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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20ATP%20Salzburg%20Indoors
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2011 ATP Salzburg Indoors
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The 2011 ATP Salzburg Indoors was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which is part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of the 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Salzburg, Austria between 14 and 20 November 2011.
ATP entrants
Seeds
1 Rankings are as of November 7, 2011.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Martin Fischer
Thomas Muster
Maximilian Neuchrist
Dominic Thiem
The following players received entry as a special exempt into the singles main draw:
Mischa Zverev
The following players received entry as an alternate into the singles main draw:
Marius Copil
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Benjamin Becker
Dennis Blömke
Peter Gojowczyk
Jan-Lennard Struff
Dino Marcan (Lucky loser)
Champions
Singles
Benoît Paire def. Grega Žemlja, 6–7(6–8), 6–4, 6–4
Doubles
Martin Fischer / Philipp Oswald def. Alexander Waske / Lovro Zovko, 6–3, 3–6, [14–12]
External links
Official Website
ITF Search
ATP official site
ATP Salzburg Indoors
ATP Salzburg Indoors
Hypo
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49610935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Hackleton
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Samuel Hackleton
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Samuel Hackleton (December 22, 1804 – July 6, 1848) was a farmer, trader, soldier, and politician.
Born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, Hackletom moved to Jay, Maine in 1828. In 1830, he settled in Fulton County, Illinois. Hackleton returned to Marblehead, Massachusetts briefly and then returned to Fulton County, Illinois. He was a farmer and trader. Hackleton served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1832, 1834, and 1842; he served as Speaker of the Illinois House of Refresentatives in 1842. From 1836 to 1840, Hackleton served in the Illinois State Senate. He fought in the Black Hawk War. In 1847, he fought in the Mexican–American War and killed near what is now Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Notes
External links
1804 births
1848 deaths
People from Fulton County, Illinois
People from Jay, Maine
People from Marblehead, Massachusetts
Farmers from Illinois
American people of the Black Hawk War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Speakers of the Illinois House of Representatives
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Illinois state senators
19th-century American politicians
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4185414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giblets%20%28disambiguation%29
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Giblets (disambiguation)
|
Giblets may refer to:
Giblets, the edible offal of a fowl
Gibs, or giblets, gamer slang expression for the remnants of a kill
Gibelet, a 13th-century Crusader holding, today known as Byblos
Guelphs and Ghibellines, Crusader factions
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67834099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%202107%20lunar%20eclipse
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May 2107 lunar eclipse
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A penumbral lunar eclipse will occur on May 7, 2107.
This lunar eclipse will be followed by the October 2107 lunar eclipse.
Visibility
The entire eclipse will be visible in South America and southern North America. Most or some of the eclipse will be visible in northern North America, Africa, and Europe.
Related lunar eclipses
This lunar eclipse is part of Lunar Saros 152.
Metonic series
See also
List of lunar eclipses
List of 22nd-century lunar eclipses
References
2107-05
2107-05
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15894175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippsbourg
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Philippsbourg
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Philippsbourg (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Phillipsburch; ) is a commune in the department of Moselle, administrative region of Grand Est, northeastern France.
The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.
Sites and monuments
Château du Falkenstein, 12th-century ruined castle, built for surveillance of the Zinsel valley
Château de Rothenbourg, castle ruins dating from the 9th century
Château de Helfenstein, ruins of a castle already destroyed in 1437
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
Communes of Moselle (department)
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26985820
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansky%20District
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Sayansky District
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Sayansky District () is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the krai and borders Rybinsky District in the north, Irbeysky District in the east, Irkutsk Oblast in the southeast, Kuraginsky District in the south, and Partizansky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Aginskoye. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 12,002, with the population of Aginskoye accounting for 46.5% of that number.
History
The district was founded on April 4, 1924.
Government
As of 2017, the Head of the district is Igor V. Danilin.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Krasnoyarsk Krai
States and territories established in 1924
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23273089
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seojeong-ri%20station
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Seojeong-ri station
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Seojeongri Station is a station in Seojeong-dong, Pyeongtaek, South Korea. Mugunghwa-ho trains running on the Gyeongbu Line stop here. Additionally, services on Seoul Subway Line 1 have been calling at this station since 2005. Its secondary name is Kookje College (An international college).
History
Seojeongri Station opened with the Gyeongbu Line in 1905 to service the agricultural area between Pyeongtaek and Osan. It featured Bidulgi (4th class) and limited Tongil (3rd class) services. These were eventually phased out in favor of limited Mugunghwa (then 2nd class) services in the 1990s and 2000s (decade). On January 20, 2005, Seoul Subway Line 1 started local and express services and in 2010 the new Nooriro class of commuter trains began service to Seoul Station, Yongsan, Anyang, Suwon, Osan, Pyeongtaek and Cheonan.
This station has been in operation since the opening of the Gyeongbu Line. Surprisingly, Songtan Station was built during the Korean War, so there is a big difference between the opening period of more than 50 years. In other words, Songtan Station was built during the Korean War and had a strong military character, and Seojeong-ri Station originally served as the center of Songtan-myeon. Prior to the arrival of the metropolitan train, Pigeon, Tongil, and Mugunghwa stopped. It is one of the two stations in the old Songtan-si area, and it was bigger than Songtan Station from the past. It has been there since the opening of the Gyeongbu Line (1905), and at Songtan Station, only some trains stopped, but this station was a mandatory stop for the trains. Even now, this relationship is still there, and some trains of the Mugunghwa train stop and all the express trains stop during rush hour. When Songtan-eup, Pyeongtaek-gun, was promoted to Songtan-si in 1981, Seojeong 'ri' became Seojeong 'dong', but the station name still remains as Seojeong 'ri'. The station name is Kukje University, and although there is an international university nearby, it is 4km long. Chongshin University - farther than Isu Station. However, the school itself operates school buses, and there are also village bus routes. Unlike Shinchang Station, there is only one university near the station, so I thought it would be okay, but in fact, Korea Welfare University is located in the same Jangan-dong nearby, but Korea Welfare University is designated as a substation of Pyeongtaek Jije Station. It is difficult to get to from Pyeongtaek Jije Station, so it is much more convenient to take the bus from Pyeongtaek Station or this station. Passengers using the Mugunghwa also have to go through the train ticket gates, so the emergency ticket gates are open for passengers using the Mugunghwa. There are people who take advantage of this to get on the train free of charge by going through the Mugunghwa passenger emergency ticket gate and going to the train platform. The Pyeongtaek high-speed connection line from this station to Pyeongtaek Jije Station on the Suseo-Pyeongtaek high-speed line is under construction. After the opening, KTX via Suwon will be able to go directly to Cheonan-Asan Station.
Information around the station
Godeok International New Town is under construction in the southwest.
If you look at exit 2 and 3 information, Pyeongtaek/Dangjin Port, Seohaedaegyo Bridge, and Cheongbuk-eup are indicated, but the directions are the same, but they are quite far away. Cheongbuk-eup takes at least 20 minutes by car and is farther than Osan Station, It takes at least 40 minutes to get to Pyeongtaek Port. That distance is equivalent to the distance between Suwon Station from here. However, as of 2020, Godeokgalpyeong-ro was built and a bus lane was built, so the wasteland can no longer be seen, and you can see the appearance of a new city.
History of change
January 1, 1905: Started business
December 31, 1932 : Construction of the new station was completed.
September 10, 1971: Designated as an anthracite cargo arrival station
January 1, 1994: Stopped handling of small packages
June 1, 2001: Suspension of ticket sales for specific Tongil trains and computerization of all trains operating on Gyeongbu and Janghang lines
January 1, 2004: New station completed
January 20, 2005: Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 1 opened
June 1, 2009: Nuriro train service started
December 30, 2010: Stop handling cargo
December 30, 2019: Suspension of Nuri-ro again between Seoul and Shinchang
January 13, 2020: Restart of Nuriro service (Seoul-Sinchang)
May 23, 2020: Suspension of Nuriro (Seoul-Sinchang)
Recent changes
Seojeong-ri Station has an average daily number of over 10,000 users as the number of users continues to increase due to development projects such as Seojeong-dong and Jungang-dong, as well as development projects such as Godeok International New Town and Godeok Industrial Complex. There was a long-standing inconvenience in using the railroad. Accordingly, the city signed a business agreement with the National Railroad Corporation and Gyeonggi Housing and Urban Corporation to provide a convenient railroad environment for citizens using Seojeong-ri Station and to resolve the imbalance of convenience facilities in the original downtown, and install escalators at the main entrance to the original downtown and in the passageway connecting the subway platform. promoted
As a result, in November 2021, the escalator was installed in the passageway connecting the upper and lower train platforms and is in operation.
Vicinity
Gukje College is nearby. On June 4, 2009, a Homeplus store opened just a few blocks from the subway station. This area was designated by the city council as a development area. Its neighborhood is also part of a Pyeongtaek construction zone, which also includes Seojeong-dong, Jangdang-dong, Mogok-dong, Ichung-dong, and Jije-dong. Located near the station are many shops and vendors. Official plans for a "new city" have been announced.
Passengers
References
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations in Gyeonggi Province
Railway stations in Korea opened in 1905
Metro stations in Pyeongtaek
External links
분양, 모델하우스
분양 모델하우스
동인천역 한라비발디
화성 비봉 제네시티
식사역 두산위브
진천 풍림아이원 모델하우스
힐스테이트 더 운정
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67886875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macarena%20Perez%20Grasset
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Macarena Perez Grasset
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Macarena Pérez Grasset (born 12 August 1996) is a Chilean Freestyle BMX cyclist.
In 2017 she took second place in the VANS US OPEN on Huntington Beach and that same year she obtained two third places in the FISE WORLD CUP in Montpellier, France and then in Chengdu, China respectively.
In 2019 she took the 2nd place in the Pan American Games and became the first ever Chilean woman to win a world medal in the discipline, taking silver at the UCI Urban Cycling World Championships in Chengdu behind Hannah Roberts of the US. This performance also secured her place at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The judges awarded her 86.80 for a ride that included a perfectly landed suicide no-hander and a tailwhip backflip.
References
Living people
1996 births
BMX riders
Chilean female cyclists
Sportspeople from Santiago
Cyclists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games medalists in cycling
Pan American Games silver medalists for Chile
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists of Chile
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5979025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalco%20Energy
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Vaalco Energy
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VAALCO Energy is a company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration. It is organized in Delaware and headquartered in Houston, Texas with operations primarily in the Etame Marin block offshore Gabon.
As of December 31, 2020, the company had of proved reserves, all of which was petroleum.
The company’s primary source of revenue is from its 58.8% interest, via a production sharing contract, in operations in the 750,000 acre (3,000 km²) Etame Marin block, offshore Gabon. The company also owns a 31% working interest in an undeveloped portion of a block offshore Equatorial Guinea.
History
In 2000, the company sold a 32.5% interest in the Etame Marin permit offshore Gabon to PanAfrican Energy Corp.
In November 2012, the company acquired a 31% non-operating working interest in a production and development area offshore Equatorial Guinea from Petronas for $10 million.
In November 2016, the company acquired an additional 3.23% participating interest (2.98% working interest) in the Etame Marin permit offshore Gabon.
In December 2016, Cary Bounds was named chief executive officer of the company.
References
External links
1985 establishments in Texas
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Oil companies of the United States
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69077499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powell%20%28given%20name%29
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Powell (given name)
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Powell is a male given name.
It may refer to:
Powell S. Barnett (1883–1971) U.S. musician and civil rights activist
Powell F. Carter Jr. (1931–2017) U.S. Navy admiral
Powell Clayton (1833–1914) U.S. soldier, politician, businessman
Powel Crosley Jr. (1886–1961) U.S. entrepreneur
Powell Lindsay (1905–1987) U.S. actor
Powell Lloyd (1900–1987) UK opera singer
Powell A. Moore (1938–2018) U.S. federal public servant
Powell St. John (1940–2021) U.S. singer-songwriter
Powell Smythe (19th century) U.S. politician
Powell Weaver (1890–1951) U.S. musician
See also
Powell (surname)
Powell (disambiguation)
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52284997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashano%20Mall
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Yashano Mall
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Yashano Mall is a 4-storey shopping mall in Legazpi, Albay. It houses at least 30 stalls, with , and was the first commercial mall in the city to have a LED wall used for commercial advertising.
History
Yashano Mall was opened on November 27, 2015 with Gerald Anderson as the mall's first celebrity guest. It is one of HONG Enterprises' biggest investment along with Gregorian Mall which follows to open a year after. Its one of two mall openings in Legazpi along with Ayala Mall Legazpi - Liberty City Center (a business venture of LCC Malls and Ayala Land)
HONG Enterprises is a Taiwanese family business which is based in Legazpi, Albay. They are also the operators of HONG Enterprises Stores and the 101 Mall which has several branches across Albay. Their stores offers cheap Taiwanese and Filipino products. Currently, the enterprise is owned by Jucan Hong.
However, at the middle of its construction in February 2015, Yashano Mall came to a controversy when the shopping mall was allegedly constructed without appropriate building permit. It was first noted when required billboard that should indicate the building permit number and Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC) which is granted through the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the City Engineering Office was conspicuously absent at the construction site.
The allegations was exposed by Legazpi Councilor Rolly Rosal who lambasted the city engineering office for allowing its construction for almost a half a year now in violation and total disregard of certain provisions of the Building Code of the Philippines. Rosal who is the City Council's Committee on Public Works and Utilities noted that construction workers in the site are seen to be not wearing the required protective gears such as helmet.
Despite controversies, the mall continues to finalize the structure up until it opened in November.
The mall opened some Legazpi's first. One of which was the Figaro Coffee, a Filipino chain of coffee shop that started in Metro Manila. Then the Bacolod's Chicken Deli opened in June 2016.
On its first anniversary, Yashano Mall's Facebook page revealed to open its hotel business "Lotus Blu Hotel" which is located inside the mall complex.
Milestones and developments
November 2015 marks the grand opening with Gerald Anderson as their celebrity guest. It also unveiled their LED Wall which is Legazpi City's first.
In July 2016, Yashano Mall offered a free jeepney ride within downtown to their mall premises.
In November 2016 marked their first anniversary with the unveiling of "Lotus Blu Hotel" and the development at its second floor to have its own food court of food retail stores.
References
Buildings and structures in Legazpi, Albay
Shopping malls in Legazpi, Albay
Shopping malls in the Philippines
Shopping malls established in 2015
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36825646
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymindis%20laticollis
|
Cymindis laticollis
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Cymindis laticollis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Say in 1830.
References
laticollis
Beetles described in 1830
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33892326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%201824
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1824
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1824 was unanimously adopted on 18 July 2008.
Resolution
With the mandate of the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda set to expire at the end of this year, but with trials expected to continue beyond that time, the Security Council today extended the term of office of 9 permanent and 17 ad litem judges to allow for the completion of the Tribunal’s work.
By the terms of resolution 1824 (2008), which was unanimously adopted, the Council noted the projections for the completion of all the Tribunal’s remaining cases at trial stage before the end of 2009, and expressed its expectation that the extension of the judges’ terms of office would enhance the effectiveness of those proceedings and contribute towards ensuring the Tribunal’s completion strategy.
As explained in a letter from the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, which was transmitted in identical letters to the Presidents of the Council and General Assembly, by the terms of its resolution 1503 (2003), the Council had called upon the Tribunal to take all possible measures to complete all trial activities at first instance by the end of 2008, and the Tribunal has substantially complied with that strategy. However, due to new developments beyond the Tribunal’s control, including the arrest of two high-level accused at the end of 2007 and one early in 2008, the scheduling of these trials “cannot avoid a spillover of the evidence phase into 2009, with judgement delivery in the second half of 2009”.
With two permanent judges and one ad litem judge intending to resign upon the completion of their cases this year, the Tribunal’s President had sought an extension, to 31 December 2009, for nine permanent judges and eight ad litem judges, whose terms of office are to expire on 31 December 2008. As a contingency against the unexpected, he also sought an extension to 31 December 2009 of the terms of the remaining nine ad litem judges who were not yet appointed to serve at the Tribunal.
The Council decided to extend the terms of office of two permanent judges who are members of the Appeals Chamber until 31 December 2010, or until the completion of the appeals (if sooner), and extended the terms of the rest of the judges through 31 December 2009, as requested by the Tribunal President.
As the statute of the International Tribunal does not provide for extending the terms of office of the judges, by the terms of the resolution adopted today the Council, as the parent organ of the International Tribunal, also approved an amendment of related articles of the Statute to allow for an extension.
See also
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1801 to 1900 (2008–2009)
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1824
July 2008 events
1824
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67721503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Victoire%20de%20La%20Force
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Louise-Victoire de La Force
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Louise-Victoire de La Force (1665-1722), was a French courtier. She was the first lover of Louis, Dauphin of France (son of Louis XIV).
She was born to Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duke av La Force (1632-1699) and Marie de Saint-Simon-Courtomer (c. 1639-1670).
She was made maid-of-honour to Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria in 1686, and as such was placed under the supervision of Marguerite de Montchevreuil. She was described as lively, witty and charming. She became the mistress of the Dauphin, which was a scandal at court.
Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine claimed in her letters that Madame de Maintenon did not wish the Dauphine to play any great role at court, slandered her against the king and bribed Barbara Bessola to isolate her. Elizabeth Charlotte claimed that Marguerite de Montchevreuil had been engaged by Maintenon to estrange the Dauphine and her spouse, quote:
"That lady had also another creature in the Dauphine's household: this was Madame de Montchevreuil, the gouvernante of the Dauphine's filles d’honneur. Madame de Maintenon had engaged her to place the Dauphin upon good terms with the filles d’honneur, and she finished by estranging him altogether from his wife. During her pregnancy, which, as well as her lying-in, was extremely painful, the Dauphine could not go out; and this Montchevreuil took advantage of the opportunity thus afforded her to introduce the filles d’honneur to the Dauphin to hunt and game with him. He became fond, in his way, of the sister of La Force, who was afterwards compelled to marry young Du Roure. [...] The Dauphin had an affair of gallantry with another of his wife's filles d’honneur called Rambures. He did not affect any dissimulation with his wife; a great uproar ensued; and that wicked Bessola, following the directions of old Maintenon, who planned everything, detached the Dauphin from his wife more and more. The latter was not very fond of him; but what displeased her in his amours was that they exposed her to be openly and constantly ridiculed and insulted. Montchevreuil made her pay attention to all that passed, and Bessola kept up her anger against her husband."
In 1688, King Louis XIV arranged for her to marry Louis Scipion III de Grimoard de Beauvoir, Marquis du Roure and Marquis de Grisac (d. 1690) in order to dismiss her from court and thus end her relationship with the Dauphin.
References
1665 births
1722 deaths
French ladies-in-waiting
Mistresses of French royalty
Court of Louis XIV
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408234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkar
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Golkar
|
The Party of Functional Groups (), often known by its abbreviation Golkar, is a political party in Indonesia. It was founded as the Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups (, Sekber Golkar) in 1964, and participated for the first time in national elections in 1971 as Functional Groups. Golkar was not officially a political party until 1999, when it was required to become a party in order to contest elections.
Golkar was the ruling political group from 1971 to 1999, under presidents Suharto and B. J. Habibie. It subsequently joined the ruling coalitions under presidents Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati Sukarnoputri, and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. When President Joko Widodo of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle was elected in 2014, Golkar initially joined an opposition coalition led by former general Prabowo Subianto but in 2016 switched its allegiance to Widodo's government.
Origins
In 1959, President Sukarno introduced his concept of Guided Democracy, in which so-called functional groups would play a role in government in place of political parties. The Indonesian National Armed Forces supported its creation because it believed these groups would balance the growing strength of the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI). In 1960, Sukarno awarded sectoral groups such as teachers, the Armed Forces and the Indonesian National Police, workers and artists seats in the Mutual Cooperation – People's Representative Council. As some of the members of these functional groups were linked to political parties, this gave political influence to the National Armed Forces. The TNI then established an anti-PKI trade union, the Central Organization of Indonesian Workers, or Soksi (Sentral Organisasi Karyawan Swadiri Indonesia), and used this as the core of an Armed Forces-led Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups, or Sekber Golkar, which was officially established on 20 October 1964. By 1968 there were almost 250 organisations under the Sekber umbrella. On 22 November 1969 they were organized into seven main organizations, or Kino (Kelompok Induk Organisasi), namely Soksi, Kosgoro (Union of Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations), MKGR (Mutual Assistance Families Association), Gerakan Karya Rakyat (People's Working Movement), Ormas Hankam (Defense and Security Mass Organizations), Professi (professional organizations), and Gerakan Pembangunan (Development Movement). The Joint Secretariat was one of those organisations moblized against the PKI in the aftermath of the failure of the 30 September Movement in 1965.
History
Suharto and Golkar
In March 1968, General Suharto was officially elected by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as Indonesia's second president. Because of his military background, Suharto was not affiliated to any political parties. Suharto had never expressed much interest in party politics. However, if he were to be elected for a second term as president, he needed to align himself with a political party. Originally, Suharto had shown interest in aligning with the Indonesian National Party (PNI) – the party of his predecessor, Sukarno. But in seeking to distance himself from the old regime, Suharto settled on Golkar.
Suharto then ordered his closest associate, Ali Murtopo, to transform Golkar and turn it into an electoral machine. Under Murtopo, and with Suharto's supervision, Golkar was turned from a federation of NGOs into a political party. Under Suharto, Golkar continued to portray itself as a non-ideological entity, without favoritism or political agendas. It promised to focus on "economic development" and "stability" rather than a specific ideological goal. Golkar also began identifying itself with the government, encouraging civil servants to vote for it as a sign of loyalty to the government.
Murtopo claimed that workers were a functional group, which by rights ought to be subsumed under Golkar: "thus all unions were united into a single body answerable to the state. The population was no longer there to be mobilised by political parties, rather, the people were the 'floating mass', or the 'ignorant mass', who needed firm guidance so they would not be lured into politics. In order to "Golkar-ize" the nation, Murtopo sometimes used the military and gangs of young thugs to eliminate political competition.
Golkar declared on 4 February 1970, that it would participate in the 1971 legislative elections. Suharto's alignment with Golkar paid dividends when Golkar won 62% of the votes and an overwhelming majority in the People's Representative Council (DPR). The members of DPR also doubled as members as MPR and thus Suharto was easily re-elected to a second term as President in March 1973.
The 1971 legislative election was a success for Golkar and Suharto. Strengthened by his re-election, Suharto quickly began tightening his grip on Golkar. Control was increased in October 1973 with the implementation of a less democratic and more centralized system headed by a Chairman. In October 1978, after his re-election to a 3rd term, Suharto further consolidated his control of Golkar by being elected Chairman of the Executive Board (Ketua Dewan Pembina), a position whose authority supersedes even the party chairman. From this position, Suharto had the supreme power in Golkar while leaving the day-to-day running of Golkar to the chairman.
Aside from being dominated by Suharto, Golkar was also an organization dominated by the Armed Forces. Out of the four people that served as Golkar Chairman during the New Order, three had a military background as officers. It was only in the last years of Suharto's rule that Harmoko, a civilian, was elected as Golkar chairman.
Electoral dominance in the New Order
Golkar continued to dominate Indonesian politics well beyond the 1971 legislative elections. In subsequent New Order legislative elections, Golkar won 62% (1977), 64% (1982), 73% (1987), 68% (1992), and 74% (1997). Golkar's dominance was so absolute that for most of the Suharto era, Indonesia was effectively a one-party state. Suharto was able to pass his bills without any meaningful opposition, and was able to form a Cabinet which consisted only of Golkar appointees.
After 1973, Suharto banned all political parties but for the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI) and the United Development Party (PPP). These two parties were nominally permitted to contest the reign of Golkar. In practice, however, Golkar permitted only a semblance of competition. Elections were "exercises in controlled aggression", and were ritualized performances of "choice", in which local authorities were to obey directives about Golkar's electoral results in their area. A system of rewards, punishments, and violence meted out by thugs helped to guarantee cooperation across the archipelago, and the perpetual reelection of Golkar.
After the 1977 and 1997 legislative elections, there were claims of electoral fraud launched by the party, who together with Golkar were the only legal political parties after 1973. There were also claims of Golkar members intimidating the electorate to vote for Golkar.
Organisation and factions
During the New Order Golkar was formally divided into seven (eight since 1971) organizations, called Main Organization Groups (), or KINO. These were:
the Trikarya, consisting of:
Central Indonesian Workers' Organization (, SOKSI/CIWO);
Mutual Cooperation Multifunction Organizations' Union (, KOSGORO);
Mutual Assistance Families Association (, MKGR);
Indonesian People's Working Movement (, GAKARI/IPWM);
the Defense and Security Mass Organizations (, Ormas Hankam/DSMOs);
professional organizations ();
the Development Movement ();
and, since its establishment by Presidential decree in 1971, the Employees' Corps of the Republic of Indonesia (, KORPRI).
However, Golkar during this era was also de facto divided into three factions:
The ABRI faction: Consisted of members of the Indonesian armed forces who under Suharto played a dominant role in political affairs. This faction was headed by the ABRI Commander and was commonly known as the A faction. The Ormas Hankam was, as a general rule, supportive of the Armed Forces faction. It provided much of the military representation in the People's Consultative Assembly.
The Bureaucrats (Birokrat) faction: Consisted of KORPRI members. This faction was headed by the Home Affairs Minister and was commonly known as the B faction.
The Groups (Utusan Golongan) faction: Consisted of Golkar members who were neither armed forces service personnel nor the bureaucracy. This faction was headed by the Golkar Chairman and was commonly known as the G faction. Its composition was made up of members of the other organizations that are part of the party.
These three factions worked closely together to gain consensus and in the case of nominating a presidential candidate it was the heads of these three factions who went to inform the candidate (which until 1998 was Suharto) that he had just been nominated as Golkar's Presidential candidate. The three factions did not always work together however. In 1988, the ABRI faction was unable to nominate Sudharmono as vice president. The factions disappeared along with the fall of the New Order.
After Suharto: Reformasi and beyond
With Suharto's fall from power in May 1998, Golkar quickly sought to adapt and reform itself. In July 1998, a Special National Congress was held to elect the next chairman of Golkar. The congress was dogged by protests by both pro-Suharto and anti-Suharto groups. Suharto himself did not come to the congress. In the contest that followed, Akbar Tanjung emerged as the new chairman of Golkar after beating Army General Edi Sudrajat. It was the first time that a Golkar chairman was elected democratically rather than appointed by the chairman of the executive board. Under Akbar, the Executive Board was abolished and replaced by an Advisory Board which had considerably less authority.
In 1999, Golkar lost its first democratic legislative election to Megawati Sukarnoputri's PDI-P. Golkar won 20% of the votes and was the runner-up in the legislative elections. Despite losing these elections Golkar was still able to secure the Tanjung's election as Head of DPR. October 1999 would see the MPR assemble for its General Session during which a President and a Vice President would be elected. It was widely expected that Golkar would support Jusuf Habibie in his bid for a second term as president. Before Habibie could be nominated, however, he was required to deliver an accountability speech: a report delivered by the President to the MPR at the end of his term. The MPR would not ratify the accountability speech and it was revealed that some Golkar members had voted against ratifying the speech.
Golkar would get its revenge on PDI-P in the presidential elections. Although PDI-P had won the legislative elections, Golkar joined forces with the Central Axis, a political coalition put together by MPR Chairman Amien Rais, to nominate and successfully secure the election of Abdurrahman Wahid as president. Golkar, however, was unable to stop the election of Megawati as the vice president.
Golkar was rewarded for its support of Wahid by having its members appointed to ministerial positions in Wahid's Cabinet. Much like those who had supported Wahid, Golkar would grow disillusioned with Wahid. In April 2000, Jusuf Kalla, a Golkar member who held position as Minister of Industries and Trade was sacked from his position. When Golkar inquired as to why this was done, Wahid alleged it was because of corruption. In July 2001, Golkar, along with its Central Axis allies, held an MPR Special Session to replace President Wahid with Megawati.
By 2004, the reformist sentiments that had led PDI-P to victory in the 1999 legislative elections had died down. Many Indonesians were disappointed with what Reformasi had achieved thus far and were also disillusioned with Megawati's presidency. Such discontent enabled Golkar to emerged victorious in the 2004 legislative elections with 21% of the votes.
Unlike the other political parties who had one person as their presidential candidate from the start, Golkar had five. In April 2004, Golkar held a national convention to decide who would become Golkar's candidate for president. These five were Akbar Tanjung, General Wiranto, Lieutenant-General Prabowo, Aburizal Bakrie, and Surya Paloh. Akbar won the first round of elections but Wiranto emerged as the winner in the second round. Wiranto chose Solahuddin Wahid as his running mate.
The Presidential Elections were held on 5 July 2004. The first round of elections was won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Yusuf Kalla who faced Megawati and Hasyim in the September 2004 run-off. Wiranto/Wahid came second and there were allegations of disunity within the party with Akbar not fully supporting Wiranto after losing the nomination.
In August 2004 Golkar formed, with PDI-P, PPP, Reform Star Party (PBR) and Prosperous Peace Party (PDS), a national coalition to back Megawati. Further infighting would hamper Golkar in its bid to back Megawati. Fahmi Idris led a group of Golkar members in defecting and threw their support behind Yudhoyono and Kalla. At the Presidential Run-Off in September 2004, Yudhoyono emerged victorious over Megawati to become Indonesia's 6th president. Yusuf Kalla, who had gone his own way back in April 2004, became vice president.
2004 National Congress
Although he had overwhelmingly won the presidency, Yudhoyono was still weak in the DPR. His own Democratic Party had only won 7% in the legislative elections and even combined with other parties who had aligned themselves with the new government, they still had to contend with the legislative muscle of Golkar and PDI-P who now intended to play the role of opposition.
With a National Congress to be held in December 2004, Yudhoyono and Kalla had originally backed Head of DPR Agung Laksono to become Golkar chairman. When Agung was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono and Kalla threw their weight behind Surya Paloh. Finally, when Paloh was perceived to be too weak to run against Akbar, Yudhoyono gave the green light for Kalla to run for the Golkar Chairmanship.
This was a widely controversial move. Up to that point, Yudhoyono had not let members of his administration hold a concurrent position in political parties to prevent the possible abuse of power. There were also complaints by Wiranto who claimed that some months earlier, Yudhoyono had promised to support him if he ran for the Golkar chairmanship.
On 19 December 2004, Kalla became the new Golkar chairman with over 50% of the votes. Akbar, who had expected to win a second term as Golkar chairman, was defeated with 30% of the votes. Agung and Surya, who Yudhoyono and Kalla had backed earlier, became the party vice chairman and the chairman of the advisory board, respectively.
Kalla's new appointment as chairman of Golkar significantly strengthened Yudhoyono's government in Parliament and left the PDI-P as the only major opposition party in the DPR.
2009 National Congress
At the 2009 Congress, held in Pekanbaru, Aburizal Bakrie was elected chairman, winning 269 out of 583 votes, and beating Surya Paloh into second place. Surya Paloh then went on to establish the National Democratic organization, which in turn established the National Democratic Party.
Party platform: Vision 2045
Under chairman Aburizal Bakrie, the party has produced a blueprint known as "Vision Indonesia 2045: A Prosperous Nation" with the aim of making Indonesia a developed nation by the centenary of the country's independence in 2045. The plan comprises three stages each lasting a decade. The key strategies in the vision comprise developing Indonesia from the villages, strengthening the role of the state, quality economic growth, equalizing incomes, ensuring even development in all areas, quality education and healthcare, strengthening communities, sustained economic development, upholding the law and human rights, industrial development based on technology and revitalization of agriculture and trade.
The first decade would lay the foundations for a developed nation, the second would accelerate development and the final decade would see Indonesia become a developed nation. Each stage would have targets for indicators such as economic growth, GDP, and levels of unemployment and poverty.
List of chairmen
Brig. Gen. Djuhartono (1964–1969)
Maj. Gen. Suprapto Sukowati (1969–1973)
Maj. Gen. Amir Murtono (1973–1983)
Lt. Gen. Sudharmono (1983–1988)
Lt. Gen. Wahono (1988–1993)
Harmoko (1993–1998)
Akbar Tanjung (1998–2004)
Jusuf Kalla (2004–2009)
Aburizal Bakrie (2009–2014)
Disputed between Aburizal Bakrie and Agung Laksono (2014–2016)
Setya Novanto (2016–2017)
Airlangga Hartarto (2017–present)
Election results
Legislative election results
Presidential election results
Note: Bold text indicates Golkar Party member
Notes
References
External links
Official site
1964 establishments in Indonesia
Conservatism in Indonesia
Conservative parties in Asia
New Order (Indonesia)
Nationalist parties in Asia
Political parties established in 1964
Political parties in Indonesia
Right-wing politics in Indonesia
Pancasila political parties
Anti-communist parties
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9359234
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla%20Airport
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Melilla Airport
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Melilla Airport is an airport located in Melilla, an enclave of Spain in Africa. The airport is located about southwest of the city, near the border with Morocco. Between 1931 and 1967 Melilla was served by the Tauima Aerodrome (now the Nador International Airport), even when Morocco had gained its independence in 1956. This Spanish controlled airport did not open until 1969.
History
In the 1920s, several military aerodromes were built in area for the Air Arm of the Spanish Army:
Ramel - now in Morocco
Arcila - now in Morocco
Zeluan - now in Morocco
Following the conflict between Spain and Morocco, a new military airfield was built near Cabrerizas Altas. This airport had a simple landing area. As tension settled and Spain was able to re-establish land around Melilla, this airport was relocated again further south of city.
The new airport, Tauima Aerodrome, was opened for civilian flights 1931 and used also by the military. The El Atalayón hydroplane air station (now site of oyster farm) in the Mar Chica was operational in the 1930s to provide additional air travel options using Dornier Do J seaplanes. In 1956 the end of the Spanish protectorate over northern Morocco placed the airport outside of control from Spain, although some investment from Spain was done in the aerodrome until 1958. Limited access to the airport was given to Melilla by secured bus until 1967. The Tauima aerodrome later became Nador International Airport.
In 1969, the current airport was opened within Melilla's borders and was strictly a civilian facility.
Airlines and destinations
The airlines serving the airport are regional carriers connecting to Spain to the north. The airport is also a general aviation airfield and handles private small aircraft. There are no flights directed to airports in Morocco. In the past Melilla was also served by Spantax from 1969 to 1981, Aviaco from 1981 to 1992 and Binter Mediterraneo from 1992 to 2001.
Statistics
Ground Transportation
Passengers can get to and from the airport by car or taxi. ML-204 is the main road accessing the airport and connects to the city. ML-300 provides access to areas outside of the city.
Incidents and accidents
On 25 September 1998, PauknAir Flight 4101, a BAe 146, crashed into a hill on approach to Melilla killing all 38 occupants.
On 17 January 2003, an Air Nostrum Fokker 50, operating for Iberia, overran the runway and broke apart. Nine people were injured but there were no fatalities.
See also
Sania Ramel Airport
References
External links
Official site at Aena.es
Airports in Spain
Airports established in 1969
Transport in Melilla
Buildings and structures in Melilla
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32691318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway%20Arts
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Headway Arts
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Headway Arts, incorporated in 1995 as Headstrong Productions, is an independent arts organisation and registered charity based in Blyth, Northumberland.
It focuses on participatory arts, providing opportunities for people to gain access to the arts.
It aims to engage people who are socially excluded, with a focus on working with young people and adults with learning disability.
Its programmes include:
Come on Down - an annual festival to celebrate work created by learning-disabled people.
Random - an ongoing youth theatre funded by BBC Children in Need
Seven Stars - Northumberland's learning disabled theatre company supported by the Northern Rock Foundation.
Headway Arts raises funds from grant applications, donations and through sales of professional creative and arts-based training workshops.
International work
Headway Arts is also engaged in international collaborative work with support from the European Union, and since 2009 has attracted Grundtvig funding for partnership work linking with community and arts initiatives in Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden.
Awards
Most Exciting Project at North East VCS Awards 2009
Leading Visionary of the Future in Europe in European Year of Creativity & Innovation 2009
NIACE Outstanding Achievement Award 2010
Best Animated Film (Rosemary's Birthday) and Best Fantasy Film (Robots in Space) at 2010 D'Oscar Awards
References
External links
Official site
Charity fundraisers
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14732299
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%82owice
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Miłowice
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Miłowice may refer to the following places in Poland:
Miłowice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Miłowice, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
Miłowice, Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
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24604165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissling
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Kissling
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Kissling is a German language surname. it may refer to:
Frances Kissling (born 1943), American religious leader
George Kissling (1805–1865), New Zealand religious leader
Grace E. Kissling, American biostatistician
Jorge Kissling (1940–1968), Argentine motorcycle racer
Margaret Kissling (1808–1891), New Zealand educator
Richard Kissling (1848–1919), Swiss sculptor
Walter Kissling (1931–2002), Costa Rican businessman
Werner Kissling (1895–1988), German ethnologist
Other uses
4409 Kissling, an asteroid
Kissling Farm, Pennsylvania
See also
Kisling
German-language surnames
Jewish surnames
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22541462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383%20Manchester%20United%20F.C.%20season
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1982–83 Manchester United F.C. season
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The 1982–83 season was Manchester United's 81st season in the Football League, and their 8th consecutive season in the top division of English football. They finished the season third in the league and won the FA Cup for the fifth time in their history, beating relegated Brighton 4–0 in the replay after drawing the first game 2–2. It was the breakthrough season for teenage striker Norman Whiteside, who was a regular first team player and scored 14 goals in all competitions, including one in the FA Cup final replay.
Atkinson had also added Dutch winger Arnold Muhren to the club's ranks on a free transfer from Ipswich Town before the start of the season, and the new signing was a success, establishing himself as United's regular left winger and scoring a penalty in the FA Cup final replay.
It was also a good second season at United for Frank Stapleton, who was the club's top scorer with 14 goals in the league and 19 in all competitions.
United reached their first League Cup final, but lost 2-1 to Liverpool.
First Division
FA Cup
League Cup
UEFA Cup
Squad statistics
References
Manchester United F.C. seasons
Manchester United
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6828065
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Bandini
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Arturo Bandini
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Arturo Bandini may refer to:
An album by Züri West
Arturo Gabriel Bandini, the main character and alter ego of John Fante in his four 'Bandini' novels
Arturo Bandini (One Life to Live), a fictional character from the American soap opera, One Life to Live
See also
Bandini (disambiguation)
Bandini, Arturo
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109612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonia%20Park%2C%20Florida
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Mangonia Park, Florida
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Mangonia Park is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It is a part of Uptown West Palm, which also includes Riviera Beach and West Palm Beach. The population was 1,888 at the 2010 census. As of 2018, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 2,017.
History
The Town of Mangonia Park was established in 1947. The original petition to the State of Florida requested the name Town of Magnolia Park. The petition for incorporation was granted but under the name Town of Mangonia Park. An explanation accompanied the charter stating the name, Town of Magnolia Park, was already taken and the State of Florida took the liberty of naming the town with a similar name.
Government
It has a Town Manager-Town Council type of local government, with council members elected to five "at-large" seats that serve three year staggered terms. Municipal elections are held in March of each year by the Palm Beach County Supervisor of Elections Office.
Geography
Mangonia Park is located at .
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,142 people, 689 households, and 464 families residing in the town.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,283 people, 443 households, and 322 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,809.7 inhabitants per square mile (697.7/km2). There were 490 housing units at an average density of 691.2 per square mile (266.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 14.58% White (of which 12.2% were Non-Hispanic White,) 76.70% African American, 0.70% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 6.16% from other races, and 1.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.12% of the population.
There were 443 households, out of which 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 30.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.20.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $35,865, and the median income for a family was $34,688. Males had a median income of $21,083 versus $24,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,864. About 16.7% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.8% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.
As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 80.47% of all residents, while Spanish comprised 11.04%, French Creole consisted of 7.61%, and the mother tongue of French made up 0.85% of the population.
As of 2000, Mangonia Park had the ninety-first highest percentage of black residents in the U.S., with 76.70% of the populace (tied with Hanley Hills, MO and Berkeley, MO.) It had the eighteenth highest percentage of Haitian residents in the U.S. at 9.10% of the town's population (tied with Lauderhill,) and the thirty-fourth highest percentage of Jamaican residents in the U.S. at 3.90% of its population (which tied with Redan, Georgia and Somerset, New Jersey.) It also had the twenty-seventh most Guatemalans in the U.S. at 3.82% of all residents.
Transportation
Mangonia Park is home to the Mangonia Park Station, the northern terminus of the Tri-Rail commuter rail system operated by SFRTA. It is also served by several bus routes operated by PalmTran, including Routes 20, 31, and 33.
References
External links
Town of Mangonia Park Website
YourNews.com - Mangonia Park Edition
The Mangonia Park Flyer
Towns in Palm Beach County, Florida
Towns in Florida
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3618770
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Chambers
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Wally Chambers
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Wallace Hashim Chambers (May 15, 1951September 22, 2019) was an American football defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears and defensive end for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the 1970s. He was selected with the eighth overall pick by the Bears in the 1973 NFL Draft out of Eastern Kentucky University, and played previous to that for Mount Clemens High School, where he graduated in 1969.
College
Chambers attended Eastern Kentucky University.
Professional career
Chambers was chosen as the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year following the 1973 NFL season and was selected to play in the Pro Bowl three times (1973, 1975 and 1976). Chambers was named All-Pro following the 1976 campaign, 1976 NFL linemen of the year, NFC defensive player of the year (1975 and 1976) and also garnered second team All-Pro honors in 1973, 1974 and 1975.
Coaching career
Following his playing career Chambers coached at the University of Northern Iowa, at East Carolina University, and for the New York Jets.
In 1989 Chambers was a defensive coach for the New York Jets under Joe Walton. He then served as the defensive line coach for the WLAF's Ohio Glory in their sole season in 1992 under head coach Larry Little.
Personal life
Chambers had trouble standing up during the last 10 years of his life due to knee and back problems and spent a great deal of his time in a wheel chair or using a walker. He lived in Saginaw, Michigan with his wife Patsy Chambers.
Chambers died on September 22, 2019 at the age of 68.
