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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Fisher%20Baker
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George Fisher Baker
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George Fisher Baker (March 27, 1840 – May 2, 1931) was an American financier and philanthropist. Known as the "Dean of American Banking," he was also known for his taciturnity. Baker made a fortune after the Civil War in railroads and banking, and at his death was estimated to be the third richest man in the United States, after Henry Ford and John D. Rockefeller.
Early life
Baker was born in Troy, New York to Eveline Stevens Baker and George Ellis Baker, a shoe-store owner who was elected in 1850 on the Whig ticket to the New York State Assembly. At 14, young George entered the S.S. Seward Institute in Florida, New York, where he studied geography, bookkeeping, history, and algebra. At 16, he was hired as a junior clerk in the New York State Banking Department.
Baker did not attend university, but instead enlisted in the 18th Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteers at the start of the U.S. Civil War, and achieved the ranks of first lieutenant and adjutant.
Career
In 1863, Baker, along with his mentor, John Thompson, and Thompson's sons Frederick Ferris Thompson and Samuel C. Thompson, co-founded the First National Bank of the City of New York. The first national bank to be chartered in New York City under the National Currency Act of 1863, it became a forerunner of today's Citibank N.A.
At age 37, Baker became First National's President on September 1, 1877. His 20,000 shares were worth about $20 million ($ today). He retired as president in 1909, and became chairman of the board. He was succeeded in the presidency by Francis L. Hine, the former Vice President of the bank.
An avid investor, he held interests in many corporations and was the largest stockholder in the Central Railroad of New Jersey. In addition, he was a director in 22 corporations, which with their subsidiaries had aggregate resources of $7.27 billion. Owning $5,965,000 (equivalent to around $83,245,000 in 2017 dollars) of U.S. Steel stock in the early 1920s, Baker was also the largest individual owner of U.S. Steel stock, according to a May 4, 1924 Time magazine article.
Media depiction
The April 14, 1924, edition of Time said of Baker:
Baker was “closely associated with” the late 19th-century and early 20th-century U.S. robber-baron, monopolist and Wall Street banker J.P. Morgan “in his manifold enterprises,” according to Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais’s 1955 book, Labor’s Untold Story. The same book also noted that “Morgan and associates organized super-trusts in steel (U.S. Steel), shipping (International Mercantile Marine), and agricultural machinery (International Harvester);” and it also “had its hands in other fields—the railroads (where…some 30,000 miles of railway were controlled), anthracite coal (where from two-thirds to three-quarters of the entire shipment was in Morgan hands).” In addition, other Morgan monopolies included electrical machinery (General Electric), communications (AT &T, Western Union), traction companies (IRT in New York, Hudson & Manhattan), and insurance (Equitable Life).”
The March 26, 1934, Time magazine article called him
A 1934 article in Newsweek describes him as one of the most imposing figures in banking history. In the November 1994 issue of Worth magazine, James Grant, editor of a financial newsletter, calls Baker a hidebound turn-of-the-century banker who always got his loans repaid.
Baker was famously silent in public, never commenting on events or giving interviews, until 1922, at age 82, when he gave his first newspaper interview. Thereafter, he spoke occasionally at luncheons and gatherings.
Personal life
In 1869, Baker was married to Florence Tucker Baker, a daughter of Benjamin Franklin Baker and Sophronia J. (nee Whitney) Baker. Together, they were the parents of:
Evelyn Baker (1870–1936), who married Howard Bligh St. George in 1891.
Florence Bellows Baker (1876–1936), who married William Goadby Loew.
George Fisher Baker Jr. (1878–1937), who married Edith Brevoort Kane. Their daughter Elizabeth married John M. Schiff of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. and their son, George F. Baker III married Frances Drexel Munn, a daughter of Mary Astor Paul and member of the Drexel banking family.
He was a member of the Jekyll Island Club (aka The Millionaires Club) on Jekyll Island, Georgia. He was also a member of the New York Yacht Club, having been elected in 1895.
Baker died in New York City on May 2, 1931.
Properties
Baker lived on Madison Avenue in New York City, and maintained a summer property on Jekyll Island near Brunswick, Georgia, and had an estate in Tuxedo Park, New York.
Top Hat LeBaron Pierce-Arrow
In 1929, Baker commissioned the construction of a unique Pierce-Arrow town car for the wedding of his daughter. Built by LeBaron, the car's roof line was 5 inches taller than standard models so Baker could keep his top hat on. Trim lining in the rear compartment is made of 24-carat gold, as are perfume dispensers and an intercom. The car was rediscovered in 1978 in a barn in Ohio alongside a Rolls Royce Boat Tail Speedster formerly owned by Fred Astaire.. It is now part of the White Glove Collection in La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Philanthropy
Baker provided much of the initial funding for Harvard Business School with a 1924 grant of $5 million, for which Harvard gave him an honorary doctorate and named the library after him.
In 1922, Baker established a $1 million dollar endowment fund for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Baker had been a member of the museum board since 1909.
Baker donated $2 million to Cornell University for the construction of the Baker Laboratory of Chemistry, as well as Baker dormitories, and he endowed the Baker Lecture Series, the oldest continuous lectureship in chemistry in the United States.
He made other large donations to charitable causes throughout New York City and funded the construction of Baker Field, Columbia University's primary athletic facility. He provided $2 million for Baker Memorial Library at Dartmouth College.
References
External links
Baker family papers at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
George F. Baker's 1929 Pierce Arrow Top Hat LaBaron at White Glove Collection
Columbia's Baker Athletic Complex: Donated By Exploiter of Black Convict Labor? Patch.Com
1840 births
1931 deaths
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Businesspeople from Troy, New York
American bankers
American financiers
Harvard Business School people
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19484271
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Fuller
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Edmund Fuller
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Edmund Maybank Fuller (3 March 1914 – 29 January 2001) was an American educator, editor, novelist, historian, and literary critic.
Career
Fuller directed plays at Longwood Gardens, taught playwriting at the New School for Social Research, and wrote a history of drama for students at the secondary-school level. His biography of Milton (1944) is enlivened by novelistic techniques which he justified, in an "Author's Note," by appealing to the example of other biographers from Plutarch on down. This led in 1946 to the most important of his novels, A Star Pointed North, a historical novel based on the life of Frederick Douglass which includes as characters William Lloyd Garrison, John Brown, Harriet Tubman, Abraham Lincoln, and his successor as president, Andrew Johnson. Other novels followed: Brothers Divided (1951), The Corridor (1963), and Flight (1970). In the Douglass novel Fuller is said to have "bridged an aching gap in American history." As a historian and biographer he was attracted to off-the-beaten-track topics. In Journey into the Self (1950) he wove together the surviving papers of Gertrude Stein's brother, Leo Stein, in a biographical narrative, and two years later the Vermont State Board of Education published his Vermont: A History of the Green Mountain State. Tinkers and Genius: The Story of the Yankee Inventors followed in 1955; God in the White House: The Faiths of American Presidents, co-authored with David E. Green, in 1968; and Prudence Crandall: An Incident of Racism in Nineteenth-Century Connecticut in 1971.
Early in his career Fuller served for eight years as editor-in-chief at Crown Publishers, where he compiled an anthology of the law in literature and large collections of quotations, anecdotes, epigrams, and, in collaboration with Hiram Haydn, book digests. In 1948 he left the metropolis for 264 acres near Shoreham, Vermont, where he hoped to sustain his family through farming combined with free-lance consulting with authors and publishers. That effort lasted only five years, during which in addition to the books on Stein and Vermont he wrote one on George Bernard Shaw aimed at an audience of students and the general public and put together another Crown anthology, Mutiny! drawing on historical accounts ranging in date from Livy to Chiang Kai-shek and including his own brief piece, "Nat Turner the Prophet."
In 1953 he accepted a faculty appointment at the Kent School in Connecticut, where he would teach English and theology until his retirement in 1982. With the Oak Ridge physicist William G. Pollard he co-edited in two volumes the proceedings of ecumenical symposia held at Kent in 1955 (for the school's fiftieth anniversary) and 1960 on "the Christian idea of education." An ongoing association with Pollard equipped him to review the book Science Ponders Religion (1960) Harlow Shapley ed., an account of eight summers of the Star Island Institute on Religion in an Age of Science Conferences, Fuller comments on Henry Margenau, Ian G. Barbour, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Kirtley F. Mather, Edwin C. Kemble, Ralph W. Burhoe, and others, but says that in order to provide a better balance of viewpoints another volume is needed containing work by such thinkers as Pollard, Charles A. Coulson, or Charles E. Raven. "From the physical sciences to psychiatry," he writes, "a new rapprochement is developing between science and religion" that some of the authors in the volume under review "fail to understand."
From 1955 through 1968 he made selections from, or abridged reading versions of, long classics that were staples in the curriculum: novels by Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Ross Lockridge, Dickens, Romain Rolland, and Thackeray in addition to Johnson's Lives of the Poets, Bulfinch's Mythology, and works by Plutarch, Boswell, and Vasari—thirteen volumes in all. Meanwhile, over the same period, slightly extended, he served as general editor for Harcourt, Brace & World's "Adventures in Good Books" textbook series, editing six of the fifteen volumes himself; edited two essay anthologies for other publishers; edited Laurel paperbacks of selected works by Voltaire, Balzac, and Mark Twain, as well as seven annotated plays by Shakespeare; and edited two or three other textbooks, including a selection from the poetry of Longfellow.
The bulk of Fuller's work as a critic consists of book reviews in the Saturday Review and major New York newspapers. He was book review editor of The Wall Street Journal for 32 years. In 1969 and 1973 he served on the selection jury for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. He also published several critical essays and two more books of literary criticism, companion surveys of the contemporary literary scene springing from his deep familiarity as a reviewer. The first focuses on aspects of mid-century taste that he found deplorable; the second calls for greater appreciation of selected writers whose work, though then unfashionable, represents what to Fuller are enduring values. Man in Modern Fiction (1958) is aptly subtitled "some minority opinions on contemporary American writing." As an adherent of traditional Christian humanism Fuller decried the emphasis on human depravity, the denial of freedom and moral responsibility, and the embrace of meaninglessness that he found characteristic of such novelists as Nelson Algren, James Jones, Norman Mailer, and Jack Kerouac, representing what he later would call "the post-Chatterley deluge." The eight National Book Award choices to date reflected, he believed, this prevailing taste. But he saw encouraging signs of a counter-trend, an emergence of good writers "in the great tradition of man as a rational, free, responsible, purposeful—even though fallible and imperfect—creature of God," and in Books with Men behind Them (1962) (whose title derives from a mot of Emerson's) he named more than a dozen such writers and singled out seven for extensive analysis: Thornton Wilder, Gladys Schmitt, Alan Paton, C. P. Snow, C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Charles Williams. On two of the Inklings Fuller would have more to say a few years later.
He issued a selection of John Donne's sermons, edited and abridged, believing that "much in Donne's thought and expression speaks with extraordinary directness and aptness to our own condition today." Affirmations of God and Man: Writings for Modern Dialogue grew out of many conversations about religion that Fuller had with students at his own school and on the university lecture circuit. It consists of nearly 250 extracts from a wide array of authors, ancient to contemporary and quite varied in religious orientation, arranged thematically to spark discussion on issues central to theological inquiry. Finally, after retiring and moving to Chapel Hill, N. C., where his friend from The Wall Street Journal days, Vermont C. Royster, was teaching journalism, Fuller assembled about a hundred of Royster's prize-winning columns that he thought deserved continued attention beyond what newspapers generally afford.
References
External links
2001 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
American literary critics
1914 births
20th-century American male writers
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21811509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%20Oliver%20Jr.
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Solomon Oliver Jr.
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Solomon Oliver Jr. (born July 20, 1947) is a Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.
Education and career
Born in Bessemer, Alabama, Oliver received a Bachelor of Arts degree from College of Wooster in 1969 and a Juris Doctor from New York University School of Law in 1972. He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Case Western Reserve University in 1974. From 1972 to 1975, he was an assistant professor of political science at the College of Wooster. Oliver then clerked for Judge William H. Hastie of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit from 1975 to 1976. Following his clerkship, he worked as an Assistant United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio, becoming chief of the civil division in 1978. In 1982, he was named the chief of the appellate division. He left the Department of Justice in 1982 to become a professor of law at Cleveland Marshall College of Law, where he taught and published in the areas of civil procedure, federal jurisdiction and trial advocacy. From 1991 to 1994 he served as associate dean for faculty and administration.
Federal judicial service
On March 9, 1994, President Bill Clinton nominated Oliver to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio vacated by Alice M. Batchelder. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 6, 1994, and received his commission on May 9, 1994. Oliver served as Chief Judge from 2010–2017. He assumed senior status on February 15, 2021. In describing Oliver's public service, U.S. Senator Sherrod Brown said, "Judge Oliver served our nation honorably and helped make the city of Cleveland a fairer, more just place to live."
See also
List of African-American jurists
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
20th-century American judges
21st-century American judges
African-American judges
Assistant United States Attorneys
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Cleveland State University faculty
College of Wooster alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio
New York University School of Law alumni
People from Bessemer, Alabama
United States district court judges appointed by Bill Clinton
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43634650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drimiopsis%20maculata
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Drimiopsis maculata
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Drimiopsis maculata, also known by the common names little white soldiers, African false hosta, leopards ears, African hosta, leopard plant, and Injoba is a flowering plant species in the genus Drimiopsis. It is the type species of its genus. It occurs from Tanzania to South Africa.
Scillascillin-type homoisoflavanones can be isolated from D. maculata.
References
External links
Scilloideae
Plants described in 1851
Flora of South Africa
Flora of Tanzania
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30129683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volov%20Peak
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Volov Peak
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Volov Peak (, ) is the rocky peak rising to 1202 m at the southwest extremity of Korten Ridge on Davis Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica. It is surmounting Temple Glacier to the southwest.
The peak is named after Panayot Volov (1850-1876), a leader of the 1876 April Uprising for Bulgarian independence.
Location
Volov Peak is located at , which is 16.6 km southeast of Havilland Point, 1.84 km south-southwest of Chubra Peak and 5.5 km west of Mount Bris. German-British mapping in 1996.
Map
Trinity Peninsula. Scale 1:250000 topographic map No. 5697. Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and British Antarctic Survey, 1996.
