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10884061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Alejandro%20Ruiz	Mario Alejandro Ruiz	Mario Alejandro Ruíz Díaz (born January 12, 1977 in Morelia, Michoacán) is a former Mexican footballer and defender. He last played for Club León. He started his career in 1997 with Morelia, where he became a symbol. In 2003, he was transferred to Tigres. Honours Club Morelia Mexican Primera División: Invierno 2000 References External links 1977 births Living people Atlético Morelia players Tigres UANL footballers Club León footballers Sportspeople from Morelia Footballers from Michoacán Mexican footballers Association football defenders Liga MX players
14071348	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Lyon%20municipal%20election	2008 Lyon municipal election	Municipal and mayoral elections will be held in Lyon in March 2008, at the same time as other municipal elections. The current Mayor of Lyon Gérard Collomb (PS) should have faced UMP candidate Dominique Perben and MoDem candidate Christophe Geourjon, who finally chose to join the Perben list. Azouz Begag declined to seek the MoDem nomination. Another MoDem candidate was selected by François Bayrou a month before the elections as head of the MoDem list to replace Geourjon and other defectors both to the UMP-led and the PS-led lists. In the 2001 French municipal elections, the Socialist Gérard Collomb won the country's second largest city from the UDF. Lyon had been considered a stronghold for the centrist UDF in previous years. In 2008, former UMP Transportation Minister Dominique Perben will try to win back the city. Surprisingly, the two highly presumed candidates for the centrist MoDem and the far-right National Front, Azouz Begag and Bruno Gollnisch respectively both announced their intentions not to stand. Two nationalist right-wing parties, the MPF and the DLC (led by Charles Millon), made agreements with Dominique Perben, who inserted their candidates on his list. Subsequently, former right-wing mayor Michel Noir has openly distanced himself from Perben, most notably in a February interview with the Lyon daily Le Progrès. For the same reason, François Bayrou has decided to maintain a separate MoDem list and not to support the Perben list. Polls indicate that Collomb has approvals nearing 90% and is favored to win an easy re-election. Results 1st Arrondissement 2nd Arrondissement 3rd Arrondissement See also 2008 French municipal elections 2008 Paris municipal election 2008 Marseille municipal election Lyon municipal election Municipal elections in France
50181401	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Ms.%20Leather	International Ms. Leather	International Ms. Leather (IMsL) is a leather subculture fetish convention for women, held annually in California. Since 1999, the convention has also included a Miss Bootblack (IMsBB) contest. After Ms. Leather events had been held in San Francisco since 1981, the first formal International Ms. Leather convention took place in 1987. The first International Ms. Leather was Judy Tallwing McCarthey. In 1988, International Ms. Leather received the Large Club of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards. In 2009, 2013, and 2017, International Ms. Leather received the Large Event of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards, and in 2018 International Ms Leather Bootblack received that award. International Ms. Leather moved in 2014 from the SOMA neighborhood of San Francisco to San Jose. The International Ms Leather (IMsL) Foundation began its work in 2015. The foundation’s website states, “We are committed to fostering healthy environments for Women to succeed in Leather and Kink spaces by providing education, programming, and financial support.” In 2016 that foundation received the Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards. International Ms. Leather has had a focus on community leadership from the start. The contestants must meet objectives and deadlines set before the convention, and at the event are judged on costuming, speech, a fantasy performance, knowledge of the leather scene as demonstrated in a quiz and an interview, and also organizing skills as demonstrated in having two others set up an auction table for them at the convention. Producers of the event have included Audrey Joseph and Amy Marie Meeks. Judges have included Kitty Tsui. International Ms. Leather Winners International Ms. Bootblack Winners See also International Mr. Leather References External links Fetish subculture Recurring events established in 1987 BDSM organizations LGBT BDSM LGBT beauty pageants LGBT culture in Chicago Leather events Lesbian BDSM 1987 establishments in the United States Annual events in the United States
68565123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20Nigerian%20Senate%20elections%20in%20Benue%20State	1992 Nigerian Senate elections in Benue State	The 1992 Nigerian Senate election in Benue State was held on July 4, 1992, to elect members of the Nigerian Senate to represent Benue State. Iyorchia Ayu representing Benue North-West, Ameh Ebute representing Benue South and David Iornem representing Benue North-East all won on the platform of the Social Democratic Party. Overview Summary Results Benue North-West The election was won by Iyorchia Ayu of the Social Democratic Party. Benue South The election was won by Ameh Ebute of the Social Democratic Party. Benue North-East The election was won by David Iornem of the Social Democratic Party. References Ben Benue State Senate elections July 1992 events in Nigeria
7562404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5rheim	Stårheim	Stårheim (or Torvika) is a village in the municipality of Stad in Vestland county, Norway. Stårheim is located in the central part of Stad Municipality on the north shore of the Nordfjorden, about west of the municipal center of Nordfjordeid and about east of the village of Kjølsdalen. There is a regularly scheduled ferry route from Stårheim to the small village of Isane (in Bremanger Municipality), located about south across the Nordfjorden. The urban centre of the village is called Torvika by Statistics Norway. The urban area has a population (2018) of 233 and a population density of . Church Stårheim Church is the parish church located in the village of Stårheim. It is part of the Diocese of Bjørgvin and the Nordfjord prosti (deanery). The church building, which was constructed during 1864, can seat 340 people. It was built from drawings by architect Christian Heinrich Grosch. History Arne Ivarsson (Árni Ívarsson á Stoðreimi ), a prominent lendmann from Stårheim during the 12th century, was a husband of Ingrid Ragnvaldsdotter, mother of King Inge I of Norway. Their son, Nicholas Arnesson, became the Bishop of Oslo. Stårheim is the home of a few celebrities, most notably journalist Karoline Vårdal. Sports The local sports team is Stårheim IL. References Villages in Vestland Stad, Norway
62693225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320%20Omaha%20Mavericks%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey%20season	2019–20 Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey season	The 2019-20 Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey season was the 23rd season of play for the program and the 7th in the NCHC conference. The Mavericks represented the University of Nebraska Omaha and were coached by Mike Gabinet, in his 3rd season. On March 12, 2020, NCHC announced that the tournament was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, before any games were played. Roster As of July 12, 2019. Standings Schedule and Results \|- !colspan=12 style=";" \| Exhibition \|- !colspan=12 style=";" \| Regular Season \|- !colspan=12 style=";" \| \|- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0" \|colspan=12\|Tournament Cancelled Scoring Statistics Goaltending statistics Rankings References Omaha Mavericks men's ice hockey seasons Omaha Mavericks Omaha Mavericks Omaha Mavericks Omaha Mavericks
54460534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simblaspis	Simblaspis	Simblaspis is an extinct arthrodire placoderm fish. Its fossils have been found in Pragian strate of the Qasr Limestone in Saudi Arabia. References Arthrodire genera Pragian life Fossil taxa described in 1958
20269432	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelodonta%20tologoijensis	Coelodonta tologoijensis	Coelodonta tologoijensis is an extinct species of woolly rhino (Coelodonta). It was first known as an Asian species, but one skull found in the Kyffhauser hills near the town of Bad Frankenhausen, Germany, was assigned to the species by researchers. This is the earliest known woolly rhino in Europe. The species is thought to have migrated to Europe between around 478,000 and 424,000 years ago during a cold, arid period. References Woolly rhino's ancient migration BBC News, Monday, 17 November 2008 Pleistocene rhinoceroses Neogene mammals of Europe
65332813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%20Negra%2C%20Catamarca	Laguna Negra, Catamarca	Laguna Negra is a lake in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It lies on the Puna high plateau next to two other lakes and salt flats. The lake is less than deep and forms a rough rectangle with a surface of . Laguna Negra loses its water through evaporation, and is replenished through surface runoff and groundwater which ultimately originate to a large part from snowmelt. The waters of the lake are salty. On the southeastern shore of the lake, microbialites grow in the shallow water. These are structures formed by carbonate and microorganisms including diatoms and various bacteria. These structures have a layered internal structure and colours ranging from green to orange-pink to black. They have been compared to Precambrian stromatoliths, which were among the oldest forms of life on Earth. Regional and local Laguna Negra lies at an elevation of in the Tinogasta Department, Catamarca Province of Argentina, and near the San Francisco Pass between Chile and Argentina. The path to Monte Pissis passes close to the lake. It covers a surface of and has the rough shape of a rectangle. The average depth of the lake does not exceed . The lake periodically floods its beaches. To the northwest, a salt flat separates the lake from its neighbours to the north and covers over half of the lake basin. A prominent alluvial fan borders Laguna Negra to the southeast and its northward growth has generated a shallow water area at the southeastern margin of the lake (Stromatolite Belt). The waters of the lake are hypersaline, their principal salt is calcium chloride, although they have been described as mesosaline too. Arsenic is present at high concentrations. The high salinity prevents the water from freezing except at the margins of Laguna Negra, where salinity is lower due to inflow. Calcite and aragonite reach saturation concentration at points where groundwater enters the lake, leading to carbonate precipitation mainly along the southeastern margin of the lake. Conditions in the lake environments are alkaline and the consumption of carbon dioxide by degassing and photosynthesis facilitates carbonate precipitation. The lake is fed mainly by groundwater and by runoff that enters mainly from the southwestern side. The water mainly originates through annual snowmelt. Laguna Negra has no surface outflow and is a closed lake; the lake waters evaporate in the strong wind and at high temperatures, leading to the precipitation of salts such as gypsum, halite and polyhalite in a sequential manner from carbonates to salts. Regional context Laguna Negra is the southernmost of three lakes aligned in north–south direction; the other two are Laguna de la Salina/Laguna Tres Quebradas to the north and Laguna Verde in the middle. They form the Laguna Verde Saline Complex, also known as Laguna Verde Complex or Salar de la Laguna Verde. The Salar de Tres Quebradas salt pan separates Laguna Verde from Laguna Tres Quebradas. Together these two lakes have a water surface of . Smaller lakes exist nearby such as Laguna Azul northeast of Laguna Negra. The lakes lie in the southernmost Puna, a high plateau at an elevation of where a dry climate and Cenozoic uplift generated the Laguna Verde Saline Complex when block faulting generated separated drainage basins separated by north–south trending mountain ranges. The terrain consists mainly of volcanic rocks such as basalt and andesite; some summits exceed elevation above sea level such as the high Cerro Pissis. Evaporites, sand and silt cover the terrain around the lake. Climate, vegetation and fauna The climate at Laguna Negra is cold, arid with strong winds. Temperature is highly variable, ranging between in summer and between in winter. Annual precipitation is less than and falls mainly as snow. Evidence from other lakes in the region suggests that the environment was wetter than today between about 15,000-14,000 and 13,500-11,300 years before becoming dry during the middle Holocene. After about 4,000 years BP precipitation has increased again. Presently, the climate is dominated by the South Pacific High anticyclone which draws dry air into the region. During summer, an Atlantic anticyclone conversely transports moister and warmer air to the area, resulting in the formation of convective clouds and precipitation. Climatic conditions together with high UV radiation limit the complexity of life at Laguna Negra, in particular of nonmicrobial life. In this sector of the Andes, peatlands are the key ecosystems, with the dominant plant species being Distichia muscoides, Oxychloe andina and Plantago rigida as well as graminoids and grasses. Mites are their most important fauna. Salt marsh grasses of the genus Spartina grow at the southern end of the lake, and copepods have been observed in ponds; both are linked to areas with lower salinity. Carbonates and microbial mats Both microbial mats and microbialites occur at Laguna Negra and have diverse shapes. Their formation results mainly from the localized precipitation of carbonates where new water enters Laguna Negra. At the southern end of the lake, travertine crusts are found; they might form at sites of groundwater entry. Active tufa formation has been observed, making Laguna Negra one of only two lakes in the region where it takes place. White incrustations are formed by evaporation, when salt precipitates. Laguna Tres Quebradas north of Laguna Negra also features microbialites, which cover an area of in the river delta of the Salado River. In the Stromatolite Belt, a large area at the southeastern part of the lake where water depths do not exceed , they form laminar crusts, oncoids and stromatolites that are accompanied by microbial mats. These microbialites are found mainly in the northeastern Stromatolite Belt, while its central and western portions feature abiotic carbonate precipitation. A subdivision in a plant-grown sector, a non-mineralized sector and a carbonate precipitation sector is possible. Oncoids make up the bulk of the Stromatolite Belt. They can have smooth forms and ridged, pillar- or shrub-like protrusions and reach dimensions of over . They can be buried in mud, submerged or partially emerged, and sometimes covered with halite. Colours range from green-yellow over orange to snow white, and the structures have the appearance of rocks strewn onto and emerging from the shallow lake. The oncoids have a concentrically layered internal structure, with the various layers often having different colours; the colour variations relate to compositional differences. The microscopic texture has been described as sparry, "micritic" and "botryoidal". Other growth forms are laminar crusts and column-shaped or flat stromatoliths. Microbial mats have colours ranging from back over pinkish-orange to greenish, and their structure ranges from pustular to stratified. Most are associated with oncoids. Greenish mats occur next to groundwater springs and often are found floating on bubbles, and black mats are found on partially exposed carbonates. The black mats are formed mainly by filamentous cyanobacteria of the Rivularia family. Layered microbial mats, where different layers have different colours, are found within deep ponds. So-called "diatom blooms" are linked to white carbonate precipitates that form bright spots on the coloured mats. The colours of the microbial constructs are due to carotenoid and scytonemin pigments, which serve to protect the microorganisms from UV radiation. Radiometric dating of the carbonate structures is difficult owing to the scarcity of datable material, but uranium-thorium dating performed on one oncolite indicates that it began to develop in the Late Holocene. Observations indicate that the growth of the oncoliths is still ongoing. Biology and scientific importance There are both autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms in Laguna Negra. Autotrophs include cyanobacteria, as well as green sulfur bacteria and purple sulfur bacteria which conduct anoxygenic photosynthesis; sulfur deposits form during the process. Heterotrophic organisms include polysaccharide degrading and sulfate-reducing bacteria. There is a layering in metabolic activity, with regular photosynthesis at the surface, anoxygenic photosynthesis in intermediary layers and sulfate reduction at depth. Many microorganisms are extremophiles and tolerate high salinity and intense UV radiation. Precipitation of carbonates is often associated with life and may be induced by the latter for various reasons, although at Laguna Negra it can also occur independently from biological activity. Subtle environmental variations and changes influence the life in the lake and the structure of the microbial mats. The microbial mats are found in the less saline sector of Laguna Negra, implying that reduced salt stress favours their development. Stromatolites have been found elsewhere in the Puna, at Socompa and Tolar Grande. They are considered to be among the oldest forms of life on Earth and a key indicator in the search for extraterrestrial life. The forms found at Laguna Negra resemble these of ancient Precambrian stromatolites more than these of recent Proterozoic stromatolites, and the conditions encountered at the lake may resemble these of Early Earth and Early Mars and could thus be used as an analogue to interpret deposits on Mars. Analyses of isotope fractionation processes at Laguna Negra also demonstrate that oxygen and carbon isotope variations are not necessarily proof of biological activity. Microbes Cyanobacteria and diatoms form aggregates together and with other microorganisms. The aggregates in turn are embedded in exopolysaccharide capsules where carbonates precipitate. Living diatoms are often found at the margin of aggregates while their interiors feature "entombed" diatoms. The bacterial species Rivularia halophila was discovered at Laguna Negra; it is the first Rivularia species known from hypersaline inland waters. Another species identified and named there is Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha, although that species was originally discovered elsewhere. Notes References Sources External links Lakes of Argentina Stromatolites
2277243	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunrobin%2C%20Ontario	Dunrobin, Ontario	Dunrobin is a community in West Carleton-March Ward in the City of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located about 35 kilometres northwest of Downtown Ottawa. Dunrobin lies within a valley, nestled between the Ottawa River and the Carp escarpment, and is located at 45.18° latitude and 75.55° longitude. Dunrobin is located on the former boundary between West Carleton Township and Kanata (formerly March Township). Dunrobin was amalgamated with the city of Ottawa in 2000. Dunrobin is expanding steadily with a current population of about 1,000 people. The Dunrobin Community Association defines the community boundaries as Murphy Sideroad, Constance Lake Road and Berry Sideroad on the south, the Ottawa River to the east, a line following Limestone Road to Kinburn Sideroad to Stonecrest Road to Thomas A. Dolan Parkway to Marchhurst Road on the west, and on the north by a line following Kilmaurs Sideroad to Woodkilton Road to Kinburn Sideroad to Constance Creek. Dunrobin was settled in the 19th century at the corner of Dunrobin Road and Thomas A. Dolan Parkway. The town centre comprises a community centre with outdoor recreation facilities and a number of small businesses. While originally started as an agricultural community it now serves mostly as a focal point within a larger community that has a mixed population of farmers, commuters who work in Kanata and Ottawa-Gatineau, cottagers and pensioners. Some nearby points of interest include Fitzroy Provincial Park, Constance Bay and the Diefenbunker museum. Dunrobin took its name from Dunrobin Castle near Golspie, Scotland. On September 21, 2018, a high-end EF3 tornado struck the community, damaging or destroying 60 buildings and seriously injuring three people. References Community Association Neighbourhoods in Ottawa
66743400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindere%2C%20G%C3%BCney	Cindere, Güney	Cindere is a village in the Güney District of Denizli Province in Turkey. References Villages in Güney District
49290274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Slave%20Auction	Great Slave Auction	The Great Slave Auction (also called the Weeping Time) was a March 2 and 3, 1859 auction of enslaved Africans held at Ten Broeck Race Course, near Savannah, Georgia, United States. Slaveholder and absentee plantation owner Pierce Mease Butler authorized the sale of approximately 436 men, women, children, and infants to be sold over the course of two days. The sale's proceeds went to satisfy Butler's significant debts, much of it from gambling. The auction is regarded as the largest single sale of enslaved people in U.S. history. Pierce Mease Butler The Butlers of South Carolina and Philadelphia were owners of slave plantations located on Butler Island (Butler Island Plantation) and St. Simons Island, just south of Darien, Georgia. The patriarch of the family, Major Pierce Butler, owned hundreds of enslaved people who labored over rice and cotton crops, thus amassing for him the family's wealth. Butler was one of the wealthiest and most powerful slave owners in the United States. Upon his death, his biggest dilemma was to which heir to leave his wealth. Estranged from his son, Major Butler left his estate to his two grandsons, Pierce Mease Butler and John A. Mease Butler. Pierce Mease Butler was devoid of business sense and his grandfather would not have approved of his personal habits. He frequently engaged in risky business speculations, which resulted in financial loss in the Panic of 1857, and his elaborate spending. However, it would be his incorrigible gambling that landed him in the most trouble. Butler had accrued a considerable amount of gambling debt over the years. To satisfy his financial obligations, the management of Butler's estate was transferred to trustees. At first, the trustees sold Butler's Philadelphia mansion for $30,000 as well as other properties but this was not enough to satisfy creditors. The only commodities of value that remained were the enslaved people he owned on his Georgia plantations. Auction Savannah was the perfect location for the auction due to its proximity to the Butler estate, and due to it being a large center for slave trade. Pierce Butler had the impending sale advertised in The Savannah Republican and The Savannah Daily Morning News by Joseph Bryan, a slave dealer in Savannah. The advertisements ran daily, except on Sundays, up until the last day of the sale. The text of some of the advertisements was, "For Sale, Long Cotton and Rice Negros! A gang of 440, Accustomed to the culture of Rice and Provisions, among them are a no of good mechanics and house servants, will be sold on 2nd and 3rd day of March at Savannah by J Bryan." It was advertised and announced from the beginning that there would be no division of families. The enslaved people were brought to the race track 4 days before the auction started; allowing buyers and inspectors to take a look at them. On the first sale day, there were about 200 buyers present. Fierce rains kept many of the potential buyers away, and the auction began two hours late. During the day of the sale, Joseph Bryan was in charge of feeding the enslaved people, and keeping them in "good" condition. The enslaved people were kept in the horse barn stalls. All family members were put into the same stall. In the stalls they had nothing but the hardwood floors to sit and eat on. The enslaved people were given small portions of rice and beans, and sometimes cornbread, to eat over the two days. Skin color often played a role in the price a slave would sell for, but in this sale it was not a factor, since all of these enslaved people were the color of their African ancestors. The enslaved people were skilled in their crafts, e.g. shoe making, cooperage, blacksmithing, carpentry. Some of the enslaved people had been taught to use machinery. The skilled enslaved people were sold for more, and were sought by the buyers during the auction. Slaves The enslaved people were brought to Savannah by steamboat and train and were housed in the stables at the racecourse. They huddled together, eating and sleeping on the floor. From February 26 until March 1, the enslaved people were inspected by prospective buyers. Anxious customers from Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Louisiana descended upon Savannah in hopes of getting good deals. It was known that the Butler plantations had enslaved people who were skilled in shoemaking, cooperage, blacksmithing, carpentry, and machine operation. The buyers poked, pinched, and fondled the enslaved people, even opening their mouths to inspect their teeth. Enslaved people were also examined for ruptures or defects on their bodies which might affect their productivity. Four hundred and thirty-six persons were advertised in the sale catalog, but only 429 were sold. Those not sold were either ill or disabled. The majority of those sold were rice and cotton field workers; others were skilled coopers, carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths, and cooks. The two-day sale netted $303,850. The highest bid for a family, a mother, and her five grown children, was for $6,180. The highest price for an individual was $1,750, whereas the lowest price was $250 Aftermath Mortimer Thomson, a popular journalist during the time who wrote under the pseudonym "Q. K. Philander Doesticks" memorialized the event. Initially, Thomson traveled to Savannah infiltrating the buyers by pretending to be interested in purchasing enslaved people. After the sale, he wrote a long and scathing article describing the auction in the New York Tribune titled, "What Became of the Slaves on a Georgia Plantation." Tom Pate, a Vicksburg trader, bought at the sale a man, his wife, and his two sisters with the guarantee that they were not to be separated in accordance with the terms of the auction. In disregarding the agreement, Pate sold one sister to a Pat Somers, a fellow trader, and the other sister to a private citizen in St. Louis. Somers, finding out later of the sales agreement in Savannah about the families not being separated, returned the girl to Pate demanding his money refunded. An argument ensued resulting with Somers being shot and killed. Ten days following Somers's death, his nephew killed Pate, and he himself was killed during the confrontation. The feud continued until every man bearing the name Pate was killed. After the enslaved people were freed, some of them returned to Butler Island in order to work for wages and some bought land in the area. Historical markers There are two Georgia historical markers commemorating this historic event. One is at 2053 Augusta Avenue in Savannah, Georgia, erected by the city and the Georgia Historical Society in 2008. The other is at Butler Plantation, erected by the Georgia Historical Society in 2019. See also 1838 Jesuit slave sale Notes External links Largest Slave Sale in Georgia History: The Weeping Time historical marker 1859 in Georgia (U.S. state) March 1859 events African-American history in Savannah, Georgia Human commodity auctions History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state) History of auctions
18576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Malinche	La Malinche	Marina or Malintzin ( 1500 – 1529), more popularly known as La Malinche , a Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, became known for contributing to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521), by acting as an interpreter, advisor, and intermediary for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. She was one of 20 enslaved women given to the Spaniards in 1519 by the natives of Tabasco. Cortés chose her as a consort, and she later gave birth to his first son, Martín – one of the first Mestizos (people of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry). La Malinche's reputation has shifted over the centuries, as various peoples evaluate her role against their own societies' changing social and political perspectives. Especially after the Mexican War of Independence, which led to Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, dramas, novels and paintings portrayed her as an evil or scheming temptress. In Mexico today, La Malinche remains a powerful icon - understood in various and often conflicting aspects as the embodiment of treachery, the quintessential victim, or the symbolic mother of the new Mexican people. The term malinchista refers to a disloyal compatriot, especially in Mexico. Name Malinche is known by many names. She was baptized as a Catholic by the Spaniards and then named "Marina", and was referred to as such by the Spaniards, often preceded with honorific . The Nahua called her 'Malintzin', derived from 'Malina' (a Nahuatl rendering of her Spanish name) and the honorific suffix . According to historian Camilla Townsend, the vocative suffix is sometimes added at the end of the name, giving the form Malintzine, which would be shortened to 'Malintze', and heard by the Spaniards as 'Malinche'. Another possibility is that the Spaniards simply did not hear the 'whispered' of the name Malintzin. Her name at birth is unknown. Since at least the 19th century, she is believed to have originally been named 'Malinalli' (Nahuatl for 'grass'), after the day sign on which she was supposedly born. Accordingly, Marina was chosen as her Christian name because of its phonetic similarity. Modern historians have rejected such mythic suggestions. They note that the Nahua associate the day sign 'Malinalli' with bad or 'evil' connotations, and they are known to avoid using such day signs as personal names. Moreover, there would be little reason for the Spaniards to ask the natives what their personal names were before they were christened with new Catholic saints' names. The title 'Tenepal' was often assumed to be part of her name. In the annotation made by Nahua historian Chimalpahin on his copy of Gómara's biography of Cortés, 'Malintzin Tenepal' is used repeatedly in reference to Malinche. According to linguist and historian Frances Karttunen, Tenepal is probably derived from the Nahuatl root , which means “lip-possessor, one who speaks vigorously”, or “one who has a facility with words”, and postposition , which means “by means of”. Historian James Lockhart, however, suggests that 'Tenepal' might be derived from or "somebody's tongue". In any case, 'Malintzin Tenepal' appears to have been intended as a calque of Spanish , with ("the interpreter", literally "the tongue") being her Spanish sobriquet. Life Background Malinche's birthdate is unknown, but it is estimated to be around 1500, and likely no later than 1505. She was born in an that was either a part or a tributary of a Mesoamerican state whose center was located on the bank of the Coatzacoalcos River to the east of the Aztec Empire. Records disagree about the exact name of the where she was born. In three unrelated legal proceedings that occurred not long after her death, various witnesses who claimed to have known her personally, including her daughter, said that she was born in Olutla. The of her grandson also mentioned Olutla as her birthplace. Her daughter added that the of Olutla was related to Tetiquipaque, although the nature of this relationship is unclear. In the Florentine Codex, Malinche's homeland is mentioned as "Teticpac", which is most likely the singular form of Tetiquipaque. Gómara writes that she came from "Uiluta" (presumably a variant of Olutla). He departs from other sources by writing that it was in the region of Jalisco. Díaz, on the other hand, gives "Painalla" as her birthplace. Her family is reported to have been of noble background; Gómara writes that her father was related to a local ruler, while Díaz recounts that her parents were rulers. Townsend notes that while Olutla at the time probably had a Popoluca majority, the ruling elite, which Malinche supposedly belonged to, would have been Nahuatl-speaking. Another hint that supports her noble origin is her apparent ability to understand the courtly language of (“lordly speech”), a Nahuatl register that is significantly different from the commoner's speech and has to be learned. The fact that she was often referred to as a , at the time a term not commonly used in Spain, indicates that she was viewed as a noblewoman. But she may have been given this honorific by the Spanish because of recognition of her important role in the conquest. Malinche was probably between the ages of 8 and 12 when she was either sold or kidnapped into slavery. Díaz wrote that after her father's death, she was given away to merchants by her mother and stepfather so that their son (Malinche's stepbrother) would have the rights of heir. Scholars, historians and literary critics alike, have cast doubt upon Díaz's account of her origin, in large part due to his strong emphasis on Catholicism throughout his narration of the events. In particular, historian Sonia Rose de Fuggle analyzes Díaz's over-reliance on polysyndeton (which mimics the sentence structure of a number of Biblical stories) as well as his overarching portrayal of Malinche as an ideal Christian woman. But Townsend believes that it was likely that some of her people were complicit in trafficking her, regardless of the reason. Malinche was taken to Xicalango, a major port city in the region. She was later purchased by a group of Chontal Maya who brought her to the town of Potonchán. It was here that Malinche started to learn the Chontal Maya language, and perhaps also Yucatec Maya. Her acquisition of the language later enabled her to communicate with Jerónimo de Aguilar, another interpreter for Cortes who also spoke Yucatec Maya, as well as his native Spanish. The Conquest of Mexico Early in his expedition to Mexico, Cortés was confronted by the Maya at Potonchán. In the ensuing battle, the Mayas suffered significant loss of lives and asked for peace. In the following days, they presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and gold, as well as twenty enslaved women, including Malinche. The women were baptized and distributed among Cortés's men, who expected to use them as servants and sexual objects. Malinche was given to Alonso Hernández Puertocarrero, one of Cortés's captains. He was a first cousin to the count of Cortés's hometown, Medellín. Malinche's language skills were discovered when the Spaniards encountered the Nahuatl-speaking people at San Juan de Ulúa. Moctezuma's emissaries had come to inspect the peoples, but Aguilar could not understand them. Historian Gómara wrote that, when Cortés realized that Malinche could talk with the emissaries, he promised her “more than liberty” if she would help him find and communicate with Moctezuma. Cortés took Malinche from Puertocarrero. He was later given another Indigenous woman before he returned to Spain. Aided by Aguilar and Malinche, Cortés talked with Moctezuma's emissaries. The emissaries also brought artists to make paintings of Malinche, Cortés, and the rest of the group, as well as their ships and weapons, to be sent as records for Moctezuma. Díaz later said that the Nahua addressed Cortés as "Malinche"; they apparently took her as a point of reference for the group. From then on, Malinche worked with Aguilar to bridge communication between the Spaniards and the Nahua; Cortés would speak Spanish with Aguilar, who translated into Yucatec Maya for Malinche, who in turn translated into Nahuatl, before reversing the process. The translation chain grew even longer when, after the emissaries left, the Spaniards met the Totonac, whose language was not understood by either Malinche or Aguilar. There, Malinche asked for Nahuatl interpreters. Karttunen remarks that "it is a wonder any communication was accomplished at all", for Cortés's Spanish words had to be translated into Maya, Nahuatl, and Totonac before reaching the locals, whose answers went back through the same chain. Meeting with the Totonac was how the Spaniards first learned of opponents to Moctezuma. After founding the town of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz in order to be freed from the legal restriction of what was supposed to be an exploratory mission, the Spaniards stayed for two months in a nearby Totonac settlement. They secured a formal alliance with the Totonac and prepared for a march toward Tenochtitlan. The first major polity that they encountered on the way to Tenochtitlan was Tlaxcala. Although the Tlaxcaltec were initially hostile to the Spaniards and their allies, they later permitted the Spaniards to enter the city. The Tlaxcalans negotiated an alliance with the Spaniards through Malinche and Aguilar. Later Tlaxcalan visual records of this meeting feature Malinche as a prominent figure. She appears to bridge communication between the two sides, as the Tlaxcalan presented the Spaniards with gifts of food and noblewomen to cement the alliance. After several days in Tlaxcala, Cortés continued the journey to Tenochtitlan by the way of Cholula. By then he was accompanied by a large number of Tlaxcalan soldiers. The Spaniards were received at Cholula and housed for several days. The explorers claimed that the Cholulans stopped giving them food, dug secret pits, built a barricade around the city, and hid a large Aztec army in the outskirts to prepare for an attack against the Spaniards. Somehow, the Europeans learned of this and, in a preemptive strike, assembled and massacred the Cholulans. Later accounts claimed that Malinche had uncovered the plot. According to Díaz, she was approached by a Cholulan noblewoman who promised her a marriage to the woman's son if she were to switch sides. Pretending to go along with the suggestion, Malinche was told about the plot, and later reported all the details to Cortés. In later centuries, this story has often been cited as an example of Malinche's “betrayal” of her people. But modern historians such as Hassig and Townsend have suggested that Malinche's "heroic" discovery of the purported plot was likely already a fabricated story intended to provide Cortés with political justification for his actions, to distant Spanish authorities. In particular, Hassig suggests that Cortés, seeking stronger native alliances leading to the invasion of Tenochtitlan, worked with the Tlaxcalans to coordinate the massacre. Cholula had supported Tlaxcala before joining the Aztec Empire one or two years prior, and losing them as an ally had been a severe blow to the Tlaxcalans. Their state was now completely encircled by the Aztecs. Hassig and other historians assert that Tlaxcalans considered the attack on the Cholulans as a "litmus test" of the Spanish commitment to them. The combined forces reached Tenochtitlan in early November 1519, where they were met by Moctezuma on a causeway leading to the city. Malinche was in the middle of this event, translating the conversation between Cortés and Moctezuma. Gomara writes that Moctezuma was "speaking through Malinche and Aguilar", although other records indicate that Malinche was already translating directly, as she had quickly learned some Spanish herself. Moctezuma's flowery speech, delivered through Malinche at the meeting, has been claimed by the Spaniards to represent a submission, but this interpretation is not followed by modern historians. The deferential nature of the speech can be explained by Moctezuma's usage of , a Nahuatl register known for its indirection and complex set of reverential affixes. Despite Malinche's apparent ability to understand , it is possible that some nuances were lost in translation. The Spaniards, deliberately or not, may have misinterpreted Moctezuma's words. Tenochtitlán fell in late 1521 and Marina's son by Cortes, Martín Cortés was born in 1522. During this time Malinche or Marina stayed in a house Cortés built for her in the town of Coyoacán, eight miles south of Tenochtitlán. The Aztec capital city was being redeveloped to serve as Spanish-controlled Mexico City. Cortés took Marina to help quell a rebellion in Honduras in 1524–1526, when she again served as interpreter (she may have known Maya dialects beyond Chontal and Yucatán). While in the mountain town of Orizaba in central Mexico, she married Juan Jaramillo, a Spanish hidalgo. Some contemporary scholars have estimated that she died less than a decade after the conquest of Mexico-Tenochtitlan, at some point before February 1529. She was survived by her son Don Martín, who would be raised primarily by his father's family, and a daughter Doña María, who would be raised by Jaramillo and his second wife Doña Beatriz de Andrada. Although Martín was Cortés's first-born son and eventual heir, his relation to Marina was poorly documented by prominent Spanish historians such as Francisco López de Gómara. He never referred to Marina by name, even in her work as Cortés's translator. Even during Marina's lifetime, she spent little time with Martín. But many scholars and historians have marked her multiracial child with Cortés as the symbolic beginning of the large mestizo population that developed in Mesoamerica. Role in the conquest of Mexico For the conquistadores, having a reliable interpreter was important enough, but there is evidence that Marina's role and influence were larger still. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a soldier who, as an old man, produced the most comprehensive of the eye-witness accounts, the Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España ("True Story of the Conquest of New Spain"), speaks repeatedly and reverentially of the "great lady" Doña Marina (always using the honorific title Doña). "Without the help of Doña Marina", he writes, "we would not have understood the language of New Spain and Mexico." Rodríguez de Ocaña, another conquistador, relates Cortés' assertion that after God, Marina was the main reason for his success. The evidence from Indigenous sources is even more interesting, both in the commentaries about her role, and in her prominence in the codex drawings made of conquest events. Although to some Marina may be known as a traitor, she was not viewed as such by all the Tlaxcalan. In some depictions they portrayed her as "larger than life," sometimes larger than Cortés, in rich clothing, and an alliance is shown between her and the Tlaxcalan instead of them and the Spaniards. They respected and trusted her and portrayed her in this light generations after the Spanish conquest. In the Lienzo de Tlaxcala (History of Tlaxcala), for example, not only is Cortés rarely portrayed without Marina poised by his side, but she is shown at times on her own, seemingly directing events as an independent authority. If she had been trained for court life, as in Díaz's account, her relationship to Cortés may have followed the familiar pattern of marriage among native elite classes. The role of the Nahua wife acquired through an alliance would have been to assist her husband achieve his military and diplomatic objectives. Today's historians give great credit to Marina's diplomatic skills, with some "almost tempted to think of her as the real conqueror of Mexico." In fact, old conquistadors on various occasions recalled that one of her greatest skills had been her ability to convince other Indians of what she could perceive, that it was useless in the long run to stand against Spanish metal (arms) and Spanish ships. In contrast to earlier parts of Díaz del Castillo's account, after Marina began assisting Cortés, the Spanish were forced into combat on one more occasion. Had La Malinche not been part of the Conquest of Mexico for her language skills, communication between the Spanish and the Indigenous peoples would have been much harder. La Malinche knew how to speak in different registers and tones among certain Indigenous tribes and classes of people. For the Nahua audiences, she spoke rhetorically, formally, and high-handedly. This shift into formality gave the Nahua the impression that she was a noblewoman who knew what she was talking about. Image in contemporary Mexico Malinche's image has become a mythical archetype that Hispanic American artists have represented in various forms of art. Her figure permeates historical, cultural, and social dimensions of Hispanic American cultures. In modern times and in several genres, she is compared with the La Llorona (folklore story of the woman weeping for lost children), and the Mexican soldaderas (women who fought beside men during the Mexican Revolution) for their brave actions. La Malinche's legacy is one of myth mixed with legend, and the opposing opinions of the Mexican people about the legendary woman. Some see her as a founding figure of the Mexican nation, while others continue to see her as a traitor—as may be assumed from a legend that she had a twin sister who went North, and from the pejorative nickname La Chingada associated with her twin. Feminist interventions into the figure of Malinche began in 1960s. The work of Rosario Castellanos was particularly significant; Chicanas began to refer to her as a "mother" as they adopted her as symbolism for duality and complex identity. Castellanos's subsequent poem "La Mallinche" recast her not as a traitor but as a victim. Mexican feminists defended Malinche as a woman caught between cultures, forced to make complex decisions, who ultimately served as a mother of a new race. Today in Mexican Spanish, the words malinchismo and malinchista are used to denounce Mexicans who are perceived as denying their own cultural heritage by preferring foreign cultural expressions. Some historians believe that La Malinche saved her people from the Aztecs, who held a hegemony throughout the territory and demanded tribute from its inhabitants. Some Mexicans also credit her with having brought Christianity to the New World from Europe, and for having influenced Cortés to be more humane than he would otherwise have been. It is argued, however, that without her help, Cortés would not have been successful in conquering the Aztecs as quickly, giving the Aztec people enough time to adapt to new technology and methods of warfare. From that viewpoint, she is seen as one who betrayed the Indigenous people by siding with the Spaniards. Recently a number of feminist Latinas have decried such a categorization as scapegoating. President José López Portillo commissioned a sculpture of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their son Martín, which was placed in front of Cortés' house in the Coyoacan section of Mexico City. Once López Portillo left office, the sculpture was removed to an obscure park in the capital. In popular culture A reference to La Malinche as Marina is made in the novel The Manuscript Found in Saragossa by the Polish author Jan Potocki, in which she is cursed for yielding her "heart and her country to the hateful Cortez, chief of the sea-brigands." La Malinche appears in the adventure novel Montezuma's Daughter (1893) by H. Rider Haggard. Doña Marina appears in the Henry King film adventure Captain from Castile (1947) played Estela Inda. La Malinche is portrayed as a Christian and protector of her fellow native Mexicans in the novel Tlaloc Weeps for Mexico (1939) by László Passuth, and is the main protagonist in such works as the novels The Golden Princess (1954) by Alexander Baron and Feathered Serpent: A Novel of the Mexican Conquest (2002) by Colin Falconer. In contrast, she is portrayed as a duplicitous traitor in Gary Jennings' novel Aztec (1980). A novel published in 2006 by Laura Esquivel portrays the main character as a pawn of history who becomes Malinche. In 1949, choreographer José Limón premiered the dance trio "La Milanche" to music by Norman Lloyd. It was the first work created by Limón for his own company, and was based on his memories as a child of Mexican fiestas. The story of La Malinche is told in Cortez and Marina (1963) by Edison Marshall. In the 1973 Mexican film Leyendas macabras de la colonia, La Malinche's mummy is in the possession of Luisa, her daughter by Hernán Cortés, while her spirit inhabits a cursed painting. La Malinche is referred to in the songs "Cortez the Killer" from the 1975 album Zuma by Neil Young, and "La Malinche" by the French band Feu! Chatterton from their 2015 album Ici le jour (a tout enseveli) In the animated television series The Mysterious Cities of Gold (1982), which chronicles the adventures of a Spanish boy and his companions traveling throughout South America in 1532 to seek the lost city of El Dorado, a woman called Marinche becomes a dangerous adversary. The series was originally produced in Japan, and then translated into English. In the fictional Star Trek universe, a starship, the USS Malinche, was named for La Malinche, and appeared in the 1997 "For the Uniform" episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. This was done by Hans Beimler, a native of Mexico City, who together with friend Robert Hewitt Wolfe later wrote a screenplay based on La Malinche called The Serpent and the Eagle. La Malinche is a key character in the opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero. Malinalli is the main character in a 2011 historical novel by Helen Heightsman Gordon, Malinalli of the Fifth Sun: The Slave Girl Who Changed the Fate of Mexico and Spain. Author Octavio Paz traces the root of mestizo and Mexican culture to La Malinche's child with Cortés in The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950). He uses her relation to Cortés symbolically to represent Mexican culture as originating from rape and violation, but also holds Malinche accountable for her "betrayal" of the indigenous population, which Paz claims "the Mexican people have not forgiven." Malinal is a character in Graham Hancock's series of novels War God: Nights of the Witch (2013) and War God: Return of the Plumed Serpent (2014), which is a fictional story describing the events related to the Hernan Cortés' expedition to Mexico and the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire. Malinche is a character in Edward Rickford's The Serpent and the Eagle, referred to variously as Dona Marina and Malintze. The depiction of her character was praised by historical novelists and bloggers. La Malinche appears in the biographical Mexican series Malinche in 2018, where she is portrayed by María Mercedes Coroy. La Malinche appears in the Amazon Prime series Hernán. She is portrayed by Ishbel Bautista. Malintzin: The Story of an Enigma. Documentary of 2019 based on the life of La Malinche. See also Felipillo History of Mexico Pocahontas – a Powhatan woman notable for her interaction as an interpreter for the English colonists of Jamestown, Virginia. Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Women in Mexico Notes References Citations Bibliography Further reading External links "Cortés girlfriend is not forgiven". The New York Times. accessed 10 June 2019 Hernando Cortés on the Web : Malinche / Doña Marina (resources) in defense of Malinche Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 1) Making Herself Indispensable, Condemned for Surviving: Doña Marina (Part 2) La Malinche, an ambivalent interpreter from the past Leyenda y nacionalismo: alegorías de la derrota en La Malinche y Florinda "La Cava", Spanish-language article by Juan F. Maura comparing La Cava and Mexican Malinche. 1490s births 1500s births 1520s deaths 1550s deaths 16th-century indigenous people of the Americas 16th-century Mexican people 16th-century Mexican women History of the Aztecs Indigenous Mexicans Interpreters Mexican folklore National symbols of Mexico Native American women in warfare Mexican slaves Women in 16th-century warfare Women in the Conquest of Mexico 16th-century slaves
43973258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn%20Therin	Lauryn Therin	Lauryn Therin (born 19 January 1986) is a British track cyclist and a former bobsledder and track and field athlete. Initially she focused on track and field sports as a youth, mainly taking part in the javelin throw. Her international debut came in the discus throw at the 2003 World Youth Championships in Athletics, where she came eighth in qualifying. She was a double bronze medallist in the discus and javelin at the Athletics at the 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games (the discus was won by future world champion Dani Samuels). She went on to study at Cardiff Metropolitan University, where she competed in various throws events. She represented Jersey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, coming fourteenth in the discus throw. Following that, she had her highest finish at national level, taking fourth place in the javelin at the British Athletics Championships. The repeated that finish the following year. The 2007 Island Games saw Therin take a gold medal sweep in the throws by coming first in the shot, discus and javelin events. She was also part of the Jersey women's 4×100 metres relay team. This was to be her final international athletics competition, however. Her personal best results were 47.25 metres in the discus throw, achieved in 2005; and 52.09 metres in the javelin throw, achieved in May 2007 in Bedford. She competed in bobsleigh and was a medallist for Great Britain at the FIBT World Championships 2008. She left the sport that same year and took part in UK Sport's Girls4Gold programme, which identified her talent for cycling. She established herself as a national level cyclist at the 2012 British National Team Sprint Championships, where she shared in the silver medal with teammate Eleanor Richardson. She began acting as a tandem pilot for visually-impaired Paralympian cyclists and she helped Aileen McGlynn to two bronze medals at the 2013 British National Track Championships. The following year she piloted Rhiannon Henry to a silver medal at the 2014 event. She and Henry teamed up again for the 2014 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships. References External links Living people 1986 births British female cyclists British track cyclists British female bobsledders British female discus throwers British female javelin throwers Jersey athletes Commonwealth Games competitors for Jersey Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Jersey sportswomen
63131119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Kolomoku	Walter Kolomoku	Walter Kolomoku (February 14, 1889 – May 6, 1930) was a Hawaiian steel guitar musician, actor, and recording artist. He has a cameo in D. W. Griffith's film The Idol Dancer. He recorded Southern Melodies Waltz No. 1 on Victor Records. He played the steel guitar. His work includes recorded performances as part of the Hawaiian Quintette. He toured with Ernest Kaʻai. He left Honolulu and lived in New York for 20 years. He conducted the Hawaiian Conservatory of Music. He recorded several songs on Victor records. He taught guitar and ukelele via correspondence classes. Musician Bob Dunn took the steel guitar courses as a young man. Kolomoku recorded the album Southern Melodies in 1928 covering Southern classics on the steel guitar. He married and had a son. Discography "Aloha Oe" (1911) by Queen Liliʻuokalani circa 1878, Edison Blue Amberola Cylinder "Kaua i ka huahuai" - Hawaiian War Chant (April 18, 1913) Victor 65339 Camden, New Jersey" as part of the Hawaiian Quintette "Wailana" (1913) as partof the Hawaiian Quintette Southern Melodies (1928) References 1889 births 1930 deaths 20th-century American conductors (music) Steel guitarists 20th-century American guitarists Musicians from New York City Musicians from Honolulu
68038248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20%281900s%20pitcher%29	Luis González (1900s pitcher)	Luis González (1884 – death date unknown) was a Cuban pitcher in the Negro leagues and Cuban League in the 1900s and 1910s. A native of Havana, Cuba, González played in the Negro leagues for the Cuban Stars (West) in 1908, 1910 and 1912. He also played several seasons in the Cuban League between 1905 and 1912. References External links Baseball statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference Black Baseball Stats and Seamheads 1884 births Date of birth missing Year of death missing Place of death missing Club Fé players Cuban Stars (West) players Habana players
11718064	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawfish%20Creek%20%28Wyoming%29	Crawfish Creek (Wyoming)	Crawfish Creek is a short stream in Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming This watercourse is known for its unusually warm temperatures compared to other surface water bodies in Wyoming; these elevated temperatures enable crawfish to thrive in the water. Summer water temperatures are in the range of 22 to 24 degrees Celsius; pH levels are typically about 9.1, or somewhat alkaline. The warm waters come from a southern portion of the Yellowstone volcanic zone which produces hot water from hot springs and fumaroles in the area. The stream feeds into the Lewis River just south of the Lewis River Canyon and just before the Lewis River converges with the Snake River. Moose Falls is located upstream from the Crawfish Creek confluence with the Lewis River. The watershed of Crawfish Creek is densely forested with lodgepole pine, Douglas fir and other tree species. Notes External links Photo of Crawfish Creek, Yellowstone Park Rivers of Wyoming Rivers of Yellowstone National Park Rivers of Teton County, Wyoming
41424788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przygodzice%20Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82%20Family%20Fee%20Tail	Przygodzice Radziwiłł Family Fee Tail	The Przygodzice Radziwiłł Family Fee Tail (Polish: Ordynacja Przygodzicka Radziwiłłów) was a fee tail established in the Prussian Partition of Poland by Prince Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł for his son Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł in 1873. It was owned by the Radziwiłł family until the end of World War II. Ortynats of the Estate Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł, I ordynat Bogusław Fryderyk Radziwiłł, II ordynat, son of the previous Ferdynand Radziwiłł, III ordynat, son of the previous Michał Radziwiłł Rudy, IV ordynat, son of the previous See also Radziwiłł Family Fee Tail Antonin, Ostrów Wielkopolski County Przygodzice (Greater Poland) External links http://www.wastan.pl/radziwil.htm Radziwiłł family Legal history of Poland Economic history of Poland
1841001	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Copway	George Copway	George Copway (1818 – June 27, 1869) was a Mississaugas Ojibwa writer, ethnographer, Methodist missionary, lecturer, and advocate of indigenous peoples. His Ojibwa name was Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh (Gaagigegaabaw in the Fiero orthography), meaning "He Who Stands Forever". In 1847 he published a memoir about his life and time as a missionary. This work made him Canada's first literary celebrity in the United States. In 1851 he published The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of The Ojibway Nation, the first published history of the Ojibwa in English. Biography Copway was born near Trenton, Ontario, into a Mississauga Anishinaabe family; his father John Copway was a Mississauga chief and medicine man. His parents converted to Methodism in 1827. Beginning in the 1830s, the young Copway attended the local mission school. In July 1834, together with an uncle and cousin, he was invited to work with a Methodist minister as a missionary to Ojibwe who lived near the western part of Lake Superior. His activities in two different areas over the next few years included working with Reverend Sherman Hall in La Pointe, Wisconsin to translate the Christian Acts of the Apostles and the Gospel of St Luke into Ojibwa. In 1838 the Methodists provided for Copway's education in Illinois, and later ordained him as a minister. In 1840, Copway met Elizabeth Howell, an English woman whose family were farmers in the Toronto area. They married and moved to Minnesota to serve as missionaries. They had a son, George Albert Copway (1843 – 1873) and a daughter Frances Minne-Ha-Ha (Copway) Passmore (1863–1921) during their marriage. The couple later returned to Canada in 1842, where Copway served as a missionary for the Saugeen and Rice Lake Bands of the Ojibwa. He was elected vice-president of the Ojibwe General Council. In 1846, he was accused and convicted of embezzlement by the Indian Department. Because of this, he was defrocked by the Methodists. The Copways moved to New York City, where he wrote and published a memoir, The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-Bowh (1847), republished in London in 1850 as Recollections of a forest life; or, the life and travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh. It was the first book published by a Canadian First Nations person. It had six printings in the first year and rapidly became a bestseller. During the 1840s, he toured and lectured in the United States and also traveled to Europe. That travel provided him with the material for his book of sketches of Europe, Running sketches of men and places, in England, France, Germany, Belgium, and Scotland, published in 1851 after his book on the history of the Ojibwe. During this period, Copway acted as an advocate for a Native American territory, suggesting a 150-square mile territory be established in what was the American Midwest east of the Missouri River. The tribes in the area were under increasing pressure of encroachment by European-American settlers. This proposal was never approved by the United States Congress, but Copway attracted considerable attention from leading intellectuals of the time, including the historian Francis Parkman. In 1851, Copway started his own weekly newspaper in New York City, titled Copway's American Indian, which ran for approximately three months. He had attracted "letters of support from the eminent ethnologists Lewis Henry Morgan and Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, from Parkman, and from the novelists James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving." Copway's career subsequently spiralled downward as he began drinking heavily and sank into debt, and in 1858 his wife Elizabeth Howell Copway took his daughter, Frances Minne-Ha-Ha, and left him. Copway traveled throughout New York and Michigan as a herbalist 'street healer' and a Union army recruiter. Copway died in 1869 in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Legacy Copway's 1847 memoir and his 1851 history of the Ojibwe The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of The Ojibway Nation included many details about their traditional culture. He dedicated a few chapters to the use of birch bark scrolls, the symbolic writing that was used, and the meaning of various symbols. These elaborate scrolls were used to remember songs, history, and ceremonies. The care and reproduction of these scrolls by a select few is described in detail. A recurring theme in Copway's publications is the use of alcohol by Euromericans to weaken Native American social fabric: The introduction of spirituous liquors...has been greater than all other evils combined. Intemperance and disease. The fire-water has done its work of disaster. By it the glad shouts of the youth of our land have died away in wails of grief! Fathers have followed their children to their graves. Children have sent their wail of woe, echoing from vale to vale. And around the cheering fires of the Indian, the white man has received the gain of avarice. Peace and Happiness entwined around the fire-side of the Indian once. Union, harmony, and a common brotherhood cemented them all. But as soon as these vile drinks were introduced, dissipation commenced, and the ruin and downfall of a noble race has gone on — every year lessening their numbers. In 2018, Copway was designated a National Historic Person by the Canadian federal government (through the Minister of Environment & Climate Change). Selected bibliography The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-Bowh (1847), available for download at University of Georgia The Traditional History and Characteristic Sketches of the Ojibway Nation (1850), available online at Internet Archive The Life, Letters, and Speeches of Kah-ge-ga-gah-Bowh, or G. Copway, a chief of the Ojibwa Nation (1850) Ojibwa Conquest (1850) Organization of a New Indian Territory, East of the Missouri River (1850) Running Sketches of Men and Places, in England, France, Germany, Belgium, and Scotland (1851), available online at Internet Archive Indian Life and Indian History (1860) References External links The life, history, and travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh (George Copway), a young Indian chief of the Ojebwa nation, a convert to the Christian faith, and a missionary to his people for twelve years; with a sketch of the present state of the Ojebwa nation, in regard to Christianity and their future prospects. Also an appeal; with all the names of the chiefs now living, who have been Christianized, and the missionaries now laboring among them. Written by himself. Publisher: Albany, Printed by Weed and Parsons, 1847, c1846, downloadable version at University of Georgia Library. "George Copway", Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online "George Copway", The Canadian Encyclopedia 1818 births 1869 deaths 19th-century First Nations writers Ojibwe people Converts to Methodism Canadian Methodist missionaries Methodist missionaries in Canada Methodist missionaries in the United States Native American temperance activists Mississauga people
22866626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Village%2C%20California	Indian Village, California	Indian Village is an unincorporated community in Furnace Creek, Death Valley of Inyo County, California. Indian Village lies at an elevation of 197 feet (60 m) below sea level. Indian Village is located in the Death Valley Indian Community reservation of the Death Valley Timbisha Shoshone Band of California, within Death Valley National Park. Approximately 50 members of the tribe live in Indian Village. After unsuccessful efforts to remove the band to nearby reservations, National Park Service officials entered into an agreement with Timbisha Shoshone tribal leaders to allow the Civilian Conservation Corps to construct an Indian village for tribal members near park headquarters at Furnace Creek in 1938. References Timbisha Native American populated places Death Valley Populated places in the Mojave Desert Unincorporated communities in Inyo County, California History of Inyo County, California Native American history of California Populated places established in 1938 1938 establishments in California Unincorporated communities in California Civilian Conservation Corps in California
30792630	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melling%20railway%20station	Melling railway station	Melling railway station is the terminal station on the single track Melling Line in Lower Hutt, New Zealand. The single platform station serves the suburb of Melling. The station is served by Metlink's electric multiple unit trains. History The station used to be on the Hutt Valley Line section of the Wairarapa Line until 1 March 1954, when the Melling-Belmont section of the line on the western side of the Hutt Valley was closed and the through line to Upper Hutt and the Wairarapa rerouted through the centre of the valley. The truncated line to Melling was then electrified. The new station erected at the same time was about 100m closer to Wellington to avoid a level crossing at the Melling Link Road over the Hutt River. In the 19th century, the line from Wellington to the Hutt was opened on 14 April 1874. The line past Melling to Silverstream was opened on December 1875. The original Melling station opened on 26 May 1908. Melling was one of several stations and sidings opened in 1908 on the Hutt Valley section of line, along with Gosse and Co's Siding, Pitcaithly's railway station, the Belmont Quarry Co's Siding (not to be confused with the Belmont railway station), and the Silverstream Bridge railway station. The station building today contains a ticket office and a coffee shop. The building was closed without notice on 18 December 2013 for asbestos removal, reopening on 18 February 2014. Future The Melling Station will be moved under the three 2018 NZTA options for replacing the Melling road bridge. The proposed Melling Interchange also involves flood protection work, and will be completed by 2026 (in 2019 the project had been put "on hold"). Incidents Since the introduction of the Matangi EMUs in 2010, two have crashed into the stop block at the north end of the platform. In the first incident, on 15 April 2013, nine passengers and 2 crew were aboard the 7:50am train that hit the stop block in a low-speed collision. No serious injuries were reported and the line reopened the same day. A year later on 27 May 2014 the 8:09am train crashed into and mounted the stop block. Ten passengers were aboard, with one receiving minor injuries and another hospitalised for shock. Services resumed two days later. Services The following Metlink bus routes serve Melling station: References External links Passenger service timetables from Metlink and Tranz Metro. Rail transport in Wellington Railway stations in New Zealand Railway stations opened in 1908 Buildings and structures in Lower Hutt 1908 establishments in New Zealand
6884192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Municipal%E2%80%93John%20Beverly%20Rose%20Airport	Franklin Municipal–John Beverly Rose Airport	Franklin Municipal–John Beverly Rose Airport, also known as Franklin Municipal Airport or John Beverly Rose Field is a public airport in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, United States. The airport is owned by the City of Franklin and is located at 32470 John Beverly Rose Drive, two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the city's central business district. Facilities and aircraft Franklin Municipal Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 41 feet (12 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 9/27 with a 4,977 x 100 ft (1,517 x 30 m) asphalt surface. Two former runways, 14/32 and 4/22, are in no longer used and marked with yellow X's. For the 12-month period ending March 31, 2007, the airport had 5,012 aircraft operations, an average of 13 per day: 70% general aviation, 30% military and <1% air taxi. At that time there were 25 aircraft based at this airport: 84% single-engine, 12% multi-engine and 4% ultralight. References External links Airports in Virginia Franklin, Virginia Buildings and structures in Isle of Wight County, Virginia Transportation in Isle of Wight County, Virginia
13447562	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Sturdy%20%28PC-460%29	USS Sturdy (PC-460)	USS Sturdy (PC-460/PYc-50) was a yacht converted to a patrol boat acquired by the U.S. Navy for the task of patrolling the coastal waters of the U.S. East Coast during World War II. Her primary task was to guard the coastal area against German submarines. The second ship to be named Sturdy by the Navy, ex-Elda was built in 1930 by the Consolidated Shipbuilding Corp., Morris Heights, Bronx, New York. The yacht was purchased from Mr. Arthur Davis of New York City on 4 September 1940 and converted for Navy use by the New York Navy Yard. She was commissioned as PC-460 on 16 October 1940. World War II service PC-460 was assigned to the Panama Canal Zone for patrol duty at Balboa and arrived there on 13 November 1940. On 24 January 1942 in the Gulf of Panama about fourteen miles west of San Jose Light, PC-460 accidentally rammed and sank the submarine . PC-460 was escorting USS S-26 (SS-131), USS S-29 (SS-134) and USS S-44 (SS-155) from the harbor of Balboa, Panama to their patrol stations when at 2210 the Sturdy sent a visual message to the submarines that she was leaving the formation and that they could proceed on the duty assigned. S-21 was the only submarine to receive this message. Shortly there-after, PC-460 struck S-26 on the starboard side of the torpedo room and the submarine sank within a few seconds. On 31 January 1943, she sailed to Mobile, Alabama, for extensive repairs after which she returned to Panama. On 15 July 1943, she was named Sturdy and redesignated PYc-50. Retirement Sturdy steamed to Key West, Florida, for repairs and an overhaul in October 1944. She was under repair on the 29th when it was decided that she should be disposed of and all work was ordered stopped. Sturdy was transferred to the 7th Naval District for disposition. Decommissioning Sturdy was decommissioned on 20 November 1944 and struck from the Navy list on 27 November 1944. Awards American Defense Service Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal See also List of United States Navy ships Patrol boat References External links Photo gallery at navsource.org Ships built in Morris Heights, Bronx 1930 ships Patrol vessels of the United States Navy World War II patrol vessels of the United States
29053183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20of%20Hands	Tree of Hands	Tree of Hands (released in the US as Innocent Victim) is a 1989 British psychological drama film directed by Giles Foster and starring Helen Shaver, Lauren Bacall, Malcolm Stoddard and Peter Firth. It is based on the 1984 novel The Tree of Hands by Ruth Rendell. Plot Benet Archdale (Helen Shaver), a London-based best-selling author who has just written a controversial novel, lives alone with her young son. Benet's mother, Marsha (Lauren Bacall), visiting from the United States, is a manic-depressive who has psychotic episodes. When Benet's young son dies, Marsha kidnaps a local child to serve as a substitute. Benet believes she should return the child but upon investigation she finds out that the child has been severely abused by his parents. After the child's disappearance, the parents are charged with the murder. Cast Helen Shaver ... Benet Archdale Lauren Bacall ... Marsha Archdale Malcolm Stoddard ... Ian Raeburn Peter Firth ... Terence Paul McGann ... Barry Kate Hardie ... Carol Tony Haygarth ... Kostas Phyllida Law ... Julia David Schofield ... Detective Inspector Amanda Dickinson ... Molly Fiona McAlpine ... Neighbour Julie Jupp ... Neighbour's Daughter Sean Blowers ... Detective Allan Mitchell ... Consultant Simon Prebble ... Newscaster Barnaby Brown ... Jason Charles Pountney ... James References External links 1989 films 1980s psychological drama films British films Films shot at EMI-Elstree Studios English-language films Films based on British novels British psychological drama films Works by Ruth Rendell 1989 drama films Films directed by Giles Foster
52351965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendrillia%20clava	Splendrillia clava	Splendrillia clava is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae. Description Distribution This extinct marine species was endemic to New Zealand References Powell, Arthur William Baden. The New Zealand Recent and Fossil Mollusca of the Family Turridae: With General Notes on Turrid Nomenclature and Systematics. No. 2. Unity Press limited, printers, 1942. Maxwell, P.A. (2009). Cenozoic Mollusca. pp. 232–254 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. External links clava Gastropods of New Zealand
62570906	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Atherton	Sarah Atherton	Sarah Elizabeth Atherton (born 15 November 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician, who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wrexham since the 2019 general election. She is the first Conservative to represent the Wrexham constituency since its creation in 1918. In addition, Atherton is the first female MP elected to represent the seat, and became the first female Conservative MP elected to Westminster representing a Welsh constituency. Early life and career Atherton was born in Chester in 1967, the daughter of John Atherton and Evelyn Atherton (née Morgan). She left Christleton High School in Chester, a local comprehensive school, at the age of 16. Atherton joined the army, serving in the Intelligence Corps, before training at Bangor University and becoming a Registered General Nurse. She also studied at Manchester Metropolitan University, receiving a BSc (Hons) in Community Health, and at the University of Liverpool, where she obtained a Diploma in Social Work. Atherton has worked as a nurse, district nurse and social worker. In addition, she ran her own business, a micro brewery, based on Wrexham Industrial Estate. Prior to being elected as the Member of Parliament for Wrexham, she served on Gresford Community Council. She is a member of the Royal British Legion. Parliamentary career Atherton was elected as the Member of Parliament for Wrexham in 2019. Wrexham was the first seat to be gained from Labour's "red wall" in North Wales. The BBC described her at the time as "a passionate Brexiteer." Atherton supports travel discounts for some people who have formerly worked in the British Armed Forces and have been injured. In the House of Commons, she sits on the Defence Select Committee. Atherton is a member of the Armed Forces and Beer All-Party Parliamentary Groups. In February 2020, Atherton was appointed as the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Wales, Simon Hart. In June 2020, she supported discussions about sexual abuse in the armed forces being prosecuted in civilian courts rather than military courts. The same month, it was reported during the coronavirus outbreak that Atherton limited her engagement on the platform Twitter to only her followers, with some Twitter contributors criticising her for a lack of communication. Atherton has been criticised for promoting the re-opening of a McDonald's outlet in Wrexham on her Twitter account, citing childhood obesity and small independent businesses which require help. Whilst it is a locally owned franchise, licence fees are paid to McDonald's UK subsidiary. In August 2020, Atherton suggested in a Twitter post that the army should be deployed to stop migrants crossing the English Channel. Her tweet was criticised by immigration law specialists, and Atherton was described as displaying a "staggering level of ignorance" by the director of Stand for All, a human rights advocacy group. In response, Atherton said: "I frequently assist people in Wrexham seeking asylum. However what we are seeing in the Channel is little more than exploitation of vulnerable people by human traffickers and gang leaders." She described it as "an abuse of the system, which is blocking the way for those in genuine need of asylum." Voting record In January 2020, Atherton voted, with the majority of MPs, against an Opposition amendment, "Proportional Representation to Elect MPs in the House of Commons", on the subject of electoral reform and PR. In February 2020, Atherton voted with the majority of MPs against an Opposition motion on "proper funding of public services along with robust action against tax avoidance and evasion". In the same month she voted with the majority of MPs against an Opposition motion on "a plan to eliminate a substantial majority of transport emissions by 2030". In July 2020, Atherton voted with the majority of MPs against a Green Party amendment to the Trade Bill, which the proposer said "would aim to protect the NHS and publicly funded health and care services in other parts of the UK from any form of control from outside the UK". Quoted after the vote, Atherton said: "I will continue to respect the manifesto upon which I was elected, which clearly stated that 'when we are negotiating trade deals, the NHS will not be on the table. The price the NHS pays for drugs will not be on the table. The services the NHS provides will not be on the table'." Personal life In 2014, Atherton married Nicholas John Daniel Corcoran. She has a son. Her recreations are listed in Who's Who as "lover of real ale, sailing, ski-ing, family, countryside, passionate about Wales". References External links 1967 births Living people UK MPs 2019–present 21st-century British women politicians Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Welsh constituencies Intelligence Corps soldiers Alumni of Bangor University English nurses
41652303	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27arei%20Yerushalayim	Sha'arei Yerushalayim	Sha'arei Yerushalayim (, Gates of Jerusalem) is a former courtyard neighborhood in western Jerusalem. It is one of a series of courtyard neighborhoods built along Jaffa Road in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, together with Ohel Shlomo and Batei Saidoff. Today it is considered part of the Mekor Baruch neighborhood. Location The neighborhood is bounded by Jaffa Road to the south, Tashbetz Street to the west, Rashi Street to the north, and HaTurim Street to the east. Name Sha'arei Yerushalayim was so-named because at the time of its founding, it was the closest neighborhood to the entrance to the city. It was popularly known as "Abu Bessel" (Arabic for "Father of Onions") in honor of its founder, Yitzchak Lipkin, who also dealt in vegetables and supplied onions to other vegetable dealers. History Sha'arei Yerushalayim was established in 1891 by Yitzchak Lipkin (1834-1927), a Russian Jewish immigrant businessman. Lipkin opposed the halukka system of welfare handouts, encouraging Jerusalem residents to support themselves by their own labor. To that end, he provided financing for the Sha'arei Yerushalayim and Ohel Shlomo neighborhoods on the northern side of Jaffa Road, and sold houses to individuals with easy payment terms. Slated to accommodate approximately 40 homes, Sha'arei Yerushalayim was designed as an "open courtyard" with one- and two-story buildings on all four sides and access ways between them. Two reservoirs stood in the middle of the courtyard to collect rainwater during the winter; the water was apportioned to each family in the summertime. By 1892, 43 homes had been completed. In a 1916 census conducted by the office of the Histadrut, the number of homes in Sha'arei Yerushalayim was listed as 44, with a total of 187 occupants. In its early years, the neighborhood was considered very beautiful. Homes were rented to Jewish families and many important people lived there. Within a decade of its establishment, two major public institutions opened in close proximity: the Sha'arei Zedek Hospital directly across the street in 1902, and the Sephardic Old Age Home for Men and Women further west on Jaffa Road in 1904. The first Jerusalem bus station was established on an open field opposite Sha'arei Yerushalayim (next to the Sha'arei Zedek Hospital) in 1931. Buses of the HaMekasher and Egged bus cooperatives operated out of a garage at this site until 1939, when the station was moved to a larger site in Kiryat Moshe. In the census of 1938 conducted by the Vaad HaKehillah (the "Local Committee" of the Jewish community established by Mandate regulation), the population of Sha'arei Yerushalayim was recorded as 400 residents, mostly Sephardi Jews. In the latter part of the 20th century, some of the one-story homes in Sha'arei Yerushalayim were converted into workshops and yeshiva classrooms. Jerusalem Light Rail construction In planning the route of the Jerusalem Light Rail, which began construction in 2002, the city planning authority debated how to preserve the historic buildings that line Jaffa Road while at the same time accommodate passengers and train operations. While buildings such as Batei Saidoff, located further east on Jaffa Road, were able to be preserved, the buildings of Sha'arei Yerushalayim and Ohel Shlomo that fronted Jaffa Road were determined to be beyond rehabilitation or preservation and were razed. Architects created a physical reminder of the historic homes by erecting in their place a concrete memorial inlaid with the original door and window frames of the destroyed buildings. To emphasize the shape of the frames, the surrounding wall was plastered in shades of turquoise, terracotta, and ochre. References Sources External links Photograph of Sha'arei Yerushalayim neighborhood in 1903 Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem 1891 establishments in Ottoman Syria