References
1951 births
2019 deaths
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Chicago Bears players
East Carolina Pirates football coaches
Eastern Kentucky Colonels football players
Ohio Glory coaches
New York Jets coaches
Northern Iowa Panthers football coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Defensive Rookie of the Year Award winners
Sportspeople from Columbus, Georgia
Players of American football from Columbus, Georgia
People from Phenix City, Alabama
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24190963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Argeyev
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Pavel Argeyev
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Capitaine Pavel Vladimirovich Argeyev () (March 1, 1887 – October 30, 1922), also known as Paul d'Argueev and The Eagle of Crimea, was a Russian-born flying ace of World War I, serving the French Armée de l'Air and Imperial Russian Air Service. Initially a high-ranking officer in the Imperial Russian Army, he transferred to France, where he became an aviator. He received a variety of decorations, both French and Russian, before dying in a flying accident in 1922.
Early life
Born in Yalta, Crimea, in 1887 to an engineer of steamships named Vladimir Akimovich Argeyev and his wife, Argeyev graduated from the military academy in Odessa in 1907 and Odessa College in 1909 and joined the Imperial Russian Army as a sergeant in the 184th Reserve Infantry Regiment in Warsaw, Poland. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1912 and transferred to the 29th Chernigov Infantry Regiment, where he was made a lieutenant colonel.
Move to France
In 1914, on the outbreak of World War I, Argeyev resigned his Russian commission (after refusing to carry out a punishment on a soldier that he considered undeserved) and moved to France, enlisting in the French Foreign Legion with the rank of lieutenant on September 12, 1914. As with many airmen, he chose first to enlist in the infantry. He was assigned to the 131st Infantry Regiment, and participated in the Battle of the Marne, in which he received a head injury but returned to the front in October. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre, followed by an appointment as a chevalier of the Legion d'honneur in May 1915. In the process of winning these honors, Argeyev was wounded thrice, on 23 September 1915, in April 1916, and again on 2 May 1916.
Career as a pilot
In January 1916, having been ruled unfit for infantry service due to his injuries, Argeyev requested a transfer to the Armée de l'Air. After training at Pau, he was enlisted as a pilot on January 30, 1916. After having accumulated flying hours on the Western Front with Escadrille N48, he returned to Russia and was made a Captain of the Imperial Russian Air Service, assigned to the 12th Fighter Detachment on October 20, 1916.
Argeyev's first victory came four months later, on the morning of January 10, 1917 where he downed an Albatros C.V. An uncredited victory came four months later, on the evening April 8, when he downed a Fokker near Mitau, in modern-day Latvia. His second official victory came at 9:45am on April 21, followed by his third on May 6, which he shared with Ernst Leman and Alexander Kazakov. He downed a Hansa-Brandenburg C.I near Berezhany, Ukraine in his Nieuport 17. He then scored three more victories in three months - an LVG C.II at Jēkabpils on May 17, another Hansa-Brandenburg C.I near Kozova on June 8, and finally a Rumpler C.I on June 20. Now he was a flying ace, having scored more than five victories.
Return to France
In May 1918, as the Russian Revolution raged on, Argeyev returned to France due to the hostile attitudes of the Bolsheviks towards the Tsar's officer corps. Enlisting once more in the Armée de l'Air, he was assigned to Escadrille SPA.124, where he would spend the rest of the war.
His first victory came only days after joining the squadron, when he downed an LVG C.II on June 1, 1918. Now flying a SPAD XIII, within the few months he spent in the French air force, he considerably expanded his victory score.
Now sporting seven credited and one uncredited victory, he added two more on June 14 and 15 when he downed, respectively, a Rumpler C.I and another two-seater aircraft on successive days. He scored his tenth victory on June 26, another two-seater.
Despite downing no aircraft in July or August, in September 1918 he scored three victories, bringing his total to 13. Firstly, a Fokker D.VII north of Cerny on September 27, followed by two kills the day after, two two-seater aircraft near Séchault at 10:10am and 3:20pm. He again scored a double victory on October 5, albeit one of them uncredited - another two-seater north-east of Autry at 11:25am. However, he scored a credited victory in downing a Pfalz D.III at Orfeuil at 6:25pm.
His final victory of the war came on October 30, 1918, only 12 days before the end of the war. He scored a victory against a two-seater aircraft at 3:40pm near Quatre-Champs. By the end of hostilities, he had scored fifteen credited victories and two uncredited victories, making him Russia's third highest-scoring flying ace after Alexander Kazakov and Vasili Yanchenko.
Post-war and death
Reluctant to return to the USSR, he continued flying as a test pilot and was killed on October 20, 1922 near Trutnov, Czechoslovakia when his Potez aircraft crashed in the Sudetes mountains.
Honours and awards
Officer of the Legion d'Honneur (France, 1915), previously awarded the Chevalier (1918)
Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with 8 Palmes (France, 1915)
Order of St. George, 4th Class with Swords (31 October 1917, for victories in aerial combat on 23 April 1917 and 5 April 1917)
Order of St. Vladimir, 4th Class with Swords (18 December 1915, "for actions in the war against the Germans on the French front")
Order of St. Anna, 2nd, 3rd and 4th classes
Gold Sword for Bravery (21 November 1917, for the destruction of enemy aircraft 26 May 1917)
Legion d'honneur Citation
"A Russian national who took command of a company in November. Has shown by his actions great alacrity and the highest energy. He has complete authority over his men. He was lightly wounded on 17 April 1915, but retained command of his company."
List of aerial victories
See also Aerial victory standards of World War I
Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Unconfirmed victories are denoted by "u/c" and may or may not be listed by date.
See also
List of World War I flying aces
Aerial victory standards of World War I
Endnotes
References
Allen Durkota. The Imperial Russian Air Service: Famous Pilots and Aircraft and World War I. Flying Machines Press, 1995. , 9780963711021.
Norman Franks Nieuport Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing, 2000. , .
Norman Franks; Russell Guest; Gregory Alegi. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. , .
Further reading
Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank (1993). Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. London, UK: Grub Street Publishing. .
1882 births
1922 deaths
People from Yalta
People from Taurida Governorate
Russian World War I flying aces
Imperial Russian Air Force personnel
Russian military personnel of World War I
Russian aviators
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Officers of the French Foreign Legion
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21300130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataract%20Canyon
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Cataract Canyon
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Cataract Canyon is a canyon of the Colorado River located within Canyonlands National Park and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in southern Utah. It begins at the Colorado's confluence with the Green River and its downstream terminus is the confluence with the Dirty Devil River. The lower half of the canyon is submerged beneath Lake Powell when the lake is at its normal high water elevation of .
Geology
Cataract Canyon is cut by the Colorado River into the Colorado Plateau, a vast continental uplift comprising much of the American Southwest. Until approximately 80 million years ago, the Colorado Plateau was near sea level. Over millions of years, a series of inland oceans transgressed onto and regressed from the region, resulting in a series of horizontally deposited rock layers. Approximately 70 to 80 million years ago, a series of mountain-building events called the Laramide orogeny uplifted the entire region. The Colorado River subsequently cut through the rock layers, exposing them. The oldest rock layer visible in Cataract Canyon is the Paradox Formation, which was deposited approximately 320 million years ago.
History
Indigenous peoples, most likely of the Fremont culture, inhabited the Canyonlands area long before European settlers arrived. Rock art and ruins have been found in Cataract Canyon that are at least 800 years old.
Because of the remote location, it was some time before European explorers and settlers reached the area. The Colorado River and its canyons were more of an obstacle to travel than a destination to be explored. The first recorded European to reach Cataract Canyon was a fur trapper named Denis Julien in 1836. Julien carved his name into a rock wall in the lower section of Cataract Canyon, though this inscription is now covered by Lake Powell.
The first organized exploration to travel the entire length of Cataract Canyon was the Powell Expedition in 1869, led by John Wesley Powell, a one-armed Civil War veteran who launched in wooden boats near Green River, Wyoming and traveled down the Green River to its confluence with the Colorado River at the top of Cataract Canyon. The rapids of Cataract Canyon terrified Powell and his men. The expedition portaged their boats around every rapid in the canyon, a difficult and arduous task. Because of the difficulty of the rapids, Powell named the canyon Cataract Canyon. After exiting Cataract Canyon, Powell continued his trip downstream through Glen Canyon, now submerged by Lake Powell, and ultimately the Grand Canyon before ending his trip near the mouth of the Virgin River.
Other river runners soon followed. Nathanial Galloway made numerous trips through the canyon beginning in 1894. Galloway would later go on to pioneer rowing techniques still used by river runners today. Brothers Emery and Ellsworth Kolb traveled through the canyon in 1911. The Kolb brothers eventually established a studio on the south rim of the Grand Canyon where they featured videos of their exploits running the rapids of the Colorado River. Buzz Holmstrom made a solo trip through Cataract Canyon and Grand Canyon in 1937, eventually ending at the newly constructed Hoover Dam. The first commercial outfitter to offer trips through Cataract Canyon was Norman Nevills in 1938. The advent of rubber rafts came about in the early 1950s with the availability of surplus rubber rafts from World War II. River runners found the rubber rafts easier to maneuver and much more forgiving than their wooden counterparts. With this newer equipment, many commercial outfitters began running Grand Canyon and Cataract Canyon.
Whitewater rafting
Cataract Canyon remains a popular whitewater rafting destination today. The rapids in the canyon are generally considered "big water", with a character similar to those found in Grand Canyon. Cataract Canyon is rated on the Class I-VI International Scale of River Difficulty, unlike the Grand Canyon which is rated on a scale of one to ten. Also unlike Grand Canyon, the flow of the Colorado River through Cataract Canyon is far enough downstream from a dam that it is generally unregulated. The river can reach extreme levels during the spring runoff in years following plentiful snow throughout the Colorado River watershed. During an average spring runoff, the Colorado River will peak at approximately . The maximum recorded flow of occurred on May 27, 1984. The rapids of Cataract Canyon become difficult at flows above and extreme at flows above .
Most rapids in Cataract Canyon are simply named from upstream to downstream as Rapid 1, Rapid 2, etc. However, some rapids within the canyon have separate names due to their location or notoriety. Particularly notorious are the "Big Drops", a set of three rapids in short succession named "Big Drop 1", "Big Drop 2" and "Big Drop 3". During high water, these three rapids essentially run together to form one very large rapid. These rapids contain many large hydraulic features including "Little Niagara", "Satan's Gut", and "The Claw". During times of high runoff, the National Park Service sometimes establishes a camp below the big drops and uses a jetboat to facilitate rescues of capsized rafts and their passengers. However, it is generally understood that all river runners attempting Cataract Canyon at any river level should be capable of self-rescue and not depend on the NPS for support.
Cataract Canyon historically contained several rapids which are currently submerged beneath Lake Powell and have been buried in lake sediment. "Gypsum Canyon Rapid" and "Dark Canyon Rapid" in particular were considered very difficult rapids to navigate.
River trips which run Cataract Canyon must also run one of the flatwater sections above the confluence of the Green and Colorado Rivers. Most groups launch at Potash (on the Colorado River) or Mineral Bottom (on the Green River) and spend up to five days on the river before entering Cataract Canyon. Motorized trips can make the trip into Cataract Canyon in substantially less time, often one day. In addition to the flatwater at the beginning of the trip, all groups must traverse Lake Powell before reaching the take-out at the Dirty Devil River or Hite Marina. Depending on the water level in Lake Powell, up to of lake water may be encountered by groups exiting the canyon.
A number of commercial outfitters offer guided trips through Cataract Canyon. These trips vary in length between one and six days and utilize both motorized and non-motorized vessels. Private groups are required to obtain a permit from the National Park Service prior to embarking on a Cataract Canyon trip.
See also
Canyonlands National Park
List of whitewater rivers
References
External links
Cataract Canyon Information (National Park Service)
Canyons and gorges of Utah
Canyonlands National Park
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
Canyons and gorges of Garfield County, Utah
Landforms of San Juan County, Utah
Landforms of Wayne County, Utah
Colorado River
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20014047
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winks%20Panorama
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Winks Panorama
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Winks Panorama, also known as Winks Lodge, was a hotel near Pinecliffe, Colorado catering to African-American tourists during the early and middle 20th century. The lodge was built in the Lincoln Hills Country Club, which was at the time the only African-American resort in the western United States. The Lincoln Hills club was organized in 1922, selling lots with payments as low as $5.00 down and $5.00 per month. The lodge was built by Obrey Wendell "Winks" Hamlet in 1928. Hamlet had been involved in the original club project, and had been assembling land for a lodge since 1925. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 caused many lots in Lincoln Hills to be abandoned, but Hamlet promoted the lodge nationally through advertisements in Ebony and attracted a clientele from the eastern United States.
The hillside lodge used local stone for the foundation, with a three-story shingled superstructure. The first floor was for service and storage, the second for dining and entertainment, and the third included six guest rooms and a shared bath. Several cabins surrounded the main lodge, including a honeymoon cabin and a tavern.
Prominent guests included Count Basie, Billy Eckstein, Duke Ellington, Lena Horne, Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.
The lodge operated until Winks' death in 1965. It is now owned by the James Beckwourth Mountain Club, which has undertaken restoration of the lodge as a conference center. Winks Panorama was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1980.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Gilpin County, Colorado
Other African-American resorts included:
American Beach, Florida
Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts
Idlewild, Michigan
References
External links
Gilpin County News article on Wink Hamlet and the restoration of the lodge
Denver Urban Spectrum article on Winks Lodge and Lincoln Hills
Beckwourth Mountain Club, Winks Lodge
Hotel buildings completed in 1928
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Buildings and structures in Gilpin County, Colorado
Defunct hotels in the United States
African-American history of Colorado
African-American cultural history
1928 establishments in Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Gilpin County, Colorado
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38945376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attahas%2C%20Katwa
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Attahas, Katwa
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The temple of Attahas, also known as Fullora Attahas, is believed to be one of the 51 Shakti Peethas at which the body parts and jewelry of the Hindu goddess Shakti fell to Earth. The goddess is so large that the lower lip is about 15 to 18 feet wide. The temple is a site of Hindu pilgrimage throughout the year. December is a particularly popular time for visitors to picnic at the site.
Location
The temple is located in Labhpur in Birbhum district. The temple is situated at 1.2 km north-east from Labpur railway station. There is another Attahas in Ketugram, Katwa. But as Ketugram has one Shakti peeth Bahula, so it can not have two Shakti peethas side by side.
The Attahas shrine as a Shakti Peeth
Attahas Sanskrit comes from Atta and Hasa (laughter) meaning extreme loud laughter. The temple of Attahas is considered as a Shakti Peetha. Shakti Peethas are shrines that are prominent places of worship for the Shakta sect (Shaktism) of Hinduism. These are places where the body parts of Sati Devi's corpse fell when Lord Shiva carried her body after her death. The place where her body parts fell were enshrined by the divine presence of Shakti. The story of origin is the mythology of Daksha yaga and Sati's self immolation. The Lips of Sati Devi is said to have fallen here. Each Shakti Peetha has a name for the Shakti an Kalabhairava associated with the temple. The Shakti of the Attahas shrine is addressed as Phullara and the Kalabhairava as Vishvesh. There are 51 Shakti Peeth linking to the 51 alphabets in Sanskrit.
See also
Fullara, near Labhpur
References
Hindu temples in West Bengal
Buildings and structures in Purba Bardhaman district
Shakti Peethas
Tourist attractions in Purba Bardhaman district
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39586486
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proji%C4%87
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Projić
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Projić (Serbian Cyrillic: Пројић) is a mountain in southwestern Serbia, near the town of Priboj. Its highest peak has an elevation of 1,256 meters above sea level.
References
Mountains of Serbia
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11541736
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ina%20Bauer%20%28figure%20skater%29
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Ina Bauer (figure skater)
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Ina Bauer, married name Szenes, (31 January 1941 – 13 December 2014) was a German competitive figure skater. She won three consecutive West German national titles (1957–59) and invented the skating element which bears her name.
Personal life
Ina Bauer was born in Krefeld on 31 January 1941. Her father was a silk manufacturer. She married a Hungarian figure skater, István Szenes.
Szenes-Bauer died 13 December 2014.
Career
After winning the German national silver medal in 1956, Bauer was assigned to the European Championships in Paris, France and finished 13th. She then placed 20th at the World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
The following season, Bauer won the first of her three German national titles. She placed tenth at the 1957 European Championships in Vienna, Austria and 11th at the 1957 World Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
During the next two years, Bauer repeated as German national champion and achieved her highest international rankings. She placed fourth at the 1958 World Championships in Paris, France, the 1959 European Championships in Davos, Switzerland, and the 1959 World Championships in Colorado Springs, Colorado. During this time, she trained in Colorado Springs.
After withdrawing from the 1960 European Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bauer retired from competition at her father's request. She then toured with Ice Follies and starred in two movies with Austrian alpine skier Toni Sailer.
Bauer invented the eponymous skating element.
Results
References
Skatabase: 1950s Worlds
External links
Bauer performing a layback spin
German female single skaters
German film actresses
1941 births
2014 deaths
20th-century German actresses
People from Krefeld
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61654701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot%27s%20Warehouse
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Wilmot's Warehouse
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Wilmot's Warehouse is a puzzle video game about storing and retrieving objects. It was developed by Richard Hogg and Ricky Haggett and published by Finji. It was released on August 29, 2019 for macOS, Nintendo Switch, and Windows platforms. The game was a finalist for "Excellence in Design" at the 2018 Independent Games Festival Awards.
Gameplay
The player controls Wilmot, a worker in a two-dimensional warehouse. Each level begins with a delivery of item boxes that the player must store for later retrieval. The organizational strategy is left entirely to the player. (This can be ambiguous, for example, in the tutorial, the player is asked to sort boxes into "winter" and "hats" but is presented with a box that appears to be a woolen hat.) When the delivery timer expires, customers at a service hatch request specific boxes for the player to retrieve and deliver. Proportionate to the delivery's speed, the player receives Progress Stars that can be redeemed for upgrades such as a "dash" ability, the ability to carry more boxes at once, expanded warehouse space, and a timelapse view of the player's progress. The variety and quantity of boxes increases with the game's duration—into the hundreds—constricting the player's navigation of the warehouse aisles. After several rounds (months) of deliveries, the player receives an unlimited period to reorganize the warehouse.
The game's optional Expert Mode adds challenging modifier rules to the gameplay and two players can play at once in the game's split-screen, co-operative mode.
Development
The game's designers, Richard Hogg and Ricky Haggett, had known each other for a decade before the release of Wilmot's Warehouse. They previously collaborated on projects including Hohokum, wherein they would design together and split the duties of art (Hogg) and coding (Haggett). Hogg, who had worked in a warehouse and picture archive when he was younger, was interested in the therapeutic act of organizing for pleasure. Hogg's original pitch for the game became a running joke—Haggett said it would only work if all the items were for clowns and the game was named "Clown Warehouse". Haggett later made a prototype based on Hogg's tile art, which became the full game.
The game's design challenges were derived from simulating those of real warehouses. The game's items have clear themes but some were made to be more memorable, to overlap in category, or to defy categorization. This deliberate ambiguity was meant to mimic the complexity of a real warehouse.
An early version of the game was released as a Humble Original in 2017. It spent six months in development and was built in the OpenFL framework and Haxe programming language with a soundtrack and sound effects composed by Eli Rainsberry. This version had 500 different item types. Programmer Ruari O'Sullivan supported the final release.
Reception
Reviewers praised the game's balance and pleasantness. Even amid its time-restricted segments, the game's pace is peaceful. Paste praised this contrast: the game's soothing repetition of tidying clutter and calm soundtrack against its more frenetic time-based challenges. Nintendo World Report praised the solo game mode's ability to make drudgery interesting, but thought that the Expert Mode's challenging modifiers removed the relaxed atmosphere that made the game successful. Paste enjoyed the game's smart visual communication and its challenge of finding an efficient organizational system.
Wilmot's Warehouse was a finalist for "Excellence in Design" at the 2018 Independent Games Festival Awards.
References
Further reading
External links
Soundtrack
2019 video games
Finji games
Indie video games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Xbox Cloud Gaming games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
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2785056
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinat%20Shaham
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Rinat Shaham
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Rinat Shaham () is an Israeli born mezzo-soprano who has received numerous accolades for her international operatic, concert and recital performances.
Life and career
Shaham was born in Haifa, Israel; to a musical family. She developed an interest in theatre after attending an arts school. Shaham completed her Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States.
Rinat Shaham has sung leading roles with the New York City Opera, the Berlin State Opera, the Vienna State Opera, the Aix-en-Provence Festival, the Glyndebourne Festival, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Opera Australia, The Royal Opera House and many more.
Shaham has performed as soloist with symphony orchestras including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony, the New York Philharmonic, the London Philharmonic, the San Francisco Symphony, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony and the Minnesota Orchestra among others. She has performed with some of the most eminent conductors of today, including Seiji Ozawa, Simon Rattle, André Previn, Christoph Eschenbach, Leonard Slatkin, Daniel Barenboim, Simone Young, Antonio Pappano, William Christie, David Robertson, Dan Ettinger, Christian Thielemann, and Eiji Oue.
Rinat Shaham's many roles include the title role in Bizet's Carmen, a role for which she is most famous and has sung internationally hundreds of performances, Charlotte in Massenet's Werther, Dorabella in Mozart's Così fan tutte, Mélisande in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande, Cherubino in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, Zerlina and Donna Elvira in Mozart's Don Giovanni, Rosina in Rossini's The Barber of Seville, Blanche in Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites, Candrillon (by Massenet ), Ottavia in the coronation of Poppea, and Judit (Bluebeard's castle).
Shaham is an alumna of the Music Academy of the West where she attended the summer conservatory program in 1995, 1996 and 1997.
Shaham regularly appears in recitals and concerts , among her operatic assignments.
She is married to Australian-born violist and filmmaker Peter Bucknell. Her brother is violinist Hagai Shaham.
Recording and other media
Opera DVDs with Rinat Shaham have been produced for Carmen, The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro. She has recorded excerpts from operas by Jean-Baptiste Lully for Erato and Deutsche Grammophon with William Christie, and Maurice Ravel's L'enfant et les sortilèges with André Previn. Shaham's solo CD of songs by George Gershwin and Henry Purcell, Fantasy in Blue with Fuoco E Cenere ("Fire and Ashes"), was published by ATMA Classique, as well as a CD of the same group performing "Psalms of David" , by Benedetto Marcello. Shaham made her feature film debut as "The Jazz Singer" in the 2001 István Szabó film, Taking Sides with Harvey Keitel.
References
External links
– Video clip link
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
Israeli mezzo-sopranos
21st-century Israeli women opera singers
Curtis Institute of Music alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Jewish opera singers
Musicians from Haifa
Jewish Israeli singers
Jewish women singers
Music Academy of the West alumni
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18770379
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bowa%20G%C3%B3ra%2C%20Kutno%20County
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Dębowa Góra, Kutno County
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Dębowa Góra is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bedlno, within Kutno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Kutno and north of the regional capital Łódź.
The village has a population of 150.
References
Villages in Kutno County
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45416817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canville
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Canville
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Canville may refer to:
Canville Creek, a river in Kansas
Canville Township, Neosho County, Kansas
See also
Canville-la-Rocque
Canville-les-Deux-Églises
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12603781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatotilapia%20sp.%20%27dwarf%20bigeye%20scraper%27
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Astatotilapia sp. 'dwarf bigeye scraper'
|
''Astatotilapia'' sp. 'dwarf bigeye scraper' is a putative, undescribed species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is endemic to Kenya. It was listed as critically endangered in the 1996-2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, but not mentioned in the most recent versions.
References
Astatotilapia
Undescribed vertebrate species
Endemic freshwater fish of Kenya
Cichlid fish of Africa
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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22200521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20compositions%20by%20Darius%20Milhaud
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List of compositions by Darius Milhaud
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Below is a list of compositions by Darius Milhaud sorted by category.
Operas
La brebis égarée, Op. 4 (1910–1914); 3 acts, 20 scenes; libretto by Francis Jammes; premiere 1923
Les euménides, Op. 41 (1917–1923); L'Orestie d'Eschyle (Orestiean Trilogy No. 3); 3 acts; libretto by Paul Claudel after Aeschylus
Les malheurs d'Orphée, Op. 85 (1924); chamber opera in 3 acts; libretto by Armand Lunel; premiere 1926
Esther de Carpentras, Op. 89 (1925–1926); opera buffa in 2 acts; libretto by Armand Lunel; premiere 1937
Le pauvre matelot, Op. 92 (1926); 'complainte' in 3 acts; libretto by Jean Cocteau; premiere 1927
3 Opéras-minutes
L'enlèvement d'Europe, Op. 94 (1927); 1 act, 8 scenes; libretto by Henri Hoppenot
L'abandon d'Ariane, Op. 98 (1927); 1 act, 5 scenes; libretto by Henri Hoppenot
La délivrance de Thésée, Op. 99 (1927); 1 act, 6 scenes; libretto by Henri Hoppenot
Christophe Colomb, Op. 102 (1928, revised 1968); 2 parts, 27 scenes; libretto by Paul Claudel
Maximilien, Op. 110 (1930); historic opera in 3 acts, 9 scenes; libretto by R.S. Hoffman after "Juarez et Maximilien" by Franz Werfel; premiere 1932
L'opéra du gueux, Op. 171 (1937); ballad opera in 3 acts; libretto by Henri Fluchère after John Gay's The Beggar's Opera (1728)
Médée, Op. 191 (1938); 1 act, 3 scenes; libretto by Madeleine Milhaud (his cousin and wife); premiere 1939
Bolivar, Op. 236 (1943); 3 acts, 11 scenes; libretto by Madeleine Milhaud after Jules Supervielle
David, Op. 320 (1952–1953); 2 parts, 5 acts; libretto by Armand Lunel; concert performance in Jerusalem in 1954; staged at La Scala in 1955
Fiesta, Op. 370 (1958); 1 act; libretto by Boris Vian
La mère coupable, Op. 412 (1964–1965); 3 acts; libretto by Madeleine Milhaud after Beaumarchais' play; premiere 1966
Saint-Louis, roi de France, Op. 434 (1970); opera-oratorio in 2 parts; libretto by Henri Daublier and Paul Claudel; premiere 1972
Ballets
L'homme et son désir, Op. 48 (1918), for four wordless singers, solo wind, percussion and strings; scenario by Paul Claudel
Le bœuf sur le toit, Op. 58 (1919); scenario by Jean Cocteau
Les mariés de la tour Eiffel: Marche nuptiale and Fugue du massacre only, Op. 70 (1921, revised 1971); ballet-show; scenario by Jean Cocteau
La création du monde, Op. 81 (1923); for small orchestra; scenario by Blaise Cendrars
Salade (A. Flament), Op. 83 (1924); ballet chanté in 2 acts; scenario by Albert Flament
Le Train Bleu, Op. 84 (1924); opérette dansée; scenario by Jean Cocteau
L'éventail de Jeanne: Polka only, Op. 95 (1927); for a children's ballet to which ten French composers each contributed a dance
La bien-aimée, Op. 101 (1928); pleyela (player piano) and orchestra after music of Schubert and Liszt; 1 act; scenario by Alexandre Benois
Les songes, Op. 124 (1933); scenario by André Derain
Moyen âge fleuri (Suite provençale), Op. 152d (1936)
Moïse, Op. 219 (1940); ballet symphonique; also for orchestra: Opus Americanum No. 2, Op. 219b
Jeux de printemps, Op. 243b (1944); after the orchestra work
Suite française, Op. 254 (1945); original version for band, Op. 248 (1944)
Les cloches (The Bells), Op. 259 (1946); after the poem by Edgar Allan Poe
’Adame Miroir, Op. 283 (1948); for 16 solo instruments; scenario by Jean Genet
La cueillette des citrons, Op. 298b (1949–1950); intermède provençal
Vendanges, Op. 317 (1952); scenario by Philippe de Rothschild
La rose des vents, Op. 367 (1957); scenario by Albert Vidalie
La branche des oiseaux, Op. 374 (1958–1959); scenario by André Chamson
Orchestral
Suite symphonique No. 1, Op. 12 (1913–1914); after the opera La brebis égarée, Op. 4 (1910–1914)
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 1 "Le printemps", Op. 43 (1917)
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 2 "Pastorale", Op. 49 (1918)
Suite symphonique No. 2, Op. 57 (1919); after the incidental music Protée, Op. 17 (1913–1919)
Sérénade en trois parties, Op. 62 (1920–1921)
Saudades do Brasil, Op. 67b (1920–1921); original for piano
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 3 "Sérénade", Op. 71 (1921)
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 4 "Dixtour", Op. 74 (1921)
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 5 "Dixtuor d'instruments à vent", Op. 75 (1922)
3 Rag Caprices, Op. 78 (1922); original for piano
Symphonie de chambre (Little Symphony) No. 6, Op. 79 (1923)
2 Hymnes, Op. 88b (1925)
Suite provençale, Op. 152c (1936); after the incidental music Bertran de Born
Le carnaval de Londres, Op. 172 (1937)
L'oiseau, Op. 181 (1937)
Cortège funèbre, Op. 202 (1939); from the film score Espoir
Fanfare, Op. 209 (1939)
Symphony No. 1, Op. 210 (1939)
Indicatif et marche pour les bons d'armement, Op. 212 (1940)
Opus Americanum No. 2, Op. 219b (1940); after the ballet Moïse, Op. 219 (1940)
Introduction et allegro, Op. 220 (1940); after Couperin: La sultane
4 Ésquisses (4 Sketches), Op. 227 (1941); original for piano
Fanfare de la liberté, Op. 235 (1942)
Jeux de printemps, Op. 243 (1944); also a ballet
La muse ménagère, Op. 245 (1945); original for piano
Symphony No. 2, Op. 247 (1944)
Le bal martiniquais, Op. 249 (1944); also for 2 pianos
7 Danses sur des airs palestiniens, Op. 267 (1946–1947)
Symphony No. 3 "Te Deum" for chorus and orchestra, Op. 271 (1946)
Symphony No. 4 "Composée á l'occasion de Centenaire de la Révolution de 1848", Op. 281 (1947)
Paris, Op. 284 (1948); also for 4 pianos
Kentuckiana-Divertissement, Op. 287 (1948); also for 2 pianos
Symphony No. 5, Op. 322 (1953)
Suite campagnarde, Op. 329 (1953)
Ouverture méditerranéenne, Op. 330 (1953)
Symphony No. 6, Op. 343 (1955)
Symphony No. 7, Op. 344 (1955)
La couronne de Marguerite (Valse en forme de rondo), Op. 353 (1956; his contribution to Variations sur le nom de Marguerite Long); original for piano
Le globe-trotter, Op. 358 (1956–1957); original for piano
Les charmes de la vie (Hommage à Watteau), Op. 360 (1957); original for piano
Aspen sérénade for chamber orchestra, Op. 361 (1957)
Symphony No. 8 "Rhodanienne", Op. 362 (1957)
Symphony No. 9, Op. 380 (1959)
Symphony No. 10, Op. 382 (1960)
Symphony No. 11 "Romantique", Op. 384 (1960)
Les funérailles de Phocion (Hommage à Poussin), Op. 385 (1960)
Aubade, Op. 387 (1960)
Symphony No. 12 "Rurale", Op. 390 (1961)
Ouverture philharmonique, Op. 397 (1962)
A Frenchman in New York, Op. 399 (1962)
Meurtre d'un grand chef d'état, Op. 405 (1963); dedicated to John F. Kennedy
Ode pour les morts des guerres, Op. 406 (1963)
Music for Boston, Op. 414 (1965)
Musique pour Prague, Op. 415 (1965)
Musique pour l'Indiana, Op. 418 (1966)
Musique pour Lisbonne, Op. 420 (1966)
Musique pour la Nouvelle-Orléans, Op. 422 (1966)
Promenade concert, Op. 424 (1967)
Symphonie pour l'univers claudélien, Op. 427 (1968)
Musique pour Graz, Op. 429 (1968–1969)
Suite en G, Op. 431 (1969)
Musique pour Ars Nova, Op. 432 (1969)
Musique pour San Francisco, Op. 436 (1971)
Ode pour Jérusalem, Op. 440 (1972)
String orchestra
Mills Fanfare, Op. 224 (1941)
Pensée amicale, Op. 342 (1955)
Symphoniette, Op. 363 (1957)
Wind ensemble
Suite française, Op. 248 (1944); also for orchestra; adapted as a ballet, Op. 254 (1945)
Normandie
Bretagne
Île de France
Alsace-Lorraine
Provençe
2 Marches pour la libération , Op. 260 (1945–1946)
In memoriam; dedicated to the victims of Pearl Harbor
Gloria victoribus; World War II victory march
West Point Suite, Op. 313 (1954)
Musique de théâtre, Op. 334b (1954–1970); after the incidental music Saül, Op. 334
Fanfare for brass ensemble (4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones and tuba), Op. 396 (1962)
Introduction et Marche funèbre
Concertante
Piano
Poème sur un cantique de Camargue for piano and orchestra, Op. 13 (1913)
Ballade for piano and orchestra, Op. 61 (1920)
5 Études for piano and orchestra, Op. 63 (1920)
3 Rag Caprices for piano and small orchestra, Op. 78 (1922); also for piano solo
Le carnaval d'Aix, Fantasy for piano and orchestra, Op. 83b (1926); after the ballet Salade, Op. 83
Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra, Op. 127 (1933)
Fantaisie pastorale for piano and orchestra, Op. 188 (1938)
Concerto No. 2 for piano and orchestra, Op. 225 (1941)
Concerto No. 1 for 2 pianos and orchestra, Op. 228 (1941)
Concerto No. 3 for piano and orchestra, Op. 270 (1946)
Suite concertante for piano and orchestra, Op. 278a (1952); after the Concerto for marimba, vibraphone and orchestra, Op. 278 (1947)
Concerto No. 4 for piano and orchestra, Op. 295 (1949)
Suite for 2 pianos and orchestra, Op. 300 (1950)
Concertino d'automne for 2 pianos and 8 instruments, Op. 309 (1951)
Concerto No. 5 for piano and orchestra, Op. 346 (1955)
Concert de chambre for piano and chamber orchestra (wind quintet and string quintet), Op. 389 (1961)
Concerto No. 2 for 2 pianos and 4 percussionists, Op. 394 (1961)
Violin
Cinéma fantaisie for violin and chamber orchestra, Op. 58b (1919); also for violin and piano; after Le Bœuf sur le toit
Concerto No. 1 for violin and orchestra, Op. 93 (1927)
Concertino de printemps for violin and chamber orchestra, Op. 135 (1934)
Concerto No. 2 for violin and orchestra, Op. 263 (1946)
Concerto No. 3 "Concert royal" for violin and orchestra, Op. 373 (1958)
Music for Boston for violin and chamber orchestra, Op. 414 (1965)
Viola
Concerto No. 1 for viola and orchestra, Op. 108 (1929)
Air for viola and orchestra, Op. 242 (1944); after the Viola Sonata No. 1, Op. 240
Concertino d'été for viola and chamber orchestra, Op. 311 (1951)
Concerto No. 2 for viola and orchestra, Op. 340 (1954–1955)
Cello
Concerto No. 1 for cello and orchestra, Op. 136 (1934)
Concerto No. 2 for cello and orchestra, Op. 255 (1945)
Suite cisalpine sur des airs populaires piémontais for cello and orchestra, Op. 332 (1954)
Other
Concerto for percussion and small orchestra, Op. 109 (1929–1930)
Scaramouche, Suite for alto saxophone and orchestra, Op. 165c (1939), or for clarinet and orchestra, Op. 165d (1941); also for 2 pianos, Op. 165b; after the incidental music Le médécin volant, Op. 165 (1937)
Vif et joyeux
Modéré
Brazileira
Concerto for flute, violin and orchestra, Op. 197 (1938–1939)
Concerto for clarinet and orchestra, Op. 230 (1941)
Suite anglaise for harmonica (or violin) and orchestra, Op. 234 (1942)
Concerto for marimba, vibraphone and orchestra, Op. 278 (1947)
L'apothéose de Molière, Suite for harpsichord with flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and string orchestra, Op. 286 (1948)
Concerto for harp and orchestra, Op. 323 (1953)
Concertino d'hiver for trombone and string orchestra, Op. 327 (1953)
Concerto for oboe and orchestra, Op. 365 (1957)
Symphonie concertante for bassoon, horn, trumpet, double bass and orchestra, Op. 376 (1959)
Concerto for harpsichord and orchestra, Op. 407 (1964)
Stanford sérénade for oboe solo and 11 instruments, Op. 430 (1969)
Chamber and instrumental
Violin
Sonata No. 1 for violin and piano, Op. 3 (1911)
Le printemps for violin and piano, Op. 18 (1914)
Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano, Op. 40 (1917)
Cinéma fantaisie for violin and piano, Op. 58b (1919); also for violin and chamber orchestra; after Le bœuf sur le toit
Impromptu for violin and piano, Op. 91 (1926)
3 Caprices de Paganini for violin and piano, Op. 97 (1927)
Dixième sonate de Baptist Anet in D Major, Op. 144 (1935); free transcription for violin and harpsichord
Sonatina for 2 violins, Op. 221 (1940)
Danses de Jacaremirim for violin and piano, Op. 256 (1945); 3 pieces
Sonata for violin and harpsichord, Op. 257 (1945)
Duo for 2 violins, Op. 258 (1945)
Farandoleurs for violin and piano, Op. 262 (1946)
Sonatina pastorale for violin solo, Op. 383 (1960)
Viola
4 Visages for viola and piano, Op. 238 (1943)
Sonata No. 1 sur des thèmes inédits et anonymes de XVIIIe siècle, for viola and piano, Op. 240 (1944)
Sonata No. 2 for viola and piano, Op. 244 (1944)
Élégie for viola and piano, Op. 251 (1945)
Élégie pour Pierre for viola, timpani and 2 percussionists, Op. 416 (1965)
Cello
Élégie for cello and piano, Op. 251 (1945)
Sonata for cello and piano, Op. 377 (1959)
Guitar
Ségoviana, Op. 366 (1957)
Harp
Sonata, Op. 437 (1971)
Winds
Sonatina for flute and piano, Op. 76 (1922)
Sonatina for clarinet and piano, Op. 100 (1927)
Exercice musical for pipeau, Op. 134 (1934)
2 Ésquisses for clarinet and piano, Op. 227 (1941)
Caprice, Danse, Églogue for clarinet (or saxophone, or flute) and piano, Op. 335 (1954)
Sonatina for oboe and piano, Op. 337 (1954)
Duo Concertante for clarinet and piano, Op. 351 (1956)
Duo
Suite for Ondes Martenot and piano (arr. of music from Le château des papes) (1933)
Sonatina for violin and viola, Op. 226 (1941)
Sonatina for violin and cello, Op. 324 (1953)
Sonatina for viola and cello, Op. 378 (1959)
Trio
Sonata for two violins and piano, Op. 15 (1914)
Pastorale for oboe, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 147 (1935)
Suite for violin, clarinet and piano, Op. 157b (1936); after the incidental music Le voyageur sans bagage, Op. 157
Suite d'après Corrette for oboe, clarinet and bassoon, Op. 161b (1937); after the incidental music Roméo et Juliette, Op. 161 (1937)
Sonatine à 3 for string trio, Op. 221b (1940)
String Trio, Op. 274 (1947)
Fanfare for 2 trumpets and trombone, Op. 400 (1962)
Piano Trio, Op. 428 (1968)
Quartets
String Quartet No. 1, Op. 5 (1912)
String Quartet No. 2, Op. 16 (1914–1915)
String Quartet No. 3 with solo voice, Op. 32 (1916); poem by Léo Latil
String Quartet No. 4, Op. 46 (1918)
Sonata for flute, oboe, clarinet and piano, Op. 47 (1918)
String Quartet No. 5, Op. 64 (1920)
String Quartet No. 6, Op. 77 (1922)
String Quartet No. 7, Op. 87 (1925)
String Quartet No. 8, Op. 121 (1932)
String Quartet No. 9, Op. 140 (1935)
La reine de Saba for string quartet, Op. 207 (1939)
String Quartet No. 10 Anniversaire ("Birthday Quartet"), Op. 218 (1940)
String Quartet No. 11, Op. 232 (1942)
String Quartet No. 12, Op. 252 (1945)
String Quartet No. 13, Op. 268 (1946)
String Quartet No. 14, Op. 291 No. 1 (1948–1949); The 14th and 15th string quartets can be performed separately as well as simultaneously as a string octet.
String Quartet No. 15, Op. 291 No. 2 (1948–1949); For another example of a composer writing works for simultaneous performance, see 19th century composer Pietro Raimondi.
String Quartet No. 16, Op. 303 (1950)
String Quartet No. 17, Op. 307 (1950)
String Quartet No. 18, Op. 308 (1950)
Fanfare (150 mesures pour les 150 ans de la maison Heugel) for 2 trumpets and 2 trombones, Op. 400 (1962)
Piano Quartet, Op. 417 (1966)
Homage à Igor Stravinsky for string quartet, Op. 435 (1971)
3 Études sur des thèmes du Comtat Venaissin for string quartet, Op. 442 (1973)
Quintets
La cheminée du roi René, Suite for wind quintet, Op. 205 (1939); 7 pieces
4 Ésquisses (4 Sketches) for wind quintet, Op. 227b (1941); original for piano
Les rêves de Jacob, Dance Suite for oboe, violin, viola, cello and double bass, Op. 294 (1949)
Divertissement for wind quintet, Op. 299b (1958); after the film score Gauguin, Op. 299
Quintet No. 1 for 2 violins, viola, cello and piano, Op. 312 (1950)
Quintet No. 2 for 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass, Op. 316 (1952)
Quintet No. 3 for 2 violins, 2 violas and cello, Op. 325 (1953–1954)
Quintet No. 4 for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos, Op. 350 (1956)
Wind Quintet, Op. 443 (1973)
Sextets and septets
String Sextet, Op. 368 (1958)
String Septet for 2 violins, 2 violas, 2 cellos and double bass, Op. 408 (1964); The second movement of the septet, entitled 'Etude in controlled chance' is a rare example of Milhaud embracing aleatoric compositional devices.