Notes
References
Volov Peak. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Volov Peak. Copernix satellite image
Mountains of Graham Land
Bulgaria and the Antarctic
Davis Coast
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2404854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acnalbasac%20Noom
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Acnalbasac Noom
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Acnalbasac Noom (also known as Slapp Happy or Slapphappy) is a studio album by German-British avant-pop group Slapp Happy, recorded in Wümme, Bremen, Germany in 1973 with Faust as their backing band. It had a working title of Casablanca Moon but was never released at the time because it had been rejected by their record label, Polydor. Slapp Happy later re-recorded the album in 1974 for Virgin Records, who released it in 1974 as Slapp Happy. The original 1973 recording of Casablanca Moon, was released as Slapp Happy or Slapphappy by Recommended Records in 1980, and reissued as Acnalbasac Noom in 1982. The title Acnalbasac Noom appears in the lyrics of the song "Casablanca Moon", and is Casablanca Moon with the words written backwards.
The track titles on Acnalbasac Noom are identical to those on Slapp Happy, except for the track sequence, and that "Haiku" on Slapp Happy is replaced by "Charlie 'n Charlie" on Acnalbasac Noom. An instrumental version of "Charlie 'n Charlie" had been released as the title tune of Slapp Happy's first album, Sort Of. Musically, Acnalbasac Noom is arranged quite differently from Slapp Happy: it has a raw and unsophisticated "rock" feel about it, whereas Slapp Happy tends to be more sentimental and "dreamy" with complex arrangements, including a string orchestra. While the unsophisticated feel of Acnalbasac Noom still appeals to many fans, it was the sentimental sound on Slapp Happy that the band became best known for.
Track listing
All music composed by Anthony Moore and Peter Blegvad, except where noted.
Personnel
Anthony Moore – keyboards, guitar
Peter Blegvad – guitar, vocals
Dagmar Krause – vocals
Guests (Faust)
Jean-Hervé Péron – bass guitar
Werner "Zappi" Diermaier – drums
Gunther Wüsthoff – saxophone
Sound and art work
Uwe Nettelbeck – producer
Kurt Graupner – engineer
Peter Blegvad – cover art work
CD reissues
In 1990 Recommended Records reissued Acnalbasac Noom on CD with four extra tracks:
"Everybody's Slimmin' (Even Men and Women)" (Moore/Blegvad) – 4:07
"Blue Eyed William (demo)" (Blegvad) – 3:32
"Karen (demo)" (Blegvad) – 3:16
"Messages" (Krause) – 2:07
In 2000 Recommended Records issued a remastered (by Bob Drake) edition with the same artwork and tracks. The same remaster was also issued as a Japanese mini-LP sleeve with the original LP artwork.
References
External links
Peter Blegvad Discography
Slapp Happy: Acnalbasac Noom (archived 24 October 2009)
1980 albums
Slapp Happy albums
Recommended Records albums
Albums produced by Uwe Nettelbeck
Avant-pop albums
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28804534
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20H.%20Belpitt
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William H. Belpitt
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William Henry Belpitt (born May 3, 1860, date of death unknown) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.
Biography
Belpitt was born on May 3, 1859, in Ryde, New South Wales, Australia. By October 7, 1884, he was serving in the U.S. Navy as Captain of the Afterguard on the . On that morning, while Monocacy was at Fuzhou, China, he jumped overboard and rescued a Chinese man whose canoe had capsized. For this action, Belpitt was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Belpitt's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On board the U.S.S. Monocacy, Foochow, China, 7 October 1884. Jumping overboard from that vessel on the morning of this date, Belpitt sustained, until picked up, a Chinaman who had been thrown into the water by the capsizing of a canoe.
Belpitt later returned to Australia, he died on 29 November 1912 at Rookwood, NSW and was buried at Rookwood Catholic Cemeteries and Crematoria on 2 December 1912.
See also
List of Medal of Honor recipients in non-combat incidents
References
1860 births
Year of death missing
People from Sydney
United States Navy sailors
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor
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3899350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie%20Zimmer
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Laurie Zimmer
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Laurie Zimmer (also credited as Laura Fanning) is an American former actress best known for her role as Leigh, the courageous secretary of the besieged police station, in John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13.
Acting career
Zimmer had a brief acting career during the mid-to-late 1970s. After playing the female lead opposite Darwin Joston and Austin Stoker in Assault on Precinct 13, Zimmer appeared on stage in a Los Angeles production of the John Ford Noonan play, Getting Through The Night, where her performance was reviewed as "a model of prissiness and timorous self-importance". She then appeared (as Laura Fanning) in the 1977 comedy spoof American Raspberry, and two 1977 French films: Jean Eustache's Une sale histoire ("A Dirty Story") and Charlotte Szlovak's Slow City, Moving Fast (also known by the French title D'un Jour a L'Autre). Shortly thereafter, Zimmer's career stalled, and, after playing her fifth role (in 1979's television movie Survival of Dana), she permanently retired from acting.
Do You Remember Laurie Zimmer?
Charlotte Szlovak, who had directed Zimmer in Slow City, Moving Fast, released her documentary film Do You Remember Laurie Zimmer? in 2003. The film chronicles Szlovak's search to discover why Zimmer quit acting, where she is now, and what she is doing.
The film reveals that Zimmer now lives near San Francisco, California, works as a teacher, is married to actor Bruce Steele, and has two sons: musician Julian Steele of the band The K.O. Bros, and performance artist Max Steele.
Filmography
References
External links
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from California
American film actresses
Living people
People from the San Francisco Bay Area
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
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44569769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raewyn%20Atkinson
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Raewyn Atkinson
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Raewyn Atkinson (born 1955) is a New Zealand ceramicist. She completed a Diploma in Early Childhood Education at the Palmerston North Teachers College in 1975 and a Bachelor of Arts in Art History at Victoria University of Wellington in 1998.
Atkinson travelled to Antarctica in 2000 as an Antarctic Arts Fellow under the Artists in Antarctica Programme. She returned to Antarctica independently in 2003. She was awarded the premier prize in the Portage Ceramic Awards in 2004, for works inspired by her time in the Antarctic. She won the Portage premier award again in 2015, and both Portage winning works were exhibited at Te Uru in the survey exhibition Portage 20/20. She was then invited to take the role of judge for the 2021 Portage Ceramic Awards.
Atkinson's work is held in several collections including the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, The Dowse Art Museum, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Museum of Contemporary Ceramic Art in Japan.
References
External links
Raewyn Atkinson in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1955 births
People from Napier, New Zealand
New Zealand potters
New Zealand ceramists
Living people
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
Women potters
New Zealand women ceramists
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47078934
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapsos%20culture
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Thapsos culture
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The Thapsos Culture is defined as the civilization in ancient Sicily attested by archaeological findings of a large village located in the peninsula of Magnisi, between Augusta and Syracuse, that the Greeks called Thapsos.
I believe I have demonstrated the influence, albeit in a smaller scale of Mycenaean architecture in front of burials of the islet Magnisi; here that influence affirms for the most part. - Paolo Orsi.
Archaeological studies
Scholars have determined that the period in which it flourished is between 1500 and 1200 BC, the so-called Middle Bronze Age. The Thapsos civilization developed in the entire Sicily although the main centers, which were sometimes enclosed by a fortification wall, were along the coast.
The Thapsos Culture was the subject of great interest of scholars like Paolo Orsi and Luigi Bernabò Brea. The research of Voza have confirmed the existence of three evolutionary phases:
Thapsos I prior to Pantalica Culture,
Thapsos II coeval to the latter,
Thapsos III until the end of the Bronze Age.
The type of burial found in the necropolis is characterized by large rock-cut chamber tombs and often of tholos-type that some scholars believe it to be of derivation Mycenaean, while others derive it from the shape of the hut. The housing, in small number, are made up of mostly circular huts bounded by stone walls. Some huts have also rectangular shape. The economy was based on farming, herding, hunting and fishing. There are numerous evidences of trading, in particular of bronze vessels and weapons of Mycenaean production. They have established close relationships with the Milazzo Culture of Aeolian Islands and with Apennine culture of the mainland Italy.
The material culture includes dark surfaced ceramic, often decorated with incised motifs or with cords that form festoons. Characteristic are the large bowls with high horn-shaped feet, bowls, jugs and cups with bifurcated handles..
See also
Castelluccio Culture
Prehistoric Italy
Ancient peoples of Italy
Notes
Further reading
D. Seminerio, Civiltà preistoriche nel Calatino - 1988 Tringale editore-Catania
Moses I. Finley, Storia della Sicilia antica, (1979) Laterza
Rubini et al. " Modelli economici di sussistenza nella Sicilia orientale durante la media età del bronzo. Cultura di Thapsos. Rivista di antropologia vol. 79 pp. 85-106, 2001"
Rubini et al. " The Population of East Sicily During the Second and First Millennium BC: The Problem of the Greek Colonies. Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 9: 8–17 (1999)"
External links
Piccolo, Salvatore (2018). Bronze Age Sicily. World History Encyclopedia.
area archeologica di Thapsos giorni di apertura febbraio 2015
Archaeology of Sicily
Prehistoric Italy
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Italy
Archaeological cultures of Southern Europe
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1407462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime%20Film%20Classification%20Board
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Maritime Film Classification Board
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The Maritime Film Classification Board is a government organization responsible for reviewing films and granting film ratings in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island (and some theatres in Newfoundland and Labrador though it is the Motion Picture Association's rating they use mainly and it is not compulsory).
Created on May 1, 1994, it is jointly funded by all three provinces through the Council of Atlantic Premiers. Nova Scotia is the lead administrator of the program, which provides office space and employees through its Alcohol and Gaming Authority.
Prior to 1994, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia provided their own ratings for theatrical films and rating stickers for videos. However, the New Brunswick ratings were usually identical to those provided by the Nova Scotia Film Classification Board, thus the decision to amalgamate services. Prince Edward Island had no classification board and usually used the ratings from New Brunswick.
Under new legislation in all three provinces, each province can continue to individually regulate and enforce the exhibition and distribution of films, as well as licence theatres and video stores; this specifically includes banning operations, designating adult video stores, etc.
Rating categories
The following ratings were adopted on April 1, 2005 and are currently in use:
General (G) - Suitable for viewers of all ages.
Parental Guidance (PG) - Parental guidance is advised. Theme or content may not be suitable for all children.
14 Accompaniment (14A) - Suitable for viewing by persons 14 years of age and older. Persons under 14 must be accompanied by an adult. May contain: violence, coarse language and/or sexually suggestive scenes.
18 Accompaniment (18A) - Suitable for viewing by persons 18 years of age and older. Persons under 18 must be accompanied by an adult; however, there is a 14-17 year limit on persons being permitted to view such films. Persons under 14 years of age are strictly prohibited from viewing the film. May contain: explicit violence, frequent coarse language, sexual activity and/or horror.
Restricted (R) - Admittance restricted to persons 18 years of age and over. No rental or purchase by those under 18. Content not suitable for minors. Contains frequent use of sexual activity, brutal/graphic violence, intense horror and/or other disturbing content.
Adult (A) - Film is not suitable for viewers under 18 years of age because the sole or primary premise for the film is the depiction of explicit sexual activity, graphic nudity, or graphic violence.
Classification Information Pieces:
Not Recommended For Young Children: The film may be inappropriate for young children. An example might be the death of a family pet, a complicated family breakdown, images considered frightening or disturbing for the very young, or cursing.
Not Recommended For Children: The film may include scenes that reflect a more mature situation, such as drug use/abuse.
Frightening Scenes: The film contains images that might shock or frighten a person. These scenes might be found in a thriller, suspense or war genre.
Mature Theme: Contains images or storylines that may be disturbing or incomprehensible to minors. The film may contain portrayals of domestic violence, racism, religious matters, death or controversial social issues.
Language May Offend: Contains language that may be offensive to some groups, (i.e. sacrilegious language such as Goddamn; also used for PG films that contain expletives.) Some G movies use this language.
Coarse Language: Product contains profanity, threats, slurs, sexual references or sexual innuendo.
Crude Content: Material or humour that is unrefined or coarse and that may be seen as harsh, rude, or offensive.
Nudity: Contains images of full-frontal, partial or rear nudity. The context will be determined by the situation, clarity, detail, repetition, and whether the nudity is in a non-sexual or sexual situation.
Sexual Content: Film may contain images and/or verbal references of sexual theme, sexual innuendo, fondling, implied sexual activity and simulated sexual activity.
Violence: May contain restrained portrayals of non-graphic violence, portrayals of violence with some bloodletting and/or tissue damage and frequent more prolonged portrayals of violence resulting in bloodletting and tissue damage. The degree frequency and intensity of the acts of violence will be factors in the classification decision. Used in all ratings.
Disturbing Content: Indicates the expected natural reaction by an audience to any elements of a film including the tone of a film pertaining to distress or suffering. This includes the implication or threat of physical and/or psychological violence, even when violence is not depicted.
Substance Abuse: Descriptive scenes depicting; the use of illegal substances, the excessive use of tobacco or the use of alcohol resulting in impairment.
Gory Scenes: Graphic images of bloodletting and/or tissue damage. Includes horror or war representations. Degree, frequency and intensity will also be a major factor in the classification decision.
Explicit Sexual Content: Sexual acts, shown in full, clear, unequivocal and realistic detail, that may or may not be gratuitous to the film.
Brutal Violence: Visually explicit portrayals of violence, which may be characterized by extreme brutality, extreme bloodletting and/or extreme tissue damage. May include images of torture, horror or war.
Sexual Violence: The degradation of an individual in a sexual manner. May contain images of non-consensual acts with the intent to inflict harm, for example, simulated rape, and/or the use of threat to force compliance in sexual activity.
Also in April 2005, the province of Nova Scotia officially adopted the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) system of classification for video games.
Source for rating information: Maritime Film Classification Board website.
History
In the early 1900s, motion pictures were rising in popularity. It was decided nationally that censorship of them was necessary in order to be suitable for a wide, general audience of varying ages, mental, and educational levels. However, since national censorship for such a large and diverse country was unworkable, each province would censor according to their own provincial community standards. However, Ontario would be the "main" censor in that theatrical prints would be censored/edited by the Ontario censors then distributed throughout Ontario, and the other provinces. The other provinces would provide additional censorship/editing if it was necessary for their own province.
