the unanalyzed constituents of the common consensus." The only aim of consequential arguments "is to introduce the mind to the direct knowledge of emptiness, not an intellectual understanding of it," making "no concessions to the spiritually unprepared." Candrakirti's criticism was "part of a wider rejection of the logico-epistemological tradition of Dignāga, which he regarded as a misguided attempt to find "philosophical completeness" and a sense of intellectual security that is antithetical to the fundamental insight of Madhyamaka." Candrakirti did not reject the use of logic, but it served to demarcate the limits of discursive thought. In the absence of any agreement between Madhyamikas and substantialists, prasanga is the best approach "to indicate the ultimate without making statements that [...] compromise or [...] obscure their own position." Since the use of autonomous arguments implies the acceptance of real entities, even if only provisional, they should not be used. Śāntarakṣita Born and educated in India, Śāntarakṣita (725–788) came to the Tibetan Empire at the instigation of King Trisong Detsen after Nyang Tingdzin Zangpo had encouraged the King to make the invitation. Śāntarakṣita came to Tibet sometime before 767 CE. He oversaw the construction of the first Buddhist monastery at Samye in 787 CE, ordained the first monastics there, had Indian Buddhist texts brought to Tibet, and started the first translation project. He also advised the king to invite Padmasambhava to come to Tibet. He was also instrumental in the coming of Kamalaśīla to Tibet, who participated in the so-called "council of Lhasa," which, according to Tibetan tradition, led to the defeat of the Chinese chan monk Moheyan, and the establishment of Indian Buddhism as the norm for Tibetan Buddhism. Śāntarakṣita synthesised Madhyamaka, Yogacara, and the logico-epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti. In this synthesis, conventional truth or reality is explained and analysed in terms of the Yogacara system, while the ultimate truth is presented in terms of the Madhyamaka system. Tibetan Madhyamaka Divisions prior to the distinction When Buddhism was established in Tibet, the primary philosophic viewpoint established there was that of Śāntarakṣita (725–788), a synthesis of Madhyamaka, Yogacara and Buddhist logic called Yogācāra-Mādhyamika. A common distinction of Madhyamaka teachings was given by Jnanasutra (, 8th–9th centuries), a student of Śāntarakṣita: "Sautrāntika Madhyamika," including Bhāviveka; and "Yogācāra Madhyamaka," including Śāntarakṣita, Kamalaśīla, and Haribhadra. The difference lies in their "acceptance or rejection of extramental phenomena on the conventional level." While Bhavaviveka considered material phenomena at the conventional level as to be existent outside the mind, he applied Sautrantika terminology to describe and explain them. Śāntarakṣita rejected this approach, denying "the extramental status of phenomena appearing within the sphere of conventional truth." Instead, he saw conventional phenomena as manifestations of the mind, in line with the Yogacara approach. Candrakirti's works were known in Tibet as early as the 8th century, but "specifically in connection with the logical tradition," when Candrakirti's Yuktishashtika was translated by Yeshe De (Jnanasutra) and some others. The Prāsangika-Svātantrika distinction was possibly invented by the Tibetan translator Pa tshab nyi ma grags (1055–1145), using the terms Rang rgyud pa and Thal 'gyur ba, which were Sanskritized by modern scholars as Svātantrika and Prāsaṅgika. According to Dreyfus and McClintock, Tibetan scholars themselves state that the distinction "is a Tibetan creation that was retroactively applied in an attempt to bring clarity and order to the study of contemporary Indian Madhyamaka interpretations." Later Gelugpa scholars as well as Nyingmapas, after Candrakīrti's works were translated in Tibetan in the 12th century, considered both of the above to constitute subdivisions of Svatantrika, however, under the names of "Sautrantika Svātantrika Madhyamaka" "Yogācāra Svātantrika Madhyamaka." Those various teachers, and their approaches were grouped together due to their usage of syllogistic reasonings to explain and defend Madhyamaka, in disregard of the philosophical nuances of Śāntarakṣita's approach. A related doctrinal topic of profound disagreement is between Rangtong-Shentong, which concerns the "nature" of ultimate truth as empty of a self or essence, or as constituting an absolute reality which is "truly existing" and empty of any other, transitional phenomena. Lama Tsongkhapa and Gelugpa's dominant view Initially, this new distinction based on Candrakirti's Prasannapada met with fierce resistance in Tibet, but gained in popularity and was strongly supported by Je Tsongkhapa (1357 – 1419 CE). He became the most outspoken defender of the Svātantrika-Prāsaṅgika distinction, arguing that "the two subschools are separated by crucial philosophical differences, including a different understanding of emptiness and of conventional reality." Tsongkhapa was a powerful personality with a large following, but he too met with a strong resistance, especially within the Sakya school to which he originally belonged. His critics rejected his interpretation as "inadequate, newfangled, and unsupported by tradition." According to those critics, Tsongkhapa had "greatly exaggerated the divergence of view." Tsongkhapa's view became the dominant view in the beginning of the 17th century, when Gusri Khan (1582–1655) ended the civil war in central Tibet, putting the 5th Dalai Lamai in command of the temples in Tibet. This gave the Gelugpa school a strong political power, and the means to effectively ban the writings of Tsongkhapa's critics. Tsongkhapa's view For Tsongkhapa, the Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction centers around the usage of autonomous syllogistic reasoning to convince opponents of the Madhyamaka point of view, and the implications of the establishment of conventional existence 'according to characteristics'. Tsongkhapa objected against Bhaviveka's use of autonomous syllogistic reasoning in explaining voidness or essencelessness. To be able to use syllogistic reasoning, both parties need to have a common ground onto which those syllogistic reasonings can be applied. This common ground is the shared perception of the object whose's emptiness of inherent existence is to be established. According to Bhaviveka, this shared perception is possible because the perceived objects are mentally imputed (labeled) based on characteristic marks which distinguishes them from other objects. The Prāsaṅgika reject this idea, arguing that "[w]hat establishes that things exist is only that they are imputable, not that they are imputable with a findable characteristic." According to Tsongkhapa, there is no such common ground or shared perception, while the reliance on characteristic marks implies an inherent existence at the conventional level, which is not in accord with the Madhyamaka point of view. Tsongkhapa holds reductio ad absurdum of essentialist viewpoints to be the most valid method of demonstrating emptiness of inherent existence, and of demonstrating that conventional things do not have a naturally occurring conventional identity. According to Tsongkhapa, if both people in a debate or discussion have a valid understanding of emptiness already, then autonomous syllogistic arguments could be quite effective. However, in a circumstance where one or both parties in a debate or discussion do not hold a valid understanding, "the debate [should be] founded on what the parties accept as valid. Hence, it is proper to refute opponents in terms of what they accept." In other words, it is more appropriate to establish a position of emptiness through showing the logical consequences of the incorrect position that the opponent already accepts, than it is to establish emptiness through syllogistic reasoning using premises that the opponent (and perhaps even the proponent) do not fully or deeply understand. While Tsongkhapa's view met with strong resistance after their introduction, his views came to dominate Tibet in the 17th century, with the Ganden Phodrang government, after the military intervention of the Mongol lord Gusri Khan. He supported the Gelugpa's against the Tsangpa family, and put the 5th Dalai Lama in charge of Tibet. Seminal texts which were critical of Tsongkhapa's views, such as Gorampas critique, "ceased to be available and were almost lost." Tsongkhapa's Eight Difficult Points Lama Tsongkhapa outline eight key points that differentiate the Prasaṅgika from his opponents that, according to him, hold a Svatantrika view. They are: Refutation, even at a conventional level, of the ālāyavijñāna or storehouse-consciousness; Self-awareness; Rejection of autonomous syllogisms in order to establish the ultimate view; The assertion of the existence of external objects on the same level as cognition; The assertion that the Śrāvakas and Pratyekabuddha comprehend the selfless of phenomena; The assertion that the grasping to the self of phenomena is a negative emotion; The assertion that disintegration is an impermanent thing; The consequent uncommon presentation of the three times (past, present and future). The main difference, however, asserted by many scholars is the point 3, the difference between the use of autonomous syllogisms and the reductio ad absurdum Prasaṅgika's approach, whereas the other points are just minor doctrinal differences between the other schools. Tsongkhapa exaggeretared this difference by positing another 7 points. Alternate views and criticism According to Dreyfus & McClintock, "many other Tibetan commentators have tended to downplay the significance of any differences." Nyingma In the 19th century the concurring Nyingma, Kagyu and Sakya schools joined forces in the Rimé movement, in an attempt to preserve their religious legacy against the dominant Gelugpa school. Ju Mipham's commentary on Santarakshita's Madhyamakalankara ("The Adornment of the Middle Way") is an example of this new impetus to older strands of Tibetan Buddhism. Mipham presents an alternative interpretation of the Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction, in which the emphasis is not on "dialectical preferences," (consequential reasoning versus syllogistic reasoning), but on the distinction between the "approximate ultimate truth" and the "actual ultimate truth," just like Bhavaviveka did. According to Mipham, "the authentic Svatantrika is the approach that emphasizes the approximate ultimate, while the Prasangika approach emphasizes the ultimate in itself, beyond all assertions." His is a gradual approach, starting with sensory experience and the 'realness' of the "things" perceived through them, which are "provisionally accorded a certain existence." From there the approximate ultimate truth is posited, demonstrating that "phenomena cannot possibly exist in the way that they appear," invalidating the conventional reality of appearances. From