33113818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20%28film%29	Josef (film)	Josef is a 2011 Croatian war drama film directed by Stanislav Tomić depicting war story of Austrian-Hungarian Croat soldier during World War I in 1915 in Galicia. In the film, stress is given to effective photos, music, violence and sex. The film is written by Mario Marko Krce. Opening song of the film, "Josef", is composed and played by Marko Perković. Critics were very positive. Critics especially praised costumes and scenography, even though film was produced with low budget and in an independent production. The film won the Golden Arena for Best Special Effects at the 2011 Pula Film Festival. Plot In 1915, during World War I in Galicia, Croatian soldiers serving in the Austro-Hungarian Army were sent on Eastern Front to fight against the Russian Army and Circassian bandits. An Austrian-Hungarian soldier who has survived the battle, a Croat, takes a uniform and identification tag from a dead NCO. Later, the Croat and a group of Croatian Home Guard and Hungarian Honvéd deserters are captured by a Gendarmerie unit led by Lieutenant Ali Tiffenbach. Before the Croat could be executed by firing squad with the rest of the deserters, he is mistaken for Zugsführer Josef, the dead NCO whose identification tag he's carrying. The Austrian Colonel decides to spare the Croat because Josef is well known as a regimental fencing champion, much to the disappointment of Lieutenant Tiffenbach, who suspects that the Croat is an impostor. Tiffenbach later confirms his suspicions when he easily defeats "Josef" in a sword duel. Later, Tiffenbach's unit is attacked and obliterated by a group of Circassian irregulars led by a Russian officer, Captain Seryoza. The Croat hides the severely wounded Tiffenbach in a shack and switches their uniforms, believing the bandits would spare him if he is dressed like an officer. However, the bandits kill the Croat the moment they see him. Tiffenbach, now wearing Josef's uniform and identification tag, is later found by a woman named Pelagija, who takes him to her cabin in the woods. Pelagija tends to Tiffebach's wounds for a few days but later betrays him to the Circassians in exchange for a horse. Over the next few days, Tiffenbach and two other captured soldiers are physically tortured and forced to do heavy work in the Circassian camp. The Circassians later join up with the regular Russian Army and Tiffenbach is thrown in a prison where he is left to starve. Soon the Austrian Army begins a great offensive, defeating the Russians and capturing their positions. Before the end of the battle, Captain Seryoza finds Tiffenbach and switches their uniforms, joining the Austrians. After the battle, the Austrians execute their prisoners, including Tiffenbach who is only half-conscious and unable to identify himself. Seryoza joins the Austrians as they return to their camp and takes a look at Josef's tag to see the name Josip Broz, implying that he would one day become Josip Broz Tito, the future leader of both the Yugoslav Partisans and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Roles Major roles Supporting roles Theories about Tito's origin The real Josep Broz was killed and replaced by a Russian agent in Soviet Russia. Tito was actually Jošua Ambroz Tito, Austrian Jew. Such theories were inspiration for creation of this movie, but are not considered to have any significant historical basis. References External links Josef (2011) at Moj film Josef (2011) Tralier at Moj film 2011 films 2011 war drama films Croatian films Croatian-language films German-language films Ukrainian-language films Russian-language films World War I films set on the Eastern Front Films set in Ukraine Films set in 1915 Croatian war drama films Cultural depictions of Josip Broz Tito Films about Josip Broz Tito 2011 drama films
12797177	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Nemon	Oscar Nemon	Oscar Nemon (born Oscar Neumann; 13 March 1906 – 13 April 1985) was a Croatian sculptor who was born in Osijek, Croatia, but eventually settled in England. He is best known for his series of more than a dozen public statues of Sir Winston Churchill. Biography Nemon was born into a close Jewish family in Osijek. He was the second child, and elder son, of Mavro Neumann, a pharmaceutical manufacturer, and his wife, Eugenia Adler. He was an accomplished artist from an early age, and began modelling with clay at a local brickworks. He exhibited early works locally in 1923 and 1924, while still at school. He obtained his baccalaureate in Osijek. He was encouraged by Ivan Meštrović to study in Paris, but he moved to Vienna instead. He applied to join the Akademie der bildenden Künste but failed to secure a place, and spent some time working at his uncle's bronze foundry in Vienna. While in Vienna, he met Sigmund Freud and made a sculpture of Freud's dog Topsy. He also made a sculpture of Princess Marie Bonaparte. Later in his life, Nemon changed his surname from Neumann. After a short period studying in Paris, he moved to Brussels in 1925 to study at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, where he won a gold medal for his sculpture. Brussels became his home until 1939; he shared a house there with the painter René Magritte for much of the 1930s. He made the monument "June Victims" for his home city of Osijek in 1928, commemorating the murders of Pavle Radić, Đuro Basariček and Stjepan Radić in Belgrade in 1928; all three were Croatian members of the Yugoslav Parliament who were fatally shot in the debating chamber by a Montenegrin Serb, Puniša Račić. Nemon returned to Vienna in 1931, to create a large seated sculpture of Freud, now in Hampstead. He staged a one-man exhibition of portrait heads at the Académie, including his Freud and a bust of Paul-Henri Spaak. He made portraits of King Albert I, Queen Astrid of the Belgians, Emile Vandervelde and August Vermeylen, and also exhibited at the Galerie Monteau in December 1934 and January 1939. Concerned by the approaching threat of Nazi Germany, he escaped to England in 1938, a year before the outbreak of the Second World War. He abandoned over a decade of work in progress in his studio, including a clay model, "Le Pont". Most of his family remained in Europe and were murdered in the Holocaust. He married Patricia Villiers-Stuart, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Villiers-Stuart, in 1939 and they lived firstly in Holywell Street in Oxford, and then Sandfield Road in Headington, before settling in Boars Hill. They had a son, Falcon and two daughters, Aurelia and Electra. Falcon had a varied career, first as a photographer, then as a film maker, and finally as a music promoter. Aurelia married the Conservative MP Sir George Young, and Electra married rock musician Phil May. He made a bust of Max Beerbohm in 1941 (now at Merton College, Oxford); Beerbohm taught him English. The growing family moved to Boars Hill, near Oxford, in 1941, first living in rented rooms, and then Nissen huts on land bought from Robert Graves which he named "Pleasant Land", after the words of the hymn Jerusalem. He designed and built a combined house and studio on the site in the 1960s. He exhibited some portraits at Regent's Park College in Oxford in 1942, and made portraits John Rothenstein, director of the Tate Gallery, and Sir Karl Parker of the Ashmolean Museum. He became a naturalised British subject in 1948. After the war, he made sculptures of a spectacular list of high-profile figures. He made portraits of the members of British Royal Family, including Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Queen Mother, and the Earl Mountbatten of Burma, at a studio in St James's Palace. He also sculpted war leaders such as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Earl Alexander of Tunis, Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Lord Freyberg, Lord Portal of Hungerford, Lord Beaverbrook, and other political figures including Harold Macmillan, Harry S. Truman and Margaret Thatcher. He is best known for his series of more than a dozen public statues of Winston Churchill, including examples in the House of Commons, at Westerham (near Churchill's home at Chartwell), and in Nathan Phillips Square in Toronto. His last major piece, a monumental memorial to the Royal Canadian Air Force in Toronto, was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II in 1984. Meanwhile, in the 1940s and 1950s, he also created a series of lesser-known relief works, which he called "Les Fleurs de mon Coeur" (The Flowers of my Heart). He was made an Honorary Doctor of Letters at the University of St. Andrews in 1977, and a retrospective was held at the Ashmolean Museum in 1982. He was honoured by the tenth Biennale Slavonaca. He died on 13 April 1985 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford. The same year, a memorial exhibition was held at the Galerija Likovnih Umjetnosti in Osijek. Technique and legacy His technique depended on modelling from life directly in clay, quickly making many small studies with no preliminary drawings. He produced works in clay (often fired into terracotta), plaster, and stone, but most of his finished works were cast bronze, often at the Morris Singer art foundry or occasionally at the Burleighfield art foundry (now merged). His house and studio, Pleasant Land, remained closed for 17 years after his death. It reopened in 2003 as a museum of his life's work, exhibiting many studies and models for his finished works. It also houses the archive of his papers. Other papers, relating to his sculptures of Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher, are held by the Churchill Archives Centre in Cambridge. Gallery References Gerald Taylor, "Nemon, Oscar (1906–1985)", rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. (Accessed 16 August 2007.) Biography of Oscar Nemon 1906–1985. References External links Official website Churchill & Oscar Nemon - UK Parliament Living Heritage Oscar Nemon 'Churchill's Sculptor' Talk by Aurelia Young 1906 births 1985 deaths Austro-Hungarian Jews British Jews Croatian Austro-Hungarians Croatian emigrants to England Croatian Jews Croatian sculptors Jewish sculptors Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism People from Osijek Yugoslav emigrants to the United Kingdom 20th-century sculptors British people of Croatian-Jewish descent
49382329	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Crescent%20Trust	Green Crescent Trust	Green Crescent Trust (GCT) is a non-profit organization in Sindh, Pakistan that focuses on education and development. It was established in 1995 by group of people with just one goal: making a better Pakistan through education. It started out with just one school and handful of students in Karachi. Today, GCT aims to making schools a reality for deserving children in underprivileged areas of Sindh. It has expanded their schools network making them more accessible to these children. Introduction GCT is a professional non-profit organization operated by professionals under the supervision of the Board of Trustees, which runs schools in underprivileged areas of Sindh for the boys and girls in the rural and urban areas. The founders took this initiative with a very few number of students. Now with the same passion and enthusiasm, bestowed on that first school, GCT has managed to expand their journey of education and expended their chain of schools in all over Sindh. GCT aims to bring a behavioral change in the communities regarding quality education, community building, and motivation and providing opportunities to bring enhancements in their daily lives. For that they have expanded their services in Orphan Support Program, Centre for Educational Research and Development (CERD) for teachers training and Development, The Water Project for the people of Tharparkar. It is profoundly difficult in rural areas of Sindh to encourage families to gain education, especially for females. Hence, to achieve this, GCT hires the female staff from within the community and trains them for community mobilization, which greatly helps in convincing the parents to send their children to school. GCT has managed to increase female ratio from 20% to 40% in last 3 years. Hilal Public School System Hilal Public School System (HPSS) run by GCT since 1995 was initiated with just one school. HPSS is a network of curriculum-based schools providing subsidized education to underprivileged children across Sindh. HPSS is running 165 schools successfully all over the Sindh with more than 1200 teachers and 33,000 students. Center for Educational Research and Development Center for Educational Research and Development (CERD) is the professional training and development center for Teachers and Parents. CERD is providing training to all the GCT Teachers and Parents to bring about a substantial change in their lives through Education. CERD also provides training to other NGOs, Non-Profit Organizations and Charities. Water Project Water is one of the main and basic essences of every human. People of Tharparkar (Sindh, Pakistan) are starving for water, not only for them and their families, but also for the cattle they breed as their means of livelihood. The females of Tharparkar travel a minimum of 3 km daily in scorching heat for search of water for their families. GCT realized the need of water, when they found out that most of students of HPSS, are not in good health in the Tharparkar region. They took the initiative in 2014 and up till now the GCT has installed 430 water projects, which covers almost 90,000 beneficiaries. Every village now has their own project, providing a safe reliable source of water right outside their homes. Orphan Support Program Orphan Support Program (OSP) with the help of donors to help fulfilling the need of education, ethical and moral, health and sustenance need of orphans. Under OSP more than 1600 Orphans are getting supported. The four main elements are: Subsistence: monthly ration, clothes, hygiene kits Education: school fee, books, stationary, uniforms, shoes Health: proper medical checkups, referrals Social Activities: picnics, visits to amusement places, confidence building, art and creativity encouragement. GCT Book Bank GCT along with quality education also provides the necessities of education to the deserving students. GCT Book Bank is the program in which books are purchased for the students who could not afford them. These books are then laminated and made a hard cover, which increases their lifespan to 3 to 4 years, ensuring recycling and avoiding paper waste. Donations Being a non-profit organization, the main source of income is from donations, with most of the sources coming from Pakistan, which included corporate and development sectors. Almost 70% of the donations are utilized in education like building and running schools, providing basic equipment, computer and science labs, library books, uniforms and course books. The rest of the donations include 20% in OSP, CERD and Water Project and 10% is allocated for administration cost. References https://www.ubldirect.com/corporate/Portals/_default/Skins/DarkKnight/_ui/pdf/GreenCrescentTrustandUBLOmniPR.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20150815230800/http://educationfundforsindh.com/education-fund-for-sindhandgreen/ http://www.afkarachi.com/spip.php?article586 External links Green Crescent Trust Non-profit organisations based in Pakistan Organisations based in Sindh Education in Sindh
56206652	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%2C%20Party%20and%20Lies	Sex, Party and Lies	Sex, Party & Lies (; ) is a 2009 Spanish erotic drama film directed by Alfonso Albacete and David Menkes, starring Mario Casas, Yon González, Ana Polvorosa, Ana de Armas, Hugo Silva, Maxi Iglesias and Alejo Sauras. In December 2010, the Ministry of Culture of Spain—then led by Ángeles González Sinde, who had been one of the coscreenwriters of the film 5 years before becoming minister—granted the film's producing companies 1 million €. Cast Mario Casas as Tony Ana de Armas as Carola Yon González as Nico Ana Polvorosa as Marina Maxi Iglesias as Pablo as Sonia Alejo Sauras as Bubu Hugo Silva as Carlos Miriam Giovanelli as Paz Asier Etxeandia as Cristo Clara Pradas as Rosa as Nuria See also List of Spanish films of 2009 References External links 2009 films Spanish films 2000s Spanish-language films Films directed by Alfonso Albacete Tornasol Films films
36581571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita%20Hayworth%3A%20The%20Love%20Goddess	Rita Hayworth: The Love Goddess	Rita Hayworth: The Love Goddess is a 1983 American made-for-television biographical film directed by James Goldstone. Based on the 1982 biography Rita Hayworth by John Kobal, it deals with real events in the life of actress Rita Hayworth from 1931 to 1952. It was broadcast by CBS on November 2, 1983. Plot Born Rita Cansino, Rita Hayworth rises to the top of Hollywood becoming a World War II "pinup girl" next to Betty Grable and for three years she is one of the top movie actresses in the world. However, her personal life does not match her professional success. Happiness eludes her in her tumultuous relationship with tyrannical studio executive Harry Cohn, who often exploits her. She also has an unhappy marriage to Orson Welles and to Prince Aly Khan. Cast Lynda Carter as Rita Hayworth Michael Lerner as Harry Cohn John Considine as Ed Judson Jane Hallaren as Virginia Van Upp Alejandro Rey as Eduardo Cansino Edward Edwards as Orson Welles Philip Sterling as Joseph Schenck Ivan Bonar as Howard Hawks Leonard Mann as Contract Player James T. Callahan as Test Director Julian Fellowes as Aly Khan's Chauffeur Rance Howard as Still Photographer References External links 1983 television films 1983 films 1980s English-language films American biographical films American films Films directed by James Goldstone American television films Films scored by Lalo Schifrin Biographical films about actors Films about Orson Welles
31011959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persip%20Pekalongan	Persip Pekalongan	Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonesia Pekalongan, commonly known as Persip Pekalongan, or Persip, is an Indonesian football club based in Pekalongan, Central Java. They play in Liga 3. History Football as a people's sport has a long history in Pekalongan. This can be traced back to the colonial era around 1920 before PSSI was founded, football had become an activity that many people watched, at that time a European club from Austria had time to compete with a local team in the town square. Pekalongan and one of the oldest clubs in Pekalongan ever recorded is THH, a club owned by Chinese residents. recorded in the book Voetbal 40 Jarr in the Netherlands indie, 1894-1934 by W. Berrety. THH is one of the clubs from Pekalongan that participates in a competition held by NIVU (Nederlandsche Indishe Voetbal Unie) or a football association organized by Dutch East Indies. It is not surprising that this historical site is now starting to be pioneered again by Laskar Kalong who are able to penetrate the Indonesian Premier Division level. The local teams in Pekalongan, both those that have existed since the colonial era or those that emerged after the independence era, have a myriad of talented talents. One of Pekalongan's talents who was able to penetrate the list of players Indonesian national team was Muhammad Ridho. In addition, several national players have played for Persip Pekalongan, including: Patricio Jiménez Díaz, Zulvin Zamrun, Elie Aiboy, Awan Setho Raharjo, Irkham Mila, Wahyu Wiji Astanto, Ibrahim Sanjaya, and Arif Yanggi Rahman. Their homeground is Hoegeng Stadium, which is situated in Keraton Sports Complex in the downtown of Pekalongan, Central Java. References External links Liga-Indonesia site Pekalongan Football clubs in Indonesia 1955 establishments in Indonesia Association football clubs established in 1955 Football clubs in Central Java
37363956	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20UTEP%20Miners%20football%20team	2003 UTEP Miners football team	The 2003 UTEP Miners football team represented the University of Texas at El Paso in the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Gary Nord, who was fired after the season. The Miners played their home games at the Sun Bowl Stadium in El Paso, Texas. UTEP averaged 20,009 fans per game. Schedule References UTEP UTEP Miners football seasons UTEP Miners football
1278298	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius%20Pomponius%20Secundus	Publius Pomponius Secundus	Publius Pomponius Secundus was a distinguished statesman and poet in the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius. He was suffect consul for the nundinium of January to June 44, succeeding the ordinary consul Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and as the colleague of the other ordinary consul, Titus Statilius Taurus. Publius was on intimate terms with the elder Pliny, who wrote a biography of him, now lost. Name His full name was Publius Calvisius Sabinus Pomponius Secundus, as indicated by two fragmentary inscriptions from Germania Superior. For some time, Pomponius' praenomen was uncertain; Publius was not a regular name of the Pompilii, and Olli Salomies discusses the possibility that it might have been Gaius, but notes that a Publius Calvisius Sabinus was attested as existing in Spoletium, and concludes that it is "possible to assume with some confidence" that he had been adopted by a Publius Calvisius Sabinus. That his praenomen was Publius, at least after his adoption, seems to be confirmed by an inscription from Veii, dating from his consulship, another from Cyrenae, when he was proconsul, and a third from Mogontiacum, when he was Legatus Augusti pro praetore. Family Pomponius' mother was Vistilia, who by other marriages was the mother of Publius Suillius Rufus and the general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. The name of his father is not known, but Ronald Syme has suggested he could be either Gaius Pomponius Graecinus, consul suffectus in AD 16, or his brother, Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, consul ordinarius in 17. Pomponius' brother, Quintus Pomponius Secundus, was involved in various intrigues during the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. Quintus tried to protect his brother from Tiberius' displeasure. Political career Pomponius was a friend of Sejanus, who served as consul in 31. Upon the latter's denunciation and execution in October of that year, mobs hunted down and killed anyone they could link to Sejanus. Pomponius was placed under house arrest by Tiberius, where he remained until 37. Tiberius died in 37, and his successor Caligula promptly released Pomponius from prison and appointed him as governor of the senatorial province of Creta et Cyrenaica. Caligula married Caesonia, Pomponius' half-sister, in 40, but he was assassinated in late January 41. Upon Caligula's death, Claudius appointed Pomponius' brother, Quintus Pomponius Secundus as consul (Caligula had been Consul of Rome, as well as emperor, at the time of his assassination). Pomponius himself, who was still serving as governor of Creta et Cyrenaica province, served also as consul from January until June of 44. Pomponius continued to serve as governor of the Creta et Cyrenaica until 50, at which time Claudius appointed him as governor and legatus of Germania Superior. In 50, Pomponius led the Roman legions to victory against the Chatti and freed the survivors of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest after forty years of slavery. For this, he was decreed the honour of a ornamenta triumphalia. He served as governor of Germania Superior until 54. This was the final mention of Pomponius in the historical record, except by the Plinies. Writings It was by his tragedies that Secundus obtained the most celebrity. They are spoken of in the highest terms by Tacitus, Quintilian, and the younger Pliny, and were read even in a much later age, as one of them is quoted by the grammarian Charisius. These tragedies were first put on the stage in the time of Claudius. Quintilian asserts that he was far superior to any writer of tragedies he had known, and Tacitus expresses a high opinion of his literary abilities. Secundus devoted much attention to the niceties of grammar and style, on which he was recognized as an authority. His subject matter was Greek, with one known exception, a praetexta called Aeneas. Tragedians in the Julio-Claudian and Flavian periods typically were men of relatively high social status, and their works often expressed their political views under an insufficient veil of fiction. Only a few lines of his work remain, some of which belong to Aeneas. See also Pomponia gens Calvisia gens References Bibliography Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History). Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (Quintilian), Institutio Oratoria (Institutes of Oratory). Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters). Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Dialogus de Oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory). Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History. Flavius Sosipater Charisius, Ars Grammatica (The Art of Grammar). Friedrich Heinrich Bothe, Poëtae Scenici Latinorum Fragmenta (Fragments of the Latin Theatrical Poets), Heinrich Vogler, Halberstadt (1822). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). Otto Ribbeck, Geschichte der römischen Dichtung, vol. iii. (1892); Tragicorum Romanorum fragmenta (1897). Martin Schanz, Geschichte der römischen Literatur, vol. ii, p. 2 (1900). Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel, History of Roman Literature (Eng. trans.), pp. 284, 287 (1900). Ronald Syme, "Domitius Corbulo", in Journal of Roman Studies, vol. 60 (1970). Werner Eck, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung" (Concerning the Praetorian Proconsulate of the Imperial Period: a Source-Critical Consideration), in Zephyr, vol. 23/24, pp. 246 ff. (1972/1973). Paul A. Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", in Classical Quarterly, vol. 28, pp. 407–426 (1978). Olli Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire, Societas Scientiarum Fenica, Helsinki (1992). Vasily Rudich, Political Dissidence under Nero, Routledge, (1993). Gian Biagio Conte, Latin Literature: A History, JHU Press (1999). Ancient Roman generals Roman governors of Crete and Cyrenaica Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome Roman governors of Germania Superior Roman-era poets Silver Age Latin writers Secundus, Publius Pomponius Secundus, Publius 1st-century Romans 1st-century writers 1st-century Roman poets
12860783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakaria%20Azmi	Zakaria Azmi	Zakaria Azmi (; born June 26 1938) is the former chief of presidential staff in Egypt. Zakaria Azmi was the National Democratic Party's (NDP) deputy for el-Zeitoun district in eastern Cairo and chief of the presidential staff. He had joined the NDP following its establishment in 1978, was elected to the People's Assembly in 1987 and appointed chief of the presidential staff in 1989. Azmi was one of the army officers who supported late Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat in his conflict with Nasserist rivals in 1971. This earned him the post of manager of the office of the presidential chief of staff in 1975. He became more involved in politics when he was elected in 1979 as deputy chairman of the Cairo Municipal Council. His overtly critical approach in People's Assembly debates led many observers to dub him "the representative of the NDP opposition wing in parliament". Azmi spoke against the terms of US economic grants to Egypt, corruption in city councils and pollution in Cairo. For example, in May 1997, Azmi was involved in a confrontation with Mohamed Abul-Enein, a businessman appointed by President Mubarak to parliament. The showdown was described by newspapers as "a confrontation between money and power". Newspapers also said that Azmi had "become a parliamentary phenomenon". Azmi was promoted to the NDP's secretariat-general in 1993. He served as deposed president Hosni Mubarak's chief of staff from 1989 until his deposition during the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Azmi is considered by Egyptians to have been an influential figure in Mubarak's regime and participants and supporters of the revolution demanded he be tried. On April 7, 2011, Egyptian state prosecutors ordered that he be jailed for fifteen days pending a corruption investigation. References Living people National Democratic Party (Egypt) politicians Members of the House of Representatives (Egypt) People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011 1938 births
12539400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20D.%20Lavelle	John D. Lavelle	John Daniel Lavelle (September 9, 1916 – July 10, 1979) was a United States Air Force general and commander of Seventh Air Force, with headquarters at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam. Lavelle was removed from his position in 1972 and forced to retire due to alleged misconduct over bombing missions during the Vietnam War while serving as the Seventh Air Force commander. Since the ranks of general and lieutenant general are temporary ranks and linked to their corresponding position of assignment, federal law at the time, required senatorial approval for an officer to retire at these higher ranks. Due to these allegations the Senate refused to confirm Lavelle's retirement as a four-star or three-star general. Lavelle was reverted and retired at his permanent two-star rank of major general. On August 4, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Lavelle posthumously for promotion back to the grade of general on the Air Force retired list in light of the release of declassified information that showed that Lavelle had been authorized by President Richard Nixon to conduct the bombing missions. Further, the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records found no evidence Lavelle caused, either directly or indirectly, the falsification of records, or that he was even aware of their existence. Once he learned of the reports, Lavelle took action to ensure the practice was discontinued. The nomination to restore his four-star rank was recommended by the Air Force Board for Correction of Military Records, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Air Force. However, the Senate Armed Services Committee declined to vote on the nomination, allowing it to expire without action at the end of the legislative session. Early life Lavelle was born on September 9, 1916, in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, where he attended Cathedral Latin High School, and graduated from John Carroll University in 1938 with a bachelor of science degree. In 1939 he enlisted as an aviation cadet in the U.S. Army Air Corps and received pilot training at Randolph and Kelly Fields, Texas. He received his pilot wings and a commission as a second lieutenant in June 1940. Lavelle married Mary Josephine McEllin on June 22, 1940. World War II Lavelle returned to Randolph Field as a flying instructor and in 1942 was assigned as part of a cadre to open Waco Army Airfield, where he served as squadron commander and director of flying. During World War II he saw combat in the European Theater of Operations, where he served with the 412th Fighter Squadron. He flew 76 combat missions in the P-47 Thunderbolt. The 412th Fighter Squadron was part of the 373d Fighter Group, composed of the 410th, 411th and 412th Fighter Squadrons. The Group was constituted on May 25, 1943 and activated on August 15, 1943. The Group trained for combat in P-47 Thunderbolts. The 373d Fighter Group deployed to England in March 1944 where it was assigned to the 9th Air Force. The Group flew its first combat mission on May 8, 1944, a fighter sweep over Normandy. The Group then took part in preinvasion activities, the P-47s escorting B-26s to attack air fields, bridges, and railroads in France. When the Allies launched the Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944, the 373d Fighter Group's P-47s patrolled the air over the beachhead, and hit troops, tanks, roads, fuel depots, and other targets in the assault area until the end of the month. The 373d Fighter Group moved to France in July 1944 where it struck railroads, hangars, boxcars, warehouses and other objectives to prevent reinforcements from reaching the front at Saint-Lô, where the Allies broke through on July 25, 1944. The Group bombed such targets as troops in the Falaise-Argentan area in August 1944. During the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 – January 1945, the 373d Fighter Group concentrated on the destruction of bridges, marshalling yards and highways. It flew reconnaissance missions to support ground operations in the Rhine Valley in March 1945, hitting airfields, motor transports, etc. The Group continued tactical air operations until May 4, 1945. On March 23, 1945, then-Major Lavelle was credited with damaging four enemy aircraft on the ground. The 373d Fighter Group returned to the United States in August 1945 and was inactivated on November 7, 1945. Later career In January 1946, Lavelle was assigned to Headquarters Air Materiel Command at Wright Field, Ohio, as Deputy Chief of Statistical Services. When the U.S. Air Force was established as a separate Service in 1947, he was one of the two Air Force officers who negotiated with all seven Army Technical Services and wrote the agreements for the division of assets and the operating procedures to be effected during the buildup of the Air Force. Lavelle was assigned in October 1949 as the Director of Management Analysis And later as the comptroller of the Far East Materiel Command at Tachikawa Air Base, Japan. During the Korean War, he was made commander of the Supply Depot at Tachikawa. In this assignment, he was awarded the Legion of Merit for the reorganization of the theater supply system and the establishment of a procedure for control of the transshipment of supplies direct from the United States to Korea. In November 1952, Lavelle was assigned as commander of McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, and the 568th Air Defense Group. During his tenure there, the Military Air Transport Service facilities and air terminal were constructed and McGuire Air Force Base became an East Coast aerial port. When the base was transferred to MATS, he became the MATS Transport Wing commander. While at McGuire Air Force Base, he established a community relations program which did much to ease the problems that normally befall an area where a military installation grows from approximately 1,500 to 10,000 personnel, becoming an honorary member of the local Lions International and Kiwanis Club. Lavelle attended the Air War College in 1956–57 and then spent the next five years at Headquarters U.S. Air Force as deputy director of requirements; secretary of the Weapons Board; and deputy director of programs. While in the Pentagon, he was principally responsible for the reorganization of the Air Force Board system and the establishment of program control through the Program Review Committee and the Weapons Board. He was awarded an oak leaf cluster to his Legion of Merit at the end of this tour of duty. Lavelle went to Europe in July 1962 as deputy chief of staff for operations, Headquarters Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force, NATO, which was composed of numbered Air Force-size elements of the German, French and Canadian Air Force and the U.S. Air Forces in Europe. For his accomplishments while in this headquarters, he was awarded a second oak leaf cluster to his Legion of Merit and the Médaille de Mérite Militaire by France. In September 1964, Lavelle was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force as the director of aerospace programs, Deputy Chief of Staff for Programs and Resources. As director, he was principal backup witness in presenting and defending Air Force programs to the Congress after such programs had been approved by the secretary of the Air Force and the secretary of defense. In addition, he served as chairman, Air Staff Board, and as chief, Southeast Asia Programs Team. Lavelle was assigned as Commander of the Seventeenth Air Force, headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany in July 1966. Seventeenth's operations spanned Germany, Italy, and Libya. In this position, Lavelle commanded a versatile, combat-ready force equipped with supersonic jet fighters and tactical missiles with nuclear, conventional and air-to-air capabilities. Seventeenth Air Force was a NATO-committed major subcommand of USAFE, one of America's strongest overseas air arms and a primary instrument of Western defense. Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown, on one of his visits to 17th Air Force at Ramstein, had several briefings by then-Major General Lavelle. Brown was reportedly astounded by Lavelle's detailed knowledge of specifications and functioning of every element of weapons systems and operations. In December 1967, Lavelle was assigned to the Defense Communications Planning Group located at the United States Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C., where he served as the Deputy Director for Forces. In February 1968 he assumed duties as the director of the Defense Communications Planning Group. The appointment was made by Secretary of the Air Force Harold Brown and carried with it promotion to Lieutenant General. The Defense Communications Planning Group (DCPG) ran the secret development of seismic and acoustic sensors to detect truck traffic on the roads that made up the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. It was also known as the Igloo White Project. The idea was the brainchild of the Scientific Advisory Board and embraced by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, who made it a priority development under the direct control of Brown and using primarily Air Force funds to budget it. With his close relationship with Brown and knowing that McNamara wanted to accelerate the Igloo White operational date, Lavelle was able to divert valuable Air Force assets to his program. This put him in direct conflict with General John D. Ryan, then the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff. Ryan had little control over Lavelle, who had direct access to DOD and Brown. Also, Lavelle was able to bypass 7th Air Force in Saigon and personally direct many operations at Task Force Alpha located at Nakhon Phanom, Thailand. Task Force Alpha was the infiltration-surveillance center where sensor data relayed through EC-121 aircraft was processed by large computers. The speed, direction, number, and location of the truck traffic, as well as transshipment and storage areas were sent to Forward Air Controllers to direct immediate strikes and to 7th Air Force for subsequent bomber targeting as part of Operation Arc Light. In September 1970, Lavelle was assigned as vice commander in chief, Pacific Air Forces, with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. He served in that capacity until assuming command of Seventh Air Force in South Vietnam on July 29, 1971. Vietnam The Seventh Air Force in South Vietnam controlled most of the Air Force aircraft in the Vietnam War. Lavelle was promoted to four-star general when he assumed command. Seventh Air Force headquarters were at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Republic of Vietnam. In addition to commanding Seventh Air Force, Lavelle served concurrently as deputy commander for air operations, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). As Seventh Air Force commander, he was responsible for all Air Force combat air strike, air support and air defense operations in mainland Southeast Asia. In his MACV capacity, he advised on all matters pertaining to effective use of tactical air support and coordinated Vietnamese Air Force and U.S. air operations of all units in the MACV area of responsibility. Rolling Thunder in Vietnam Lavelle arrived in Saigon on August 1, 1971. As commander of 7th Air Force, he had operational control of Air Force units based in both South Vietnam and Thailand. By that time, Vietnamization, Nixon's policy of transferring responsibility for the war to the South Vietnamese, was well along, and US forces were steadily withdrawing. Operation Rolling Thunder, the air war against North Vietnam, had ended in 1968. Washington suspended bombing in North Vietnam to induce Hanoi to talk peace. However, reconnaissance flights continued over North Vietnam. In November 1968, less than a month after the end of Rolling Thunder, the North Vietnamese shot down a reconnaissance aircraft. When Nixon came to the White House in January 1969, he maintained the policy not conducting air strikes against North Vietnam. However, the U.S. Air Force continued intensive airborne reconnaissance of the North, and fighter escorts were assigned. The rules of engagement in late 1971 prohibited US warplanes from firing at targets in North Vietnam unless US aircraft were either (1) fired at or (2) activated against by enemy radar. In those cases, the escorts could carry out so-called "protective reaction" strikes. These rules of engagement were based on the situation in 1968, when North Vietnam's surface-to-air missiles were controlled by fire control radars with a high-pulse recurring frequency, which keyed an alarm in the USAF aircraft. By late 1971, shortly after Lavelle had taken command of 7th Air Force, the North Vietnamese had begun networking their long-range search radars with the missile sites. These additional sources of radar data allowed North Vietnam to turn on SAM radar at the last second, giving US aircrews virtually no warning. U.S. combat commanders believed it vital to let US aircraft defend themselves by attacking SAM sites and MiG airfields rather than waiting for a SAM site to launch a missile or a MiG to attack. Communiqués from the overall U.S. commander in South Vietnam, General Creighton Abrams, to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in Washington sought authority to destroy the MiG threat and recommended immediate strikes on Bai Thuong, Quan Lang, and Vinh airfields. The JCS denied these requests, but urged commanders to make maximum use of authority allowable under existing Rules of Engagement. On November 8, 1971, Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, arrived in Vietnam and personally approved a request from Lavelle to attack the MiG airfield at Đồng Hới. Moorer even reviewed the bomb damage assessment results that day, before departing Vietnam. Mission results also went to the Pentagon. Instead of questioning the mission, the JCS only suggested more careful planning. In a top-secret November 12 message to Moorer, Admiral John S. McCain, Jr., Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Command (Abrams' boss), warned, "I am deeply concerned over the mounting threat that the enemy's integrated air defense network has posed against the B-52 force." He said that "the enemy is more determined than ever to shoot down a B-52." On November 21, McCain sent another top-secret communiqué to Moorer, asking again for more authority to bomb North Vietnamese targets. McCain made specific reference to the preplanned strikes previously authorized by Moorer himself. Moorer, in a top-secret November 28 response, expressed understanding, but declined to grant additional authority. Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird visited Vietnam in December. Lavelle met privately with Laird in Saigon. At this meeting, Lavelle later asserted, Laird "told me I should make a liberal interpretation of the rules of engagement in the field and not come to Washington and ask him, under the political climate, to come out with an interpretation; I should make them in the field and he would back me up." In 2007, Laird confirmed giving this direction to Lavelle. Lavelle said he conveyed this information to Abrams, and "General Abrams said he agreed with Secretary Laird." Lavelle's changes to the rules of engagement Lavelle instructed his fighter pilots to take an aggressive approach in responding to North Vietnamese threats. These instructions would later lead to his recall and demotion. Existing Rules of Engagement The rules on what pilots were allowed and not allowed to do were called Rules of Engagement. The rules were changed often and were not transmitted in a neat list. They consisted of a compilation of wires, messages, and directives. "We have a saying we used in Vietnam, that we finally found out why there are two crew members in the F-4", Lavelle said later. "One is to fly the airplane and one is to carry the briefcase full of the rules of engagement." Many of the rules of engagement for air combat dated to 1968. These rules, which had been directed by then-President Lyndon Johnson and his Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, were bureaucratic and highly restrictive. As General William C. Westmoreland, the U.S. military commander in Vietnam from 1964 to 1968, related in his memoirs: "You don't think the North Vietnamese are going to use them!" he scoffed. "Putting them in is just a political ploy by the Russians to appease Hanoi." It was all a matter of signals, said the clever civilian theorist in Washington. "We won't bomb the SAM sites, which signals to North Vietnam not to use them." But our enemies were not playing Washington's silly games. A month later the United States lost its first aircraft to a SAM. By 1971, when Lavelle assumed command of the Seventh Air Force, Johnson and McNamara had been long gone. However, many of the restrictions imposed by the Johnson-McNamara rules of engagement were still in effect in Vietnam. Forbidden targets included any North Vietnamese fighter base designated as a sanctuary, a fighter aircraft that did not have its landing gear retracted, any fighter not showing hostile intent, and any SAM site not in operation. A SAM had to be fired at a U.S. plane before the plane could fire back. Lavelle's modifications to the rules of engagement Lavelle sent word to his fighter units that if their planes were shot at, they were to shoot back. They shouldn't wait for the SAMs to become operational and start shooting their 'flying telephone poles.' The fighter pilots were told to hit transporters and SAM sites under construction. Lavelle viewed such pre-emptive actions essential due to changes in North Vietnamese air defense tactics. As a subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee would later report: In late 1971, the North Vietnamese took several actions which vastly improved and augmented their tracking capability. The most important was netting of their early warning and surveillance radar and their anti-aircraft artillery radar with SAM missiles. In that netted mode, the Fan Song (radars) which alerted U.S. pilots to the surveillance never came up, as the surveillance could all be conducted with the other radars. General Lavelle believed that, with those mutually supporting radar systems transmitting tracking data to the firing sites, the SAM missile system was activated at U.S. aircraft at any time they were over North Vietnam. The Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1970 had restated the basic protective reaction authority, empowering fighters "to strike any SAM anti-aircraft artillery site in North Vietnam below 20 degrees north which fired at or was activated against US aircraft conducting missions over Laos or North Vietnam." Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird met privately with Lavelle on a visit to Saigon on Dec. 8, 1971. As Lavelle later told Congress, He told me I should make a liberal interpretation of the rules of engagement in the field and not come to Washington and ask him, under the political climate, to come out with an interpretation; I should make them in the field and he would back me up. He stated that if I were to make more liberal interpretations of the rules of engagement, I was not likely to be questioned by DOD for our actions.... I conveyed this information and my private discussion to [Army Gen. Creighton W. Abrams, Jr., overall U.S. commander in Vietnam], and General Abrams said he agreed with Secretary Laird. Lavelle said his deputy was also to relax the rules of engagement during a conference in Honolulu in January 1972. Lavelle did not attend himself but sent his vice commander, Maj. Gen. Winton W. Marshall. Lieutenant General (later General) John W. Vogt, Jr., director of the Joint Staff, told Marshall that "field commanders were, in the opinion of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, not nearly as aggressive as they should have been." The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was Admiral Thomas H. Moorer, a naval aviator who had flown in World War II. In a written statement submitted to the Senate, Lavelle said that Marshall reported that Vogt said that "field commanders had not been flexible enough in the use of existing authorities" and that "JCS would not question our aiming points (targets) on protective reaction strikes." Conduct of the air war At the time that Lavelle arrived in Vietnam, the North Vietnamese were concentrating forces and equipment near the Demilitarized Zone, preparing for what would shortly become known as the Easter Offensive. Lavelle's air reconnaissance crews provided a regular flow of reports and photographs chronicling its progress. The North Vietnamese had become increasingly active. Between November 1971 and February 1972, more than 200 surface-to-air missiles were fired at US aircraft, compared to about 20 for the same interval a year before. The number of incursions by MiG fighters into South Vietnam and Laos increased by a factor of 15. The North Vietnamese also netted their SA-2 Fan Song fire-control radars with their Bar Lock, Whiff, and Spoon Rest ground control intercept (GCI) radars. The GCI radars could feed the tracking data to Fan Song, which then did not have to be turned on until after missile launch. The Radar Homing and Warning (RHAW) gear carried by the American aircraft provided warning when the aircraft were being tracked by the Fan Song, but could not detect emissions from the GCI radar. Thus pilots had little or no warning of a missile attack. The GCI radars were always on, and, in Lavelle's opinion, that redefined the "activated against" criterion for protective reaction strikes. "As far as I'm concerned, from November on, no airplane ever went into North Vietnam when the system wasn't activated against them", Lavelle said later. Lavelle gave orders that whenever U.S. aircraft were in North Vietnam, crews were to assume the air defense system was activated against them and so they were authorized to fire. Lavelle also authorized planned protective reaction strikes. Targets for the planned protective reaction strikes sometimes went beyond elements of the air defense system. Lavelle later told Congress that he could have hit some of the targets within the rules of engagement by "trolling," sending aircraft into hostile areas as bait to provoke enemy fire. The Navy used the practice but Lavelle said that he did not do so and regarded it as too dangerous to his aircrews. By December 1971, Lavelle's reconnaissance flights had provided strong evidence that North Vietnam was preparing a massive conventional attack on the South. However, combat losses during these reconnaissance missions heightened Lavelle's concern about the operating rules and the effect on his crews. On December 18, the 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing lost three aircraft to enemy action, two to ground fire and one to MiG attack. Early in 1972, a strike into North Vietnam again raised the issue of authority for preplanned protective reaction strikes. A ground control intercept radar at Mộc Châu, used to control MiGs, had proven to be a major threat as it tracked slow-moving US gunships. Abrams personally authorized a preplanned strike. On January 5, 1972, US aircraft struck and disabled the Mộc Châu site. When informed, the JCS took a dim view of the Mộc Châu raid. The Joint Chiefs, in a message to U.S. commanders, conceded "the logic" of the attack. "However, we are constrained by the specific operating authorities as written." U.S. aircraft losses continued to mount. On January 17, 1972, the North Vietnamese shot down two AC-130 gunships operating over the Ho Chi Minh Trail, with much loss of life. Three days later, the 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing lost an RF-4C fighter. Charges of falsification of reports On January 23, 1972, 7th Air Force intelligence learned that the North Vietnamese planned to attack "a large aircraft" that night, presumably the B-52s which would be flying against targets on the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos. The North Vietnamese deployed a flight of their best pilots to Đồng Hới, just north of the DMZ, to conduct the attack against the B-52s. Lavelle decided to destroy the MiGs or foil their plans under the guise of a protective reaction strike. Intelligence reported that the MiGs had taken off from Hanoi, and 7th Air Force put up its strike flights. Weather closed in around Đồng Hới, but Lavelle, who was in the command post personally directing the operation, ordered his pilots to cut the runway at Đồng Hới so the MiGs couldn't land. The pilots reported that the target had been hit with no enemy reaction. Lavelle then told his deputy for operations, Major General (later General) Alton T. Slay, that "We cannot report 'no reaction.' Our authority was protective reaction, so we had to report there was some enemy action." Lavelle viewed the operation of the enemy GCI radar as the enemy action that he was responding to. However, Lavelle later confirmed that he did not explain this rationale to Slay. Slay communicated this direction to the unit which had flown the strike, the 432nd Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand, commanded by Colonel (later General) Charles A. Gabriel. The wing's vice commander was Colonel (later General) Jerome F. O'Malley. The wing had one reconnaissance squadron and two F-4D fighter squadrons, which meant the wing could carry out both strike and reconnaissance. Slay told Gabriel and O'Malley, "You must assume by General Lavelle's direction that you have reaction." At subsequent preflight briefings, crews were told to record enemy "reaction", whether or not it happened. While most of the missions caused real reaction—SAM, AAA, or MiG fire, a few did not. On those occasions, crews reported "hostile enemy fire" anyway. However, Lavelle meant for the crews to report enemy radar, not fire. The intelligence office at the 432nd subsequently began falsifying after-action intelligence reports to indicate enemy action. Lavelle did not find out about the falsification until March. Lavelle contended that the falsification of the intelligence report was mis-interpretation of his direction. A total of four false intelligence reports were filed. The missions in question were all flown against enemy air defenses, specifically missile sites, missiles on transporters, airfields, 122mm and 130mm anti-aircraft guns, and radars. At the time, the U.S. Air Force was flying only reconnaissance missions over North Vietnam, not bombing or interdiction missions. However, the Rules of Engagement as interpreted by Lavelle allowed striking enemy assets that threatened the reconnaissance flights. President Richard Nixon, in a February 3, 1972 conversation with an Ambassador Ellsworth F. Bunker, the US envoy to Saigon, explained that he did not want to publicize Lavelle's liberal interpretation of the Rules of Engagement. You've worked out the authority. He can hit SAM sites, period. OK? But he is not to do it with a public declaration. All right? And, if it does get out, to the extent it does, he says it's a protective reaction strike. He is to describe it as protective reaction. And he doesn't have to spell it out. They struck, that's all he needs, a SAM site. A protective reaction strike against a SAM site. The details of this February 3, 1972 Nixon directive never became public. Continuation of planned protective reaction On February 5, based on intelligence of the enemy's continued buildup and the positioning of his major troop units, General Abrams decided that the enemy offensive had in fact begun. MACV brought to bear on the enemy buildup everything it had—within the still restrictive rules of engagement. Tactical air sorties, gunships, and B-52 strikes were brought in practically nonstop. A 48-hour maximum effort was begun, concentrating all available airpower against the B-3 Front in the Vietnam's Central Highlands. Then, after a 24-hour cease-fire for the Tet holiday, the same maximum effort was applied in Military Region 1 in the north. "We've got a 24-hour flow of aircraft now", Lavelle confirmed, "and we can keep the flow now. It's set up, it's scheduled, so there's something every few minutes. And we just keep it coming and change the target area, so whenever General Abrams makes a decision as to where to put the weight of effort, or where to go next, we've already got the flow of aircraft." On February 16, the Pentagon announced orders suspending any prestrike need for enemy reaction. On the same day, Lavelle sent a reconnaissance aircraft and 14 escorting fighter-bombers into North Vietnam. A first wave of US aircraft struck the defending SAM sites and another struck heavy gun emplacements north of the DMZ. MACV officials portrayed these as "protective reaction" strikes. They announced that the sole objective was to strike positions in North Vietnam that had previously fired on American airplanes. On February 25, Lavelle ordered three more preplanned protective reaction missions using 17 escort aircraft. These types of raids went on unabated for another week or so. The preplanned missions were flown on March 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8. When, despite Abrams' expectations, the enemy still had not attacked, the U.S. air action became an issue. After a visit from Peter Osnos of the Washington Post, Abrams said, "The wicket he appears to be on is that, for some insidious political reason, we have created the myth of this impending campaign." Lavelle Affair Lavelle's alleged changes to the rules of engagement and the falsification of the reports resulted in a media firestorm that became known as the "Lavelle Affair." Investigation The unraveling of the false intelligence reports began with 23-year-old Sergeant Lonnie D. Franks of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. who was an intelligence specialist for Gabriel's wing at Udorn. Two days after the strike on the MiG runway, on January 25, 1972, Franks debriefed an F-4 pilot and navigator who had flown a reconnaissance mission. They said they had not received any ground fire or hostile reaction, but had been instructed nevertheless to report hostile reaction. Franks checked with his supervisor, Technical Sergeant John Voichita, who told him to fabricate the necessary details. According to Franks, he was told to "make it look real", and "just make up some sort of hostile reaction." Franks then asked the intelligence officer in charge, Capt. Douglas Murray, who confirmed the instructions and said the orders came from the wing director of intelligence. Franks created an intelligence report that said 10 to 15 rounds of 23mm anti-aircraft artillery had been fired at the reconnaissance crew. Other such instances followed. Franks wrote to his Senator, Harold Hughes, a Democrat who was a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee. Franks told the Senator that "we have been reporting that our planes have received hostile reactions such as AAA and SAM firings, whether they have or not. We have also been falsifying targets struck and bomb damage assessments." Hughes had a copy of the letter hand-carried to Air Force Chief of Staff General John D. Ryan on March 8. Franks' identity was initially concealed by Congress but was eventually leaked to the New York Times. Ryan sent the Air Force inspector general, Lieutenant General (later General) Louis L. Wilson, Jr., to Saigon to investigate.' Lavelle told Wilson that he interpreted the rules of engagement liberally, as he had been told to do. He explained why he regarded the air defense system as always being activated against any aircraft flying into North Vietnam, thus providing grounds for protective reaction strikes. He told people in the command that they could not report "no reaction" to a mission over North Vietnam. Lavelle was reportedly astounded when Wilson showed him the intelligence reports with false data. He said he had never seen these reports before and had not known the detail that was required to complete one. He had assumed that a general statement about enemy reaction would suffice. Wilson concluded that Lavelle had exceeded his command authority. Wilson specifically pinpointed 147 sorties into North Vietnam that violated the war's Rules of Engagement. The bombings had been reported as protective reaction strikes when, in fact, there had been no enemy firings. On March 21, Admiral Moorer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, sent a top secret message to 7th Air Force, warning that "the increased number of protective reaction strikes since Jan 1, 1972 has attracted a considerable amount of high-level interest here and is receiving increasing attention from the press." Moorer emphasized the "extreme sensitivity" of this subject and asked that all crews be "thoroughly briefed that current authority permits protective reaction to be taken only—repeat only—when enemy air defenses either fire at or activated against friendly forces." Recall to Washington On March 23, Wilson reported his findings to Ryan, who immediately recalled Lavelle to Washington. Lavelle arrived in Washington on March 26. Lavelle was accused of filing four false reports and conducting 28 unauthorized bombing raids (out of a total 25,000 sorties flown) against enemy air defense positions. Lavelle said that he had been encouraged by the Secretary of Defense and others to interpret the rules of engagement liberally and that the reports were falsified by subordinates who misconstrued his instructions. Ryan offered Lavelle two options: another assignment as major general (i.e., loss of two stars), or retirement with a reduction to three-star rank of lieutenant general. Lavelle chose to retire as a three-star. Lavelle indicated he wished to speak directly with either Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird or Secretary of the Air Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr. Ryan agreed that Lavelle would meet with one of the two. Lavelle spent the following week at the Pentagon waiting in vain for an audience. Realizing he would not succeed in overturning the decision, Lavelle agreed to retirement. On April 7, the Pentagon announced that Lavelle had retired "for personal and health reasons." Lavelle had genuine medical problems—-heart murmur, emphysema, and a disc problem that caused aggravated pains in his hips and legs. He'd been approved for disability retirement. On May 4, Rep. Otis Pike (D-N.Y.) called for a Congressional investigation. Pressed by Congress and the news media, the Pentagon issued a revised statement on May 15. General Ryan, the Air Force Chief of Staff, said that Lavelle "had been relieved of command of the 7th Air Force by me because of irregularities in the conduct of his command responsibilities." However, the House Armed Services Committee appointed a special subcommittee to investigate Lavelle's retirement. House Armed Services Committee hearings The Lavelle hearings in the House of Representatives began on June 12, 1972 and lasted only one day. The Armed Services Investigating Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee heard testimony from Ryan and the now-retired Lavelle. The morning session was open to the public, but the afternoon session was closed to allow discussion of classified information. The Department of Defense refused to provide the committee with the Rules of Engagement. However, Ryan provided a summary of the rules for fighter aircraft. Lavelle acknowledged that he had made what he termed "a very liberal interpretation" of the Rules of Engagement in ordering his pilots to strike threats in North Vietnam. One of the committee members asked if Lavelle would do it again. "Absolutely", Lavelle replied. "The strikes were specifically directed at air-defense targets, where the buildup had increased in preparation for the invasion." Lavelle testified that his liberalized interpretation of the Rules of Engagement did not allow the striking of every target of opportunity. He said that, "We went in after those targets... which would hurt the enemy's defense system, so that we could operate." Lavelle cited the example of a January 1972 observation of 55 to 60 tanks 11 miles north of the DMZ. He refused authorization to strike the tanks, saying, "There is just no way we can make any liberalized interpretation that would authorize that strike." Ryan and Lavelle disagreed over the number of protective reaction strikes flown under the liberalized rules. Ryan said there were 28, while Lavelle said there were 20 or fewer. Ryan estimated that the strikes totaled about 147 sorties (out of approximately 25,000 sorties during that period), and that all were directed against missile sites, missiles on transporters, airfields, 122mm and 130mm anti-aircraft guns, and radars. Lavelle informed the subcommittee that there were no civilian-populated areas involved, and the no American planes or lives were lost in these strikes. Asked if General Abrams, overall commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam was aware of the missions, Lavelle replied, "I believe General Abrams knew what I was doing." Lavelle specifically recalled telling Abrams about his plan to strike trucks containing missiles and associated equipment. Ryan testified that from the 28 missions, a total of four false intelligence reports had been filed (reports from the other 24 missions had not been falsified). Ryan told the subcommittee members that Lavelle's instructions were the "impetus" behind the falsified reports. Lavelle assumed full responsibility for reporting the strikes as protective reaction, but testified he was not aware of the four falsified after-action intelligence reports until they were brought to his attention by the Inspector General on March 9, 1972. He stated, "I accepted responsibility for it even though I did not do it and did not have any knowledge of the detail. It was my command and I should have known.". Lavelle agreed but said that "the impetus for what went into that report stems from me by my stating that we could not report 'no reaction.' Now there is a difference here between that and a false report." Lavelle added that "my instructions were not clear and were subject to misinterpretation and, in retrospect, were apparently interpreted by my subordinates as an exhortation to report enemy fire when there was none. 'Hostile action, enemy radar,' would, in my judgment, have been an accurate report." In closed session as a result of security constraints, U.S. Representative William Dickinson (R-Alabama) told Lavelle, "I am not sure why we are here today. But I think, if I had been in your position, I would have done the very same thing. And if that means stretching the rules is part of it, then good for you." Dickinson blamed the "crazy rules for this crazy war which has no parallel or anything to compare with it." However, Democrat Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin urged the Air Force to court-martial Lavelle, who, although retired, could still be recalled to active duty to stand trial. Nixon's reaction Nixon was furious about what he regarded as false accusations against Lavelle. On Wednesday, June 14, in a nearly half-hour Oval Office meeting, Nixon discussed the Lavelle affair with National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger. As described in an article by Lieutenant General (ret.) Aloysius Casey and Patrick Casey, Nixon asked Kissinger about Lavelle repeatedly. <blockquote>The President began: "Let me ask you about Lavelle. I was, I had it on my list this morning. I just don't want him to be made a goat. We all know what protective reaction is. This damn Laird." [Nixon evidently was responding in line with the views of Kissinger, who blamed Laird for the removal of Lavelle.] Then Kissinger said: "And he had him already removed by the time I even learned about it."</p> Nixon asked, "Why did he even remove him? You, you destroy a man's career." Kissinger did not answer the question, but rather took up a different topic. Nixon, however, interrupted: "Come back to Lavelle. I don't want a man persecuted for doing what he thought was right. I just don't want it done." Still, Nixon does not receive a satisfactory answer from his national security advisor. The President continued: "Can we do anything now to stop this damn thing or ... Why'd he even remove him?" "Lavelle was removed at the end of March", Kissinger noted. "Because of this?" asked Nixon. "Yeh", said Kissinger. Nixon was furious: "Why the hell did this happen? A decision of that magnitude, without— I should have known about it, Henry. Because this is something we told— You remember: We, we, we told Laird, 'Keep pressure on there in March.'"</blockquote> Kissinger criticized the generals. "Of course the military are impossible, too... They turn on each other like rats." Nixon said, "Laird knows goddamn well, that ah, I told him, I said, 'It's protective reaction.' He winks, he says, 'Oh, I understand.'" Kissinger replied, "Yeah, but Laird is pretty vicious." On June 26, 1972, Nixon and Kissinger again discussed Lavelle. As described by the Caseys, "Nixon was recoiling from advice that he steer clear of any involvement in the forthcoming Senate inquiry into Lavelle's actions." Media reaction The reaction from the news media to the Lavelle affair was harsh. In "The Private War of General Lavelle", Newsweek described a "widespread conspiracy" in which "scores of pilots, squadron and wing commanders, intelligence and operations officers, and ordinary airmen were caught up in the plot." Time magazine, in an article entitled "Lavelle's Private War" charged that Lavelle had "made the extraordinary decision to take matters into his own hands." George C. Wilson of the Washington Post said, "What Lavelle did—-taking a war into his own hands—-has obviously grave implications for the nation in this nuclear age." There was speculation that other senior officials were implicated. "Was Lavelle the only bad apple?" Nina Totenberg asked in the National Observer. Tom Wicker of the New York Times said that "numerous 'protective reaction' raids on North Vietnam have been staged to let American fliers bomb what they wanted to bomb, when they wanted to bomb it." Seymour Hersh of the New York Times wrote that the case "raised grave questions about the Nixon Administration's grip on command and control over the skies of Southeast Asia." Senate hearings The Senate Armed Services Committee also investigated the Lavelle affair. The Senate hearings lasted from September 11 to September 22, 1972. The Senate Armed Services Committee, chaired by Democratic Senator John Stennis of Mississippi, questioned Lavelle and Ryan and also called several witnesses to testify, including Admiral Thomas Moorer and General Creighton Abrams, who was called home from Saigon to testify. Other witnesses included Admiral John S. McCain, Jr., former commander-in-chief of United States Pacific Command, General Slay, Colonel Gabriel, Captain Murray, the intelligence officer who was ordered to falsify the reports, and Sergeant Franks, the intelligence specialist who had reported the falsification of the intelligence reports. Ryan testified that the actual after-action report was not the falsified intelligence reports but a special category (specat) report. "The wing commander later submitted on this type of strike, a Specat, a special category message to 7th Air Force and said, 'This is what we really hit,'" This report was "a message that does not come to the normal distribution centers." The wing commander, Colonel Gabriel, was asked by Senator Stennis, what he thought about filing the false intelligence reports. Gabriel replied, "My conjecture was... it goes to the world, the OPREP-4—-and I assume there was somebody on the loading list [distribution list] that did not have a need to know, and the full report would be filed with the special report that was sent in at night." Gabriel's conjecture about the intelligence reports was reasonable if inaccurate. Official records often used cover stories for other operations that were not what they seemed. The White House and Pentagon had been lying for several years about airstrikes in Laos. From 1964 to 1970, the government claimed that US forces were flying only "armed reconnaissance" missions in Laos, with aircraft authorized to return fire if fired upon. In actuality, the Air Force and the Navy were flying hundreds of combat strike missions a day in Laos. The secret bombing of Cambodia in 1969–70 had used similar deception. All communications were split along two paths. One route was overt, ordering typical B-52 missions that were to take place within South Vietnam near the Cambodian border. The second route was covert, utilizing back-channel messages between commanders ordering the classified missions. During questioning, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona asked Lavelle, "You didn't have the authority to hit a MiG because it was sitting on an airfield below the 19th parallel? "Yes, sir, that's right," replied Lavelle. "It's a hell of a way to run a war," Goldwater said." Lavelle told the Senators that he lost planes and crews on two occasions when, without the North Vietnamese SAM using its own radar which U.S. pilots could detect, the networked system guided missiles to kills. That, argued Lavelle, constituted sufficient rationale for planned strikes in the name of protective reaction. "The system was constantly activated against us", he testified. Time Magazine reported that Lavelle's raids "were in clear violation of the White House rules then in force on bombing North Vietnam. The White House apparently did not agree with Time's assessment. During the Senate hearings, on September 15, 1972, Nixon met in the Oval Office with Alexander Haig, his deputy national security advisor. As described by the Caseys, "Nixon, running for re-election, apparently felt frustration at his inability to correct the injustice he thought he was witnessing in the daily Senate testimony on the Lavelle issue." Abrams, who had not been privy to Lavelle's meeting with Laird, told the Senate hearing that Lavelle "acted improperly." Abrams at the time was facing Senate confirmation as Army Chief of Staff. Retirement controversy The official purpose of the Senate Armed Services Committee hearing was to determine what rank Lavelle should hold upon retirement. Ranks above major general were considered temporary, requiring Senate confirmation for each position held. Retirement at a grade above major general also required Senate confirmation, which was usually granted routinely. Ryan told the committee that Lavelle's "service as a four-star general was not satisfactory and did not warrant retirement in that grade." However, his service as a lieutenant general was outstanding and the Air Force recommended his retirement in that grade. The Senate Armed Services Committee on Oct. 6, 1972 turned down Lavelle's nomination for retirement as a lieutenant general by a vote of 14 to two. Instead, Lavelle was retired at his permanent rank of major general. His official retirement date was April 7, 1972. Aftermath of the Lavelle Affair The North Vietnamese launched the Easter invasion of South Vietnam on March 30, 1972, a week after Lavelle's recall. The U.S. Air Force resumed bombing of North Vietnam. The issue of whether the Lavelle missions were authorized was lost amid bigger stories—Richard Nixon's re-election, the collapse of the Paris peace agreement, and the Watergate scandal. Nixon's continuing frustration More than two weeks after the Senate Hearings, Nixon was still upset about the Lavelle incident. In an Oct. 23, 1972 meeting with Haig in the Old Executive Office Building, Nixon unleashed a torrent of anger. House Armed Services Committee report The Armed Services Investigations Subcommittee report, which was not issued until December 15, 1972, largely exonerated Lavelle. With regard to Lavelle, the subcommittee evaluated two questions, 1) were the strikes authorized? and 2) was Lavelle responsible for the falsification of intelligence reports? In answer to the first question, the subcommittee concluded the following: The Subcommittee finds it difficult to fault "pre-planning," in itself. After all, the 7th Air Force has flown enough sorties over North Vietnam to be able to predict with a high degree of accuracy precisely what kind of a reception to expect from the enemy. In view of this, the failure to adequately brief the pilots in a manner to insure maximation of the strike's effective and the safety of the crews could be considered a dereliction of duty. Of course, in order to justify an actual attack under the Rules, the enemy would have to fire at or be activated against our aircraft. This raises the question: What is meant by "activated against"? Obviously, it does not refer to actual firing since radar tracking constitutes "activation." On the second question about the falsification of the intelligence reports, the subcommittee accepted Lavelle's contention that the falsification resulted from a mis-interpretation of his guidance. The subcommittee criticized the policy of providing "virtual sanctuary" to the "whole of that enemy nation since 1968." The subcommittee stated that "This radical departure from orthodox military doctrine placed U.S. forces at a tremendous tactical disadvantage and contributed to prolonging the war." The subcommittee report also excoriated the Department of Defense for not releasing the Rules of Engagement and other relevant documents. The report suggested that the DoD was trying to hide something other than Lavelle's conduct. Secret bombing of Cambodia According to author William Shawcross, the secret the Air Force was trying to protect was probably the secret bombing of Cambodia, which came to light in 1973. The bombing of Cambodia was under the control of the USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC), rather than Lavelle's 7th Air Force. The secret Cambodian bombing began October 4, 1965. The commander-in-chief of SAC at the time the secret Cambodia bombings began in 1965 was General John D. Ryan, who in 1972 forced Lavelle to retire over 28 questionable missions flown over North Vietnam. Attempts to block promotions for officers involved in Lavelle Affair For several months in 1973, Senator Hughes held up promotions for 160 Air Force and Navy officers who might have had "material evidence regarding unauthorized air strikes" in Southeast Asia but eventually gave it up. The false reporting system authorized by President Richard Nixon for the bombing of Cambodia was revealed in 1973, undercutting Hughes' campaign against Lavelle's subordinates. Slay, Gabriel, and O'Malley, who implemented the false reporting for the Lavelle missions, were all later promoted to four-star general. Gabriel served as Air Force Chief of Staff from 1982 to 1986. The Nixon Tapes In February 2007, Lieutenant General (ret.) Aloysius Casey and his son Patrick Casey published an article in Air Force Magazine about the Lavelle affair. The article quoted recently released Nixon tapes that confirmed that Nixon had authorized the liberal interpretation of the Rules of Engagement as implemented by Lavelle. In a letter responding to the Casey article, former Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird confirmed that he had authorized Lavelle to implement a liberal interpretation of the Rules of Engagement. Laird stated, Prior to my order, there was no authorization (under McNamara or Clifford) to destroy dangerous targets except when fired upon without special permission. General Bus Wheeler, Admiral Tom Moorer, and General Abrams all agreed with the liberal interpretation on my order on protective reaction. The new orders permitted hitting anti-aircraft installations and other dangerous targets if spotted on their missions, whether they were activated or not. Laird took issue, however, with the ensuing falsification of intelligence reports. Aloysius and Patrick Casey responded to Laird's letter with the following: Seymour Hersh, who had been critical of Lavelle in 1972, wrote a follow-up article in 2007 in the wake of the Caseys' revelation. Hersh conceded that Lavelle's "...authorization came from the Oval Office; the Caseys found the evidence that Lavelle had done and continued to do what the President wanted in recently released Nixon White House tapes..." Retirement After retirement, Lavelle lived in Oakton, Virginia, with his wife, Josephine, and family. In retirement, Lavelle stuck to his position. The strikes were within the rules of engagement because the air defense radars were constantly activated against his aircraft. A liberal interpretation of the rules had been encouraged. He did not intend for the reports to be falsified. The U.S. Air Force had been "hasty" in relieving him. In an oral history interview in April 1978, Lavelle said that the inquiry had been neither thorough nor fair. "If anybody really wanted the total story or wanted the true story, no effort was made to gather it by historians, by the Senate, by the press, by the Air Force." In the interview, recorded by the Air Force History Office, Lavelle said that he should not have acted on the basis of private assurances that he would be supported if the missions became known. He added, "Somewhere along there we just should have said, 'Hey, either fight it or quit, but let's not waste all the money and the lives the way we are doing it.'" Lavelle's son, John D. Lavelle, Jr. wrote in 2007: My father was heartbroken, and I saw him physically and mentally broken by the ordeal. He fought back with the help of my mother and recovered his strength, confidence, and pride before he died of a heart attack five years later. In the end, I think he found comfort in knowing that what he did saved some airmen's lives, and that was worth more to him than four stars. Death Lavelle died on July 10, 1979 after suffering a heart attack on a golf course in Fairfax, Virginia. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Awards Lavelle was a command pilot. His military decorations and awards include the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters, Air Medal with oak leaf cluster, and Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster. Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Legion of Merit with three oak leaf clusters Air Medal with oak leaf cluster Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster References Further reading Gordon Ginsburg (1974). The Lavelle Case: Crisis in Integrity. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College, 154 pp. External links "Lavelle's Private War," Time (June 26, 1972) "Unauthorized Bombing of Military Targets in North Vietnam" (December 15, 1972) "The Case of General 'Jack' Lavelle: The Suits Double-Crossed Him" (suggesting that President Nixon authorized the attacks) 1916 births 1979 deaths United States Air Force generals Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War John Carroll University alumni George Washington University alumni Military personnel from Cleveland Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Recipients of the Air Medal People from Oakton, Virginia Air War College alumni
68115063	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne%20Corday	Irène Corday	Irène Corday (1919–1996) was a French film actress, who played a mixture of lead and supporting roles. She starred in the title role of Thérèse of Lisieux in Thérèse Martin (1939). Selected filmography Prison sans barreaux (1938) Lights of Paris (1938) Thérèse Martin (1939) The Guardian Angel (1942) First on the Rope (1944) My Wife, My Cow and Me (1952) References Bibliography Burch, Noël & Sellier, Geneviève. The Battle of the Sexes in French Cinema, 1930–1956. Duke University Press, 2013. External links 1919 births 1996 deaths French film actresses people from Haute-Savoie