In the Maritimes, motion pictures were censored for a general audience until the 1950s when the provincial film censor boards began to simply attach an "Adult rating" warning to films if necessary, if the approved film was deemed suitable for adults. All films were still subject to editing by censors if necessary.
The following ratings were used from the late 1960s to the early 1980s:
General Entertainment
Adult Entertainment
Admittance Restricted to persons 18 years of age or over.
Films were still subject to editing by censors until the 1980s, when the boards slowly drifted towards classification. Films that were made for the purpose of "pornography" or "excessive violence" were rejected altogether. Around 1984, rating captions were created for use with all categories. These warnings underwent a few changes over the next few years.
In the late 1980s, the ratings were altered slightly and remained unchanged until December 31, 1993:
General (G) - Suitable for general audiences.
Adult (A) - Suitable for ages 14 and older. These films may contain scenes involving hand-to-hand combat, the use of weapons with brief scenes of blood-letting or killing, scenes involving brief or casual nudity, implicit sexual activity not visually portrayed, horror scenes, use of coarse or vulgar language, or violence or nudity that is integral to the plot.
Restricted (R) - Suitable for ages 18 and older. These films may contain prolonged scenes depicting violence with blood-letting, graphic depiction of accident, intense horror, full nudity, rape or sexual activity, or repeated use of offensive language.
Exempt (E) - Certain videos were exempt from classification if they were educational videofilms used for instruction in educational institutions, cultural videofilms, heritage videofilms, religious videofilms, children's cartoons, travelogues, political videofilms, videofilms used for industrial or business promotions, videofilms of sporting events, and instructional "how-to" videofilms, other than sexual.
It was around this time that the home video market began to increase in popularity and pornographic films were no longer rejected. Pornographic videos would receive a Restricted rating with an "Explicit Sex" caption. These videos would require segregation from non-pornographic videos.
Some of the captions:
Extreme Violence
Offensive Language
Language May Offend
May Frighten Young Children
May Offend Some Religious Beliefs
Not Recommended For Children
Nude Scenes
Parental Guidance Recommended
Some Scenes May Offend
Violent Scenes
Not Suitable for Children
Perversions
Objectional Material
Explicit Sex
The following ratings were used from January 1, 1994 to March 31, 2005:
General (G) - Considered to be suitable for all ages. No restrictions on viewing.
Parental Guidance (PG) - All ages may attend. However, parents should know that the theme or content of the film may be more mature than in general films. It may be appropriate for those 8 years of age and over. Some titles may carry an additional information caption.
Captions for PG:
Frightening Scenes
Language Warning
Mature Theme
Adult Accompaniment (14) - Considered to be suitable for those 14 years of age and older. Those under 14 must be escorted by an adult.
A film with this rating may contain:
Scenes of limited violence
The use of weapons without excessive blood-letting
Restrained portrayal of accident or disaster
Scenes of casual or brief nudity, romantic involvement that is not sexually explicit, where participants are at least partially clothed
Some coarse or vulgar language
Captions for 14:
Violent Scenes
Nude Scenes
Blood Letting
Offensive Language
Sexual Content
Controversial Subject Matter
Mature Subject Matter
Gory Scenes
Restricted (18) - Considered to be suitable for those 18 years of age or older. Those under 18 must be escorted by a parent or legal guardian.
Films with this rating may contain:
Excessive use of foul or offensive language
Depictions of extreme violence and horror
Graphic sexual activity
Captions for 18:
Offensive Language Throughout
Extreme Violence
Explicit Nudity
Graphic Sexual Content
Controversial Subject Matter
Explicit Material (XXX)
These films contain:
Sexually explicit scenes
Graphically or excessively violent scenes
Captions for XXX:
Explicit Sex
Excessive Violence
Exempt (E) - Some types of videos are exempt from classification and will carry an E label. These videos have not been viewed by the Authority. They may include children's cartoons, travelogues, instructional videos, athletic events and cultural, industrial, religious or political material.
Not Approved (NA) - The Authority may prohibit the display, exhibition, sale, lease, rental, exchange or distribution of a film where the film contains:
(a) a graphic or prolonged scene of violence, torture, crime, cruelty, horror or human degradation;
(b) the depiction of the physical abuse or humiliation of human beings for the purposes of sexual gratification or as pleasing to the victim;
(c) a scene where a person who is or is intended to represent a person under the age of sixteen years appears in a scene of explicit and exploitative sexual activity;
(d) a scene depicting indignities to the human body or an animal in an explicit manner.
Source for rating information: Maritime Film Classification Board website.
External links
Nova Scotia Alcohol and Gaming Authority
Maritime Film Classification information from the Media Awareness Network
Canadian motion picture rating systems
Crown corporations of Nova Scotia
Crown corporations of New Brunswick
Crown corporations of Prince Edward Island
Entertainment rating organizations
Culture of the Maritimes
Canadian companies established in 1994
1994 establishments in Nova Scotia
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7097940
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp%20Song
|
Swamp Song
|
Swamp Song may refer to:
Entertainment
"Swamp Song", a song by progressive rock band Tool from their 1993 album Undertow
"The Swamp Song", a song by Oasis from their 1995 single Wonderwall
"Swamp Song", a song by Blur from their 1999 album 13
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53374322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb%20ut-Tahrir%20%28Bangladesh%29
|
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Bangladesh)
|
Hizb ut-Tahrir in Bangladesh is a banned international Islamist organization.
Leadership
Mohiuddin Ahmed, Dhaka University teacher, is the chief coordinator of Hizb ut-Tahrir in Bangladesh. He was forced into retirement after the organization was banned in 2009. He was charged under Anti-terrorism Act in 2016. Shafiur Rahman Farabi, a leader of the organization was charged in the murder of blogger and secular activist Ananta Bijoy Das in March 2017. The group is alleged to have ties with government, security, and university officials.
History
In 1993, Dr Syed Golam Maula had gone to London, United Kingdom to pursue his PhD degree where he was introduced to Hizb ut-Tahrir. He also met Nasimul Gani and Kawsar Shahnewaz in London. After returning to Bangladesh they set up the local chapter on 2000 in a coaching centre in Road 6A, Dhanmondi, Dhaka. Hizb ut-Tahrir was banned on 22 October 2009. The group wants to establish a Kaleefa in Bangladesh and does not support democracy in the country. At the time of its ban, the group listed its address as HM Siddique Mansion, 55/A Purana Paltan, 4th Floor, Dhaka.
The group supported the 2011 Bangladesh coup d'état attempt by some members of Bangladesh Army who had ties with the group. On 9 February 2013 charges were framed against 6 members of the group including chief coordinator Mohiuddin Ahmed. In October 2014 the members of the group clashed with the police after they bought out a rally in Muhammadpur, Dhaka. On 15 June 2016 Golam Faizullah Fahim, a member of the group, was arrested after trying to kill a Hindu college teacher in Madaripur. He died in custody after a “gunfight with police,”. The group had promised legal aid to captured members and support to their families if they died in the terror attacks. As of 2016, 650 members of the group were arrested; of whom 400 were able to secure bail. The group conducts protests outside of mosques and has a well maintained online presence.
In January 2016, six members of the group were expelled from Dhaka University. The organization has been trying to recruit students from different educational institutes in Bangladesh. In October 2016 Hizb ut-Tahrir asked the members of Bangladesh Army to fight against Myanmar over the Rohingya crisis. A number of students and professors of North South University in Bangladesh were arrested over ties to this group and terrorist activities. The government had kept an eye on the university after 7 of its students were arrested for involvement in the Murder of blogger Ahmed Rajib Haider. North South University is private university with about 22,000 students in Dhaka. In 2015 printed material of the group was found in the Library of North South University. Pro-Vice Chancellor Gias Uddin Ahsan was arrested for providing shelter to those involved in the 2016 July Dhaka Attack.
References
Islamism in Bangladesh
Organizations designated as terrorist in Asia
Terrorism in Bangladesh
Hizb ut-Tahrir
2000 establishments in Bangladesh
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63423677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reb%C3%A4sem%C3%B5isa
|
Rebäsemõisa
|
Rebäsemõisa is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
References
Villages in Võru County
|
37470820
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Uruguay%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Singles
|
2012 Uruguay Open – Singles
|
Carlos Berlocq was the defending champion but decided not to participate.
Horacio Zeballos won the title, defeating Julian Reister 6–3, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
References
Main Draw
Qualifying Draw
Uruguay Open - Singles
2012 Singles
2012 in Uruguayan tennis
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11837306
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest%20of%20Jinhan%20by%20Silla
|
Conquest of Jinhan by Silla
|
Saro, the most powerful statelet of the Jinhan confederacy, conquered each of the other statelets and later became Silla.
The result of conquest war, Jinhan was completely annexed to Silla in the late 3rd century. However, some states absorbed in Gaya confederacy.
Timeline
37? : Iseoguk 이서국 (presumed near Cheongdo)
79? : U-si 우시산국 (present-day Ulsan) and Kueo-ch’il 거칠산국 (present-day Busan)
1st part
Northwards
102 : Eumjipbeol 음즙벌국 (present-day northern Gyeongju)
104 : Siljikgok 실직곡국 (present-day Samcheok)
Southwards
102 : Apdok 압독국 (present-day Gyeongsan)
108 : Biji 비지국 (present-day Hapcheon) and Chopal 초팔국 (present-day Changwon)
108 : Dabeol 다벌국 (present-day Daegu)
2nd part
185 : Somun 소문국 near Uiseong
231 : Gammun 감문국 near Gimcheon
236 : Golbeol 골벌국 near Yeongcheon
247-261 : Saryangbeol 사량벌국 near Sangju
References
External links
Map of the Silla-Gaya-Paekche Wars
Gaya confederacy
Silla
Wars involving Silla
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60664951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGuire%20of%20the%20Mounted
|
McGuire of the Mounted
|
McGuire of the Mounted is a 1923 American crime film directed by Richard Stanton and written by George Hively. The film stars William Desmond, Louise Lorraine, Willard Louis, Vera James, J. P. Lockney, and William Lowery. The film was released on July 9, 1923, by Universal Pictures.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Old André Montreau (Lockney), who runs a little ferry across and down a large stream in the Canadian woods, is found seriously wounded by Bob McGuire (Desmond), a member of the Northwest Mounted Police, and an old-time friend of the guide and his daughter, Julie (Lorraine). Andre tells him that he does not know who his assailant was, but describes him as best he can. Later McGuire and Julie become engaged and the old man dies from the effects of the wounds. Bill Lusk (Louis), the proprietor of the village saloon and dance hall, is in league with Decker (Johnson), who is engaged in smuggling dope over the border. They find that McGuire is on to them and plot to make him one of them so that they can continue their traffic unhampered. Katie (James), who Decker has in his power because of certain knowledge he possesses, is forced to put some drug in McGuire's punch while he is at the ball held that night in honor of the new wife (Browne) of Major Cordwell's (Lowery), who has just arrived. When McGuire wakes the next morning he is horror-struck to learn that he is married to Katie. Katie finally comes to love McGuire, though he can never find it in him to forget his Julie. She refuses to carry on any further with the plans of Lusk and Decker, so they plan a new way of getting McGuire. They tell Katie that he is in love with Major Cordwell's wife and are ready to prove it if she will invite her to her house. They also tell the major to be present. As they had expected, the Major comes in while McGuire and Mrs. Cordwell are in a perfectly innocent, though somewhat compromising attitude. A fight ensues and Lusk, watching from the outside, fires his gun and kills the major. McGuire is accused and runs to Julie for refuge. Running back to the hotel after seeing the major killed, Katie is made a prisoner by Lusk and Henri while they prepare to make a getaway. In her attempts to free herself Katie overturns a lamp and starts a fire which threatens to destroy the place. One of McGuire's brothers in the service is sent out to bring him in and on the way back to the village they are told that the hotel is burning and that Katie is locked in. McGuire saves the girl. She is fatally burned, however, but before dying tells who the guilty party is.
Cast
Preservation
With no prints of McGuire of the Mounted located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
References
External links
1923 films
American films
English-language films
American crime films
1923 crime films
Universal Pictures films
Films directed by Richard Stanton
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
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794064
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mob
|
The Mob
|
The Mob may refer to:
Crime groups
The Italian-American Mafia, an organized crime secret society, and an offshoot of the Sicilian Mafia and other Italian organized crime groups, which may also themselves be referred to as "The Mob" colloquially.
Irish Mob, the first organized crime group for which the term was used
Any criminal organization or organized crime in general
Film, TV and entertainment
The Mob (film)
The Mob (company), a film company
The Mob, the 100 unsuspecting antagonists in the TV game show 1 vs. 100
The Mob, the first book in the series Feather and Bone: The Crow Chronicles
Music
Bands
The Mob (British punk band)
The Mob (American hardcore band), a punk rock band active 1980–91, reunited in 2011
The Mob (American rock band), a rock group that produced a single album in 2005
The Mob (Chicago band), an American rock, rhythm and blues show band formed in 1966
The Mob, their only album
Queensrÿche, originally The Mob, an American progressive metal band
See also
MOB (disambiguation)
|
69375249
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMhlabuyalingana%20Local%20Municipality%20elections
|
UMhlabuyalingana Local Municipality elections
|
The uMhlabuyalingana Local Municipality council consists of thirty-five members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Eighteen councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in eighteen wards, while the remaining seventeen are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 3 August 2016 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of twenty-two seats on the council.
Results
The following table shows the composition of the council after past elections.
December 2000 election
The following table shows the results of the 2000 election.
March 2006 election
The following table shows the results of the 2006 election.
May 2011 election
The following table shows the results of the 2011 election.
August 2016 election
The following table shows the results of the 2016 election.
August 2016 to November 2021 by-elections
Following a by election which took place in March 2019 the ANC won a ward previously held by the IFP, and the council was reconstituted as follows:
November 2021 election
The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.
References
uMhlabuyalingana
Elections in KwaZulu-Natal
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55928596
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie%2C%20Tennessee
|
Dixie, Tennessee
|
Dixie is an unincorporated community in Obion County, Tennessee, United States. Dixie is located along local Shawtown Road, west of Union City.
The community was once home to Dixie High School, which is now a GNIS historical landmark.