there, "the ultimate truth in itself, which is completely free from all assertion, is reached." While the Svatantrikas do make assertions about conventional truth or reality, they stay silent on the ultimate in itself, just like the Prasangikas. According to Ju Mipham, Tsongkhapa's approach was seriously flawed. Tsongkhapa's approach leads students in the right direction but will not lead to the true ultimate until they go further. Mipham further argues that Tsongkhapa's approach is an excellent Svatantrika approach, because of the way he refutes true establishment instead of objects themselves. According to the Padmakara Translation Group, "its presentation of "conventional," as distinct from "true," existence seems very close to the "existence according to characteristics" that Bhavya had ascribed to phenomena on the relative level. Sakya The Sakya teacher Gorampa was critical of Tsongkhapa and his views. One of Gorampa's most important and popular works is Distinguishing the Views (), in which he argues for his view of Madhyamaka. He and other Sakya teachers classify themselves as presenting the "Freedom from Proliferation" () Madhyamaka. Gorampa does not agree with Tsonghkapa that the Prasangika and Svatantrika methods produce different results, nor that the Prasangika is a "higher" view. He does also critique the Svatantrika approach as having too much reliance on logic, because in his view the component parts of syllogistic logic are not applicable in the realm of the ultimate. But this critique is constrained to the methodology, and he believed both approaches reach the same ultimate realization. Mainstream Sakyas (following Rongtön and Gorampa) also hold the position that the distinction between these two schools is merely of a pedagogical nature. With regard to the view of the ultimate truth there is no difference between them. Kagyu Kagyu and Sakya scholars have argued against the claim that students using Svatantrika do not achieve the same realization as those using the Prasangika approach. According to those critics, there is no difference in the realization of those using the Svatantrika and Prasangika approaches. They also argue that the Svatantrika approach is better for students who are not able to understand the more direct approach of Prasangika, but it nonetheless results in the same ultimate realization. Gelugpa The debate is also not strictly along lineage lines, since there are some non-Gelugpa's who prefer Je Tsongkhapa's points, while a notable Gelugpa, Gendün Chöphel, preferred and wrote about Ju Mipham's interpretation. While Lama Tsongkhapa's approach to Madhyamaka is still viewed as authoritative in the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, the 14th Dalai integrates Gelugpa Madhyamaka with Dzogchen views, as did the 5th Dalai Lama. The 14th Dalai Lama has published works like The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra which seem to be influenced by the views of Śāntarakṣita and Padmasambhava, and contain a blend of Tantric theory, Chittamātra, and Madyamaka-Prasangika. The 14th Dalai Lama, echoing sentiments from classical authorities like Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen (4th Panchen Lama), states that the credible teachers of the various systems of Buddhist philosophy all "arrive at the same intended point" of realization. However, it is also stated that this non-denominational position is very difficult to establish through reason. See also Schools of Buddhism Rangtong-Shentong Notes References Sources Primary printed sources Secondary printed sources (Sakya) (Gelugpa) Web-sources Further reading Introduction Indian Madhyamaka della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986) Tibetan Madhyamaka (primary/secondary sources) (Sakya) (Candrakirti/Nyingma) (Shantarakshita/Nyingma) (Gelugpa) (Gelugpa) (Gelugpa) (Kagyu) Tibetan Madhyamaka (secondary sources) Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas. In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa) Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) External links The Buddha Within by S. K. Hookham on Rangtong and Shentong Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy Tibetan Buddhism
2861812	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhangadhi	Dhangadhi	Dhangadhi () is a sub-metropolitan city and the district headquarters of Kailali District in Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal. It shares a border with Uttar Pradesh, India in the south, Godawari and Gauriganga Municipality in the North, Kailari Rural Municipality in the east and Kanchanpur District in the west. Dhangadhi is a sub-metropolis divided into 19 wards. It has a population of about 147,181 and thus is the 10th biggest city of Nepal. It has an area of . It is one of the major cities of Far - West Province of Nepal along with Bhimdatta. Dhangadhi was established in 1976. It became the first sub-metropolitan city in the far-west after it was upgraded to a sub-metropolis from municipality status on 18 September 2015 as the village development committees Fulbari and Urma were merged into Dhangadhi. Transportation Road Dhangadhi is well connected with other major cities of Nepal and the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Indian and Nepali nationals may cross the international border without restrictions, however there is a customs checkpoint for goods and third country nationals. Local transport includes Cycle Rickshaws, Taxis and Public City Buses. Air Dhangadhi Airport is located 10 km from the administrative center and about 660 kilometers west of Kathmandu. The runway has been extended to 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) length and blacktopped to accommodate Fokker 100 aircraft. Climate The highest temperature ever recorded in Dhangadhi was on 5 June 1995, while the lowest temperature ever recorded was on 11 January 1985 . Education Colleges Kailali Multiple Campus (Campus Road) Kailali Model Higher Secondary School, Utter Behadi Sudur Paschimanchal Campus (Sontoshi tole) Aishwarya Multiple Campus was established in 2063 B.S. & has been conditioning the bachelor level programs with affiliation to Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. The programs currently offered are: B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science), BBS (Bachelor of Business Studies).It is the one of the best college of Nepal which provides quality education.Bishal Mahara, the present energetic student of IOE, Pulchowk Engineering Campus,also completed his higher-level education from Aishwarya Multiple Campus. Dhangadhi Engineering College was established in 2000 A.D. & has been conducting the bachelor level programs with affiliation to Pokhara University, Nepal. The programs currently offered are: Bachelor of Computer Engineering (B.E Computer), Bachelor of Computer Application (B.C.A), Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A), and Bachelor of Civil Engineering (B.E Civil). Nepal Western Academy is another renowned college located in Santoshi Tole. It is affiliated to Pokhara University. Currently it has been running BBA BI and BHM programs. National Academy of science and technology (Uttar Behendi) Western International Business School (LN chowk). Currently it has been running BBA and MBA. It is affiliated to Delta International University of New Orleans USA Schools Kailali Vidya Niketan (Dhangadhi-8, shiksyanagar) Shree Milan English School Aristo English Boarding High School (Campus Road) Three Stars English Boarding School Dhangadhi-8,Kailali Caspian Academy English Boarding School Dhangadhi-*,kailali Aishwarya Vidya Niketan Higher Secondary School, Hasanpur, Kailali Stepping Stone English School, Chauraha-2, Dhangadhi Jyoti English Boarding High School Broad Vision International Academy, Chatakpur, Dhangadhi. Kailali Model Higher Secondary School, Uttarbehadi, Dhangadhi Panchodaya Higher Secondary School Green Land Public School - Dhangadhi Malika Higher Secondary English School Unique Modern Academy santoshitole-2. Shree Basu Devi Higher Secondary School (dhangadhi,06, jali) Far West Secondary School (jai) Galaxy Higher Secondary School (Hasanpur) Emerald Academy (Dhangadhi-3, Bishalnagar) Manilek International School Dhangadhi-3, Chatakpur Doon Academy, Bhanshar Road, Dhangadhi-3, Kailali Glee Academy School Himal Academy Dhangadhi, Chauraha-2, Dhangadhi Siddhartha Shishu Sadan Higher Secondary School, L.N. Chwok Shree Navadurga Secondary School, Dhangadhi-2, Bhansar Jaycees Everest English School, Dhangadhi-2 Western Crystal Academy Dhangadhi-2 Mountsaipal English Boarding School Crescent City School, Baiyabehadi-2, Dhangadhi Discovery English Boarding School Dhangadhi-8, Kantipur Tole Navajeevan English School, Santoshitole-2, Dhangadhi Delight Boarding School Hospitals Seti Zonal Hospital, Main Road, Dhagadhi City Metro Hospital Navajeevan Hospital CP Hospital, Chatakpur Maya Metro Hospital Nisarga Hospital Dhangadhi Netralaya Eye Hospital, Chatakpur Joshi Medical References Populated places in Kailali District Transit and customs posts along the India–Nepal border Points for exit and entry of nationals from third countries along the India–Nepal border Nepal municipalities established in 1976 Municipalities in Kailali District Submetropolitan municipalities of Nepal
29265635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Pannell	Richard Pannell	Richard James Pannell (born 2 June 1973) is a former English cricketer. Pannell was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. He was born at Bristol. Pannell represented the Somerset Cricket Board in a single List A match against Wales Minor Counties in the 1st round of the 2001 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy at North Perrott Cricket Club Ground. In his only List A match, he scored 12 runs and took a single catch in the field. With the ball he took 3 wickets at a bowling average of 7.00, with figures of 3/21. References External links Richard Pannell at Cricinfo Richard Pannell at CricketArchive 1973 births Living people Cricketers from Bristol English cricketers Somerset Cricket Board cricketers
62626618	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage%20%28Scotch%20song%29	Mirage (Scotch song)	"Mirage" is a 1986 single by italo-disco band Scotch. Composition The song was written by David Zambelli, Vince Lancini and Fabio Margutti and produced by David and Walter Zambelli. Charts References External links 1986 songs 1986 singles Scotch (band) songs ZYX Music singles