Keyboard
Organ
Sonata, Op. 112 (1931)
Pastorale, Op. 229 (1941)
9 Préludes, Op. 231b (1942); after the incidental music L'annonce faite à Marie, Op. 231
Petite suite, Op. 348 (1955)
Piano
Suite, Op. 8 (1913)
Mazurka (1914); published in L'Album des Six (1920)
Variations sur un thème de Cliquet, Op. 23 (1915)
Printemps, Book I, Op. 25 (1915–1919)
Sonata No. 1, Op. 33 (1916)
Printemps, Book II, Op. 66 (1919–1920)
Saudades do Brasil, Op. 67 (1920–1921); 12 pieces; also orchestrated
Caramel Mou, Op. 68 (1920); also arranged for voice and jazz band
3 Rag-Caprices, Op. 78 (1922); also orchestrated
Choral, Op. 111 (1930)
L'automne, Op. 115 (1932); 3 pieces
L'album de Madame Bovary, Op. 128b (1933); after the film music Madame Bovary, Op. 128
3 Valses, Op. 128c (1933); after the film music Madame Bovary, Op. 128
4 Romances sans paroles, Op. 129 (1933)
Promenade (Le tour de l'exposition), Op. 162 (1933, revised 1937)
Touches blanches, Easy Pieces, Op. 222 No. 1 (1941)
Touches noires, Easy Pieces, Op. 222 No. 2 (1941)
Choral (Hommage à Paderewski) (1941)
4 Ésquisses (4 Sketches), Op. 227 (1941); also orchestrated and for wind quintet
La libertadora, Op. 236 (1943); also for 2 pianos
La muse ménagère, Op. 245 (1944); 15 pieces; also orchestrated
Une journée, Op. 269 (1946); 5 pieces
Méditation, Op. 277 (1947)
L'enfant aime, Suite "A Child Loves", Op. 289 (1948); 5 pieces
Sonata No. 2, Op. 293 (1949)
Jeu, Op. 302 (c.1950); published in the album Les contemporains
Le candélabre à sept branches, Op. 315 (1951); 7 pieces
Accueil amical, 17 Pieces for Children, Op. 326 (1944–1948)
Hymne de glorification, Op. 331 (1953–1954)
La couronne de Marguerite (Valse en forme de rondo), Op. 353 (1956); orchestrated for the suite Variations sur le nom de Marguerite Long
Sonatina, Op. 354 (1956), 1956;
Le globe-trotter, Op. 358 (1956); 6 pieces; also orchestrated
Les charmes de la vie (Hommage à Watteau), Op. 360 (1957); also orchestrated
Six danses en trois mouvements, Op. 433 (1969–1970); also for 2 pianos
Piano 4-Hands
Enfantines, Suite after 3 poèmes de Jean Cocteau, Op. 59a (1920); 3 pieces
2 Pianos
Le bœuf sur le toit, Op. 58a (1919); after the ballet
Scaramouche, Suite, Op. 165b (1937); after the incidental music Le médécin volant, Op. 165
La libertadora, Op. 236a (1943); 5 pieces; also for piano
Les songes, Op. 237 (1943); 3 pieces; after the ballet, Op. 124 (1933)
Le bal martiniquais, Op. 249 (1944); 2 pieces; also orchestrated
Carnaval à la Nouvelle-Orléans, Op. 275 (1947); 4 pieces
Kentuckiana, divertissement sur 20 airs du Kentucky, Op. 287 (1948); also orchestrated
Six danses en trois mouvements, Op. 433 (1969–1970); also for piano
4 Pianos
Paris for 4 pianos, Op. 284 (1948); also orchestrated
Works for children
À propos de bottes, Musical Story for Children, for voice, mixed chorus and piano (or violin and cello), Op. 118 (1932); words by René Chalupt
Un petit peu de musique, Musical Play for children's chorus and piano, Op. 119 (1932); words by Armand Lunel
Un petit peu d'exercice, Musical Play for children's chorus and piano, Op. 133 (1934); words by Armand Lunel
Récréation, 4 children's songs for voice and piano, Op. 195 (1938); words by Jacqueline Kriéger
Sornettes, Op. 214 (1940); words by Frédéric Mistral
Deux chansons d'enfants (2 Children's Songs) for children's chorus and piano, Op. 217 (1940); words by Henri Fluchère
Cours de solfège
Papillon, papillonette!
Touches noirs, touches blanches for piano, Op. 222 (1941)
Acceuil amical (Friendly Welcome) for piano, Op. 326 (1944–1948)
Une journée for piano, Op. 269 (1946)
L'enfant aime (A Child Loves), 5 pieces for piano, Op. 289 (1948)
Service pour la veille du sabbat for children's chorus and organ, Op. 345 (1955); Biblical text
Choral
Psaume 136 for baritone, chorus and orchestra, Op. 53 No. 1 (1918); translation by Paul Claudel
Psaume 121 (a.k.a. Psaume 126 [Vulgata 126]) for male chorus a cappella, Op. 72 (1921); translation by Paul Claudel; written for the Harvard Glee Club after their 1921 tour of Europe
Cantate pour louer le Seigneur for soloists, chorus, children's chorus, organ and orchestra, Op. 103 (1928); text: Psalms 117, 121, 123, 150
2 Poèmes extraits de l'anthologie nègre de Blaise Cendrars for vocal quartet or chorus and chamber orchestra, Op. 113 (1932); text by Blaise Cendrars
2 Élégies romaines for female vocal quartet or female chorus, Op. 114 (1932); text by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
La mort du tyran for mixed chorus, flute, clarinet, tuba and percussion, Op. 116 (1932); text by Lampride, translation by D. Diderot
Adages, 16 songs for vocal quartet, chorus and chamber orchestra (or piano), Op. 120c (1932); words by André de Richaud
Devant sa main nue for female chorus or vocal quartet, Op. 122 (1933); words by Marcel Raval
Pan et la Syrinx, Cantata for soprano, baritone, mixed chorus, flute, oboe, alto saxophone, bassoon and piano, Op. 130 (1934); words principally by Paul Claudel
Les amours de Ronsard, 4 songs for mixed chorus or vocal quartet and chamber orchestra, Op. 132 (1934)
Cantique du Rhône, 4 songs for chorus or vocal quartet, Op. 155 (1936); words by Paul Claudel
Cantate de la paix for male chorus and children's chorus, Op. 166 (1937); words by Paul Claudel
Main tendue à tous for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 169 (1937); words by Charles Vildrac
Les deux cités, Cantata for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 170 (1937); words by Paul Claudel
Quatre chants populaires de Provence for mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 194 (1938)
3 Incantations for male chorus a cappella, Op. 201 (1939); Aztec poems by Alejo Carpentier
Quatrains valaisans for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 206 (1939); words by Rainer Maria Rilke
Cantate de la guerre for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 213 (1940); words by Paul Claudel
Borechou – Schema Israël (Bless Ye the Lord – O Hear, Israel) for cantor, chorus and organ, Op. 239 (1944); Biblical text
Kaddish (Prière pour les morts) for cantor, chorus and organ, Op. 250 (1945); Biblical text
Pledge to Mills for unison mixed chorus and piano, Op. 261 (1945); words by George Percy Hedley
6 Sonnets composés au secret for chorus or vocal quartet, Op. 266 (1946); text by Jean Cassou
Symphony No. 3 "Te Deum" for chorus and orchestra, Op. 271 (1946)
Service sacré pour le samedi matin for baritone, reciter, chorus and orchestra or organ, Op. 279 (1947); Biblical text
Lekha Dodi (L'choh dodi) for cantor, chorus and organ, Op. 290 (1948); text from the Jewish Sabbath evening liturgy
Naissance de Vénus, Cantata for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 292 (1949); words by Jules Supervielle
Barba Garibo, Cantata for mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 298 (1949–1950); words by Armand Lunel
Cantate des proverbes for female chorus, oboe, cello and harpsichord, Op. 310 (1950); Biblical text
Les miracles de la foi, Cantata for tenor, chorus and orchestra, Op. 314 (1951); Biblical text from Daniel
Le château de feu, Cantata for chorus and orchestra, Op. 338 (1954); text by Jean Cassou; written in memory of Jews killed during the war by the Nazis
3 Psaumes de David for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 339 (1954)
2 Poèmes de Louise de Vilmorin for chorus or vocal quartet, Op. 347 (1955); words by Louise Leveque de Vilmorin
Le mariage de la feuille et du cliché for soloists, chorus, orchestra and tape, Op. 357 (1956); text by Max Gérard, musique concrète by Pierre Henry
La tragédie humaine for chorus and orchestra, Op. 369 (1958); text by Agrippa d'Aubigné
8 Poèmes de Jorge Guillén for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 371 (1958); words by Jorge Guillén
Cantate de la croix de Charité for soloists, chorus, children's chorus and orchestra, Op. 381 (1959–1960); text by Loys Masson
Cantate sur des textes de Chaucer for chorus and orchestra, Op. 386 (1960); text by Geoffrey Chaucer
Cantate de l'initiation for mixed chorus and orchestra (or organ), Op. 388 (1960); Hebrew and French liturgical text
Traversée for mixed chorus, Op. 393 (1961); words by Paul Verlaine
Invocation à l'ange Raphaël, Cantata for double female chorus and orchestra, Op. 395 (1962); words by Paul Claudel
Caroles, Cantata for chorus and 4 instrumental groups, Op. 402 (1963); text by Charles d'Orléans
Pacem in terris, Choral Symphony for alto, baritone, chorus and orchestra, Op. 404 (1963); text by Pope John XXIII
Cantate de Job (Cantata from Job) for baritone, chorus and organ, Op. 413 (1965); Biblical text
Promesse de Dieu for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 438 (1971–1972); Biblical text
Les momies d'Égypte, Choral Comedy for mixed chorus a cappella, Op. 439 (1972); text by Jean-François Regnard
Ani maamin, un chant perdu et retrouvé for soprano, 4 reciter, chorus and orchestra, Op. 441 (1972); text by Elie Wiesel
Vocal
Solo voice
Cantique de Notre-Dame de Sarrance, Op. 29 (1915); words by Francis Jammes
Voice and organ
5 Prières for voice and organ (or piano), Op. 231c (1942); Latin liturgical texts adapted by Paul Claudel
Ecoutez mes enfants for voice and organ, Op. 359 (1957)
Voice and piano
Désespoir (1909); words by Armand Lunel
Poèmes de Francis Jammes, 2 Sets, Op. 1 (1910–1912); words by Francis Jammes
3 Poèmes de Léo Latil, Op. 2 (1910–1916); words by Léo Latil
Poèmes de Francis Jammes, Set 3, Op. 6 (1912); words by Francis Jammes
7 Poèmes de La connaissance de l'est, Op. 7 (1912–1913); words by Paul Claudel
Alissa, Song Cycle for soprano and piano, Op. 9 (1913, revised 1930); words by André Gide
3 Poèmes en prose de Lucile de Chateaubriand, Op. 10 (1913); words by Lucile de Chateaubriand
3 Poèmes romantiques, set 1, Op. 11 (1913–1914)
3 Poèmes romantiques, set 2, Op. 19 (1914)
4 Poèmes de Léo Latil, Op. 20 (1914); words by Léo Latil
Le château, Op. 21 (1914); cycle of 8 songs; words by Armand Lunel
Poème de Gitanjali, Op. 22 (1914); words by Rabindranath Tagore; translation by André Gide
4 Poèmes de Paul Claudel for baritone and piano, Op. 26 (1915–1917); words by Paul Claudel
D'un cahier inédit du journal d'Eugénie de Guérin, Op. 27 (1915); cycle of 3 songs; words by Eugénie de Guérin
L'arbre exotique, Op. 28 (1915); words by Chevalier Gosse
2 Poèmes d'amour, Op. 30 (1915); words by Rabindranath Tagore
2 Poèmes de Coventry Patmore, Op. 31 (1915); original English words by Coventry Patmore; translation by Paul Claudel
Poèmes juifs, Op. 34 (1916); 8 songs
Child Poems, Op. 36 (1916); 5 songs; words by Rabindranath Tagore
3 Poèmes, Op. 37 (1916); also with chamber orchestra; words by Christina Rossetti and Alice Meynell
Chanson bas, Op. 44 (1917); 8 songs; words by Stéphane Mallarmé
Dans les rues de Rio (2 versos cariocas de Paul Claudel), Op. 44a (1917); words by Paul Claudel
2 Poèmes de Rimbaud, Op. 45 (1917); words by Arthur Rimbaud
À la Toussaint (1911); words by Baronne de Grand Maison
4 Poèmes de Francis Jammes, Set 4, Op. 50 (1918); words by Francis Jammes
2 Petits airs, Op. 51 (1918); words by Stéphane Mallarmé
Poèmes de Francis Thompson, Op. 54 (1919); words by Francis Thompson; translation by Paul Claudel
Les soirées de Pétrograd, Op. 55 (1919); 12 songs; words by René Chalupt
3 Poèmes de Jean Cocteau, Op. 59 (1920); words by Jean Cocteau
Catalogue de fleurs for voice and piano or 7 instruments, Op. 60 (1920); words by Lucien Daudet
Feuilles de température, Op. 65 (1920); 3 songs; words by Paul Morand
Poème du journal intime de Léo Latil for baritone and piano, Op. 73 (1921); words by Léo Latil
6 Chants populaires hébraïques for voice and piano or orchestra, Op. 86 (1925)
Pièce de circonstance, Op. 90 (1926); words by Jean Cocteau
Impromptu, Op. 91 (1926); words by Jean Cocteau
Prières journalières à l'usage des juifs du Comtat Venaissin, Op. 96 (1927); 3 songs; Biblical text
Vocalise, Op. 105 (1928)
Quatrain à Albert Roussel, Op. 106 (1929); words by Francis Jammes
A Flower Given to My Child (1930); words by James Joyce
Le funeste retour (Chanson de marin sur un texte canadien du XVIIè siècle), Op. 123 (1933)
Liturgie comtadine: chants de Rosch Haschanah, 5 songs for voice and piano or chamber orchestra, Op. 125 (1933)
2 Chansons de Madame Bovary, Op. 128d (1933); words by Gustave Flaubert
Le cygne, Op. 142 (1935); 2 versions; words by Paul Claudel
Quatrain, Op. 143 (1935); words by Albert Flament
3 Chansons de négresse for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 148b (1935–1936); words by Jules Supervielle
Chansons de théâtre, Op. 151b (1936); 6 songs; words by Jules Supervielle, R. Lenormand, G. Pitoeff
3 Chansons de troubadour, Op. 152b (1936); words by Jean Valmy-Baisse
5 Chansons de Charles Vildrac for voice and piano or chamber orchestra, Op. 167 (1937); words by Charles Vildrac
Rondeau, Op. 178 (1937); words by Pierre Corneille
Airs populaires palestiniens, Op. 179 (1937)
Holem tsuadi
Gam hayom
Quatrain, Op. 180 (1937); words by Stéphane Mallarmé
La couronne de gloire, Cantata for voice and chamber ensemble (flute, trumpet, string quartet) or piano, Op. 211 (1940); words by Solomon ibn Gabirol, Armand Lunel
Le voyage d'été, Op. 216 (1940); words by Camille Paliard
4 Chansons de Ronsard for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 223 (1940); words by Pierre de Ronsard
5 Prières for voice and organ (or piano), Op. 231c (1942); Latin liturgical texts adapted by Paul Claudel
Rêves, Op. 233 (1942); anonymous 20th-century text
La libération des Antilles, Op. 246 (1944); words by Henri Hoppenot
Printemps lointain, Op. 253 (1944); words by Francis Jammes
Chants de misère, Op. 265 (1946); words by Camille Paliard
3 Poèmes, Op. 276 (1947); words by Jules Supervielle
Ballade nocturne, Op. 296 (1949); a movement from a collaborative work entitled Mouvements du cœur: Un hommage à la mémoire de Frédéric Chopin, 1849–1949; words by Louise de Vilmorin
Les temps faciles, Op. 305 (1950); words by Marsan
Petites légendes, Op. 319 (1952); words by Maurice Carême
Fontaines et sources for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 352 (1956); 6 songs; words by Francis Jammes
Tristesses, Op. 355 (1956); cycle of 24 songs; words by Francis Jammes
Préparatif à la mort en allégorie maritime, Op. 403 (1963); words by Agrippa d'Aubigné
L'amour chanté, Op. 409 (1964); 9 songs
Voice (or reciter) and ensemble
3 Poèmes, Op. 37 (1916); also with piano; words by Christina Rossetti and Alice Meynell
Le retour de l'enfant prodigue, cantata for 5 voices and chamber ensemble or 2 pianos, Op. 42 (1917); words by André Gide
Psaumes 136 et 129 for baritone and orchestra, Op. 53 (1918–1919); translation by Paul Claudel
Machines agricoles, 6 Pastorales for voice and chamber ensemble, Op. 56 (1919); Texts taken out of a catalogue for agricultural machines.
Catalogue de fleurs for voice and chamber ensemble (or piano), Op. 60 (1920); words by Lucien Daudet
Cocktail for voice and 3 clarinets, Op. 69 (1920); words by Larsen
4 Poèmes de Catulle for voice and violin, Op. 80 (1923); words by Catullus
6 Chants populaires hébraïques for voice and piano or orchestra, Op. 86 (1925)
3 Chansons de négresse for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 148b (1935–1936); words by Jules Supervielle
Liturgie comtadine: chants de Rosch Haschanah, 5 songs for voice and piano or chamber orchestra, Op. 125 (1933)
5 Chansons de Charles Vildrac for voice and piano or chamber orchestra, Op. 167 (1937); words by Charles Vildrac
Cantate nuptial for voice and orchestra, Op. 168 (1937); Biblical text from Song of Solomon
Cantate de l'enfant et de la mère for narrator, string quartet and piano, Op. 185 (1938); story by Maurice Carême
Les quatre éléments, Cantata for soprano and orchestra, Op. 189 (1938, revised 1956); words by Robert Desnos
La couronne de gloire, Cantata for voice and chamber ensemble (flute, trumpet, string quartet) or piano, Op. 211 (1940); words by Solomon ibn Gabirol, Armand Lunel
4 Chansons de Ronsard for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 223 (1940); words by Pierre de Ronsard
Caïn et Abel for reciter and orchestra, Op. 241 (1944); Biblical text from Genesis
Fontaines et sources, 6 songs for voice and orchestra or piano, Op. 352 (1956); words by Francis Jammes
Neige sur la fleuve for voice and chamber ensemble, Op. 391 (1961); words by Tsang Yung
Suite de quatrains, 18 poems for reciter and chamber ensemble, Op. 398 (1962); words by Francis Jammes
Adieu, Cantata for voice, flute, viola and harp, Op. 410 (1964); words by Arthur Rimbaud
Cantate de psaumes for baritone and orchestra, Op. 425 (1967); Psalms 129, 146, 147, 128, 127, 136 (Psalms 129 and 136 from Op. 53); translation by Paul Claudel
2 or more voices
2 Poèmes for vocal quartet, Op. 39 (1916–1918); text by Saint Léger, René Chalupt
2 Poèmes tupis, Op. 52 (1918); 4 female voices and hand-clapping; American Indian text
2 Élégies romaines, Op. 114 (1932); for 2 sopranos and 2 altos or female chorus; text by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Adam for soprano, 2 tenors and 2 baritones, Op. 411 (1964); text by Jean Cocteau
2 or more voices and piano
2 Poèmes du Gardener, Op. 35 (1916–1917); for 2 voices and piano; words by Rabindranath Tagore and Elisabeth Sainte-Marie Perrin
No. 34 de L'église habillée de feuilles, Op. 38 (1916); for vocal quartet and piano 6-hands; words by Francis Jammes
2 or more voices and ensemble
Pan et la Syrinx for soprano, baritone, vocal quartet and wind quartet and piano, Op. 130 (1934); words by Pierre-Antoine-Augustin de Piis, Paul Claudel
Cantate de l'Homme for vocal quartet, reciter and chamber ensemble, Op. 164 (1937); words by Robert Desnos
Prends cette rose for soprano, tenor and orchestra, Op. 183 (1937); words by Pierre de Ronsard
3 Élégies for soprano, tenor and string orchestra, Op. 199 (1939); words by Francis Jammes
Suite de sonnets, Cantata on 16th century verses for vocal quartet and chamber ensemble, Op. 401 (1963)
Hommage à Comenius, Cantata for soprano, baritone and orchestra, Op. 421 (1966); text by John Amos Comenius
Incidental music
Agamemnon, Op. 14 (1913–1914); L'Orestie d'Eschyle (Orestiean Trilogy No. 1) for soprano, male chorus and orchestra; Paul Claudel translation of the drama by Aeschylus; premiere 1927
Protée, Op. 17 (1913–1919); for chorus and orchestra; play by Paul Claudel; 2nd version, Op. 341
Les Choéphores, Op. 24 (1915); L'Orestie d'Eschyle (Orestiean Trilogy No. 2); Paul Claudel translation of the drama by Aeschylus; premiere 1919
L'Ours et la Lune (1918); play by Paul Claudel
L'annonce faite à Marie, Op. 117 (1932); for 4 voices and chamber orchestra; play by Paul Claudel; 2nd version, Op. 231
Le château des papes, Op. 120 (1932); for orchestra; play by André de Richaud
Se plaire sur la même fleur, Op. 131 (1934) for voice and piano; play by Moreno, translation by Casa Fuerte
Le cycle de la création, Op. 139 (1935); for voice, chorus and orchestra; play by Sturzo
Le faiseur, Op. 145 (1935) for flute, clarinet, saxophone and percussion; play by Honoré de Balzac
Bolivar, Op. 148 (1935–1936); for voice, chorus and chamber orchestra; play by Jules Supervielle
La folle du ciel, Op. 149 (1936); play by Henri-René Lenormand
Tu ne m'échapperas jamais, Op. 151 (1936); play by Margaret Kennedy
Bertran de Born, Op. 152a (1936); for soloists, chorus and orchestra; play by Valmy-Baisse
Le trompeur de Séville, Op. 152e (1937); play by André Obey
Le quatorze juillet, Op. 153 (1936); Introduction and Marche funèbre for finale of Act 1 only; play by Romain Rolland
Le conquérant, Op. 154 (1936); for chamber orchestra; play by Jean Mistler
Amal, ou La lettre du roi, Op. 156 (1936); for piano, violin and clarinet; play by Rabindranath Tagore and André Gide
Le voyageur sans bagage (The Traveller without Luggage), Op. 157 (1936); for piano, violin and clarinet; play by Jean Anouilh
Jules César, Op. 158 (1936); for flute, clarinet (or saxophone), trumpet, tuba and percussion; play by William Shakespeare
La duchesse d'Amalfi, Op. 160 (1937); for oboe, clarinet and bassoon; Henri Fluchère after John Webster
Roméo et Juliette, Op. 161 (1937); for oboe, clarinet and bassoon; Simone Jollivet play after Pierre Jean Jouve and William Shakespeare
Liberté, Op. 163 (1937); Overture and Interlude only
Le médecin volant, Op. 165 (1937); for piano and clarinet (or saxophone); play by Charles Vildrac after Molière
Naissance d'une cité, Op. 173 (1937); 2 songs for voice and piano (or orchestra); words by Jean Richard Bloch
Chanson du capitaine
Java de la femme
Macbeth, Op. 175 (1937); for flute, clarinet, bassoon, violin, cello, trumpet and percussion; play by William Shakespeare
Hécube, Op. 177 (1937); for flute, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet and percussion; André de Richaud translation of the drama by Euripides
Plutus, Op. 186 (1938); for voice and orchestra; Simone Jollivet translation of the drama by Aristophanes
Tricolore, Op. 190 (1938); play by Pierre Lestringuez
Le bal des voleurs, Op. 192 (1938); for clarinet and saxophone; play by Jean Anouilh
La première famille, Op. 193 (1938); play by Jules Supervielle
Hamlet, Op. 200 (1939); play by Jules Laforgue
Un petit ange de rien du tout, Op. 215 (1940); play by Claude-André Puget
L'annonce faite à Marie, Op. 231 (1942); 2nd version of Op. 117; play by Paul Claudel
Lidoire, Op. 264 (1946); play by Georges Courteline
La maison de Bernarda Alba, Op. 280 (1947); play by Federico García Lorca
Shéhérazade, Op. 285 (1948); play by Jules Supervielle
Le jeu de Robin et Marion, Op. 288 (1948); for voice, flute, clarinet, saxophone, violin and cello; adapted from Adam de la Halle
Le conte d'hiver, Op. 306 (1950); Claude-André Puget translation of the Shakespeare play
Christophe Colomb, Op. 318 (1952); for chorus and orchestra; play by Paul Claudel
Saül, Op. 334 (1954); play by André Gide
Protée, Op. 341 (1955); 2nd version of Op. 17; play by Paul Claudel
Juanito, Op. 349 (1955); play by Pierre Humblot
Mother Courage, Op. 379 (1959); play by Bertolt Brecht
Judith , Op. 392 (1961); play by Jean Giraudoux
Jérusalem à Carpentras, Op. 419 (1966); play by Armand Lunel
L'histoire de Tobie et Sarah, Op. 426 (1968); play by Paul Claudel
Miscellaneous stage works
La sagesse, Stage Spectacle for 4 voices, reciter, mixed chorus and orchestra, Op. 141 (1935); words by Paul Claudel
Fête de la musique, Light and Water Spectacle, Op. 159 (1937); words by Paul Claudel
Vézelay, la colline éternelle, Op. 423 (1967)
Film scores
The Beloved Vagabond (1915)
Le roi de Camargue (1921); music also by Henri Sauguet; directed by André Hugon
L'Inhumaine (1924); directed by Marcel L'Herbier
Actualités, Op. 104 (1928)
La p'tite Lilie, Op. 107 (1929); directed by Alberto Cavalcanti
Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan (1932); directed by Luis Buñuel
Hallo Everybody, Op. 126 (1933); Dutch documentary short; directed by Hans Richter
Madame Bovary, Op. 128 (1933); directed by Jean Renoir
L'hippocampe, Op. 137 (1934); directed by Jean Painlevé
Tartarin de Tarascon, Op. 138 (1934); based on the novel by Alphonse Daudet; directed by Raymond Bernard
Voix d'enfants, Op. 146 (1935); directed by Reynaud
Le vagabond bien-aimé (The Beloved Vagabond), Op. 150 (1936); directed by Curtis Bernhardt
Mollenard, Op. 174 (composed 1937); film released in 1938; directed by Robert Siodmak
La citadelle du silence (The Citadel of Silence), Op. 176 (1937); collaboration with Arthur Honegger; directed by Marcel L'Herbier
Grands feux, Op. 182 (1937); directed by Alexandre Alexeieff
La conquête du ciel, Op. 184 (1937); directed by Hans Richter
La tragédie impériale (a.k.a. Rasputin), Op. 187 (1938); directed by Marcel L'Herbier
Les otages (The Mayor's Dilemma), Op. 196 (1938); directed by Raymond Bernard
The Islanders, Op. 198 (1939); directed by Maurice Harvey
L'espoir (Days of Hope or Man's Hope), Op. 202 (1939); written and directed by André Malraux and Boris Peskine
Cavalcade d'amour (Love Cavalcade), Op. 204 (1939); collaboration with Arthur Honegger; directed by Raymond Bernard
Gulf Stream, Op. 208 (1939); directed by Alexandre Alexeieff
The Private Affairs of Bel Ami, Op. 272 (1946); directed by Albert Lewin
Dreams That Money Can Buy, Op. 273 (1947); Ruth, Roses and Revolvers sequence only; directed by Hans Richter
Gauguin, Op. 299 (1950); directed by Alain Resnais; used in Pictura (1951), co-directed by Resnais
La vie commence demain (Life Begins Tomorrow), Op. 304 (1950); music also by Manuel Rosenthal; written and directed by Nicole Védrès
Ils étaient tous des volontaires, Op. 336 (1954)
Rentrée des classes (1956); film short; directed by Jacques Rozier
Celle qui n'était plus (Histoire d'une folle), Op. 364 (1957); directed by G. Colpi
Péron et Evita, Op. 372 (1958); historical TV documentary narrated by Walter Cronkite
Burma Road and the Hump, Op. 375 (1959); historical TV documentary narrated by Walter Cronkite
Paul Claudel, Op. 427 (1968); directed by A. Gillet
Radio scores
Voyage au pays du rêve, Op. 203 (1939)
Le grand testament, Op. 282 (1948)
La fin du monde, Op. 297 (1949); by Blaise Cendrars
Le repos du septième jour, Op. 301 (1950); by Paul Claudel
Samaël, Op. 321 (1953); by André Spire
Le dibbouk, Op. 329 (1953); by S. Ansky
Electroacoustic music
Étude poétique, Op. 333 (1954)
La rivière endormie (1954)
Collaborations
L'Album des Six
Genesis Suite
Homage to Paderewski
Milhaud, Darius
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5446800
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Veterinary%20Service
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State Veterinary Service
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The State Veterinary Service (SVS) was, from 1938 to 2007, an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), a department of the Government of the United Kingdom. It was the government's delivery agent, responsible for animal health and welfare in England, Scotland and Wales.
The State Veterinary Department was set up in 1865 in response to an outbreak of rinderpest in London. The State Veterinary Service was established in 1938, and was overseen by the Chief Veterinary Officer. On 1 April 2007 State Veterinary Service joined with Egg Marketing Inspectorate, Dairy Hygiene Inspectorate and Wildlife Licensing and Registration Service to create a new enlarged agency called Animal Health.
References
Agricultural organisations based in the United Kingdom
Defunct executive agencies of the United Kingdom government
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Health in Worcestershire
Organisations based in Worcestershire
Science and technology in Worcestershire
Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom
Veterinary organizations
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58057226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Burch
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Anna Burch
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Anna Burch () is an American singer-songwriter from Detroit, Michigan.
Career
Burch spent her early years as a touring musician as part of Frontier Ruckus, until she decided to take a break from music to attend grad school in Chicago. Her musical hiatus ended in 2014 when she moved back to Detroit and continued singing in Frontier Ruckus while beginning to co-front Failed Flowers. While participating in these groups, Burch wrote songs and recorded phone demos, her first solo release being a split single with Stef Chura. With the encouragement and help of friend and Chicago musician Paul Cherry, her demos eventually turned into the full band recordings of her debut album.
Burch signed to Polyvinyl Records in 2017 after PV artist Fred Thomas, formerly of Saturday Looks Good To Me, sent demos to the label with the note "This is not a drill. You need to hear this." Burch released singles "2 Cool to Care," "Asking 4 a Friend," "Tea Soaked Letter," and finally "Quit the Curse," which premiered on Noisey days before her debut full-length, Quit the Curse, was released on February 2, 2018. Following the album's release, Burch shared a music video for "With You Every Day," which premiered on The Fader.
In April 2020, Burch released her second album, If You're Dreaming. Spring North American and summer European tours were announced in support of the album, but were postponed to spring 2021 and fall 2020 respectively due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Musical style
Pitchfork has described Anna Burch as an artist who "cuts with her folk-rock past and turns to 1960s-indebted indie pop and 1990s-schooled alt-rock hooks." As she told Billboard, Burch cites Elliott Smith and Alvvays as major influences for Quit the Curse.
Discography
Studio Albums
Quit the Curse (2018)
If You’re Dreaming (2020)
Singles
"2 Cool 2 Care" (2017)
"Asking 4 a Friend" (2017)
"Not So Bad" (2020)
"Party's Over" (2020)
References
External links
Anna Burch
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Musicians from Detroit
American indie pop musicians
American indie rock musicians
American women rock singers
Heavenly Recordings artists
21st-century American women
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2242648
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley%20Student%20Cooperative
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Berkeley Student Cooperative
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The Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC) (formerly known as University Students' Cooperative Association or the USCA) is a student housing cooperative serving primarily UC Berkeley students, but open to any full-time post-secondary student. The BSC houses and/or feeds over 1,300 students in 17 houses and three apartment buildings. Food is provided to residents of the 17 houses, which also offer boarding meal plans to non-residents. As part of their rental agreement, residents of the houses are required to perform workshifts, typically five hours per week. The BSC is led by a board of directors which is primarily composed of and elected by student members.
History
In the beginning of 1933, to meet the need for affordable student housing during the Great Depression, Berkeley YMCA director Harry Lees Kingman inspired a group of students to start the first cooperative house in Berkeley, where student would do work-shifts in exchange for common food and lower rent. The house would be based on Rochdale Principles, which include: democratic control, common purchase of the cheapest available produce, open membership, market prices charged, political neutrality, limited interest on any invested capital, and return of savings to members in return for their investment. A rooming house became the first unit, with ten students becoming the first members and twelve more joining before the end of the semester.
In the fall of 1933, the students leased from Sigma Nu a Northside fraternity house, it became the original Barrington Hall housing 48 students. The following year, another fraternity house was leased, this time on Southside, it became Sheridan Hall housing 100 students. The two joined together to form the University of California Students' Cooperative Association (UCSCA). In 1935, the Sigma Nu lease was allowed to expire and instead UCSCA leased Berkeley's largest apartment building located at 2315 Dwight Way, housing 200 members and took on the name Barrington Hall. USCA's third house opened the following year, a former inn on Northside Ridge street became Stebbins Hall, the first female unit housing 82 members. Next, Sherman Hall originally a sorority, Oxford a large apartment building and Atherton a smaller house next to Barington, were opened. Oxford would house 112 members and also became a central-kitchen, supplying daily meals to almost all of the houses.
As the US entered World War II the number of male students dropped significantly and Sherman and Atherton stopped operating. As California began forcefully relocating Japanese Americans from their homes, USCA agreed to assist and take over the lease on the Japanese Student Club's building. It became Lexington Hall, housing around 30 women prior to its return in 1948. On the other hand, Barrington Hall was temporarily rented to the Navy resulting in Oxford becoming the sole male residence. While previously deteriorating, under Navy's control Barrington underwent complete physical renovation.
Right after World War II, the UCSCA purchased Ridge House, formerly a mansion, and the year after that – Cloyne Court Hotel. Both properties were bought to house men as there was a sharp increase in the student population caused by the GI Bill. There would be 51 students at Ridge House and 150 at Cloyne Court Hotel. Several years later a former Inn was purchased, similar in structure and size, like Stebbins it was converted to an all female house. Several years later, due to changes in state law, the association could no longer have University of California in its name, and changed its name to the University Students' Cooperative Association (USCA). A smaller house – Kidd hall was purchased in 1960, and in 1966, USCA opened one of the first co-ed student housing projects in the nation – the Ridge Project.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Berkeley saw a decline in the popularity of the Greek System, which allowed the USCA to purchase defunct sororities which became Davis House, Andres Castro Arms, and Wolf House. The 1970s saw the opening of Lothlorien Hall, a vegetarian theme house, and Kingman Hall, both of which formerly housed New Age communities. Lothlorien was previously leased to the One World Family Commune and Kingman Hall was owned by the Berkeley Living Love Center. This decade also saw the construction and opening of the Rochdale Village Apartments, one of BSC's three apartment facilities. The others are Fenwick Weaver's Village and the Northside Apartments. BSC also owns two graduate and re-entry student houses, the Convent and Hillegass/Parker House, formerly Le Chateau. In 1987, due to its confusion with the Ridge House and the negative connotation of the word "project," the Ridge Project's name was changed to Casa Zimbabwe.
In 1989, the members of the USCA voted to close Barrington Hall, its largest co-op, in reaction to complaints from neighbors and problems with the city. The following decade also saw the opening of two new theme houses: the African American Theme House, opened in response to the university's closing of all of its theme houses; and, in 1999, Oscar Wilde House. Oscar Wilde House is a former fraternity house, which the USCA was able to buy due to the continuing decline in the popularity of the Greek system in Berkeley.
In 2007, to make itself easier to find online, and to reflect a membership that also includes community college students, the organization changed its name to the Berkeley Student Cooperative (BSC).
Governance
The BSC is governed by a board of directors with 28 voting members. Each of the 17 houses and 3 apartment complexes elects a representative to a 12-month term approximately corresponding the UC Berkeley academic year. Larger houses may have up to 4 representatives. The BSC Alumni Association and Employees Association also each have one representative. At the recommendation of the President, the Board may also seat 1–2 members of the BSC Alumni Association and/or the UC Berkeley faculty as additional Board members. Most decisions are made by majority vote.
The President and Vice presidents, who run committees that screen proposals for the Board, are student members elected by the board to 1-year terms. The BSC also has a permanent staff of approximately 20, including maintenance, office, and food warehouse employees. Staff supervises student managers who handle day-to-day management at the houses and apartment complexes. These managers are elected by their individual houses. Each house also holds councils every week or every other week to set house level policies and allocate house level budgets.
Central co-op services
In front of the Casa Zimbabwe building are the BSC's Central Office and the Central Kitchen and Central Maintenance facilities. Central Office handles all of the applications to BSC and determines where members will be placed. Placement is based on applicants eligibility, how long they have been a member of BSC, the member's preferences, and the number of vacancies in their preferred house(s). Central Kitchen handles and delivers the food orders for all of the houses but not the apartments. Food orders are handled on the house level by the Food or Kitchen Managers. Central Kitchen also handles the supply orders for all of the houses, such as toilet paper and cleaning supplies, as well as the furniture orders for both the houses and the apartments. Central Maintenance is responsible for major work on the houses, including major projects or renovations. Most minor work is handled by house Maintenance Managers. Permanent staff of the BSC is organized into a collective bargaining unit known as the Employee Association.
Priority for disadvantaged students
The BSC offers priority to students in the UC Berkeley Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) (or equivalent at their respective college or university), students with disabilities, transfer students, undocumented students, and international students studying abroad at a University of California campus.
Sustainability
At the house or apartment complex level, residents have the option of electing a "WRM" Waste-reduction Manager. These managers are responsible for recycling plastics, glass, paper, cardboard as well as composting. Waster-reduction Managers usually maintain color-coded bins, post information sheets and hold workshops/seminars to help residents make sustainable choices. WRMs can fine residents who do not follow house/apartment sustainability policies. The BSC also incorporates food waste reduction strategies into its food management system, by coordinating collections of compost. Cooperative living is sustainable in the sense that group living involves shared meals and facilities that can contribute to less waste, reduction in resource use, and collaboration in sustainable efforts.
Properties
The BSC currently operates 20 houses and apartments (of which it owns 16), housing and/or feeding over 1300 students and ranging from small houses of 17 residents to large houses of over 100 residents. The BSC also owns the former site of Barrington Hall, which it leases to a for-profit landlord.
Historical buildings
BSC properties date back as far as 1904 with several of the buildings are considered to be architectural highlights of the city. Two of them are now considered as architectural landmarks: Cloyne Court built in 1904 and designated by National Register of Historic Places in 1992, and Kingman Hall built in 1914 and designated by Berkeley Landmark Preservation in 1999. BSC's other notable buildings include Ridge House designed by John Galen Howard, and three buildings designed by architect Julia Morgan - Davis Hall, Wolf House and African American Theme House (Castro).
Ridge House
The Ridge House is a faux Tudor mansion built in 1906 during the Beaux-Arts architecture movement by John Galen Howard. Who was supervising architect of the Master Plan for the University of California, Berkeley campus, and founding the University of California's architecture program. Among his buildings are the Campanile, California Memorial Stadium, Sather Gate, and the Hearst Greek Theatre. He was also the architect of another BSC house - Cloyne Court Hotel. The Ridge House is located in Northside, one block North of the university. It sits atop Holy Hill, the area in the vicinity of a five-way intersection surrounded on all sides by churches and seminaries, such as Graduate Theological Union. It was built for University's economics and political science professor Adolf Miller and changed hands several times before being bought by the BSC in 1945; where it now houses 38 students. Although retrofitted for the student housing, there are still working fireplaces, exposed, half-timber redwood beams, along with a secret stairway.
Davis House, Wolf House and Person of Color Theme House
Julia Morgan was the first woman architect licensed in California, and her first employment was with Howard assisting him with the University of California Master Plan; she was the primary designer for the Hearst Greek Theatre. During this time she was also the architect of three building owned by the BSC - Davis House, Wolf House and Person of Color Theme House (formerly known as Andres Castro Arms).
Davis House is located at 2833 Bancroft Steps, Southside of campus, on a pedestrian pathway between it and the Alpha Phi sorority, also being close to International House and California Memorial Stadium. It holds 36 residents and is considered to be the finest residence at BCS. Referred to as "the retirement home, " as it is occupied by co-opers who have been part of the BSC system for the longest time. The building was originally built in 1913 as the Richard Clark house, a single-family mansion, built for the family of Richard Clark an associate of William Randolph Hearst. The beautiful interiors are described by Sara Holmes Boutelle in her book Julia Morgan: Architect: "Morgan gave free play to her love of complexity in the wood-paneled living room, dining room, and library, all of which have fireplaces with elaborate mantels. The living-room mantel is carved of oak, showing acorns, leaves, birds, and squirrels; another has classical details; brackets in the hall and on yet another fireplace, in the library, repeat the Tudor rose." With the completion of Memorial Stadium in 1923 and the International House in 1929, the neighborhood transferred from one of quiet, expensive mansions into a student-oriented neighborhood dominated by sorority and fraternity houses. At some point the house became a sorority Alpha Xi Delta and several additions were made to the building, including a sleeping porch with a deck above that features an expansive view of San Francisco Bay and the Golden Gate Bridge. In 1960s, the popularity of the Greek system in Berkeley saw a steady decline. Many sorority and fraternity houses were forced to close for want of members, including Davis. In 1969, BSC purchased the building, one of several former Greek houses it acquired during this era. Davis Hall opened to residents in January 1970. Like all co-ops, each member had a five-hour work shift every week, and for seven of the members, cooking dinner was the shift, at the time this stood out from the other houses who's food was delivered from the central kitchen.