References
Unincorporated communities in Obion County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee
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31386542
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded%20%28Bonfire%20album%29
|
Branded (Bonfire album)
|
Branded is the twelfth album by the German hard rock band Bonfire. It was released in 2011 by LZ Records and Sony Music. This is the first full album to be released with Bonfire's original drummer, Dominik Huelshorst, back behind the drum kit for the band. Two extra tracks were included, acoustic versions of "I Need You" (from the Strike Ten album) and "Rivers Of Glory" (from the Knock Out album) that were recorded in 2011 with Claus Lessmann and Hans Ziller playing acoustic guitars and Chiara Ziller (Hans' daughter) on piano.
Track listing
Band members
Claus Lessmann - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Hans Ziller - lead, rhythm & acoustic guitars
Chris Limburg - guitars
Uwe Köhler - bass
Dominik Huelshorst - drums, percussion
Bonfire (band) albums
2011 albums
|
53978511
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%20Jialun
|
Ren Jialun
|
Ren Jialun (, born 11 April 1989), also known as Allen Ren, is a Chinese actor and singer. He is best known for his historical drama The Glory of Tang Dynasty (2017), Under The Power (2019), Forever and Ever & One and Only (2021).
Biography
Ren was a professional table tennis player, who trained alongside Zhou Yu and Zhang Jike. However, he had to quit the sport due to injuries.
Prior to beginning his acting career, Ren participated in Hunan TV's Super Boy and Korean Star. He was originally planned to debut in a Chinese-South Korean boy group, but quit in 2014 due to unknown reasons.
Career
In 2014, Ren filmed his first television drama Detective Dee, where he played the leading role of Di Renjie. The drama was delayed and only aired in 2017. In 2016, Ren featured in the fantasy action drama Noble Aspirations and crime drama Memory Lost.
Ren rose to fame in 2017, after starring in the historical drama The Glory of Tang Dynasty. His portrayal of Li Chu left a deep impression on audiences, and he received rave reviews for his acting. He received the Best Actor award at the 4th Hengdian Film and TV Festival of China.
In 2018, Ren starred in the fantasy romance drama The Destiny of White Snake, based on the renowned Chinese folktale, playing Xu Xian.
In 2019, Ren starred in the wuxia drama Under The Power.
In 2020, Ren starred in the republican spy drama Autumn Cicada.
In 2021, Ren starred in the Chinese drama Miss Crow with Mr Lizard alongside Xing Fei, as his Co-star. The drama received many positive reviews in Asia and all worldwide. Ren also starred in One and Only & Forever and Ever.
Filmography
Television series
Discography
Singles
Awards and nominations
References
1989 births
Living people
21st-century Chinese male actors
Chinese male television actors
Super Boy contestants
Male actors from Shandong
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4755007
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyfnwal%20Hen
|
Dyfnwal Hen
|
Dyfnwal Hen or Dumnagual Hen ("Dyfnwal the Old") was a ruler of the Brittonic kingdom of Alt Clut, later known as Strathclyde, probably sometime in the early 6th century. His biography is vague, but he was regarded as an important ancestor figure for several kingly lines in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain. As an ancestor figure, he compares to Coel Hen, another obscure figure credited with founding a number of northern dynasties.
According to the Harleian genealogies, Dyfnwal was the son of a Cinuit, the son of Ceretic Guletic, probably his predecessors as king. The Harleian genealogies name three of his sons, each of whom formed a kingly line: Clinoch, Dyfnwal's successor as king of Alt Clut; Guipno (NB this is NOT the same name as "Gwyddno" ), who fathered the later king Neithon; and Cynfelyn, a king of Eidyn or Edinburgh. The Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd, a later genealogy of northern kings, gives a modified version of Dyfnwal's family tree. Here, he is the son of Idnyued and the grandson of Maxen Wledig, better known as the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus. The Bonedd follows the Harleian in making Dyfnwal the great-grandfather of Rhydderch Hael, a later king of Alt Clut, but his other descendants are altered significantly. A Gwyddno is included, but he listed as Dyfnwal's great-grandson rather than son, and he is specifically identified as Gwyddno Garanhir of the Taliesin legend. A highly confused track makes Dyfnwal the ancestor to the family of Áedán mac Gabráin, a 6th-century ruler of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.
Notes
References
6th-century Scottish monarchs
Monarchs of Strathclyde
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42570970
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20Japan%20rugby%20union%20tour%20of%20North%20America
|
1986 Japan rugby union tour of North America
|
The 1986 Japan rugby union tour of North America was a series of matches played in May–June 1986 in North America by Japan national rugby union team.
Results
References
Note
Japan
tour
Japan national rugby union team tours
rugby union
rugby union
Rugby union tours of the United States
Rugby union tours of Canada
1986 in American rugby union
1986 in Canadian rugby union
|
52075062
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Alfred%20Codrington
|
John Alfred Codrington
|
Lt Col John Alfred Codrington (28 October 1898 – 25 April 1991) was a career soldier with a life-long interest in plants and flowers.
He was born in London, the son of Lieutenant General Sir Alfred Codrington (1854–1945) and Adela Harriet née Portal (1859–1935).
As a boy aged 6–7 he painted four sets of flowers, nineteen paintings in all. The interest never left him and, while serving, he would write long letters to Wild Flower Magazine.
Educated at Harrow, Christ Church, Oxford and Strasbourg University; he served with the French Red Cross in France, 1915–1916; then attended Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1916–1917; and was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards, his father's regiment, in 1917. He served on the Western Front with 3 Bn, Coldstream Guards, 1917–1918;and was on garrison duty in Cologne, Germany 1918–1919. In 1920 he was appointed Aide de Camp to Lt Gen Sir Tom Bridges in Smyrna, Turkey, 1920. He served in Turkey, in Syria as British Liaison Officer to French forces; was attached to French Army and the French Foreign Legion; served in the Sudan and Egypt; was Aide de Camp to FM Sir Philip Walhouse Chetwode Commander-in-Chief of the Army in India from 1933 to 1935; retired in 1937 until 1939 when he was attached to the Foreign Office; Assistant Chief of Staff, Gibraltar, 1942–1943; Special Liaison Officer, Algiers, 1943–1944; Honorary Lt Col in 1948.
In 1936 he married Primrose Harley with a shared interest in gardens and in painting; they divorced in 1942.
In the 1950s and 60s he wrote a set of 'botanical maps and directions' for over 300 scarce and rare plants in England and Scotland.
In 1989, he was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society Veitch Memorial Medal in gold.
He died at his London home in 1991.
References
1898 births
1991 deaths
People educated at Harrow School
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
University of Strasbourg alumni
Coldstream Guards officers
British gardeners
British horticulturists
Veitch Memorial Medal recipients
People from Rutland
|
2295725
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermete%20Novelli
|
Ermete Novelli
|
Ermete Novelli (5 March 185130 January 1919) was an Italian actor and playwright.
Born in Lucca, the son of a prompter, Novelli made his first appearance in 1866, and played character and leading comedy parts in the best companies between 1871 and 1884. By 1885 he had his own company, and made a great success in Paris in 1898 and 1902.
He established in Rome in 1900 a new theatre, the Casa di Goldoni, on the lines of the Comédie-Française. He dramatized Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq, and alone or in collaboration wrote several comedies and many monologues; his tragedy La Masque, written in collaboration with Bonaspetti, was produced in 1911. He appeared in a number of early silent films.
He died in Naples in 1919, aged 67, survived by at least one child, his son, Enrico "Yambo" Novelli.
Selected filmography
King Lear (1910)
References
External links
1851 births
1919 deaths
Writers from Lucca
19th-century Italian dramatists and playwrights
Italian male stage actors
Italian male film actors
Italian male silent film actors
20th-century Italian male actors
19th-century Italian male actors
Italian male dramatists and playwrights
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24239110
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Apostel
|
Henryk Apostel
|
Henryk Paweł Apostel (born 29 January 1941 in Beuthen) is a retired Polish football player and manager.
He played for Polonia Bytom, Legia Warsaw, Orły Chicago, Śląsk Wrocław and Polonia Warsaw. He capped once for Poland.
He managed Pogoń Siedlce, Poland U-18, Poland U-21, Śląsk Wrocław, Lech Poznań, Orły Chicago, Górnik Zabrze, Poland, Wisła Kraków and KSZO Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.
References
1941 births
Living people
Polish footballers
Polish expatriate footballers
Poland international footballers
Polonia Bytom players
Legia Warsaw players
Śląsk Wrocław players
Polonia Warsaw players
Polish football managers
Lech Poznań managers
Górnik Zabrze managers
Poland national football team managers
Wisła Kraków managers
Śląsk Wrocław managers
Sportspeople from Bytom
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Polish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Association football forwards
MKP Pogoń Siedlce managers
Polish expatriate football managers
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57473077
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Baekje%20Museum
|
Seoul Baekje Museum
|
Seoul Baekje Museum () is a museum in South Korea. Based on the natural silhouette of the nearby Mongchontoseong, the appearance of Seoul Baekje Museum was shaped a ship of Baekje in honor of Baekje. Seoul Baekje Museum is a civic lifelong education center with an emphasis on the educational role. There are a variety of Baekje artifacts and vividly embodied materials on ancient history of the Korean peninsula.
References
External links
2012 establishments in South Korea
Government of Seoul
Museums in Seoul
Baekje
Olympic Park, Seoul
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15030785
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20the%20Devil%20Dances
|
When the Devil Dances
|
When the Devil Dances is the third book in John Ringo's Legacy of the Aldenata series. It follows the exploits of Michael O'Neal and other members of humanity as they defend Earth against an alien invasion by the Posleen.
References
Novels by John Ringo
Legacy of the Aldenata
2002 American novels
|
38506504
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20%C5%81omnicki
|
Adam Łomnicki
|
Adam Łomnicki (28 June 1935 – 15 December 2021) was a Polish evolutionary biologist and ecologist, a member of Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Learning and Academia Europaea, professor of Mammal Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Biography
Łomnicki graduated in Biology from the Jagiellonian University. He received his PhD from zoology and ecology in 1961, since 1981 he is a professor. In his scientific research he worked on levels of natural selection, stability and its evolutionary constraints, individual-based approach in ecology, intra-population variability, laboratory populations and nature conservation.
He was awarded with a Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta.
Łomnicki died on 15 December 2021, at the age of 86.
References
1935 births
2021 deaths
Evolutionary biologists
Polish ecologists
People from Warsaw
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Polish Academy of Learning
Members of Academia Europaea
Jagiellonian University alumni
Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta
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38067470
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatribari
|
Chatribari
|
Chatribari is a locality in north west of Guwahati. It is near Guwahati Railway Station.
Health facilities
Chatribari hospital is located here.
Education
There are various educational institutes located here such as Nichols English School and K.C Das Commerce college to name a few.
See also
Chandmari
Bhangagarh
Beltola
Athgaon
Assam Trunk Rd
References
Neighbourhoods in Guwahati
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8258902
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonder%20Mountain%20String%20Band%20%28album%29
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Yonder Mountain String Band (album)
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Yonder Mountain String Band is an eponymous progressive bluegrass album by the Yonder Mountain String Band. It was released May 9, 2006 by Vanguard Records.
Track listing
"Sidewalk Stars" (Adam Aijala, Jeff Austin, Dave Johnston, Ben Kaufmann, Tom Rothrock) – 4:13
"I Ain't Been Myself in Years" (Benny Galloway) – 3:08
"How 'Bout You?" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 3:46
"Angel" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 4:48
"Fastball" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 1:06
"East Nashville Easter" (Austin, T. Snider) – 4:49
"Just the Same" (Johnston) – 4:02
"Classic Situation" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 3:22
"Night Out" (Aijala, Johnston) – 3:38
"Midwest Gospel Radio" (Aijala, Austin, Johnston, Kaufmann, Rothrock) – 2:50
"Troubled Mind" (Kaufmann) – 3:35
"Wind's on Fire" (Johnston) – 2:32
Chart performance
Album
Personnel
Yonder Mountain String Band
Dave Johnston – banjo, vocals, acoustic guitar on tracks 1 & 12
Jeff Austin – mandolin, vocals, guitar on track 8
Ben Kaufmann – bass, vocals, acoustic guitar on track 3, electric piano on track 3, piano on track 12
Adam Aijala – acoustic guitar, vocals, electric guitar on track 3, slide guitar on track 12
Other musicians
Darol Anger – fiddle on track 4
Tom Rothrock – thumb, 1/4 cable & amplifier on track 5, beats on track 10
Pete Thomas – drums on tracks 3 & 8
Technical
David Raccuglia – photography
Tom Rothrock – producer, amplifiers, beats
Mike Tarantino – engineer
Don C. Tyler – mastering
Notes
External links
Yonder Mountain String Band Official Homepage
Frog Pad Records Homepage
2006 albums
Yonder Mountain String Band albums
Frog Pad Records albums
Albums produced by Tom Rothrock
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3329037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce%20Falcon
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Rolls-Royce Falcon
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The Rolls-Royce Falcon is an aero engine developed in 1915. It was a smaller version of the Rolls-Royce Eagle, a liquid-cooled V-12 of 867 cu in (14.2 L) capacity. Fitted to many British World War I-era aircraft, production ceased in 1927. The Falcon was designed by R.W. Harvey-Bailey.
An airworthy Falcon survives today and powers a Bristol F.2 Fighter during summer displays.
Design and development
Production of the Falcon began in September 1916 and was so successful that it was also manufactured under licence by Brazil Straker in Bristol. Production continued until 1927, by which time 2,185 had been built.
An unusual feature of this engine was the epicyclic propeller reduction gear which contained a clutch designed to limit the maximum torque, thus protecting the reduction gears.
The Falcon was notably used in the Bristol F.2 Fighter and Blackburn Kangaroo bomber.
Variants
Note:
Falcon I (Rolls-Royce 190 hp Mk I)
(1916-17), 230 hp, 250 engines produced in both left- and right-hand tractor versions.
Falcon II (Rolls-Royce 190 hp Mk II)
(1917), 253 hp, carburettor size increased. 250 built at Derby.
Falcon III (Rolls-Royce 190 hp Mk III)
(1917-1927), 285 hp, increased compression ratio (5.3:1), twin carburettors replaced with four Rolls-Royce/Claudel-Hobson units. 1,685 built at Derby.
Applications
List from Guttery and Lumsden:
Survivors
Bristol F.2B Fighter, D-8096, is based at the Shuttleworth Collection and is powered by a Falcon III, this aircraft flies regularly in summer.
Engines on display
A Rolls-Royce Falcon is on public display at the Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire.