11605558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxtepec	Oaxtepec	Oaxtepec is a town within the municipality of Yautepec and the Cuautla metropolitan area in the eastern part of the Mexican state of Morelos. Its main industry is tourism, mostly aimed at the inhabitants of nearby Mexico City, and the town possesses various aquatic resorts and hotels. The climate is tropical and the countryside very lush. The population of Oaxtepec is 7,097 (2020). Oaxtepec had 6,939 inhabitants in 2010. During the XIX Olympiad in 1968, Oaxtepec was the venue and staging area for the World Youth Camp component of the Cultural Olympiad. Equestrian events at the 1968 Olympiad were held in Oaxtepec. History In pre-Columbian times, already one of the largest towns in the region, it was conquered by the Aztecs under the rule of Moctezuma Ilhuicamina. During Moctezuma Ilhuicamina's reign (1440–1469), the first leisure center for nobles was created in the warm territory of Oaxtepec, as well as low lands to the south of Tenochtitlan valley, today's Morelos. Moctezuma ordered to use the water springs of Oaxtepec to create an irrigation system for agriculture and preservation of important vegetation of the Aztec empire. An elaborate royal garden was established here where both flowers and other plants were cultivated. This was the first botanical garden in the Americas. When the Spanish first arrived in the region, they marveled at the beauty of the place. They praised Oaxtepec in their chronicles of the Aztec conquest. In the 16th century, thanks to the great number of medicinal plants found in the region, the Spaniards decided to build the Santa Cruz de Oaxtepec hospital. Bernandino Álvares directed the project in 1569 and for the next two hundred years it was administrated by the Hermanos de la Caridad (Brother of Charity). The Templo de Santo Domingo de Guzmán (Church of Saint Dominic of Guzman) was built on the ruins of the main pyramid of Oaxtepec. A major event occurred in 1964 when the Centro Vacacional Adolfo López Mateos IMSS Oaxtepec (waterpark run by Mexican Social Security Institute) was built on 120 hectares of land. This was the most important water park in Latin America. In 2018 it was remodeled, sold to a private company, and renamed Six Flags Hurricane Harbor. A smaller water park called Parque Acuatico Oaxtepec (PAO) used to be in the area, but it was purchased by Hurricane Harbor. Name and location The etymology of Oaxtepec is from the Nahuatl language and it means "On the mountain of huajes". Huaje is the Mexican Spanish name for the leadtree, Leucaena esculenta, whose fruits are edible and is a popular food in south-central Mexico. Oaxtepec is located at an altitude of above sea level. from the municipal seat of Yautepec. (21 minutes) from Cuautla, Morelos. (44 minutes) from the state capital of Cuernavaca. (1 hour, 47 minutes) via Mexican Federal Highway 113 or (1 hour, 29 minutes) via Mexican Federal Highway 95D and Mexican Federal Highway 115D from Mexico City. Places of interest Monastery of Santo Domingo The Ex-convento of Santo Domingo Félix de Guzmán was built by the Dominican Order between 1528 and 1580. The church was actually called Santiago Apóstol. It consists of an atrium opening onto the town's main plaza, a single nave, and two small chapels. There are two towers on the side. During the Siege of Cuautla (1812), the church served as headquarters for General Leonardo Bravo. It also served as a headquarters for the Liberation Army of the South during the Mexican Revolution. Later it was a high school incorporated with the Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, (UAEM) and as the local House of Culture. A few years ago it was returned to the Church. Water Parks Six Flags Hurricane Harbor is a chain of water parks headquartered in Grand Prairie, Texas. Features include a variety of body slides, speed slides, tube slides, wave pools, lazy rivers, and shopping areas. The Oaxtepec water park opened in 2017 and is one of the largest in Latin America. The water park opened as Centro Vacacional "Adolfo López Mateos" IMSS Oaxtepec on 120 hectares (300 acres) of land run by the Mexican Social Security Institute in 1964. In 1998, it was sold to a private company and reopened as "Parque Acuático Oaxtepec (PAO)"; the company went into bankruptcy in 2011, after which it was sold to Six Flags. The Social Security Institute runs hotels and campgrounds within the park. Balneario El Bosque Oaxtepec ("The Oaxtepec forest water park″) is a rustic water park with a suspension bridge, waterfalls, river, pools, and archeological zone. The Pozo Azul (Blue Pond) is believed to have been used by Tlatoani Moctezuma I in the 15th century. Archeology In addition to the archeological site within the water park named above, prehispanic ruins can be found on the Cerro de los Huajes ("Hill of leadtrees") near the cemetery. Ruins of the colonial (1586-1820) Hospital de la Santa Cruz, built by the Brothers of Charity (Spanish: Hospitalarios) are near "El Bosque" water park. Climate See also List of people from Morelos, Mexico Cocoyoc List of archaeological sites in Mexico Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Hernán Cortés References Literature External links http://www.imss.gob.mx/IMSS/IMSS_SITIOS/IMSS_06/Derechohabientes/PES/CSI/TurismoyConvenciones/HomeCV_05.html History of Oaxtepec (retrieved Dec 12, 2018) Hurricane Harbor Oaxtepec (Spanish; retrieved Dec 12, 2018) Populated places in Morelos Nahua settlements
40028771	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming%20at%20the%202013%20World%20Aquatics%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20100%20metre%20butterfly	Swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre butterfly	The men's 100 metre butterfly event in swimming at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships took place on 2–3 August at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain. Records Prior to this competition, the existing world and championship records were: Results Heats The heats were held at 10:39. Semifinals The semifinals were held at 19:04. Semifinal 1 Semifinal 2 Final The final was held at 18:43. References External links Barcelona 2013 Swimming Coverage Butterfly 0100 metre, men's World Aquatics Championships
25149674	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Water%20Assessment%20Programme	World Water Assessment Programme	The UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme (UNESCO WWAP) was founded in 2000 in response to a call from the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) to produce a UN system-wide periodic global overview of the status (quantity and quality), use and management of freshwater resources. To meet this challenge, WWAP coordinates the work of 31 UN-Water members and international partners, under the umbrella mechanism of UN-Water, in the production of the World Water Development Report (WWDR). The WWDR is the UN flagship report on water issues; it is a comprehensive review, released every year with a different focus on different strategic water issues, that gives an overall picture of the state, use and management of the world’s freshwater resources and aims to provide decision-makers with tools to formulate and implement sustainable water policies. Background The growing global water crisis threatens the security, stability and environmental sustainability of developing but also developed nations. Millions die each year from water-borne diseases, while water pollution and ecosystem destruction aggravate, particularly in the developing world. Over the past few decades there has been an increasing acceptance that the management of water resources must be undertaken with an integrated approach, that assessment of the resource is of fundamental importance as the basis for decision-making and that national capacities to undertake necessary assessments must be fully supported. Management decisions to alleviate poverty, to allow economic development, to ensure food security and the health of human populations as well as preserve vital ecosystems, must be based on our best possible understanding of all relevant systems. In 1998, the Sixth Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development stated that there was a need for regular, global assessments on the status of freshwater resources. In response to this the World Water Assessment Programme was founded in 2000 to coordinate the production of the UN World Water Development Report (WWDR), and to report on the status of global freshwater resources. Initially the periodicity and coverage of the Report was triennial and comprehensive, but in 2012, UN-Water changed it to have an annual and theme oriented Report. Mission and Objectives This UNESCO programme aims to equip water managers and policy- and decision-makers with knowledge, tools and skills necessary to formulate and implement sustainable water policies. The Programme's objectives are to: • Monitor, assess and report on the world's freshwater resources and ecosystems, water use and management, and identify critical issues and problems; • Help countries develop their own assessment capacity; • Raise awareness on current and imminent/future water related challenges to influence the global water agenda; • Learn and respond to the needs of decision-makers and water resource managers; • Promote gender equality; • Measure progress towards achieving sustainable use of water resources through robust indicators; and • Support anticipatory decision-making on the global water system including the identification of alternative futures. Activities The United Nations World Water Development Report The United Nations World Water Development Report (WWDR) is the UN-Water flagship report on water. It is a comprehensive review that gives an overall picture of the state, use and management of the world’s freshwater resources and aims to provide decision-makers with tools to formulate and implement sustainable water policies. From 2003 till 2012, the WWDR was produced and released every three years following a comprehensive approach. As a result of a Global Stakeholder Survey in 2012, UN-Water decided to change the periodicity of the WWDR into an annual production with a thematic focus on different strategic water issues. The content produced for the WWDR serves as basis for the celebrations of World Water Day (22 March) and related discussions throughout the year. Through a series of assessments, the Reports provide a mechanism for monitoring changes in the resource and its management and tracking progress towards achieving targets, particularly those of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Reports also offer best practices as well as in-depth theoretical analyses to help stimulate ideas and actions for better stewardship in the water sector. This authoritative publication is the result of a highly concerted process among partners and members comprising UN-Water under the coordination of WWAP. WWAP Case Studies One of the key objectives of WWAP is to help countries improve their self-assessment capability by building on existing strengths and experiences. WWAP fulfils this mission by assisting in the preparation of case studies in countries around the world in order to highlight the state of water resources where different physical, climatic and socio-economic conditions prevail. In this regard, case studies show the diversity of circumstances and different human needs. The second purpose of the case studies is to highlight the challenges that need to be addressed in the water resources sector. In the process, the skills and experience of both local water