Wolf House houses 29 residents, located one house down from Piedmont Avenue, between the Wright Institute and Kappa Kappa Gamma, and two blocks from the University of California. It can be considered as part of the 'frat row' on the Southside area of Berkeley, area dominated by sororities and fraternities. Built for the Rector of St. Mark's Church, the Rev. Edward L. Parsons, in 1905 and originally situated just east of Telegraph Avenue on Durant at 2532. In 1915, with the commercialization of Telegraph, the family of Rev. Parsons decided to have the house moved up Durant Avenue to 2732. The front porch became enclosed and under Morgan's supervision the location of the front door changed to fit the lot. In 1924, when Rev. Parsons became the Episcopal Bishop of California, the family moved to San Francisco, the house was first rented and later sold. It was the location of a sorority before being bought by BSC in 1974. In 2002, to make the building accessible to disabled residents, BSC added a ramp that ran the length of the house along Durant to the front door, bisecting the front stairs.
Person of Color Theme House (Castro) houses 56 residents and is located at 2310 Prospect Street close to Davis house, on the other side of Alpha Phi. Its most distinguishing external feature is the three-story red brick staircase leading up to the Warring Street entrance. Built in 1911, It was designed in the Mediterranean style for metallurgist Charles Washington Merrill, with the view of the bay being the centerpiece of its design. It originally featured an S-shaped driveway running up the steep hill to the house and the interior was elaborately decorated with redwood, pine and oak paneling, similar to the interior of Davis. This changed in 1930s, when the house was bought by the Zeta Tau Alpha sorority, which stripped the interiors of the woodwork and enclosed the front porch in glass. In the 1950s, it added a northwest wing. Eventually, like other Greek houses in ZTA was unable to attract enough members to remain open. BSC purchased the building in 1971, and decided to name the house in honor of long-time central kitchen cook Andres Castro, who was seriously ill at the time, but later recovered. It became Person of Color Theme House (Castro) in 2016.
Houses
Apartments
All BSC apartment units are wheelchair accessible.
Defunct co-ops
The following facilities were once owned and/or operated by the BSC, but are now closed or otherwise defunct.
Rooming house on the Southside (Spring 1933)
The first Barrington Hall (1933–1935)
Second Barrington Hall (1935–1943; 1950–1989)
Sheridan Hall (1934–1943)
Atherton (1937–~1942)
Oxford Hall (1938–1977), original location of Central Kitchen (CK), leased until purchase in 1963
The first Kingman Hall (Likely the late 1930s–1946) (same location as the first Barrington Hall)
Lexington Hall (1942–1948), leased from the Japanese Students Club in response to the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II; building later purchased and became Euclid Hall
The first Rochdale (1943–1945), a 16-woman leasehold house
House in San Francisco's Buena Vista neighborhood (1944–1957)
Eisenfitz, Clod-haven, and Ridge Annex (1959–1960)
Le Chateau (1977–2005), converted to Hillegass-Parker House in response to lawsuit
Famous BSC alumni
Beverly Cleary (1936–1938, Stebbins Hall), author of children's books, most notably the Ramona series
Narsai David (1953–1955, Cloyne Court), chief, author and food correspondent for KCBS AM radio in San Francisco
Andreas Floer (1983–1985, Barrington Hall), German-American mathematician, Floer homology
Nathan Huggins (1952–1954, Oxford Hall), the first W. E. B. Du Bois Professor of History and Afro-American Studies and Director of the Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research at Harvard University
Ed Masuga (1999–2002, Le Chateau), singer, musician, and songwriter
Norman Mineta (1949–1950, Ridge House), United States Secretary of Transportation under President George W. Bush, namesake of the San Jose International Airport
Peter Montgomery (1967–1971, Cloyne Court), Mathematician
Gordon Moore (1950, Cloyne Court), Intel co-founder
Leon F. Litwack (1948-1951, boarder, Oxford House, Ridge House and Cloyne Court), Pulitzer Prize winner, former University of California, Berkeley History Professor
Nancy Skinner (California politician), Barrington Hall
See also
Berkeley Student Food Collective (BSFC)
Network of Bay Area Worker Cooperatives (NoBAWC)
North American Students of Cooperation (NASCO)
Notes
References
External links
The Green Book—a collection of BSC history.
Cooperatives in the San Francisco Bay Area
Organizations based in Berkeley, California
Student housing cooperatives in the United States
Student organizations established in 1933
1933 establishments in California
History of Berkeley, California
Residential buildings in Alameda County, California
University of California, Berkeley
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68228428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20combat%20helmets
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List of combat helmets
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Ancient militaries
Medieval and early modern
See also headgear listing within Components of medieval armour.
1914–1980
1980–present
See also
Combat helmet
References
Headgear
Medieval helmets
Military uniforms
Body armor
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19017877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nied%C5%BAwied%C5%BA%2C%20Krak%C3%B3w%20County
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Niedźwiedź, Kraków County
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Niedźwiedź is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słomniki, within Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately south of Słomniki and north-east of the regional capital Kraków.
The village has a population of 662.
References
Villages in Kraków County
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29418333
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%20D%27Rozario
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June D'Rozario
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June D'Rozario (born 16 June 1949) is an Australian urban planner and former politician.
|}
She was born in Lucknow, India and is of Anglo-Indian descent. D'Rozario studied planning at the University of South Australia, before joining the State Planning Office. After Cyclone Tracy in 1974, she moved to Darwin, Northern Territory to assist with the reconstruction effort.
In 1977, she was elected as a Labor member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, unexpectedly defeating Executive Member for Law Liz Andrew in the seat of Sanderson. She held the seat until her defeat by Daryl Manzie at the 1983 election.
D'Rozario currently runs a Town & Regional Planning practice in Darwin, Northern Territory. She has been an urban planner in Darwin since 1973. She is a Fellow, and a National Councillor, of the Planning Institute of Australia (PIA). In 2001 she was awarded a Centenary Medal for services to urban planning and city development.
She is a member of the Board of Management of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, a Commissioner of the Australian Heritage Commission, a member of the National Population Council, and a member of the Board of the Australia-India Council.
References
1949 births
Living people
Australian people of Anglo-Indian descent
Politicians of Indian descent
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Australian Labor Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Lucknow
People from Darwin, Northern Territory
Indian emigrants to Australia
Women members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Indian expatriates in Australia
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36676263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz%20Mazur
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Kazimierz Mazur
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Kazimierz Mazur (8 February 1930 – 27 May 2000) was a Polish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
References
1930 births
2000 deaths
Polish male modern pentathletes
Olympic modern pentathletes of Poland
Modern pentathletes at the 1960 Summer Olympics
People from Chojnice County
Sportspeople from Pomeranian Voivodeship
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13118522
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimon%20Jordan
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Raimon Jordan
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Raimon Jordan (fl. c. 1178–1195) was a Toulousain troubadour and the viscount of Saint-Antonin in the Rouergue near the boundary with Quercy. His poetry was in Old Occitan.
There is a vida of Jordan which exists in several manuscripts, some with an accompanying razo. Like typical vidas, it tell us where he was from and whom he loved. He was from Pena d'Albeges (modern Penne). At some point he had a love affair with Elis (Lucia) de Montfort, wife of Guillem de Gordon (c. 1165) and then Bernart de Casnac (c. 1214). This affair was originally in a vida of Bertran de Born, but it was cut out and placed in Jordan's own vida-razo at a later date.
Jordan was a contemporary of Bertran and partook with him in the Revolt of 1173–1174 as a partisan of Henry the Young King against Henry Curtmantle, Duke of Aquitaine and King of England. He may have received a near fatal wound on the same campaign in which the Young King died in 1183. Jordan's own wife fell in with "heretics" (ereges), certainly Cathars, though one document calls them Patarics.
Of Jordan's literary output, twelve poems survive. They include eleven cansos and one tenso (and possibly a sirventes). The incipit found at the end of a razo introducing one of his cansos says maintas bonas chansos fetz: "he made many good cansos." The melody of Jordan's Vas vos soplei, domna, premieramen also survives. It was copied by the later troubadour Peire Cardenal for his Rics homs que greu ditz vertat e leu men. The most recent modern edition of his works is Il trovatore Raimon Jordan edited by Stefano Asperti (Modena: Mucchi, 1990).
Jordan's work is generally ahistorical and his poetry "suggests a jazz musician working over well-worn themes to move inexorably deeper into the poetic imagination." His innovations have led to comparisons with Thelonious Monk. Though Jordan is not usually regarded as a master by modern standards, the Monge de Montaudon, writing in the 1190s in the generation after him, gave him a high place in his Pos Peire d'Alvernh'a cantat. Jordan was one of the early troubadours to employ the mythology of the "wild man" in his poems. He refers to the "solace of the savage" (aissi farai lo conort del salvatge) and remarks that the expectation of joy makes him brave and that therefore he should better enjoy the snowfall rather than the blossoming of the flowers. In general Jordan's poetry emphasises the accompanying suffering of love and the stoic embrace of the suffering as a necessary consequence to be endured. The sufferings of love were compared to the buffeting of a tempestuous sea, a metaphor which was common enough in the literature of the time, when the sea was typically viewed as dangerous:
Com hom e mar quan se sent perilhar
Que dins son cor sospir'e dels olhs plora
E contra.l vent non pot nul genh trobar . . .
In another passage, Jordan explains that his song is an "interpreter" of his sorrows to the lady for whom he is suffering:
Si saubes cilh don m'agr'ops mantenensa
Tan coralmen me destrenho.l cossir, . . .
Mas ma chansos li sera latiniers,
A leis per cui fatz tan greu abstenensa.
Indeed, his devotion to a lady knew no bounds and he was a sacrilegious poet. In one of his more famous passages he exclaims that he would give up eternity in Paradise for one night with a certain lady:
Que tan la desir e volh
Que, s'er'en coita de mort,
Non queri'a a Deu tan fort
Que lai el seu paradis
M'aculhis
Com que'm des lezer
D'una noit ab leis jazer.
Jordan wrote one canso for performance by women. In it he attacks the misogyny of earlier troubadours (antic trobadors) who have "slandered and misled women in their love poems". The song also attacks a satirist for "adopting the manner of a preacher" for the express purpose of criticising women publicly. In the last stanza of the canso, the female performer says:
Otherwise, his work is characterised by "striking feudal metaphors."
References
Archer, Robert. "Symbolic Metaphor and Reading-Processes in Ausiàs March". The Modern Language Review, 77:1 (January 1982), pp. 89–99.
Aubrey, Elizabeth. "References to Music in Old Occitan Literature". Acta Musicologica, 61:2 (May - August 1989), pp. 110–149.
Boase, Roger. "The 'Penitents of Love' and the Wild Man in the Storm: A Passage by the Knight of La Tour-Landry". The Modern Language Review, 84:4 (October 1989), pp. 817–833.
Gaunt, Simon. "Review of Il trovatore Raimon Jordan by Stefano Asperti", in The Modern Language Review, 87:4 (October 1992), pp. 970–971.
Gaunt, Simon. "Sexual Difference and the Metaphor of Language in a Troubadour Poem". The Modern Language Review, 83:2 (April 1988), pp. 297–313.
Léglu, Catherine. "Did women perform satirical poetry? Trobairitz and Soldadeiras in Medieval Occitan poetry." Forum for Modern Language Studies. 37:1 (January 2001), pp. 15–25.
Perrin, Robert H. "Descant and Troubadour Melodies: A Problem in Terms". Journal of the American Musicological Society, 16:3 (Autumn 1963), pp. 313–324.
Poe, Elizabeth W. "At the Boundary between Vida and Razo: The Biography of Raimon Jordan". Neophilologus, 72:2 (April 1988), pp. 316–319.
Sargent, Barbara Nelson. "Parody in Aucassin et Nicolette: Some Further Considerations". The French Review, 43:4 (March 1970), pp. 597–605.
Schutz, A. H. "Where Were the Provençal "Vidas" and "Razos" Written?" Modern Philology, 35:3 (February 1938), pp. 225–232.
Stäblein, Patricia Harris. "Review of Il trovatore Raimon Jordan by Stefano Asperti", in Speculum, 69:1 (January 1994), pp. 238–241.
Notes
External links
12th-century French troubadours
Occitan nobility
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain
People from Toulouse
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61178875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doornfontein%20Synagogue
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Doornfontein Synagogue
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The Doornfontein Synagogue or Lions Synagogue is the oldest synagogue still in use in Johannesburg, South Africa.
The synagogue is located at 120 Siemert Road, New Doornfontein, two blocks from Ellis Park Stadium. To the left of the synagogue was a Jewish Community Center, which was added in the 1950s as part of an extension to the building. This was later sold off and converted for other uses as the congregation's membership resettled to other suburbs. The synagogue was led by Rabbi Ilan Herrmann until 2017. Herrmann had served the congregation for the last 18 years. Today, the synagogue usually has about 60 congregants for weekly Shabbat services and about 200 congregants for the High Holy Days. Most current congregants live outside of Doornfontein, in Sandton, Morningside and Highlands North.
History
The neighbourhood of Doornfontein was founded in 1886, and after wealthy residents moved to more affluent neighbourhoods in the aftermath of the Anglo-Boer War, Doornfontein became popular with Jewish immigrants from the United Kingdom and Western Europe. Beit Street in Doornfontein was once the commercial hub of the neighborhood, with Kosher butchers and other Jewish merchants. During the 1880s, religious services were held at the nearby Rand Club and at private residences.
The Lions Synagogue was the third synagogue to be built in the neighborhood. It was built in 1905 at a cost of £4,000 and nicknamed the "Lions Synagogue" (also commonly known as Lions Shul) after the two cast iron lions watching over either side of the entrance. The architect was Morrie Jacob Harris. A fire damaged the building in 1930. It has been completely restored, but the original look has therefore changed.
References
Buildings and structures in Johannesburg
Synagogues in South Africa
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1596114
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20membrane%20attack%20complex
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Complement membrane attack complex
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The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector of the immune system. Antibody-mediated complement activation leads to MAC deposition on the surface of infected cells. Assembly of the MAC leads to pores that disrupt the cell membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death.
The MAC is composed of the complement components C5b, C6, C7, C8 and several C9 molecules.
A number of proteins participate in the assembly of the MAC. Freshly activated C5b binds to C6 to form a C5b-6 complex, then to C7 forming the C5b-6-7 complex. The C5b-6-7 complex binds to C8, which is composed of three chains (alpha, beta, and gamma), thus forming the C5b-6-7-8 complex. C5b-6-7-8 subsequently binds to C9 and acts as a catalyst in the polymerization of C9.
Structure and function
MAC is composed of a complex of four complement proteins (C5b, C6, C7, and C8) that bind to the outer surface of the plasma membrane, and many copies of a fifth protein (C9) that hook up to one another, forming a ring in the membrane. C6-C9 all contain a common MACPF domain. This region is homologous to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from Gram-positive bacteria.
The ring structure formed by C9 is a pore in the membrane that allows free diffusion of molecules in and out of the cell. If enough pores form, the cell is no longer able to survive.
If the pre-MAC complexes of C5b-7, C5b-8 or C5b-9 do not insert into a membrane, they can form inactive complexes with Protein S (sC5b-7, sC5b-8 and sC5b-9). These fluid phase complexes do not bind to cell membranes and are ultimately scavenged by clusterin and vitronectin, two regulators of complement.
Formation of MAC is also critical for the complement-mediated cell lysis mediated by therapeutic antibodies such as the anti-CD20 rituximab used in B cell malignancies.
Initiation: C5-C7
The membrane attack complex is initiated when the complement protein C5 convertase cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b. All three pathways of the complement system (classical, lectin and alternative pathways) initiate the formation of MAC.
Another complement protein, C6, binds to C5b.
The C5bC6 complex is bound by C7.
This junction alters the configuration of the protein molecules exposing a hydrophobic site on C7 that allows the C7 to insert into the phospholipid bilayer of the pathogen.
Polymerization: C8-C9
Similar hydrophobic sites on C8 and C9 molecules are exposed when they bind to the complex, so they can also insert into the bilayer.
C8 is a complex made of the two proteins C8-beta and C8 alpha-gamma.
C8 alpha-gamma has the hydrophobic area that inserts into the bilayer. C8 alpha-gamma induces the polymerization of 10-16 molecules of C9 into a pore-forming structure known as the membrane attack complex.
MAC has a hydrophobic external face allowing it to associate with the lipid bilayer.
MAC has a hydrophilic internal face to allow the passage of water.
Multiple molecules of C9 can join spontaneously in concentrated solution to form polymers of C9. These polymers can also form a tube-like structure.
Inhibition
CD59 acts to inhibit the complex. This exists on body cells to protect them from MAC.
A rare condition, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, results in red blood cells that lack CD59. These cells can, therefore, be lysed by MAC.
Pathology
Deficiencies of C5 to C9 components do not lead to a generalized susceptibility to infections but only to an increased susceptibility to Neisseria infections, since Neisseria have a thin cell wall and little to no glycocalyx.
See also
Terminal complement pathway deficiency
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Perforin
Pore-forming toxin
References
External links
Complement system
Immune system
Immunology
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47514736
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Fidalgo
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Ivan Fidalgo
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Ivan Matos Duarte Fidalgo (born 4 April 1992) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for Pampilhosa as a forward.
Football career
On 2 August 2015, Fidalgo made his professional debut with Mafra in a 2015–16 Taça da Liga match against Leixões.
References
External links
Stats and profile at LPFP
1992 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Coimbra
Portuguese footballers
Association football forwards
Anadia F.C. players
FC Pampilhosa players
Sertanense F.C. players
C.D. Mafra players
A.R.C. Oleiros players
R.D. Águeda players
Liga Portugal 2 players
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36479226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mej%2C%20Sabzevar
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Mej, Sabzevar
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Mej () is a village in Takab-e Kuhmish Rural District, Sheshtomad District, Sabzevar County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,451, in 378 families.
References
Populated places in Sabzevar County
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65526784
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Thomas%20Western
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Saint Thomas Western
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Saint Thomas Western is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Representatives of the Jamaican Parliament. It covers the western part of Saint Thomas Parish. It is represented by MP James Robertson.
References
Parliamentary constituencies of Jamaica
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33269028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond%20All%20Boundaries
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Beyond All Boundaries
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Beyond All Boundaries is a 2009 short film depicting the battles of World War II. The film is shown in 4-D, and includes archive footage and special effects. The short, produced and narrated by Tom Hanks and directed by David Briggs, was released 9 November 2009 and is shown solely in The National World War II Museum, New Orleans. It was designed purely for the Solomon Victory Theater within the museum, and is only shown in this one location.
Solomon Victory Theater makes use of vibrating seats and atmospheric effects to enhance the viewing experience. In addition, there are also moving props and scenery, lighting and sound effects and a multi-layered projection process.
The film makes use of the writings and documented accounts of World War II veterans.
In 2011, Beyond All Boundaries received a Thea Award for Outstanding Achievement from the Themed Entertainment Association.
Cast
References
External links
2009 short films
American films
English-language films
American short films
World War II films
2009 films
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61395154
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Anders%20Sand%C3%B8e%20%C3%98rsted
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Statue of Anders Sandøe Ørsted
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The statue of Anders Sandøe Ørsted is located in Ørstedsparken in Copenhagen, Denmark. Ørsted was Denmark's leading jurist of the mid-19th century. He served as Prime Minister of Denmark in 1853–54.
Description
The monument consists of a bronze sculpture standing on a granite plinth and measures . Ørsted is depicted as an ancient wise man, sitting on a klismos and wearing a toga. He is shown in a moment of quiet contemplation, resting his left arm on the back of the chair and his chin against his hand. Under the chair stands a casket with scrolls. The casket is decorated with a relief depicting the scene where "Memesis reads the deeds of man aloud to Jupiter" ("Nemesis oplæser menneskenes gerninger for Jupiter").
History
The statue was originally commissioned from Herman Wilhelm Bissen at the initiative of the art historian Niels Laurits Høyen. Bissen created a small statuette in 1835–36 and the original plaster model in 1836–37. The plan was to raise 6,000 Danish rigsdaler for a marble statue but Ørsted's strong political views resulted in dwindling popularity. Orla Lehmann wrote to Høyen that Ørsted wasn't a statesman but "the servant of a Fürst".
In 1842, Høyen made a new attempt to raise the money but Ørsted that same year went up against who had spoken Danish at the in Slesvig. This prompted Høyen to call off the fund-raising campaign. Bissen, who was known for his temper, was outraged. In about 1852, he was supposedly about the destroy the model but was stopped by force by a group of his students.
Bissen died in 1868 and thus never got to see the statue completed. Vilhelm Bissen his son and student, continued his father's studio. He sold his father's Ørsted plaster model to Carl Jacobsen in 1882. In 1885, Jacobsen also commissioned a marble copy from him.
The outdoor monument was commissioned in connection with the 10th Nordic Jurist Meeting and financed through donations from Danish and Norwegian jurists. The bronze statue was based on Bissen Jr.'s 1885 marble copy and cast in Lauritz Rasmussen's Bronze Foundry. It was unveiled during the conference on 27 August 1902.
References
External links
1837 statue (plaster) in Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek at Kunstindeks Danmark
1885 statue (marble) in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek at Kunstindeks Danmark
PDF about the Nordic Jurist Meetings, 1872-1972
Monuments and memorials in Copenhagen
Outdoor sculptures in Copenhagen
Statues in Copenhagen
Sculptures of men in Denmark
Bronze sculptures in Denmark
Sculptures by Herman Wilhelm Bissen
1937 sculptures
1902 establishments in Denmark
Buildings and structures completed in 1902
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38113960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocardia%20tuberculata
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Acanthocardia tuberculata
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Acanthocardia tuberculata, the rough cockle, is a species of saltwater clam, a cockle, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae. The genus Acanthocardia is present from the Upper Oligocene to the Recent.
Description
The shell of Acanthocardia tuberculata can reach a size of about 95 mm. This shell is robust, equivalve, inflated and slightly inequilateral, with crenulated margins. The surface shows 18-20 strong radial ribs, with rows of spiny nodules. The basic coloration is usually pale brown with alternating darker concentric bands.
Distribution and habitat
Acanthocardia tuberculata can be found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. This species is present in the continental shelf from low tide to 200 m. Like most other bivalves, these mollusks are suspension feeders filtering phytoplankton.
Subspecies
Acanthocardia tuberculata citrinum Brusina, 1865
Acanthocardia tuberculata tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Acanthocardia tuberculata f. alba
Gallery
References
Repetto G., Orlando F. & Arduino G. (2005): Conchiglie del Mediterraneo, Amici del Museo "Federico Eusebio", Alba, Italy
Biolib
Encyclopedia of life
World Register of Marine Species.
Marine Species Identification
Marine bivalve shells of the British Isles
Cardiidae
Molluscs described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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36578338
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Znen
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Znen
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Znen was founded by Chen Huaneng in 1986, in Taizhou, Zhejiang. It was not until 1996 that Znen manufactured its first petrol mopeds. After twenty years in the motor vehicle industry, Zhongneng Industry Group develops three main products: petrol mopeds, electric mopeds, and motorcycles.
One of the mopeds made by Znen is the Znen C Artemis, which is sold around the world under many different names.
Znen C Artemis
The Znen C Artemis is a four-stroke twist-and-go scooter from Znen Motors, which comes in either 50cc (model number ZN50QT-E), 125cc (model number ZN125T-E) or 150cc models (model number ZN150T-E). This scooter is made in Zhejiang, China by Znen Motors and is shipped abroad where it is rebadged in various countries. It has European EEC and American EPA and DOT certifications. The design is very similar to the much older Honda Joker.
See also
Flyscooters
Moto Morini
References
External links
Scooter manufacturers
Moped manufacturers
Motorcycle manufacturers of China
Companies based in Zhejiang
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1987
Chinese brands
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4031265
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Sunderland%20A.F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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List of Sunderland A.F.C. records and statistics
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Sunderland Association Football Club, also known as the Mackems, are a professional football club based in Sunderland, North East England. They were announced to the world by the local newspaper, The Sunderland Daily Echo and Shipping Gazette on 27 September 1880 as Sunderland & District Teachers Association Football Club following a meeting of the Teachers at Rectory Park school in Sunderland on 25 September 1880. The football club changed their name to the current form on 16 October 1880, just 20 days after the September announcement. They were elected into The Football League in the 1890–91 season, becoming the first team to join the league since its inauguration in the 1889–90 season, replacing Stoke F.C.
Transfers
All figures are based on the maximum potential fee and are correct as at 1 September 2013.
In
Out
Honours and achievements
Sunderland have won a total of six Football League Championships including three in the space of four seasons, along with being runners-up five times. Sunderland have also experienced success in the FA Cup, winning it twice; in 1937 and 1973. They have never won the League Cup but finished as finalists in 1985 and 2014.
League
First Division (level 1):
Winners (6): 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Runners-up (5): 1893–94, 1897–98, 1900–01, 1922–23, 1934–35
Football League Championship (level 2):
Winners (2): 2004–05, 2006–07
Second Division (level 2):
Winners (1): 1975–76
Runners-up (2): 1963–64, 1979–80
Promotion (1): 1989–90
First Division (level 2):
Winners (1): 1995–96, 1998–99
Third Division (level 3):
Winners (1): 1987–88
Cup
FA Cup:
Winners (2): 1937, 1973
Finalists (2): 1913, 1992
Football League Cup:
Finalists (2): 1985, 2014
FA Charity Shield:
Winners (1): 1936
Finalists (1): 1937
Sheriff of London Charity Shield:
Winners (1): 1903
Football League War Cup:
Finalists (1): 1942
Durham Challenge Cup:
Winners (4): 1884, 1887, 1888, 1890,
Northern Temperance Festival Cup:
Winners (1): 1884,
Durham and Northumberland Championship:
Winners (1): 1888
British Cup:
Runners Up (1): 1902
Dewar Sheriff of London Shield:
Winners (1): 1903
Newcastle and Sunderland Hospitals Cup:
Winners (3): 1912, 1913, 1914
Runners Up (1): 1911
Durham Senior Cup:
Winners (11): 1919, 1923, 1924, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939
Runners Up (3): 1925, 1926, 1928
Northern Victory League:
Runners Up (1): 1919
North East Counties Cup:
Winners (2): 1920, 1921
Northumberland and Durham Challenge Cup:
Runners Up (1): 1883
Player records
Appearances
Youngest first-team player: Derek Forster, 15 years 185 days (Leicester City, 22 August 1964).
Oldest first-team player: Jermain Defoe, 39 years 121 days (against Doncaster Rovers, 5 February 2022).
Most appearances
Competitive matches only. Each column contains appearances in the starting eleven, followed by appearances as substitute in brackets.
Goalscorers
Top goalscorers
Competitive matches only, appearances including substitutes appear in brackets.
Most Hat Tricks: Dave Halliday – 12 (11 league and 1 cup)
Managerial records
First full-time manager: Tom Watson managed the club for 191 matches, from August 1888 to August 1896.
Longest serving manager: Bob Kyle managed the club for 817 matches, from August 1905 to May 1928, a total of 23 years.
Club records
Goals
Most league goals scored in a season: 109 (in 42 matches in the 1955–56 season, First Division).
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 21 (in 38 matches in the 2002–03 season, Premier League).
Most league goals conceded in a season: 97 (in 42 matches in the 1957–58 season, First Division).
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 26 (in 34 matches in the 1900–01 season, First Division).
Points
Most points in a season:
Two points for a win: 61 (in 42 games in the 1963–64 season, Second Division).
Three points for a win: 105 (in 46 games in the 1998–99 season, First Division).
Fewest points in a season:
Two points for a win: 23 (in 22 games in the 1890–91 season, The Football League) and (in 30 games in the 1896–97 season, First Division).
Three points for a win: 15 (in 38 games in the 2005–06 season, Premier League).
Matches
Firsts
First match: Sunderland 0–1 Ferryhill, 13 November 1880.
First competitive match: Sunderland 2–2 Burnopfield in the Durham Challenge Cup, 11 December 1880.
First league match: Sunderland 2–3 Burnley, 13 September 1890.
First FA Cup match: Redcar 3–1 Sunderland, 8 November 1884.
First League Cup match: Brentford 4–3 Sunderland, 26 October 1960.
First European match: Vasas Budapest 0–2 Sunderland, 19 September 1973, UEFA Cup Winner's Cup.
Record wins
Record Football League win:1-9 (v. Newcastle United (a) 5 Dec 1908)
Record FA Cup win:11-1 (v. Fairfield, 2 February 1895)
Record Football League Cup win:7-1 (v. Oldham Athletic, 24 September 1962)
Record Football League Trophy win:8-1 (v. Aston Villa U21, 8 September 2020)
Record friendly win:23-0 (v. Castletown, 20 December 1884)
Record defeats
Record league defeats:
8–0 (v. Sheffield Wednesday, 26 December 1911).
8–0 (v. West Ham United, 19 October 1968).
8-0 (v. Watford, 25 September 1982)
8-0 (v. Southampton, 18 October 2014)
Record FA Cup defeat:
5-1 (v. Manchester United, 9 March 1964)
Record Football League Cup defeat:
6-0 (v. Derby County, 31 October 1990)
Record Football League Trophy defeat:
3-0 (v. Scunthorpe United, 12 November 2019)
Attendances
Overall
Highest overall attendance: 75,118 v. Derby County, FA Cup 6th Round Replay, 8 March 1933 at Roker Park (Sunderland 0 – 1 Derby County)
Highest league attendance: 68,004 v. Newcastle United, 4 March 1950 at Roker Park (Sunderland 2 - 2 Newcastle United)
Lowest recorded attendance: 880 vs Millwall, Friendly, 28 July 1969 at Roker Park (Sunderland 0 – 1 Millwall)
Lowest recorded league attendance: 3,841 vs. Manchester City, 11 April 1934 at Roker Park (Sunderland 0 – 0 Manchester City)
Lowest approximate competitive attendance: c. 1,500 vs. Birtley Town, Durham Challenge Cup First Round, 20 November 1886 at Newcastle Road (Sunderland 2 – 0 Birtley)
Lowest recorded competitive attendance: 3,498 vs. Oldham Athletic, EFL Trophy Second Round, 1 December 2021 at Stadium of Light (Sunderland 0 – 1 Oldham Athletic)
Competitive Attendance Records by Ground
Attendances at Sunderland's grounds prior to Newcastle Road were rarely recorded. Attendances at Newcastle Road, and in the seasons prior to 1925 at Roker Park were usually approximations.
European statistics
Record by season
Below is Sunderland's record in European competitions. They have only appeared once in European competition, during the 1973–74 season where they reached the second round. They qualified for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup after winning the 1973 FA Cup Final over Leeds United.
Key
PR = Preliminary round
1R = First round
2R = Second round
3R = Third round
QF = Quarter final
SF = Semi final
F = Final
Record by competition
Notes
A. : Payment of the transfer fee for Ricardo Alvarez was imposed on Sunderland in 2017 following the loss of a legal dispute with Inter Milan. The total cost of the Alvarez deal, including compensation and court fees is estimated to be close to £20m.
B. : Sunderland were promoted in the 1989–90 season despite being beaten in the 1990 play-off final, Swindon Town originally won the match 1–0 but Sunderland took their place in the Premier League after Swindon admitted to making illegal payments.
C. : Sunderland score is given first in each result.
D. : Sunderland qualified for the 1973–74 European Cup Winners' Cup by winning the 1973 FA Cup.
Footnotes and references
Footnotes:
References:
External links
Sunderland AFC – Statistics, History and Records
Statistics
Sunderland
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12030584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toiling%20Midgets
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Toiling Midgets
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Toiling Midgets is a rock band from San Francisco, California formed in 1979 by members of San Francisco punk bands Sleepers and Negative Trend. They have been active on-and-off since 1979, with their early 1990s lineup getting most attention due to the involvement of Mark Eitzel of American Music Club. They reunited in 2007.
History
Toiling Midgets was formed in 1979 by drummer Tim Mooney, of The Sleepers and Negative Trend, and guitarist Craig Gray also of the local San Francisco band Negative Trend, guitarist Paul Hood from Seattle's Punk bands Meyce and The Enemy, and bassist Nosmo King (aka Johnathan Henrickson). Initially an instrumental band, they added former Sleepers and Flipper singer Ricky Williams to its lineup in 1980.
This lineup of the band recorded the first Toiling Midgets album, Sea of Unrest, produced by Tom Mallon and released in 1982 by Rough Trade Records. The album was described by Jordan N. Mamone in CMJ New Music Report as a "junkie-rock monument...beautiful, yet horribly-sick stuff". The album was included in Andrew Earles' 2014 book Gimme Indie Rock: 500 Essential American Underground Rock Albums 1981-1996.
Williams and King left the band, with Aaron Gregory (bass, ex-Maggots) and Annie Ungar (guitar, ex-Gun Club) joining, this formation recording the instrumental Dead Beats album, released on Joe Carducci's Thermidor label in 1985.
After a few years on hiatus, in 1989 Hood, Gray and Mooney reunited, initially again as an instrumental band, with Joe Goldring on bass, but they recruited singer Mark Eitzel (for whom Williams had been an influence) of the American Music Club in 1990. />The new group released the album SON on Matador Records in June 1991, by which time Eitzel had left the band. After touring in the summer of 1991 to support SON drummer Mooney and bassist Goldring left the band. Mooney went on to join the American Music Club, which Eitzel was still fronting, and Goldring later formed Touched by a Janitor and Enablers. They were replaced by drummer and long-time producer Tom Mallon and bassist Erich Werner, formerly a member of Telepaths and The Blackouts. Williams returned to the band and recorded 6 songs as well as a show in the fall of 1992 but died on November 21, 1992, due to respiratory complications and a mixture of drug and alcohol abuse.
Mallon, Werner, Gray, and Hood continued with keyboard player Mark Sullivan (Lucky, Motorcade) joining, and Paul Hood's sister, violist Joanna Hood (who had performed with the Loma Mar Quartet and Paul McCartney) also joining briefly. The group went on an indefinite hiatus in 1997, but reformed in May, 2007 to play at Dirkfest, a June 7–June 8, 2007 festival taking place at Slim's and the Great American Music Hall, respectively, honoring the late Dirk Dirksen and to play the Haight-Ashbury Street Fair (June 10, 2007). There was a short tour of the Northwest in November, 2009. A new LP was recorded in 2011 but remains unreleased. Tim Mooney died in June 2012.
In 2013 Ektro Records released a live album Toiling Midgets Live at the Waldorf 1982. Tom Mallon died in January 2014 after being diagnosed with a brain tumor. Ektro Records put out the career retrospective double LP A Smaller Life in 2015 and an accompanying cassette A Smaller Tape in 2017.
In 2019 the Midgets toured Europe with Simon Bell on bass and vocals along with Daniel Benjamin of SEA + AIR on drums. In Sept of 2019 the LP Sea of Tranquility was released on Green Monkey Records. Simon quit the band just after the LP release and was replaced by Kevin Kuhn from the band Die Nerven. As of January 2020 a new LP is being recorded and more touring planned with this lineup.
Members
Current
Craig Gray - Guitar
Paul Hood - Guitar
Kevin Kuhn - Bass and Vocals
Daniel Benjamin - Drums
Former
Tony Sales - Drums
Mark Sullivan - Keyboards
Erich Werner - Bass
Nosmo King - Bass
Tim Mooney - Drums (deceased)
Ricky Williams - Vocals (deceased)
Aaron Gregory - Bass (deceased)
Tom Mallon - Drums (deceased)
Annie Ungar - Guitar (deceased)
Mark Eitzel - Vocals
Joe Goldring - Bass
Joanna Hood - Viola
David Ripley - Vocals
Carla Fabrizio - Cello on "Son"
Lisa Davis - Bass on "Son"
Simon Bell - Bass and Vocals
Discography
Albums
Studio
Sea of Unrest (1982), Instant/Rough Trade USA – re-released in 1994 on Fistpuppet Records
Dead Beats, (1985), Thermidor
Son (1992), Matador
Sea of Tranquility (2019) Green Monkey Records
Compilations, demos, live, etc.
Four Track Mind (A Retrospective Of Home Recordings, 1980-1983 (1983), Mogul Home Recording
1982 vol. 1 (2012)
Live At The Old Waldorf, July 21, 1982 (2012), Full Contact
God's Man (2013), Toiling Midgets Media – a demo from 1989-90 recorded by Tom Mallon
3rd Brain (2013)
Mark Has Left The Building! - Live at the IBeam SF 91 (2015)
Do the Incendiary: 1980 Demos (2015)
Deadbeats EP (2015)
A Smaller Life (2015)
A Smaller Tape (2017), Ruton Music
Singles
"Golden Frog" 7" (1991), Matador
"Faux Pony" (1992), Hut
References
External links
Toiling Midgets old Grifter Records site (archived)
American instrumental musical groups
American post-rock groups
American post-hardcore musical groups
Shoegazing musical groups
American art rock groups
Musical groups from San Francisco
Musical groups established in 1979
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67028889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temane%20Thermal%20Power%20Station
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Temane Thermal Power Station
|
Temane Thermal Power Station, is a natural gas power plant under construction in Mozambique. When completed, the energy generated will be purchased by Electricidade de Moçambique (EDM), the government-owned electric utility company, under a long-term power purchase agreement.
Location
The power station is located in the town of Temane, in Inhambane Province in southern Mozambique. Temane is situated about , by road, north of the city of Inhambane, where the provincial capital is located. This is approximately , by road, northeast of the city of Maputo, the capital of Mozambique.
Developers
The power station is under development by a consortium comprising the corporate entities illustrated in the table below:
History
This power project was originally owned by EDM of Mozambique and Sasol New Energy Holdings of South Africa. In December 2020, the owner/developers brought on Globeleq and eleQtra. The consortium jointly formed a special purpose vehicle company to develop this power station, which they named Temane Energy Consortium (TEC). Financial closure was achieved in December 2020. The power station will be designed and constructed by TSK Electronica y Electricidad S.A. (TSK Group), a Spanish electronic and electricity construction company.
Funding
The table below illustrates the funding sources for the Temane Thermal Power Station. The list of funders may not be complete.
Associated developments
In addition to the natural gas-powered electricity generating plant, as part of the same development, of associated transmission infrastructure will be established to distribute the energy generated to neighboring communities and where possible sell any excess to the Southern Africa Power Pool.
See also
List of power stations in Mozambique
References
External links
TSK to supply a new flexible power plant in Mozambique As of 16 December 2020.
Natural gas-fired power stations in Mozambique
Inhambane Province
Energy infrastructure in Mozambique
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1306289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Fryar
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Irving Fryar
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Irving Dale Fryar, Sr. (born September 28, 1962) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for seventeen seasons. Fryar played college football for the University of Nebraska, and was recognized as an All-American. He was selected with the first overall pick of the 1984 NFL Draft, becoming the second wide receiver to be taken number one overall, the first being Dave Parks in 1964. Fryar played professionally for the New England Patriots, Miami Dolphins, Philadelphia Eagles, and Washington Redskins of the NFL. Known for his longevity, his best seasons statistically came well into his 30s, at a time when many receivers are on the tail end of their careers, and he played for 17 seasons, retiring at the age of 39 holding several NFL longevity records for receivers. Following his NFL career, he was convicted of mortgage fraud.
Early years
Fryar grew up in Mount Holly Township, New Jersey, and played high school football at Rancocas Valley Regional High School.
College career
An All-American for the University of Nebraska in 1983, Fryar played alongside Heisman Trophy winner Mike Rozier (running back) and Heisman finalist Turner Gill (quarterback).
Statistics
Professional career
Fryar was the second wide receiver to be drafted first overall in the NFL Draft when the New England Patriots made him the top selection of the 1984 NFL Draft.
With the Patriots, Fryar saw success on a receiving corps that featured Stephen Starring and perennial Pro Bowler Stanley Morgan. He also served as the team's primary punt returner. Following the 1985 season, in which Fryar was named to his first Pro Bowl, he played in Super Bowl XX, where he scored New England's only touchdown in their 46–10 loss to the Chicago Bears. He was one of the few marquee players on the 1–15 1990 team, and in 1991 he had his first 1000-yard receiving season. Traded to the Dolphins in 1993 for a pair of high-round draft picks, he made an immediate impact, having two further 1000-yard seasons in 1993 and 1994, and making the Pro Bowl both years. Following the 1995 season, he signed as a free agent with the Eagles, with whom he played in a fourth and fifth Pro Bowl following the 1996 and 1997 seasons. After retiring from football briefly following the 1998 season, he was signed by the Redskins, with whom he played the final two seasons of his career.
Fryar retired from the NFL in 2001 after completing 17 NFL seasons. During that time, he caught 851 passes for 12,785 yards and 84 touchdowns, along with one rushing and three punt return touchdowns. He also gained 242 rushing yards, 2,055 yards returning punts, 505 yards on kickoff returns, and 7 fumble return yards, giving him 15,594 all-purpose yards.
Fryar's 255 played games are the most ever for a New Jersey-born player.
Personal life
Fryar has had several off-field incidents during and after his career. In 1985, he missed the AFC championship game after injuring his hand in a domestic dispute with his pregnant wife. He was arrested in 1988 on weapons charges after a New Jersey state trooper found a loaded shotgun and handgun and a hunting knife in Fryar's car.
On November 23, 1986, Fryar separated his shoulder during a game against the Buffalo Bills. Instead of watching the rest of the game from the sidelines, Fryar left the stadium and was listening to the game while driving his car through Foxboro. He crashed into a tree and suffered a slight concussion.
His wife filed for divorce in 2014 after 29 years of marriage. They have four children.
On August 7, 2015, Fryar and his mother, Allene McGhee, were found guilty of conspiring to defraud six banks and a mortgage company by a New Jersey Superior Court jury. The prosecution maintained that Fryar and McGhee conspired with real estate consultant William Barksdale in a scheme to fraudulently obtain six home-equity loans totaling about $850,000 in November and December 2009, and a $414,000 mortgage in October 2009, using McGhee's home as collateral in each instance. Fryar and McGhee maintain they were victims of Barksdale, who is serving a 20-month sentence in federal prison for conspiracy to commit wire fraud for his role in the scheme, and plan to appeal.
Fryar's son, Londen, was signed by the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent in 2009 out of Western Michigan University.
On October 2, 2015, Pro Football Talk reported that Fryar and his mother were convicted of mortgage fraud. Fryar will receive a five-year prison sentence while his mother will receive probation. According to the New Jersey AG who oversaw the case, John Hoffman, "The fact that Fryar had the means to succeed and do good things and instead chose this criminal path makes his actions all the more reprehensible".