29958045	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Knight%2C%201st%20Earl%20of%20Catherlough	Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough	Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough, KB, (1702–1772), was a British Member of Parliament for Great Grimsby (1734–41, 1762–68), Castle Rising, Norfolk (1747–54) and Milborne Port, Somerset (1770–72). He became successively Baron Luxborough (1745), Viscount Barrells and Earl of Catherlough (both 1763), all titles within the peerage of Ireland. His wife, Henrietta Lady Luxborough, later became well known as a lady of letters, poet and pioneering landscape gardener. Background The 1st Earl was born 17 December 1702, the only son by his 1st wife, Martha Powell (1681–1718), of Robert Knight (1675–1744) who became notorious as the cashier of the South Sea Company partly responsible for the "South Sea Bubble", who absconded to France with a fortune and set up as a banker in Paris. He built Luxborough House in Chigwell, Essex, on the manor of Luxborough which he had purchased. His estates were seized by the South Sea Company, which sold Luxborough to Sir Joseph Eyles (d.1740), Alderman & Sheriff of the City of London & MP for Devizes (1724–5) & Southwark (1727–30). His only other child was a daughter, Margaretta (d. 1 May 1739) who married 28 February 1731 Hon. Morgan Vane, son of 2nd Baron Barnard of Barnard Castle, Durham. His funerary monument, a free-standing urn on a pedestal, can be seen in St Peter's Church, Wootton Wawen, Warwickshire. Education He was educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 22 June 1719. He entered the Inner Temple in 1719. Career He was with his father on his flight to Brabant in February 1721. On 10 June 1727, following his return to England, he married Henrietta St John (15 July 1699 – 26 March 1756), daughter of Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John, of Lydiard Park, Swindon, by his second wife Angelica Pelissary, daughter of Georges Pelissary, treasurer of the navy to King Louis XIV. Henrietta was thus half-sister of the highly influential Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, the son of her father's first marriage. In 1730 he purchased Barrells Hall, Ullenhall, Warwickshire, the ancestral home of the Knight family, from his second cousin Raleigh Knight. He entered parliament in 1734 as 2nd M.P. for the borough of Great Grimsby, and was at first identified with the Bolingbroke interest. John Page, MP for Grimsby in 1727, wrote in 1762 concerning Knight that his interest in Grimsby:"… was stronger there than any man's because they have had more of his money than anybody's and he has always been punctual to all his engagements with them and they with him". On the break-up of his marriage before 1736 and following Bolingbroke's return to France, he became less partisan, but held his seat until 1741. In 1740, on the death of Sir Joseph Eyles, Robert Knight snr. had repurchased Luxborough House, to which his son succeeded in 1744. On 8 August 1745 he was created Baron Luxborough, of Shannon, in the peerage of Ireland. In 1747 he won the seat, as 1st member, of Castle Rising, Norfolk, which he retained until 1754. In 1749, he sold the estate at Luxborough to a London merchant named James Crokatt, who was in the Carolina trade. He became Agent for the Province. He was instrumental in obtaining the Royal Charter for the incorporation of the Charleston Library Society in 1755. whose heirs sold it to Sir Edward Walpole, K.B. (d.1784), younger son of the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. In March 1761 he obtained the position of Recorder of Grimsby. In the general election of 1761 Luxborough procured the return of his son Henry as MP for Great Grimsby, as 1st member. On the sudden death of his son in August 1762, Luxborough decided to stand himself in the resultant by-election, and was returned unopposed, holding the seat until 1768. He explained his decision to stand thus: "As money can be no consideration in my unhappy situation and as possibly hereafter it may be an amusement to be in Parliament". He gave support to the Earl of Bute, Prime Minister between 1762-63. On 14 May 1763 he was further raised in the Irish peerage by Bute's successor George Grenville, Prime Minister between 1763–65, becoming Viscount Barrells of Co. Catherlough and Earl of Catherlough. In 1770 he stood successfully as 2nd member in the by-election for Milborne Port, Somerset, which seat he held until his death on 30 March 1772, aged 69. He was created Knight of the Bath (KB) 18 May 1770. First marriage He banished his wife Henrietta St John to Barrells Hall in 1736 as punishment for a romantic indiscretion. Horace Walpole's correspondence suggests she was caught by her husband in flagrante delicto with her doctor, whilst other sources add a further lover in the form of a young cleric named John Dalton (1709–1763). Dalton had been employed as tutor to the children of Henrietta's close friend Frances Thynne (1699–1754), known until 1748 as Lady Hertford, wife of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset. Dalton went on to become prebendary of Worcester Cathedral and rector of St Mary-at-Hill Church, London, as his large funerary slab in the crypt of the cathedral reveals. He was also noted for his poetic works. As Henrietta, Lady Luxborough, she was one of the first to establish a ferme ornée and is credited by the OED with at least the first recorded use, if not the invention of the word "shrubbery". She was a prominent member of the Warwickshire Coterie, a group of poet friends including the poet William Shenstone, who had developed his own ferme ornée at The Leasowes in Halesowen, Shropshire. Second marriage After his wife Henrietta's death on 26 March 1756, Luxborough began to live at Barrells and married secondly on 18 June 1756 Lady le Quesne. She was the widow of Sir John le Quesne (d.1741), Alderman of London, née Mary Knight, from Hampshire, who provided a dowry of £20,000 to her first husband. She was probably a member of the prominent Knight family, seemingly of no relation, of Chawton House, Hampshire, which later adopted Edward Austen, the brother of Jane Austen, who became heir of the family assuming the surname Knight. The Registers of St Peter le Poer church records the marriage in April 1738, by the Bishop of Norwich, of Sir John Le Quesne, Alderman of London, with Miss Mary Knight, of Hampshire, a lady with a dowry of twenty thousand pounds. Le Quesne was a huguenot, and served from 1736 as director of the French Hospital, founded at Rochester in 1718. He was a sheriff of the City of London in 1739 and died in 1741. A Silver tea kettle was made for the 1738 marriage of Sir John Le Quesne to Mary Knight by the Huguenot silversmith Paul de Lamerie(d. 1751), now in the collection of the Courtauld Institute, London. It displays the acorn arms of Le Quesne, which name derives from the French Chene, oak. William Randolph Hearst expressed his attraction to this object. Luxborough however became involved in an affair with Jane Davies, the daughter of his tenant at Moat Farm, Ullenhall, which resulted in several illegitimate children. He was unable to marry her because his wife, Lady Le Quesne, refused to release him. Mary died in 1795 and was buried in Hampton, Middlesex. Death and burial The Earl died on 30 March 1772, aged 69, and was buried at Ullenhall. His will dated 11 February 1772 was proved on 10 April 1772. All his peerages became extinct on his death on 30 March 1772, his son Hon. Henry Knight (1728–62), having predeceased him. Succession Legitimate progeny Hon. Henry Knight (25 December 1728 – 15 August 1762). Henry served as MP for Grimsby 1761 to his death on 15 August 1762, aged 34. He had married on 21 June 1750 Frances Heath (d. 2/1782), da. of Thomas Heath of Stansted Mountfitchet, Essex, MP for Harwich in 1714/15, son of William Heath, a captain in the East India Company, which marriage was without issue. There is no record of his having spoken in the House. He was buried at Ullenhall. Henrietta Knight (1729–1763). His only daughter Henrietta, who also predeceased him, married firstly Charles Wymondsold, son of Matthew Wymondsold of East Lockinge and Putney, a speculator in the South Sea Company. Having run away from him, and been divorced in 1754, Henrietta married secondly the Hon. Josiah Child (d. 1760), an officer in the Royal Navy, the younger son of Richard Child, 1st Earl Tylney, of Wanstead House, Essex, son of the very wealthy Sir Josiah Child, governor of the East India Company. She gave birth to their son, Josiah, shortly before her divorce came through. The younger Josiah was brought up by Lord Tylney, but died in Florence in 1774. Mrs Child then had an affair with Louis-Alexandre de Grimoard de Beauvoir, Comte de Roure and died giving birth to their son. Illegitimate progeny Robert Knight (1768–1855). Lord Catherlough's illegitimate son by Jane Davies took the surname of Knight and inherited his property. On the death of Robert Knight in 1855, the Reverend Henry Charles Knight (b. 1813), who claimed to be his son by Hon. Frances Dormer, daughter of Charles, 5th Baron Dormer, but who had been disowned by Robert, attempted to obtain the Barrells estate as his inheritance, against Charles Raleigh Knight, Mr Knight's nephew. The resulting legal dispute was settled by the sale and splitting up of Barrells in 1856. Henry bought parts of the estate whilst the remainder was sold to Mr William Newton, a Birmingham merchant. Most of the heirlooms however descended in the family of Mr Knight's daughter, Georgiana, wife of Edward Bolton King, of Umberslade, Warwickshire. Barrells Hall Barrells Hall is situated in Ullenhall, Warwickshire. The earliest mention of Barrells was a reference to a Richard Barel in 1405. In 1554 the estate was purchased by Robert Knight of Beoley, 4 miles west of Ullenhall, and remained in the Knight family until 1856. An inventory taken in 1652 shows that it was then an ordinary farmhouse, and a member of the Knight family appeared in the 1682 Heralds' Visitation of Warwick. The future 1st Earl purchased Barrells from a cousin in 1730. When Henrietta St John was banished to Barrells in 1736 it was still a relatively simple house, in very poor condition. When his son married in 1791 he commissioned the Italian architect Joseph Bonomi the Elder to build an imposing extension, which thereafter became the main house. Luxborough House Luxborough House stood about 1 mile from Chigwell church on the road south-west to Woodford. Following the death of Sir Edward Hughes, KB, in 1794, it was demolished some time after 1796 by his widow. References Notes Sources 1702 births 1772 deaths Robert Knight Robert Knight, 1st Baron Luxborough Robert Knight, 1st Baron Luxborough Earl of Catherlough Robert Knight, 1st Earl of Catherlough Earls in the Peerage of Ireland Peers of Ireland created by George II Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Great Grimsby Councilmen and Aldermen of the City of London Whig (British political party) MPs
53569679	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe%20Zvi%20Segal%20%28rabbi%29	Moshe Zvi Segal (rabbi)	Moshe Zvi Segal (23 February 1904 – 25 September 1985) was a prominent figure in various movements and organizations in Israel, including Etzel and Lechi. He was awarded the Yakir Yerushalaim prize in 1974. He is best known for blowing the shofar at the conclusion of the Yom Kippur service at the Western Wall, defying the law of the British Mandate, which prohibited doing so. Biography Moshe Zvi Segal was born on 23 February 1904 (6 Shevat 5664) in Poltava, Ukraine. His father was Abraham Mordechai Segal from Mohilov, situated above the Dnieper River in White Russia. His mother was Henna Leah Menkin, whose family moved from Mohilov to Vortinschina-Zeberzhia as farmers to escape the Tzar's decree to kidnap Jewish children from their homes, forcefully prevent them from religious observance, and recruit them in the army. The seeds of Segal's love for Jerusalem and the Holy Land were sown at an early age, when he learned about the forefathers of the Jewish People, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the Torah. In 1914, as a result of the First World War, the Mir Yeshiva relocated to Poltava. Segal studied there from the age of 10 until the age of 15. In 1919, when the yeshiva returned to Poland, Segal declined the Rosh Yeshiva's invitation to join them because of his prior obligation to assist his parents with the family's meager finances. During his years in the yeshiva he was also an avid reader of books at Poltava's Hebrew Library. His reading significantly broadened his knowledge of Jewish philosophy in the Middle Ages and later generations. At the age of 17, Segal was accepted as a member of the HeHalutz Jewish underground organization in Poltava. In 1924, at the age of 20, Segal immigrated with his parents and siblings to the land of Israel (then under the British Mandate for Palestine). In 1929, in response to King George VI's decrees limiting Jewish rights and religious observance in Palestine and Jerusalem, Segal organized a large demonstration to the Kotel on 9 Av, the day of Jewish national mourning. During the 1929 Arab riots and the pogroms in Hebron and Safed he defended Tel Aviv as a member of the Hagana. He later co-founded the Etzel military movement. Segal was also one of the founders of Brit HaBirionim. In 1930, Segal prayed the Yom Kippur service at the Western Wall. He borrowed a shofar from Rabbi Isaac Orenstein, then Chief Rabbi of the Western Wall, and hid it until the end of the Ne'ila service, when it is the custom to sound the shofar. When the service reached its climax, Segal boldly blew the shofar for all to hear, against the law of the British Mandate, and was promptly arrested for doing so. Upon hearing of the incident, Chief Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook announced that he would not break his fast until the young Segal was allowed to eat. Rabbi Kook telephoned the British High Commissioner of Palestine requesting Segal's release, and at about midnight that same evening, he was freed. In the years that followed, until the founding of the State of Israel in 1948, Segal arranged that a shofar be smuggled into the Western Wall area and he trained young men to sound it at the appropriate moment every year at the end of the Yom Kippur service. Organizations Throughout his life, Segal was a member of a number of organizations, some of which he founded himself. 1916: Tikvat Yisrael youth organization, Poltava 1920: Tzeirei Tzion, Poltava 1920: HeHalutz Ha'Adom, Poltava 1926: Hagana 1926: Hatzohar 1927: Tenuat HaRechvim 1927: Gedud Meginei HaSafah 1930: Agudat HaShomer Bagalil 1931-1932: Brit HaBirionim 1931: Etzel 1937: Brit Hahashmonaim 1943: Lechi 1943: Aguda Le'Ma'an HaShabbat 1943: Machane Yisrael 1946: Le'Asireinu 1948: Tzeirei Chabad 1968: Herut 1972: El Har Hashem 1978: Chashmonaim Movement 1979: Tehiya 1982: Shevut Ha'Aretz 1985: Shavei Tziyon References 1904 births 1985 deaths Israeli rabbis Ukrainian rabbis Mir Yeshiva alumni
347922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabia%20gens	Fabia gens	The gens Fabia was one of the most ancient patrician families at ancient Rome. The gens played a prominent part in history soon after the establishment of the Republic, and three brothers were invested with seven successive consulships, from 485 to 479 BC, thereby cementing the high repute of the family. Overall, the Fabii received 45 consulships during the Republic. The house derived its greatest lustre from the patriotic courage and tragic fate of the 306 Fabii in the Battle of the Cremera, 477 BC. But the Fabii were not distinguished as warriors alone; several members of the gens were also important in the history of Roman literature and the arts. Background The family is generally thought to have been counted amongst the , the most prominent of the patrician houses at Rome, together with the Aemilii, Claudii, Cornelii, Manlii, and Valerii; but no list of the gentes maiores has survived, and even the number of families so designated is a complete mystery. Until 480 BC, the Fabii were staunch supporters of the aristocratic policies favoring the patricians and the senate against the plebs. However, following a great battle that year against the Veientes, in which victory was achieved only by cooperation between the generals and their soldiers, the Fabii aligned themselves with the plebs. One of the thirty-five voting tribes into which the Roman people were divided was named after the Fabii; several tribes were named after important gentes, including the tribes Aemilia, Claudia, Cornelia, Fabia, Papiria, Publilia, Sergia, and Veturia. Several of the others appear to have been named after lesser families. The most famous legend of the Fabii asserts that, following the last of the seven consecutive consulships in 479 BC, the gens undertook the war with Veii as a private obligation. A militia consisting of over three hundred men of the gens, together with their friends and clients, amounting to a total of some four thousand men, took up arms and stationed itself on a hill overlooking the Cremera, a little river between Rome and Veii. The cause of this secession is said to have been the enmity between the Fabii and the patricians, who regarded them as traitors for advocating the causes of the plebeians. The Fabian militia remained in their camp on the Cremera for two years, successfully opposing the Veientes, until at last they were lured into an ambush, and destroyed. Three hundred and six Fabii of fighting age were said to have perished in the disaster, leaving only a single survivor to return home. By some accounts he was the only survivor of the entire gens; but it seems unlikely that the camp of the Fabii included not only all of the men, but the women and children of the family as well. They and the elders of the gens probably remained at Rome. The day on which the Fabii perished was forever remembered, as it was the same day that the Gauls defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC. This was the fifteenth day before the kalends of Sextilis, or July 18, according to the modern calendar. The story was considerably embellished at a later date in order to present it as a counterpart of the Battle of Thermopylae, which took place in 479 BC (hence the number of 306 Fabii, similar to the 300 Spartans of Leonidas). However, Tim Cornell states that there is no reason to doubt the historicity of the battle, because the tribus Fabia—presumably where the Fabii had their country estates—was located near the Cremera, on the border with Veii. Throughout the history of the Republic, the Fabii made several alliances with other prominent families, especially plebeian and Italian ones, which partly explains their long prominence. The first of such alliances that can be traced dates from the middle of the fifth century and was with the Poetelii; it lasted for at least a century. In the fourth century, the Fabii were allied to the patrician Manlii and the plebeian Genucii and Licinii, whom they supported during the Conflict of the Orders. They then occupied an unprecedented leading position in the third century, as three generations of Fabii were princeps senatus—a unique occurrence during the Republic. During this period, they allied with the plebeian Atilii from Campania, where the Fabii had significant estates, the Fulvii and Mamilii from Tusculum, the Otacili from Beneventum, the Ogulnii from Etruria, and the Marcii. They also sponsored the emergence of the Caecilii Metelli and Porcii, who owed their first consulate to the Fabii, as well as the re-emergence of the patrician Quinctii. The main direction of the second war against Carthage was disputed between the Fabii and the Cornelii Scipiones. The death of Fabius Verrucosus in 203 marks the end of the Fabian leadership on Roman politics, by now assumed by their rivals: Scipio Africanus and his family. After the consulship of Fabius Maximus Eburnus in 116, the Fabii entered a century-long eclipse, until their temporary revival under Augustus. The name of the Fabii was associated with one of the two colleges of the Luperci, the priests who carried on the sacred rites of the ancient religious festival of the Lupercalia. The other college bore the name of the Quinctilii, suggesting that in the earliest times these two gentes superintended these rites as a sacrum gentilicum, much as the Pinarii and Potitii maintained the worship of Hercules. Such sacred rites were gradually transferred to the state, or opened to the Roman populus; a well-known legend attributed the destruction of the Potitii to the abandonment of its religious office. In later times the privilege of the Lupercalia had ceased to be confined to the Fabii and the Quinctilii. Origin According to legend, the Fabii claimed descent from Hercules, who visited Italy a generation before the Trojan War, and from Evander, his host. This brought the Fabii into the same tradition as the Pinarii and Potitii, who were said to have welcomed Hercules and learned from him the sacred rites which for centuries afterward they performed in his honor. Another early legend stated that at the founding of Rome, the followers of the brothers Romulus and Remus were called the Quinctilii and the Fabii, respectively. The brothers were said to have offered up sacrifices in the cave of the Lupercal at the base of the Palatine Hill, which became the origin of the Lupercalia. This story is certainly connected with the tradition that the two colleges of the Luperci bore the names of these ancient gentes. The nomen of the Fabii is said originally to have been Fovius, Favius, or Fodius; Plinius stated that it was derived from faba, a bean, a vegetable which the Fabii were said to have first cultivated. A more fanciful explanation derives the name from fovea, ditches, which the ancestors of the Fabii were said to have used in order to capture wolves. It is uncertain whether the Fabii were of Latin or Sabine origin. Niebuhr, followed by Göttling, considered them Sabines. However, other scholars are unsatisfied with their reasoning, and point out that the legend associating the Fabii with Romulus and Remus would place them at Rome before the incorporation of the Sabines into the nascent Roman state. It may nonetheless be noted that, even supposing this tradition to be based on actual historical events, the followers of the brothers were described as "shepherds," and presumably included many of the people then living in the countryside where the city of Rome was to be built. The hills of Rome were already inhabited at the time of the city's legendary founding, and they stood in the hinterland between the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. Even if many the followers of Romulus and Remus were Latins from the ancient city of Alba Longa, many may also have been Sabines already living in the surrounding countryside. Praenomina The earliest generations of the Fabii favored the praenomina Caeso, Quintus, and Marcus. They were the only patrician gens to make regular use of Numerius, which appears in the family after the destruction of the Fabii at the Cremera. According to the tradition related by Festus, this praenomen entered the gens when Quintus Fabius Vibulanus, the consul of 467, married a daughter of Numerius Otacilius of Maleventum, and bestowed his father-in-law's name on his son. Although the Fabii Ambusti and some later branches of the family used the praenomen Gaius, Quintus is the name most frequently associated with the Fabii of the later Republic. The Fabii Maximi used it almost to the exclusion of all other names until the end of the Republic, when they revived the ancient praenomen Paullus. This was done in honor of the Aemilii Paulli, from whom the later Fabii Maximi were descended, having been adopted into the Fabia gens at the end of the 3rd century BC. A variety of surnames associated with the Aemilii were also used by this family, and one of the Fabii was called Africanus Fabius Maximus, although his proper name was Quintus Fabius Maximus Africanus. In a manuscript of Cicero, Servius appears among the Fabii Pictores, but this seems to have been a corruption in the manuscript, which originally read Numerius. Branches and cognomina The cognomina of the Fabii under the Republic were Ambustus, Buteo, Dorso or Dorsuo, Labeo, Licinus, Maximus (with the agnomina Aemilianus, Allobrogicus, Eburnus, Gurges, Rullianus, Servilianus, and Verrucosus), Pictor, and Vibulanus. Other cognomina belonged to persons who were not, strictly speaking, members of the gens, but who were freedmen or the descendants of freedmen, or who had been enrolled as Roman citizens under the Fabii. The only cognomina appearing on coins are Hispaniensis, Labeo, Maximus, and Pictor. In imperial times it becomes difficult to distinguish between members of the gens and unrelated persons sharing the same nomen. Members of the gens are known as late as the second century, but persons bearing the name of Fabius continue to appear into the latest period of the Empire. The eldest branch of the Fabii bore the cognomen Vibulanus, which may allude to an ancestral home of the gens. The surname Ambustus, meaning "burnt", replaced Vibulanus at the end of the 5th century BC; the first of the Fabii to be called Ambustus was a descendant of the Vibulani. The most celebrated stirps of the Fabia gens, which bore the surname Maximus, was in turn descended from the Fabii Ambusti. This family was famous for its statesmen and its military exploits, which lasted from the Samnite Wars, in the 4th century BC until the wars with the Germanic invaders of the 2nd century BC. Most, if not all of the later Fabii Maximi were descendants of Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, one of the Aemilii Paulli, who as a child was adopted into that illustrious family. Buteo, which described a type of hawk, was originally given to a member of the Fabia gens because such a bird on one occasion settled upon his ship with a favorable omen. This tradition, related by Plinius, does not indicate which of the Fabii first obtained this surname, but it was probably one of the Fabii Ambusti. Crawford suggests that the buteo of the legend was not a hawk, but a flamingo, based on the appearance of a bird resembling a flamingo on the coins of Gaius Fabius Hadrianus, who may have sought to associate himself with that family by the use of such a symbol. Hadrianus and his descendants form the last distinguishable family of the Fabii. Their surname was probably derived from the Latin colony of Hatria, and it is likely that they were not lineal descendants of the Fabii Buteones, but newly-enfranchised citizens. The flamingo might also allude to the family's coastal origins. The surname Pictor, borne by another family of the Fabii, signifies a painter, and the earliest known member of this family was indeed a painter, famed for his work in the temple of Salus, built by Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus between 307 and 302 BC. The later members of this family, several of whom were distinguished in the arts, appear to have been his descendants, and must have taken their cognomen from this ancestor. The cognomen Labeo ("the one with large lips") appears at the beginning of the second century BC; Quintus Fabius Labeo, the first of that name, was also a poet, but his line vanished before the end of the century. Members Fabii Vibulani et Ambusti Caeso Fabius Vibulanus, father of Quintus, Caeso, and Marcus, consuls from 485 to 479 BC. Quintus Fabius K. f. Vibulanus, consul in 485 and 482 BC. He waged war against the Volsci and Aequi. He fell in battle against the Veientes in 480. Caeso Fabius K. f. Vibulanus, quaestor in 485 BC, he prosecuted Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, consul of the preceding year, on a charge of treason. Consul in 484, 481, and 479, Fabius continued the war against the Aequi and Veii. He led the Fabii at the Battle of the Cremera, where he died. Marcus Fabius K. f. Vibulanus, consul in 483 and 480 BC. He resigned two months before the end of his second consulship, after sustaining injuries in a battle against Veii, during which his brother Quintus was slain. Quintus Fabius M. f. K. n. Vibulanus, consul in 467, 465, and 459. The only survivor of the Battle of the Cremera. He fought against the Aequi in each of his consulships, and was awarded a triumph during the last one. He was finally a member of the second Decemvirate in 450, and also urban prefect in 462 and 458. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus, named by Diodorus as one of the consuls in 457 BC, together with Cincinnatus. The majority of ancient sources name Gaius Horatius Pulvillus and Quintus Minucius Esquilinus as the consuls of this year. Marcus Fabius Q. f. M. n. Vibulanus, consul in 442 BC, legate during the war against Veii in 437, consular tribune in 433, and legate in 431. Numerius Fabius Q. f. M. n. Vibulanus, consul in 421, and consular tribune in 415 and 407 BC. Quintus Fabius Q. f. M. n. Vibulanus, consul in 423 and consular tribune in 416 and 414 BC. Quintus Fabius M. f. Q. n. Vibulanus Ambustus, consul in 412 BC. Caeso Fabius M. f. Q. n. Ambustus, consular tribune in 404, 401, 395, and 390 BC. Numerius Fabius M. f. Q. n. Ambustus, consular tribune in 406 and 390 BC. Quintus Fabius M. f. Q. n. Ambustus, consular tribune in 390 BC. Marcus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Ambustus, pontifex maximus in 390 BC. Marcus Fabius K. f. M. n. Ambustus, consular tribune in 381 and 369 BC, and censor in 363; supported the lex Licinia Sextia, which granted the plebeians the right to hold the consulship. Fabia M. f. K. n., married Servius Sulpicius Praetextatus, consular tribune in 377, 376, 370, and 368 BC. Fabia M. f. K. n., married Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo, consul in 364 and 361 BC. Marcus Fabius N. f. M. n. Ambustus, consul in 360, 356, and 354 BC, princeps senatus triumphed over the Tiburtines. Gaius Fabius N. f. M. n. Ambustus, consul in 358 BC. Marcus Fabius M. f. N. n. Ambustus, magister equitum in 322 BC. Quintus Fabius Ambustus, nominated dictator in 321 BC, but compelled to resign due to a fault in the auspices. Gaius Fabius M. f. N. n. Ambustus, appointed magister equitum in 315 BC, in place of Quintus Aulius, who fell in battle. Fabii Dorsuones et Licini Gaius Fabius Dorsuo, bravely left the Capitoline Hill to perform a sacrifice when Rome was occupied by the Gauls following the Battle of the Allia in 390 BC, eluding the Gallic sentries both on his departure and his return. Marcus Fabius (C. f.) Dorsuo, consul in 345 BC, carried on the war against the Volsci and captured Sora. Gaius Fabius M. f. M. n. Dorsuo Licinus, consul in 273 BC, died during his year of office. Marcus Fabius C. f. M. n. Licinus, consul in 246 BC. Fabii Maximi Quintus Fabius M. f. N. n. Maximus Rullianus, consul in 322, 310, 308, 297, and 295 BC, dictator in 315 and censor in 304, princeps senatus; triumphed in 322 and 295. Quintus Fabius Q. f. M. n. Maximus Gurges, consul in 292, 276, and 265 BC, princeps senatus; triumphed in 291 and 276. Quintus Fabius (Maximus), aedile in 266 BC, he assaulted the ambassadors of Apollonia, and was remanded to the custody of the Apolloniates, but was dismissed unharmed. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Verrucosus, nicknamed Cunctator, consul in 233, 228, 215, 214 and 209 BC, censor in 230, and dictator in 221 and 217, princeps senatus; triumphed in 233. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus, consul in 213 BC. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus, appointed augur in 203 BC. Quintus Fabius Maximus, praetor peregrinus in 181 BC. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Aemilianus, consul in 145 BC, the son of Lucius Aemilius Paullus, conqueror of Macedonia; as a child he was adopted by Quintus Fabius Maximus the praetor. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Allobrogicus, consul in 121 BC, and censor in 108; triumphed over the Allobroges. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Allobrogicus, son of the consul of 121 BC; remarkable only for his vices. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus, consul in 142 BC. Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus, consul in 116 BC, he condemned one of his sons to death; being accused by Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, he went into exile. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus, legate of Caesar, and consul suffectus in 45 BC. Paullus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus, consul in 11 BC. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Africanus, better known as Africanus Fabius Maximus, consul in 10 BC. Quintus Fabius Allobrogicinus Maximus, named in an inscription from the Augustan era, now lost. Paullus Fabius Paulli f. Q. n. Persicus, consul in AD 34. (Fabia) Eburna, inferred by Ronald Syme from an inscription naming Eutychia, the slave-girl of a woman named Eburna; another inscription names a slave-woman named Alexa, perhaps belonging to the same Eburna. Fabius Numantinus, one of eight young men admitted to an undetermined sacerdotal college, possibly the sodales Titii, between AD 59 and 64. Fabii Pictores Gaius Fabius M. f. Pictor, painted the interior of the temple of Salus, dedicated in 302 BC. Gaius Fabius C. f. M. n. Pictor, consul in 269 BC. Numerius Fabius C. f. M. n. Pictor, ambassador in 273 BC, he accompanied Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges to the court of Ptolemy II Philadelphos. Consul in 266, he triumphed over the Sassinates, and again over the Sallentini and Messapii. Quintus Fabius C. f. C. n. Pictor, ambassador in 216 BC, he was sent to consult the oracle of Delphi in order to find ways to appease the gods after the disaster of Cannae. Pictor is known as the earliest of the Latin historians, although he wrote in Greek; he was an important source for later annalists, but most of his own work has been lost. Quintus Fabius Q. f. C. n. Pictor, praetor in 189 BC, received Sardinia as his province, but was compelled by the pontifex maximus to remain at Rome, because he was Flamen Quirinalis; his abdication was rejected by the senate, which designated him praetor peregrinus. He died in 167. Numerius Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Pictor, an annalist and antiquarian of the second century BC. Numerius Fabius N. f. Q. n. Pictor, triumvir monetalis in 126 BC. Fabii Buteones Numerius Fabius M. f. M. n. Buteo, consul in 247 BC, during the First Punic War. Marcus Fabius M. f. M. n. Buteo, consul in 245 BC, censor, probably in 241; appointed dictator in 216 to fill the vacancies in the senate after the Battle of Cannae. Fabius M. f. M. n. Buteo, according to Orosius, accused of theft, and slain in consequence by his own father. Marcus Fabius Buteo, praetor in 201 BC, obtained Sardinia as his province. Quintus Fabius Buteo, praetor in 196 BC, obtained the province of Hispania Ulterior. Quintus Fabius Buteo, praetor in 181 BC, obtained Gallia Cisalpina as his province. Numerius Fabius Buteo, praetor in 173 BC, obtained the province of Hispania Citerior, but died at Massilia on his way to his province. Quintus Fabius Buteo, quaestor in 134 BC; apparently the son of Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus, and nephew of Scipio Aemilianus, by whom he was entrusted with the command of four thousand volunteers during the Numantine War. Fabii Labeones Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Labeo, quaestor urbanus in 196 BC. Praetor then propraetor in 189 and 188, he defeated the naval forces of Antiochus III, for which he received a naval triumph the following year. He was triumvir for establishing the colonies of Potentia and Pisaurum in 184, and Saturnia in 183. He was consul in 183, and proconsul in Liguria the following year. He also became pontiff in 180, and was part of a commission of ten men sent to advise Aemilius Paullus on the settlement of Macedonia in 167. He was also a poet, according to Suetonius. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Labeo, a learned orator known whose eloquence is mentioned by Cicero. He must have lived about the middle of the second century BC, and either he or more probably his son was proconsul in Spain, where the name occurs on some milestones. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Labeo, triumvir monetalis in 124 BC. He was probably proconsul in Spain between 120 and 100 BC. Fabii Hadriani Gaius Fabius C. f. Q. n. Hadrianus, triumvir monetalis in 102 BC. A supporter of Cinna and Carbo during the Civil War against Sulla, he was appointed praetor of Africa in 84 BC. He remained there as propraetor for two years, but his government was so oppressive that the colonists and merchants at Utica burnt him to death in his own praetorium. Marcus Fabius C. f. C. n. Hadrianus, legate between 72 and 68 BC under Lucius Licinius Lucullus during the Third Mithridatic War. He was defeated by Mithridates in 68. Gaius Fabius M. f. C. n. Hadrianus, praetor in 58 BC, and subsequently proconsul in Asia, where he minted coins. Others Fabius Dorsennus, a Latin comic playwright, whose style and care was criticized by Quintus Horatius Flaccus. Fabius, an hypothetical tribune of the plebs in 64 BC. He might have carried a bill reducing the number of attendants a candidate could bring with him at an election. Gaius Fabius, tribune of the plebs in 55 BC, passed a law complementing Caesar's agrarian law. He served under Caesar as a legate from 54 to 49 BC, during the second half of the Gallic Wars and at the start of the Civil War. Quintus Fabius Sanga, warned Cicero about the conspiracy of Catiline, after being informed by the ambassadors of the Allobroges. Quintus Fabius Vergilianus, legate of Appius Claudius Pulcher in Cilicia in 51 BC; during the Civil War, he espoused the cause of Pompeius. Fabius Rusticus, a historian of the mid-first century AD, frequently quoted by Tacitus on the life of Nero. Fabius Fabullus, legate of Legio V Alaudae, chosen as a leader of the soldiers who mutinied against Aulus Caecina Alienus in AD 69; perhaps the same man to whom the murder of the emperor Galba was attributed. Gaius Fabius Valens, one of the principal generals of Vitellius, and consul suffectus ex kal. Sept. in AD 69. Fabius Priscus, one of the legates sent against Civilis in AD 70. Fabius Ululitremulus, a shopkeeper in Pompeii. A graffito from the doorpost of his shop alludes to the Aeneid, and praises Minerva as the patron of the fullones. Marcus Fabius Rufus, the last owner of a rich villa in Pompeii. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, the most celebrated of Roman rhetoricians, granted the insignia and title of consul by Domitian. Lucius Fabius Tuscus, consul suffectus in 100. Lucius Fabius Justus, a distinguished rhetorician, and a friend of both Tacitus and the younger Pliny. Lucius Julius Gainius Fabius Agrippa. A Roman descendant of the Herodian dynasty, gymnasiarch of Apamea and one of the most prominent citizens of the city in the 110s. Possibly an ancestor to usurper Jotapianus, though it is unclear if the initial "F." in Jotapianus' name stands for "Fabius". Ceionia Fabia, an adoptive granddaughter of Hadrian, and sister of the emperor Lucius Verus. Her name indicates descent from the gens Fabia, though her ancestry is obscure. Quintus Fabius Catullinus, consul in AD 130. Fabius Cornelius Repentinus, appointed praefectus praetorio in the reign of Antoninus Pius. Fabius Mela, an eminent jurist, probably of the mid-2nd century. Lucius Fabius Cilo Septimianus, consul suffectus in AD 193 and consul in 204. Fabius Sabinus, one of the consiliarii of Alexander Severus, perhaps the same Sabinus later driven out of Rome by order of Elagabalus. Fabia Orestilla, supposedly the wife of Gordian I, and mother of his children. Her name appears only in the Augustan History. Quintus Fabius Clodius Agrippianus Celsinus, Proconsul of Caria in 249. Fabianus, Pope from 236 to 250. Supposedly of noble Roman birth, his father's name was reportedly Fabius. Titus Fabius Titianus, consul in AD 337. Aconia Fabia Paulina, a pagan priestess during the late fourth century, wife of Vettius Agorius Praetextatus. Saint Fabiola, a Christian ascetic of the late fourth century, she was later declared a saint. Quintus Fabius Memmius Symmachus, a politician of the late fourth and early fifth century, who was appointed Quaestor at the age of ten. Possibly a pagan, he was alleged to have built a temple to Flora. Fabius Planciades Fulgentius, a Latin grammarian, probably not earlier than the sixth century. Fabia Eudocia, first empress-consort of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius. She was born in the Exarchate of Africa, and died in AD 612, reportedly due to epilepsy. One of her two known children was Constantine III. See also List of Roman gentes Footnotes References Bibliography Ancient sources Marcus Tullius Cicero, Brutus, Cato Maior de Senectute, De Natura Deorum, De Officiis, De Oratore, Epistulae ad Brutum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Pisonem, In Vatinium Testem, In Verrem, Philippicae, Pro Balbo, Pro Caelio, Pro Murena, Tusculanae Quaestiones. Gaius Julius Caesar, (attributed), De Bello Hispaniensis (On the War in Spain). Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust), Bellum Catilinae (The Conspiracy of Catiline). Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History). Sextus Aurelius Propertius, Elegiae (Elegies). Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace), Epistulae (Letters). Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities). Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome. Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Fasti, Ex Ponto (From Pontus). Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History. Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings). Lucius Annaeus Seneca (Seneca the Younger), Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius). Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Naturalis Historia (Natural History). Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters). Sextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata (Stratagems). Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Historiae, De Vita et Moribus Iulii Agricolae (On the Life and Mores of Julius Agricola), Dialogus de Oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory). Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch), Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Viris Illustribus. Decimus Junius Juvenalis, Satirae (Satires). Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights). Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War), Hispanica (The Spanish Wars), Iberica. Sextus Pompeius Festus, Epitome de M. Verrio Flacco de Verborum Significatu (Epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus: On the Meaning of Words). Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History. Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History). Sextus Aurelius Victor (attributed), De Origo Gentis Romanae (On the Origin of the Roman People), De Viris Illustribus (On Famous Men), Epitome de Caesaribus (Epitome of the Lives of the Caesars). Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome). Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans). Digesta seu Pandectae (The Digest). Paulus Diaconus, Epitome de Sex. Pompeio Festo de Significatu Verborum (Epitome of Festus' De Significatu Verborum), ed. Karl Otfried Müller. Joannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History). Modern sources Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). Barthold Georg Niebuhr, The History of Rome, Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828). Wilhelm Adolf Becker, Handbuch der Römischen Alterhümer (Handbook of Roman Antiquities), Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Leipzig (1846). Karl Wilhelm Göttling, Geschichte der Römischen Staatsverfassung von Erbauung der Stadt bis zu C. Cäsar's Tod (History of the Roman State from the Founding of the City to the Death of Caesar), Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, Halle (1840). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present). August Pauly, Georg Wissowa, et alii, Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, J. B. Metzler, Stuttgart (1894–1980). Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898). Friedrich Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families, translated by Thérèse Ridley, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 (originally published in 1920). T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952). Attilio Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae (abbreviated ILLRP), Florence (1957–1963). Lily Ross Taylor, The Voting Districts of the Roman Republic, University of Michigan Press (1960). D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963). Robert Maxwell Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, books 1–5, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965. Graham Vincent Sumner, The Orators in Cicero's Brutus: Prosopography and Chronology, (Phoenix Supplementary Volume XI.), Toronto and Buffalo, University of Toronto Press (1973). Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001). J. A. Crook, F. W. Walbank, M. W. Frederiksen, R. M. Ogilvie (editors), The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VIII, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1989. Ronald Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press, Oxford (1989). T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, London and New York, Routledge, 1995. Francis X. Ryan, Rank and Participation in the Republican Senate, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998. Sander M. Goldberg, Constructing Literature in the Roman Republic, Poetry and its Reception, Cambridge University Press, 2005. C. J. Smith, The Roman Clan: the Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology, Cambridge University Press (2006), . Léon Homo, Roman Political Institutions, Routledge (2013), . Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid Roman gentes