professionals and policy-makers are engaged and enhanced. WWAP is both global and local in scale, for it must check the accuracy of the big picture on the basis of snapshots of water in the field. In the global strategy to improve the overall quality of water resources, local actions often present the starting point the most fruitful efforts. The WWAP case studies aim to provide a snapshot of those efforts while showing the significance of the decisions taken at local, sub-national and national levels. The lessons learned, from both successes and failures, may be shared with other countries interested in addressing such issues. SDG 6 – Synthesis Report The SDG 6 Synthesis Report aims to provide an overview of the status of SDG 6 implementation at the global and regional levels, as well as some comprehensive information about how SDG 6 is interlinked to other SDG targets and indicators of the Agenda 2030 and the overall sustainability challenges that nations around the world are faced with. By summarizing the progress towards the achievement of SDG 6, this report will provide Member States with the ‘big picture’ on water and sanitation issues, outlining ways to accelerate progress towards this goal. Lessons learned and win-win solutions by which more than one SDG is benefited from SDG 6-related actions, as well as trade-offs and the potential implication of policies adopted by countries will be highlighted. This will enable countries to develop a roadmap towards a more sustainable development, for which water is critical in many regards. The World Water Assessment Programme coordinates a Task Force to produce the SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018, composed by some UN-Water members, such as CEO Water Mandate, FAO, ILO, UN-Habitat, UN-Water Technical Advisory Unit (TAU), UNDP, UNECE, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNU, WHO, WMO and World Bank. Capacity Development WWAP strengthens the policy-science interface and supports decision-making on water through targeted capacity reinforcement and knowledge sharing initiatives. The capacity building activities are tailored around 3 key themes: UN World Water Development Report • Water and Sustainable Development: The training facilitates peer to peer exchange, development of country case studies and follow-up at country level. The workshop provides policy makers with tools for assessing water data, managing water resources and competing users, dealing with extreme events and with the challenge of growing urban environments. • Wastewater The Untapped Resource: The training equips participants with the understanding of innovative approaches through concrete examples of successful applications of water use efficiency, water reuse, and bridging the policy-science interface. Achieving the 2030 Agenda: Inspired by the UN-Water SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 on Water and Sanitation, this training program aims at supporting the Member States in the realization of the 2030 Agenda, with a particular focus on the implementation of the targets of SDG 6 “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”, and the interlinkages with other SDGs. Water and Gender: • Trainings at country level on sex-disaggregated water data collection and gender analysis. • Trainings on integrating gender equality, woman empowerment & social inclusion in IWRM initiatives & water policies. Water and Gender In 2014 WWAP has started a ground-breaking project on gender-sensitive water assessment, monitoring and reporting, with a goal to demonstrate how water is a gendered issue. Although women play a key role in the provision, management and safeguarding on water, gender inequality persist on the globe. The Advisor Group on Gender Equality founded in 2010, developed a series of indicators for the collection of sex-disaggregated water data, which are contained/included in the “Toolkits”, with the aim of addressing the considerable data gap on gender and water issues at the global level. The project developed a methodology using the indicators with the aim of advocating for the implementation of gender-sensitive water monitoring in the post-2015 agenda and, in particular, in the monitoring framework of the SDGs. Reports Leaving No One Behind (WWDR 2019) Nature-based solutions for water (WWDR 2018) Wastewater: the Untapped Resource (WWDR 2017) Water and Jobs (WWDR 2016) Water for a Sustainable World (WWDR 2015) Water and Energy (WWDR 2014) Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk Water in a Changing World Water: A Shared Responsibility Water for People, Water for Life References World Water Assessment Programme UNESCO UN-Water UN World Water Development Report International water associations Water organizations UNESCO
62432762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolock%20feud	Coolock feud	The Coolock feud is a series of allegedly connected murders that happened in Dublin in 2019. Murder of Zach Parker Zach Parker was shot dead on 17 January 2019 outside a gym in Applewood Close in Swords. He was driving out of a car park when a gunman shot him and his passenger. Parker, 23, died at the scene and his 25-year-old passenger was taken to Beaumont Hospital. He had been convicted of drug dealing after being caught with almost €3,000 worth of cocaine in February 2017. Gardaí believe the shooting was to do with local drug dealing. Gardaí believe that he owed money to a group known as the Gucci gang, based in Finglas. The Gucci gang is essentially a subset of the Kinahan gang. Gardaí believe that he had secured a relatively small amount of drugs on credit from the gang which were later seized by Gardaí. One avenue of investigation is that he was killed because he wasn't able to pay back his debts to the gang. Murder of Seán Little Seán Little was shot dead on 21 May 2019 and his body was found beside a burning Opel Insignia at Rowan's Little, near Walshestown, near junction 5 of the M1. He was 22, associated with the leader of a Finglas-based gang and allegedly had close links to Dublin members of the Kinahan gang. The case is being investigated by Gardaí from Balbriggan. Gardaí believe Little was killed because he wanted revenge for the murder of his friend Zach Parker. Murder of Jordan Davis Jordan Davis was shot dead on 22 May 2019 in a laneway off Marigold Road, Darndale. He was bringing his four month old son for a walk in a buggy when he was shot. He was also friends with Seán Little. In June 2019 a man was arrested in connection with his murder and charged. Murder of Hamid Sanambar Hamid Sanambar, aged 41, was shot dead at the home of his friend Seán Little on Kilbarron Avenue in Coolock. He was a known associate of several crime gangs, including the Kinahans. Gardaí are investigating several lines of inquiry, including the murder being retaliation by another gang or Mr. Sanambar being set up by his own associates. Murder of Eoin Boylan Eoin Boylan was shot dead on 24 November 2019 in the garden of his home on Clonsaugh Avenue, Coolock, around 5:15pm. He had been formally warned by Gardaí that his life was in danger and he was advised to leave the area for safety. He only left for one night. He had survived previous attempts on his life. Gardaí are investigating if comments he may have made about Littles' murder on social media are connected. May 2020 shooting An unnamed man in his 30s was shot on 20 May 2020 on Cromcastle Drive in Coolock. The man was shot around 2pm outside a house, receiving leg wounds. He was attended to by Gardaí and paramedics before being taken to Beaumount Hospital a kilometre away. The target, who is from Cromcastle Estate, had a long history of involvement with crime. Gardaí are not clear if the attack is related to the Coolock feud and they have not ruled out the possibility that it is related to a feud in Darndale. The shooting happened 300m from where Hamid Sanambar was shot dead on Kilbarron Avenue. Arrest and conviction of Stephen Little and Edward McDonnell Arrests On 14 September 2019 Gardaí pulled over a car at Lein Park, Harmonstown and arrested Stephen Little, 47, of Kilbarron Avenue, Kilmore and Edward McDonnell of Waterside Apartments, New Ross, County Wexford. The Gardaí found they had a semi-automatic pistol, two balaclavas, two baseball bats, gloves, mobile phones, a can of petrol and a long-handled lighter. They were taken to Clontarf Garda station and Little told Gardaí after his arrest "had you given me another hour, I would have killed the bastard that killed him" and also "I lost my marriage and my son". Both men had been under surveillance by the Drugs and Organised Crime Bureau. Trial The trial took place in the non-jury Special Criminal Court. Stephen Little pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of a Grand Power G9 semi-automatic pistol at Lein Park, Harmonstown. The court was told that if Little had not made the comment to Gardaí about being given another hour the case against him would have been weaker and he may not have been charged. Edward McDonnell initially pleaded not guilty but on the fifth day of the trial changed his plea to guilty to the same charge. They were jailed for possession of a firearm under suspicious circumstances, an offence under section Section 27A (1) of the Firearms Act. McDonnell had 47 previous convictions, including attempted robbery, sexual assault and assault causing harm. Mr Tony Hunt, the judge, said that the men were involved in serious and organised crime and that the "timely intervention" of Gardaí had prevented serious harm or death. Sentencing Little was sentenced to six years imprisonment, McDonnell to nine. References 2019 in Ireland 2010s murders in the Republic of Ireland Conflicts in 2019 Organized crime conflicts in Ireland Conflicts in 2020
19854204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace%20Kane%27s%20Candy%20Factory	Candace Kane's Candy Factory	Candace Kane's Candy Factory is an action-puzzle video game for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS and Wii. The game lets players take the role of a factory-manager working for Candace or Colin Kane, two hard working and friendly candy makers, to fix up the factory in order to make their way to the Candy Cup Championships. During the game the machines break which are equivalent to challenges. 2008 video games Action video games Nintendo DS games North America-exclusive video games Puzzle video games Video games about food and drink Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Wii games Windows games Multiplayer and single-player video games
24444195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euminucia%20conflua	Euminucia conflua	Euminucia conflua is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by George Hampson in 1913. It is found in Ghana. References Catocalinae Insects of West Africa Owlet moths of Africa
1657088	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areosa	Areosa	Areosa is a civil parish located in the municipality (concelho) of Viana do Castelo, in northern Portugal. The population in 2011 was 4,853, in an area of 14.11 km². References Parishes of Viana do Castelo