A Rolls-Royce Falcon is displayed at the Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust Collection (Derby).
Specifications (Falcon III)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Guttery, T.E. The Shuttleworth Collection. London: Wm. Carling & Co, 1969.
Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1993.
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name - The Rolls-Royce Story: The First 40 Years. Duxford, Cambridge: Icon Books, 2001. .
External links
Photo of a Rolls-Royce Falcon at enginehistory.org
Falcon
1910s aircraft piston engines
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1945901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siward%2C%20Earl%20of%20Northumbria
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Siward, Earl of Northumbria
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Siward ( or more recently ) or Sigurd (, ) was an important earl of 11th-century northern England. The Old Norse nickname Digri and its Latin translation Grossus ("the stout") are given to him by near-contemporary texts. It is possible Siward may have been of Scandinavian or Anglo-Scandinavian origin, perhaps a relative of Earl Ulf, although this is speculative and unclear. He emerged as a powerful regional strongman in England during the reign of Cnut ("Canute the Great", 1016–1035). Cnut was a Scandinavian ruler who conquered England in the 1010s, and Siward was one of the many Scandinavians who came to England in the aftermath of that conquest. Siward subsequently rose to become sub-ruler of most of northern England. From 1033 at the latest Siward was in control of southern Northumbria, that is, present-day Yorkshire, governing as earl on Cnut's behalf.
He entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bamburgh. After killing Ealdred's successor Eadulf in 1041, Siward gained control of all Northumbria. He exerted his power in support of Cnut's successors, kings Harthacnut and Edward, assisting them with vital military aid and counsel. He probably gained control of the middle shires of Northampton and Huntingdon by the 1050s, and there is some evidence that he spread Northumbrian control into Cumberland. In the early 1050s Earl Siward turned against the Scottish king Mac Bethad mac Findlaích ("Macbeth"). Despite the death of his son Osbjorn, Siward defeated Mac Bethad in battle in 1054. More than half a millennium later the adventure in Scotland earned him a place in William Shakespeare's Macbeth. Siward died in 1055, leaving one son, Waltheof, who would eventually succeed to Northumbria. St Olave's church in York and nearby Heslington Hill are associated with Siward.
Sources
Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce, and only a small and potentially unrepresentative amount of information exists. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the Encomium Emmae and the Vita Ædwardi Regis scarcely mention him; historians are therefore dependent on a few entries in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and comparable Irish sources. Later Anglo-Norman histories may or may not be reliable depending on their source material, but useful ones include the Chronicle of John of Worcester (compiled between 1124 and 1140), William of Malmesbury (writing between c. 1125 and 1142), Henry of Huntingdon (writing between c. 1133 and 1154), and Orderic Vitalis (writing between c. 1114 and 1141). Other sources include the material attributed to Symeon of Durham (compiled and written as extant between the late 11th century and the first half of the 12th century). Legendary material, such as that in hagiography or later medieval sources such as John of Fordun or Andrew of Wyntoun, is not generally regarded as useful beyond its limited potential for cleanly preserving earlier source material.
Background
Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four different monarchs. It began during the reign of Cnut, and lasted through those of Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut into the early years of Edward the Confessor. Most important was the reign of Cnut, in which so many new political figures rose to power that some historians think it comparable to the Norman conquest five decades later. These "new men" were military figures, usually with weak hereditary links to the West Saxon royal house that Cnut had deposed. As Cnut ruled several Scandinavian kingdoms in addition to England, power at the highest level was delegated to such strongmen. In England, it fell to a handful of newly promoted "ealdormen" or "earls", who ruled a shire or group of shires on behalf of the king. Siward was, in the words of historian Robin Fleming, "the third man in Cnut's new triumvirate of earls", the other two being Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Leofwine, Earl of Mercia.
Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the Humber and Mersey estuaries, northward to the Firth of Forth, where, passing the western Kingdom of Strathclyde, it met the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Northumbria had been united with the West Saxon English kingdom only in the 950s, by King Eadred, and subsequent control was exerted through the agency of at least two ealdormen, one to the north and one to the south of the River Tees. The former is associated with the stronghold of Bamburgh, while the latter is associated with the great Roman city of York. It was a politically fragmented region. The western part, from Lancashire to Cumberland, formed an older British stronghold and experienced links with and settlement of Gaels, while in the rest of Northumbria; British (predominantly in Yorkshire and further North) English and Anglo-Scandinavian(generally restricted to the eastern coasts) regional magnates—thegns, holds and high-reeves—exercised a considerable degree of independence from the ealdormen. One such example was the magnate Thurbrand, a hold in Yorkshire, probably based in Holderness, whose family were frequently at odds with the ruling earls at Bamburgh.
Ancestry
Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the Vita Ædwardi Regis, which states that Siward was "[called] Digri in the Danish tongue" (Danica lingua Digara). Legendary material incorporated in the Vita et passio Waldevi comitis (or simply Vita Waldevi), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son Waltheof, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a polar bear, a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore.
Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of Thorgil Sprakling. Siward would then have been first cousin to Earl Ulf, the earl of Denmark who married Cnut's sister Estrith and founded the dynasty of Danish monarchs that eventually succeeded Cnut's. Bolton argued that the Sprakling family had only recently risen to prominence in Scandinavia, and so Siward's career in England was another indication of that family's success in Scandinavian politics.
The Vita Waldevi provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the Vita, Siward passed through Orkney, killing a dragon there before moving on to Northumbria. There he encountered another dragon, before meeting an Oðinn-like old man on a hill, who handed him a raven banner and instructed him to proceed to London to receive the patronage of the king of England.
Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut
The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the Vita Waldevi offers a legendary account. Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a Si[ge]ward Minister, "the thegn Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became Earl of Northumbria. The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York, in 1033. This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled dux ("earl").
Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor Erik of Hlathir last appeared in the historical sources in 1023, leaving a ten-year gap during which Siward could have taken the position. Although William of Malmesbury asserted that Erik was driven back to Scandinavia, Scandinavian tradition firmly maintained he died in England. Historian William Kapelle believed that Erik ceased to be earl in or soon after 1023, and that Carl son of Thurbrand was appointed hold or high-reeve (heahgerefa) for the king in Yorkshire. Carl retained this position, it was argued, even after Siward was installed as earl a few years later, but from then on he acted as a deputy to the earl rather than to the king. Richard Fletcher remained agnostic on the point, although he did argue that Erik must have been dead by 1028. Timothy Bolton, although rejecting Kapelle's argument concerning Carl son of Thurbrand, believed Erik died c. 1023 and that the earldom may have remained vacant for a period. Bolton argued that Cnut left the earldom of Northumbria empty and appears to have paid it little attention until the last years of his reign, and another northerner Ealdred son of Uhtred rose to power in the political vacuum.
When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son Harthacnut, and the nobleman Harold Harefoot, as well as Alfred Ætheling and Edward (later, King Edward the Confessor), the exiled sons of Æthelred the Unready. Isolated in Scandinavia, Harthacnut was unable to prevent Harold Harefoot seizing the crown for himself. Ruling England from 1035, Harold died in 1040 just as Harthacnut was preparing an invasion. Arriving soon after Harold's death, Harthacnut reigned in England only two years before his own death in 1042, a death that led to the peaceful succession of Edward. Frank Barlow speculated on Siward's political stance, guessing that during these upheavals Siward assumed "a position of benevolent or prudent neutrality".
Siward is found in 1038, as Sywardus Comes ("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the Abbey of Bury St Edmunds. He witnessed a confirmation granted by Harthacnut to Fécamp Abbey, between 1040 and 1042, of an earlier grant made by Cnut. In 1042, he witnessed grants by Harthacnut to Abingdon Abbey and to Ælfwine, Bishop of Winchester.
Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of Ealdred II of Bamburgh, and granddaughter of Uhtred the Bold. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle asserts that, in 1041 Eadulf, Earl of Bamburgh, was "betrayed" by King Harthacnut. The "betrayal" seems to have been carried out by Siward; since when the Libellus de Exordio and other sources write about the same event, they say that Siward attacked and killed Eadulf. It was thus that Siward became earl of all Northumbria, perhaps the first person to do so since Uhtred the Bold. It is possible that Siward used Ælfflæd's lineage to claim the earldom of Bamburgh for himself, although it is unclear whether the marriage took place before or after Siward killed Eadulf. Kapelle has pointed out that no ruler of Bamburgh after Uhtred is attested at the English royal court, which he argued "must mean they were in revolt" against the monarchy, and that Siward's attack may therefore have been encouraged by a monarch wishing to crush a rebellious or disloyal vassal. Siward however probably had his own interests too. Killing Eadulf eliminated his main rival in the north, and the marriage associated him with the family of Uhtred the Bold, and with Uhtred's surviving son Gospatric.
There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadulf and events further south. For the same year the Chronicle of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of Worcester. Harthacnut reigned only another year, dying on 8 June 1042. He was succeeded by the exiled English ætheling Edward. As an ætheling, a royal prince with a present or likely future claim on the throne, Edward appears to have been invited back by Harthacnut in 1041, fortuitously smoothing over the coming change in ruler. Edward was crowned king on Easter Day, 3 April 1043.
English affairs under Edward the Confessor
Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years. In fact, Siward appears to have been one of Edward's most powerful supporters. On 16 November 1043, Siward, along with Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, marched with King Edward against his mother, Queen Emma, helping the king to deprive the queen of her huge treasury. Edward then accused Emma of treason and deposed Stigand, Bishop of Elmham, from his position "because he was closest to his mother's counsel".
The Norman propagandist and historian, William of Poitiers, claimed that Siward was among those who had sworn an oath to uphold Edward the Confessor's alleged declaration that William, Duke of Normandy (later King William I), was to be his heir. Others said to have made that oath were Earls Godwine of Wessex and Leofric of Mercia, along with Stigand, who had been pardoned in 1044, and raised to Bishop of Winchester in 1047. If this did happen, it was probably during or a little before spring 1051, when Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury, was journeying to Rome for his pallium.
In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled. Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety. It was apparently, however, the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.
There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the shire of Northampton into his control in the 1040s and the shire of Huntingdon in the 1050s. The evidence comes from royal writs addressed to Siward as earl in these shires. Siward's predecessors as earl in these areas were other Scandinavians, Thuri and Bjorn son of Earl Ulf; the former was styled "earl of the Midlanders" (comes mediterraneorum), showing that this earldom represented the earlier polity of the Middle Angles of Mercia. It was this area, rather than Northumbria, to which Siward's descendants were most attached.
Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship. The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ". This is a written instruction, issued either by the future Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred, that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" (on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things (þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges) in Allerdale, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward. Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers, although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time.
A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with Durham. As a result of Siward's marriage to Ælfflæd, Siward gained possession of a group of estates in Teesside claimed by the bishops of Durham. Acquisition of these estates might have brought opposition from the Bishop of Durham, but Æthelric the incumbent had been expelled by the clergy of Durham in either 1045 or 1046 and, according to the Libellus de Exordio, only returned by bribing Siward. According to the Libellus, the clergy were "terrified and overwhelmed by the fearful power of the earl" and "were compelled willy nilly to be reconciled to the bishop, and to admit him into his episcopal see". Despite this, Siward escaped censure in the writings of later Durham monks, something which suggests relations between Siward and Durham were probably good in general.
Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls. He witnessed at least seven, possibly nine, extant charters in 1044, six or seven in 1045, two in 1046, one in 1048 and one in 1049. A Dux ("earl") named Sihroþ and Sihroð witnessed two charters in 1050, and this may be Siward. There is another attestation in 1050, and his name appears in two dubious witness lists attached to charters dating to 1052 and 1054. Possibly Siward's last historical appearance in English legal documents is in the agreement made—probably at Lincoln—between Wulfwig, Bishop of Dorchester, and Earl Leofric, dating to between 1053 and 1055.
Expedition against the Scots
Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against Macbeth, King of Scotland, an expedition that cost Siward his eldest son, Osbjorn. The origin of Siward's conflict with the Scots is unclear. According to the Libellus de Exordio, in 1039 or 1040, the Scottish king Donnchad mac Crínáin attacked northern Northumbria and besieged Durham. Within a year, Macbeth had deposed and killed Donnchad. The failed siege occurred a year before Siward attacked and killed Earl Eadulf of Bamburgh, and though no connection between the two events is clear it is likely that they were linked.
The Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom". Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the Annals of Tigernach entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of Crínán of Dunkeld, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne. Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.
During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the "Battle of Dunsinane". The tradition that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew of Wyntoun.
The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, recension D: John of Worcester, using a related version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, adds that Normans named Osbern Pentecost and Hugh, who had joined Macbeth earlier after fleeing from England, were killed in the battle.
The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the Annals of Tigernach and more extensively in the Annals of Ulster:
Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.
The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians" a king (Malcolmum, regis Cumbrorum filium, ut rex jusserat, regem constituit). The identity of Máel Coluim and the reasons for Siward's help are controversial. The traditional historical interpretation was that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, known sometimes today as Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and that Siward was attempting to oust Macbeth in his favour.
The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Mac Bethad was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Mac Bethad outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified Máel Coluim "son of the king of the Cumbrians" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of the Strathclyde British king Owain Foel, perhaps by a daughter of Máel Coluim II, King of Scotland.
Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland. It has been suggested that the chief consequence of Siward's expedition was not the overthrow of Mac Bethad, but the transfer of British territory—perhaps previously lying under Scottish suzerainty—to Northumbrian overlordship. Alex Woolf has posited that, in such a context, Máel Coluim might have been a discontented Cumbrian prince who had been forced to "put himself under English protection". Evidence for Northumbrian control of Strathclyde in this period includes 11th-century Northumbrian masonry found at the site of Glasgow Cathedral as well as early 12th-century claims from the archbishopric of York that Archbishop Cynesige (1051–1060) had consecrated two Bishops of Glasgow.
Death and legacy
The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his Historia Anglorum, relates that when Siward was attacked by dysentery, fearing to die "like a cow" and wishing rather to die like a soldier, he clothed himself in armour and took to hand an axe and shield. Ennobled in such a manner, Siward died. This anecdote is of doubtful historicity, and is thought to be derived from the saga devoted to Earl Siward, now lost. The Vita Ædwardi Regis states that Siward died at York and was buried in "the monastery of St Olaf" at Galmanho, a claim confirmed by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, John of Worcester, and the Historia Regum.
Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the Vita et Passio Waldevi, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's paternal origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward . The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055). The Anglo-Saxonist Frank Stenton declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type". Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.
Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the Domesday Book recorded 4 manors, 3 in Yorkshire and 1 in Derbyshire, owned directly by Earl Siward in 1066, all of them subsequently held by Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester. This land was stated to have been worth £212, while his son Waltheof was said to have held £136 worth of land across 9 counties. Domesday records give an incomplete picture of Siward's holdings. In total it recorded property worth £348 for Siward and his son, which on its own would compare poorly with the £2493 in value recorded to have been held by the family of the earls of Mercia. Of the latter, however, Morcar of Mercia, Earl of Northumbria on the day of King Edward's death, possessed land worth £968, while Tostig, exiled earl at the time, had land worth £491; both may have come into possession of some of Siward's land in the course of becoming Earls of Northumbria. Moreover, the counties that would become Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland were largely omitted from the survey, while, besides being only very poorly documented, the lands in Yorkshire had been severely devastated and devalued during the Harrying of the North.
Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York. The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England. Siward's Howe, i.e., Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place.
One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the East Midlands before becoming Earl of Northumbria. When Waltheof rebelled against William the Conqueror, however, the act led to his execution and to his subsequent veneration as a saint at Crowland Abbey. Waltheof's daughter married David I, King of the Scots, and through this connection Siward became one of the many ancestors of the later Scottish and British monarchs.
Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around Stamford, Lincolnshire, to Peterborough Abbey. Although no surviving children are attested, and no source states the name of Osbjorn's mother, this marriage has nonetheless raised the possibility that Waltheof and Osbjorn were born to different mothers, and William Kapelle suggested that Siward may have originally intended Osbjorn to inherit his southern territories while Waltheof inherited those territories in the north associated with the family of his mother Ælfflæd.
Notes
References
Primary sources
Secondary sources
External links
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Earls of Northumbria
Burials in York
1055 deaths
Year of birth unknown
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Caragonne
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George Caragonne
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George Caragonne (September 16, 1965 – July 20, 1995) was an American comic book writer and editor, most notable for being co-founder of Penthouse Comix magazine. He committed suicide on July 20, 1995, by jumping off the 45th floor of the interior atrium of the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Times Square.
Early life
George Caragonne was born in San Antonio, Texas, the only male child born to Alexander Caragonne (author/architect) and Alice Caragonne. He has a sibling and a niece named Alice Caragonne, who was born February 4, 1994.
Career
George Caragonne's career in comics began when he sent an unsolicited submission to Marvel Comics in 1984. He eventually trained under the guidance of Editor-in-Chief Jim Shooter.
Caragonne wrote primarily for Marvel Comics and their subsidiary Star Comics, throughout the latter half of the 1980s. Titles he wrote included Masters of the Universe, Planet Terry, and Star Brand. He also worked in the animation field.
In 1988, after hearing that former Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter was forming Valiant Comics, Caragonne drove from California to New York, and, unannounced, knocked on Shooter's door to offer his services. Caragonne agreed to do work for Valiant, all while holding a full-time job. After Valiant was established, Caragonne wrote such titles as Captain N, The Legend of Zelda, and Punch Out!!.
After leaving Valiant, Caragonne wrote a few freelance stories for Marvel, including a short Silver Surfer story for a custom comic produced for Charleston Chew, and a short backup tale for a Fantastic Four Annual #25 (1992).
Around this time Caragonne created a comics packaging studio called Constant Developments, Inc. (CDI). CDI optioned the rights to produce new comics featuring the 1960s superhero team T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents (from John Carbonaro, then the rights-holder). An acquaintance introduced Caragonne to Penthouse magazine publisher Bob Guccione, whom Caragonne tried to interest in publishing T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents. Guccione instead hired Caragonne to create soft-core erotica comic sections for Penthouse magazine.
Caragonne was given an office inside Penthouse's headquarters. After several sections of comics had been produced for Penthouse, Guccione directed Caragonne to produce a stand-alone comics magazine for his company; the first issue of Penthouse Comix appeared in early 1994. With stories by Caragonne and illustrations by artists that included Adam Hughes, Garry Leach, Arthur Suydam, Milo Manara, Richard Corben, Bart Sears, and Gray Morrow, Penthouse Comix was an immediate international success, and spawned a full line that included the seven-issue Men's Adventure Comix and the three-issue Omni Comix, the latter a companion to the science magazine Omni, which was also published by Guccione. (A T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents story did eventually find publication in a Guccione publication, in the first issue of Omni Comix.)
According to comics writer and columnist Mark Evanier, the success of his books with Penthouse led to excess on his part, in particular drugs. He became a heavy cocaine user, and also began spending on extravagant items for himself and friends. He also went significantly overbudget on his magazines and on some other, non-Penthouse projects. His working patterns changed to the point where he was working all night in the Penthouse offices, before going home in the day, which concerned his close friends, who tried to intervene with him. According to Evanier, his employers also came to suspect Caragonne of financial "improprieties", and on the night of Friday, July 14, 1995, he discovered that he had been locked out of his office pending a full audit on his books.
Death
After Penthouse locked Caragonne out of his offices on July 14, 1995, writer Mark Evanier says a number of friends in Caragonne's circle spent the following two nights unsuccessfully pleading with him by phone to get professional treatment. Caragonne's movements after this are not accounted for until Thursday, July 20, when he went to the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Times Square, where he asked a bellhop, "Is it true this is the tallest hotel in Times Square?" After the bellhop replied that it was, Caragonne took an elevator to the top floor, the 45th floor, where an indoor atrium provides an impressive view of the lobby. Caragonne put on a Walkman containing a cassette of theme songs from the James Bond films, his favorite, and jumped. He fell 500 feet, his 400+ lb. body caroming off ledges and decorations before landing on a buffet table bustling with guests. Although no one else was killed, many of the witnesses, including some children, suffered emotional trauma and required years of treatment as a result of the event.
Screenwriting
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1990)
References
External links
1965 births
1995 suicides
American comics writers
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42806246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachydora%20acromianta
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Trachydora acromianta
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Trachydora acromianta is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera generic names catalog
Trachydora
Moths of Australia
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40149193
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleyka%20Abbaszadeh
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Maleyka Abbaszadeh
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Maleyka Mehdi qizi Abbaszadeh (, née Mustafayeva, born 1953, Baku) is the Chair of the State Students Admission Commission of Azerbaijan.
Career
Maleyka Abbaszadeh was born in Baku and attended Public School #189. In 1975, she graduated from Moscow State University majoring in calculus and cybernetics. She did an internship at the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Institute of Cybernetics and for the next two years, at the Institute of Calculus Mathematics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1988, she defended her masters thesis in cybernetics at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Institute of Cybernetics. Until 1994, Abbaszadeh worked on a number of government and non-government projects in the field of education.
In 1994, she was appointed Deputy Chair of the State Students Admission Commission (SSAC), a newly established organisation in charge of the national entrance test for aspiring post-secondary students. In October 2000, she was appointed head of the said committee. As the Chair of the SSAC, Abbaszadeh was a vocal critic of the education policy under ex-Minister of Education Misir Mardanov, which, according to her, yielded lower examination score among prospective students year after year. In 2012, she openly questioned the transparency of the Best School and Best Teacher award contest held by the Ministry of Education. In 2013, she accused the Ministry of reporting false numbers of students currently enrolled in secondary schools. Abbaszadeh also pointed out significant flaws and errors in the Ministry-approved textbooks.
According to opposition media, Abbaszadeh's towering criticism of Mardanov was in fact part of the behind-the-scene campaign orchestrated by the Presidential Administration and aimed at removing Misir Mardanov from his position. Mardanov, one of the most controversial ministers, was replaced by Mikayil Jabbarov as the Education Minister on 19 April 2013 by a presidential decree.
Personal life
Abbaszadeh was married to Ilgar Abbaszadeh, but is now divorced. They have two daughters. Abbaszadeh's daughter Nargiz Birk-Petersen was one of the three presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 held in Baku.
References
1953 births
Living people
Political office-holders in Azerbaijan
Politicians from Baku
Azerbaijani mathematicians
Azerbaijani women mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Soviet women mathematicians
Moscow State University alumni
Cyberneticists
Women cyberneticists
20th-century Azerbaijani mathematicians
21st-century women mathematicians
21st-century Azerbaijani women politicians
21st-century Azerbaijani politicians
Azerbaijani educators
20th-century Azerbaijani women politicians
20th-century Azerbaijani politicians
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28162737
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache%20Chartier%20de%20Lotbini%C3%A8re
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Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière
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Louis-Eustache Chartier de Lotbinière (December 14, 1688 – February 12, 1749), Seigneur de Lotbinière; Member of the Sovereign Council of New France; Keeper of the Seals of New France; Vicar-General, Archdeacon and the first Canadian-born Dean of Notre-Dame Basilica-Cathedral, Quebec.
Birth
Born at Maison Lotbinière, Quebec City, 14 December 1688. He was the son of René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière and his wife Marie-Madeleine Lambert du Mont (1662–1695), daughter of Eustache Lambert du Mont (1618–1673), Seigneur and Commandant of the Quebec Militia. He was a first cousin of Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, the last Governor General of New France, and the uncle of Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, 8th Bishop of Quebec. His own maternal uncle was married to the only daughter of Daniel de Remy de Courcelle, Governor General of New France.
Early career
He was educated at the Jesuit's College, Quebec. With his two other brothers already in the church, his father desired for him to continue in the judicial positions that he and his father had held. In 1710, Louis XIV of France appointed him a Councillor of the Sovereign Council of New France. Six years later, the Intendant of New France, Michel Bégon de la Picardière, granted him the commission of Keeper of the Seals of New France, which was confirmed by the King in 1717.
Like his father, the authorities in France also held high hopes that he would go on to occupy the same posts that his father and grandfather had held before him. Within the Sovereign Council of New France he quickly distinguished himself by his competence, integrity and innate sense of justice, and temporarily served as Attorney General. In 1719, his cousin, Pierre François de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, put his name forward to be Chief Councillor of the Sovereign Council of New France, but the Intendant, Michel Bégon de la Picardière, withdrew his support as on more than one occasion de Lotbinière had opposed attempts to interfere with decrees which the intendant wanted to have changed. De Lotbinière did not get the promotion, and in 1722, his antagonism with Bégon was again evident when the intendant wrote of him that he "thinks that he knows as much as the most diligent. He is very fond of pleasure and not too fond of work".
He had inherited the Seigneury of Lotbinière, rendering fealty and homage in 1724, and he also held land in the Seigneury of Maure. In 1717, he had started the construction of a large stone church at Lotbinière, with the help of his brother, Father Valentin, who was the parish priest there. In 1722, he was appointed general agent at Quebec for the Compagnie de l'Occident.
The Church
In 1723, his wife died on giving birth to their eighth child, the future Marquis de Lotbinière. This event prompted him to pursue a life in Holy Orders (Catholic Church). In consequence of his already official duties, he learned theology through either his brother, Father Valentin, or Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, who held Eustache in high esteem. He was ordained into the Priesthood (Catholic Church) in 1726, and only four days after this event the Bishop of Quebec appointed him Canon (priest) and Archdeacon, which was followed a few months later to his appointment as Vicar general to the Bishop. He resigned from the Compagnie de l'Occident, but Louis XV of France allowed him to retain his position on the Sovereign Council of New France as a lay councillor, on condition that he abstain from attending trials of criminal cases and relinquish his office as Keeper of the Seals.
Family
In 1711, he married Marie-Françoise (1693–1723), daughter of Captain François-Marie Renaud d'Avène des Meloizes and Françoise-Thérèse (b.1670), daughter of Nicholas Dupont de Neuville (1632–1716). His wife's brother, Nicolas-Marie (1696–1743), married his sister, Angélique Chartier de Lotbinière (1692–1772), and their son inherited the Marquisate de Fresnoy. Eustache and Marie-Françoise de Lotbinière were survived by five children,
Marie-Francoise Chartier de Lotbinière (1712-1776). In 1737, she married Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay (1704-1772), Chevalier de Saint-Louis, 5th Seigneur de Beauport etc., nephew of Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denys. They were the parents of The Hon. Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay.
Louis-Eustache Chartier de Lotbiniere (1715-1786), Archdeacon of Quebec. Ordained in France at Angers, he returned to Quebec as a priest. In 1751, he donated a set of bells to the Church of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Quebec.
François-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, Récollet priest and Knight of Malta.
Marie-Louise Chartier de Lotbiniere (1718-1750), became a sister at the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec
Michel Chartier de Lotbinière, Marquis de Lotbinière, married the daughter of Gaspard-Joseph Chaussegros de Léry (1682-1756)
References
External links
People of New France
1688 births
1749 deaths
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67678633
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%20Bremen%20state%20election
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1930 Bremen state election
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The 1930 Bremen state election was held on 30 November 1930 to elect the 120 members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen.
Results
References
Bremen
Elections in Bremen (state)
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70168692
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%20Southwest%20Texas%20State%20Bobcats%20football%20team
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1939 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team
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The 1939 Southwest Texas State Bobcats football team was an American football team that represented Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now known as Texas State University) during the 1939 college football season as a member of the Lone Star Conference (LSC). In their fifth year under head coach Joe Bailey Cheaney, the team compiled an overall record of 3–5–2 with a mark of 0–3–1 in conference play.
Schedule
References
Southwest Texas State
Texas State Bobcats football seasons
Southwest Texas State Bobcats football
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13523071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Bolster
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Charles Bolster
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Judge Charles Stephen Bolster (1894 - 1993) was a judge at the Middlesex Superior Court in East Cambridge, Massachusetts and a long-time resident of Bar Harbor, Maine who is best known for his involvement in the case of the Boston Strangler.
Judge Bolster was a respected but undistinguished judge who was known to be unapologetically fair toward the defense despite being an arch-conservative in an extremely liberal state.
The Boston Strangler
Judge Bolster oversaw one of the Boston Strangler cases (as it was later concluded that the murders were likely committed by multiple individuals) beginning November 7, 1963. On the morning of November 22, Judge Bolster addressed the jury.