On December 7, 2015, a NJ Judge handed up an order that Irving Fryar and his mother to pay $615,600 in restitution to five lending institutions that were cheated in a mortgage scam. Fryar and his mother, Allene McGhee, were convicted of applying for multiple mortgage loans in quick succession while using the same property as collateral. Fryar was sentenced in October to five years in prison while his mother received three years of probation. In June 2016, Fryar was released from prison after serving eight months of his sentence. He was placed under the state's Supervision Program for non-violent offenders.
NFL records
Touchdown receptions from 19 different passers
First player to record a touchdown in 17 consecutive seasons (1984–2000) - (broken by Jerry Rice who ended up with 20 consecutive seasons with a touchdown reception)
Oldest player to score 4 touchdowns (all receptions) in a single game (October 20, 1996) - 34 years, 22 days
Third most receiving yards in a half - 211 (2nd half, September 4, 1994)
References
External links
Irving Fryar at databasefootball.com
1962 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football return specialists
American football wide receivers
American Christian clergy
Miami Dolphins players
National Football League first overall draft picks
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
New England Patriots players
People from Mount Holly, New Jersey
People from Springfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from New Jersey
Rancocas Valley Regional High School alumni
Sportspeople from Burlington County, New Jersey
Washington Redskins players
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
10,000 receiving yards club
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40494233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshanping
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Nanshanping
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Nanshanping Township () is a rural township in Cili County, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
Administrative division
The township is divided into 17 villages, the following areas: Nanshan Village, Guangyang Village, Liangshan Village, Shawan Village, Shuanghu Village, Yanjing Village, Yanshi Village, Baima Village, Datian Village, Shuanghequan Village, Dasha Village, Baiguo Village, Xiniu Village, Zhongshan Village, Xinping Village, Fengshu Village, and Tianya Village (南山村、广阳村、梁山村、沙湾村、双湖村、盐井村、盐市村、白马村、大田村、双合泉村、大沙村、白果村、犀牛村、中山村、新坪村、枫树村、田垭村).
References
Divisions of Cili County
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51509564
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Mogilev
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Siege of Mogilev
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The Siege of Mogilev was a three-week encirclement of Mogilev undertaken by German troops, part of the Battle of Smolensk. After the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops broke through Soviet lines. Mogilev was heavily fortified and bypassed by German tank forces. German infantry steadily reduced the pocket, and by late July, the defending Soviet troops had run out of ammunition and other necessary supplies. As a result, Soviet commander Fyodor Bakunin went against orders and ordered a breakout. A small number of Soviet troops were able to reach Soviet lines, and 35,000 were reported captured by German troops. The defense of Mogilev tied down four German infantry divisions, delaying their attack on Gomel for a week.
Background
In late June, Soviet troops began constructing defenses around Mogilev and on the Drut River 19 kilometers to the west of the city. The city's buildings were fortified and minefields and trenches were created. Attacks from the XXXXVII Motorized Corps and the XXIV Motorized Corps were repulsed. Heinz Guderian, commander of Panzer Group 2, decided to bypass the city instead of attacking it. He ordered the XXXXVI and XXIV Motorized Corps to head for the Sozh River.
Siege
Encirclement of Mogilev
On 13 July, 13th Army commander Vasily Gerasimenko withdrew his army east towards the Sozh River, leaving the forces in Mogilev under the command of 61st Rifle Corps commander Fyodor Bakunin.
XXXXVI Motorized Corps' SS Das Reich Motorized Division took blocking positions north of Chausy to prevent Soviet units at Mogilev from escaping to the northeast on 13 July. The XXIV Motorized Corps advanced east from the Bykhov bridgehead on 14 July. Chausy and Propoysk were captured the next day, completing the encirclement of Mogilev. Along with the Grossdeutschland Motorized Infantry Regiment and the SS Das Reich Motorized Division, the 3rd Panzer and 10th Motorized Divisions of XXIV Motorized Corps maintained the encirclement until 17 July. At this time, the Soviet troops in Mogilev included the 61st Rifle Corps' 53rd Rifle Division, 110th Rifle Division, and 172nd Rifle Division, the 20th Mechanized Corps' 26th and 38th Tank and 210th Motorized Divisions. Most of the 20th Rifle Corps' 132nd, 137th, and 160th Rifle Divisions were also in the encirclement, along with parts of the 148th and 187th Rifle Divisions from the 48th Rifle Corps, and the 1st Motorized Division.
On the night of 16 July, Gerasimenko ordered all troops of the 13th Army except for the 61st Rifle Corps and the 20th Mechanized Corps to withdraw east to the Sozh. A group led by 172nd Rifle Division commander Mikhail Romanov was the core of the defense. Romanov's group included the 110th and 172nd Rifle Divisions, remnants or regiments from the 132nd, 137th, 160th, and 143rd Rifle Divisions, as well as the remnants of the 20th Mechanized Corps. The Soviet defenders also included units of the People's Militia.
Attacks of VII Army Corps
Between 16 and 17 July, the troops of the German 2nd Army reached the Dnieper. After relieving the units of Panzer Group 2, 2nd Army commander Maximilian von Weichs ordered VII Army Corps commander Wilhelm Fahrmbacher to lead the operations to take Mogilev. On 20 July, the 7th Infantry Division and 23rd Infantry Division attacked the city from the west. The attack was repulsed by entrenched Soviet troops and artillery fire. German troops crossed the Dnieper on the northern and southern flanks of the position, capturing a bridge over the Dnieper and breaking through Soviet defenses near Buinichi, only 8 kilometers from the center of the city. The 15th and 78th Infantry Divisions became part of the VII Army Corps so that it could close the encirclement. The 15th Infantry Division was placed between the 7th and 23rd Divisions, and the 78th was located southeast of the city. On 21 July the 9th Regiment of the 23rd Division outflanked Soviet positions on a bridge into Mogilev from the southeast, capturing it after heavy fighting. The 23rd broke through the Soviet inner defenses along the bend of the Dnieper and repulsed multiple heavy counterattacks. Late that day, Bakunin reported to 21st Army headquarters, stating that artillery shells had been "used up" and requesting more ammunition. TB-3 bombers had attempted to airdrop supplies, although a large number landed behind German lines and a large number retrieved by Soviet troops were of the incorrect caliber. Elements of the 1st Motorized Division fought their way into the encirclement from the north.
On 22 July the 78th Infantry Division repulsed an attempt by Soviet troops to fight into the pocket from the northeast. It also repulsed an attempt by the 61st Rifle Corps to break out of the encirclement in its eastern sector. During the night the attacks of the 78th Infantry Division broke through the southern part of the Soviet lines, capturing 5,000 and large numbers of equipment. To stop the supply drops, German troops deployed Barrage balloons. On 24 July, the 23rd, 15th, 7th, and 78th Infantry Divisions advanced to the center of the city, beginning street fighting. By late 25 July, the Soviet troops in Mogilev had used up all of the ammunition, food, and fuel.
Soviet breakout
Bakunin ordered Soviet troops in Mogilev to break out to the east on the night of 2627 July, by which point the troops had almost entirely run out of ammunition. This contravened orders from higher headquarters. Thousands of wounded Soviet troops were left behind in the city with doctors. A small number of Soviet troops were able to escape and reach Soviet lines. Romanov was captured after his column attempted to join up with a German convoy and was destroyed.
Aftermath
Western Front commander Semyon Timoshenko reported on 27 July that Bakunin had been turned over to a military tribunal for his ordering the breakout. German troops reported capturing 35,000 soldiers and 245 guns during the operation. The 23rd Infantry Division lost more than 1,000 men in the operation. The defense of Mogilev prevented German troops from using its bridges for a week, although German troops built temporary bridges over the Dnieper in six other places. The Siege of Mogilev delayed 2nd Army's attack on Gomel for more than a week. This delay allowed Timoshenko to bring up reinforcements for the Battle of Smolensk. Mogilev later was called "Gallant Mogilev" and "the Belarusian Madrid" in Soviet sources.
Notes
References
Mogilev
History of Mogilev
Belarus in World War II
Mogilev
Mogilev
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54306967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion%20polling%20for%20the%201996%20Russian%20presidential%20election
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Opinion polling for the 1996 Russian presidential election
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This page lists public opinion polls in connection with the 1996 Russian presidential election.
First round
Candidates passing the second round are given in bold.
1992 polls
1993 polls
1994 polls
1995 polls
1996 polls
January
February
March
April
May
June
Exit polls
Second round
Polls before runoff
Polls during runoff
Exit polls
Hypothetical polling
Chernomyrdin — Lebed
Chernomyrdin — Yavlinsky
B. Fyodorov — Lebed
B. Fyodorov — Zhirinovsky
S. Fyodorov — Gaidar
S. Fyodorov — Yavlinsky
Gaidar — Yavlinsky
Gaidar — Zhirinovsky
Gaidar — Zyuganov
Lebed—Yavlinsky
Lebed — Yeltsin
Lebed — Zyuganov
Nemtsov—Zhirinovsky
Pamfilova — Yavlinsky
Rutskoy — Yavlinsky
Rutskoy — Yeltsin
Rutskoy — Zhirinovsky
Yavlinsky — Yeltsin
Yavlinsky — Zyuganov
Yeltsin — Zhirinovsky
Zhirinovsky — Zyuganov
Subnational polls
Central Russia
Centralno-Chernozemnyi
East Siberia
Far East Russia
Moscow
North/Northwest Russia
North Caucasus
Saint Petersburg
Tambov Oblast
First round
Urals
Volga
Volga-Vyatka
West Siberia
Sources
Opinion
Presidential
Russia
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5090138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisystem
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Unisystem
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Unisystem is a generic role-playing game system produced by Eden Studios, Inc. It is used in All Flesh Must Be Eaten, the Buffyverse role-playing games, CJ Carella's WitchCraft, Conspiracy X (2nd Ed.), and several other games. Games designed using Unisystem have been nominated for, and won, Origins Awards.
Unisystem was developed by C.J. Carella for the first editions of his WitchCraft and Armageddon role-playing games,
published by Myrmidion Press. Eden Studios uses Unisystem under an exclusive license, but has allowed other game companies to license the system. Eden Studios published WitchCraft 2nd Edition and their original All Flesh Must Be Eaten games as Unisystem games. Armageddon 2nd Edition and a new 2nd Edition of Eden's own Conspiracy X were later published using this gaming system.
Gameplay
Unisystem games use a point-buy system to generate characters. Points are spent on Attributes, Skills, Qualities and Metaphysics. Drawbacks can be used to gain extra points.
Attributes represent the character's main six abilities, which in this case are three physical attributes: Strength, Dexterity, Constitution; and three mental attributes: Intelligence, Perception, Willpower. Characters also have a variety of Skills, Qualities and Drawbacks to give the character added perks or faults (respectively). Other Qualities and Drawbacks are of a Supernatural sort and are used to designate a character as a particular type of character (be it a Gifted human, a Vampyre, a Spirit, and so on) or detail what sort of magic they can do.
Actions are resolved by adding together the character's relevant Attribute, the applicable Skill, and a ten-sided die roll, plus any modifiers for difficulty; if the total is nine or greater, the action succeeds. Gamemasters (called "Chroniclers" in Classic, and "Directors" in Cinematic Unisystem) are also given tables of successes: characters that get a higher roll than the required nine have bonuses on their final outcome; this table describes how successful they turn out to be, and gives guidelines to figure out the resulting bonuses.
Classic versus Cinematic
Unisystem can be divided into two sub-systems: Classic and Cinematic.
Classic Unisystem was developed first and is featured in All Flesh Must Be Eaten, Armageddon, Conspiracy X 2.0, Terra Primate and WitchCraft. It is typified by grittier, more realistic play, greater attention to detail in skills and combat, and the use of Secondary Attributes that are typically derived from the Primary Attributes. Essence, or the measure of life-force and magic, is also central to Classic Unisystem play.
Cinematic Unisystem was designed to mimic the "cinematic" exploits of characters. First developed for the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Roleplaying Game, it was later adopted for use in Angel,
Army of Darkness and Ghosts of Albion. Cinematic features a limited set of skills that cover most situations, no Secondary Attributes or Essence, simplified combat and flat damage resolution. Cinematic games also feature the use of Drama Points which allow the character to do things above and beyond what they could do under the system alone.
The chief difference between the systems are Drama Points (used only in the Cinematic system), and differences in magic system mechanics.
Despite the differences the two are still largely compatible, though every Cinematic Unisystem game offers an appendix to convert values from the Classic system, and the Buffy RPGs Magic Box supplement offers an appendix on converting between the Buffy magic system and the WitchCraft magic system.
References
Eden Studios games
Role-playing game systems
Universal role-playing games
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12012346
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbi%C3%A9
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Climbié
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Climbié may refer to:
Climbié, a book by Bernard Binlin Dadié
Victoria Climbié, a girl whose murder produced major changes in child protection policies in England
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10705812
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20Warner%20Cable%20Amphitheater
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Time Warner Cable Amphitheater
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The Time Warner Cable Amphitheater (formerly Tower City Amphitheater) was an outdoor concert venue and part of the mixed-use Tower City Center development in downtown Cleveland, Ohio.
The approximately 5,000-seat venue opened in 2001 and closed in March 2011 due to construction related to the Horseshoe Casino Cleveland. The structure later was used for covered parking until it was removed in April 2012.
With a location along the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the structure offered scenic views of the city lights and the river bridges. The amphitheater typically hosted 25–30 events per year, including festivals such as Great American Rib Cook-off and the Taste of Cleveland. Shows sometimes began as early as April and typically ran through September.
In 2006, the building played host to such acts as Chicago, Rob Zombie, Dave Chappelle and Alice Cooper.
Time Warner Cable Amphitheater was owned and operated by Live Nation, a company that also runs Jacobs Pavilion and Blossom Music Center.
See also
List of contemporary amphitheatres
References
Amphitheaters in Ohio
Music venues completed in 2001
Music venues in Cleveland
Forest City Realty Trust
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8083231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizinkiler
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Sizinkiler
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Sizinkiler (Limon & Zeytin) (literally, "Your People", but can be roughly translated as "The Common Folk"), is a daily comic strip designed and developed by the Turkish cartoonist Salih Memecan in 1991. The name of the comic strip in English is "Limon & Zeytin". The strip is based on family-related issues and the dynamics of everyday family life. More than 1,500,000 Sizinkiler books have been sold since 1991. Sizinkiler has two animated adaptations, one published by TRT Çocuk and the other on Disney Channel.
External links
Sizinkiler website
Turkish comic strips
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53099706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%20Orionis
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F Orionis
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The Bayer designation f Orionis is shared by two star systems in the constellation Orion:
f1 Orionis (69 Orionis)
f2 Orionis (72 Orionis)
Orionis, f
Orion (constellation)
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44888663
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFWC
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CFWC
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CFWC may refer to:
CFWC-FM, a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 93.9 FM in Brantford, Ontario.
Central Financial Work Commission, a governmental body made in 1998 to regulate the Chinese financial system.
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2228700
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpia
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Carpia
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Carpia () was an Iberian city which is said to be the site of the ancient city Tartessos, which disappeared around 600 BCE, or the refoundation of the sunken city.
History
Pausanias, a Greek traveler and geographer of the 2nd century CE, wrote of a connection between Tartessos and Carpia after visiting Elis:
"They say that Tartessus is a river in the land of the Iberians, running down into the sea by two mouths, and that between these two mouths lies a city of the same name. The river, which is the largest in Iberia, and tidal, those of a later day called Baetis, and there are some who think that Tartessus was the ancient name of Carpia, a city of the Iberians."
See also
Arganthonios
Tartessian language
Spanish mythology
References
Sunken cities
Underwater ruins
Former populated places in Spain
Tartessos
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32378384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HK%20Riga%20%281997%29
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HK Riga (1997)
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HK Riga was a Latvian ice hockey team. They played in the 1997-98 Eastern European Hockey League season.
History
The club was founded in 1997, and began playing in the Eastern European Hockey League. Their stay in the EEHL lasted only one year, and the team folded after their first season.
HK Riga finished with an 8-27-1 record, with 82 goals for, and 177 goals against.
Notable players
Agris Saviels
Edgars Masaļskis
Aleksejs Širokovs
Georgijs Pujacs
References
1997-98 EEHL season
HK Riga roster
1997
Defunct ice hockey teams in Latvia
Ice hockey clubs established in 1997
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21650117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph%20Lennhoff
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Rudolph Lennhoff
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Rudolph Lennhoff (14 July 1866, Lüdenscheid - 25 December 1933, Berlin) was one of the best known medical authorities in Berlin.
Biography
Following an investigation into the conditions of working class people with tuberculosis, undertaken jointly with Wolf Becher, Lennhof devised the open air cure that became the standard treatment for the disease for many decades.
He also discovered what became known as ‘Lennhof’s sign’ - a furrow that appears between the liver and the bottom rib when the patient breathes in - indicating the presence of an ecchinoccus cyst.
In 1912 he attended the 15th International Congress on Hygiene and Demography, which opened 23 September 1912, in Washington, D.C.
A liberal in his political views, Lennhof contributed to the liberal daily Vossische Zeitung and was a member of the Freisinniger Volkspartei. He was also one of the organisers, in 1905, of the Society for Social Medicine.
Works
Die Ärzte. In: Handbuch der Politik, Berlin und Leipzig 1914
References
1865 births
1933 deaths
German public health doctors
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9039527
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20IV%20collagen
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Type IV collagen
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Collagen IV (ColIV or Col4) is a type of collagen found primarily in the basal lamina. The collagen IV C4 domain at the C-terminus is not removed in post-translational processing, and the fibers link head-to-head, rather than in parallel. Also, collagen IV lacks the regular glycine in every third residue necessary for the tight, collagen helix. This makes the overall arrangement more sloppy with kinks. These two features cause the collagen to form in a sheet, the form of the basal lamina. Collagen IV is the more common usage, as opposed to the older terminology of "type-IV collagen". Collagen IV exists in all metazoan phyla, to whom they served as an evolutionary stepping stone to multicellularity.
There are six human genes associated with it:
COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A3, COL4A4, COL4A5, COL4A6
Clinical significance
The alpha-3 subunit (COL4A3) of collagen IV is thought to be the antigen implicated in Goodpasture syndrome, wherein the immune system attacks the basement membranes of the glomeruli and the alveoli upon the antigenic site on the alpha-3 subunit becomes unsequestered due to environmental exposures.
Goodpasture syndrome presents with nephritic syndrome and hemoptysis. Microscopic evaluation of biopsied renal tissue will reveal linear deposits of Immunoglobulin G by immunofluorescence. This is classically in young adult males.
Mutations to the genes coding for collagen IV lead to Alport syndrome. This will cause thinning and splitting of the glomerular basement membrane. It will present as isolated hematuria, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular disturbances and is passed on genetically, usually in an X-linked manner, although there are rarer autosomal forms.
Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are associated with the deposition of collagen IV in the liver. Serum Collagen IV concentrations correlate with hepatic tissue levels of collagen IV in subjects with alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C and fall following successful therapy.
Mutations in COL4A1 exons 24 and 25 are associated with HANAC (autosomal dominant hereditary angiopathy with nephropathy, aneurysms, and muscle cramps). It has also been confirmed that mutations in the COL4A1 gene occur in some patients with porencephaly and schizencephaly.
In humans, a novel mutation of the COL4A1 gene coding for collagen type IV was found to be associated with autosomal dominant congenital cataract in a Chinese family. This mutation was not found in unaffected family members or in 200 unrelated controls. In this study, sequence analysis confirmed that the Gly782 amino acid residue was highly conserved. This report of a new mutation in the COL4A1 gene is the first report of a non-syndromic autosomal dominant congenital cataract that highlights an important role for collagen type IV in the physiological and optical properties of the lens.
Additionally, in the cardiovascular field, the COL4A1 and COL4A2 regions on chromosome 13q34 are a highly replicated locus for coronary artery disease. In a normal wall of arteries, collagen type IV acts to inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that protein expression of collagen type IV in human vascular smooth muscle cells is regulated by both SMAD3 protein and TGFβ mediated stimulation of mRNA. Altogether, it was concluded that the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease may be regulated by COL4A1 and COL4A2 genes.
An autosomal recessive encephalopathy associated with mutations in this gene has also been reported.
Increased glomerular and mesangial deposition of collagen IV occurs in diabetic nephropathy and increased urinary levels are associated with the extent of renal injury.
References
External links
Collagens
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13302075
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yell%20%26%20Ice
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Yell & Ice
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Yell & Ice is the album by American alternative hip hop sextet Subtle. It was released on Lex Records in 2007.
As Wishingbone was to A New White, Yell & Ice is a sibling-album to For Hero: For Fool, containing remixes and reworkings of tracks from that album, including new material. The album expands and continues the story of the character Hour Hero Yes. It features collaborations with members of several other indie bands such as TV on the Radio, Wolf Parade, Dosh, Fog as well as one with frequent Doseone collaborator Yoni Wolf, also known as Why?. The artwork for the album is by SSSR, which also produced the artwork for Wishingbone and created all of Subtle's music videos.
An early press release from Lex Records described the album as including a "one-off Clouddead reunion" leading to some confusion among fans. Yoni Wolf but not Odd Nosdam from the Clouddead trio appears on the album.
Track listing
"Falling" feat. Why? of Clouddead (3:50)
"Middleclass Haunt" feat. Dan Boeckner of Wolf Parade (4:35)
"Deathful" feat. Tunde Adebimpe of TV on the Radio, Andrew Broder of Fog and Dosh (3:21)
"Islandmind" (3:30)
"The Pit Within Pits" feat. Markus Acher of The Notwist (5:14)
"Cut Yell" (5:29)
"Not" (3:19)
"Sinking Pinks" feat. Chris Adams of Hood (5:54)
"Requiem for a Dive" (3:34)
References
Subtle (band) albums
2007 remix albums
Lex Records remix albums
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18899044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20R.%20Avery
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Stanley R. Avery
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Stanley R. Avery (1879 – September 17, 1967) was an American composer, choirmaster and organist at St. Mark's Church for 40 years. He wrote many pedagogical pieces for piano, and some of his songs and works for organ were published during his life. Among his works in larger forms is an opera, The Operatician, on a libretto by William Skinner Cooper. His compositions were performed by the Minneapolis, Duluth and Chicago symphony orchestras.
Biography
Avery was born in Yonkers, New York, where he studied organ, musical composition and choir-training. He also studied organ and musical composition in Berlin, before returning to Yonkers, where he was an organist from 1896 to 1910. He moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he became a choirmaster and organist at St. Mark's Church from 1910 to 1950. He was a member of the first class to register at the American Conservatory in Fontainebleau, France, in 1921.
In Minneapolis, he was a member of the faculty of MacPhail School of Music from 1919 to 1966, and the director of music at Blake School for Boys (1934–43) and conductor of civic pageants. His compositions include a one-act opera The Quartet, a comic opera Katrina, the operettas The Merry Mexican and Ichabod Crane, incidental music to Josephine Preston Peabody's drama The Piper, two musical comedies, and overture The Taming of the Shrew, oratorio The Raising of Lazarus, and orchestral scherzo A Joyous Prelude, and other works for chamber piano and violin, and songs.
Manuscripts of Avery's musical work can be found at the University of Minnesota Music Library and at the Hennepin County Library Minneapolis Central Library Special Collections department which also has biographical information, newspaper clippings, photographs, obituary, and scrapbooks.
External links
Hennepin County Library Special Collections Personal Archives
References
1879 births
1967 deaths
American male composers
American composers
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17004963
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayzak%20District
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Bayzak District
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Bayzak (, ) is a district of Jambyl Region in south-eastern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the auyl of Sarykemer.
References
Districts of Kazakhstan
Jambyl Region
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16571044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Coalition%20for%20Gay%20and%20Lesbian%20Equality%20v%20Minister%20of%20Justice
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National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice
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National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others is a decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa which struck down the laws prohibiting consensual sexual activities between men. Basing its decision on the Bill of Rights in the Constitutionand in particular its explicit prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientationthe court unanimously ruled that the crime of sodomy, as well as various other related provisions of the criminal law, were unconstitutional and therefore invalid.
The case was the first in a series of Constitutional Court rulings advancing LGBT rights in South Africa which culminated in the case Minister of Home Affairs and Another v Fourie and Another, a judgment which led to the legalisation of same-sex marriage in South Africa by the Civil Union Act, 2006. In the interim the court extended to same-sex couples immigration-related rights, pension benefits, the ability to adopt, and parental rights over children conceived by artificial insemination.
Argument in the case was heard on 27 August 1998 before President of the Constitutional Court Arthur Chaskalson, Deputy President Pius Langa, and Justices Ackermann, Goldstone, Kriegler, Mokgoro, O'Regan, Sachs and Yacoob. The decision was handed down on 9 October of the same year; the majority judgment was authored by Justice Ackermann, while Justice Sachs wrote a separate concurring judgment.
History
Sodomy in South African law
South Africa inherited the crime of "sodomy" from the Roman-Dutch law, which was introduced by the Dutch East India Company settlers at the Cape, and still forms the basis of South African law. In the Roman-Dutch law, sodomy originally encompassed a number of sexual acts considered unnatural, including heterosexual anal sex, masturbation and bestiality, as well as homosexual sex. Over time, however, in South African common law it was reduced to refer only to male-male anal sex, the legal definition being "unlawful and intentional sexual intercourse per anum between human males". The common law also prohibited "unnatural sexual offences", defined as "the unlawful and intentional commission of an unnatural sexual act by one person with another person"; the definition of "unnatural" had been held to include fellatio, mutual masturbation and intercrural sex, but it only applied to acts between men and not to acts between a man and a woman.
"Sodomy" and "unnatural sexual offences" were common law crimes, derived from the Roman-Dutch law and developed by judges. South African statute law also contained, in section 20A of the Sexual Offences Act, a provision known as the "men at a party" offence; this criminalized any sexual acts between men at a party, where "a party" was defined as any occasion with more than two people present.
Gay men were frequently prosecuted under these laws until about 1970, after which date prosecutions for private consensual sex became less common. Nonetheless, they remained on the books as prosecutable offences. In particular, sodomy was listed as a Schedule 1 offence in the Criminal Procedure Act, placing it in the same category as murder, rape and fraud. This listing also allowed police officers to arrest people suspected of sodomy without a warrant, and to use deadly force against them if they attempted to flee.
Prior case law
In the 1993 case of S v H the defendant plead guilty in the Magistrate's Court to a charge of sodomy, and received a suspended sentence of one year's imprisonment; the act alleged was private and consensual. The conviction was reviewed by Judge Lourens Ackermann in the Cape Provincial Division of the Supreme Court. At that time, before the Interim Constitution and its Bill of Rights had come into force, the conviction was valid in law and the court did not reverse it; however, the sentence was replaced by a nominal caution and discharge. Judge Ackermann referred to the various draft constitutional texts then under negotiation, and pointed out that the drafts proposed by the ANC, the DP and the IFP all explicitly forbade discrimination based on sexual orientation, while the draft proposed by the NP-controlled government forbade discrimination on the basis of "natural characteristics". He used these facts to justify a ruling that custodial sentences were not appropriate for cases of consensual private sodomy. Significantly, he also wrote:
The Interim Constitution, which came into force on 27 April 1994, did indeed explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. The first challenge to the sodomy laws under this new dispensation came in the case of S v Adendolf; however, this appeal was rejected by the Cape Provincial Division because the alleged sex was nonconsensual, and the court regarded the question of constitutionality as purely theoretical. The court did state that they would have considered the case had the act in question been consensual.
S v Kampher was such a case of consensual sex, although distinguished by the fact that it had occurred between prisoners in a correctional centre. The defendant was sentenced to a year's imprisonment, suspended for three years. The conviction and sentence was reviewed by Judge Ian Farlam in the Cape Provincial Division; he specifically questioned whether the crime of sodomy was compatible with the anti-discrimination and privacy provisions of the Constitution. The magistrate who had convicted Kampher claimed that it was compatible, referring to Ackermann's judgment in S v H, which had suggested that sex between prison inmates might be a "special situation" in which the state had a legitimate interest in proscribing sexual relationships. The Attorney-General of the Cape disputed this, submitting that the crime of sodomy was indeed incompatible with the Bill of Rights. The court agreed with the Attorney-General and set aside the conviction and sentence; it did not, however, strike down the crime of sodomy in general.
The High Court judgment
The final Constitution, which came into force on 4 February 1997, contained similar equality protections to those in the Interim Constitution, providing in section 9(3) that:
In 1997 the National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality, an association representing a broad spectrum of South African LGBT organisations, launched a constitutional challenge in the Witwatersrand Local Division of the High Court. The Coalition was joined as applicant by the South African Human Rights Commission, an independent chapter nine institution created by the Constitution and tasked with the promotion and protection of human rights. Named as respondents were the Minister of Justice, the national minister responsible for criminal law; the Minister of Safety and Security, the national minister responsible for policing; and the Attorney General of the Witwatersrand, the official responsible for prosecutions in the Witwatersrand Division. (The position of Attorney General has since been replaced by that of Director of Public Prosecutions within the National Prosecuting Authority.)
The applicants asked the High Court to:
invalidate as unconstitutional the common-law offences of sodomy and commission of an unnatural sexual act, and section 20A of the Sexual Offences Act (the "men at a party" offence).
invalidate any conviction for any of the three offences for acts committed after 27 April 1994 (the date that the Interim Constitution came into force) if the case was still under appeal or review.
invalidate the inclusion of sodomy as a Schedule 1 offence in the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (which had the effect that people could be arrested without a warrant on reasonable suspicion of having committed sodomy, and deadly force could be used to prevent fleeing from arrest), and its inclusion in the Schedule of the Security Officers Act, 1987 (which had the effect of disqualifying those convicted of sodomy from being registered as security officers).
invalidate any action taken under the authority of the inclusion of sodomy in Schedule 1 of the CPA or the Schedule of the Security Officers Act.
The Minister of Justice only opposed the last of these requests, and after the applicants withdrew it the government did not offer any opposition to the case. The applicants also withdrew the second requestthe blanket invalidation of past convictionsas they realised that some convictions related to non-consensual acts and should instead be converted into convictions for indecent assault.
The applicants argued that because the offences applied only to men and only to sex between men, they infringed the equality clause of the Constitution because they unfairly discriminated in terms of gender and sexual orientation. They also argued that "commission of an unnatural sexual offence" was so vaguely defined that it was not compatible with the rule of law, as a person could not be certain what acts it criminalised.
The High Court's judgment, authored by Judge Jonathan Heher and handed down on 8 May 1998, considered each of the attacked offences in terms of the equality guarantee in the Constitution. The offence of sodomy, he ruled, amounted to unfair discrimination both in terms of gender, because it criminalised an act between men that would not be a crime between a man and a woman, and in terms of sexual orientation, because anal intercourse is the gay male analogue to vaginal intercourse for heterosexuals. He then examined whether the discrimination could be justified, and observed that the only arguments for justification were based on prejudice or religious beliefs, which are irrelevant in a constitutional secular state; protection of public morals, which could be achieved by non-discriminatory sex offence laws; or the prevailing public opinion. Addressing the last point, the judgment referred to S v Makwanyane, in which the Constitutional Court had abolished the death penalty despite acknowledging that the weight of public opinion was opposed to abolition. The court therefore ruled that the offence of sodomy was inconsistent with the Constitution and invalid.
Considering the offence of "commission of an unnatural sexual act", Judge Heher dismissed the vagueness argument, and stated that there were some acts potentially covered by the offencebestiality being an examplethat should remain criminalised. He did accept, however, that the offence had primarily been used to prosecute gay men, and ruled that it was discriminatory and unjustifiable, and therefore invalid, to the extent that it criminalised acts between men that would not be criminal between women or between a man and a woman. Continuing to section 20A of the Sexual Offences Act, Judge Heher ruled that, as in the case of sodomy, it was discriminatory in terms of both gender and sexual orientation. Looking to justification, he proposed that Parliament might have enacted the section for the purpose of suppressing "sexual license", but considered that since the government had not seen fit to criminalise similar heterosexual or lesbian activities, the argument was not persuasive.
The offence of sodomy having been declared to be invalid and unconstitutional, it followed that its inclusion in the Schedules to the CPA and the Security Officers Act must also be invalid.
Confirmation by the Constitutional Court
South African law requires that court orders declaring acts of Parliament to be unconstitutional be confirmed by the Constitutional Court; the High Court therefore referred its order to the Constitutional Court for confirmation. The court heard argument from the applicants on 27 August 1998; the government did not oppose the application and presented no argument.
The Constitutional Court handed down its decision on 9 October 1998; the judges were unanimous in confirming the order of the High Court. The majority judgment was written by Justice Lourens Ackermann, while Justice Albie Sachs authored a separate concurrence. The court, recognising that the criminalisation of sodomy was clearly discrimination, assessed the fairness or otherwise of the discrimination by examining its effects on the groups affected, i.e. gay men and, indirectly, lesbians. Referring frequently to an influential article written by Edwin Cameron, then a professor and now himself a Constitutional Court judge, it observed that the sodomy laws "[reinforce] already existing societal prejudices" and worsen the effects of those prejudices, reducing gay men to "unapprehended felons" and thereby encouraging discrimination against them.
The court referred to the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in Norris v. Ireland and of the Supreme Court of Canada in Vriend v. Alberta, finding that heterosexist discrimination causes psychological harm to gays and lesbians and affects their dignity and self-esteem. It also observed that the criminalisation of sodomy legitimises blackmail, entrapment and "queer-bashing". Noting that gay men are a permanent minority in society who have been severely affected by discrimination, and that the conduct that is criminalised is consensual and causes no harm to others, the judgment determined that the discrimination is unfair and therefore infringes on the constitutional right to equality.
The judgment then proceeded to examine the sodomy laws against the constitutional rights to human dignity and privacy. Observing that the laws punish an act that society associates with homosexuality and thereby stigmatise gay men, as well as putting them at risk of prosecution for "[engaging] in sexual conduct which is part of their experience of being human", the court determined that the right to dignity was infringed.
Dealing with privacy, the court referred again to Cameron's article; he had suggested that the argument based on privacy was inadequate because it implied that the protection against discrimination should be limited to tolerance of private acts. The court noted that the article was published at a time when the inclusion of sexual orientation as a ground for anti-discrimination protection was still being debated, and that Cameron's argument did not apply when the judgment had already found the discrimination to be unconstitutional on the grounds of equality and dignity.
Having found that the sodomy laws breached constitutional rights, the court then proceeded to ask whether the infringement was justifiable "in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality and freedom". The court found that, on the one hand, the criminalisation of sodomy had severe effects on the lives of gay men, and, on the other hand, that no valid purpose had been suggested for the infringement. It pointed out that religious views could not influence constitutional jurisprudence in a secular country.
The court also examined the situation in other democratic countries, observing that sodomy had been decriminalised in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and throughout Western Europe. The court did take note that Bowers v. Hardwick was still (at that time) law in the United States, but pointed out its inconsistency with Romer v. Evans. The result of the balancing test was that the infringements of the rights of gay men could in no way be justified in an open and democratic society.
The court noted that male rape could be prosecuted as indecent assault, and that the Sexual Offences Act created a separate statutory offence criminalising same-sex sexual acts with a person under the age of 19. There was therefore no need to retain a limited offence of sodomy to deal with non-consensual or underage sex, and it could be entirely struck out of the common law. Considering the "men at a party" offence, the court described it as "absurdly discriminatory" and declared it to be unconstitutional for the same reasons that the offence of sodomy was.
The final question before the court was the exact nature of the order to be made and, in particular, to what extent it should be retroactive. The court ruled that, in law, the offences in question ceased to exist on 27 April 1994, when the Interim Constitution came into force. The order, however, provided that past convictions should only be invalidated if they were for consensual acts and the case had not been completely finalised; the court pointed out that those whose cases were final could apply for leave to appeal and condonation of their delay in appealing, in light of the judgment. The order also provided that actions taken as a result of the inclusion of sodomy in the schedules to the Criminal Procedure Act and the Security Officers Act should not be invalidated unless a court found that it would be just and equitable to do so.
Subsequently
The judgment was the first by the Constitutional Court to deal with LGBT rights. It was followed by a series of rulings relating to the recognition of same-sex relationships which granted, amongst others, immigration benefits, the ability to adopt, medical and pension benefits, rights related to artificial insemination, and intestate inheritance rights. This trend was completed by the ruling in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, which led to the Civil Union Act and the legalisation of same-sex marriage.
The court's ruling on the sodomy laws did not address the inequality in the Sexual Offences Act, which set the age of consent at 16 for heterosexual sex but 19 for homosexual sex. This discrepancy was addressed in 2007 by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, which reformed and codified the law relating to sexual offences to place it on a gender- and orientation-neutral basis, setting a uniform age of consent at 16. The erstwhile discrepancy was declared to be unconstitutional in 2008, in the case of Geldenhuys v National Director of Public Prosecutions.
See also
LGBT rights in South Africa
Similar cases:
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981), Norris v. Ireland (1988) and Modinos v. Cyprus (1993), decided by the European Court of Human Rights.
Toonen v. Australia (1994), decided by the United Nations Human Rights Committee.
Case No. 111-97-TC (1997), decided by the Constitutional Tribunal of Ecuador.
Lawrence v. Texas (2003), decided by the United States Supreme Court.
Thomas McCosker v The State (2005), decided by the High Court of Fiji.
Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi (2009), decided by the Delhi High Court.
References
External links
Text of the judgment at SAFLII
South African LGBT rights case law
1998 in LGBT history
Constitutional Court of South Africa cases
1998 in case law
1998 in South African law
South African criminal case law
Sex laws in South Africa
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2950201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migala
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Migala
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Migala was a rock-based experimental band hailing from Madrid, Spain. The band was known for its complex, varied, and often cathartic musical arrangements, heavily influenced by pop, post-rock, folk, and traditional Spanish music.
Although Migala have split up, giving their last concert at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim, members of the band continue to be involved in various musical projects: Abel with El Hijo, playing with the musicians Raúl Fernández, Xavi Mole and Kieran Stephen; and Kieran Stephen records under the name of Fantasy Bar. Nacho Vegas, Manta Ray's ex-guitarist, was a member of Migala from Arde up until La Increíble Aventura, while at the same time releasing albums under his own name and with his band, Las Esferas Invisibles.
Discography
Diciembre 3 a.m. (1997, Acuarela)
Así duele un verano (1998, Acuarela)
Arde (2000, Acuarela)
Restos de un incendio (2001, Acuarela)
La increíble Aventura (2004, Acuarela)
El Hijo
La Piel del Oso EP (2006, Acuarela)
Canciones Gringas EP (2006, Acuarela)
Las Otras Vidas LP (2007, Acuarela)
Fantasy Bar
Friday Afternoon Car (June 2008, Acuarela)
External links
Website of Abel Hernandez's solo project, El hijo
Myspace of Fantasy Bar
Acuarela Discos, home of Migala, El Hijo & Fantasy Bar, and other bands
Sub Pop Records band website
Spanish post-rock groups
Spanish rock music groups
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253301
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickens%20%28disambiguation%29
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Dickens (disambiguation)
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Charles Dickens (1812–1870) was an English writer and social critic.
Dickens may also refer to:
People
Dickens (surname)
Dickens family, descendants of John Dickens, including his son Charles Dickens
Places
Dickens (crater), a crater on Mercury
Canada
Dickens, Vancouver, British Columbia, a small neighbourhood in East Vancouver
United Kingdom
Dickens Heath, village in the borough of Solihull, West Midlands
United States
Dickens, Iowa (population 202 at the 2000 census), a city in Clay County
Dickens, Maryland, an unincorporated community in Allegany County
Dickens, Missouri, an unincorporated community
Dickens, Nebraska, an unincorporated community in Lincoln County
Dickens, Texas (population 332 at the 2000 census), a city in Dickens County
Dickens County, Texas (population 2,762 at the 2000 census)
Arts, entertainment, and media
Dickens (TV miniseries), 2002 PBS miniseries
Dickens in America, 2005 BBC television documentary
Dickensian (TV series), 2016 BBC drama that brings together characters created by Charles Dickens in a Victorian community
Education
Charles Dickens Elementary School, public elementary school in Vancouver, Canada
Dickens Annex, public elementary school in Vancouver, Canada
Dickens Hall, historical building at Kansas State University in Manhattan, U.S.
Entertainment venues
Dickens Athletic Center, 2,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Chicago, U.S.
Dickens World, themed attraction located at Chatham Dockyard, Kent, UK
Dickens on the Strand, annual Christmas festival in Galveston, Texas, U.S.
Other uses
USS Dickens (APA-161), U.S. Navy attack transport during WW2
See also
Dickins (disambiguation)
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7756924
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%20Ant%C3%A3o%20North%20Premier%20Division
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Santo Antão North Premier Division
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The Santo Antão North Premier Division is a regional championship played in Ribeira Grande and Paul (though not listed), Santo Antão Island, Cape Verde. It is organized by the Santo Antão North Regional Football Association (Associação Regional de Futebol de Zona Norte do Santo Antão, ARFZNSA). The winner of the championship plays in Cape Verdean football Championships of each season. The league was formed in 1997 and continued to play with the Santo Antão Island League until the breakup into the north and south zones in 2002.
Six clubs participate, a club with the most points participates in the national championships each season while the last placed club from the regional premier division relegates into the second division the following season.
In 2013, the main portion became the Premier Division after the Premier Division was added.
Paulense has the most island titles with six and will total seven on its entirety in late March, second is Solpontense with five, third is Rosariense with three and three clubs Beira-Mar and Foguetões and now Sinagoga with only one title.
Santo Antão North Premier Division- Clubs 2017/18
Beira Mar - Ribeira Grande
Foguetões - Eito
Paulense - Paul
Rosariense - Ribeira Grande
Santo Crucifixo - covering the parish, based in Coculi
Sinagoga
Winners
Source:
Regional championships (1997-2012)
1997/98 : Rosariense Clube
1998/99 : Solpontense
1999/00 : Solpontense
2000-02 : not held as the Santo Antão Island League continued without the two zones
2002/03 : Paulense DC
2003/04 : Paulense DC
2004/05 : Paulense DC
2005/06 : Beira-Mar (Ribeira Grande)
2006/07 : Rosariense Clube
2007/08 : Solpontense
2008/09 : Foguetões
2009/10 : Solpontense
2010/11 : Rosariense Clube
2011/12 : Paulense
Regional Premier Division (since 2013)
2012/13 : Solpontense
2013/14 : Paulense
2014/15 : Paulense
2015/16 : Sinagoga
2016-17: Paulense
2017–18: Os Foguetões
Performance by club
Performance by municipality
Seasons by club
The left indicates the participation in the North Zone and its Premier Division, inside the bracket is overall participation as one island and the North Zone.