981475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Bernard%20M%C3%A2che	François-Bernard Mâche	François-Bernard Mâche (born 4 April 1935, Clermont-Ferrand) is a French composer of contemporary music. Biography Born into a family of musicians, he is a former student of Émile Passani and Olivier Messiaen and has also received a diploma in Greek archaeology (1957) and a teaching certificate (Agrégation de Lettres classiques, 1958). He was a member of the Groupe de Recherches Musicales in Paris from 1958–63. He has composed electroacoustic, orchestral, chamber, choral, vocal and piano works. He has been a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts since 2002 and occupies the chair of the late Iannis Xenakis. Mâche's Music, Myth and Nature, or The Dolphins of Arion (Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion) (1983, 1992 ), which as a whole argues for a return in composition to mythic thought, includes a study of "ornitho-musicology" using a technique of Nicolas Ruwet's Langage, musique, poésie (1972) paradigmatic segmentation analysis, shows that birdsongs are organized according to a repetition-transformation principle. One purpose of the book was to “begin to speak of animal musics other than with the quotation marks”, and he is credited by Dario Martinelli with the creation of zoomusicology. The book also describes the conception and composition of pieces by Mâche, where, "As a starting point, he borrows a tonal model from reality which he then submits to a highly intricate process leading to abstraction." This technique leads Daniel Durney to describe Mâche as "one of the rare exponents of the naturalistic trend in music." Models often include human speech and bird song. Given the extensive use of birdsong made by Messiaen, Mâche avoided using birdsong recordings in his own work until 1969: Naluan for ensemble and tape from 1974, "systematically explores" the model of birds; while Sopiana of 1980 pits recordings of Malayan shamas, icterine warblers and marsh warblers against the virtuosity of a live flute and piano. Recordings of birdsong, insect sounds, and other natural phenomena such as raindrops are integrated into Le printemps du serpent for large percussion ensemble of 2001. Earlier in Mâche's composing career, recording of a poem by the modern Greek poet Giorgos Seferis, read by Mâche himself, formed the basis of the orchestral work La peau du silence (1962), and that of a text by Paul Éluard for Le son d'une voix for small orchestra in 1964. Other major works include Kassandra for large ensemble and tape, which won the Italia Prize in 1977; Eridan (1986) and Moires (1994), both written for the Arditti Quartet; Kengir (1991), settings of ancient Sumerian love poems, and Manuel de résurrection (1998), setting texts from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, both written for the soprano Françoise Kubler and Ensemble "Accroche Note". Several of Mâche's works from the 1980s onwards make use of the sampling keyboard, notably L'estuaire du temps (1993) for sampler and large orchestra. Published books (as editor) Music, Society and Imagination in Contemporary France (1993) Musique, mythe, nature, ou les Dauphins d'Arion (Paris: Méridiens Klinksieck, 1983) Music, Myth and Nature: or, The Dolphins of Arion (Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) (transl. from the French by Susan Delaney) Entre l'observatoire et l'atelier (Paris: Éditions Kimé, 1998) Un demi-siècle de musique... et toujours contemporaine (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000) Musique au singulier (Paris: Éditions Odile Jacob, 2001) François-Bernard Mâche: de la musique, des languages, et des oiseaux: entretien (by Bruno Serrou). (Paris: Éditions Michel de Maule, 2007) Discography Styx, Lethe. Attacca Babel, 1994 Styx, Areg, Mesarthim, Léthé, Nocturne. Naxos, 2006. Maraé, Aera, Khnoum, Le printemps du serpent. Accord, 2005. L'Estuaire du temps, Braises, Andromède. Densité 21, 2005. Kengir, Phénix, Brûlis, Figures, Aulodie. Assai, 2002. Manuel de résurrection, Kassandra, Sopiana, Amorgos, Moires. Musidisc, 1999. Aliunde, Phénix, Trois Chants Sacrés, Figures, Kemit, Aulodie. Erato, 1993. Sources External links Living Composers Project XENAKIS, REYNOLDS, LANSKY, AND MÂCHE DISCUSS COMPUTER MUSIC Moderated by Thanassis Rikakis 4 July 1992, Delphi Computer Music Conference/Festival 1935 births Living people 20th-century classical composers French classical composers French male classical composers 21st-century classical composers Members of the Académie des beaux-arts 20th-century French composers 21st-century French composers 20th-century French male musicians 21st-century French male musicians
23929107	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325%20Northern%20Rugby%20Football%20League%20season	1924–25 Northern Rugby Football League season	The 1924–25 Rugby Football League season was the 30th season of rugby league football. Season summary Hull Kingston Rovers won their second Championship by defeating Swinton in the play-off final. Swinton had ended the regular season as league leaders. Oldham defeated Hull Kingston Rovers to win the Challenge Cup. Swinton won the Lancashire League, and Hull Kingston Rovers won the Yorkshire League. Oldham beat St. Helens Recs 10–0 to win the Lancashire Cup, and Wakefield Trinity beat Batley 9–8 to win the Yorkshire County Cup. Championship Championship Play-Off Challenge Cup Oldham beat Hull Kingston Rovers 16-3 in the final played at Leeds before a crowd of 28,335. This was Oldham’s fifth appearance in the Final and their second win. Their previous Cup Final win was back in 1899. During this season's Cup competition, Wigan's Jim Sullivan set a Challenge Cup record for the most goals kicked in a match, when he was successful 22 times against the amateur team, Flimby and Fothergill. References Sources 1924-25 Rugby Football League season at wigan.rlfans.com The Challenge Cup at The Rugby Football League website 1924 in English rugby league 1925 in English rugby league Northern Rugby Football League seasons
47346924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katajanokka%20Airport	Katajanokka Airport	The Katajanokka Airport () was the first airport in Finland, located in the Katajanokka neighbourhood in Helsinki. It functioned as a seaplane base in the south-eastern shore of Katajanokka during the years 1924–1936. Its history ended when the Helsinki-Malmi Airport was inaugurated on 16 December 1936. Aero Oy began its flights from Katajanokka on 20 March 1924 at 15:40 with a Junkers F 13 D-335 aircraft. The crew consisted of a German pilot and a mechanic. The first Finnish pilot, Gunnar Lihr, began his flights during the summer of the same year. The routes of Aero went to Stockholm, Tallinn and Riga. From the very start, the company had two flights to Tallinn on every day of the week. Stockholm was not as popular as Tallinn, with six flights a week. The flight to Stockholm took three hours, but in the event of contrary winds, the flight time could be up to half an hour longer. With its partners, Aero could offer flights to Königsberg, from which passengers could continued to Berlin by train. Other companies also used the Katajanokka airport, and there were also sightseeing flights operated from there. During the summer, the planes had floats, and during the winter either skis or wheels were used for landing and taking off. During rasputitsa, i.e. when the ice was only being formed or it was melting away, the flights were not operated. This period could last for up to two months each spring and autumn. In 1928, there was an attempt to move the airport to Kellosaari, now part of Ruoholahti, but this venture was not successful, and Katajanokka remained the only airport in Helsinki. References External links Airports established in 1924 Airports disestablished in 1936 Airport Transport in Helsinki History of Helsinki Defunct airports in Finland Buildings and structures in Helsinki Former buildings and structures in Finland Seaplane bases Water aerodromes
60376415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Clifford	Herbert Clifford	Captain Herbert John Clifford (1789, Nova Scotia – 9 September 1855, Tramore, Waterford, Ireland) was an officer in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and the founder of the Loochoo Naval Mission (1843). In 1818, he published Vocabulary of the Language Spoken at the Great Loo-Choo Island, in the Japan Sea, which "remained the single most important source on Ryukyuan in the West for decades." Clifford's father was John Duke Clifford and he moved from Cloonlurg, Sligo, Ireland to Halifax, Nova Scotia and married Elizabeth (Collins) Clifford (1788). Captain Clifford was born the following year. He attended the Halifax Grammar School with General John Beckwith. He entered the navy in 1802. He was on board when it captured the on 23 February 1805. On he took part in the capture of the . During the Napoleonic Wars, he fought in the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 and was at the Invasion of Isle de France and was chosen as the bearer of despatches to England. In 1816, he went in Lord Amherst's Embassy to China, with Basil Hall. He then went to the Loo Choo Islands in 1816 and created a dictionary. Clifford became the founder of the mission to the Loo Choo Islands. He worked with Bernard Jean Bettelheim. He worked as superintendent of the Coast Guard at Waterford, Ireland for 27 years (1823–1855) until his death at age 66. Legacy Author Patrick O'Brian wrote about Captain Clifford on board HMS Boadicea is his novel The Mauritius Command. Clifford wrote Loochoo Naval Mission (LNM): The Claims of Loochoo on British Liberality, London, 1850, 5th edition. References History of Nova Scotia Christian missionaries in Japan British Protestant missionaries Protestant missionaries in Japan
6252304	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berti%20language	Berti language	Berti is an extinct Saharan language formerly spoken in northern Sudan, specifically in the Tagabo Hills, Darfur, and Kurdufan. Berti speakers migrated into the region with other Nilo-Saharan speakers, such as the Masalit and Daju, who were agriculturalists practicing varying degrees of animal husbandry. They settled in two separate areas: one north of Al-Fashir, while the other had continued eastward, settling in eastern Darfur and western Kurdufan by the nineteenth century. The two groups did not appear to share a common identity, the western group differing noticeably in its cultivation of gum arabic. By the 1990s, Arabic had largely replaced Berti as a native language. Notes and references Petráček, Karel 1965. Die Phonetik, Phonologie und Morphologie der Berti (-Siga) Sprache in Dar Fur. Archiv Orientalni, 33 : 341-366. Petráček, Karel 1966. Die Morphologie der Berti (-Siga) Sprache in Dar Fur. Archiv Orientalni, 34: 295-319. Petráček, Karel 1967. Phonologische Systeme der zentralsaharanischen Sprachen (konsonantische Phoneme). Archiv orientální 35: 26-51. Petráček, Karel 1970. Phonologische Systeme der zentralsaharanischen Sprachen (vokalische Phoneme). In: Mélanges Marcel Cohen, réunis par David Cohen. 389-396. The Hague: Mouton, Petráček, Karel 1987. Berti or Sagato-a (Saharan) Vocabulary. Afrika und Übersee 70, 163-193. Darfur Ethnic groups in Sudan Extinct languages of Africa