15606236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Luhier	Le Luhier	Le Luhier () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. Geography The commune is located east of Le Russey on the road from Maîche to Besançon. Population See also Communes of the Doubs department References External links Le Luhier on the intercommunal Web site of the department Communes of Doubs
14881825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRK1	LRRK1	Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LRRK1 gene. References Further reading
1027464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Allen	Walter Allen	Walter Ernest Allen (23 February 1911 – 28 February 1995) was an English literary critic and novelist and one of the Birmingham Group of authors. He is best known for his classic study The English Novel: a Short Critical History (1951). Life and career Allen was born in Aston, Birmingham; he drew on his working-class roots for All in a Lifetime (1959), generally considered his best novel. He was educated at King Edward's Grammar School and the University of Birmingham, graduating in 1932—his friends at that period included Henry Reed and Louis MacNeice. He taught and took numerous temporary academic positions. In 1935, he was a Visiting Lecturer in English in University of Iowa, Iowa city; from 1955-56 he was Visiting Professor of English at Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa; from 1963-64 he was Visiting Professor of English, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, and in 1967 he was at University of Kansas, Lawrence, and University of Washington, Seattle. He also worked in journalism, being at one time literary editor of the New Statesman; and was a broadcaster. In 1967 he took a position as Professor of English Studies at the New University of Ulster. Allen published many novels early in his career mostly dealing with life of the working class in England. As I Walked down New Grub Street which accounts his meetings with prominent literary figures was published in 1982. After a significant break from fiction-writing for 27 years he published Get Out Early in 1986. He was known as an editor of George Gissing. He wrote some poetry, which appeared in John Lehmann's publications in the 1940s. He left much writing in manuscript. He died in London. Works Novels Innocence is Drowned (1938) Blind Man's Ditch (1939) Living Space (1940) The Black Country (1946) Rogue Elephant (1946) Dead Man Over All (1950) All in a Lifetime (1959) [U.S. title: Three Score and Ten] Get Out Early (1986) Accosting Profiles (1989) Short stories The Festive Baked-Potato Cart (1948) Criticism Writers on Writing (1948), editor Reading a Novel (1949) Arnold Bennett (1948) Joyce Cary (1953) The English Novel; a Short Critical History (1954) The Novel Today (1955) Six Great Novelists (1955) George Eliot (1964) Tradition and Dream: The English and American Novel from the Twenties to Our Time (1964) The Short Story in English (1981) Autobiography As I Walked Down New Grub Street (1981) Archives Papers of Walter Allen are held at the Cadbury Research Library (University of Birmingham). References 1911 births 1995 deaths People educated at King Edward VI Aston School English literary critics Alumni of the University of Birmingham Academics of Ulster University People from Birmingham, West Midlands 20th-century English novelists
57319510	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang%20out	Hang out	See also Loitering
55581179	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena%20Dhanda	Meena Dhanda	Dr. Meena Dhanda is an Indian philosopher and writer, based in the United Kingdom. She is a Professor of Philosophy and Cultural Politics at the University of Wolverhampton, and is internationally recognised as a leading academic in the development of diaspora dalit studies. She conducts philosophy with a 'practical intent', and her work has confirmed existence of caste discrimination in Britain in areas covered by the Equality Act 2010, and pushed for more legal protections against caste-based discrimination. Biography Meena Dhanda arrived in the UK from Punjab, India in 1987 with an award of the Commonwealth Scholarship for her doctoral work in Philosophy at Balliol College, Oxford University. She was a Rhodes Junior Research Fellow at St Hilda's College, Oxford, before taking up a full-time lecturing position at the University of Wolverhampton in 1992, progressing to a Readership (Associate Professorship) in 2010. She was promoted Professor on September 17, 2018. Dhanda has written about problems of racism within the field of philosophy, calling for more diversity within the field, and has spoken of the importance for her of doing "socially engaged philosophy." She has been an active member of the UK branch of the Society for Women in Philosophy for more than 25 years, and as of 2017, sits on the society's Funding Committee. Main works From September 2013 to February 2014 Dhanda led a project on 'Caste in Britain' for the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC), through which she produced two research reports – "Caste in Britain: Socio-legal Review", and "Caste in Britain: Experts' Seminar and Stakeholders' Workshop." She has published numerous transdisciplinary papers on topics of caste and race, including 'Punjabi Dalit Youth: Social Dynamics of Transitions in Identity', (Contemporary South Asia, 2009); 'Runaway Marriages: A Silent Revolution?', (Economic and Political Weekly, 2012); 'Certain Allegiances, Uncertain Identities: The Fraught Struggles of Dalits in Britain' (Tracing the New Indian Diaspora, 2014); 'Do only South Asians reclaim honour'? ('Honour' and Women's Rights, 2014); 'Anti-Castism and Misplaced Nativism' (Radical Philosophy, 2015). She has published two books: a monograph, The Negotiation of Personal Identity (Saarbrüken: VDM Verlag, 2008) and Reservations for Women (New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2008). Awards and honours She was awarded a Leverhulme Research Fellowship for a primary research project 'Caste Aside: Dalit Punjabi Identity and Experience' concluded in 2012. Bibliography Journal articles and reports Dhanda, M. (2009) 'Punjabi Dalit Youth: Social Dynamics of Transitions in Identity', Contemporary South Asia, 17, 1: 47-64. Dhanda, M. (2013) 'Caste and International Migration, India to the UK', in I. Ness (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. Wiley Blackwell. Dhanda, M. (2013) 'Certain Allegiances, Uncertain Identities: The Fraught Struggles of Dalits in Britain', in O.P. Dwivedi (ed.), The New Indian Diaspora. New York: Editions Rodopi, 99-119. Dhanda, M. (2015) 'Anti-Castism and Misplaced Nativism: Mapping caste as an aspect of race' Radical Philosophy, 192, July-Aug, pp. 33–43. Dhanda, M., Mosse, D., Waughray, A., Keane, D., Green, R., Iafrati, S. and Mundy, J.K. (2014) Caste in Britain: Experts' Seminar and Stakeholders' Workshop. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report no. 92. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission. Dhanda, M., Waughray, A., Keane, D., Mosse, D., Green, R. and Whittle, S. (2014) Caste in Britain: Socio-legal Review. Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report no. 91. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission. Dhanda, M. (2020) Philosophical Foundations of Anti-Casteism. . Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 120, 1: 71–96. References Living people Indian women philosophers British women philosophers Scholars from Punjab, India 1987 births
59688550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galepsus%20%28Chalcidice%29	Galepsus (Chalcidice)	Galepsus or Galepsos () was a town on the north coast of the peninsula of Sithonia, Chalcidice, ancient Macedonia. William Martin Leake states that Galepsus was the same place afterwards called Physcella, a distinction which was required, as there was another Galepsus at no great distance. The site of Galepsus is about 1 mile (1.6 km) south of the modern Nikite. See also Galepsus (Thrace) References Populated places in ancient Macedonia Former populated places in Greece Geography of ancient Chalcidice
47706582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinerolo%20Cathedral	Pinerolo Cathedral	Pinerolo Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Pinerolo, Piedmont, Italy, dedicated to Saint Donatus of Arezzo. It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Pinerolo. References Roman Catholic cathedrals in Italy Cathedrals in Piedmont Churches in the province of Turin Buildings and structures in Pinerolo
22600815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah%20Kopinsky	Isaiah Kopinsky	Isaiah Kopinsky (b ? in Galicia region – 5 October 1640) was a Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan (official title – Metropolitan of Kiev, Galicia and All-Rus'). Orthodox church figure and Kievan metropolitan. He studied at the Lviv Dormition Brotherhood School and entered a monastery as a youth. Eventually he became the hegumen of the Kiev Epiphany Brotherhood Monastery and the Mezhyhiria Transfiguration Monastery and one of the founders of the Kiev Epiphany Brotherhood School. In 1620, when the Orthodox hierarchy was renewed by Patriarch Theophanes III of Jerusalem, Isaiah was consecrated bishop of Peremyshl and Sambir; however, he was not permitted to assume his post by the Polish king, and he was instead named bishop of Chernihiv and Smolensk. He was well known as an organizer of monasteries; through his efforts the Mgarsky Monastery, the Hustynia Trinity Monastery, and other monasteries were founded. In 1631 he succeeded Metropolitan Yov Boretsky as Kievan metropolitan. Isaiah was a conservative and a decided foe of Catholicism and the Uniate church. He was also pro-Muscovite and favored conciliation with the tsar and the Moscow metropolitan. After the legalization of the Orthodox hierarchy by Poland in 1632 and the election of Petro Mohyla as metropolitan of Kiev, Isaiah was forced by the latter to relinquish his post. He became the supervisor of the Kiev St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in 1633, and lobbied unsuccessfully to regain his title from Mohyla, supported by many monasteries and Cossacks. In 1635 he moved to Polisia, and in 1638 back to Kiev, where he probably died. References Kopynsky, Isaia at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine Eastern Orthodox bishops of Kyiv Eastern Orthodox bishops of Smolensk 1640 deaths Year of birth unknown People from Parczew County People from Ruthenian Voivodeship Hegumens Constantinople Exarchs of Ukraine Eastern Orthodox monks from Ukraine
43555925	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco%20Carradori	Francesco Carradori	Francesco Carradori (1747-1824) was an Italian sculptor in Florence. He initially studied in his native Pistoia, under Innocenzo Spinazzi. Later, the patronage of the then Grand Duke Leopold sustained him as a pupil of Agostino Penna in Rome. He became the professor of sculpture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1802, he published a guide (Istruzione elementare) for students of sculpture. Among his pupils was Stefano Ricci (sculptor). It is reported that either him or his teacher may have installed the tail of the Chimera of Arezzo incorrectly, causing the Chimera's snake-tail to appear to be biting the Chimera's own goat horns. References Carradori, Francesco, Lasinio, Carlo, Istruzione elementare per gli studiosi della scultura, 1802. Internet Archive 1747 births 1824 deaths 18th-century Italian sculptors Italian male sculptors 19th-century Italian sculptors People from Pistoia Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze faculty
26008449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano%20Fraschini	Gaetano Fraschini	Gaetano Fraschini (16 February 1816 – 23 May 1887) was an Italian tenor. He created many roles in 19th century operas, including five composed by Giuseppe Verdi. His voice was "heroic ... with a baritonal quality, ... yet Verdi and Donizetti appreciated his ability to sing softly and with subtlety." An Italian biographer has pointed out Fraschini's role in extending the longevity of Donizetti's operas, while at the same time accelerating the ascent of Verdi's repertory. He was indeed the most prominent singer who facilitated the transition from Donizetti to Verdi. Fraschini sang over one hundred roles and Verdi placed him at the top of his favorite tenors' list and described him as a "natural Manrico" for his Il trovatore. Fraschini also played a pivotal role in the success of many operas by Pacini and Mercadante. Biography Born in Pavia on 16 February 1816, the second son of Domenico Fraschini and Grazia Cremaschi, Fraschini studied with Felice Moretti before debuting in his home town on 4 April 1837, at the Teatro dei Nobili Cavalieri, now known as Teatro Fraschini, singing the role of Lord Arturo in Gaetano Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. A month later, as a comprimario, he sang the role of Hervey in Donizetti's Anna Bolena in the same theatre. In the same house he sang Iago in Rossini's Otello next to the legendary Giovanni David in the title role, in April 1838. The following month, on the same stage he sang in Donizetti's L'Esule di Roma. Bergamo's Teatro della Societa' secured him for the same role. He continued singing Donizetti, performing in Torquato Tasso in Bergamo in January 1839. He returned to his home-town to sing in Mercadante's Gabriella di Vergy, also in Donizetti's Gemma di Vergy and Fausta. From July to September he was in Vicenza, where he sang in Mercadante's Elena da Feltre, Donizetti's Torquato Tasso and Roberto Devereux. To crown it all he sang Pollione in Bellini's Norma with Giuseppina Ronzi de Begnis (his future wife) in the title role. In October he made his Venetian debut at the Teatro San Benedetto as Pollione and Roberto Devereux; the primadonna assoluta was Ronzi de Begnis. On 28 March 1840 he made his debut at La Scala in Marino Faliero. Although his voice was excellent, his acting abilities left something to be desired and generated a few isolated boos. These were magnified by a review and hurt Fraschini so much that he vowed never to sing again at La Scala. Beginning in that year he was engaged at the Teatro San Carlo in Naples, where he remained continually until 1853. There he created roles in numerous operas by Giovanni Pacini, including La fidanzata corsa, La stella di Napoli, La regina di Cipro, Merope and Romilda di Provenza, and Faone in Saffo; he also created Gerardo in Caterina Cornaro for Donizetti in 1844. He sang in other Donizetti operas, too, including Linda di Chamounix, Maria di Rohan, La favorite, Poliuto, and Lucia di Lammermoor. The force with which he delivered Edgardo's curse in the latter led to his nickname, "tenore della maledizione". This role became a true war-horse for Fraschini. Apart from the already mentioned Norma, other Bellinian operas sung by him included Il Pirata, and Beatrice di Tenda. An early tenore di forza, he created several Verdian roles, beginning with Zamoro in Alzira in 1845. He was also the first Corrado in Il corsaro (1848), Arrigo in La battaglia di Legnano (1849), the title role in Stiffelio (1850), and Riccardo in Un ballo in maschera (1859). He also sang in Oberto, Ernani, I Lombardi, I masnadieri, Luisa Miller, and Il trovatore. 1856 saw him singing Henri in Les vêpres siciliennes in Rome, and in 1858 he was Gabriele Adorno in Simon Boccanegra for Naples. In 1846 he made his international debut at the Kaertnerthortheater in Vienna, where he sang Chalais in Donizetti's Maria di Rohan, followed by Verdi's Ernani and Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor and Don Pasquale. Internationally, too, he sang a good deal of Verdi: at Her Majesty's Theatre in 1847 where he took part in the first London performance of I due Foscari; in 1863 at Madrid, where he sang in La forza del destino; and the following autumn at the Théâtre Italien in Paris, where he appeared in Un Ballo in Maschera Ernani, and Il Trovatore, as well as in Lucia di Lammermoor and Poliuto. Monaldi described Fraschini's voice as like "a silver gong struck with a silver hammer", He obviously was echoing the famous voice teacher Henry Panofka who — in his treatise on "Singers and Voices" — exhorted young tenors to emulate Fraschini and pointed out the "silvery" quality of his voice. Fraschini retired in 1873, bidding his farewell in Rome as Gennaro in Lucrezia Borgia and in Florence as Don Alvaro in La forza del destino. His last role was Lyonel in Flotow's Martha, which he sang at Teatro della Pergola in Florence in January 1874. At the time "his voice and technique were still intact". Fraschini died in Naples in 1887. The opera house in Pavia is named for him. References Sources Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Opera. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . Migliavacca, Giorgio. "Gaetano Fraschini: il tenore della transizione da Donizetti a Verdi" in Moderne Sprachen 44, Vienna 2000, pp. 207–232. ISSN 0026-8666 1816 births 1887 deaths Italian operatic tenors Musicians from Pavia 19th-century Italian male opera singers
34177083	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slocum%20House%20%28Vancouver%2C%20Washington%29	Slocum House (Vancouver, Washington)	The Slocum House is a Victorian style house located in Vancouver, Washington, in the United States. The style also has been called Carpenter Victorian to emphasize both the vertical, Italianate features and the skill of craftsmanship, believed to be the work of Edward Slocum, brother of the owner. Ornamental medallions inside the house were signed and included patent dates from 1842 and 1846, although the house is believed by some to have been constructed in 1867. The 1867 date is not supported by local newspaper reports as there was no dwelling on the land at this time, and Charles W. Slocum was still busy in other areas of the Pacific Northwest. However many websites and reference books do mention the 1867 date, perhaps using a common source. After returning to Vancouver, Washington Territory in 1869, Slocum became interested in building a mansion in the vicinity of downtown Vancouver. The foundation was laid in May 1877, further progress despite "its large dimensions, and the substantial character of the materials and work" was reported in late June 1877, and work was completed by the beginning of 1878. When completed and unveiled to society on New Year's Day in 1878, the local paper described it as follows: Mr. and Mrs. Charles Slocum received their friends at their elegant new home on New Year's day. They have now finished and nearly furnished one of the handsomest residences in Washington Territory. For completeness, neatness, convenience, and architectural beauty, it discounts any house we know of in the country. Their friends are glad to see them so agreeably situated. Charles W. Slocum had been trained as a carpenter in Rhode Island, and in 1857 he arrived in Vancouver and worked as a carpenter at the Vancouver Barracks. Later, he became superintendent of the barracks. In 1860, Slocum opened several general stores in the Pacific Northwest. He is credited with platting the town of Boise, Idaho, in 1863. The Slocum House is the only surviving structure in its former residential neighborhood of the Vancouver historic core. It was moved one block from its original location in 1966 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. References 1878 establishments in Washington Territory Buildings and structures in Vancouver, Washington Houses in Clark County, Washington Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state) National Register of Historic Places in Clark County, Washington Victorian architecture in Washington (state)
23529632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS%20Marine%20Adder%20%28T-AP-193%29	USNS Marine Adder (T-AP-193)	USNS Marine Adder (T-AP–193) was a troop ship for the United States Navy in the 1950s. She was built in 1945 for the United States Maritime Commission as SS Marine Adder, a Type C4-S-A3 troop ship, by the Kaiser Company during World War II. In 1950, the ship was transferred to the Military Sea Transport Service of the U.S. Navy as a United States Naval Ship staffed by a civilian crew. After ending her naval service in 1957, she entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet, but was sold for commercial use in 1967. Renamed SS Transcolorado, she was chartered by the Military Sealift Command as a civilian cargo ship designated T-AK-2005. Career Marine Adder was laid down under a United States Maritime Commission contract by the Kaiser Company of Richmond, California on 7 March 1945 and launched on 16 May 1945 sponsored by Mrs. L. Jorstad. The ship was delivered to the War Shipping Administration for operation by its agent American President Lines on 5 October 1945. Marine Adder operated as a troop transport allocated to Army requirements. Marine Adder departed San Francisco early in November and sailed to Saipan where she embarked returning servicemen. She arrived at San Pedro, California in early December, then sailed on a second trooplift on 29 December. She steamed to the Marianas, the Philippines, Korea, and Okinawa before returning to Seattle in March 1946. Between April and June she completed a Pacific run to Calcutta, India, and to Shanghai, China. On 13 February 1948 San Francisco Marine Adder was placed in the Maritime Commission Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. After communist forces invaded South Korea, Marine Adder was acquired by the Navy from the Maritime Commission on 24 July 1950 and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) on 1 August 1950. Staffed by a civilian crew, she carried combat troops to the Far East and arrived in Korean waters on 14 December 1950. After returning to the west coast in mid-January 1951, she resumed her support of the United Nations Command in Korea less than 2 months later and continued Far Eastern runs during the Korean War. Between 6 March 1951 and 5 September 1953, she made 17 voyages out of Seattle to ports in Japan and South Korea, including Yokosuka, Sasebo, Pusan, and Inchon. After reaching San Francisco on 5 September 1953 with homeward-bound veterans of the war, she arrived Seattle on 8 September and was placed in reduced operational status. Marine Adder resumed MSTS service on 4 June 1954. During the next two months she completed two runs to Japanese and Korean waters; thence, she departed Seattle on 21 August to take part in “Passage‑to‑Freedom” operations along the coast of French Indochina. Steaming via Yokosuka, she arrived Haiphong on 9 September and embarked Vietnamese headed from the north to the south. Departing on 14 September, she made six runs to Vietnamese ports including Saigon and Tourane, and during the next two months carried refugees, French troops, and military cargo. She departed Vietnamese waters on 14 November, touched at Yokosuka the 21st, and reached Seattle on 6 December. She resumed reduced operational status on 14 December. On 24 December 1955 Marine Adder sailed again for the Far East. She reached Inchon on 11 January 1956; operated between Korean and Japanese ports until 21 January; thence returned to Seattle via San Francisco on 6 February. Placed in reduced operational status on 10 February, she remained at Seattle until 3 June 1957 when she steamed to Astoria, Oregon. She entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet on 8 June 1957 and was transferred permanently to custody of the Maritime Administration (a successor to the Maritime Commission) on 6 June 1958. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 6 June 1958. Marine Adder received eight battle stars for Korean service. Commercial service She was sold to Hudson Waterways Corp., 4 August 1967, converted to a cargo ship, and renamed Transcolorado. On 26 July 1968, Transcolorado was chartered by the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command (a successor to the Military Sea Transportation Service), designated as "T-AK-2005", and employed for carrying cargo. Transcolorado was scrapped on 20 May 1988. References Bibliography Type C4-S-A3 ships Ships built in Richmond, California 1945 ships Troop ships of the War Shipping Administration Marine Adder-class transports Korean War auxiliary ships of the United States Astoria Reserve Fleet
1498326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightray%20%28character%29	Lightray (character)	Lightray (Solis) is a DC Comics superhero. Created by Jack Kirby for the Jack Kirby's Fourth World meta-series, he first appeared in New Gods #1 (February 1971). Lightray was a major character in New Gods volume 1 (1971–1978), as well as volume 2 (1984), volume 3 (1989–1991) and volume 4 (1995–1997). He has also appeared with Orion in the Cosmic Odyssey limited series (1988–1989), Jack Kirby's Fourth World (1997–1998) and Orion (2000–2002). Seven years after the character's creation, Lightray's origin story was revealed in DC Special Series #10, a Secret Origins of Super-Heroes issue that was published in January 1978. The version of the character in current DC continuity was introduced in Green Lantern/New Gods: Godhead #1 in December 2014. Characterization For the fourth volume of New Gods created by in 1995, Rachel Pollack and Tom Peyer discussed with Back Issue magazine how Lightray changed after Darkseid is killed by Orion in issue #2: Walt Simonson, who wrote the Orion series starting in 2000, says that his conception of Lightray and Orion was based on the relationship that Kirby established in New Gods volume 1. In 2018, Simonson said: "I saw Lightray as a strategist, whereas Orion is more a tactician. Jack actually had Orion refer to Lightray as a planner at the climax of the Deep Six story, "The Glory Boat!" (New Gods #6, Jan. 1972). I tried basing my notions of Lightray primarily on that story". In Superheroes of the Round Table, Jason Tondro characterizes Lightray's place in Kirby's New Gods work: "We have characters like... the amazing Lightray, a denizen of New Genesis who embodies light with all of its creativity, bright humor, and intelligence... Lightray embodies illumination". Tondro says Lightray "and other characters, both good and evil, hint at the full dimensions of Kirby's epic pantheon". Fictional character biography Lightray is the shining star of New Genesis and a high-spirited New God. Unlike his grim friend Orion, Lightray is cheerful and optimistic and prefers to solve problems through compromise rather than combat. He uses the speed of light to his advantage in eluding foes. Lightray has served one stint as a member of the Justice League. He joined the international branch along with Orion on the same night as a membership drive failed to find other new recruits. The difference between the two was illustrated in battle. While Lightray desires a minimum of fuss in battle by dispatching his foe Crowbar with a simple expenditure of energy to the man's face, Orion preferred to destroy the pavement around Blackrock, only to then be angered when his opponent surrendered instead of fighting to the death. In this same issue, Lightray demonstrates his knowledge of chess. Lightray's long hair causes him to be mistaken for a girl by the old-fashioned General Glory. They stay with the team until just after the battle with General Glory's old foe the Evil Eye. As Solis his idea of fun is protecting New Genesis from Apokolips, Darkseid, and his minions. He resides on New Genesis and is active in adventuring. He returns to Earth briefly in JLA #27 (March 1999), as part of an emergency expansion of the Justice League. The team battles the android Amazo in the Florida Everglades. Most of them are subdued and their powers copied, Lightray included. Amazo loses his powers when Superman, as the chairman, officially disbands the League, thus ending Lightray's membership. He would appear again to aid the League alongside Orion and Big Barda when the planet Qward attacked Earth with a giant ship. In Countdown #48, Lightray falls to Earth after an off stage fight with the New Gods Killer (later revealed to be Infinity-Man). He dies holding Jimmy Olsen's hand, repeating the word "infinite" and glowing brighter. In Final Crisis #7, Lightray is depicted standing alongside Barda and Mister Miracle following the reincarnation of New Genesis on the ruins of Apokolips. Powers and abilities Like all the New Gods, Lightray is functionally immortal and possesses great superhuman strength, endurance and reflexes. Lightray is able to lift several tons with ease. His reflexes and durability are also more than amazing and he has a limited degree of invulnerability. Lightray flies at the speed of light or even faster, and can generate and project solar energy. Thus, he can create brilliant light and extraordinarily high levels of heat. He can focus his solar energy into beams of laser-like intensity. Lightray can also use his powers of light to create life-like illusions. Using his power to the maximum, he can generate a huge sun or a nova explosion. Although Lightray has a pacifist personality and isn't a highly experienced warrior, he is well trained in hand-to-hand combat, but he prefers to use his solar powers in battle. In his headgear Lightray carries one of the powerful "living computers" called Mother Box. Alternate versions Seven Soldiers of Victory Lightray makes several brief, non-speaking appearances in Grant Morrison's Seven Soldiers of Victory series, where his human form is a frail man on crutches. Captain Carrot In the miniseries Captain Carrot and the Final Ark, Lightray's counterpart in the "New Dogs" is an anthropomorphic dog named Lightstray. JLA: The Nail In the 1998 Elseworlds JLA: The Nail, Lightray is depicted fighting in a war between New Genesis and Apokolips. Influence Jack Kirby's 1971 design for Lightray's costume influenced the look of artist Al Milgrom's creation of Firestorm in 1978. In an interview from 2019, Milgrom admitted: "The facemask on Firestorm, the way it comes around the chin, was probably inspired by Lightray more than anything... I liked the [Lightray] head-covering thing; I said, "I'm stealin' it!" A July 1971 New Gods story featuring Lightray has been noted as an example of racial bias in 1970s superhero storytelling. In "Death and the Black Racer" (New Gods #3), Lightray — a blond white man — is running desperately to escape the Black Racer, portrayed as a person of color. José Alaniz and Scott T. Smith noted in Uncanny Bodies: Superhero Comics and Disability that the story "suggests a racial dichotomy... in which blackness presents as a threatening force". In other media Television Lightray appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Legacy" Pt. 2, in a non-speaking role. Lightray appears in the two-part Justice League episode "Twilight" voiced by Rob Paulsen. When Batman and Wonder Woman arrive on New Genesis to look for Orion, Lightray taunts them, giving Wonder Woman a playful slap on the behind, prompting her to declare "He's worse than the Flash!". This leads to a chase around New Genesis as Batman manages to trap Lightray as Orion arrives. Lightray was later seen with Batman, Wonder Woman, and Orion when they meet with Highfather. Lightray returns in an unspeaking role in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Destroyer". He encounters Lex Luthor, Sinestro and the Secret Society near New Genesis after they have accidentally resurrected Darkseid, who destroyed their base, only to be attacked by Evil Star and have his Mother Box stolen by Luthor, which the villains use to return to Earth. His fate afterwards is unknown. Lightray was originally planned to appear in the Harley Quinn episode "Inner (Para) Demons" where Darkseid would've killed him for his incompetence. DC Comics objected to the death and Lightray's cameo was replaced by Forager. Film An alternate universe version of Lightray appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters, voiced by Trevor Devall. He partakes in the betrayal of Darkseid and is murdered by Bekka when he attacks her. References DC Comics characters with superhuman strength DC Comics cosmic entities DC Comics deities DC Comics superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1971 DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds Fictional characters who can manipulate light Characters created by Jack Kirby Fourth World (comics)
44406834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feofan%20Lebedev	Feofan Lebedev	Feofan Lebedev (15 November 1871 – 1 November 1966) was an Estonian sports shooter. He competed in five events at the 1912 Summer Olympics, representing the Russian Empire. References 1871 births 1966 deaths Estonian male sport shooters Russian male sport shooters Olympic shooters of Russia Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics Sportspeople from Narva Estonian people of Russian descent
40138869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyroeides%20strigula	Argyroeides strigula	Argyroeides strigula is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1896. It is found in São Paulo, Brazil. References Moths described in 1896 Argyroeides Moths of South America
28298343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionworks	Visionworks	Visionworks of America, Inc. (formerly known as Doctors' Value Vision) is an American company which operates or manages 711 optical retail stores in 40 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The company was incorporated in 1988. It is based in Downtown San Antonio, Texas, and has about 8,000 employees. Visionworks of America was once a subsidiary of HVHC, a Highmark Inc. company. Visionwork's former parent company, ECCA Holdings Corp., merged with Pittsburgh-based HVHC in 2006, resulting in Eye Care Centers of America Inc. becoming a wholly owned Highmark subsidiary. ECCA had 385 stores, in 36 states, at that time. All stores sell frames, lenses, sunglasses and accessories. Comprehensive service offerings include contact lens dispensing, in-store labs, and doctors of optometry at or next to every store. Visionworks also sells contact lenses online. On June 27, 2019, VSP Global announced plans to acquire Visionworks. The acquisition was completed on October 1, 2019. References External links Eyewear companies of the United States American companies established in 1988 Clothing companies established in 1988 Retail companies established in 1988 2019 mergers and acquisitions Eyewear retailers of the United States Companies based in San Antonio
37741765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnarls%20Barkley%20discography	Gnarls Barkley discography	The discography of Gnarls Barkley, an American alternative hip hop duo composed of record producer Danger Mouse and soul singer Cee Lo Green, consists of two studio albums, two extended plays, seven singles and seven music videos. The duo originally met in the late 1990s, and began to record music together in 2003 following the release of Danger Mouse's 2003 album Ghetto Pop Life. Their first single, "Crazy", was released in 2006; it achieved worldwide chart success, reaching number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 – where it was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) – and reaching the top ten of the Australian, New Zealand and Swiss singles charts, among others. It also topped the UK Singles Chart, attracting considerable attention for becoming the first song ever to top the chart on digital download sales alone, following a change to the chart's eligibility rules allowing songs to chart purely on digital sales providing that it was given a physical release the following week. The song appeared on Gnarls Barkley's debut studio album, St. Elsewhere, which peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 as well as topping the New Zealand and United Kingdom albums charts. Three further singles – "Smiley Faces", which reached the top ten of the UK and Irish singles charts, "Who Cares?" and a cover of the Violent Femmes song "Gone Daddy Gone" – were released from St. Elsewhere, although none of them appeared on the Billboard Hot 100. Gnarls Barkley's second studio album, The Odd Couple, was released on March 18, 2008 in the United States. Although it is stylistically similar to St. Elsewhere, The Odd Couple did not achieve the same commercial success as its predecessor, reaching number 12 on the Billboard 200 and the top 20 of a select few worldwide albums charts. None of the singles from The Odd Couple matched the worldwide success of "Crazy": "Run (I'm a Natural Disaster)", The Odd Couples first single, achieved minor success on several European singles charts, and "Going On", the second single, reached number 88 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album also spawned the single "Who's Gonna Save My Soul", which failed to appear on any major national chart. Albums Studio albums Extended plays Singles Music videos Notes References External links Discographies of American artists Hip hop discographies
13893286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Li%C3%A8vremont	Marc Lièvremont	Marc Lièvremont (born 28 October 1968) is a former rugby union footballer and was the head coach of the French national rugby union team. He played as a back-row forward for France, gaining 25 caps from 1995 to 1999, and was selected in France's 1999 Rugby World Cup squad. He also played with the French Rugby Sevens team and with the French Barbarians. Born 28 October 1968 in Dakar, Senegal to a military father from the Franche-Comté and a mother from Lorraine, he was raised in Argelès-sur-Mer with his six younger brothers and one younger sister who all play or played rugby at different high levels. Two are or have been international rugby players: Thomas (who was also part of France's 1999 Rugby World Cup squad and is now coach of Dax) and Matthieu. The only girl of the family, Claire, was a semi-professional, winning a French Championship with Toulouges in 2005. The two younger twins, Pierre and Luc are also playing for l'Avenir Castanéen, a Fédérale 2 side (4th Division), as a centre and openside flanker respectively. Finally, François used to play for USA Perpignan, during the 1990s. Lièvremont began his rugby career with amateur club Étoile sportive catalane. He then played for Perpignan, Stade Français (Top 14), in 1998 and 2000, as well as Biarritz Olympique. After retiring from rugby, Lièvremont turned to coaching at US Dax, whom he guided to promotion to the Top 14 in 2007. In a surprise move, French Rugby Federation president Bernard Lapasset, who is now chairman of the IRB, appointed Lièvremont as the new head coach of the French national side after the 2007 Rugby World Cup, replacing Bernard Laporte. As assistants, former French teammate Émile Ntamack was appointed to coach the backs, while Didier Retière was nominated as the new forwards coach. In 2010 Lièvremont coached France to win the 2010 Six Nations Championship and Grand Slam beating England 12–10. The following year, however, pressure began to mount on him after Six Nation losses to England 17–9 and Italy 22–21 – the latter of which was the first time Italy had beaten France, and came after France had led by twelve points with twenty minutes remaining and the next week France beat Wales 28–9. At the 2011 Rugby World Cup, he guided France to the final where they played hosts New Zealand, losing 8-7 after a very well played game. Lièvremont branded a section of his squad "spoilt brats" after he discovered some players went out to celebrate the semi-final win against Wales. He also did not make an appearance for the after-match interview, sending his assistant instead. However, veteran back-rower Imanol Harinordoquy, who publicly criticized Lièvremont during the tournament for browbeating the team in the media, indicated after the tournament that the team had rebelled against him after the pool stage, and had effectively managed themselves in the knockout rounds. Honours Stade Français French Rugby Union Championship/Top 14: 1997–98 Notes and references External links Statistics at scrum.com Photo sporting-heroes 1968 births Living people French rugby union players France international rugby union players Rugby union flankers Biarritz Olympique players Sportspeople from Dakar US Dax coaches France national rugby union team coaches Sportspeople from Pyrénées-Orientales USA Perpignan players French rugby union coaches Stade Français players
50657731	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikstroemia%20stenophylla	Wikstroemia stenophylla	Wikstroemia stenophylla is a shrub in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is evergreen, and is found in China, specifically Sichuan. Description The shrub generally grows to a height of 0.2 to 0.8 meters, but can reach a height of up to 1.3 meters. It flowers during summer and autumn, and grows at altitudes from 1600 to 2500 meters. References stenophylla
22830374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Township%2C%20Bates%20County%2C%20Missouri	Howard Township, Bates County, Missouri	Howard Township is one of twenty-four townships in Bates County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 552. Howard Township has the name of territorial governor Benjamin Howard. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, Howard Township covers an area of 37.17 square miles (96.28 square kilometers); of this, 36.9 square miles (95.57 square kilometers, 99.26 percent) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.71 square kilometers, 0.74 percent) is water. Cities, towns, villages Hume Unincorporated towns Sprague at (This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.) Adjacent townships Walnut Township (north) New Home Township (northeast) Osage Township (east) Metz Township, Vernon County (southeast) Henry Township, Vernon County (south) Sheridan Township, Linn County, Kansas (west) School districts Hume R-VIII Rich Hill R-IV Political districts Missouri's 4th congressional district State House District 125 State Senate District 31 References United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS) United States National Atlas External links US-Counties.com City-Data.com Townships in Bates County, Missouri Townships in Missouri