See also
Sports in Santo Antão, Cape Verde
Santo Antão North Cup
Santo Antão North Super Cup
Santo Antão North Opening Tournament
References
External links
Santo Antão North Zone Regional Football Association website
Santo Antão North Premier Division at Sports Midia
Second level football leagues in Cape Verde
1997 establishments in Cape Verde
Sports leagues established in 1997
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1122390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Henderson
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Chris Henderson
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Christopher Henderson (born December 11, 1970) is a former American soccer midfielder who earned 79 caps with the U.S. national team. He was part of the U.S. team at the 1992 Summer Olympics and, at the time of his retirement from Major League Soccer, he was the league's all-time leader in games played. Henderson served as the technical director of Seattle Sounders FC from 2008 to 2021. He is currently the chief soccer officer and sporting director of Inter Miami CF.
Early career
Henderson, older brother to Sean Henderson, attended Cascade High School in Everett, Washington. In 1989, he played a single season with the Seattle Storm of the Western Soccer League.
Henderson played two years of college soccer at UCLA, where he helped the team win a national championship his sophomore season. Upon graduating from college, Henderson played for German Second Division club FSV Frankfurt during the 1994–95 season. After the end of that season, he moved to the Norwegian league, where he trained with Stabæk during the winter. He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2016.
Major League Soccer
At the end of the Norwegian season, Henderson returned to the U.S. and on March 11, 1996, the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer (MLS) named Henderson as a Discovery Player. He immediately stood out by starting 29 games, scoring three goals and eight assists, and being named the Rapids' team MVP. Henderson spent the next two seasons with the Rapids, registering nine goals and 22 assists over 51 games. He then moved to the Kansas City Wizards for the 1999 season, where he started 29 games, scoring three goals and six assists. Henderson was even better in 2000, scoring nine goals and nine assists as one of the major players in the Wizards team that won the MLS Cup.
He moved to the Miami Fusion for the 2001 season, where he scored three goals and eight assists on a team that went on to win the MLS Supporters' Shield in their final year. Upon Fusion's contraction, Henderson was reacquired by the Rapids in the 2002 MLS Dispersal Draft. Henderson continued to be a threat on the right for the Rapids, scoring 11 goals and seven assists in his first season back. Although he began to show his age in the next two seasons, Henderson continued to be dangerous on the flank. He is the Rapids' all-time leader with 178 games played, 53 assists, and 120 points. Henderson was traded to the Columbus Crew in May 2005 in a three-team deal. After the season, he was dealt again, to the MetroStars — soon renamed New York Red Bulls — for Tim Ward. Henderson played every match of the 2006 season, and by its end he was the league's all-time leader in games played, though he has since lost the title. At the end of the season, however, Henderson was waived. He went on to announce his retirement from professional soccer on December 22, 2006.
Technical Staff
Following his retirement as a player, Henderson rejoined the Kansas City Wizards as an assistant coach for the 2007 season. On January 24, 2008, it was announced that Henderson would be joining the front office of the Seattle Sounders FC as the technical director. Under Henderson, the Sounders reached the playoffs in 12 consecutive years starting with their expansion season in 2009. They have won four U.S. Open Cups, one Supporters' Shield, and two MLS Cup championships since joining the league.
Henderson was named the chief soccer officer and sporting director of Inter Miami CF on January 18, 2021.
National team
Henderson earned 79 caps with the U.S. national team throughout the 1990s. He first appeared for the U.S. while still at UCLA when he started in a victory over Iceland. He quickly established himself on the national team, seeing time in nearly every game leading up to the 1990 FIFA World Cup. While he was on the U.S. roster at the World Cup – and the tournament's youngest player at 19 – he did not enter any of the three U.S. games. Henderson was a member of the U.S. team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
Henderson continued to play with the national team until 1998. His last game in the 1990s came in a February 25, 1998 loss to Belgium as the U.S. prepared for the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Despite being a critical part of the national team for years, Henderson did not make the World Cup roster. Henderson did not earn his next cap until October 25, 2000. His next, and final cap, came on September 1, 2001.
Over his national team career, Henderson accrued 79 caps but only three goals for the team. Despite all those caps, Henderson never played in a World Cup for the United States.
Career statistics
References
1970 births
Living people
American expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Colorado Rapids players
Columbus Crew players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1992 King Fahd Cup players
1993 Copa América players
1993 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
Sporting Kansas City players
Miami Fusion players
Olympic soccer players of the United States
New York Red Bulls players
Seattle Sounders FC
Seattle Storm (soccer) players
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' soccer)
UCLA Bruins men's soccer players
United States men's international soccer players
Soccer players from Washington (state)
Western Soccer Alliance players
FSV Frankfurt players
2. Bundesliga players
People from Edmonds, Washington
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
Association football midfielders
American soccer players
Expatriate footballers in Norway
American expatriate sportspeople in Norway
American expatriate soccer players
Expatriate footballers in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20Airwaves
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Iceland Airwaves
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Iceland Airwaves is an annual music festival held in Reykjavík, Iceland in early November.
The festival spans four days (Wednesday - Saturday) and its main focus is showcasing new music, both Icelandic and international. The festival's main sponsors are Icelandair and the City of Reykjavík.
Festival
The first show was held in 1999 as a one-off event in an airplane hangar at Reykjavík Airport.
Iceland Airwaves is promoted and produced by Iceland Music Export. and sponsored by its founder Icelandair, in cooperation with the City of Reykjavik.
In February 2018 the event managing company Sena Live, a subsidiary of production company Sena, bought the logo and all associated trademarks of Iceland Airwaves Music Festival. the 2018 edition of Iceland Airwaves was promoted and produced by Sena Live.
Notable acts
See also
List of electronic music festivals
References
External links
Iceland Airwaves
Music festivals in Iceland
Festivals in Reykjavík
Electronic music festivals in Iceland
Annual events in Iceland
1999 establishments in Iceland
Music festivals established in 1999
Rock festivals in Iceland
Icelandair
Autumn events in Iceland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan%20to%20Gon
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Gan to Gon
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is a Japanese comedy anime series produced by Jiho Eigasha. Its 260 episodes were aired from April 5, 1974, to August 13, 1975, at a length of around five minutes each.
Characters
Staff
Writers: Tetsuyoshi Ônuki, Setsuko Murayama
Character Design: Tōki Kuwashima
Key Animation: Takao Suzuki
Animation: Sumio Iwasaki, Tetsuyoshi Chyōshi, Fumio Sakai, Atsuko Nakajima
Camera: Masayuki Hattori
Animation Production: Nihon Doga
Produced by Jiho Eigasha
Episodes
The order airdates of episodes are unknown:
Protect the Oasis (オアシスを守れ Oashisu o Mamore)
Bag of Gold Coins Came (帰ってきた金貨の袋)
Gold & Dynamite (金貨とダイナマイト)
See also
Hoshi no Ko Poron
External links
1974 anime television series debuts
1975 Japanese television series endings
Comedy anime and manga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Hall%2C%20Kampen
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City Hall, Kampen
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The City Hall, Kampen is an old city hall in Kampen, Overijssel. Both the older, Gothic portion and the newer, neo-classical building for the government offices form a Rijksmonument complex. It is used for weddings and other official proceedings. The older portion is in use as the local museum of Kampen.
History
Precise dates for the old part of the building are not available, but various decorations can be dated, most notably the fireplace in the sheriffs’ courtroom, which was made between 1543 and 1554 by the sculptor Jacob de Nole. He was from the Southern Netherlands but moved to Utrecht from 1530 onwards.
By the 19th century, the city hall had become cramped and a new neo-classical addition was built on the end. For this the old renaissance gate needed to be deconstructed and the painter Cornelis Springer captured it in a nostalgic painting in 1832:
References
Raadhuis Kampen
External link
Government buildings completed in 1835
Kampen
Neoclassical architecture in the Netherlands
Museums in Overijssel
Rijksmonuments in Overijssel
Kampen, Overijssel
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32294437
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%20Hess%20%28writer%29
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Sol Hess (writer)
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Sol Hess (October 14, 1872 – December 31, 1941) was a comic strip writer best known for creating the long-run strip The Nebbs with animation artist Wallace Carlson.
Born on an Illinois farm, Hess moved with his parents to Chicago, where a short time later, his father died. He took a job as a traveling salesman for a wholesale jewelry company and became a successful jeweler with Rettif, Hess & Madsen, a prominent firm. The company office was located near the Chicago Tribune, and Hess became friendly with the Tribune journalists and comic strip cartoonists.
He entered the comics field as an amateur writer, receiving no pay for the gags he supplied to the cartoonists. Sidney Smith created The Gumps in 1917, and two years later, he started using Hess' dialogue and ideas.
The Nebbs
In 1922, after Smith signed a million-dollar contract ($100,000 per year for ten years), Hess felt he was due a significant share as writer. When Smith offered him only $100 a week, a bitter Hess decided to create his own comic strip, earning $800 a week
after he teamed with cartoonist Carlson to launch The Nebbs on May 22, 1923. Carlson had been animating The Gumps for John Randolph Bray in 1919, and while the series was not successful, it brought Carlson in contact with Hess, and the two struck up a friendship. Carlson's career as animator ended with his last Gumps short, Fatherly Love (1921). The Nebbs closely paralleled The Gumps, although the character of Junior Nebb bore a strong resemblance to an earlier Carlson character, Dreamy Dud. With a situation and characters not unlike The Gumps, the strip caught on with readers and quickly became popular, enabling Hess to leave the jewelry business in 1925.
Comics historian Don Markstein described the characters:
Even the name was Gumps-like. "Gump" was a word Tribune Syndicate chief Joseph M. Patterson used for a member of the Unwashed Masses. The name Nebb was short for "nebbish", a Yiddish word for the sort of person who doesn't stand out in any way. Dad Rudy (no relation) wasn't a loser type, but he did think more highly of himself than an objective observer would be likely to do. Mom Fanny was a typical domestic type, the family power center but in a low-key way. Young son Junior was a lot like Chester Gump, but he did have an occasional fabulous adventure, such as joining a circus and touring with them for months. Teenage daughter Betsy, a typical young woman of the flapper era, was the only one who didn't have an analog in the other strip. Despite its similarity to an established property, The Nebbs caught on and appeared in about 500 papers. In fact, it was in most of the Hearst papers, despite being distributed by a rival of Hearst's King Features Syndicate, because William Randolph Hearst himself liked it. But it never reached the stellar heights of The Gumps. There were a few Big Little Books in the 1930s, a short-lived radio show in the mid-'40s, and not much else in the way of merchandising or media spin-offs.
Interviewed in 1929, Hess talked about his characters and finding humor in real-life situations:
Where does he get his ideas? From life, he said, and for that reason he must be very observing at all times to see the little things that happen at home, on the streets, among his friends, that may be incorporated into a strip of Nebbs. "The characters! Oh, they are entirely imaginary," he declared. "I haven't taken them from life at all. It is just the things that they do that are little glimpses of real life."
Reprints
Cupples & Leon collected The Nebbs into a 1928 book. Dell published The Nebbs comic book in 1941, and four years later, Croydon Publishing printed a single issue of The Nebbs comic book (1945). Through Chicago's Artists and Creators Guild, Hess issued a Nebbs Bridge Scorepad in 1932. Other merchandising included bisque statuettes and a Nebbs board game.
Radio
Heard on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1945, The Nebbs radio series aired on Sunday afternoons. It featured Gene Lockhart as Rudy Nebbs and Kathleen Lockhart as Fanny Nebbs. Others in the cast were Ruth Perrott, Francis "Dink" Trout and Dick Ryan.
The Toodle Family
With Hess' death in 1941, the scripts for The Nebbs were taken over by his daughter, Betsy Hess, and her husband, Stanley Baer. They ran another strip called The Toodle Family, and by 1947, The Nebbs had been folded into the newer comic as subsidiary characters.
Death
Hess died at his apartment at the Shoreland Hotel, in Chicago, of a heart attack, on December 31, 1941.
See also
The Nebbishes
References
American comics writers
1872 births
1941 deaths
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20%28film%29
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Education (film)
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Education is a 2020 drama film directed by Steve McQueen and co-written by McQueen and Alastair Siddons. The film was released as part of the anthology series Small Axe on BBC One on 13 December 2020, in the Netherlands on 16 December 2020, and on Amazon Prime Video on 18 December 2020.
Cast
Kenyah Sandy as Kingsley Smith
Sharlene Whyte as Agnes Smith
Tamara Lawrance as Stephanie Smith
Daniel Francis as Esmond Smith
Josette Simon as Lydia Thomas
Naomi Ackie as Hazel
Ryan Masher as Joseph
Jairaj Varsani as Sajid
Tabitha Byron as Sheila
Roshawn Hewitt as Baz
Aiyana Goodfellow as Nina
Nathan Moses as Ashley
Jo Martin as Mrs. Tabitha Bartholomew
Kate Dickie as Miss Gill
Stewart Wright as Mr. Baines
Jade Anouka as Mrs. Morrison
Adrian Rawlins as Headmaster Evans
Nigel Boyle as Mr. Hamley
Background
Although the characters in Education are fictional, the film is based on real-life events of the 1970s, when some London councils followed an unofficial policy of transferring disproportionate numbers of black children from mainstream education to schools for the so-called "educationally subnormal". The practice was exposed by educationalist Bernard Coard in his 1971 pamphlet How the West Indian Child is Made Educationally Sub-normal in the British School System.
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 93% based on 29 critic reviews, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Education casts its hopeful gaze on the future, offering a simple and effective end to the Small Axe series that solidifies Steve McQueen['s] place as a master storyteller." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."
Peter Debruge of Variety praised Education for its "clever" approach to portraying the subtle ways in which segregation occurs in early education without "being reductive about the institution or its employees." He compared the film's "grainy, naturalistic" style to the works of Alan Clarke and Play for Today.
References
External links
2020 television films
2020 films
2020 drama films
British films
English-language films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbeat%20%28BTS%20song%29
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Heartbeat (BTS song)
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"Heartbeat" is a song by South Korean boy band BTS, released on June 28, 2019, as the fourth and main single from and in tandem with the album BTS World: Original Soundtrack. A music video was released alongside the song.
Background
The song is described as having a "pop-rock melody" featuring the group's "dulcet vocals" as well as lyrics about destiny, which were also called a "love letter" to the group's fans. The song was revealed in the game prior to the soundtrack's release, but players had to first reach mission 14 of the first chapter to listen to it.
Music video
The music video was also released on June 28, featuring "fantasy-meets-reality visuals which sees all seven members on their own journeys".
Charts
References
2019 singles
2019 songs
BTS songs
Pop rock songs
Songs written by Bang Si-hyuk
Songs written by RM (rapper)
Songs written by J-Hope
Hybe Corporation singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHIQ-FM
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XHIQ-FM
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XHIQ-FM is a radio station on 102.5 FM in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora. The station is owned by Grupo Radiorama and known as Oreja FM with a Spanish adult hits format.
History
XEIQ-AM 960 received its concession on April 9, 1958. It was owned by Jesús Corral Ruiz and eventually was bought by Grupo ACIR. ACIR downsized and sold many of its stations to Radiorama, which in turn sold many of its Sonora outlets to Grupo Larsa. (ACIR remains the concessionaire)
In April 2012, XEIQ was cleared to move to FM as XHIQ-FM 102.5.
In August 2019, XHIQ went silent as Larsa ceased its own operations in Ciudad Obregón, affecting three stations. In November, Radiorama took over direct operation of XHIQ and XHSM-FM 100.9, with XHIQ remaining in the Spanish adult hits format, but going by a new name, "Madre 102.5". The station changed brands to Oreja FM in June 2020.
References
Radio stations in Sonora
1958 establishments in Mexico
Radio stations established in 1958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed%20Martin%20F-35%20Lightning%20II
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Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
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The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is an American family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather stealth multirole combat aircraft that is intended to perform both air superiority and strike missions. It is also able to provide electronic warfare and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. Lockheed Martin is the prime F-35 contractor, with principal partners Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems. The aircraft has three main variants: the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) F-35A, the short take-off and vertical-landing (STOVL) F-35B, and the carrier-based (CV/CATOBAR) F-35C.
The aircraft descends from the Lockheed Martin X-35, which in 2001 beat the Boeing X-32 to win the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. Its development is principally funded by the United States, with additional funding from program partner countries from NATO and close U.S. allies, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Italy, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and formerly Turkey. Several other countries have ordered, or are considering ordering, the aircraft. The program has drawn much scrutiny and criticism for its unprecedented size, complexity, ballooning costs, and much-delayed deliveries, with numerous technical flaws still being corrected. The acquisition strategy of concurrent production of the aircraft while it was still in development and testing led to expensive design changes and retrofits.
The F-35B entered service with the U.S. Marine Corps in July 2015, followed by the U.S. Air Force F-35A in August 2016 and the U.S. Navy F-35C in February 2019. The F-35 was first used in combat in 2018 by the Israeli Air Force. The U.S. plans to buy 2,456 F-35s through 2044, which will represent the bulk of the crewed tactical airpower of the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps for several decades. The aircraft is projected to operate until 2070.
Development
Program origins
The F-35 was the product of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, which was the merger of various combat aircraft programs from the 1980s and 1990s. One progenitor program was the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Advanced Short Take-Off/Vertical Landing (ASTOVL) which ran from 1983 to 1994; ASTOVL aimed to develop a Harrier Jump Jet replacement for the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) and the U.K. Royal Navy. Under one of ASTOVL's classified programs, the Supersonic STOVL Fighter (SSF), Lockheed Skunk Works conducted research for a stealthy supersonic STOVL fighter intended for both U.S. Air Force (USAF) and USMC; a key technology explored was the shaft-driven lift fan (SDLF) system. Lockheed's concept was a single-engine canard delta aircraft weighing about empty. ASTOVL was rechristened as the Common Affordable Lightweight Fighter (CALF) in 1993 and involved Lockheed, McDonnell Douglas, and Boeing.
In 1993, the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program emerged following the cancellation of the USAF's Multi-Role Fighter (MRF) and U.S. Navy's (USN) Advanced Fighter-Attack (A/F-X) programs. MRF, a program for a relatively affordable F-16 replacement, was scaled back and delayed due to post–Cold War defense posture easing F-16 fleet usage and thus extending its service life as well as increasing budget pressure from the F-22 program. The A/F-X, initially known as the Advanced-Attack (A-X), began in 1991 as the USN's follow-on to the Advanced Tactical Aircraft (ATA) program for an A-6 replacement; the ATA's resulting A-12 Avenger II had been canceled due to technical problems and cost overruns in 1991. In the same year, the termination of the Naval Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), an offshoot of USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program to replace the F-14, resulted in additional fighter capability being added to A-X, which was then renamed A/F-X. Amid increased budget pressure, the Department of Defense's (DoD) Bottom-Up Review (BUR) in September 1993 announced MRF's and A/F-X's cancellations, with applicable experience brought to the emerging JAST program. JAST was not meant to develop a new aircraft, but rather to develop requirements, maturing technologies, and demonstrating concepts for advanced strike warfare.
As JAST progressed, the need for concept demonstrator aircraft by 1996 emerged, which would coincide with the full-scale flight demonstrator phase of ASTOVL/CALF. Because the ASTOVL/CALF concept appeared to align with the JAST charter, the two programs were eventually merged in 1994 under the JAST name, with the program now serving the USAF, USMC, and USN. JAST was subsequently renamed to Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) in 1995, with STOVL submissions by McDonnell Douglas, Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and Boeing. The JSF was expected to eventually replace large numbers of multi-role and strike fighters in the inventories of the US and its allies, including the Harrier, F-16, F/A-18, A-10, and F-117.
International participation is a key aspect of the JSF program, starting with United Kingdom participation in the ASTOVL program. Many international partners requiring modernization of their air forces were interested in the JSF. The United Kingdom joined JAST/JSF as a founding member in 1995 and thus became the only Tier 1 partner of the JSF program; Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Canada, Australia, and Turkey joined the program during the Concept Demonstration Phase (CDP), with Italy and the Netherlands being Tier 2 partners and the rest Tier 3. Consequently, the aircraft was developed in cooperation with international partners and available for export.
JSF competition
Boeing and Lockheed Martin were selected in early 1997 for CDP, with their concept demonstrator aircraft designated X-32 and X-35 respectively; the McDonnell Douglas team was eliminated and Northrop Grumman and British Aerospace joined the Lockheed Martin team. Each firm would produce two prototype air vehicles to demonstrate conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL), carrier takeoff and landing (CV), and STOVL. Lockheed Martin's design would make use of the work on the SDLF system conducted under the ASTOVL/CALF program. The key aspect of the X-35 that enabled STOVL operation, the SDLF system consists of the lift fan in the forward center fuselage that could be activated by engaging a clutch that connects the driveshaft to the turbines and thus augmenting the thrust from the engine's swivel nozzle. Research from prior aircraft incorporating similar systems, such as the Convair Model 200, Rockwell XFV-12, and Yakovlev Yak-141, were also taken into consideration. By contrast, Boeing's X-32 employed direct lift system that the augmented turbofan would be reconfigured to when engaging in STOVL operation.
Lockheed Martin's commonality strategy was to replace the STOVL variant's SDLF with a fuel tank and the aft swivel nozzle with a two-dimensional thrust vectoring nozzle for the CTOL variant. This would enable identical aerodynamic configuration for the STOVL and CTOL variants, while the CV variant would have an enlarged wing in order to reduce landing speed for carrier recovery. Due to aerodynamic characteristics and carrier recovery requirements from the JAST merger, the design configuration settled on a conventional tail compared to the canard delta design from the ASTOVL/CALF; notably, the conventional tail configuration offers much lower risk for carrier recovery compared to the ASTOVL/CALF canard configuration, which was designed without carrier compatibility in mind. This enabled greater commonality between all three variants, as the commonality goal was important at this design stage. Lockheed Martin's prototypes would consist of the X-35A for demonstrating CTOL before converting it to the X-35B for STOVL demonstration and the larger-winged X-35C for CV compatibility demonstration.
The X-35A first flew on 24 October 2000 and conducted flight tests for subsonic and supersonic flying qualities, handling, range, and maneuver performance. After 28 flights, the aircraft was then converted into the X-35B for STOVL testing, with key changes including the addition of the SDLF, the three-bearing swivel module (3BSM), and roll-control ducts. The X-35B would successfully demonstrate the SDLF system by performing stable hover, vertical landing, and short takeoff in less than . The X-35C first flew on 16 December 2000 and conducted field landing carrier practice tests.
On 26 October 2001, Lockheed Martin was declared the winner and was awarded the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract; Pratt & Whitney was separately awarded a development contract for the F135 engine for the JSF. The F-35 designation, which was out of sequence with standard DoD numbering, was allegedly determined on the spot by program manager Major General Mike Hough; this came as a surprise even to Lockheed Martin, which had expected the "F-24" designation for the JSF.
Design and production
As the JSF program moved into the System Development and Demonstration phase, the X-35 demonstrator design was modified to create the F-35 combat aircraft. The forward fuselage was lengthened by to make room for mission avionics, while the horizontal stabilizers were moved aft to retain balance and control. The diverterless supersonic inlet changed from a four-sided to a three-sided cowl shape and was moved aft. The fuselage section was fuller, the top surface raised by along the centerline to accommodate weapons bays. Following the designation of the X-35 prototypes, the three variants were designated F-35A (CTOL), F-35B (STOVL), and F-35C (CV). Prime contractor Lockheed Martin performs overall systems integration and final assembly and checkout (FACO), while Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems supply components for mission systems and airframe.
Adding the systems of a fighter aircraft added weight. The F-35B gained the most, largely due to a 2003 decision to enlarge the weapons bays for commonality between variants; the total weight growth was reportedly up to , over 8%, causing all STOVL key performance parameter (KPP) thresholds to be missed. In December 2003, the STOVL Weight Attack Team (SWAT) was formed to reduce the weight increase; changes included more engine thrust, thinned airframe members, smaller weapons bays and vertical stabilizers, less thrust fed to the roll-post outlets, and redesigning the wing-mate joint, electrical elements, and the airframe immediately aft of the cockpit. Many changes from the SWAT effort were applied to all three variants for commonality. By September 2004, these efforts had reduced the F-35B's weight by over , while the F-35A and F-35C were reduced in weight by and respectively. The weight reduction work cost $6.2 billion and caused an 18-month delay.
The first F-35A, designated AA-1, was rolled out in Fort Worth, Texas, on 19 February 2006 and first flew on 15 December 2006. In 2006, the F-35 was given the name "Lightning II" after the Lockheed P-38 Lightning of World War II. Some USAF pilots have nicknamed the aircraft "Panther" instead.
The aircraft's software was developed as six releases, or Blocks, for SDD. The first two Blocks, 1A and 1B, readied the F-35 for initial pilot training and multi-level security. Block 2A improved the training capabilities, while 2B was the first combat-ready release planned for the USMC's Initial Operating Capability (IOC). Block 3i retains the capabilities of 2B while having new hardware and was planned for the USAF's IOC. The final release for SDD, Block 3F, would have full flight envelope and all baseline combat capabilities. Alongside software releases, each block also incorporates avionics hardware updates and air vehicle improvements from flight and structural testing. In what is known as "concurrency", some low rate initial production (LRIP) aircraft lots would be delivered in early Block configurations and eventually upgraded to Block 3F once development is complete. After 17,000 flight test hours, the final flight for the SDD phase was completed in April 2018. Like the F-22, the F-35 has been targeted by cyberattacks and technology theft efforts, as well as potential vulnerabilities in the integrity of the supply chain.
Testing found several major problems: early F-35B airframes had premature cracking, the F-35C arrestor hook design was unreliable, fuel tanks were too vulnerable to lightning strikes, the helmet display had problems, and more. Software was repeatedly delayed due to its unprecedented scope and complexity. In 2009, the DoD Joint Estimate Team (JET) estimated that the program was 30 months behind the public schedule. In 2011, the program was "re-baselined"; that is, its cost and schedule goals were changed, pushing the IOC from the planned 2010 to July 2015. The decision to simultaneously test, fix defects, and begin production was criticized as inefficient; in 2014, Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Frank Kendall called it "acquisition malpractice". The three variants shared just 25% of their parts, far below the anticipated commonality of 70%. The program received considerable criticism for cost overruns and for the total projected lifetime cost, as well as quality management shortcomings by contractors.
The JSF program was expected to cost about $200 billion for acquisition in base-year 2002 dollars when SDD was awarded in 2001. As early as 2005, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) had identified major program risks in cost and schedule. The costly delays strained the relationship between the Pentagon and contractors. By 2017, delays and cost overruns had pushed the F-35 program's expected acquisition costs to $406.5 billion, with total lifetime cost (i.e., to 2070) to $1.5 trillion in then-year dollars which also includes operations and maintenance. The unit cost of LRIP lot 13 F-35A was $79.2 million. Delays in development and operational test and evaluation pushed full-rate production to 2021.
Upgrades and further development
The first combat-capable Block 2B configuration, which had basic air-to-air and strike capabilities, was declared ready by the USMC in July 2015. The Block 3F configuration began operational test and evaluation (OT&E) in December 2018, the completion of which will conclude SDD. The F-35 program is also conducting sustainment and upgrade development, with early LRIP aircraft gradually upgraded to the baseline Block 3F standard by 2021.
The F-35 is expected to be continually upgraded over its lifetime. The first upgrade program, called Continuous Capability Development and Delivery (C2D2) began in 2019 and is currently planned to run to 2024. The near-term development priority of C2D2 is Block 4, which would integrate additional weapons, including those unique to international customers, refresh the avionics, improve ESM capabilities, and add Remotely Operated Video Enhanced Receiver (ROVER) support. C2D2 also places greater emphasis on agile software development to enable quicker releases. In 2018, the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) awarded contracts to General Electric and Pratt & Whitney to develop more powerful and efficient adaptive cycle engines for potential application in the F-35, leveraging the research done under the Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP); in 2022, the F-35 Adaptive Engine Replacement (FAER) program was launched to integrate adaptive cycle engines into the aircraft by 2028.
Defense contractors have offered upgrades to the F-35 outside of official program contracts. In 2013, Northrop Grumman disclosed its development of a directional infrared countermeasures suite, named Threat Nullification Defensive Resource (ThNDR). The countermeasure system would share the same space as the Distributed Aperture System (DAS) sensors and acts as a laser missile jammer to protect against infrared-homing missiles.
Israel wants more access to the core avionics to include their own equipment.
Procurement and international participation
The United States is the primary customer and financial backer, with planned procurement of 1,763 F-35As for the USAF, 353 F-35Bs and 67 F-35Cs for the USMC, and 273 F-35Cs for the USN. Additionally, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Australia, Norway, Denmark and Canada have agreed to contribute US$4.375 billion towards development costs, with the United Kingdom contributing about 10% of the planned development costs as the sole Tier 1 partner. The initial plan was that the U.S. and eight major partner nations would acquire over 3,100 F-35s through 2035. The three tiers of international participation generally reflect financial stake in the program, the amount of technology transfer and subcontracts open for bid by national companies, and the order in which countries can obtain production aircraft. Alongside program partner countries, Israel and Singapore have joined as Security Cooperative Participants (SCP). Sales to SCP and non-partner nations, including Belgium, Japan, and South Korea, are made through the Pentagon's Foreign Military Sales program. Turkey was removed from the F-35 program in July 2019 over security concerns.
In December 2011 Japan announced its intention to purchase 42 F-35s to replace the F-4 Phantom II, with 38 to be assembled domestically and deliveries beginning in 2016. Due to delays in development and testing, many initial orders have been postponed. Italy reduced its order from 131 to 90 F-35s in 2012. Australia decided to buy the F/A-18F Super Hornet in 2006 and the EA-18G Growler in 2013 as interim measures.
On 3 April 2012, the Auditor General of Canada published a report outlining problems with Canada's F-35 procurement; the report states that the government knowingly understated the final cost of 65 F-35s by $10 billion. Following the 2015 Federal Election, the Canadian government under the Liberal Party decided not to proceed with a sole-sourced purchase and launched a competition to choose an aircraft.
In January 2019, Singapore announced its plan to buy a small number of F-35s for an evaluation of capabilities and suitability before deciding on more to replace its F-16 fleet. In May 2019, Poland announced plans to buy 32 F-35As to replace its Soviet-era jets; the contract was signed in January 2020. In June 2021, the Swiss government decided to propose to Parliament to buy 36 F-35As for $5.4 billion. The Swiss anti-military group GSoA, supported by the Greens and Social Democrats, intends to contest the purchase through a peoples initiative that would constitutionally prohibit the deal. In December 2021, Finland announced its decision to buy 64 F-35As.
Design
Overview
The F-35 is a family of single-engine, supersonic, stealth multirole fighters. The second fifth generation fighter to enter US service and the first operational supersonic STOVL stealth fighter, the F-35 emphasizes low observables, advanced avionics and sensor fusion that enable a high level of situational awareness and long range lethality; the USAF considers the aircraft its primary strike fighter for conducting suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) missions, owing to the advanced sensors and mission systems.
The F-35 has a wing-tail configuration with two vertical stabilizers canted for stealth. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, rudders, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); leading edge root extensions also run forwards to the inlets. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the F-35A and F-35B is set by the requirement to fit inside USN amphibious assault ship parking areas and elevators; the F-35C's larger wing is more fuel efficient. The fixed diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI) use a bumped compression surface and forward-swept cowl to shed the boundary layer of the forebody away from the inlets, which form a Y-duct for the engine. Structurally, the F-35 drew upon lessons from the F-22; composites comprise 35% of airframe weight, with the majority being bismaleimide and composite epoxy materials as well as some carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy in later production lots. The F-35 is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters it replaces, with the lightest variant having an empty weight of ; much of the weight can be attributed to the internal weapons bays and the extensive avionics carried.
While lacking the raw performance of the larger twin-engine F-22, the F-35 has kinematics competitive with fourth generation fighters such as the F-16 and F/A-18, especially with ordnance mounted because the F-35's internal weapons carriage eliminates parasitic drag from external stores. All variants have a top speed of Mach 1.6, attainable with full internal payload. The powerful F135 engine gives good subsonic acceleration and energy, with supersonic dash in afterburner. The large stabilitors, leading edge extensions and flaps, and canted rudders provide excellent high alpha (angle-of-attack) characteristics, with a trimmed alpha of 50°. Relaxed stability and fly-by-wire controls provide excellent handling qualities and departure resistance. Having over double the F-16's internal fuel, the F-35 has considerably greater combat radius, while stealth also enables a more efficient mission flight profile.
Sensors and avionics
The F-35's mission systems are among the most complex aspects of the aircraft. The avionics and sensor fusion are designed to enhance the pilot's situational awareness and command and control capabilities and facilitate network-centric warfare. Key sensors include the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-81 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, BAE Systems AN/ASQ-239 Barracuda electronic warfare system, Northrop Grumman/Raytheon AN/AAQ-37 Distributed Aperture System (DAS), Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-40 Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) and Northrop Grumman AN/ASQ-242 Communications, Navigation, and Identification (CNI) suite. The F-35 was designed with sensor intercommunication to provide a cohesive image of the local battlespace and availability for any possible use and combination with one another; for example, the APG-81 radar also acts as a part of the electronic warfare system.
Much of the F-35's software was developed in C and C++ programming languages, while Ada83 code from the F-22 was also used; the Block 3F software has 8.6 million lines of code. The Green Hills Software Integrity DO-178B real-time operating system (RTOS) runs on integrated core processors (ICPs); data networking includes the IEEE 1394b and Fibre Channel buses. To enable fleet software upgrades for the software-defined radio systems and greater upgrade flexibility and affordability, the avionics leverage commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components when practical. The mission systems software, particularly for sensor fusion, was one of the program's most difficult parts and responsible for substantial program delays.
The APG-81 radar uses electronic scanning for rapid beam agility and incorporates passive and active air-to-air modes, strike modes, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) capability, with multiple target track-while-scan at ranges in excess of . The antenna is tilted backwards for stealth. Complementing the radar is the AAQ-37 DAS, which consists of six infrared sensors that provide all-aspect missile launch warning and target tracking; the DAS acts as a situational awareness infrared search-and-track (SAIRST) and gives the pilot spherical infrared and night-vision imagery on the helmet visor. The ASQ-239 Barracuda electronic warfare system has ten radio frequency antennas embedded into the edges of the wing and tail for all-aspect radar warning receiver (RWR). It also provides sensor fusion of radio frequency and infrared tracking functions, geolocation threat targeting, and multispectral image countermeasures for self-defense against missiles. The electronic warfare system is capable of detecting and jamming hostile radars. The AAQ-40 EOTS is mounted internally behind a faceted low-observable window under the nose and performs laser targeting, forward-looking infrared (FLIR), and long range IRST functions. The ASQ-242 CNI suite uses a half dozen different physical links, including the Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL), for covert CNI functions. Through sensor fusion, information from radio frequency receivers and infrared sensors are combined to form a single tactical picture for the pilot. The all-aspect target direction and identification can be shared via MADL to other platforms without compromising low observability, while Link 16 is present for communication with legacy systems.
The F-35 was designed from the outset to incorporate improved processors, sensors, and software enhancements over its lifespan. Technology Refresh 3, which includes a new core processor and a new cockpit display, is planned for Lot 15 aircraft. Lockheed Martin has offered the Advanced EOTS for the Block 4 configuration; the improved sensor fits into the same area as the baseline EOTS with minimal changes. In June 2018, Lockheed Martin picked Raytheon for improved DAS. The USAF has studied the potential for the F-35 to orchestrate attacks by unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) via its sensors and communications equipment.
Stealth and signatures
Stealth is a key aspect of the F-35s design, and radar cross-section (RCS) is minimized through careful shaping of the airframe and the use of radar-absorbent materials (RAM); visible measures to reduce RCS include alignment of edges, serration of skin panels, and the masking of the engine face and turbine. Additionally, the F-35's diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) uses a compression bump and forward-swept cowl rather than a splitter gap or bleed system to divert the boundary layer away from the inlet duct, eliminating the diverter cavity and further reducing radar signature. The RCS of the F-35 has been characterized as lower than a metal golf ball at certain frequencies and angles; in some conditions, the F-35 compares favorably to the F-22 in stealth. For maintainability, the F-35's stealth design took lessons learned from prior stealth aircraft such as the F-22; the F-35's radar-absorbent fibermat skin is more durable and requires less maintenance than older topcoats. The aircraft also has reduced infrared and visual signatures as well as strict controls of radio frequency emitters to prevent their detection. The F-35's stealth design is primarily focused on high-frequency X-band wavelengths; low-frequency radars can spot stealthy aircraft due to Rayleigh scattering, but such radars are also conspicuous, susceptible to clutter, and lack precision. To disguise its RCS, the aircraft can mount four Luneburg lens reflectors.
Noise from the F-35 caused concerns in residential areas near potential bases for the aircraft, and residents near two such bases—Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, and Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), Florida—requested environmental impact studies in 2008 and 2009 respectively. Although the noise level in decibels were comparable to those of prior fighters such as the F-16, the sound power of the F-35 is stronger particularly at lower frequencies. Subsequent surveys and studies have indicated that the noise of the F-35 was not perceptibly different from the F-16 and F/A-18E/F, though the greater low-frequency noise was noticeable for some observers.
Cockpit
The glass cockpit was designed to give the pilot good situational awareness. The main display is a 20- by 8-inch (50 by 20 cm) panoramic touchscreen, which shows flight instruments, stores management, CNI information, and integrated caution and warnings; the pilot can customize the arrangement of the information. Below the main display is a smaller stand-by display. The cockpit has a speech-recognition system developed by Adacel. The F-35 does not have a head-up display; instead, flight and combat information is displayed on the visor of the pilot's helmet in a helmet-mounted display system (HMDS). The one-piece tinted canopy is hinged at the front and has an internal frame for structural strength. The Martin-Baker US16E ejection seat is launched by a twin-catapult system housed on side rails. There is a right-hand side stick and throttle hands-on throttle-and-stick system. For life support, an onboard oxygen-generation system (OBOGS) is fitted and powered by the Integrated Power Package (IPP), with an auxiliary oxygen bottle and backup oxygen system for emergencies.
The Vision Systems International helmet display is a key piece of the F-35's human-machine interface. Instead of the head-up display mounted atop the dashboard of earlier fighters, the HMDS puts flight and combat information on the helmet visor, allowing the pilot to see it no matter which way he or she is facing. Infrared and night vision imagery from the Distributed Aperture System can be displayed directly on the HMDS and enables the pilot to "see through" the aircraft. The HMDS allows an F-35 pilot to fire missiles at targets even when the nose of the aircraft is pointing elsewhere by cuing missile seekers at high angles off-boresight. Each helmet costs $400,000. The HMDS weighs more than traditional helmets, and there is concern that it can endanger lightweight pilots during ejection.
Due to the HMDS's vibration, jitter, night-vision and sensor display problems during development, Lockheed Martin and Elbit issued a draft specification in 2011 for an alternative HMDS based on the AN/AVS-9 night vision goggles as backup, with BAE Systems chosen later that year. A cockpit redesign would be needed to adopt an alternative HMDS. Following progress on the baseline helmet, development on the alternative HMDS was halted in October 2013. In 2016, the Gen 3 helmet with improved night vision camera, new liquid crystal displays, automated alignment and software enhancements was introduced with LRIP lot 7.
Armament
To preserve its stealth shaping, the F-35 has two internal weapons bays with four weapons stations. The two outboard weapon stations each can carry ordnance up to , or for F-35B, while the two inboard stations carry air-to-air missiles. Air-to-surface weapons for the outboard station include the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM), Paveway series of bombs, Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW), and cluster munitions (Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser). The station can also carry multiple smaller munitions such as the GBU-39 Small Diameter Bombs (SDB), GBU-53/B SDB II, and SPEAR 3 anti-tank missiles; up to four SDBs can be carried per station for the F-35A and F-35C, and three for the F-35B. The inboard station can carry the AIM-120 AMRAAM. Two compartments behind the weapons bays contain flares, chaff, and towed decoys.
The aircraft can use six external weapons stations for missions that do not require stealth. The wingtip pylons each can carry an AIM-9X or AIM-132 ASRAAM and are canted outwards to reduce their radar cross-section. Additionally, each wing has a inboard station and a middle station, or for F-35B. The external wing stations can carry large air-to-surface weapons that would not fit inside the weapons bays such as the AGM-158 Joint Air to Surface Stand-off Missile (JASSM) cruise missile. An air-to-air missile load of eight AIM-120s and two AIM-9s is possible using internal and external weapons stations; a configuration of six bombs, two AIM-120s and two AIM-9s can also be arranged. The F-35A is armed with a 25 mm GAU-22/A rotary cannon mounted internally near the left wing root with 182 rounds carried; the gun is more effective against ground targets than the 20 mm cannon carried by other USAF fighters. The F-35B and F-35C have no internal gun and instead can use a Terma A/S multi-mission pod (MMP) carrying the GAU-22/A and 220 rounds; the pod is mounted on the centerline of the aircraft and shaped to reduce its radar cross-section. In lieu of the gun, the pod can also be used for different equipment and purposes, such as electronic warfare, aerial reconnaissance, or rear-facing tactical radar.
Lockheed Martin is developing a weapon rack called Sidekick that would enable the internal outboard station to carry two AIM-120s, thus increasing the internal air-to-air payload to six missiles, currently offered for Block 4. Block 4 will also have a rearranged hydraulic line and bracket to allow the F-35B to carry four SDBs per internal outboard station; integration of the MBDA Meteor is also planned. The USAF and USN are planning to integrate the AGM-88G AARGM-ER internally in the F-35A and F-35C. Norway and Australia are funding an adaptation of the Naval Strike Missile (NSM) for the F-35; designated Joint Strike Missile (JSM), two missiles can be carried internally with an additional four externally. Nuclear weapons delivery via internal carriage of the B61 nuclear bomb is planned for Block 4B in 2024. Both hypersonic missiles and direct energy weapons such as solid-state laser are currently being considered as future upgrades. Lockheed Martin is studying integrating a fiber laser that uses spectral beam combining multiple individual laser modules into a single high-power beam, which can be scaled to various levels.