2082742	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%20Constitution%20of%20Bahrain	1973 Constitution of Bahrain	The 1973 Constitution of Bahrain was the first of two constitutions of Bahrain. It was in effect from December 1973 to August 1975. Background and drafting On December 16, 1971, the day Bahrain formally became independent of the United Kingdom (Bahrain technically gained its independence earlier in the year, on August 15), Shaykh Isa ibn Salman announced that the country would have a constitutional form of government. Six months later, he issued a decree providing for the election of representatives to a Constituent Assembly, charged with drafting and ratifying a constitution. The assembly was to consist of twenty-two elected delegates plus twenty additional members, including eight delegates appointed by the emir and the twelve members at the time of the Council of Ministers. The election, which was held in December 1972, was the first national election in Bahrain's history. The electorate was restricted to native-born male citizens aged twenty years and older. The relative openness of political debate permitted during the election campaign for the twenty-two contested Constituent Assembly seats encouraged individuals dissatisfied with the lack of democratic rights to demand more civil liberties. The primary focus of concern was the 1965 Law of Public Security, a series of three emiri decrees that authorized the ruler to maintain indefinitely a virtual state of emergency in order to protect national security from suspected foreign and domestic enemies. A group of mostly university-educated professionals, led by Abd al Aziz Shamlan, unsuccessfully petitioned the emir to rescind the law's harshest provisions, especially those pertaining to arrest and detention. They believed these measures had been used arbitrarily to silence dissent and peaceful opposition. Several women's groups also organized to protest the exclusion of women from the franchise. They presented a petition to the emir requesting support for extending voting rights to female citizens, but they failed to receive a positive response. The Constituent Assembly was in session during most of 1973 drafting the constitution. The Constitution The constitution, enacted by emiri decree in December 1973, contained 108 articles. It provided for an advisory legislative body, the National Assembly, consisting of thirty members elected for four-year terms, plus all the members of the Council of Ministers whose terms were not fixed, as ex officio members. The assembly was not empowered to initiate or enact legislation, but it was authorized to give advice and consent to laws proposed by the Council of Ministers. The assembly had the right to question individual ministers about policies and to withdraw confidence from any minister except the prime minister. The constitution stipulated that the emir could dissolve the assembly at his discretion, provided he make public the grounds for so doing. If the assembly were dissolved by decree, new elections had to take place within two months or the dissolution would be invalidated and the dismissed members reinstated. Election under the 1973 Constitution and suspension of the 1973 Constitution The 1973 Bahraini general election was the only election held under the 1973 Constitution. The emir dissolved the National Assembly in August 1975, citing its inability to cooperate with the government. Although the constitution stipulated that new elections had to take place within two months of a dissolution, this did not occur. One year later, in August 1976, Shaykh Isa ibn Salman announced that the National Assembly would remain dissolved indefinitely. The country was governed under emergency laws from 1975 to 2002. References Constitutions by country Bahraini law
63266885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Flag%20Show	People's Flag Show	The People's Flag Show was a November 1970 exhibition at Judson Memorial Church in New York City by Faith Ringgold, Jean Toche and Jon Hendricks, known as the Judson Three. The exhibition was raided by the police and the artists arrested on a charge of flag desecration. They were convicted and fined $100 each, but this was later overturned with support from the New York Civil Liberties Union. The organizers of the exhibition wanted to test the boundaries of “repressive laws governing so-called flag desecration.” This intent was posted on a flyer calling for artist participation for the week-long event. While the exhibition was not explicitly an antiwar event, it grew out of the antiwar movement, with many of the works included in the exhibition referencing and in some cases expressing disapproval of the Vietnam War. Radich v. New York The People’s Flag Show was inspired by the 1967 conviction of New York art gallery owner Stephen Radich, whose case was pending in the U.S. Supreme Court at the time of the 1970 exhibition. In December 1966, Radich presented sculptures by artist Marc Morrel, who incorporated American flags into works of art criticizing the U.S.’s involvement in Vietnam. In 1967, following the exhibition, Radich was convicted of “casting contempt on the American flag," thereby “violating a state law against its desecration.” Prior to his first appeal in 1967, Radich made the statement that losing the case “could affect the future of art galleries, a very important industry in New York whose right to show new work without interference from police could be severely threatened.” Radich's conviction was upheld by the New York State Court of Appeals, prompting Radich to appeal to the United States Supreme Court in 1971. After a vote of 4 to 4, with Justice William O. Douglas taking “no part in the consideration or decision of this case," the Circuit Court of Appeals ruled “that a tie vote did not represent an actual adjudication, thereby allowing for yet another appeal.” A federal judge finally overturned the conviction in 1974. Participating Artists Other participants of the group protest exhibition included feminist writer Kate Millett, political and social activist Abbie Hoffman, as well as choreographer Yvonne Rainer. In texts referencing Rainer's participation in The People’s Flag Show, the event is often referred to as the "Judson Flag Show.” Yvonne Rainer’s Trio A with Flags Rainer's contribution involved an iteration of her iconic dance, Trio A. This iteration of the dance, titled “Trio A with Flags,” was performed by Rainer and five members of the Grand Union dance troupe; Barbara Lloyd, David Gordon, Nancy Green, Steve Paxton, and Lincoln Scott. The performers danced Trio A twice through wearing “only an American flag tied like a bib around the neck." The six dancers performed simultaneously but not in unison. Rainer has stated that the performance was “a double protest,” against both censorship and war, and in her book, WORK 1961-73, Rainer writes, “To combine the flag and nudity seemed a double-barreled attack on repression and censorship.” Re-performances of Trio A with Flags Trio A with Flags continues to be performed today. On April 22nd and 23rd, 1999, seven dancers performed Trio A with Flags at Judson Memorial Church as part of a benefit to help raise money for the church. Trio A with Flags has also been restaged at the Museum of Modern Art, at the Joyce Theater with the Stephen Petronio Company, and at galas and other benefits to both celebrate and help raise money for institutions such as Printed Matter and Performa. References Art exhibitions in the United States 1970 in art Flag controversies in the United States 1970 in New York City United States Free Speech Clause case law Flags in art 1970 in United States case law
55912752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Robert%20Taylor	Tomasz Robert Taylor	Tomasz Robert Taylor (born February 23, 1954) is a Polish-American theoretical physicist and faculty at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America. He obtained his PhD degree from the University of Warsaw, Poland in 1981 under the supervision of Stefan Pokorski. He is a descendant of John Taylor who originated from Fraserburgh in Scotland and emigrated to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth c.1676. He is known for his discovery, with Stephen Parke, of Parke–Taylor amplitudes, also known as maximally helicity violating (MHV) amplitudes; his pioneering use of supersymmetry for computing scattering amplitudes in quantum chromodynamics; his seminal work, with Ignatios Antoniadis, Edi Gava and Kumar Narain, on topological string amplitudes; his formulation, with Ignatios Antoniadis and Hervé Partouche, of the first four-dimensional quantum field theory with partial supersymmetry breaking; his extensive studies, with Stephan Stieberger, of superstring scattering amplitudes. Honors 2009 Fellowship of the American Physical Society 2015 Membership in the Polish Academy of Learning References External links MHV@30: Amplitudes and Modern Applications Scientific publications of Tomasz Robert Taylor on INSPIRE-HEP 1954 births Living people Theoretical physicists Mathematical physicists People associated with CERN People associated with Fermilab Polish scientists University of Warsaw alumni Members of the Polish Academy of Learning
26183111	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus%20Indra%20Kurniawan	Agus Indra Kurniawan	Agus Indra Kurniawan (born 27 February 1982) is an Indonesian professional footballer of Chinese Indonesians descent who plays as a midfielder for Liga 2 club Muba Babel United. Club career On 31 December 2013, he was signed by Pelita Bandung Raya. Honours Club Petrokimia Putra Liga Indonesia: 2002 International Indonesia AFF Championship runner-up: 2004 Indonesia U-21 Hassanal Bolkiah Trophy: 2002 References External links Agus Indra Kurniawan at Liga Indonesia 1982 births Indonesian people of Chinese descent Indonesian footballers Indonesia international footballers 2004 AFC Asian Cup players 2007 AFC Asian Cup players Pelita Bandung Raya players Association football midfielders Living people
34403478	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern%20Lake%20%28Kern%20County%29	Kern Lake (Kern County)	Kern Lake, originally Laguna de los Tulares, was the smallest of the three large lakes in the Tulare Basin, in the southwestern San Joaquin Valley of California. It was the first of the lakes fed by the Kern River. Kern Lake is now a dry lake bed, due to agricultural diversion of the Kern River waters and the aquifer. See also Lake Isabella, modern lake of Kern River Buena Vista Lake List of lakes in California Tulare Lake References Former lakes of the United States Lakes of Kern County, California Tulare Basin watershed Endorheic lakes of California Geography of the San Joaquin Valley Kern River Natural history of the Central Valley (California) Lakes of Southern California Lakes of California