Now I have a very sad duty, gentlemen, I don't know whether you have heard. Early this afternoon one or more assassins in Texas, apparently from high up in a building, fired shots at some of our officials. They hit the president, the vice president and the Governor of Texas, and the president, early this afternoon, died. I ask everyone in the room to rise. I thought fast. I am willing to take the responsibility. You have been here almost three weeks. I venture to think that if the president were here … he would do what I am doing. We are going ahead, but we are going ahead in a thoughtful sorrow about what has transpired. I have watched you gentlemen, and I think you are men of sufficient mental integrity not to let this influence you in any way in the decision of this case. This case is on its own evidence and on the arguments that have been ably presented to you, and so we are going forward. And will you please make every effort to be sure that your decision in this case is in no way tainted by the national disaster that has struck us. So you may retire, Mr. Foreman, and gentlemen, and we start at 8:30 in the morning.
The following day, Roy Smith was convicted. Supposedly, a large number of jurors were from Kennedy's original congressional district and some were crying. After the JFK assassination, most judges suspended juries. Saying that the assassination announcement and juries grief caused the guilty verdict, the defense attempted to appeal.
Well, what I believe happened is that Judge Bolster collapsed the entire case by his remarks to -- his prejudicial remarks to the jury after the close of the -- closing argument where Dick Kelley -- the judge inappropriately informed the jury that the president had been shot, that the vice president had been shot, and that the case was going to continue. Defense Attorney Beryl Cohen
Bolster Day
Each year on Southport Island, near Boothbay Harbor, Maine, The Southport Island Association hosts Bolster Day in memory of the judge.
Membership
In 1970 Judge Bolster became a member of the New Hampshire Society of the Cincinnati by right of his descent from Surgeon's Mate Timothy Hall of the 5th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.
External links
"Bolster Day"
"Alone with the Strangler: Politics & Power"
"A Death in Belmont: Transcript"
Massachusetts state court judges
1894 births
1993 deaths
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42642517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphallotrichus%20puncticolle
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Sphallotrichus puncticolle
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Sphallotrichus puncticolle is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1870. It is known from northern central Brazil and French Guiana. It contains the subspecies Sphallotrichus puncticolle puncticolle and Sphallotrichus puncticolle robustus.
References
Cerambycini
Beetles described in 1870
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10615182
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayapuram
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Vijayapuram
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Vijayapuram is a village in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Vijayapuram mandal of Chittoor revenue division.
References
Mandal headquarters in Chittoor district
Villages in Chittoor district
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25454981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Speare%20Park
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Jack Speare Park
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Jack Speare Park, formerly known as the Indooroopilly Recreation Reserve ('The Rec'), was named for one of the founders of the Taringa Rovers Soccer Football Club (soccer) and Taringa Rovers Cricket Club.
The ground is bounded by Fairley Street, Lambert and Carnarvon Roads at Indooroopilly, and features two football fields, junior fields, a turf cricket pitch, dressing rooms and licensed club house.
The field was named by former Brisbane Lord Mayor Sallyanne Atkinson in the late 1980s, to honour Mr Speare's contributions to football and the local community.
References
External links
Official Website
Supporters Website
See also
Sport in Brisbane
Sports venues in Brisbane
Indooroopilly, Queensland
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9755515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20Division%20%28New%20York%20City%20Subway%29
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B Division (New York City Subway)
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The New York City Subway's B Division consists of the lines that operate with lettered services (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, J, L, M, N, Q, R, W, and Z), as well as the Franklin Avenue and Rockaway Park Shuttles. These lines and services were operated by the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) and city-owned Independent Subway System (IND) before the 1940 city takeover of the BMT. B Division rolling stock is wider, longer, and heavier than those of the A Division, measuring by .
The B Division is broken down into two subdivisions, B1 (BMT) and B2 (IND), for chaining purposes. The two former systems are still sometimes referred to as the BMT Division and IND Division.
List of lines
The following lines are part of the B Division (services shown in parentheses; lines with colors next to them are trunk lines):
IND Second Avenue Line ()
BMT Fourth Avenue Line ()
IND Sixth Avenue Line ()
IND Eighth Avenue Line ()
60th Street Tunnel Connection ()
BMT 63rd Street Line ()
IND 63rd Street Line ()
BMT Archer Avenue Line ()
IND Archer Avenue Line ()
BMT Astoria Line ()
BMT Brighton Line ()
BMT Broadway Line ()
BMT Canarsie Line ()
Chrystie Street Connection ()
IND Concourse Line ()
IND Crosstown Line ()
IND Culver Line ()
BMT Franklin Avenue Shuttle ()
IND Fulton Street Line ()
BMT Jamaica Line ()
BMT Myrtle Avenue Line ()
BMT Nassau Street Line ()
IND Queens Boulevard Line ()
IND Rockaway Line ()
BMT Sea Beach Line ()
BMT West End Line ()
History
Early history
The oldest line to become part of the B Division was the BMT Lexington Avenue Line, opened in 1885. A large system of elevated railways in Brooklyn was formed by 1908 by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT), crossing the Brooklyn Bridge and Williamsburg Bridge to Manhattan terminals. With the Dual Contracts, signed in 1913, the BRT acquired extensions outward into Queens, as well as through Lower and Midtown Manhattan. The BRT became the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation in 1923 after a bankruptcy.
The Independent Subway System (IND) was created by the city in the 1920s and 1930s as a third system, operated by the city, competing with the BMT and Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). The city took over operations of the BMT and IRT in 1940, consolidating ownership of the three systems into one. Since the original IRT tunnels were smaller, it has remained a separate division to this day.
IND before 1967
IND services were labeled on maps and signs starting with the opening of the first line in 1932. Six letters—A to F—were assigned to the major services, sorted by the north terminal and midtown line, and express services had single letters, while local services had double letters. G and H were assigned to lesser services, which did not enter Manhattan. The following labels were used from 1940 to 1967:
Consolidation of operations
Until 1954 and 1955, when the Culver Ramp and 60th Street Tunnel Connection opened, the BMT and IND trackage was not connected. The early joint services using these connections operated similarly to trackage rights; it was not until the Chrystie Street Connection opened in 1967 that the ex-BMT and IND systems were consolidated operationally.
Beginning in 1924, BMT services were designated by number. The city assigned letters (J and up)—generally following the IND pattern of double letters for local services—in the early 1960s to prepare for the 1967 Chrystie Street Connection. Only Southern Division routes (1–4 or N–T) were labeled on maps, but all services except remnants of the old els were assigned letters:
Unofficially signed as "M", or sometimes "S".
In 1967, the Culver and Franklin Shuttles became SS—the standard shuttle designation—and the Myrtle Local ("Myrtle (Jay)"), discontinued in 1969) was labeled MJ.
After 1967
The 1967 opening of the Chrystie Street Connection resulted in a number of changes. The following services have been operated since then:
A Eighth Avenue Express, 1967–present
B Sixth Avenue Express, 1967–present
C Eighth Avenue Local, 1967–present (CC until 1985)
D Sixth Avenue Express, 1967–present
E Eighth Avenue Local, 1967–present
EE Broadway Local, 1967–1976
F Sixth Avenue Local, 1967–present
G Brooklyn-Queens Crosstown Local, 1967–present (GG until 1985)
J Nassau Street Express, 1967–present (QJ until 1973)
K Broadway Brooklyn Local, 1967–1976 (JJ from 1967 to 1968; KK from 1968 to 1973)
K Eighth Avenue Local, 1967 - 1988 (AA until 1985)
L 14th Street-Canarsie Local, 1967–present (LL until 1985)
M Nassau Street Local, 1967–2010; Sixth Ave Local, 2010–present
MJ Myrtle Avenue Local, 1967–1969
N Broadway Express, 1967–present
NX Broadway Express, 1967–1968
Q Broadway Express, 1967–present (QB until 1985)
R Broadway Local, 1967–present (RR until 1985)
RJ Nassau Street Local, 1967–1968
S Franklin Avenue Shuttle, 1967–present (SS until 1985)
S Rockaway Park Shuttle, 1967–1972, 1985–present (HH from 1967 to 1972 and H from 1985 to 1992 and 2012-2013; part of the A and CC in between)
SS Culver Shuttle, 1967–1975
TT West End Shuttle, 1967–1968
V Sixth Avenue Local, 2001–2010
W Broadway Local, 2001–2010, 2016–present
Z Nassau Street Express, 1988–present
See also
A Division
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Independent Subway System
Interborough Rapid Transit Company
References
New York City Subway
Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation
Independent Subway System
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36540412
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Cabangon-Chua
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Antonio Cabangon-Chua
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Antonio L. Cabangon-Chua (August 30, 1934 – March 11, 2016) was a Filipino businessman, Philippine ambassador to Laos under the administration of former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and reserved colonel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines being an honorary member of PMA class '56. He graduated from the University of the East in 1956 with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration.
He received a doctorate in the Humanities, honoris causa, in the Adamson University.
Career
He was a certified public accountant. His business interests include real estate, hotel, broadcasting, print media, banking and insurance. He founded the Citystate Savings Bank, Fortune Life Insurance Co., Incorporated, Eternal Plans, Citystate Properties and Management Corp. (CPMC), and Isuzu GenCars, Inc.
"Ka Tony" Cabangon–Chua was also a tri-media magnate, having own some business interests related to media, including newspaper BusinessMirror, tabloid Filipino Mirror, magazines Philippine Graphic Weekly, View and Cook and the radio network Aliw Broadcasting Corporation that operates AM radio station DWIZ and FM radio station Home Radio 97.9.
He was also the chairman of Nine Media Corporation, the media company behind CNN Philippines and Radio Philippines Network, that he acquired the 34% stake on RPN from Solar Entertainment Corporation in 2014 due to the Tieng's loss of revenue after investing on RPN. He was also the chairman and president of the Catholic Mass Media Awards Foundation, appointed by former Manila archbishop Cardinal Jaime Sin from 2000 until his death.
In October 2014, Cabangon–Chua led the successful negotiations between the TV network and CNN International, that paved way for the launch of CNN Philippines, a free-to-air TV news channel currently aired on RPN-9.
In 2015, the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) awarded Cabangon-Chua with the Lifetime Achievement Award for his remarkable contributions in the broadcasting business as the founder and chairman emeritus of ABC.
On the same year, the Catholic Mass Media Awards confers the Special Award for Devoted Service to the Church through the Mass Media award to Cabangon-Chua.
Death
Cabangon–Chua died on March 11, 2016. He was 81.
References
1934 births
2016 deaths
Filipino businesspeople
Filipino diplomats
Filipino media executives
People from Manila
People from Mandaluyong
Ambassadors of the Philippines to Laos
University of the East alumni
Filipino company founders
Filipino people of Chinese descent
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37523852
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Scott%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201944%29
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George Scott (footballer, born 1944)
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George William Scott (born 25 October 1944) is a Scottish footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Tranmere Rovers.
References
External links
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Expatriate soccer players in South Africa
Association football midfielders
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
1944 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Footballers from Aberdeen
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2535395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond%20the%20Rainbow
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Beyond the Rainbow
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Beyond the Rainbow is a 1922 American silent drama film starring Billie Dove, Harry T. Morey and Clara Bow in her film debut. A 16mm print of the film is in the collection of the UCLA Film and Television Archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Marion Taylor (Dove) is a stenographer employed by Wall Street broker Edward Mallory (Morey). She is the support of an invalid younger brother, who has been ordered to the Adirondack Mountains by the family physician. To get money for this, she attends a reception as the escort of a young society man, for which she receives $100. Edward is peeved as she has rejected his advances, and threatens to expose her when he sees Marion at the party. Each guest at the function receives a mysterious note saying, "Consult your conscience. Your secret is common gossip." Immediately, the guests are thrown into a panic as each has something to hide. The notes, however, were inspired by flapper Virginia Gardener, who had been left out of the party thrown by her mother (Ware), and passed out the notes as a joke to get revenge. A man is shot during the excitement and Major Bruce Forbes (Gordon), who picked up the gun, is initially accused of murder. However, the real shooter soon confesses. Marion goes to the Adirondacks to see her brother, and finds happiness in the arms of Bruce, who fell in love with her at the ball.
Cast
Production notes
Clara Bow made her film debut in Beyond the Rainbow after winning a beauty and acting magazine sponsored contest. She filmed five scenes but, after seeing the film in Brooklyn, thought that she was cut from the film. Bow was devastated and put temporarily her acting ambitions aside; however, newspaper advertisements and editorial comments suggests she was not cut at all, at least not from the main release.
References
External links
1922 films
1922 drama films
American drama films
American films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Christy Cabanne
Films based on short fiction
Films shot in New York City
American independent films
Film Booking Offices of America films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Braathens%20%281994%E2%80%932004%29
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History of Braathens (1994–2004)
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Braathens SAFE's domestic market was deregulated on 1 April 1994. Since then, any airline within the European Economic Area is free to operate any domestic or international route. Braathens rejected a proposal from the main competitor Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) for a merger; instead the helicopter division was sold and the company listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. New routes were opened from Oslo Airport, Fornebu to Bodø, Harstad/Narvik and Tromsø, but the routes from Bergen to these cities were terminated. International routes to Rome, Nice and Jersey were introduced. In 1996, Braathens SAFE bought Sweden's second-largest airline, Transwede, and started flying on the Oslo–Stockholm route. The following year, Transwede, with its five domestic routes, was merged into Braathens SAFE. The same year, KLM bought 30% of Braathens SAFE and the airlines started a partnership.
In 1998, the airline changed its name to Braathens and introduced two-class cabins. Full-fare passengers traveled in the "Best"-class, while discounted travelers traveled in the "Back"-class. It also bought the Swedish airline Malmö Aviation. Oslo Airport, Gardermoen replaced Fornebu as the airline's main hub, and a price war started against SAS and the new low-cost airline Color Air. The availability of slots increased the frequency of flights for all three airlines to an unsustainable level. After a year, Color Air was bankrupt, but Braathens had suffered large losses, and terminated many routes, including all services in Sweden. In 2001, the airline was bought by SAS, and the following year the two coordinated their services so as not to compete. On 1 May 2004, they merged to create SAS Braathens, that re-branded to Scandinavian Airlines in 2007.