The USAF plans for the F-35A to take up the close air support (CAS) mission in contested environments; amid criticism that it is not as well suited as a dedicated attack platform, USAF chief of staff Mark Welsh placed a focus on weapons for CAS sorties, including guided rockets, fragmentation rockets that shatter into individual projectiles before impact, and more compact ammunition for higher capacity gun pods. Fragmentary rocket warheads create greater effects than cannon shells as each rocket creates a "thousand-round burst", delivering more projectiles than a strafing run.
Engine
The single-engine aircraft is powered by the Pratt & Whitney F135 low-bypass augmented turbofan with rated thrust of . Derived from the Pratt & Whitney F119 used by the F-22, the F135 has a larger fan and higher bypass ratio to increase subsonic fuel efficiency, and unlike the F119, is not optimized for supercruise. The engine contributes to the F-35's stealth by having a low-observable augmenter, or afterburner, that incorporates fuel injectors into thick curved vanes; these vanes are covered by ceramic radar-absorbent materials and mask the turbine. The stealthy augmenter had problems with pressure pulsations, or "screech", at low altitude and high speed early in its development. The low-observable axisymmetric nozzle consists of 15 partially overlapping flaps that create a sawtooth pattern at the trailing edge, which reduces radar signature and creates shed vortices that reduce the infrared signature of the exhaust plume. Due to the engines large dimensions, the USN had to modify its underway replenishment system to facilitate at-sea logistics support. The F-35's Integrated Power Package (IPP) performs power and thermal management and integrates environment control, auxiliary power unit, engine starting, and other functions into a single system.
The F135-PW-600 variant for the F-35B incorporates the SDLF to allow STOVL operations. Designed by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce, the SDLF, also known as the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, consists of the lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts, and a "three-bearing swivel module" (3BSM). The thrust vectoring 3BSM nozzle allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at the tail of the aircraft and is moved by a "fueldraulic" actuator that uses pressurized fuel as the working fluid. Unlike the Harriers Pegasus engine that entirely uses direct engine thrust for lift, the F-35B's system augments the swivel nozzle's thrust with the lift fan; the fan is powered by the low-pressure turbine through a drive shaft when engaged with a clutch and placed near the front of the aircraft to provide a counterbalancing thrust. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called roll posts.
An alternative engine, the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136, was being developed in the 2000s; originally, F-35 engines from Lot 6 onward were competitively tendered. Using technology from the General Electric YF120, the F136 was claimed to have a greater temperature margin than the F135. The F136 was canceled in December 2011 due to lack of funding.
The F-35 is expected to receive propulsion upgrades over its lifecycle in order to adapt to emerging threats and enable additional capabilities. In 2016, the Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) was launched to develop and test adaptive cycle engines, with one major potential application being the re-engining of the F-35; in 2018, both GE and P&W were awarded contracts to develop thrust class demonstrators, with the designations XA100 and XA101 respectively. In addition to potential re-engining, P&W also plans to improve the baseline F135; in 2017, P&W announced the F135 Growth Option 1.0 and 2.0; Growth Option 1.0 was a drop-in power module upgrade that offered 6–10% thrust improvement and 5–6% fuel burn reduction, while Growth Option 2.0 would be the adaptive cycle XA101. In 2020, P&W shifted its F135 upgrade plan from the Growth Options to a series of Engine Enhancement Packages along with some additional capabilities, while the XA101 became a separate clean-sheet design. The capability packages are planned to be incorporated in two-year increments starting in the mid-2020s.
Maintenance and logistics
The F-35 is designed to require less maintenance than earlier stealth aircraft. Some 95% of all field-replaceable parts are "one deep"—that is, nothing else need be removed to reach the desired part; for instance, the ejection seat can be replaced without removing the canopy. The F-35 has a fibermat radar-absorbent material (RAM) baked into the skin, which is more durable, easier to work with, and faster to cure than older RAM coatings; similar coatings are currently being considered for application on older stealth aircraft such as the F-22. Skin corrosion on the F-22 led the F-35's designers to use a less galvanic corrosion-inducing skin gap filler and to use fewer gaps in the airframe skin needing filler and better drainage. The flight control system uses electro-hydrostatic actuators rather than traditional hydraulic systems; these controls can be powered by lithium-ion batteries in case of emergency. Commonality between the different variants allowed the USMC to create their first aircraft maintenance Field Training Detachment to apply the USAF's lessons to their F-35 operations.
The F-35 was intended to be supported by a computerized maintenance management system named Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS). In concept, any aircraft can be serviced at any F-35 maintenance facility and for all parts to be globally tracked and shared as needed. Due to numerous problems, such as unreliable diagnoses, excessive connectivity requirements, and security vulnerabilities, program officials plan to replace ALIS with the cloud-based Operational Data Integrated Network (ODIN) by 2022.
ODIN base kits (OBKs)— OBKs are new computer hardware which replace ALIS's Standard Operating Unit unclassified (SOU-U) server hardware. Beginning in September 2020 OBKs were running ALIS software, as well as ODIN software, first at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Yuma, Arizona, then at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California, in support of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 125 on 16 July 2021, and then Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, in support of the 422nd Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES) on 6 August 2021. In 2022, over a dozen more OBK server installation sites will replace the ALIS SOU-U servers, which will be able to run the legacy ALIS software as well as its replacement ODIN software. The performance on the OBK has doubled so far, compared to ALIS.
Operational history
Testing
The first F-35A, AA-1, conducted its engine run in September 2006 and first flew on 15 December 2006. Unlike all subsequent aircraft, AA-1 did not have the weight optimization from SWAT; consequently, it mainly tested subsystems common to subsequent aircraft, such as the propulsion, electrical system, and cockpit displays. This aircraft was retired from flight testing in December 2009 and was used for live-fire testing at NAS China Lake.
The first F-35B, BF-1, flew on 11 June 2008, while the first weight-optimized F-35A and F-35C, AF-1 and CF-1, flew on 14 November 2009 and 6 June 2010 respectively. The F-35B's first hover was on 17 March 2010, followed by its first vertical landing the next day. The F-35 Integrated Test Force (ITF) consisted of 18 aircraft at Edwards Air Force Base and Naval Air Station Patuxent River. Nine aircraft at Edwards, five F-35As, three F-35Bs, and one F-35C, performed flight sciences testing such as F-35A envelope expansion, flight loads, stores separation, as well as mission systems testing. The other nine aircraft at Patuxent River, five F-35Bs and four F-35Cs, were responsible for F-35B and C envelope expansion and STOVL and CV suitability testing. Additional carrier suitability testing was conducted at Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division at Lakehurst, New Jersey. Two non-flying aircraft of each variant were used to test static loads and fatigue. For testing avionics and mission systems, a modified Boeing 737-300 with a duplication of the cockpit, the Lockheed Martin CATBird has been used. Field testing of the F-35's sensors were conducted during Exercise Northern Edge 2009 and 2011, serving as significant risk-reduction steps.
Flight tests revealed several serious deficiencies that required costly redesigns, caused delays, and resulted in several fleet-wide groundings. In 2011, the F-35C failed to catch the arresting wire in all eight landing tests; a redesigned tail hook was delivered two years later. By June 2009, many of the initial flight test targets had been accomplished but the program was behind schedule. Software and mission systems were among the biggest sources of delays for the program, with sensor fusion proving especially challenging. In fatigue testing, the F-35B suffered several premature cracks, requiring a redesign of the structure. A third non-flying F-35B is currently planned to test the redesigned structure. The F-35B and C also had problems with the horizontal tails suffering heat damage from prolonged afterburner use. Early flight control laws had problems with "wing drop" and also made the airplane sluggish, with high angles-of-attack tests in 2015 against an F-16 showing a lack of energy.
At-sea testing of the F-35B was first conducted aboard . In October 2011, two F-35Bs conducted three weeks of initial sea trials, called Development Test I. The second F-35B sea trials, Development Test II, began in August 2013, with tests including nighttime operations; two aircraft completed 19 nighttime vertical landings using DAS imagery. The first operational testing involving six F-35Bs was done on the Wasp in May 2015. The final Development Test III on involving operations in high sea states was completed in late 2016. A Royal Navy F-35 conducted the first "rolling" landing on board in October 2018.
After the redesigned tail hook arrived, the F-35C's carrier-based Development Test I began in November 2014 aboard and focused on basic day carrier operations and establishing launch and recovery handling procedures. Development Test II, which focused on night operations, weapons loading, and full power launches, took place in October 2015. The final Development Test III was completed in August 2016, and included tests of asymmetric loads and certifying systems for landing qualifications and interoperability. Operational test of the F-35C began in 2018.
The F-35's reliability and availability have fallen short of requirements, especially in the early years of testing. The ALIS maintenance and logistics system was plagued by excessive connectivity requirements and faulty diagnoses. In late 2017, the GAO reported the time needed to repair an F-35 part averaged 172 days, which was "twice the program's objective," and that shortage of spare parts was degrading readiness. In 2019, while individual F-35 units have achieved mission-capable rates of over the target of 80% for short periods during deployed operations, fleet-wide rates remained below target. The fleet availability goal of 65% was also not met, although the trend shows improvement. Gun accuracy of the F-35A remains unacceptable. As of 2020, the number of the program's most serious issues have been decreased by half.
Operational test and evaluation (OT&E) with Block 3F, the final configuration for SDD, began in December 2018.
United States
The F-35A and F-35B were cleared for basic flight training in early 2012. However, lack of system maturity at the time led to concerns over safety as well as concerns by the Director of Operational Test & Evaluation (DOT&E) over electronic warfare testing, budget, and concurrency for the Operational Test and Evaluation master plan. Nevertheless, on 10 September 2012, the USAF began an operational utility evaluation (OUE) of the F-35A, including logistical support, maintenance, personnel training, and pilot execution. OUE flights began on 26 October and were completed on 14 November after 24 flights, each pilot having completed six flights. On 16 November 2012, the USMC received the first F-35B at MCAS Yuma, although Marine pilots had several flight restrictions. During the Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) phase, the three U.S. military services jointly developed tactics and procedures using flight simulators, testing effectiveness, discovering problems and refining design. In January 2013, training began at Eglin AFB with capacity for 100 pilots and 2,100 maintainers at once. On 8 January 2015, RAF Lakenheath in the UK was chosen as the first base in Europe to station two USAF F-35 squadrons, with 48 aircraft adding to the 48th Fighter Wing's existing F-15C and F-15E squadrons.
The USMC declared Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the F-35B in the Block 2B configuration on 31 July 2015 after operational trials. However, limitations remained in night operations, communications, software and weapons carriage capabilities. USMC F-35Bs participated in their first Red Flag exercise in July 2016 with 67 sorties conducted. USAF F-35A in the Block 3i configuration achieved IOC with the USAF's 34th Fighter Squadron at Hill Air Force Base, Utah on 2 August 2016. The USN achieved operational status with the F-35C in Block 3F on 28 February 2019. USAF F-35As conducted their first Red Flag exercise in 2017; system maturity had improved and the aircraft scored a kill ratio of 15:1 against an F-16 aggressor squadron in a high-threat environment.
The F-35's operating cost is higher than some older fighters. In fiscal year 2018, the F-35A's cost per flight hour (CPFH) was $44,000, a number that was reduced to $35,000 in 2019. For comparison, in 2015 the CPFH of the A-10 was $17,716; the F-15C, $41,921; and the F-16C, $22,514. Lockheed Martin hopes to reduce it to $25,000 by 2025 through performance-based logistics and other measures.
The USMC plans to disperse its F-35Bs among forward-deployed bases to enhance survivability while remaining close to a battlespace, similar to RAF Harrier deployment in the Cold War, which relied on the use of off-base locations that offered short runways, shelter, and concealment. Known as distributed STOVL operations (DSO), F-35Bs would operate from temporary bases in allied territory within range of hostile missiles and move between temporary locations inside the enemy's 24- to 48-hour targeting cycle; this strategy accounts for the F-35B's short range, the shortest of the three variants, with mobile forward arming and refueling points (M-Farps) accommodating KC-130 and MV-22 Osprey aircraft to rearm and refuel the jets, as well as littoral areas for sea links of mobile distribution sites. M-Farps can be based on small airfields, multi-lane roads, or damaged main bases, while F-35Bs return to rear-area friendly bases or ships for scheduled maintenance. Helicopter-portable metal planking is needed to protect unprepared roads from the F-35B's exhaust; the USMC are studying lighter heat-resistant options.
The first U.S. combat employment began in July 2018 with USMC F-35Bs from the amphibious assault ship , with the first combat strike on 27 September 2018 against a Taliban target in Afghanistan. This was followed by a USAF deployment to Al Dhafra Air Base, UAE on 15 April 2019. On 27 April 2019, USAF F-35As were first used in combat in an airstrike on an Islamic State tunnel network in northern Iraq.
On 2 August 2021, the F-35C embarked on its maiden deployment on board the USS Carl Vinson with another aircraft making its debut deployment being the CMV-22 Osprey.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and Royal Navy both operate the F-35B, known simply as the Lightning in British service; it has replaced the Harrier GR9, which was retired in 2010, and Tornado GR4, which was retired in 2019. The F-35 is to be Britain's primary strike aircraft for the next three decades. One of the Royal Navy's requirements for the F-35B was a Shipborne Rolling and Vertical Landing (SRVL) mode to increase maximum landing weight by using wing lift during landing. In July 2013, Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton announced that No. 617 (The Dambusters) Squadron would be the RAF's first operational F-35 squadron. The second operational squadron will be the Fleet Air Arm's 809 Naval Air Squadron which will stand up in April 2023 or later.
No. 17 (Reserve) Test and Evaluation Squadron (TES) stood-up on 12 April 2013 as the Operational Evaluation Unit for the Lightning, becoming the first British squadron to operate the type. By June 2013, the RAF had received three F-35s of the 48 on order, all initially based at Eglin Air Force Base. In June 2015, the F-35B undertook its first launches from a ski-jump at NAS Patuxent River. When operating at sea, British F-35Bs use ski-jumps fitted to the flight decks of aircraft carriers HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) and HMS Prince of Wales (R09). The Italian Navy will use the same process. British F-35Bs are not intended to receive the Brimstone 2 missile. On 5 July 2017, it was announced the second UK-based RAF squadron would be No. 207 Squadron, which reformed on 1 August 2019 as the Lightning Operational Conversion Unit. No. 617 Squadron reformed on 18 April 2018 during a ceremony in Washington, D.C., US, becoming the first RAF front-line squadron to operate the type; receiving its first four F-35Bs on 6 June, flying from MCAS Beaufort to RAF Marham. Both No. 617 Squadron and its F-35s were declared combat ready on 10 January 2019.
In April 2019, No. 617 Squadron deployed to RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus, the type's first overseas deployment. On 25 June 2019, the first combat use of an RAF F-35B was reportedly undertaken as armed reconnaissance flights searching for Islamic State targets in Iraq and Syria. In October 2019, the Dambusters and No. 17 TES F-35s were embarked on HMS Queen Elizabeth for the first time. No. 617 Squadron departed RAF Marham on 22 January 2020 for their first Exercise Red Flag with the Lightning.
Australia
Australia’s first F-35, designated A35-001, was manufactured in 2014, with flight training provided through international Pilot Training Centre (PTC) at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona. The first two F-35s were unveiled to the Australian public on 3 March 2017 at the Avalon Airshow. By 2021, the Royal Australian Air Force had accepted 26 F-35A aircraft, with nine in the US and 17 operating at No 3 Squadron and No 2 Operational Conversion Unit at RAAF Base Williamtown. With 41 trained RAAF pilots and 225 trained technicians for maintenance, the fleet was declared ready to deploy on operations. It is expected that Australia will receive all 72 of the F-35s by 2023.
Israel
The Israeli Air Force (IAF) declared the F-35 operationally capable on 6 December 2017. According to Kuwaiti newspaper Al Jarida, in July 2018, a test mission of at least three IAF F-35s flew to Iran's capital Tehran and back from Tel Aviv. While publicly unconfirmed, regional leaders acted on the report; Iran's supreme leader Ali Khamenei reportedly fired the air force chief and commander of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps over the mission.
On 22 May 2018, IAF chief Amikam Norkin said that the service had employed their F-35Is in two attacks on two battle fronts, marking the first combat operation of an F-35 by any country. Norkin said it had been flown "all over the Middle East", and showed photos of an F-35I flying over Beirut in daylight. In July 2019, Israel expanded its strikes against Iranian missile shipments; IAF F-35Is allegedly struck Iranian targets in Iraq twice.
In November 2020, the IAF announced the delivery of an F-35I Testbed aircraft amongst a delivery of four aircraft received in August. This example will be used to test and integrate Israeli-produced weapons and electronic systems on future F-35s received. This is the only example of a testbed F-35 delivered to an air force outside of the United States.
On 11 May 2021, eight IAF F-35Is took part in an attack on 150 terrorist targets in Hamas' rocket array, including 50-70 launch pits in the northern Gaza Strip, as part of Operation Guardian of the Walls.
Italy
Italy's F-35As were declared to have reached initial operational capability (IOC) on 30 November 2018. At the time Italy had taken delivery of 10 F-35As and one F-35B, with 2 F-35As and the one F-35B being stationed in the U.S. for training, the remaining 8 F-35As were stationed in Amendola.
Norway
On 6 November 2019 Norway declared initial operational capability (IOC) for its fleet of 15 F-35As out of a planned 52 F-35As. On January 6, 2022 Norway's F-35As replaced its F-16s for the NATO quick reaction alert mission in the high north.
Netherlands
On 27 December 2021 the Netherlands declared initial operational capability (IOC) for its fleet of 24 F-35As that it has received to date from its order for 46 F-35As.
Variants
The F-35 was designed with three initial variants - the F-35A, a CTOL land-based version; the F-35B, a STOVL version capable of use either on land or on aircraft carriers; and the F-35C, a CATOBAR carrier-based version. Since then, there has been work on the design of nationally specific versions for Israel and Canada, as well as initial concept design work for an updated version of the F-35A, which would become the F-35D.
F-35A
The F-35A is the conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) variant intended for the USAF and other air forces. It is the smallest, lightest version and capable of 9 g, the highest of all variants.
Although the F-35A currently conducts aerial refueling via boom and receptacle method, the aircraft can be modified for probe-and-drogue refueling if needed by the customer. A drag chute pod can be installed on the F-35A, with the Royal Norwegian Air Force being the first operator to adopt it.
F-35B
The F-35B is the short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variant of the aircraft. Similar in size to the A variant, the B sacrifices about a third of the A variant's fuel volume to accommodate the SDLF. This variant is limited to 7 g. Unlike other variants, the F-35B has no landing hook. The "STOVL/HOOK" control instead engages conversion between normal and vertical flight. The F-35B can also perform vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL).
F-35C
The F-35C variant is designed for catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery operations from aircraft carriers. Compared to the F-35A, the F-35C features larger wings with foldable wingtip sections, larger control surfaces for improved low-speed control, stronger landing gear for the stresses of carrier arrested landings, a twin-wheel nose gear, and a stronger tailhook for use with carrier arrestor cables. The larger wing area allows for decreased landing speed while increasing both range and payload. The F-35C is limited to 7.5 g.
F-35I "Adir"
The F-35I Adir (, meaning "Awesome", or "Mighty One") is an F-35A with unique Israeli modifications. The US initially refused to allow such changes before permitting Israel to integrate its own electronic warfare systems, including sensors and countermeasures. The main computer has a plug-and-play function for add-on systems; proposals include an external jamming pod, and new Israeli air-to-air missiles and guided bombs in the internal weapon bays. A senior IAF official said that the F-35's stealth may be partly overcome within 10 years despite a 30 to 40 year service life, thus Israel's insistence on using their own electronic warfare systems. Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) has considered a two-seat F-35 concept; an IAI executive noted: "There is a known demand for two seats not only from Israel but from other air forces". IAI plans to produce conformal fuel tanks.
Proposed variants
F-35D
A study for a possible upgrade of the F-35A to be fielded by the 2035 target date of the USAF's Future Operating Concept.
CF-35
The Canadian CF-35 is a proposed variant that would differ from the F-35A through the addition of a drogue parachute and may include an F-35B/C-style refueling probe. In 2012, it was revealed that the CF-35 would employ the same boom refueling system as the F-35A. One alternative proposal would have been the adoption of the F-35C for its probe refueling and lower landing speed; however, the Parliamentary Budget Officer's report cited the F-35C's limited performance and payload as being too high a price to pay. Following the 2015 Federal Election the Liberal Party, whose campaign had included a pledge to cancel the F-35 procurement, formed a new government and commenced an open competition to replace the existing CF-18 Hornet.
New Export variant
In December 2021, it was reported that Lockheed Martin was developing a new variant for a unspecified foreign customer. The Department of Defense released US$49 million in funding for this work.
Operators
Royal Australian Air Force – 44 F-35A delivered as of November 2021, of 72 ordered.
Belgian Air Component – 34 F-35A planned.
Royal Danish Air Force – 4 F-35A delivered of the 27 planned.
Finnish Air Force – F-35A Block 4 selected via the HX fighter program to replace the current F/A-18 Hornets. 64 F-35As on order.
Israeli Air Force – 30 delivered as of September 2021 (F-35I "Adir"). Includes one F-35 testbed aircraft for indigenous Israeli weapons, electronics and structural upgrades, designated (AS-15). A total of 75 ordered with 75 planned.
Italian Air Force – 12 F-35As delivered as of May 2020. 1 F-35B delivered as of October 2020, at which point Italy planned to order 60 F-35As and 15 F-35Bs for the Italian Air Force.
Italian Navy – 2 had been delivered as of October 2020. 15 F-35Bs planned for the Italian Navy.
Japan Air Self-Defense Force – 23 F-35As operational as of December 2021 with a total order of 147, including 42 F-35Bs.
Royal Netherlands Air Force – 24 F-35As delivered and operational out of 46 ordered
Royal Norwegian Air Force – 31 F-35As delivered and operational, of which 21 are in Norway and 10 are based in the US for training as of August 11th 2021 of 52 F-35As planned in total. They differ from other F-35A through the addition of a drogue parachute.
Polish Air Force – 32 F-35As on order. Option for additional 16.
Republic of Korea Air Force – 40 F-35A delivered as of January 2022, with 20 more on order.
Republic of Korea Navy – about 20 F-35Bs planned
Republic of Singapore Air Force – four F-35Bs to be ordered with option to order eight more as of March 2019.
Royal Air Force and Royal Navy (owned by the RAF but jointly operated) – 27 F-35Bs received with 23 in the UK after the loss of one aircraft in November 2021; the other three are in the US where they are used for testing and training. 42 (24 FOC fighters and 18 training aircraft) to be fast-tracked by 2023; A total of 48 ordered as of 2021; a total of 60 to 80 F-35Bs are planned to be ordered.
United States Air Force – 1,763 F-35As planned
United States Marine Corps – 353 F-35Bs and 67 F-35Cs planned
United States Navy – 273 F-35Cs planned
Order and approval cancellations
Turkish Air Force – Four F-35As delivered to Luke Air Force Base for training in July 2018. 30 were ordered, of up to 120 total planned. Future purchases have been banned by the U.S. with contracts canceled by early 2020. All four F-35A have been withheld at Luke Air Force Base and not sent to Turkey.
Accidents and notable incidents
On 23 June 2014, an F-35A's engine caught fire at Eglin AFB. The pilot escaped unharmed, while the aircraft sustained an estimated US$50 million in damage. The accident caused all flights to be halted on 3 July. The fleet returned to flight on 15 July with flight envelope restrictions. In June 2015, the USAF Air Education and Training Command (AETC) issued its official report, which blamed the failure on the third stage rotor of the engine's fan module, pieces of which cut through the fan case and upper fuselage. Pratt & Whitney applied an extended "rub-in" to increase the gap between the second stator and the third rotor integral arm seal, as well as design alterations to pre-trench the stator by early 2016.
On 28 September 2018, the first crash occurred involving a USMC F-35B near Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina; the pilot ejected safely. The crash was attributed to a faulty fuel tube; all F-35s were grounded on 11 October pending a fleet-wide inspection of the tubes. The next day, most USAF and USN F-35s returned to flight status following the inspection.
On 9 April 2019, a JASDF F-35A attached to Misawa Air Base disappeared from radar about 84 miles (135 km) east of the Aomori Prefecture during a training mission over the Pacific Ocean. The pilot, Major Akinori Hosomi, had radioed his intention to abort the drill before disappearing. The US and Japanese navies searched for the missing aircraft and pilot, finding debris on the water that confirmed its crash; Hosomi's remains were recovered in June. In response, Japan grounded its 12 F-35As. There was speculation that China or Russia might attempt to salvage it; the Japanese Defense Ministry announced there had been no "reported activities" from either country. The F-35 reportedly did not send a distress signal nor did the pilot attempt any recovery maneuvers as it descended at a rapid rate. The accident report attributed the cause to the pilot's spatial disorientation.
On 19 May 2020, a USAF F-35A from the 58th Fighter Squadron crashed while landing at Eglin AFB. The pilot ejected and was in stable condition. The accident was attributed to a combination of pilot error induced by fatigue, an design issue with the oxygen system and the aircraft's more complex nature being distracting, as well as a malfunctioning head-mounted display and an unresponsive flight control system.
On 29 September 2020, a USMC F-35B crashed in Imperial County, California, after colliding with a Marine Corps KC-130 during air-to-air refuelling. The F-35B pilot was injured in the ejection, and the KC-130 crash-landed gear up in a field.
On 17 November 2021, a Royal Air Force F-35B crashed during routine operations in the Mediterranean. The pilot was safely recovered to . Early reports suggested some of "the covers and engine blanks" had not been removed before takeoff. The wreckage, including all security sensitive equipment, was largely recovered with the assistance of U.S. and Italian forces.
On 4 January 2022, a South Korean Air Force F-35A made a belly landing after all systems failed except the flight controls and the engine. The pilot heard a series of bangs during low altitude flight, and various systems stopped working. The control tower suggested that the pilot eject, but he managed to land the plane without deploying the landing gear, walking away uninjured.
On 24 January 2022, a USN F-35C with VFA-147 suffered a ramp strike while landing on the and was lost overboard in the South China Sea, injuring seven crew members. The pilot ejected safely and was recovered from the water. Plans to recover the fighter are underway.
Specifications (F-35A)
Differences between variants
Appearances in media
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Lake, Jon. "The West's Great Hope". AirForces Monthly, December 2010.
Further reading
External links
Official JSF web site, Official JSF videos
Official F-35 Team web site
F-35 page on U.S. Naval Air Systems Command site
F-35 – Royal Air Force
F-035 Lightning II
2000s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Lift fan
Carrier-based aircraft
Stealth aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclinics%20in%20England
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Polyclinics in England
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Polyclinics in England were intended to offer a greater range of services than were offered by current general practitioner (GP) practices and local health centres. In addition to traditional GP services they would offer extended urgent care, healthy living services, community mental health services and social care, whilst being more accessible and less medicalised than hospitals. A variety of models were proposed, ranging from networks of existing clinics to larger premises with several colocated general practitioner (GP) practices, more extensive facilities and additional services provided by allied healthcare professionals.
The incoming health secretary in May 2010 Andrew Lansley put on hold all plans to increase numbers of polyclinics and to relocate GPs to them pending a review of policy under the new coalition government, after a review by management consultants McKinsey revealed "NHS managers had vastly overestimated the ability of polysystems to handle the shift in care from hospitals and revolutionise GP care".
Operational polyclinics
On Wednesday 29 April 2009, the first seven polyclinics in England opened in London, marked by the opening of the Loxford Polyclininc by Lord Darzi. The seven were:
Redbridge Primary Care Trust: Loxford Polyclininc (the first purpose-built polyclinic)
Harrow Primary Care Trust: Alexandra Avenue Health and Social Care Centre
Hounslow Primary Care Trust: Heart of Hounslow
Lambeth Primary Care Trust: Gracefield Gardens Health and Social Care Centre
Waltham Forest PCT: Oliver Road Polyclinic
Tower Hamlets Primary Care Trust: The Barkantine Centre
Hammersmith and Fulham Primary Care Trust: Hammersmith Centre for Health at Hammersmith Hospital (London's first hospital-based polyclinic)
Polyclinic services
The polyclinic model proposed in London will provide:
GP services – e.g. core and enhanced with extended opening hours
Other health services – including other health professionals (e.g. ophthalmology, dentistry)
Minor procedures
Outpatient appointments
Urgent care
Diagnostics – e.g. core and enhanced testing with extended opening hours
Community services – e.g. interactive health information, management of long term conditions, complex needs, community nursing, community mental health teams
Co-located services – e.g. including local authority, social care, mental health, leisure and the London Ambulance Service
The government accepts that the polyclinic model may not be suitable for rural areas but may be popular in the larger conurbations.
History
Health centres offering a mix of community-based health care services have existed in England since the early years of the National Health Service (NHS). They have typically provided specialist care such as ophthalmology, podiatry, dentistry, minor injuries nursing, and therefore provided services that fell between that of the GP service and those available at the hospital.
Some primary care trusts in England attempted to bring together even more services into such centres, most notably by co-locating GPs, health laboratories, pharmacies and other services under one roof. The Heart of Hounslow Centre for Health for example has GP services, outpatient care, physiotherapy, dentistry, podiatry, social care outreach, mental health services for children and a gym to help in rehabilitation. All these services take place in a purpose-built facility. However, the centre does not provide urgent care and only has a limited range of diagnostics.
Polyclinics were proposed only for London by Professor the Lord Darzi of Denham in his review of healthcare in London for NHS London: Healthcare for London: A Framework for Action. In the final report of his subsequent national review for the Department of Health, High Quality Care for All Lord Darzi has not suggested that polyclinics would be appropriate elsewhere; instead he suggests "GP-led health centres". He explained the difference between the two models to the House of Commons Health Select Committee on 19 July 2008.
A key principle of A Framework for Action is to "localise where possible, centralise where necessary." This would move "routine healthcare" away from acute hospitals and into community-based centres to provide a one-stop-shop for health care. "More complex care" would remain centralised. A key part of the plan is to extend the opening times of such centres, especially in the evenings, to make them more accessible to working people.
While polyclinics had not been widely implemented across England prior to 2008, they have existed in Australia, France, Germany (since 2004), Northern Ireland, Switzerland and Russia; and in many countries across Asia and Africa, although several of these countries are now seeking to remove them. In Russia, where they were introduced under communism, attempts were made to replace them with a more western model by the new Russian government. However, the Russian polyclinic model proved robust and the authorities' prescriptive interference failed.
Rationale
The Department of Health and the government claimed that polyclinics offer:
A way of providing more services in the community closer to home and at more convenient times (including antenatal and postnatal care, healthy living information, community mental health services, community care, and social care and specialist advice)
An improved structure within which GPs and other health and social care professionals can work together
Improved care for patients with chronic or complex conditions
A shift in the focus of urgent care out of hospitals and into polyclinics.
A report by the King's Fund has questioned many of these, observing that:
Access to services was likely to be harder in rural areas and in urban areas where new buildings were not situated close to transport hubs
Simply putting healthcare professionals in the same location is in practice often not sufficient to generate co-working or integration of care
While the co-location of multiple services presents opportunities for delivering more integrated care, particularly for people with chronic diseases, the evidence suggests that in practice these opportunities are often lost, and accessibility of primary care is likely to be reduced for most patients if their GPs move into polyclinics, particularly in rural settings (a point emphasised in The Times)
There is limited evidence that quality of care for services shifted out of hospitals is comparable, and there is evidence that quality may be decreased in certain cases; the limited inspection and accreditation of out-of-hospital care is also a serious deficit in quality assurance
The report also observed that the proposals were likely to increase professional isolation, and threaten both professional development and motivation, and continuity of care, and that pre-existing problems in healthcare to do with the lack of an overall governance structure, and unclear lines of accountability had not been addressed.
It concluded that while polyclinics offered real opportunities for some health communities to establish more integrated, patient-focused care, these would only be realised with considerable investment of time, effort and resources into their planning and development, and that the primary focus should be on developing new pathways, technologies and ways of working rather than new buildings.
The Conservative Party leader David Cameron did not object in principle to the case for polyclinics but is worried that they might be imposed against the wishes of communities. He suggested that close to 1,600 GP surgeries may have to close across the country as a whole if polyclinics were established in the way the government is suggesting. The Health Minister Ben Bradshaw, however, denied that individual GP practices would be closed as patients would remain registered with their existing GPs. These figures have also been dismissed by Dr Laurence Buckman, chair of the British Medical Association's General Practitioners Committee.
Funding
It was unclear whether polyclinics would be funded in addition to existing GP services or whether they will take funding away from existing practices. Although Lord Darzi claimed that their funding would be in addition to existing funding, following the publication of his report, eight London primary care trusts drew up plans to relocate more than 100 urban GP surgeries into polyclinics. The Conservative Party claimed that unless existing surgeries close, polyclinics will leave a £1.4 billion "black hole" in public finances.
Implementation
Polyclinics were originally planned for and implemented in London, with every primary care trust in the country subsequently required to have at least one new "GP-led health centre". All of the first wave of polyclinics in London, which formed a pilot of the model, were of the federated/networked model and involved "existing services working more closely together".
As of August 2008, more than a quarter of PCTs had plans to implement a polyclinic or GP-led health centre, including Birmingham, Cumbria, Lincolnshire, Rochdale, Cheshire, Essex and Bolton. More than 50 PCTs admitted that they would not consult local communities over plans to build polyclinics, some citing advice from the Department of Health as the reason, despite repeated government promises that they would not be introduced without consultation.
The country-wide rollout of GP-led health centres was criticised by doctors' leaders and patient groups. Dr. Richard Vautrey, deputy chairman of the BMA, called it "a government plan that is potentially going to waste hundreds of millions of pounds of scarce NHS resources, creating very large health centres that many areas of the country simply don't need or want", while the Patients Association noted that gathering services under one roof in rural areas "may actually put patients at risk" and noted that rural patients already had to travel further and were more reliant on primary care. The other political parties have also criticised it, with the leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg calling it "the central imposition of a polyclinic on every primary care trust, regardless of the geography, demographics and clinical needs of the area" while acknowledging that they might be a good thing for people in some communities and Conservative leader David Cameron suggesting large-scale closures of existing GP surgeries.
The results of a freedom of information request by Pulse on the plans for polyclinics show that nursing staff could outnumber doctors by up to three to one. The BMA said the plans would lead to "cut-price general practice". A spokesperson for the Department of Health said "where people choose to register with a GP-led health centre, they should expect the same quality and continuity of care from GPs and other primary care clinicians as they would from any other GP practice".
On 10 September 2008, an NHS London press release and fact sheet announced details of 5 of a possible 13 polyclinics in the first wave in London. They were to be developed by the following primary care trusts:
Harrow PCT: Alexandra Avenue
Hounslow PCT: Heart of Hounslow
Lambeth PCT: Gracefield Gardens
Redbridge PCT: Loxford Centre
Waltham Forest PCT
Also anticipated in the first wave were:
Camden PCT: Four federated polyclinics
Haringey PCT: Currently rethinking plans to close 37 surgeries
Kensington and Chelsea PCT: Five surgeries to be relocated to polyclinic hub at St Charles Community Hospital
Opinion
Opinion on the plans for polyclinics was polarised.
Nigel Edwards, Policy Director NHS Confederation
Paul Ward, Deputy Chief Executive of the Terrence Higgins Trust, commented:
Samantha Mauger, Chief Executive of Age Concern London, said:
Although government-backed, one study by Professor Martin Roland, of the University of Manchester concluded that such clinics are likely to offer poorer choice and worse access than traditional GP surgeries; and they have faced opposition from doctors, health experts, and patients.
The British Medical Journal claimed that the government has been bringing pressure to bear on primary care trusts to implement them despite this opposition. Despite this they are a mainstay of the report by British peer Lord Darzi into the modernisation of the NHS. Bernd Rechel of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Martin McKee of the London School of Economics observed:
The British Medical Association was opposed to polyclinics from the start, observing that larger clinics were already emerging where needed, that forcing their introduction was wasteful and costly, and that they would undermine the value of a relationship existing between GP and patient. They have further commented that the design of the proposals appears deliberately to disadvantage existing GPs from applying to run the clinics, leaving the way open for privatisation of GP services.
A significant proportion of the general public are opposed to polyclinics, with more than a million signing the British Medical Association's petition against them. Press reports suggested that they were unpopular with patients, particularly the elderly, who feared polyclinics would ruin their relationship with their doctor and were finding they had to travel further to see a doctor. However, of the 4,372 individual responses and 359 organisational responses to NHS London's official consultation, 51% supported the proposal that "almost all GP practices in London should be part of a polyclinic, either networked or same-site". The consultation noted that some respondents were concerned about the effect of polyclinics on the GP-patient relationship, worse continuity of care, possible extra travel time, cost, governance, and whether the money would be better spent on improving existing services.
The Patients Association was concerned that polyclinics could jeopardise the patient-doctor relationship which they regard as a central plank of effective and personalised care and as "central to every patient's experience of healthcare", particularly in those with long-term or complex conditions. They also observed that polyclinics are not necessary to providing one-stop care, something already delivered in the NHS at one stop shops, and that they are likely to lead to the loss of other health services in rural areas.
The Liberal Democrats criticised polyclinics as part of the government's "obsession with imposing models of care from the centre", noting that this flies in the face of their "rhetoric on local decision-making".
The NHS Alliance called polyclinics "lost in translation", commenting that while they are good when implemented in the right way, this "means general practices locally deciding to integrate their services" with willingness from both doctors and local people. "The BMA and patients are afraid that they might be losing the good bits of general practice – and the way that polyclinics have been implemented in some places means they have got a point."
The Royal College of General Practitioners, who support the notion of GPs working in federations, have nonetheless condemned the government's plans for polyclinics, and have set out their own proposal for "Primary Care Federations", saying "GPs and patients must be involved in the planning, and we cannot afford for existing high quality GP practices to be destabilised".
Opinion pieces for The Guardian have differed dramatically in tone. Polly Toynbee suggested that "it's hard to see a downside for patients" and GPs' protests are "all about profits, not patients", while George Monbiot called it the "outright privatisation of primary healthcare" and suggested it would make primary care "more expensive and less efficient" and see "those who can't afford to pay are either excluded or treated like battery pigs".
The Independent included a balanced article on them, explaining the possible benefits and disadvantages.
External references
Polyclinics: An integrating or disintegrating force?: A Civitas debate held on 29 May 2008 at the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Chaired by Professor Aidan Halligan with contributions from Professor Steve Field, Chairman, the Royal College of General Practitioners; Professor Steve Smith, Principal, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London and CEO of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust; Dr Oliver Bernath, CEO, Integrated Health Partners; and Professor Martin Roland, Director NPCDC, University of Manchester. Commentary by Professor Sir Ian Kennedy, Chairman, Healthcare Commission.
Ideas from Darzi: Polyclinics NHS Confederation report
Local hospitals: lessons for the NHS, Central Middlesex Hospital case study
References
National Health Service (England)
2009 establishments in England
2009 in politics
Clinics in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running-fight%20game
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Running-fight game
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Running-fight games are board games that essentially combine the method of race games (such as backgammon or pachisi) and the goal of elimination-based games such as chess or draughts. Like race games, pieces are moved along linear tracks based on the fall of dice or other lots; but like chess, the object is to capture opponent pieces.
They might be most easily conceptualized as race games with two main differences: First, when a piece lands on a space or point occupied by an opponent, instead of sending it back to the beginning to start over, the opponent piece is captured, permanently removed from the game. Second, there is typically no "end" to the track; pieces keep moving around their circuits, gradually capturing more and more enemy pieces. A player wins and ends the game by capturing the last of the opponent pieces.
Running-fight games are found almost exclusively in Islamic-influenced cultures, ranging from West Africa to India, often bearing the names Tâb, Sig, or variations thereof; in fact, the whole running-fight family is sometimes referred to as Tâb games. However, three European examples exist: Daldøs/Daldøsa (Danish/Norwegian), Sáhkku (Samit), and Að elta stelpur (Icelandic). Also in this group is the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican game known variously as Bul, Boolik, or Puluc.
The modern cross and circle game Fang den Hut! and its descendants Coppit and Headache are also running-fight games. Their unusual method of capture is the same as that of Bul, and conceivably they are descended from it, since a description of Puluc was published in German in 1906, and Boolik in English in 1907; Fang den Hut! was published in Germany in 1927.
References
Roll-and-move board games
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48029327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt%27s%20Farm
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Felt's Farm
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Felt's Farm, also known as Carter's Farm & Mill, is a historic home located at Union Township, Delaware County, Indiana. The main house was built about 1830, and is a two-story, Federal style brick I-house. It has a fieldstone foundation, gable roof, and one-story rear wing.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Federal architecture in Indiana
Houses completed in 1830
Houses in Delaware County, Indiana
National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, Indiana
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Provincial%20Police
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Ontario Provincial Police
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The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is the provincial police service of Ontario, Canada. Under its provincial mandate, the OPP patrols provincial highways and waterways, protects provincial government buildings and officials, patrols unincorporated areas, and provides support to other agencies. The OPP also has a number of local mandates through contracts with municipal governments, where it acts as the local police force and provides front-line services.
With an annual budget of nearly $1.2 billion, the OPP employed 5,500 uniformed officers, 700 auxiliary officers, and 2,500 civilian employees in 2020, making it the largest police service in Ontario and the second-largest in Canada (after the Royal Canadian Mounted Police). The OPP's operations are directed by its commissioner (Thomas Carrique, 15th commissioner since 2019) and it is a part of the Ministry of the Solicitor General.
History
At the First Parliament of Upper Canada in Niagara-on-the-Lake on 17 September 1792, a provision was made for the formation of a "police system". Initially, policing jurisdictions were limited to districts, townships, and parishes. In 1845, a mounted police service was created to keep the peace in areas surrounding the construction of public works. It became the Ontario Mounted Police Force after Canadian Confederation.