69290064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%20Dan%20%28film%20director%29	Tang Dan (film director)	Tang Dan () (born 11 September 1975) is a film director from mainland China who studied in Germany. Biography Early life and education Tang Dan was born 11 September 1975 in Chengdu, Sichuan. She graduated from the Sichuan Fine Arts Institute in 1998, having studied art and painting. In 1997–1998 she was an exchange student at Kunsthochschule Kassel. In 2000 Tang went to the University of Wuppertal to study communication design with a specialization in photo and film. In 2001–2002 she was a guest student at Deutsche Film- und Fernsehakademie Berlin. She was admitted to the Konrad Wolf Film University of Babelsberg in 2003, where her teachers included the influential gay rights activist Rosa von Praunheim. She completed a master's degree in film directing at Konrad Wolf in 2007. Filmography 2005 Make Love in Heaven, script and direction, 25:30 min. Student film about the first sexual experience of a girl who wants to become an artist. 2006 The Autumn for Guoguo (), starring Boru Ren and Yi Guo 2008 Dream Team (), a family drama where a football coach turns to coaching tug-of-war to primary school kids. 2009 Feathered Fan and Silken Ribbon, written and directed by Wieland Schulz-Keil and Tang Dan, and edited by Volker Schaner. A documentary about classical Peking opera in modern Beijing. 2011 I Phone You () a romantic comedy co-written with Wolfgang Kohlhaase and starring Florian Lukas and Jiang Yiyan. 2012 The Secret Garden (), a romantic comedy starring Wallace Chung and Weiwei Tan External links References Chinese film directors Chinese women film directors Han Chinese people Writers from Chengdu Screenwriters from Sichuan Chinese women screenwriters Sichuan Fine Arts Institute alumni 1975 births Living people
1410237	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20O.%20Sauer	Carl O. Sauer	Carl Ortwin Sauer (December 24, 1889 – July 18, 1975) was an American geographer. Sauer was a professor of geography at the University of California at Berkeley from 1923 until becoming professor emeritus in 1957. He has been called "the dean of American historical geography" and he was instrumental in the early development of the geography graduate school at Berkeley. One of his best known works was Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (1952). In 1927, Carl Sauer wrote the article "Recent Developments in Cultural Geography," which considered how cultural landscapes are made up of "the forms superimposed on the physical landscape." Family and education Sauer was born December 24, 1889 in Warrenton, Missouri, the son of German-born William Albert Sauer and Rosseta J. Vosholl. As a child he was sent to study in Germany for five years. He later attended Central Wesleyan College where his father served as the school botanist and taught music and French. The elder Sauer was interested in history and geography and felt there was a strong relationship between the two fields of study. His outlook most likely had a strong influence on his son's perspective. After graduating in 1908, Sauer studied geology briefly at Northwestern University and then moved to the University of Chicago to study geography. There he was influenced by geologist Rollin D. Salisbury and botanist Henry C. Cowles. Sauer wrote his dissertation on the geography of the Ozark highlands (published in 1920) and received his doctorate degree in 1915. Sauer married Laura Lorena Schowengerdt on December 30, 1913; they had two children, a daughter and a son. Their son, Jonathan D. Sauer, became a professor of geography, specializing in plant geography. Career In 1915 Sauer joined the University of Michigan as an instructor in geography and was promoted to full professor in 1922. While at Michigan he became involved in public land use policy. He became concerned about the clear-cutting of pine forests in the state and the resulting ecological harm. In 1922 he played a major role in the establishment of the Michigan Land Economic Survey. In 1923 Sauer left Michigan to become a professor of geography and founding chairman of the Geography Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He replaced Ruliff S. Holway as professor. He served as chair for more than thirty years, creating a distinctive American school of geography. Shortly after his arrival he began a program of fieldwork in Mexico that continued into the 1940s. Initially he focused on the contemporary landscapes of Mexico but his interests grew to include the early Spanish presence in the region and the prehistoric Indian cultures of northwestern Mexico. He worked closely with other departments, especially anthropology and history. The scope of Sauer's work expanded in scope to include investigations into the timing of man's arrival in the Americas; the geography of Indian populations; and the development of agriculture and native crops in the Americas. Influence Carl Sauer's paper "The Morphology of Landscape" was probably the most influential article contributing to the development of ideas on cultural landscapes and is still cited today. However, Sauer's paper was really about his own vision for the discipline of geography, which was to establish the discipline on a phenomenological basis, rather than being specifically concerned with cultural landscapes. "Every field of knowledge is characterized by its declared preoccupation with a certain group of phenomena," according to Sauer. Geography was assigned the study of areal knowledge or landscapes or chorology—following the thoughts of Alfred Hettner. "Within each landscape there are phenomena that are not simply there but are either associated or independent of each other." Sauer saw the geographer's task as being to discover the areal connection between phenomena. Thus "the task of geography is conceived as the establishment of a critical system which embraces the phenomenology of landscape, in order to grasp in all of its meaning and colour the varied terrestrial scene" A collection of Sauer's letters while doing fieldwork in South America has been published. Sauer was a fierce critic of environmental determinism, which was the prevailing theory in geography when he began his career. He proposed instead an approach variously called "landscape morphology" or "cultural history." This approach involved the inductive gathering of facts about the human impact on the landscape over time. Sauer rejected positivism, preferring particularist and historicist understandings of the world. He drew on the work of anthropologist Alfred Kroeber and later critics accused him of introducing a "superorganic" concept of culture into geography. Sauer expressed concern about the way that modern capitalism and centralized government were destroying the cultural diversity and environmental health of the world. He believed that agriculture, and domestication of plants and animals had an effect on the physical environment. After his retirement, Sauer's school of human-environment geography developed into cultural ecology, political ecology, and historical ecology. Historical ecology retains Sauer's interest in human modification of the landscape and pre-modern cultures. Honors and awards Sauer received numerous professional awards and honorary degrees: Charles P. Daly Medal, American Geographical Society, 1940 Vega Medal, Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, 1957 Alexander von Humboldt Medal, Berlin Geographical Society, 1959 Victoria Medal, Royal Geographical Society, 1975 Phil. D., University of Heidelberg, 1956 LL.D., Syracuse University, 1958 LL.D., University of California, Berkeley, 1960 LL.D., University of Glasgow, 1965 He was named a John Simon Guggenheim Fellow in 1931 and served as a member of the Selection Board of the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 1936-1965. He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the American Geographical Society in 1935, and its Daly Medal in 1940. Graduate students Sauer graduated many doctoral students, the majority completing dissertations on Latin American and Caribbean topics and thereby founding the Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography. The first generation consisted of Sauer's own students: Fred B. Kniffen (1930), Peveril Meigs (1932), Donald Brand (1933), Henry Bruman (1940), Felix W. McBryde (1940), Robert Bowman (1941), Dan Stanislawski (1944), Robert C. West (1946), James J. Parsons (1948), Edwin Doran (1953), Philip Wagner (1953), Brigham Arnold (1954), Homer Aschmann (1954), B. LeRoy Gordon (1954), Gordon Merrill (1957), Donald Innis (1958), Marvin W. Mikesell (1958), Carl Johannessen (1959), Clinton Edwards (1962), and Leonard Sawatzky (1967). Among them, Parsons remained at the University of California at Berkeley and became prolific in directing Latin Americanist doctoral dissertations. His doctoral students formed the second generation of the Berkeley School: Campbell Pennington (1959), William Denevan (1963), David Harris (1963), David Radell (1964), Thomas Veblen (1975), Karl Zimmerer (1987), Paul F. Starrs (1989), John B. Wright (1990), and David J. Larson (1994). Apart from Latin America, Parsons' Ph.D. students such as Alvin W. Urquhart (1962) also worked in Africa. Denevan became a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and, in turn, produced a third generation: Daniel Gade (1967), Bernard Nietschmann (1970), Roger Byrne (1972), Roland Bergmann (1974), Billie Lee Turner II (1974), Gregory Knapp (1984), Kent Mathewson (1987), John M. Treacy (1989), and Oliver Coomes (1992). Mikesell became a professor at the University of Chicago and also produced a third generation. A member of the fourth generation, William E. Doolittle studied with Turner, earned the Ph.D. in 1979, became a professor in the Department of Geography and the Environment at University of Texas at Austin, and has extended the school into the fifth generation: Dean P. Lambert (1992), Andrew Sluyter (1995), Emily H. Young (1995), Eric P. Perramond (1999), Phil L. Crossley (1999), Jerry O. (Joby) Bass (2003), Maria G. Fadiman (2003), and Matthew Fry (2008). Works Sauer published twenty-one books and more than ninety papers and articles. His works include: Geography of the Upper Illinois Valley and History of Development, 1916 The Geography of the Ozark Highland of Missouri, 1920 The Morphology of Landscape, 1925 Basin and Range Forms in the Chiricahua Area, 1930 The Road to Cibola, 1934 Themes of plant and animal destruction in economic history, 1938 Environment and culture during the last deglaciation, 1948 Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, 1952 The Early Spanish Main, 1966 Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and People as Seen by Europeans, 1971 See also Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography Geographers on Film List of geographers References Further reading Carl Sauer on Culture and Landscape:Readings and Commentaries, edited by William M. Denevan and Kent Mathewson. Baton Rouge, LA:Louisiana State University Press, 2009 . Culture, Land, and Legacy: Perspectives on Carl Sauer and Berkeley School Geography, edited by Kent Mathewson and Martin S. Kenzer. Baton Rouge, LA: Geoscience Publications, 2003. Carl O. Sauer: The Road to Cíbola. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1932. Carl O. Sauer: Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, American Geographical Society, 1952. Carl O. Sauer: The Early Spanish Main, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1966. Carl O. Sauer: Northern Mists, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1968. Mercatanti L.: Carl Sauer e gli ultimi lavori sul continente americano. The Early Spanish Main, in Rivista Geografica Italiana, 121, 2014, pp. 275–288 . External links Collection Guide to the Carl Ortwin Sauer papers, 1909-1975 at The Bancroft Library UC, Berkeley Biography List of accomplishments on the Berkeley geography website List of Sauer articles on the web 1889 births 1975 deaths American geographers American people of German descent Cultural geographers Historical geographers People from Warrenton, Missouri Presidents of the American Association of Geographers University of California, Berkeley faculty University of Chicago alumni Human geographers Victoria Medal recipients 20th-century geographers