3812605	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Latheef	Jennifer Latheef	Jennifer Latheef (born 1973) is a daughter of Mohamed Latheef, a leading Maldivian politician and government critic. She also worked as a Maldivian journalist and photographer for a short period of time. According to an Amnesty International report released in 2003, Jennifer Latheef is an artist and video film producer particularly focusing on the prevalence of sexual abuse in the country. She is known for holding views critical of the government and against censorship, and this is believed to be the main reason for her continued detention. She is currently detained under house arrest in Malé. In addition, it is believed that Jennifer Latheef’s continued detention may be a measure by the government to limit the activities of her father, Mohamed Latheef, a Maldivian politician currently living in exile in Sri Lanka where he is engaged in a campaign of peaceful political opposition to the Government of Maldives. Jennifer Latheef was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment on October 18, 2005, convicted of "terrorism" for joining a protest in September 2003 against deaths in prison and political repression. Amnesty International adopted her as a Prisoner of Conscience during her time in prison and campaigned for her release. She was detained in Maafushi Prison on the Kaafu Atoll, 18 miles south of the capital, Malé. She was reportedly not being given regular access to necessary medication. She was released on August 16, 2006. She was informed of her release from house arrest through a presidential pardon. Initially, she refused to accept the government offer of release on two grounds: firstly, that her release should have been unconditional and not through a pardon, since this would imply that she had committed a recognizably criminal offence – which she had not; and secondly, she insisted that the other four political prisoners convicted at the same trial should also be released. After consulting with friends and other human rights defenders, Jennifer Latheef agreed to accept the offer of release from house arrest. See also IFEX - Latheef under house arrest ARTICLE 19 - Report by International Press Freedom and Freedom of Expression Mission to the Maldives Minivan News - Jennifer Latheef Resigns From MDP References Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by the Maldives Living people Maldivian activists Maldivian journalists Maldivian prisoners and detainees People imprisoned on charges of terrorism 1973 births 20th-century Maldivian writers 21st-century Maldivian writers
19286183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri%20language%20%28Amazon%29	Yuri language (Amazon)	Yurí (Jurí) is, or was, a language previously spoken near a stretch of the Caquetá River in the Brazilian Amazon, extending slightly into Colombia. It was spoken on the Puré River of Colombia, and the Içá River and Japurá River of Brazil. A small amount of data was collected on two occasions in the 19th century, in 1853 and 1867. Kaufman (1994:62, after Nimuendajú 1977:62) notes that there is good lexical evidence to support a link with Ticuna in a Ticuna–Yurí language family, though the data has never been explicitly compared (Hammarström 2010). It is commonly assumed that the Yuri people and language survive among the uncontacted people or peoples of the Rio Puré region, now the Río Puré National Park. Indeed, "Yuri" is often used as a synonym for the only named people in the area, the Carabayo. A list of words collected in 1969 from the Carabayo, only recovered in 2013, suggests the language is close to Yuri, though perhaps not a direct descendant. Vocabulary Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. {\| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Yuri \|- \| one \|\| peyá \|- \| two \|\| goyo-góba \|- \| head \|\| chu-kiriu \|- \| eye \|\| chu-äti \|- \| tooth \|\| cho-öta \|- \| man \|\| choko \|- \| water \|\| koara \|- \| fire \|\| yi \|- \| sun \|\| iyü \|- \| jaguar \|\| wäri \|} References Harald Hammarström, 2010, 'The status of the least documented language families in the world'. In Language Documentation & Conservation, v 4, p 183 Extinct languages of South America Ticuna–Yuri languages Languages of Brazil Languages of Colombia Languages attested from the 19th century Languages extinct in the 20th century
24054866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrotis%20gladiaria	Agrotis gladiaria	Agrotis gladiaria, the swordsman dart or claybacked cutworm, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in south-eastern Canada from Nova Scotia to Ontario and in the United States from Maine to the panhandle of Florida, west to eastern Texas, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, southern Wisconsin and Michigan. The length of the forewings is 13–16 mm. Adults are on wing from September to October depending on the location. The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including Medicago sativa, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rubus, Poa, Andropogon, Brassica oleracea, Trifolium, Zea mays, Solidago, Hordeum pusillum, Avena, Allium, Ipomoea batatas, Nicotiana and Solanum lycopersicum. External links species info Agrotis Moths of North America Moths described in 1875
1285274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Coleman%20%28Irish%20artist%29	James Coleman (Irish artist)	James Coleman (born 1941) is an Irish installation and video artist associated with slide-tape works: sequences of still images fading one into the other with synchronized sound. Often, social situations are depicted with a precision which, paradoxically, creates a narrative ambiguity. James Coleman was born in Ballaghaderreen, County Roscommon. He studied at the National College of Art and Design, Dublin, and at University College, Dublin and then spent time in Paris and London before moving to Milan, where he stayed for twenty years. He now lives and works in Ireland. He represented Ireland in the 1973 Paris Biennale. He was conferred with the degree of Doctor of Fine Arts honoris causa by the National University of Ireland at NUI Galway in June 2006. Work in collections S.M.A.K. - Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Gent Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain, Paris Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris Museum Ludwig, Cologne Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona Kunstmuseum Luzern, Luzern References Paula Murphy (2002), Coleman, James in Brian Lalor (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Ireland. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. External links Simon Lee Gallery, London. Exhibited at DIA Chelsea Irish Museum of Modern Art announces purchase of important works by James Coleman. Aosdána biographical note Exhibition at Documenta 12 Exhibition at Fundació Antoni Tàpies. 1941 births Living people Irish installation artists Irish contemporary artists Aosdána members People from County Roscommon Alumni of the National College of Art and Design
60526270	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%20ATP%20Challenger%20China%20International%20%E2%80%93%20Nanchang	2019 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang	The 2019 ATP Challenger China International – Nanchang was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the fifth edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Nanchang, China between 22 and 28 April 2019. Singles main draw entrants Seeds 1 Rankings are as of 15 April 2019. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Cui Jie Gao Xin He Yecong Sun Fajing Te Rigele The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates: Ben Patael Vishnu Vardhan The following players received entry into the singles main draw using their ITF World Tennis Ranking: Bai Yan Teymuraz Gabashvili Jacob Grills Rio Noguchi The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Luca Margaroli Wu Hao Champions Singles Andrej Martin def. Jordan Thompson 6–4, 1–6, 6–3. Doubles Sander Arends / Tristan-Samuel Weissborn def. Alex Bolt / Akira Santillan 6–2, 6–4. References ATP Challenger China International - Nanchang 2019 2019 in Chinese tennis April 2019 sports events in China
41701744	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskeliya%20Oya	Maskeliya Oya	The Maskeliya Oya (translated into Maskeliya River from Sinhala) is a major upstream tributary of the Kelani River. The tributary measures approximately in length, originating from the hills of the Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, before passing through the Maskeliya Reservoir. Maskeliya Oya converges with the Kehelgamu Oya at Kalugala, forming the long Kelani River. The river is heavily used for hydroelectric power generation. Features on the river The following table lists the major features along the Maskeliya Oya, from its origins further upstream. Some dams hold back water, and transfer a percentage of it to hydroelectric power stations located further downstream, via tunnels. See also List of dams and reservoirs in Sri Lanka List of rivers of Sri Lanka References Rivers of Sri Lanka
11270792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milienne%20Moreau-Evrard	Émilienne Moreau-Evrard	Émilienne Moreau-Evrard (4 June 1898 – 5 January 1971) was a French heroine of World War I, a high-profile female member of the "Brutus" Resistance network during World War II and later, a member of the Provisional Consultative Assembly. Moreover, she is one of only six women recipients of the Ordre de la Libération. Life Émilienne Moreau was born on 4 June 1898 at Wingles, in the Pas-de-Calais département. Shortly before the Germans invaded France in August 1914, her father Henri, a recently retired coal mining foreman, opened a grocery store in Loos, close to Lens. Émilienne, then 16 years old, was studying for her teacher's certification. World War I Émilienne Moreau witnessed the German invasion and the subsequent takeover of Loos. The French tried to take back the town but gave up in October 1914. After her father was arrested by the Germans for violating their strict curfew, Émilienne managed to get him released, but he died in December. In February 1915, she created an improvised school for the local children in an abandoned house. On 25 September 1915, Scottish soldiers of the Black Watch counter-attacked her village. Émilienne, only 17 years old, met with them to give soldiers the precise location of the Germans' position in a small, impregnable fort. Thanks to this information the Scottish soldiers were able to avoid the fort, which reduced the German effectiveness in this area of the battlefield and resulted in only a few casualties. Further to this attack, Émilienne organised a first aid post in her house, with the help of a Scottish doctor, to take care of the wounded. As the Germans tried to retake the village, Émilienne saved a British soldier who was under fire. With the help of some wounded British soldiers, she threw grenades into the cellar of a neighboring house and killed the German soldiers who were hiding there. She later also shot two German soldiers. Eventually the village came under the sole control of the Allies. After being evacuated, she was awarded the Croix de guerre with an army acknowledgement given directly by Marshal Ferdinand Foch, as well as the Croix du Combattant, given by the French Army. She was also recognised by the British Army, who awarded her the Military Medal, the Royal Red Cross (first class), and the Venerable Order of Saint John. The Venerable Order of Saint John has only rarely been given to a woman. Émilienne was personally invited to meet the President of the French Republic Raymond Poincaré, as well as the King of the United Kingdom, King George V. The French newspaper Le Petit Parisien wrote about her exploits in detail, which made her a national hero. The army and the press used her image, along with descriptions comparing her to Joan of Arc to improve the morale of both civilians and soldiers. An Australian-made movie entitled The Joan of Arc of Loos (1916) also recounted her accomplishments, but it received much criticism for the title's use of such a revered name. After she graduated, she ended the war with a teaching position in a boys' school in Paris. After the war had ended, she returned to Pas-de-Calais in the north of France, where she married socialist activist Just Evrard in 1932. In 1934 she was appointed as the General Secretary of the Women's Socialist Movement, in Pas-de-Calais. World War II When World War II was declared, Émilienne was living with her husband, Just Evrard, and their two children, Raoul and Roger, in the French commune of Lens. They fled from the war zone, as did many others in northern France, but after the French Armistice she and her family returned to Lens. Émilienne, who was famous for her former military actions during World War I, was placed under house arrest in Lillers. She was, however, eventually permitted to return home to Lens, where she started to distribute propaganda brochures against Marshal Philippe Pétain and his capitulation. She also made contact with the British Intelligence Service, providing them with crucial information. At the end of 1940, Emillienne and her husband created a secret section within the socialist party in Lens. Émilienne Moreau is known in the French resistance under two names: “Jeanne Poirier” and “Émilienne la Blonde”. She was in charge of linking “Brutus” in Switzerland with the French Comité d'action socialiste, known as CAS (in English: Socialist Action Committee), combining this with specific missions in Paris. She then joined the French Resistance movement named the “France au Combat” (in English: “The Fighting France”), which was founded in 1943 by André Boyer. While there she worked with other famous resistance members, such as Augustin Laurent, André Le Troquer, and Pierre Lambert. In March 1944, in Lyon, she was almost arrested following the case of the “85 de l’Avenue de Saxe”. During this incident, seventeen of her friends in the resistance network were arrested by the Gestapo. Two months later, while still in Lyon, she escaped again from further series of raids carried out by the Gestapo. In one of these raids, Nazi soldiers waited for her near her house, and upon seeing her fired in her direction, but missed. She quickly escaped by using a basement in the neighbourhood. While the Germans attempted to capture Émilienne she tried several times to escape to England, finally succeeding on 7 August 1944. However, she returned to France soon after, in September 1944, to sit on the “Assemblée consultative provisoire” (in English: Provisional Consultative Assembly), where she embodied the French female way. For her work in the French resistance Émilienne was awarded the rare Compagnon de la Libération, also known as the Ordre de la Libération, which is second in France only to the Legion of Honour. She was awarded in August 1945 by Général Charles de Gaulle, in Béthune. She was one of only six women given the award, and one of only two women to receive it whilst still alive. After World War II ended, Émilienne became a politician, joining the French Socialist Party. Émilienne Moreau-Evrard died on 5 January 1971, aged 72 years old, and was buried in Lens, France. Honours Officer of the Légion d'honneur Compagnon de la Libération - legislative bill of August 11, 1945 Croix de guerre 1939-1945 Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with one palm Croix du combattant Croix du combattant volontaire de la Résistance Military Medal Royal Red Cross Venerable Order of Saint John Bibliography Notes References - Total pages: 224 1898 births 1971 deaths People from Pas-de-Calais French Section of the Workers' International politicians Female resistance members of World War II Companions of the Liberation French military personnel of World War I French military personnel of World War II French Resistance members Recipients of the Military Medal Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Members of the Royal Red Cross French women in World War II French women in World War I
41057973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shripad%20Hegde	Shripad Hegde	Pandit Shripad Hegde () is an Indian music composer and Hindustani classical vocalist (born on 1 January 1957) from Kampli, Uttara Kannada District. He has been on the staff of All India Radio, Dharwad, since 1987. Early life Hedge was born into a family with a background of Yakshagana heritage, and was attracted to music at a young age. He started training in Hindustani music in his teens, under Pandit Ganapati Bhat. In 1982, Hegde moved to Dharwad to devote himself fully to music. Pt Basavaraj Rajguru, a Kirana Gharana vocalist, mentored Hedge for a decade. Career Hegde developed his style involving the nuances of both Gwalior Gharana and Kirana Gharana. Like his mentor, he is eclectic and blends aesthetic subtleties of other singing schools into his style. Though Khyal is his forte, he is equally adept in singing light classical pieces. His recitals are regularly broadcast from AIR Dharwad. He has featured in the Sunday night concert of AIR. Hegde has organised music concerts, including Alladiyakhan Punya Samaroh Mumbai, Karnataka Sangha Mumbai, Deenath Mangeshkar Punyatithi. Goa, Mugubai Kurdikar Punyatithi Goa, Dasara Festival Mysore, Sitar Ratna Music Festival Dharwad, Art Circle Golden Kubilee conference Hubli, Dharwad Utsav, Kundgol ustav, Purandarotsava Hampi, Hindustani Kalakar Mandali Bengaluru, Rajguru Sangeeta Pratistan Bengaluru, and Puttaraj Gavayi Jayanti Utsav. Composer Hegde is also known for his compositions, such as "Shruti Sanjeevini", "Divya Sannidi", "Prema Sangama", and "Vachana Vaibhava" in light music. He also released classical CDs, Parampara and Rageshri. He received many accolades over the course of his career, including first place at AIR national level for the composition of "Megha medini", a sangeeta rupaka, and first place at state level for the composition of "Garudamruta". Teacher Hegde followed the noble tradition of teaching and is considered to be a Guru. He gave many workshops and lectures on music through Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya academy. Recognition Hegde is the recipient of many honours and awards: Karnataka Kalashri by Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy and Department of Kannada and Culture Aryabhata by Aryabhata cultural organisation of Bengaluru Ragaratna Chandrahasa Gaan Govind Gaana Gandharva References Sources External links Categories 1957 births Hindustani singers Kannada people People from Uttara Kannada 20th-century Indian male classical singers Kirana gharana Living people Singers from Karnataka 21st-century Indian male classical singers
53856159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20Peru%20to%20China	List of ambassadors of Peru to China	The Peruvian ambassador in Beijing is the official representative of the Government in Lima to the Government of the People's Republic of China. List of representatives References China Peru
38254435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karun%20Nair	Karun Nair	Karun Kaladharan Nair (born 6 December 1991) is an Indian international cricketer who plays for the Karnataka cricket team in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and occasional off break bowler who plays for Karnataka in domestic cricket and Rajasthan Royals in IPL. Karun Nair is the youngest Indian and sixth youngest batsman in the world to score a Test triple hundred. Early and personal life Karun was born on 6 December 1991 in Jodhpur, Rajasthan to Kaladharan Nair and Prema Nair who hail from Chengannur in Alappuzha district of Kerala. His mother-tongue is Malayalam. Kaladharan, who is a mechanical engineer, was posted in Jodhpur at the time of his son's birth and later moved to Koramangala, Bangalore where he also worked on the sprinkler system at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. Nair's mother Prema is a teacher at Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Bangalore. He has an elder sister, Shruthi Nair. Born as a premature baby, his parents were advised by the doctors to introduce their son to sports as part of the treatment for his weak lungs. He joined Koramangala Cricket Academy on March 28, 2001, a year after his family moved to Bengaluru and was coached under Shivanand. He studied at Chinmaya Vidyalaya until fourth grade after which he switched to the Frank Anthony Public School. He studied BCom (Hons) at Jain University in Bangalore. He is fluent in several languages : English, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada and Tamil. Karun announced his engagement with longtime girlfriend Sanaya Tankariwala, a media professional on June 29, 2019, through his social media handles. The couple got married in a private ceremony at Udaipur, Rajasthan on 19 January 2020. Domestic career Nair made his first-class debut in the 2013–14 season in which Karnataka won the Ranji Trophy. He scored three consecutive centuries in their final league game and the first-two knockout matches. Karnataka won the title again in 2014–15, with Nair scoring 709 runs in their ten matches, including a knock of 328 in the final against Tamil Nadu to help Karnataka register an innings victory. He became only the second player from Karnataka to score a triple century and the first batsman to score a triple century in a Ranji final since 1946–47. It was the highest total by a batsman in the final of the Ranji Trophy. In October 2018, he was named in India A's squad for the 2018–19 Deodhar Trophy. The following month, he was named as one of eight players to watch ahead of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy. In August 2019, he was named in the India Red team's squad for the 2019–20 Duleep Trophy. In February 2021, Nair was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the IPL auction ahead of the 2021 Indian Premier League. In February 2022, he was bought by the Rajasthan Royals in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament. International career Nair made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Zimbabwe at Harare Sports Club on 11 June 2016. On 26 November 2016, he made his Test debut against England at Mohali. He scored his maiden Test century in the final match of the series at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, going on to finish 303 not out. He was only three innings old in international cricket then, thus becoming the quickest batsman to hit a maiden triple-hundred in Test cricket history in term of number of matches played. He was also India's second ever triple-centurion after Virender Sehwag, and only the third man in the game's history to convert a maiden Test ton into a triple. India won the match by an innings and 75 runs, and Nair was named as the player of the match. References External links Karun Nair's profile page on Wisden Karun Nair at Cricbuzz The tragic hero of Indian Cricket at Cricket and cricketer 1991 births Delhi Capitals cricketers India One Day International cricketers India Test cricketers Indian cricketers Living people People from Kerala Rajasthan Royals cricketers Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers India Green cricketers Punjab Kings cricketers Kolkata Knight Riders cricketers Indian A cricketers
66401455	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%B1y%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%2C%20Bayrami%C3%A7	Bıyıklı, Bayramiç	Bıyıklı is a village in the Bayramiç district of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. References Villages in Bayramiç District
7362628	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Trani	Joseph Trani	Joseph Trani (1568–1639) or Joseph di Trani was a Talmudist of the latter part of the 16th century who lived in Greece. By contemporary scholars he was called Mahrimat (), and regarded as one of the foremost Talmudists of his time. Today he is more widely known as Maharit (Hebrew: ). He is the son of the Mabit. He was the author of She'elot u-Teshubot (responsa), a work in three parts: part i comprises 152 responsa, together with a general index (Constantinople, 1641); part ii consists of 111 responsa in the order of the first three parts of the ritual codex (Venice, 1645); part iii contains responsa to the fourth part of the ritual codex, together with novellæ to the tractate Ḳiddushin, and supercommentaries on RaN's and Alfasi's commentaries on the tractates Ketubot and Ḳiddushin (ib. 1645). The entire work appeared in Fürth in 1764. Joseph also published novellæ to the treatises Shabbat, Ketubot, and Kiddushin (Sudzilkov, 1802), and the responsa which were embodied in Alfandari's Maggid me-Reshit (Constantinople, 1710). He left several commentaries in manuscript on Alfasi, on Maimonides' Yad ha-Chazaka, and on R. Nathan's Aruk. In 2008, Trani's burial site was discovered in Safed, near the grave of Rabbi Moshe Alshich. Although the Maharit died and was buried in Constantinople, his sons later transferred his remains to Safed as he had requested so that he could be interred near his father, Moshe di Trani. References 1538 births 1639 deaths 16th-century rabbis 17th-century rabbis Early Acharonim Greek rabbis Rabbis of the Ottoman Empire Exponents of Jewish law Authors of books on Jewish law
21768385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naissa%20Mosque	Naissa Mosque	Naissa Mosque () is a mosque in Qardaha, along the Syrian coast. It was built in 1989 by architect Abdul Rahman Naassan, and funded by the mother of former president Hafez al-Assad, Naissa Assad—after whom the mosque was named. The state funeral of Hafez al-Assad was observed at the mosque. Architecture The structure consists of an octagonal prayer hall covered by a dome and pierced by twenty-four colored glass windows. Outside, the courtyard, with a marble mosaic water fountain in the center, is connected to the mosque by porticoes. Also included in the building is a library situated behind the southern portico, and a reception hall behind the eastern portico. The minaret, situated on the northeastern corner of the complex, stands on a -high base and its octagonal shaft is high. The architectural style of the mosque is similar to the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, with its octagonal shape and dome form. The transparency of the porticoes on the main elevation achieve a central lightness, while at the same time being weighted down at either end by the minaret and the dome of the prayer hall. The minaret and reception hall also balance the opposing volumes of the courtyard and the prayer hall. References 1989 establishments in Syria Mosques completed in 1989 Mosques in Syria Buildings and structures in Latakia Governorate
6124026	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahurehure	Pahurehure	Pahurehure is a suburb of Auckland, in northern New Zealand. It is located on the south-eastern shores of the Manukau Harbour, under the authority of the Auckland Council. The suburb makes up the southernmost part of the Auckland urban area. Demographics Pahurehure had a population of 3,264 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 213 people (7.0%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 231 people (7.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,032 households. There were 1,611 males and 1,653 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 37 years, with 633 people (19.4%) aged under 15 years, 678 (20.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,485 (45.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 471 (14.4%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 70.2% European/Pākehā, 16.3% Māori, 9.3% Pacific peoples, 17.4% Asian, and 3.2% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas was 25.5%, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people objected to giving their religion, 42.9% had no religion, 39.6% were Christian, 3.9% were Hindu, 0.4% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 7.3% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 513 (19.5%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 447 (17.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $38,100. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,455 (55.3%) people were employed full-time, 363 (13.8%) were part-time, and 87 (3.3%) were unemployed. History Recently, Pahurehure became recognised as an independent suburb. The previous area was referred to as a small area within Papakura, but has now developed into a suburban area, stretching from north of Beach Road moving up to Ray Small Park on the eastern border and including the entire peninsula located on the western side of the southern motorway. During the major reformation of local government in 1989, the Pahurehure area was included into the Papakura District boundaries. In 2010, after a review of the Royal Commission on Auckland Governance, the entire Auckland Region was amalgamated into a single city authority. As well as the former Papakura District, all other territorial authorities were merged into a single Auckland Council. The suburb of Pahurehure is part of the Papakura Local Board within the Manurewa-Papakura ward. Facilities Housing Pahurehure has several modern suburban styled houses. The area is similar to the nearby suburb of Rosehill, and is known as the picturesque area of the district. The surrounding areas in Hingaia and Karaka has been heavily constructed into housing developments which has increased the local property values in Pahurehure. Transport Auckland's southern motorway runs straight through Pahurehure, with the main Papakura on and off ramps in the area also. Train and bus services provide the bulk of public transport in the Papakura Town Centre, a 5-minute drive away. Recreation Ray Small Park serves the local children and sports teams in Pahurehure and Papakura. Also the Pahurehure Peninsula is right on the Manukau Harbour, which has boat access in the local area. Education St Mary's Catholic School is a state-integrated coeducational full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of as of The school opened in 1954. Notes Suburbs of Auckland Populated places around the Manukau Harbour
6086015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper%20Saussy	Tupper Saussy	Frederick Tupper Saussy III (July 3, 1936 – March 16, 2007) was an American composer, musician, author, artist, and conspiracy theorist. His contemporaries describe him as a self-styled theologian, restaurant owner, ghostwriter of James Earl Ray's biography, King assassination conspiracy theorist, anti-government pamphleteer, and radical opponent of the federal government’s taxation and monetary authority. He was born in Statesboro, Georgia; grew up in Tampa, Florida; and graduated from the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee, in 1958. His jazz combo there put out a university-subsidized album, Jazz at Sewanee, which included several original compositions. Thereafter Saussy taught English at Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville, Tennessee, co-founded an advertising agency, McDonald and Saussy, and kept his musical career alive with recording dates and club sessions. With the Nashville Symphony, he composed a work called The Beast with Five Heads (1965/66), based on "The Bremen Town Musicians", designed to replace Peter and the Wolf as a work to teach schoolchildren about orchestration, which continued to be used for the next fifteen years. For its 1968/69 season, the Nashville Symphony commissioned him to write a piano concerto for Bill Pursell; it was performed by the Symphony on January 14, 1969, with Thor Johnson conducting. Popular music Tupper Saussy was perhaps best known as the songwriter and keyboardist for the psychedelic pop band The Neon Philharmonic, whose vocalist was Don Gant. The Neon Philharmonic's single "Morning Girl" rose to Top Twenty status and was nominated for two Grammy awards in 1969. Earlier in Saussy's career, Monument Records had released several albums of his jazz compositions: "Discover Tupper Saussy," "Said I to Shostakovitch," and The Swingers' Guide to Mary Poppins (this last featuring songs from the Disney movie). In the 1960s and 1970s, he composed works for the Nashville Symphony Orchestra and the Chattanooga Symphony. Saussy also composed two pop songs for The Wayward Bus, "The Prophet: Predictions by David Hoy" and "Love Hum". He also worked with Chet Atkins and Ray Stevens, and wrote arrangements for Mickey Newbury's Harlequin Melodies, as well as arrangements for Boudleaux Bryant, Bobby Bare, and Roy Orbison. The Neon Philharmonic's two albums, The Moth Confesses and The Neon Philharmonic were released by Warner Brothers in 1969. The group disbanded in 1972, but producer David Kastle bought the name and used it on recordings until 1975, even recording one of Saussy's songs, "Making Out the Best I Can". Painting Saussy was the great-nephew of the Savannah painter Hattie Saussy. His first exhibition of watercolors was given in 1972 at Cheekwood in Nashville, Tennessee and his works can be found in the permanent collection of the Tennessee State Museum. Theater In 1972, he published the play, To Watch a Beautiful Sunrise, through Samuel French Inc., a comedy concerning a radical anarchist with the House of the Rising Sons who is assigned to kill his own stepfather. Saussy first acted by replacing an actor in a regional production of Cactus Flower at The Circle Theater in Nashville after the original actor got pneumonia. A friend was playing Stephanie and recommended him for the role. Politics Saussy published a book on what he called "the Vatican Jesuit Global Conspiracy" in which he claims that "the American Revolution and its resulting constitutional republic have been single-handedly designed and supervised by a Jesuit named Lorenzo Ricci - this country's true founding father". Between 1980 and 1987, Saussy edited The Main Street Journal, advising and reporting on political action aimed at restoring the gold and silver monetary system in the U.S. and arguing against federal taxes. Convicted on federal income-tax charges in Chattanooga in 1985 and unsuccessful in his appeals, Saussy went on the lam in 1987 rather than begin serving a one-year sentence at the federal prison in Atlanta. Later, he befriended James Earl Ray, who had confessed to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. After Ray, who was in prison, read of Saussy's defense in Tennessee newspapers, inquired by postcard if Saussy would be interested in helping Ray write and publish his autobiography. Thus began a collaboration that resulted in the publication, in 1987, of Tennessee Waltz: The Making of An American Political Prisoner. After the book was published by Saussy in 1987, Ray disavowed parts of it and sued Saussy. Legal problems In the early 1980s, the federal government had begun cracking down on outspoken tax protesters, whose numbers were then estimated by the Internal Revenue Service at 40,000 or more. In 1985 Saussy was found guilty of willfully failing to file a tax return for the year 1977, and sentenced to serve one year in Atlanta Federal Prison Camp. (Technically, he filed a Fifth Amendment return, a discredited tax dodge that was popular with tax protesters in the 1970s and early 1980s. He also issued something called PMOC, or "Public Money Office Certificates," and used them instead of money to pay for some services while living in Sewanee.) Saussy fled in 1987 rather than begin serving a sentence at the federal prison in Atlanta. Thus began a game of cat-and-mouse with U.S. marshals that only ended in November 1997 outside his home in Venice Beach, California. Saussy's appeal was denied by the Supreme Court. Saussy eventually served a 14-month sentence at Taft Correctional Institution in Taft, California. Saussy was given the job of chapel music director and piano instructor to prisoners. Saussy was released from prison on May 12, 1999. Later years During his fugitive years, Saussy pursued his suspicions about the religious element in the origins of American government. In prison, he collated his research and prepared a final manuscript. This grand conspiracy was published in 1999 by Osprey under the title Rulers of Evil: Useful Knowledge about Governing Bodies. Saussy also expanded on his book's historical speculation later in alleging conspiracies about 9/11 being orchestrated by Dick Cheney and the Pope, whom Saussy calls "the undesignated de facto Chairman of the United States corporation". As Saussy writes: "9/11 could only have been a ruse created by the American Presidency to furnish a pretext for restricting the rights and property of Americans in order to redistribute American funds and forces to the middle east and soon elsewhere, pursuant to the Papacy's design". Saussy's Warner Brothers albums were reissued in 2004 under the Rhino Handmade label. In April 2006, Tupper Saussy resumed his composer/pianist/performer persona with the Nashville debut of "The Chocolate Orchid Piano Bar," a cycle of new and vintage songs. His first new musical release in 37 years, the CD was recorded in Nashville and produced by Warren Pash. Saussy was first married to Lola Haun, a Nashville socialite, whom he met during his tenure as a teacher at Montgomery Bell Academy. The pair, who divorced in 1972, had a son, Caleb Powell Haun Saussy, and a daughter, Melinda Cavanaugh Saussy. By his second wife, Frederique Louise Blanco, the musician had two more sons, Pierre Philippe Saussy and Laurent Amaury Saussy, and a stepdaughter, Alexia Camille Vallord. Tupper Saussy died on March 16, 2007, at his home in Nashville, Tennessee of a heart attack, two days before the release of The Chocolate Orchid Piano Bar on CD. He was 70 years old. Saussy's death occurred one day after the 20th anniversary of Don Gant's death. Publications Books The Miracle on Main Street: Saving Yourself and America from Financial Ruin. Sewanee, Tenn.: Spencer Judd (1980). Rulers of Evil: Useful Knowledge about Governing Bodies. Reno, Nevada: Ospray Bookmakers (1999). Book contributions Foreword to A Caveat Against Injustice, or An Inquiry into the Evils of a Fluctuating Medium of Exchange, by Roger Sherman [1752]. References External links Official website at the Wayback Machine Honest Things Blog a Tupper Saussy Shrine photos & info about his Monument LPs Memphis Flyer 1998 article Brilliant Colors: Neon Philharmonic set on Rhino Handmade Profile of Saussy from NPR retrieved on April 1, 2007 1936 births 2007 deaths 20th-century American painters 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians American male composers American male painters American watercolorists Critics of the Catholic Church Monument Records artists People from Statesboro, Georgia Tax protesters in the United States American conspiracy theorists
44178766	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Information%20and%20Communication%20%28Bhutan%29	Ministry of Information and Communication (Bhutan)	Ministry of Information and Communication (Bhutan) is ministry of Bhutan responsible for promoting the development of reliable and sustainable information, communications and transport networks and systems and facilitating the provision of affordable and easier access to associated services. Objectives To increase safe, reliable and affordable surface and air transport; To enhance access to sustainable, green and inclusive public transport; To improve access to reliable and affordable ICT and media services; To improve effective and efficient public service delivery; and To keep alive culture and tradition through ICT and media. Departments The Ministry of Information and Communication is responsible for: Bhutan Infocomm and Media Authority Department of Civil Aviation Department of Information and Media Department of Information Technology Road Safety and Transport Authority Bhutan Broadcasting Service Bhutan Post Bhutan Telecom Druk Air Kuensel Corporation Minister Karma Donnen Wangdi (7 November 2018 - ...) References External links Information and Communication Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan Transport organisations based in Bhutan Transport in Bhutan Communications in Bhutan
2182739	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Riley	Gary Riley	Gary Riley (born April 28, 1967) is a former child and teen American character actor with numerous film, made-for-TV films and television credits. Film and television career Riley played Charlie Hogan, one of his best-known roles, in the 1986 film Stand by Me, and also received notice for his portrayal of Dave Frazier in the 1987 comedy Summer School. He made notable appearances as a thief who steals money from Steve Martin's character's wallet in Planes, Trains, and Automobiles and as a naive metalhead customer whom Ken Kessler (portrayed by Judge Reinhold) cannot bear to rip off after discovering his girlfriend is pregnant in Ruthless People. He also made guest appearances on such TV shows as Knots Landing, Growing Pains, a special hour-long episode of Amazing Stories directed by Steven Spielberg, and Airwolf. His last role was as a thug in Fear, with Mark Wahlberg. In 1986 he auditioned for the roles of "Bill S. Preston Esquire" and Ted "Theodore" Logan in Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure being one of the final picks along with Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter, Matt Adler, and Donovan Leitch. In 2020 his audition tapes which had never been released publicly were released exclusively by the Daily Mail. Personal life Riley grew up in Irvine, California, attended Newport Harbor High School, and did acting training at South Coast Repertory Young Conservatory Players. As the 1980s came to a close, he spent much of his time following the Grateful Dead and later Phil Lesh and Friends. In addition, Riley has been a frequent guest of the "Adventure Club Podcast" on ACPN, with hosts Guy Hutchinson and John J. Galbo. He will call in from different bars and restaurants with various guests in the entertainment industry. He participated in the Summer School Q&A at New Beverly Cinema in the summer of 2013. Riley has said he lived off residual checks for almost twenty years after leaving Hollywood. He has lived in Portland and Eugene, Oregon and currently resides in the Los Angeles area. References External links 1963 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from St. Louis 20th-century American male actors Newport Harbor High School alumni