In 1877, the Constables Act extended jurisdiction and gave designated police members authorization to act throughout the province. The first salaried provincial constable appointed to act as detective for the government of Ontario was John Wilson Murray, hired on a temporary appointment in 1875 and made permanent upon passage of the 1877 act. Murray was joined by two additional detectives in 1897, marking the beginnings of the Criminal Investigation Branch. However, for the most part, policing outside of Ontario's cities was non-existent.
With the discovery of silver in Cobalt and gold in Timmins, lawlessness was increasingly becoming a problem in northern Ontario. Police constables were gradually introduced in various areas, until an Order in Council decreed the establishment of a permanent organization of salaried constables designated as the Ontario Provincial Police Force on 13 October 1909. It consisted of 45 men under the direction of Superintendent Joseph E. Rogers. The starting salary for constables was $400 per annum, increased to $900 in 1912. There were many detachments simultaneously founded including Bala, Muskoka, and Niagara Falls.
In the 1920s, restructuring was undertaken with the passing of the Provincial Police Force Act, 1921. The title of the commanding officer was changed to "commissioner" and given responsibility for enforcing the provisions of the Ontario Temperance Act and other liquor regulations. Major-General Harry Macintyre Cawthra-Elliot was appointed as the first commissioner.
The OPP's first death in the line of duty occurred in 1923, when escaped convict Leo Rogers shot and killed Sergeant John Urquhart near North Bay. Rogers, who was later killed in a shootout with OPP officers, had already mortally wounded North Bay City constable, Fred Lefebvre.
The first OPP motorcycle patrol was introduced in 1928, phased out in 1942, and then reintroduced in 1949. The first marked OPP patrol car was introduced in 1941.
During World War II, the Veterans Guard was formed. This was a body of volunteers (primarily World War I veterans) whose duty was to protect vulnerable hydroelectric plants and the Welland Ship Canal under the supervision of regular police members.
In the late 1940s, policing functions were reorganized in Ontario, with the OPP given responsibility for all law enforcement in the province outside areas covered by municipal police forces, together with overall authority for law enforcement on the King's Highways, enforcement of the provincial liquor laws, aiding the local police, and maintaining a criminal investigation branch. In March 1969, a meeting took place at the Ontario Securities Commission to incorporate a separate but included group of the Ontario Provincial Police Association. Women joined the uniformed ranks in 1974.
In 1994, as part of a tripartite agreement between the government of Canada, the Province of Ontario, and the Nishnawbe Aski Nation, the OPP began the process of relinquishing a majority of northern policing duties to the newly created Nishnawbe-Aski Police Service (NAPS). The transition was complete on 1 April 1999, when the OPP's Northwest Patrol was transferred to NAPS. The OPP still administers First Nations policing for Big Trout Lake, Weagamow, Muskrat Dam, and Pikangikum.
Organization and operations
The Ontario Provincial Police provide policing services to areas of Ontario not policed by a regional or municipal police service. Municipalities can also be policed by the OPP under contract, with 323 as of 2019. Some detachments also host satellite detachments that provide policing to a local area, covering more than one million square kilometres, approximately 128,000 kilometres of provincial highway, and a population of over 13 million people. The OPP General Headquarters is currently located at 777 Memorial Avenue in Orillia at the Lincoln M. Alexander Building. The relocation of general headquarters to Orillia was part of a government move to decentralize ministries and operations to other parts of Ontario. Previously, from 1973 to 1995, the headquarters were located in Toronto at 90 Harbour Street, the site of the former Workmen's Compensation Board building.
The OPP also works with other provincial agencies, including the Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of Natural Resources, to enforce highway safety and conservation regulations, respectively. Finally, OPP officers provide security at the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in Toronto.
Detachments
Previously, the OPP was divided into seventeen different regions. In 1995, OPP operations were amalgamated into six regions, with five providing general policing services, and one providing traffic policing services on provincial highways in the Greater Toronto Area (general police in the GTA are provided by regional/municipal police forces namely in Toronto, York, Durham, Peel, Halton, Waterloo, Barrie, Hamilton, South Simcoe) following recommendations by the Ipperwash Inquiry. OPP police stations are known as "detachments".
Rank structure
The rank structure within the OPP is paramilitary or quasi-military in nature, like most North American law enforcement services, with several "non-commissioned" ranks leading to the "officer" ranks. Detective ranks fall laterally with the uniform ranks and is not a promotion above. Police constables in the OPP are uniquely known as "provincial constables".
Sworn rank insignia
Civilian rank insignia
Commissioner's Own Pipes and Drums
The Commissioner's Own Pipes and Drums serves as the OPP's officially recognised pipe band. Formed as the Ontario Provincial Pipes and Drums in 1968 by two constables, the band saw active service to wide acclaim in the 1970s and 80s before being disbanded in 1991 due to department financial constraints. The band was shortly re-formed three years after, and is now composed of volunteer officers, auxiliary officers, and civilian volunteers.
Legislative Security Service
The Legislative Security Service is a division of the OPP consisting of sworn officers who provide security services to Ontario's Legislative Precinct (Legislature Building at Queen's Park and the adjacent Whitney Block) in Toronto. While administratively part of the OPP, they report to the sergeant-at-arms, an officer appointed by the legislature (and not the government of Ontario), who commands the service. Within the service, there are two classes of legislative protection personnel: unarmed special constables (who patrol the precinct when not in session) and armed peace officers (on duty when the legislature is in session, and during special occasions such as public demonstrations).
Special constable uniforms consist of a white shirt, black tactical vest, radio, black pants with yellow stripe and peaked cap. Peace officers wear similar uniforms, but with black shirts and black pants with single red stripes. They also carry the OPP's standard issue sidearm – a Glock 17M pistol in 9x19mm – for protection. In the event of a dangerous incident, tactical assistance is provided by the Emergency Service Unit of the Toronto Police Service, whose headquarters is proximate to the precinct on College Street. For an immediate response, officers may also access tactical weaponry from the Queen's Park armoury located within the legislature building.
Uniformed officers
The majority of policing services are provided by uniformed front-line police constables, who attend the Ontario Police College in Aylmer, Ontario, for thirteen weeks to obtain their Basic Constable Training Diploma. The OPP also mandates additional training before and after attendance at the Ontario Police College, resulting in the longest training period among Ontario police services. After this, probationary police constables are assigned to a detachment within the OPP's six regions with a coach officer for a year of field training. At the end of probation, a decision is made regarding retention.
The OPP conducts training at the Provincial Police Academy in Orillia, Ontario. The current academy was opened in 1998 on the site of the former Huronia Regional Centre. Previously, training was conducted at the OPP Training and Development Centre in Brampton, Ontario, from 1981 to 1998. Uniquely, the OPP also has the mandate to train First Nations constables from the OPP administered First Nations police services. Members of these services undergo the same training as OPP constables, save a different uniform. Academy attendance is not open to the general public.
Uniformed non-commissioned OPP officers wear dark blue uniforms with gold lettering and shoulder flashes. Commissioned officers wear different shoulder flashes, and white shirts. Since 1985, wide, light blue stripes down the side of issued trousers have been standard, and forage caps are banded with hat bands of the same colour. Officers wear duty belts with issued equipment, and have the option of wearing either an internal ballistic vest, or an external tactical vest with MOLLE webbing and large placards indicating "police" on their chest and back. The OPP was the first major police service in Canada to issue tourniquets and trauma equipment to each officer. Previously, officer were issued light blue shirts instead of their current navy blue shirts. These shirts are now reserved for use by special constables, security officers, and auxiliary police constables. From 1997 to 2008, the official headdress of the OPP was the stetson, though commissioned ranks were still issued the forage cap. Starting in 2008, the OPP returned to the peaked cap for all officers. Officers in a specialized role are issued different equipment, such as baseball caps. Officers serving with specialty tactical units may also be issued cargo pants without the distinctive stripe, utility tops, and subdued placards for their external tactical vests. Officers serving with the Tactics and Rescue Unit are issued olive green uniforms.
Auxiliary program
Auxiliary members have no police authority. They must rely on the same arrest provisions as regular citizens. There are some instances when an auxiliary member may have the authority of a police officer. This can occur in an emergency situation, or where the OPP requires additional strength to assist with a special event. Auxiliary officers are unpaid, however are compensated for travel and meals. They are required to attend routine training administered by the OPP, and must contribute a certain number of hours monthly. The auxiliary is made up of people from diverse backgrounds.
Auxiliary members are trained at the Provincial Police Academy and qualified with all use of force options.
The auxiliary uniform is distinct from the uniform of a regular OPP officer. Auxiliary officers wear light blue shirts, checkered hat bands, and have their own cap badges. They wear slip-ons with the word "auxiliary" embroidered on them, and their jackets and dress uniforms have tabs sewn on that indicates that they are auxiliary officers.
History
Following the disbanding of World War II auxiliary forces, growing Cold War tension and fear of a nuclear attack led to the belief that police services should "recruit and train volunteers to augment their strength in times of emergency". As a result, in 1954, the Provincial Civil Defence Auxiliary was created, but the need to more closely associate the auxiliary with the OPP soon became apparent.
On 14 January 1960, the Provincial Civil Defence Organization was dissolved. A new oversight body known as the Emergency Measures Organization—Ontario (EMO) came into being. Each department of the government became responsible for its own operational planning. The organization of auxiliary police forces became the responsibility of all interested municipal police forces, as well as the OPP.
In April 1960, a new organization more closely affiliated with the OPP came into being. The Ontario Auxiliary Police were organized in 12 of the 17 OPP districts and by the end of the year, 376 volunteers had signed up to be equipped and trained by experienced OPP personnel. Two OPP inspectors were assigned to work with Emergency Measures Ontario as liaison officers for the volunteers. This close connection continues today with the OPP auxiliary playing a critical role in emergency and disaster planning and occurrences. By 1961 there were 466 auxiliary volunteers who accompanied regular provincials on traffic and law enforcement patrols and during the year logged more than twenty-six thousand hours of volunteer duty.
Fleet
The vehicle fleet consists of 2,290 vehicles, 114 marine vessels, 286 snow and all-terrain vehicles, two helicopters, and two fixed-wing aircraft.
Ground
The OPP has approximately 1,200 cruisers in service across the province. Officers use all-wheel drive versions of the Ford Taurus Police Interceptor, Ford Explorer Police Utility, Ford F-150 Police Ressponder, Dodge Charger Pursuit, Dodge Durango Special Service Package and Chevrolet Tahoe for front line patrol. For specialized roles, a variety of vehicles are used, such as the Chevrolet Suburban, Ford F250 Super Duty, and the Cambli International Thunder 1 armoured rescue vehicles used by the Tactics and Rescue Unit, as well as an International-based truck used by the Highway Safety Division and Mobile Support Units. Previously, models of the Ford Crown Victoria and Chevrolet Impala were used.Historically, from 1941 to 1989, the OPP livery was black and white. In 1989, in response to manufacturers no longer offering dual tone vehicles, the OPP switched to an all-white livery with blue and gold striping. Vehicles of this era were equipped with Federal Signal's Vector light bars with integrated traffic advisers. In 2007, the OPP announced that it would return to a black and white colour scheme. The colour scheme is accomplished with the use of vinyl wraps during in-house vehicle outfitting. The change was implemented starting in March 2007 and was completed in 2009. Vehicles of this era had detachment markings on the rear quarter panel and used Federal Signal Arjent S2 light bars. Current vehicles have eschewed the detachment markings and are equipped with Whelen Legacy light bars. Unmarked vehicles are generally white, black, grey or dark blue. All marked cruisers are equipped with pushbars, also generally have black steel rims, and spotlights mounted on the driver side. Licence plates on the cruisers are generally the standard Ontario licence plates with a special validation sticker denoting permanent registration.
Aviation
Eurocopter EC135
Pilatus PC12NG - personnel and prisoner transport, First Nations policing support
Cessna 206 Turbo - traffic enforcement
Marine
Kanter Marine "Chris D. Lewis" 38-foot police boat
UAV
Draganflyer X6 UAV
FIU-301 UAS
Weapons
Ontario Provincial Police officers carry a variety of use of force equipment in the performance of their duties. The current sidearm of the OPP is the Glock 17M pistol in 9x19mm. Previously, officers were issued either the Sig Sauer P229 DAO, or the P229R DAK in .40S&W. Patrol vehicles are also equipped with the Colt Canada C8 patrol rifle in 5.56x45mm NATO, with the option of the Remington 870 in 12 gauge. All uniformed officers carry TASER X2 conducted energy weapons.
The Tactics and Rescue Unit have more specialized weapons at their disposal including:
Accuracy International AW
Armalite AR10
Colt Canada C8 patrol CQB carbine
Knights Armament SR25
Heckler & Koch MP5
Controversies
Caledonia land dispute
The Caledonia land dispute began in 2006 when members of the Six Nations of the Grand River began an occupation of land that they believed belonged to them, to bring light to their land claims, and to the plight of aboriginal land claims across Canada. The land at the centre of the dispute was owned by a corporation planning to build a subdivision known as the Douglas Creek Estates. The Ontario Provincial Police were called in to keep the peace. Tensions led to violence and over the span of several years, the Ontario Provincial Police were criticized for perceived inaction against the native protesters by local residents. In 2011, a class-action lawsuit against the government of Ontario was settled.
Ipperwash Crisis
The Ipperwash Provincial Park is a former provincial park in Lambton County, Ontario. On 4 September 1995, first nations people occupied the park to bring attention to decades-old land claims that had not been recognized, resulting in the Ipperwash Crisis. The park had been expropriated from the Stoney Point Ojibway during World War II. The protest increased in tensions, resulting in the shooting and subsequent death of a protestor, Anthony O'Brien "Dudley" George, by Acting Sergeant Ken Deane of the Tactics and Rescue Unit. Deane was subsequently convicted of criminal negligence causing death. In 2003, an inquiry called the Ipperwash Inquiry, into the events at Ipperwash was convened, and concluded in 2007. The OPP now uses a variety of different methods in resolving conflicts at major events, most notably by the use of the Provincial Liaison Teams (PLT), formerly known as the Major Event Liaison Team (MELT)
John Doe v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner)
In 1993 an Ontario Divisional Court case, John Doe v. Ontario (Information and Privacy Commissioner), Judge Matlow of the Ontario Divisional Court, suspected that four officers of the Toronto Police Service engaged in a fabrication of evidence and harassment of an accused party. Judge Matlow under the Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA), sought access to the report of the Ontario Provincial Police exonerating the officers, but was denied access to it by the OPP. Access was later granted by the FIPPA commissioner, but a judicial review of the FIPPA commissioner's order to release the report resulted in publication of the OPP report being banned.
Ontario Provincial Police Association
The OPPA was established in 1954 to represent sworn and civilian members of the OPP, as well as OPP retirees. In March 2015, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police announced they were investigating fraud allegations against three top executives of the OPPA.
Appointment of Ron Taverner
In 2018, Toronto Police Superintendent Ron Taverner, was nominated to replace outgoing Commissioner Vince Hawkes. The appointment of Taverner brought about controversy given the personal relationship between him and Premier Doug Ford, potential nepotism, and the OPP's role in investigating political corruption. It was also discovered that the requirements of the position were changed to allow someone in rank equivalent to Taverner to apply. Ultimately, Taverner rescinded his interest in the position, resulting in the appointment York Regional Police Deputy Chief Thomas Carrique as the OPP's new commissioner.
In culture
The Beatles's 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band contains cover art with Paul McCartney wearing an OPP patch on his fictional uniform (more easily seen in the gatefold picture). In January 2016 the origins of the patch was confirmed as a gift from an OPP corporal on 28 September 1964, at Malton Airport as the Beatles were on their way to Montreal.
On the online social networking website Habbo Hotel Canada, OPP officers and spokespersons visit the online application to talk to teens on board the web site's "Infobus". During the weekly sessions, users of the Habbo service are able to ask the officers and spokespersons questions, primarily regarding online safety.
Film and television
In the television series Cardinal, the OPP is fictionalized as the Ontario Police Department (OPD), with a shoulder patch similar to that of the actual OPP except that the top element is replaced by three stylized maple leaves on a branch. OPP cruisers in the series are marked similar to actual cruisers, however the Queen's crown is replaced with a stylized beaver, and the vehicles are marked "O.P.D." instead of "O.P.P." In 2016, the Discovery Channel aired the reality TV series Heavy Rescue: 401, following members of the OPP and local heavy tow operators, profiling their efforts during events and routine operations on Highway 401, a highway that crosses southern Ontario.
In the Canadian horror film Pontypool, the OPP is called into the eponymous town to control a zombie outbreak, ultimately resulting in a massacre. The response of the government to this outbreak draws many parallels to Canadian separatist movements. The film's lead character, Grant Mazzy, vocally denounces the OPP's actions on the radio.
References
Further reading
Maksymchuk, Andrew F. (2008). From MUSKEG to MURDER: Memories of Policing Ontario's Northwest. Trafford Publishing. .
Maksymchuk, Andrew F. (2014). "Champions of the Dead": OPP Crime-fighters Seeking Proof of the Truth. FriesenPress. .
External links
Ontario Provincial Police Website
Road Watch, was started by the Caledon, Ontario Provincial Police detachment.
Government agencies established in 1909
Law enforcement agencies of Ontario
1909 establishments in Ontario
Orillia
Protective security units
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%87ina
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Baćina
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Baćina may refer to:
Baćina, Croatia
Baćina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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8455095
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Covenant
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Grace Covenant
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Grace Covenant (officially Grace Covenant International), a non-denominational network or "family" of Christian churches, missionaries and ministries founded in 1995, was created to offer relationship and [[accountability]and "connection without control" for ministries. Constituent ministries maintain local autonomy, boards and a variety of styles, but share a unified vision of reaching the world for Christ. Member congregations and ministries consider themselves "interdependent", rather than independent; and appreciate the fourfold ministry focus: Evangelism, church planting, World Missions, and Spiritual Renewal.
Grace Covenant, in its core beliefs, is evangelical and open to the Spirit, embracing the balance of "Word and Power".
Currently there are churches in California, Washington, and Missouri; as well as parachurch ministries under GCI's covering. Mission works exist in the Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Peru, The Bahamas and Spain. GCI's Ministry Skills Institute offers practical ministry equipping through regional training conferences, Individual Training Tracks, Correspondence Courses, and other ministry resources. Grace Covenant continues to develop new works of ministries in the United States and around the world; and is especially open to adopting like-minded ministries into the ministry family.
Heart values
Grace Covenant's official "heart values":
The Ministry of Jesus is the focus of the Church.
Worship is central in honoring and engaging our relationship.
Jesus is the Head of the Church.
The Word of God is central to faith and practice.
The Holy Spirit is the Church’s source (force) for comfort, guidance, renewal, power, service and evangelism with the Heavenly Father and provides an atmosphere for ministry.
The Fruit of the Spirit is the heart nature of the Church.
The Gifts of the Spirit are the ministry tools of the Church.
Ministry flows naturally through relationships.
Spiritual relationships provide mutual support, accountability and ministry impact.
God has called believers to be Kingdom minded, fulfilling our specific role in the Body, while affirming, assisting and laboring with other parts of His Body, for greater Kingdom work.
Believers are called to be culturally relevant, which is identifying and posturing ourselves with people as to meet their needs in the Name of Jesus.
The disciple of Jesus has a heart full of compassion and service toward the poor, orphaned, widowed and oppressed.
Ministry involves commitment to small groups.
External links
Grace Covenant official website
Ministry Director
Living Hope Christian Fellowship; Oakdale, California
Ministry Skills Institute
Dominican Republic Missions/Pan de Vida
Team Bahamas, Grand Bahama
Complete directory of affiliated ministries
[www.visionvestors.org/ Vision Vestors ]
En Espanol
Non-denominational Evangelical unions
Emerging church movement
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Fox%20%28performer%29
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Johnny Fox (performer)
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John Robert Fox (November 13, 1953 – December 17, 2017) was an American professional sword swallower and sleight of hand expert.
Early life
Fox was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and grew up in Hartford, Connecticut. He saw his first sword swallower at the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield, Massachusetts, when he was eight or nine years old. At approximately the same age, his father gave him a book about Harry Houdini which inspired Fox—substituting spaghetti—to recreate the magician's trick of swallowing a key on a string and then regurgitating it.
Performance career
Fox began performing magic and comedy while working as a waiter in Saint Petersburg, Florida. He learned sleight-of-hand in the 1970s from Tony Slydini, an Italian magician known as "the Master of Misdirection". In his early twenties, Fox was performing in Boulder, Colorado, when he heard that his act had been stolen by a competing magician. He was inspired to begin swallowing swords in order to have "an act people couldn't copy easily". It took him eight months to master the technique, although he injured himself on several occasions learning it. Fox estimated in 1999 he was one of only twenty professional sword swallowers in the United States, noting there were many more than when he began.
Fox could swallow up to 22 inches of steel. Besides swallowing regular swords, his act included swallowing a retractable tape measure, a giant screwdriver and a neon glowing sword plugged into an outlet. His act also included eating fire-until he learned that the chemicals used in the trick could seep into his liver.
Fox appeared at such venues as comedy clubs, casinos, and tattoo conventions, as well as special events such as an Aerosmith album release party. His television appearances include the Late Show with David Letterman, a 1992 Jonathan Winters television special, and a Maalox commercial in which he swallowed light bulbs. He was featured in the 2003 documentary Traveling Sideshow: Shocked and Amazed by Jeff Krulik.
Fox was the resident sword-swallower at the annual Maryland Renaissance Festival in Crownsville, and performed there from 1981 through 2017. Prior to the festival's 2017 season, the festival's Royal Stage, where Fox performed, was renamed to the Royal Fox Theatre in his honor. He began performing at the Sterling Renaissance Festival in Sterling, New York in 1997. He occasionally worked as a consultant for other sideshow artists.
Freakatorium
In June 1999, Fox opened the Freakatorium, El Museo Loco, a museum of side show curiosities, on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. In the face of low numbers of visitors and rising rent, the museum was closed in January 2005. Fox was partly inspired to open the museum by his childhood visits to Hubert's Museum and Flea Circus in Times Square. His collection of oddities includes narwhal tusks, an elephant's-foot liquor chest, a two-headed turtle, a vest owned by General Tom Thumb, and the glass eye of Sammy Davis, Jr.
Personal life
Fox married his wife, Valeria, an Argentine dancer and photographer, while they were atop elephants in Annapolis, Maryland, in 2002. They resided in Seymour, Connecticut.
Illness and death
In the fall of 2016, Fox was diagnosed with hepatitis-C and cirrhosis of the liver and tumors. Then, in the winter of 2016, Fox slipped on black ice at his home in Connecticut which, combined with his liver problems, put him in a coma for several days.
After waking up from his coma, he recovered enough to return to performing at the Maryland Renaissance Festival for the fall 2017 season.
Fox died on Sunday, December 17, 2017, of liver cancer, aged 64.
References
External links
The Johnny Fox Official Homepage
Freakatorium – El Museo Loco
Maryland Renaissance Festival
1953 births
2017 deaths
American curators
American magicians
American stunt performers
People from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Minneapolis
Renaissance fair performers
Sideshow performers
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitrella
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Mitrella
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Mitrella may refer to:
Mitrella (gastropod), a genus of mollusks of the family Columbellidae
Mitrella (plant), a genus of plants of the family Annonaceae
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33138739
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digernessundet
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Digernessundet
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Digernessundet is a strait in the municipality of Stord in Vestland county, Norway. The long strait runs between the islands of Føyno and Stord, which connects the Stokksundet to the north with the Bømlafjorden to the south. The Stord Bridge crosses the Digernessundet.
References
Landforms of Vestland
Straits of Norway
Stord
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Marx
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Wilhelm Marx
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Wilhelm Marx (15 January 1863 – 5 August 1946) was a German lawyer, Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. He was the chancellor of Germany twice, from 1923 to 1925 and again from 1926 to 1928, and he also served briefly as the minister-president of Prussia in 1925, during the Weimar Republic. With a total of 3 years, 73 days, he was the longest consecutively serving Chancellor during the Weimar Republic.
Early life
He was born in 1863 in Cologne to Johann Marx, the rector of a Catholic school (1822–1882) and his wife, Gertrude (1826–1909). He had a sister, Barbara, who later headed the Cologne Ursulines.
Marx passed his Abitur at the Marzellengymnasium in 1881. He then studied jurisprudence at the University of Bonn from 1881 to 1884. As a student he became a member of Catholic Student Association Arminia of Bonn (a part of Kartellverband).
Marx married Johanna Verkoyen (1871–1946) in 1891, and they had a total of four children (three sons and a daughter).
Legal career
In 1888, he passed the Zweite Staatsprüfung for the Prussian civil service and began working as an assessor in Cologne and Waldbröl and later in the land registry in Simmern. In 1894 he became a judge at Elberfeld. In 1904, Marx became Landgerichtsrat at Cologne, in 1907 Oberlandesgerichtsrat at Düsseldorf, in January 1921 Landgerichtspräsident in Limburg an der Lahn and on 27 September 1921 Senatspräsident of the Kammergericht Berlin without the requirement to serve the same day that he was elected president of the Reichstag fraction of the Centre Party.
Under the German Empire, dominated by the Protestant Prussia, his religion and political activities were a handicap for his career as a lawyer.
Early political career
Marx started his political activities in Elberfeld, where he became active in the Centre Party. From 1899 to 1918, he was a member of the Abgeordnetenhaus, the lower chamber of the Landtag of Prussia. From 1899 to 1904, he was the head of the Elberfeld Centre Party. From 1906 to 1919, he was the deputy head of the party in the Rhineland. In 1907, he became the chairman of the Düsseldorf Centre Party and in 1910, he presided over the Augsburg Katholikentag. From 1910 to 1918, he was a member of the Reichstag. In 1911, he founded the Katholische Schulorganisation to fight against the secularisation of the German school system.
Marx was elected to the Weimar National Assembly in 1919 and then to the reconstituted Reichstag in 1920, where he remained until 1932. He supported the Reichstag Peace Resolution of 1917 and opposed demands for territorial gains from World War I popular among Rhineland Centrists. Marx also opposed the German Revolution but supported the new Weimar Republic. The Weimar constitution granted Catholics full civil rights, unlike the previous constitution. Marx opposed separatism in the Rhineland and argued against the creation of the Rhenish Republic in December 1918. In the summer of 1919, Marx was one of the few Centre Party members supporting German signature of the Treaty of Versailles, as he feared that failure to do so would result in French annexation of the occupied Rhineland.
After , and Matthias Erzberger died, Marx became the head of the Reichstag fraction of the Centre Party on 27 September 1921 and, on 17 January 1922, party chairman. He supported Chancellor Joseph Wirth in his Erfüllungspolitik which attempted to comply with the Treaty of Versailles, notably the reparation demands of the Allies, as far as possible. Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno received Marx's help in mobilising civil disobedience against the Occupation of the Ruhr. However, Marx then helped to replace Cuno's cabinet with the Grand Coalition headed by Gustav Stresemann. When Stresemann's government fell in November 1923, Marx himself stepped up.
Chancellor
First term, 1923–1925
On 30 November 1923, Marx formed a minority cabinet based on the Centre Party, DVP, BVP and DDP. Then, the financial and economic situation of the Reich was dire, and the central government's authority was challenged by right- and left-wing state governments as well as by separatism in the Rhineland. The cabinet's achievements included stabilizing the currency following the introduction of the Rentenmark, fiscal consolidation, the resolution of the conflict between the Reich and Bavaria's right-wing government and de-escalation in the occupied territories. In January 1924, the Emminger Reform replaced the system of trial by jury in Germany with a mixed system of career and lay judges.
Following the May election, the second Marx cabinet was formed on 3 June 1924. It was once again a minority government, based on parties that did not have an outright Reichstag majority; it lasted until December 1924. Its focus was on relations with the Allies and on regaining control of the occupied territories in the west. In August, the government signed up to the Dawes Plan on reparation payments. After the December Reichstag elections, Marx was unable to form a cabinet and resigned on 15 December 1924. He remained in office as caretaker until 15 January 1925.
In social policy, Marx's first period as Chancellor saw the introduction (in 1924) of family allowances for state employees.
Interruption
Minister President of Prussia and presidential candidate, 1925
In February 1925, Marx became Minister President of Prussia, following a call by the Centre Party in the Landtag. On 18 March, his party nominated him for the presidential election following the death of President Friedrich Ebert. In the first round of voting, Marx was the Centre Party's and, in the second round, the entire Weimar Coalition's candidate. Marx received close to 4 million votes in the first round. However, in the runoff he was defeated by Paul von Hindenburg, as Ernst Thälmann the Communist candidate also stood and split the vote. In addition, the BVP had called on its supporters to vote for Hindenburg.
Marx lost by 13.7 million to Hindenburg's 14.6 million votes. In April, Otto Braun replaced Marx as Minister President. Marx resigned after he had been unable to form a working cabinet.
Second term, 1926–1928
Marx considered leaving politics but on 26 January 1926 he accepted an appointment as Reichsminister der Justiz (Minister of Justice) and Minister for the Occupied Territories, in the second cabinet of Hans Luther. After Luther's government fell, Stresemann suggested Marx as chancellor and Hindenburg appointed him on 17 May 1926.
Marx kept in place Luther's decree on the flag (), which had resulted in the previous cabinet's demise. Marx's cabinet unexpectedly survived the referendum on the expropriation of the princes and succeeded in bringing Germany into the League of Nations. Marx also managed to force military commander-in-chief Hans von Seeckt into retirement without provoking resistance by the Reichswehr. He resigned as chancellor on 17 December 1926 over a lost Reichstag vote on the issue of clandestine military relations between the Reichswehr and the Soviet Union. The Social Democrats, who had brought down the cabinet, thereby ruled themselves out of a role in the next one.
In January 1927, Marx formed a new government with participation by the right-wing DNVP. This fourth and final Marx cabinet extended the (including the ban on the former emperor to enter the country), and passed a law on working hours (14 April 1927) as well as the Gesetz über Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung of 16 July 1927 which established a comprehensive unemployment insurance system. The same year, the government sought to standardize locally administered poor relief payments by fixing them in line with the prices of essential goods. The same year, Germany became the first major industrial nation to sign the Washington Agreement for extended maternity leave.
Although the coalition broke up over the issue of the Reichsschulgesetz (school law) and the blame was put on the DVP, it was mostly internal opposition within the Centre Party, notably by Joseph Wirth, Adam Stegerwald, and Theodor von Guérard that resulted in the cabinet's fall. Marx resigned on 12 June. After putting into action an emergency program, Marx was finally dismissed as chancellor by Hindenburg on 29 June 1928. In total, his four terms in office made him the longest-serving Reichskanzler of the Weimar Republic.
Later life
After the Centre Party's poor performance at the polls in May, Marx eventually also resigned, as party chairman, on 8 December 1928. He then focused on work for numerous associations and civil organisations. In 1932, he resigned his seat in the Reichstag and retired.
During Nazi Germany, Marx was charged in the so-called Volksvereinsprozeß (named after the People's Association for Catholic Germany which he had chaired) in 1933, but the charge against him was dropped in 1935. After the end of World War II, he continued to live in Bonn, where he died in 1946. Marx is buried at the Melaten-Friedhof of Cologne.
References
External links
First and second cabinet at the Akten der Reichskanzlei website of the Bundesarchiv
Third and fourth cabinet at the Akten der Reichskanzlei website of the Bundesarchiv
1863 births
1946 deaths
20th-century Chancellors of Germany
Jurists from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
German Roman Catholics
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Chancellors of Germany
Justice ministers of Germany
Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
Members of the Weimar National Assembly
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Politicians of Catholic political parties
Prime Ministers of Prussia
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Candidates for President of Germany
University of Bonn alumni
Politicians from Cologne
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3177310
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythian%20Home%20of%20Missouri
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Pythian Home of Missouri
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The Pythian Home of Missouri, also known as Pythian Castle, in Springfield, Missouri, was built in 1913 by the Knights of Pythias and later owned by the U.S. military. German and Italian prisoners-of-war were assigned here during World War II for medical treatment and as laborers. Some prisoners were kept in the detached powerhouse and laundry room behind the castle. The laundry room is still owned by the U.S. Army.
The building was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 2009. It is privately owned and open to the public for tours by appointment.
Construction
The main building was designed to give the structure the appearance of a castle which reflected the theme of the Knights of Pythias. Its foundation and exterior is constructed of "Carthage Stone", an especially hard variety of limestone commonly quarried in the Ozarks. The interior construction is composed of steel framework with poured concrete floors, ceilings, and stairways. The interior walls consist of layered hollow-core "Pyrobar Blocks" (a gypsum-based fireproofing material developed in the early 1900s), with a wire mesh covering that was coated with several layers of plaster. The original main floor features a grand foyer, meeting room, ballroom, dining hall, and sitting parlors. The second floor, which is accessed by dual staircases on either wall, was designed with dormitory style rooms for children and bedrooms for adults. The second floor also features a theater with original ticket booth, seats, upper projection and lighting room as well as changing rooms backstage. The building also features a full basement. The power house was located directly behind the main building and housed the boiler as well as the institution's laundry facilities.
History
Knights of Pythias
The Knights of Pythias, a fraternal organization, originally constructed the castle and detached power plant as a retirement home for needy members of the order and their widows and children. It was called The Pythian Home of Missouri. Springfield was one of seven cities competing for the construction of the Pythian home and sold 53 acres of land to the knights for $1 in 1909. It served as a meeting hall for the order and served in this capacity until in 1942.
WW II
In 1942, during World War II, the United States Military commandeered the facility for use in conjunction with the adjacent O'Reilly General Hospital in entertaining and rehabilitating injured U.S. troops. It was renamed The Enlisted Men's Service Club. The facility featured a movie theater, ballroom, bowling alley, pool hall, library, and arts and crafts area. Some of the most famous movie stars, comedians, and entertainers of the era performed in the theater while the ballroom was host to big bands playing for the dancing pleasure of the troops. After the war the building was retained by the military for use as a reserve center until it was sold as surplus in 1993.
Present
It is now privately owned by Tamara Finocchiaro. Renovations have been completed to the property including a new driveway and parking area. In 2010 the castle was reopened to the public for tours and events facility. It is available for special event rental including weddings, proms and corporate parties and offers public events such as history tours, murder mystery dinners, ghost tours, and holiday events.
See also
O'Reilly General Hospital
Knights of Pythias
References
External links
Pythian Castle official site
National Register of Historical Places Registration
Springfield Historical Sites description by Springfield historian Richard Grosenbaugh
Buildings and structures in Springfield, Missouri
Knights of Pythias buildings
Clubhouses in Missouri
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Reportedly haunted locations in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Missouri
1913 establishments in Missouri
Buildings and structures completed in 1913
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13786263
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%2C%20Utah
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Border, Utah
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Border is an unincorporated community on the western edge of Millard County, Utah, United States, on the Nevada state line. The community is located west of Delta, Utah and east of Ely, Nevada. U.S. Route 6/U.S. Route 50 passes through the community.
See also
References
External links
Unincorporated communities in Millard County, Utah
Unincorporated communities in Utah
Great Basin National Heritage Area
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22595435
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Bristowe
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Thomas Bristowe
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Thomas Lynn Bristowe (31 March 1833 – 6 June 1892) was an English stockbroker and Conservative Party politician
Biography
Bristowe was the third son of John Syer Bristowe, a doctor of Camberwell, and his wife Mary Chesshyre of Rock Savage, Cheshire. He was educated privately and became a stockbroker. He was a partner in the firm of Bristowe Brothers of the London Stock Exchange.
In 1885 Bristowe was elected Member of Parliament for Norwood. Bristowe was very active in a campaign to raise funds to restore Brockwell Hall, a part of Brockwell Park which had come into the ownership of Lambeth Council. However, he died of a heart attack on the steps of Brockwell Hall during the grand opening ceremony in June 1892, aged 59.
Bristowe married Frances Ellen Mason in 1857. They lived at Dulwich Hill House, Denmark Hill, Surrey. Bristowe was buried at the West Norwood Cemetery.
References
1833 births
1892 deaths
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
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54120015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Urueta
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Luis Urueta
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Luis Felipe Urueta Romano (born January 9, 1981) is a Colombian professional baseball coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was formerly a first baseman, coach, and manager in Minor League Baseball. He has also coached and managed the Colombia national baseball team in the World Baseball Classic (WBC). As a player, Urueta was listed at and ; he threw right-handed and was a switch hitter.
Playing career
Urueta was primarily a first baseman in Minor League Baseball for three seasons. In 2000, he played for the rookie-level Arizona League Diamondbacks, compiling a .235 batting average with three home runs and 27 RBIs in 54 games. In 2002, he played 41 games for the Missoula Osprey in the rookie-level Pioneer League and nine games for the Class A South Bend Silver Hawks; between the two teams, he batted .163 with two home runs and nine RBIs. In 2003, he played four games for the Class A Short Season New Jersey Cardinals and eight games for the Class A-Advanced Palm Beach Cardinals; overall, he batted .100 (3-for-30) with one RBI. In a career total of 116 minor league games, he batted .195 with five home runs and 37 RBIs.
Defensively in the minor leagues, Urueta appeared in 74 games as a first baseman, 12 games as an outfielder, and one game each as a third baseman and as a catcher. He had a .987 fielding percentage at first base.
Also in 2003, Urueta played six games for the Gary SouthShore RailCats of the independent Northern League. He batted .238 (5-for-21) in six games, with one home run and one RBI. He did not play professionally in the United States after 2003.
From 2004 through 2006, Urueta played for Fortitudo Bologna in the Italian Baseball League. He slashed .221/.345/.253 in 2004. In 2005, he batted only .187/.230/.239; he improved in the finals, going 7-for-23 to help his team win it all. After another meek campaign (.205/.317/.270, 1-for-26 in the playoffs) in 2006, he ended his playing career.
Coaching career
Minor leagues
Urueta has been a coach or coordinator in the Diamondbacks' farm system since 2007. He was field coordinator for the Dominican Summer League Diamondbacks in 2011 and a coach for the South Bend Silver Hawks in 2012. He managed the Arizona League Diamondbacks in 2013 and 2014, accruing an overall managerial win–loss record of 58–54 in those two seasons. Urueta was a coach for the Triple-A Reno Aces in 2015.
International
Urueta coached for Colombia in the 2013 World Baseball Classic Qualifiers, then managed the team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic Qualifiers. He guided the team past former WBC teams Panama and Spain to a spot in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Colombia's first trip to the World Baseball Classic. Following this historic qualification, Urueta's services were also retained to skipper the national team at the WBC.
Urueta served as manager of the Liga Dominicana de Beisbol Profesional team Tigres de Licey.
Major leagues
In October 2017, Urueta was hired as a major league coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks. He became the bench coach for the Diamondbacks in the 2020 season. Urueta became acting manager in a game against the San Diego Padres on July 26, 2020, after Arizona manager Torey Lovullo was ejected in the fifth inning; it was the first time that a person from Colombia managed a team during a major league game.
Personal life
Urueta's nickname is "Pipe" (from Felipe). He is married and has two daughters. As a teenager, Urueta was a football (soccer) goalkeeper; he was inspired to pursue a baseball career after watching Édgar Rentería's game-winning hit in Game 7 of the 1997 World Series.
References
Further reading
External links
, or The Baseball Cube
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Barranquilla
Colombian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Arizona Diamondbacks coaches
Major League Baseball bench coaches
Arizona League Diamondbacks players
Missoula Osprey players
South Bend Silver Hawks players
Gary SouthShore RailCats players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
New Jersey Cardinals players
Fortitudo Baseball Bologna players
Expatriate baseball players in Italy
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
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6878456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Taylor
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Tamara Taylor
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Tamara Taylor (born September 27, 1970) is a Canadian actress. She appeared in the role of Dr. Camille Saroyan, head of the Forensic Division, in the forensic crime drama Bones. She also appeared in season seven of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., in which she played the secondary antagonist Sibyl. As of 2021, she stars in the new Law & Order: Special Victims Unit spinoff, Law & Order: Organized Crime, alongside Christopher Meloni and Dylan McDermott, which premiered April 1.
Personal life
Taylor was born in Toronto to a Barbadian father and a Scottish mother. She dropped out of high school to try modeling and see the world, with her mother supportive of her decision: "School will always be there, she told me."
Taylor is a second cousin by marriage to Neve Campbell, with whom she appeared on Party of Five. Taylor married attorney Miles Cooley in 2007 but the couple divorced in May 2012. She is a member of Delta Sigma Theta.
Career
She has appeared in the CBS medical drama 3 lbs as Della and the UPN series Sex, Love & Secrets in the role of Nina; both series were short-lived.
Taylor has made guest appearances on NCIS, Numb3rs, Lost, CSI: Miami, Without a Trace, Party of Five and Dawson's Creek. In her feature film debut, Senseless, she played Marlon Wayans's love interest. She portrayed Debrah Simmons in the 2005 romantic-comedy Diary of a Mad Black Woman, Halle Berry's best friend in Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, and had a brief role in Serenity, the movie conclusion of the TV series Firefly by Joss Whedon. Through her part in Serenity, Taylor was able to audition for a show with actor David Boreanaz, who had previously worked with Whedon in Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel. She also appeared in the TV series Lost, as the former girlfriend of Michael and mother of Walt.
She first appeared in Bones in the first episode of the second season, "The Titan on the Tracks", portraying the character Dr. Camille Saroyan. In the first six episodes of the season, she was credited as a guest star because creator and writer Hart Hanson had planned to kill her off in episode 12 when Howard Epps, a recurring serial killer, poisoned her, to create more tension and drama between the two main characters, but the response to her character was so strong that the writers offered her a position as a recurring regular in the show. Thus, from the following episode, "The Girl with the Curl", she was credited as a main character for the remainder of the series.
Tamara Taylor later recurred on the final season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. portraying the Chronicom Sibyl, who was the season's secondary antagonist.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1970 births
Actresses from Toronto
Black Canadian actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian people of Barbadian descent
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian television actresses
Living people
20th-century Canadian actresses
21st-century Canadian actresses
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