16221280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20tallest%20statues%20in%20the%20United%20States	List of the tallest statues in the United States	This list of the tallest statues in the United States ranks free-standing statues based on their height from base to top. The list also includes novelty architecture. Statues over 12.2 m (40 ft) Statues between 6.1 and 12.2 m (20 and 40 ft) Statues under 6.1 m (20 ft) Other organizational lists List of tallest statues List of statues List of Roman domes New Seven Wonders of the World List of archaeological sites sorted by country List of colossal sculpture in situ List of megalithic sites List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of Mesoamerican pyramids References Statues, tallest Statues, tallest United States, tallest Tallest statues Statues, United States
50753413	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%20State%20Junior%20Model%20College%20Kankon	Lagos State Junior Model College Kankon	Lagos State Junior Model College Kankon is a state owned secondary school located in Kankon area Badagry, Lagos State. History Owing to the change in the organizational structure of secondary schools in Lagos State, Lagos State Junior Model College was carved out from Lagos State Model College Kankon in 2003. Facilities Along with other model colleges in the state, Lagos State Junior Model College, Kankon operates an all boarding schooling system. Former principals Mrs S.I Sanni, January 2003 to 13 November 2005 Mrs Adeyemi, 21 November 2005 to 21 February 2007 Mr J.M Ashaka, 21 February to 1 March 2011 Mr Ajose, 2011 to 19 July 2013 Mr J.M Ashaka, 2013 to 1 July 2014 Mrs. S.M Ayo, 2014 to present References 2003 establishments in Nigeria Boarding schools in Nigeria Secondary schools in Lagos State
14992326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRKI	KRKI	KRKI (99.5 FM, "True Country 99.5/107.9") is a radio station licensed to serve Keystone, South Dakota. The station serves Rapid City, South Dakota, with an on-channel broadcast booster licensed as KRKI-FM1. The station is owned by Oregon Trail Broadcasting, LLC, through licensee Bad Lands Broadcasting Company, Inc. KRKI airs a Country format. History The station signed on in 2000 as KVAM (changing its call letters to KRKI later that year) with a rhythmic format as Hip Hop Radio serving Newcastle, Wyoming. In 2007, the station upgraded to 100,000 watts and moved to Rapid City, South Dakota, with a format flip to the Real Country satellite network as US 99.5. On January 5, 2009, KRKI switched to a 24-hour simulcast of ESPN Radio becoming the first full-time sports talk station in the Rapid City market. On April 1, 2012, KRKI changed affiliations from ESPN Radio to Fox Sports Radio, while KTOQ switched to ESPN Radio the same day. On October 8, 2012, it branded itself "99-5 The Range" and adopted the Classic Country format. On November 29, 2012, KRKI's city of license was changed from Newcastle, Wyoming to Keystone, South Dakota. As of February 17, 2017 KRKI updated its music format and rebranded as "True Country 99.5" adopting a Country format featuring top-10 Country hits from 1988–2012. On April 14, 2017 KRKI added KXZT 107.9 as a simulcast. KXZT's transmitter is located on top of Terry Peak to allow True Country 99.5/107.9 to broadcast the same signal north of Belle Fourche to down south of Chadron, Nebraska as well as all of northeastern Wyoming making it the largest FM signal in the Rapid City/Black Hills area. References External links RKI ESPN Radio stations Radio stations established in 2000
13245267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Kern	Mark Kern	Mark E. Kern is a Taiwanese-American video game designer best known for being a team lead on the video game World of Warcraft and a founder of Red 5 Studios. Creation of Red 5 Studios Kern left Blizzard in 2006 to co-found the development company Red 5 Studios. There he worked on the title Firefall before eventually leaving the company after being voted out as CEO by the Red 5's board of directors. League For Gamers In 2012, Kern started the League For Gamers in response to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act. Kern said that the League For Gamers would stand as an advocacy group for the gaming community. He intended it to rival the Entertainment Software Association which focused more on publisher rights, in light of its support of SOPA. Red 5 Studios' website went offline on January 18 to draw attention to the legislation. EM-8ER In 2016, Kern started a project on demand of fans, called EM-8ER (pronunciation: /ˈɛm.bəː/, Em-ber), a spiritual successor to his previous game Firefall. He created a company, called Crixa Labs LLC, that will release anything related to EM-8ER, like his tabletop role-playing game Gatestriders, set within the same universe. EM-8ER is a mini massively multiplayer online game set on the planet of the same name, where players control Gatestriders, humans with technological advancements such as their MEK suits and Thumper MEK/As. They fight against an ancient alien race called Tsi-hu and their giant Kaiju. The goal of the game is to build bases, terraform, mine for resources and fight invasions. The game is in its early stages, with some demo builds shown to backers, however, his team of developers are actively working on the game and the approximate time of alpha release will be known after Kickstarter. Career history Way of the Warrior (1994), Naughty Dog. Star Reach (1994), Interplay Entertainment Corp. StarCraft (1998), Blizzard Entertainment Inc. StarCraft: Brood War (1998), Blizzard Entertainment Inc. StarCraft 64 (2000), Nintendo of America Inc. Diablo II (2000), Blizzard Entertainment Inc. Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne (2003), Blizzard Entertainment Inc. World of Warcraft (2004), Blizzard Entertainment Inc. Firefall (2014), Red 5 Studios References External links Mark E. Kern's entry at MobyGames EM-8ER Video game designers Boston University School of Law alumni Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Blizzard Entertainment people
34435837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizostachyum%20lima	Schizostachyum lima	Schizostachyum lima is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae. It is a bamboo that in Tagalog is commonly called anos / bokawe / bocaue, and in Cebuano: bagakay. It is propagated using seeds or rhizome cuttings. In the Philippines, it is often used for making sawali, fishing rods, and musical instruments. In some rural areas of the country, midwives still use sharp knives made of Schizostachyum lima to cut the newborn's umbilical cord. The name of the Barangay (village) of Anos in Los Baños, Laguna is derived from this species. References Bambusoideae Endemic flora of the Philippines Grasses of Asia Plants described in 1837 Taxa named by Francisco Manuel Blanco Taxa named by Elmer Drew Merrill
20155094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakan%20%C3%96zmert	Hakan Özmert	Hakan Özmert (born 3 June 1985) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Antalyaspor. Born in France, he represents Turkey internationally. Club career Özmert began his professional career with Sakaryaspor, and appeared in 26 Süper Lig matches for the club. In 2005, he was loaned out to Karşıyaka and later made a permanent move to Antalyaspor in July 2007. On 4 July 2015, Özmert signed for Sivasspor. International career Despite being born in France, Özmert has exclusively represented Turkey in youth competitions. He has played for the Turkish U16s, U18s, and U19s. References External links 1985 births Living people French footballers Turkish footballers Turkey youth international footballers Association football midfielders FC Nantes players Sakaryaspor footballers Karşıyaka S.K. footballers Antalyaspor footballers Kardemir Karabükspor footballers Orduspor footballers Kasımpaşa S.K. footballers Sivasspor footballers İstanbul Başakşehir F.K. players Süper Lig players French people of Turkish descent
12653746	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From%20the%20Cradle%20to%20the%20Grave%20%28DVD%29	From the Cradle to the Grave (DVD)	From The Cradle To The Grave - The Unauthorised Biography is an unofficial Cradle of Filth biography that covers the band's history up until the 2000 album of Midian. It features two of the band's key members when Cradle of Filth debuted, as well as the band's original recording studio, Cacophonous Records. DVD Features Blurb Bursting onto the scene in 1994 from the backwaters of rural suffolk on the east coast of England, Cradle of Filth have achieved worldwide respect and recognition paralleled only by the controversy, rage and hatred they have equally attracted throughout their chequered career to date. From the Cradle to the Grave investigates how this strange collective came to exist, what motivates them to continue and suggests where they might be going from here. Content The complete unauthorised biography of Cradle of Filth was produced in the Czech Republic and features more than forty minutes of interviews with the band and those close to them. It contains exclusive and previously unseen footage and new 'Insider' revelations on the band. Track list Intro/Hell On Earth Ungodly Masters The Devils Child School Daze Revisited Total Demo-Lition Principle Of Evil Dark Phaerytales Nightmare Scenario Self Expressionists Blood Curdling Spirit Masters Of Diplomacy From The Cradle Hiring And Firing Nature Of The Beast Credits Produced by Chrome Dreams Running Time – approx. 70 mins Runs in all regions Notes Cradle of Filth video albums

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