480407	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Parche%20%28SSN-683%29	USS Parche (SSN-683)	USS Parche (SSN-683), a , was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the parche , a small, coral reef butterfly fish. Parche was launched on 13 January 1973, sponsored by Natalie Beshany, the wife of vice admiral Philip A. Beshany, and commissioned on 17 August 1974 with Commander Richard N. Charles in command. Attributed as being a key resource of the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office, Parche is said to be "the most highly decorated vessel in U.S. history." Operational history 1974–1979 Parche served as a unit of the United States Atlantic Fleet Submarine Force from 1974 until 1976, before transferring to the United States Pacific Fleet in October 1976. Once arriving at her new home port at Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California, Parche received ocean engineering modifications. Parche deployed on a shakedown training cruise in August and September 1978. Operation Ivy Bells, 1979 In the book Blind Man's Bluff, it is claimed that Parche successfully tapped into Soviet underwater military communication cables in the Sea of Okhotsk as part of Operation Ivy Bells. 1979–2004 During her career, Parche was involved in recovering Soviet missile fragments from the seabed following test launches. Much of her operational history was spent undertaking clandestine missions, and as of late 2009, a vast majority of the missions undertaken remain classified. From 1987 to 1991, Parche underwent an extended refueling overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard during which she was modified for research and development work. An extension measuring was added to her hull just forward of her sail. The added section was flat-topped (looking somewhat like the missile deck of a ballistic missile submarine) and provided the space required to support a larger crew and additional equipment. These additions included an extensive array of signals-intelligence-collecting antennas, electronic gear, and other navigational and ocean engineering equipment. The overhaul also added many auxiliary navigational and maneuvering features, including both upward and forward-facing short-range sonars, and a suite of armored spotlights and closed-circuit television cameras for under-ice operations. Upon completion of her modifications in 1991, Parche began a new mission as part of Submarine Development Squadron 5. She resumed operations in the Pacific Fleet in 1992. Parche was transferred to a new home port, Naval Base Kitsap at Bangor, Washington, in November 1994. Parche may have recovered Chinese missile fragments. During the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1995 and 1996, the People's Republic of China launched DF-21 and DF-15 ballistic missiles into the sea surrounding Taiwan to deter Taiwan from moving toward independence; Robert Karniol writes: "I suspect that "the Parche might have gone after these Chinese missile fragments", and "I suspect that Beijing gave away some useful missile secrets." Decommissioning and disposal On 19 October 2004, a decommissioning ceremony took place at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington; she was officially decommissioned on 18 July 2005 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. The wardroom of the oldest submarine in the fleet carries Richard O'Kane's personal cribbage board, and upon Parches decommissioning the board was transferred to the next oldest boat: . Her scrapping at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard via the Ship and Submarine Recycling Program was completed on 30 November 2006. Parches research and development duties will be assumed by , a whose construction period was extended to include modifications that will allow her to carry out the same types of research and development. According to Robert Karniol, Jimmy Carter in succeeding Parche, has become "Washingtons premier spy submarine." Military awards As of 2007, Parche was said to be "the most highly decorated vessel in U.S. history", receiving a total of nine Presidential Unit Citations and ten Navy Unit Commendations. The submarine also received thirteen Navy Expeditionary Medals and thirteen awards of the Battle Efficiency Award during her thirty years of service. Commemoration Parches sail was preserved. During the summer of 2006 it was moved from Puget Sound Naval Shipyard to a maritime park in downtown Bremerton. Notes References NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive Parche (SSN-683) External links Federation of American Scientists Red November, Inside the Secret U.S. Soviet Submarine War Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi Sturgeon-class submarines Cold War submarines of the United States Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy 1973 ships
59508280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareuchelus%20dautzenbergi	Pareuchelus dautzenbergi	Pareuchelus dautzenbergi is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Liotiidae. Distribution This species occurs in France. References Liotiidae Fossil taxa described in 2017
46250486	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarang%20%28Yap%29	Tarang (Yap)	Tarang, also known as O'Keefe's Island is a small island in the main harbor of Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia. It is located roughly in the center of the harbor east of Colonia, the Yapese capital, between Pekel and Bi Islands. It is a low island with a maximum height of about , and is overgrown with tropical vegetation. The island has local historical importance as the home of Captain David O'Keefe, an enterprising American who arrived on Yap in the 1870s, and was responsible for not only significant economic growth, but also for the depreciation of the distinctive Yapese currency, the large rai stones which became devalued after O'Keefe introduced iron tools that made manufacture of the stones easier. O'Keefe settled on Tarang, where he had a boat landing, coal warehouse, and house. Of these structures, only the boat landing has survived; only foundations survive of the others. The island was listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1976, a time when Yap was part of the US-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. References Islands of Yap Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in the Federated States of Micronesia
41830359	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirmanjan	Lirmanjan	Lirmanjan (, also Romanized as Līrmanjān; also known as Līrmanjān-e Kām Fīrūz) is a village in Khorram Makan Rural District, Kamfiruz District, Marvdasht County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,037, in 192 families. References Populated places in Marvdasht County
3731223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuttu	Kuttu	Kuttu may refer to: Kuttu flour, a buckwheat or grass seed flour Chakyar koothu, a south Indian performance art Kuttu, a western islet in Chuuk State, Micronesia
868126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TetriNET	TetriNET	TetriNET is a multiplayer online Tetris game for up to six people that supports team play. History Tetrinet was originally developed by St0rmCat in 1997. The last official version is 1.13. The game was originally developed for Windows and was later ported to other systems. St0rmCat released TetriNET 2 in 2000, which features improved graphics, more types of special blocks, additional features (such as hold piece and block shadows), and a master server. Gameplay TetriNET plays like standard multiplayer Tetris but with a twist: clearing rows will cause special blocks to appear in the player's field. If a line containing a special block is cleared, then that special block is added to the player's inventory. Clearing multiple lines at once increases the number of special blocks received. At any point, a player may use the special block at the beginning of their inventory on one of the six fields (either their own or an opponent's). The effect depends on the type of special block: a : Add Line - Adds one broken line to the bottom of the target field. c : Clear Line - Clears the line on the bottom of the target field. b : Clear Special Blocks - Causes all special blocks on the target field to return to normal blocks. r : Random Blocks Clear - Random blocks are removed from the target field, often creating gaps in lines. o : Block Bomb - Causes any Block Bombs on the target field to "explode", causing surrounding pieces to scatter throughout the field. q : Blockquake - Causes blocks on each line on the target field to shift, creating an earthquake-like effect. g : Block Gravity - Causes blocks on that target field to immediately fall into any gaps and instantly deletes any complete lines which are created. s : Switch Fields - User and target switch fields. n : Nuke Field - Removes all blocks from the target field. The last player still able to place pieces in their field is the winner. Depending on the server used, some alternative rules may be available. pure: special blocks are disabled, providing gameplay similar to traditional multiplayer Tetris. 7tetris: the first player to make seven Tetris is the winner. Music The classic TetriNET download came with a single MIDI file that plays during game. This music is known as "The Dance of the Spheres" and its authorship is claimed by David Lilja, though other sources list the author as Davie M Karlsson. Variants In addition to the rules implemented by the standard TetriNET 1.13 client, there are a number of variants available. TetriFast TetriFast removes the one second delay between pieces found in the standard TetriNET gameplay. As the piece delay is implemented client side, a trivial modification was made to the network protocol to prevent TetriFast clients connecting to standard TetriNET games. TetriNET/TetriFast 1.14 The 1.14 protocol is another variant, where every player will receive the same sequence of pieces. Blocktrix Blocktrix is an alternative TetriNET client for Windows. In addition to supporting traditional TetriNET and TetriFast protocols, it has a newer Blocktrix mode that includes a number of additional special block types: l : Left Gravity - Pulls all blocks as far left as possible, leaving any horizontal gaps at the right edge of the field. p : Piece Change - Changes the current piece. z : Zebra Field - Clears every second column of the field. TetriNET2 TetriNET2 is a multiplayer Tetris game by the original creator of TetriNET. In addition to the special blocks found in the original TetriNET, it has five new ones: Immunity - Target cannot be affected by any special for a default of 15 seconds. Clear Column - Deletes a random column from the target field. Mutate Pieces - A certain number of the target's next pieces (default 3) become large and awkwardly shaped. Darkness - Target cannot see anything on his field besides the current piece and its immediate surroundings for a default of 10 seconds. Confusion - Causes target's controls to "mix up" for a default of 10 seconds (for example, the key that normally moves the piece left may start moving the piece right instead.) In late 2007, like other clones, TetriNET2 was shut down per the request of The Tetris Company. The TetriNET2 website and servers became unavailable for several years. As of early 2010, TetriNET2 is back up and running (per request of many fans that are not satisfied with the lack of game development by The Tetris Company). The TetriNET2 website and servers have been recovered, relocated, and restored. Popularity and reception With clients for various platforms available, the game was also well received in the Linux community. The Linux conference linux.conf.au even included a programming contest where contestants tried to program TetriNET playing bots, who could connect to the game server and play the game. The prize for the best bot was a A$40,000 IBM pSeries server. The game was also played in LAN parties. Game Revolution named Tetrinet as affordable alternative to Tetris. In a 1999 review of The Next Tetris, Game Revolution named TetriNet as "truer to its Tetris roots" and "If you want multi-player Tetris, the network based Tetrinet is much more fun.". References External links TetriNET.info - Official TetriNET resource gtetrinet source code repository on sourceforge.net 1997 video games BeOS games Fangames Freeware games Multiplayer online games Tetris Video game clones Open-source video games Unix games Linux games Windows games Video games developed in Poland Classic Mac OS games
2051539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greetings%20from%20Mercury	Greetings from Mercury	Greetings From Mercury was a Belgian jazz fusion group led by saxophonist Jeroen Van Herzeele. The group included the members of the Jeroen Van Herzeele Trio, plus bassist Otti Van Der Werf, rapper Steve Segers and sound engineer/producer/sitarist Michel Andina, who recorded all their albums and played on the last two. They released their first album, Greetings From Mercury, under Van Herzeele's name. Members Jeroen Van Herzeele - tenor saxophone Peter Hertmans - guitar Otti Van Der Werf - bass Stéphane Galland - drums Steven Segers - rap Michel Andina - sitar Discography Greetings From Mercury (1998) Continuance (1999) Heiwa (2002) References Jazz in Belgium website Belgian jazz ensembles Jazz fusion ensembles
15024708	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwan%20Bergot	Erwan Bergot	Erwan Bergot (27 January 19301 May 1993) was a French Army officer and author; he served in the French Army during the First Indochina War and Algerian War. Biography Born to a Breton family in Bordeaux, Erwan Bergot volunteered to serve in Indochina after completing his mandatory military service in 1951. He served in the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion under Major Marcel Bigeard, after that he commanded the heavy mortar company of the 1st Foreign Parachute Battalion at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu. He was taken prisoner and experienced the hell of the Viet Minh internment camps; he was among the few that survived. In 1955, Bergot was recalled to serve in Algeria in the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment and 11e Choc. He was seriously wounded in his right eye during a clash at Constantine in 1961, leaving the frontline to write and report. He became the first editor of the magazine of the French Army in 1962, writing his first book in 1964, Deuxième classe à Dien-Bien-Phu, which achieved immediate success. He then dedicated himself completely to writing, which resulted in around fifty books and additional notoriety. He received numerous literary awards including the prize of the Académie française and the Claude Farrère prize. The French Army annually awards an Erwan Bergot prize. Bibliography Deuxième classe à Dien-Bien-Phu, La table ronde, 1964 Mourir au Laos, France-empire, 1965 Les petits soleils, France-empire, 1967 Prenez-les vivants, Balland, 1972 La Légion, Balland, 1972 L'Afrikakorps, Balland, 1972 Vandenberghe, le pirate du delta, Balland, 1973 Les héros oubliés, Grasset, 1975 La Légion au combat, Narvik, Bir-Hakeim, Dièn Bièn Phu, Presses de la cité, 1975 Le dossier rouge, services secrets contre FLN, Grasset, 1976 L'homme de Prague, Presses de la cité, 1975 Bataillon Bigeard, Indochine 1952-1954, Algérie 1955-1957, Presses de la cité, 1976 Les Cadets de la France Libre, Presses de la cité, 1978 Commandos de choc en Indochine, les héros oubliés, Grasset, 1979 Les 170 jours de Dien Bien Phu, Presses de la cité, 1979 La 2e D.B., Presses de la Cité, 1980 La guerre des appelés en Algérie 1956-1962, Presses de la cité, 1980 Les sentiers de la guerre (fiction) V.1 : Les sentiers de la guerre, Presses de la Cité, 1981 V.2 : Frères d'ames, Presses de la Cité, 1982 V.3 : Le flambeau, Presses de la Cité, 1983 La Coloniale du Rif au Tchad, 1925-1980, Presses de la Cité, 1982 Bataillon de Corée, les Volontaires Français, 1950-1953, Presses de la Cité, 1983 Le régiment de marche de la Légion, Presses de la Cité, 1984 L'héritage, Presses de la Cité, 1985 Gendarmes au combat, Indochine 1945-1955, Presses de la Cité, 1985 11e Choc, Presses de la cité, 1986 Convoi 42, la marche à la mort des prisonniers de Dien Bien Phu, Presses de la Cité, 1986 La bataille de Dong Khê, la tragédie de la R.C.4, Indochine, mai-octobre 1950, Presses de la cité, 1987 Bigeard, Perrin, 1988 Bir Hakeim : février-juin 1942, Presses de la Cité, Paris, 1989 Sud lointain (fiction) V.1 : Le courrier de Saïgon, Presses de la Cité, 1990 V.2 : La Rivière des Parfums, Presses de la Cité, 1990 V.3 : Le maître de Baotan, Presses de la Cité, 1991 Indochine 1951, l'Année de Lattre, une Année de Victoires Opération Daguet, Presses de la cité, 1991 (with Alain Gandy) Les Paras 1930 births 1993 deaths Writers from Bordeaux French military personnel of the First Indochina War French military personnel of the Algerian War 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French male writers French people of Breton descent Military personnel from Bordeaux
2472891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%20New%20Brunswick%20general%20election	1956 New Brunswick general election	The 1956 New Brunswick general election was held on June 18, 1956, to elect 52 members to the 43rd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, the governing house of the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The incumbent Progressive Conservative government of Hugh John Flemming was re-elected. References 1956 elections in Canada Elections in New Brunswick 1956 in New Brunswick June 1956 events
19400196	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201966%29	Betinho (footballer, born 1966)	Gilberto Carlos Nascimento, usually known as Betinho (born June 14, 1966) is a Brazilian manager and former football player. Career statistics Club International Honours Player Cruzeiro Supercopa Libertadores: 1992 Campeonato Mineiro: 1992 Shonan Belmare Emperor's Cup: 1994 Asian Cup Winners' Cup: 1995 Manager Confiança Campeonato Sergipano: 2015 Awards Japan Football League Best Eleven - 1993 J. League Best Eleven - 1994 Legend of Bellmare - 2003 References External links 1966 births Living people Footballers from São Paulo Association football midfielders Brazilian footballers Brazilian football managers Brazil international footballers Brazilian expatriate footballers Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Campeonato Brasileiro Série C managers Expatriate footballers in Japan J1 League players Japan Football League (1992–1998) players Clube Atlético Juventus players Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players Shonan Bellmare players Kawasaki Frontale players Sport Club Internacional players Guarani FC players São José Esporte Clube players Esporte Clube Santo André players Ipatinga Futebol Clube players Marília Atlético Clube managers Guaratinguetá Futebol managers Associação Desportiva Confiança managers Agremiação Sportiva Arapiraquense managers Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube managers Club Sportivo Sergipe managers Associação Olímpica de Itabaiana managers Nacional Atlético Clube (SP) managers
24571871	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20mammals%20of%20Sri%20Lanka	List of endemic mammals of Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka is home to 21 endemic mammals. Number of terrestrial mammals that have been recorded from the country is 91. Additionally there are 28 marine mammals in the oceans surrounding the island. Being an island Sri Lanka lacks land area to supports large animals. However fossil evidence of large archaic species of rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, and lions have been discovered. The flora and fauna of Sri Lanka is mostly understudied. Therefore, the number of endemics could be underestimated. All three endemic genera Solisorex, Feroculus and Srilankamys, of Sri Lanka are monotypic. The endemic status of two Sri Lankan shrews has undergone changes as they have been reported in India recently. The Kelaart's long-clawed shrew (Feroculus feroculus) and the Sri Lanka highland shrew (Suncus montanus) were recorded from southern India. At the same time taxonomic revisions have indicated that the flame-striped jungle squirrel (Funambulus layardi), the red slender loris (Loris tardigradus) and two species of mouse deer, Moschiola meminna and M. kathygre are endemic to Sri Lanka. That leaves the number of endemic mammals in Sri Lanka at 16. Meanwhile, a group of researchers have described a new shrew species Crocidura hikmiya from the Sinharaja Forest Reserve in 2007. The discovery leads to increase the ultimate number of endemics to 21 at present. For Sri Lanka, small mammals are of special importance as they constitute a notable portion of the mammalian fauna of the country. Of the 91 species of mammals. recorded in the country, 31 are rodents and shrews. Furthermore, they are also of significant importance in biological point of view, as they make up largely to the country's endemic faunal component. The endemic small mammals include six rodents and four shrews. Many of these endemic species are found in fragmented rainforests in southwestern Sri Lanka which are highly vulnerable to habitat destruction. As a result, many of these species have been categorised as threatened or endangered at national level. Endemic mammals Most endemic mammals are small nocturnal mammals that are seen rarely. Order Primate: primates Order Rodentia: rodents Order Soricomorpha: shrews and moles Order Carnivora: carnivorans Order Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates References 02 .Mammals Mammals, endemic Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 02
53507745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannister%20Street%2C%20Fremantle	Bannister Street, Fremantle	Bannister Street is a street in Fremantle between Market Street and Pakenham Streets. In the early 20th century a brothel operated on Bannister Street. In the 1940s some local businessmen applied to the Fremantle council to change the name of the street, due to the reputation of some of the premises in previous decades. Notes Streets in Fremantle
55804460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Ursula%20d%27Abo	Lady Ursula d'Abo	Lady Ursula Isabel d'Abo (née Manners, formerly Marreco; 8 November 1916 – 2 November 2017) was an English socialite and aristocrat who served as a maid of honour to the Queen at the Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1937. She received international media attention after a photograph of her from the coronation, standing alongside the British royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace, circulated in the news. The reports, focused on her beauty and distinctive widow's peak, led to a famous letter being written to the editor of a newspaper by an American, asking "who is the girl with the widow's peak?", which was later paraphrased as the title of her 2014 memoir, The Girl with the Widow's Peak: The Memoirs. Her comparative youth to the rest of her travelling company, as well as her beauty and distinctive widows peak lead to her being nicknamed "the cygnet" by Winston Churchill while she accompanied the king and queen on a royal tour in France in 1938. During World War II Lady Ursula worked as a nurse with the Voluntary Aid Detachment before being appointed to a managerial position over 2,000 women employees at the British Manufacture and Research Company's munitions factory in Grantham. In her later life she received attention for her brief relationship with Man Singh II and her long-term affair with J. Paul Getty. Early life Lady Ursula Isabel Manners was born in London on 8 November 1916 to John Manners, Marquess of Granby and Kathleen Tennant. She was the eldest of five children. Her father was the second son and eventual heir of Henry Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland and Violet Lindsay. After the death of her grandfather, her father became the 9th Duke of Rutland. Her mother was the niece of British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and a granddaughter of Sir Charles Tennant, 1st Baronet. She was a paternal niece of Diana Cooper, Viscountess Norwich and Marjorie Paget, Marchioness of Anglesey. Lady Ursula first lived at Wood House, a small farmhouse in Derbyshire, and at a residence in London. She spent a lot of time at the family estates, Haddon Hall and Belvoir Castle, the latter of which she moved to once her father inherited the dukedom in 1925. When she was eight years old she helped her father with the restoration at Haddon Hall, where she discovered medieval frescoes of Saint Christopher in the chapel which had been whitewashed over during the English Reformation. In her youth, she was a friend of Prince Edward of Wales and a playmate of Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret of York at Bognor. C. E. Brock painted a portrait of Lady Ursula with two of her siblings, Charles and Isabel, when the three were children. She trained in ballet, taking lessons from Tamara Karsavina, a former principal dancer with the Imperial Russian Ballet. She was educated by governesses in mathematics, French, Latin, swimming, piano, sewing, cooking, and riding. As a teenager Lady Ursula and her sister, Isabel, were sent to France with their governess. After living in Paris, Lady Ursula was sent to finishing school at the Villa Malatesta in Florence, Italy where she studied Italian, art, and architecture. In 1934, at the age of seventeen, she and her sister had a coming out ball hosted in their honour at Belvoir. Soon after, she was presented at court to George V and Mary of Teck. As the daughter of a duke, she took part in local charitable organisations and events alongside her parents. In February 1936 English artist Cuthbert Bradley painted a watercolour and gouache portrait of Lady Ursula in a hunting scene, titled Lady Ursula Manners. Lady Ursula was a childhood friend of Rex Whistler and corresponded with him in early adulthood until he was killed in combat during World War II. Adulthood Coronation and official duties In 1937 Lady Ursula served as one of six maids of honour to Queen Elizabeth during her and King George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey. Lady Ursula, along with the other maids of honour, was dressed in a white gown designed by Norman Hartnell, the royal dressmaker to the Queen. She was photographed alongside the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace after the ceremony and received international media attention when observers noted her attractiveness and distinctive widow's peak. Later that year she was photographed by Cecil Beaton. On 19 July 1938 Lady Ursula accompanied the King and the Queen on their first official visit to Paris. She was nicknamed "the cygnet" by Sir Winston Churchill. World War II Once the United Kingdom entered into World War II, the Manners family arranged to lend Belvoir Castle and Haddon Hall as repositories for historic national documents from the Public Record Office. Lady Ursula's father died from septicaemia on 22 April 1940. Her brother Charles then became the 10th Duke of Rutland. During World War II, Manners joined the Voluntary Aid Detachment in London, working alongside the Red Cross. Her first post was at the Ashton Hotel in Paddington where she cleaned railway carriages. In 1940 Lady Ursula was working as a nurse at Battersea General Hospital and had to evacuate patients after a bombing. She was later posted to St George's Hospital at Hyde Park Corner where she was responsible for giving atropine injections to the wounded before they underwent operations. While working at St George's Hospital she resided at her mother's residence in Audley Square, Mayfair until it was heavily damaged in an air raid. Lady Ursula survived unscathed and was brought to the Dorchester Hotel by a policeman to stay with her aunt and uncle, Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount Norwich and Lady Diana Cooper. Faced with being transferred to a country hospital after more bombings in London, she chose to resign and return home to Belvoir. Peregrine Cust, 6th Baron Brownlow arranged for her to meet Denis Kendall, the managing director of the British Manufacture and Research Company's munitions factory, who offered her a job. She accepted a position at the factory in Grantham, where she oversaw 2,000 women employed to make bullets for the war effort. Personal life On 25 July 1943, Manners married barrister Anthony Marreco in the chapel at Belvoir Castle. Her husband left to serve in the British Armed Forces in Asia and lost communication with her until 1946. During this time she entered a brief relationship with the Maharaja of Jaipur, Man Singh II, whom she met through her friend Jawaharlal Nehru. Lady Ursula and Marreco divorced in 1948. In October 1947 she attended the wedding of Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba and Luis Martínez de Irujo y Artázcoz at the Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See in Seville, Spain. Upon returning to England she was courted by financier Erland d'Abo and by John Scott, Earl of Dalkeith. During this time she was in a serious car accident with d'Abo and had to undergo facial reconstructive surgery under Arthur Rainsford Mowlem. On 22 November 1951 she married Erland d'Abo at the St. Andrew's Church in West Wratting, Cambridgeshire. They moved into West Wratting Park, a Georgian manor home, and also purchased a mansion in Kensington Square. They had three children. Their first child, John Henry Erland d'Abo, was born on 7 October 1953. Their second child, Louisa Jane d'Abo, was born on 8 January 1955. Their third child, Richard Winston Mark d'Abo, was born on 3 July 1956. Her husband died from a heart attack in 1970. By that time, Lady Ursula had been in a long-time affair with oil tycoon J. Paul Getty, whom she lived with for five years at Sutton Place. She was aware that Getty had affairs with other European aristocratic women at this time. When Getty died in 1976, he left her an inheritance, reportedly £85,000 and $165,250 in stock. Death Lady Ursula d'Abo died at her home, West Wratting Park, in the presence of her family on 2 November 2017, six days before her 101st birthday. Memoir Her autobiographical memoir, titled The Girl with the Widow's Peak: The Memoirs, was published in 2014. References Works cited 1916 births 2017 deaths Daughters of English dukes Ursula Ursula English socialites English people of Scottish descent English centenarians English memoirists English women non-fiction writers British women in World War II British maids of honour Female wartime nurses Nurses from London British women nurses British women memoirists Women centenarians
5503753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz%20Kupcewicz	Janusz Kupcewicz	Janusz Kupcewicz (born 9 December 1955) is a Polish retired football player, who played as a midfielder. He played for clubs such as Stomil Olsztyn, Arka Gdynia, Lech Poznań, AS Saint-Etienne, Larissa, Lechia Gdańsk and Adanaspor. He also was loaned to Zonguldakspor in 1986–87 season. He played for Polish national team, for which he played 19 matches and scored 5 goals. He was a participant at the 1978 FIFA World Cup and 1982 FIFA World Cup, where Poland won the third place. References External links 1955 births Living people Polish footballers Poland international footballers Arka Gdynia players Lech Poznań players AS Saint-Étienne players Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players Lechia Gdańsk players Adanaspor footballers 1978 FIFA World Cup players 1982 FIFA World Cup players Sportspeople from Gdańsk Ekstraklasa players Polish football managers Lechia Gdańsk managers Association football defenders Süper Lig players Super League Greece players Polish expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in France Polish expatriate sportspeople in France Expatriate footballers in Greece Polish expatriate sportspeople in Greece Expatriate footballers in Turkey Polish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
36391516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandom	Nandom	Nandom is the capital town of the Nandom Municipal of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Nandom town and the multiple villages that surround it to the north, south, east, and west are inhabited by Dagara people. The Dagara of the Nandom municipal and the Dagaaba to the south of Nandom are the same ethnic group, though they speak two different dialects of the same language. The people of Nandom speak the Lobr dialect, and the Dagaaba to the south speak Ngmere (or Central Dàgááre). People in Nandom use the label 'Dagara' for the language and the people and southern speakers us the label 'Dagaaba' for the people and Dagaare for the language. These are, however, different pronunciations of the same language rather than names of the two dialects, as many people have taken them to be. The two dialects of the language are mutually intelligible. Nandom used to be part of the Lawra-Nandom District. It became a district by itself in 2012 and in 2020 it became a municipal, called the Nandom Municipal, with a parliamentary representative in the Parliament of Ghana in the capital city of Accra. Nandom town is east of the Volta River which is the natural border between Ghana and neighbouring Burkina Faso. There is a road running west of Nandom to the River Volta ending at the village of Dabagteng. Ten miles north of Nandom is a town called Hamile where there is a formal border between Ghana and Burkina Faso with customs and immigration offices. Many of the towns and villages across the border in southern Burkina Faso also speak the same dialect as the Dagara of Nandom. Other dialects such as Wiile and Ule are, also spoken in Burkina Faso. The Catholic Basilica in Nandom is built of stone and used to be the largest Christian church in West Africa. Christian missionary activities in the area were introduced by the Catholic Missionaries of Africa (also called the White Fathers) in the 1930s. The Catholic church was built of stone through labour provided by the native people themselves. In the middle of the town resides most of the members of the Muslim community. The majority of Muslims are from other parts of Ghana or neighboring Burkina Faso. Most of them are Mossi people from Burkina Faso who settled in the town several decades ago. Nandom is the home of Nandom Senior High School, a Catholic school established by the FIC Brothers. The town is also home to the Nandom Technical School, also established by the FIC Brothers. St. Anne's Vocational School for girls was established by the Catholic church. There are also elementary schools: St. Andrew School, and St. Paul School. Most of the villages in the area have their own primary and/or middle schools. References Populated places in the Upper West Region
43137308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langsdorfia%20metana	Langsdorfia metana	Langsdorfia metana is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Argentina. References Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog Hypoptinae
9307867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosafer	Mosafer	Mosafer Inc. is a Qatari owned global travel retail store headquartered in Doha, Qatar and is best known as a luggage manufacturer and retailer. The company has 32 locations worldwide with its biggest flagship store located on 57th street in Manhattan, New York. Mosafer is Abuissa Holding’s self developed concept focusing on travel led by founder Ashraf AbdulRahim Abuissa. Etymology The word, Mosafer, means “traveler" in Arabic, Turkish, Urdu and Persian. The term directly associates the company with its customers who are all travelers. History Mosafer Inc. was established in 2011, but also secondarily sells its products on an online platform. The company was founded by the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award winner, Ashraf Abdulrahim Abuissa. Comprising a mainstream industry Neuro-Retail department and specialized product development team, Mosafer focuses on the requirements of its customers. Mosafer has 32 associated stores in 6 countries which mainly provide travel accessories, backpacks and known brands. The company focuses on the tourism industry and has received the Gold Achiever award for two consecutive years for being the top agent country-wide. References Further reading External links Official website Companies based in Doha Retail companies established in 2011
58059658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Moskowitz	Stewart Moskowitz	Stewart Moskowitz (July 6, 1941 – May 23, 2017) was an American artist, illustrator, and children's book author. His paintings in the style of pop art gained popularity through the 1970s and early 1980s in America through the sale of posters and prints. Early career His first success in mass produced prints was "American Rabbit". Later successes included "Penguins...the Corporation", "The White Brothers", "Chocolate Mousse", "Patchwork Cow", and "Chicken Soup". His characters and artistic style became especially popular in Japan in the early 1980s. Moskowitz published several children's books of his own in 1982. By 1986, several of the characters in Moskowitz's paintings were used in the movie The Adventures of the American Rabbit. His work remained strongly popular in Japan. His art formed the basis of logo and commercial illustration for several Japanese companies (among them AT&T Japan, Fuji, Mitsubishi, Panasonic); children's books; and animated movies in that country. A Moskowitz painting of the planet Earth as a fish was used the logo for Fuji TV's Naruhodo! The World during its broadcast run. Parasa & Dinky Dinos became a Japanese franchise including a coloring cartridge for the Konami Picno; at least one animated short; and Parasa (a yellow parasaurolophus) was instated as the mascot of newly renamed Sakura Bank in 1992, appearing on bank cards, pass books, and other materials. Moskowitz registered several dozen paintings under United States copyright in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Death By mid-May, 2017, Moskowitz had been diagnosed with terminal cancer and was in hospice care. A YouCaring (now part of GoFundMe) fundraiser raised over $10,000 to bring his family together, given his condition. Moskowitz's death came shortly after, on May 23, 2017. Artistic works Paintings (1970s) American Rabbit Peeky-Turcock The White Brothers Penguins...the Corporation Loose Appaloosas Star Rabbit Patchwork Cow Giant Pig/Pig With House Bibliography As author As illustrator References 1941 births 2017 deaths American cartoonists American children's writers Writers from California Pratt Institute alumni
64787277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bake%20Off%20Brasil%20%28season%206%29	Bake Off Brasil (season 6)	The sixth season of Bake Off Brasil premiered on August 15, 2020 at on SBT. After Nadja Haddad tested positive for COVID during filming, Chris Flores originally filled in as host, but was replaced by former main host Ticiana Villas Boas, who returned to the show (and Brazilian television) for the first time since the season 2 finale in 2016, which was followed by the bribery scandal between her husband Joesley Batista and former president Michel Temer in 2017. Ticiana's unexpected return led to speculation in the media that she would replace Nadja permanently due to her influence in bringing sponsors from her husband's corporates back to the show. However, when one of the current sponsors, Döhler, learned from the press that SBT had replaced Nadja with Ticiana, they demanded her return as they already had hired her to be their poster girl. Nadja Haddad finally returned to host the show after being away from filming for three weeks during her recovery, while Ticiana was announced as the new host of the spin-off show Bake Off Brasil: A Cereja do Bolo. Bakers The following is a list of contestants: Results summary Key Technical challenges ranking Key Star Baker Eliminated Ratings and reception Brazilian ratings All numbers are in points and provided by Kantar Ibope Media. References External links Bake Off Brasil on SBT 2020 Brazilian television seasons
30155868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20insulata	Ectoedemia insulata	Ectoedemia insulata is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1911. It is known from South Africa (it was described from the former Transvaal province). References Endemic moths of South Africa Nepticulidae Moths of Africa
32447877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steny	Steny	Steny may refer to: Steny Hoyer Tiské stěny, Czech name for Tyssaer Wände
24391198	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Scully%20%28bishop%29	William Scully (bishop)	William Aloysius Scully (August 6, 1894 – January 5, 1969) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Albany from 1954 until his death in 1969. Biography William Scully was born in New York City, and there attended Cathedral College and St. Joseph's Seminary in Yonkers. He also studied at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He was ordained to the priesthood on September 20, 1919. He then served as a curate and afterwards pastor at Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in New York City. He was also pastor of St. Mary's Church in Troy for nine years. He became Secretary of Education for the Archdiocese of New York in 1940. He was named a Domestic Prelate in 1941. On August 21, 1945, Scully was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Albany and Titular Bishop of Pharsalus by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following October 24 from Bishop Edmund Gibbons, with Bishops Thomas Edmund Molloy and Bryan Joseph McEntegart serving as co-consecrators. Following the resignation of Bishop Gibbons, Scully succeeded him as the seventh Bishop of Albany on November 10, 1954. In 1955 he founded an annual appeal for funds to support diocesan education and welfare programs. He established a total of thirteen parishes, twenty-one elementary schools, six high schools and expanded two others, a nursing home, and Maria College. He also headed the New York State Catholic Welfare Committee and the Catholic Charities division of the National Catholic Welfare Council. In 1963 he was forced to return from the Second Vatican Council due to fatigue. He delegated the active administration of the diocese to an auxiliary bishop in 1966. Scully died from bronchial pneumonia at St. Peter's Hospital in Albany, aged 74. Governor Nelson Rockefeller described his death as "a grievous loss—not only to those of his faith but to all of us in New York State." References 1894 births 1969 deaths Participants in the Second Vatican Council Roman Catholic bishops of Albany Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie) alumni Catholic University of America alumni 20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States

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