Deregulation
The deregulation process, which would eliminate the need for concessions for routes, was driven by Norway's application for membership of the EU. This was supported by the Labor Party and the right-winged Conservative Party and Progress Party. The plans from the EU indicated that international routes within EU should be deregulated from 1 January 1993, with Norway and Sweden joining from 1 July. Full, domestic liberalization should be performed by 1 April 1997. SAS and Braathens SAFE proposed a solution where only Norwegian airlines could compete until 1997, which was thought to efficiently hinder other airlines, rather than these two, until then. SAS announced its support for competition on 4 February 1993, while Braathens SAFE stated that it no longer was in favor of competition, despite having arguing for this for the whole of the company's history. The company stated that stability was needed and that competition would result in marginalized routes, that were being cross-subsidized, being closed. SAS stated that with competition, prices would fall 20–30%, and that SAS wanted to operate with a loss to force Braathens SAFE close services.
During the discussion about deregulation, Braathens SAFE considered several possibilities to strengthen itself. In particular, it had discussions with the large European airlines Lufthansa, British Airways and KLM about an alliance, but these were rejected by Braathens SAFE, stating that the agreements were all about getting traffic to the partner's hub. Minister of Transport, Kjell Opseth and director of SAS in Norway, Jan Reinås, both proposed a merger between Braathens SAFE and SAS, to ensure that the company had a 100% market share on the primary routes before the merger. This would, according to them, secure that no foreign company could compete with the merged company. The proposal was rejected by Braathens SAFE's management. Still, negotiations started between the companies in 1992, although they were quickly abandoned. The press reported the price of Braathens SAFE to be NOK 1.2 billion, but that this had been rejected as too expensive by SAS.
Prior to a government report being presented on 30 March 1993, SAS had launched 1 November 1993 as their preferred date of free competition, while Braathens SAFE had launched 1 April 1997 as their preferred date. Braaathens SAFE was worried that the high debt the company had due to the purchase of new aircraft would make them illiquid in a price war. Bjørn G. Braathen stated that the company had bought the new aircraft based on the belief that deregulation would occur in 1997, giving the airline time to pay more of the debt. On 2 June 1993, with 76 against 18 votes, parliament voted to deregulate the domestic airline market from 1 April 1994. It was supported by the Labor, Conservative and Progress Party. With this, Norway became the third country in Europe to fully deregulate, after Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Both Braathens SAFE and SAS had been cross-subsidizing their routes. Through the regulations, the airlines had agreed to fly to unprofitable airports, in exchange for making higher profits on other routes. With free competition, this would not be followed, and the authorities announced the introduction of public service obligations on routes that were not profitable. To finance these, a NOK 10 fee would be charged on all primary routes. The cost of collecting this fee was so high that SAS and Braathens SAFE announced it was cheaper to continue to fly to the unprofitable airports. Braathens SAFE stated that their routes Haugesund–Bergen and Oslo–Røros–Trondheim were not profitable.
To meet the free market situation, the company's management introduced measures to keep costs low. On 19 August 1993, ten of eleven trade unions agreed to a three-year wage contract, which contained bonuses for all employees based on the company's profit. The cabin crew's union had a two-day strike, before reaching an agreement. At the same time, the company needed NOK 400 million in share capital. Braathens Rederi sold the sister company Braathens Helikopter to Helkopter Service for NOK 225 million on 30 September 1993, and the money was used to buy Braathens SAFE stock. The company raised further capital in an initial public offering, and the company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on 10 January 1994. After the listing, Braathens Rederi retained 69% of the company.
On 1 April, Braathens SAFE increased the number of services. The daily number of flights from Oslo to Bergen increased to nine, and the airline introduced four new services to Northern Norway from Oslo: two each to Tromsø and Harstad/Narvik. Later, the frequency to Tromsø increased to four, and from 28 June there were also two daily round trips to Bodø. SAS increased its services on the routes from Oslo to Stavanger and Trondheim, and from Bergen to Stavanger. The liberalization did not result in a price war, and prices remained constant. The following two years, Braathens SAFE also introduced scheduled international flights to Rome, as well as summer routes to Jersey and Nice. However, Braathens SAFE terminated their routes from Bergen to Bodø, Harstad/Narvik and Tromsø, making the passengers switch planes in Trondheim.
In 1995, Braathens signed agreements with many of the large companies in Norway as a prioritized airline. Several of the contracts had been secured by the airline offering discounts to the companies in exchange for not allowing their customers to collect frequent flyer points. SAS had not allowed this scheme, and had lost companies such as Statoil, Aker and the Government of Norway.
Expansion into Sweden
In 1996, Braathens SAFE started negotiations to purchase the Swedish airline Transwede Airways from its owners, Transpool. After SAS had bought Linjeflyg, Transwede had become the second-largest domestic airline in Sweden, operating five Fokker 100s. In 1995, Braathens SAFE had a revenue of NOK 4 billion, with a profit of NOK 242 million. The same year, Transwede had lost NOK 200 million with a revenue of NOK 1.2 billion. The company had been split in two, a charter and a scheduled company, and Braathens SAFE started negotiating to purchase the scheduled company. Transwede's scheduled services were at the time form Stockholm Arlanda Airport to Halmstad, Jönköping, Luleå, Sundsvall and Umeå, plus a service from Luleå to Sundsvall. It had a 13% market share, transporting 800,000 people in 1995, and had been through a major restructuring the year before, where the fleet had been reduced from seven to five aircraft.
On 18 June, Braathens SAFE announced that starting on 27 October, the company put one aircraft into service on the route from Oslo to Stockholm. SAS had at the time fifteen round trips on the route, and Braathens planned to introduce seven. The route was considered one of the most profitable for SAS. The purchase of Transwede was confirmed on 25 June; Braathens SAFE bought 50% of the company's scheduled division, Transwede Airways, with an option to purchase the rest in 1997. The companies planned to integrate their networks, to allow connection between Braathens SAFE's and Transwede flights at Stockholm. Services to Stockholm started on 6 November; after three months, the airline had captured 14% of the Oslo–Stockholm market. In 1996, Braathens SAFE had a 51% domestic market share in Norway, transporting 9.5 million passengers.
On 3 February 1997, the airline announced it had ordered six 134-seat Boeing 737-700 aircraft for NOK 1.5 billion. These aircraft would be delivered in 1998, prior to the opening of the new airport at Gardermoen. In addition, the airline had an option for additional ten planes to be delivered after 2000. In 1997, Transwede started replacing its Fokker 100s with Boeing 737s. In May 1997, Braathens SAFE was criticized by the Norwegian Airline Pilots Association because it was using retired Braathens SAFE pilots to fly Transwede aircraft, due to Transwede not having certified pilots for their new Boeing 737-300. Braathens SAFE stated that this was within the rules of the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration and the Joint Aviation Authorities.
In 1997, SAS announced that it was going to reduce its commission to travel agents from 9 to 5%. Braathens followed, reducing from 8 to 5% from 1 January 1998. However, to try to attract more business passengers, the airline retained the 8% commission on their international routes. At the same time, the Government of Norway abandoned its old regime of negotiating prices with the airlines for state-employed civil servants' flights. Instead, they introduced an annual tender for the routes. It was awarded to SAS, who also won all subsequent tenders. For Braathens SAFE, this meant that state-employed civil servants only flew on routes where SAS did not fly. The contract was worth NOK 500 million for SAS.
On 1 April 1997, the European airline market was fully deregulated. At this time, British Airways announced increased activity to Scandinavia, based in part on a cooperation with Braathens SAFE concerning their frequently flyer program; holders of Bracard were allowed to collect frequent flyer points on British Airways' flights. On 3 April, Braathens SAFE, Transwede and Finnair signed an agreement involving codesharing on Finnair's flights from Stockholm and Oslo to Helsinki, Bracard members would be granted points on Finnair flights, and Braathens SAFE took over Finnair's handling services in Oslo.
On 18 December, Braathens SAFE bought the remaining half of Transwede, paying 2 Swedish krona for the who company. However, due to an agreement about converting debt into share capital, the company was sold for SEK 13 million. With the take-over, the company changed its name to Braathens Sverige AB. At the same time, management announced that they planned to replace all the company's Fokker 100s with 737-300s.
Partnership and new identity
On 18 August 1997, Braathens SAFE announced a strategic partnership with the Dutch airline KLM. The partnership replaced the agreement with British Airways, and became active in 1998. Analysts stated that the partnership came as a reaction to SAS' alliance with Lufthansa, the Star Alliance, that had been created the previous year. Braathens SAFE had also been in negotiations with British Airways. The agreement involved KLM purchasing a 30% stake in Braathens SAFE from Ludvig G. Braathens Rederi for NOK 800 million. In addition, Braathens SAFE started flying from several Norwegian cities to KLM's main hub at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam. In addition, the partnership involved a coordination of scheduling, prices, frequent flyer programs, corporate customer agreements, maintenance and procurement. The partnership also involved cooperation with the American airline Northwest Airlines. In 1997, Braathens SAFE and Transwede had a revenue of NOK 5.4 billion and made a profit of NOK 206 million, down 88 million from 1996.
Starting in March, Braathens SAFE took over KLM's routes from Stavanger to Amsterdam, and started a new route from Trondheim to Amsterdam. From 26 March 1998, Braathens SAFE moved its flights to London from Gatwick to London Stansted Airport. At the same time, it announced that the number of daily services from Oslo to London would increase from one to three, following the opening of Gardermoen. In addition, KLM-partner AirUK would become an agent for Braathens SAFE, and the company hoped that 40% of the sales on the route would be sold in the United Kingdom. The agreement also involved a codesharing agreement with AirUK, including some onwards flights from London, notably the route to Dublin. At the same time, Braathens SAFE announced that the airline would start selling more discounted tickets on the London-flights, to compete with Ryanair's new route from Stanstad to Sandefjord Airport, Torp.
On 23 March 1998, Braathens SAFE changed its name and corporate identity to Braathens. It introduced a new livery with a blue bottom, and replaced the Norwegian flag on the tail with an abstract, silver wing, that became the company's new logo. The re-branding was an attempt to create an international identity, and tone down the Norwegian national symbols that had been on the airplanes since 1946. At the same time, a two-class configuration was introduced: the 'Best' section, accounting for 70% of the planes capacity, received higher seat pitch, complimentary in-flight drinks, meals and newspapers, priority boarding and refundable tickets. The 'Back' section was for discount ticket holders, who received a no-frills service with a smaller seat pitch, and were located at the back of the aircraft behind a curtain. Best tickets became NOK 300 more expensive, while it became easier to purchase discounted tickets. The scheme was, according to Erik G. Braathen, an attempt to differentiate between the full-fare customers, with whom Braathens was competing with SAS, and the low-fare customers, who Braathens was competing with Ryanair and the to-be established Color Air. The scheme as first introduced on the first 737-700 that was delivered.
The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions encouraged its 800,000 members to not fly with Braathens due to the introduction of a segregated classes. SAS did not follow the same policy, and offered its discounted customers to travel in the same class as Braathens', including complimentary service. After introduction, the concept increased the work load on handing employees, who needed to check the passengers' tickets to ensure they sat in the right class. There were also complaints from Best-passengers who felt that they were receiving worse service after the scheme was introduced.
On 17 August 1998, Braathens bought Malmö Aviation, that flew from Stockholm-Bromma Airport to Göteborg Landvetter Airport and Malmö Airport. In addition, it served all three airports from London City Airport. The airline had eleven British Aerospace 146 jets. In 1997, it had 772,000 passengers, 450 employees, a revenue of SEK 900 million and a profit of SEK 40 million. The airline cost SEK 600 million and the deal gave Braathens and Malmö Aviation a 25% domestic market share in Sweden.
Price war
In January 1998, Olav Nils Sunde, owner of the cruiseferry company Color Line, announced that he would start a domestic low-cost airline. They company aimed for a 15–20% domestic market share and was named Color Air. The company launched tickets down to NOK 500 each way, and sold cheap tickets without demanding that the traveler be away during a weekend.
From 1 April, a new NOK 65 tax was introduced on all domestic flights. Braathens and SAS decided to divide the cross-subsidize the taxes between their routes, something Color Air was not able to do. This was because the tax was only valid for routes within Southern Norway; Braathens and SAS could therefore tacitly collude to increase the prices to Northern Norway, and thereby subsidize their routes in Southern Norway. Color Air on the other hand would be forced to put the full tax on all its departures. While the government had no way to hinder the incumbents from doing this, Gudmund Restad, Minister of Finance from the Center Party, encouraged the airlines to not "cheat", and follow the intentions of the law, even if he admitted that there was nothing the government could do to hinder the airlines from cross-subsidizing.
Color Air started with flights from Gardermoen on 1 August, two months before the airport opened. Gardermoen was taken into use on 8 October by SAS and Braathens. Both immediately increased the number of flights. Braathens established a route to Haugesund, while SAS started routes to Ålesund and Kristiansand. The number of daily trips from Oslo for SAS increased from 59 to over 80. In total, the three companies increased their daily round trip from 138 to 200, and the daily seat capacity from 18,000 to 26,000. Ålesund had the largest increase, from seven daily round trips with only Braathens, to seventeen offered by all three companies.
In late 1998 and early 1999, KLM and Braathens introduced direct flights from Sandefjord and Kristiansand to Amsterdam. Braathens also started flights from Sandefjord to Stavanger and Bergen. On 1 May 1999, Northwest Airlines started flights to its hub at Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in the United States. This service was terminated in October. The Northwest service had a connection to Stockholm as well as a new route from Oslo to Gothenburg, operated by Braathens. After Northwest announced the withdrawal of their service, the Gothenburg service was also terminated.
In November 1998, Color Air introduced a new cheapest ticket for NOK 345. After the winter settled, the ice front between Color Air and Braathens grew colder following Braathens' denying Color Air to use their deicing equipment at Ålesund, resulting in the plane being stuck at the airport. By the end of 1998, it became clear that Braathens had increased capacity with 20%, but only achieved a 5.2% ridership increase after the opening of Gardermoen. Similar numbers were applicable for SAS. The business market, in particular the large corporations with divisions in several cities, were demanding high frequencies on the routes. Color Air could get by with fewer departures, because they mainly targeted the leisure segment. In particular, the routes from Oslo to Ålesund and Kristiansand had a very low seat utilization; to Ålesund there were 1.2 million flown seats annually, but only 345,000 passengers, giving a 29% cabin load.
In September 1999, SAS announced that if Braathens took the first step to reduce capacity between Bergen and Oslo, they would follow immediately to reduce the overcapacity in the combined 37 daily departures. However, Braathens was not willing to reduce. On 15 September, Color Air announced that they would start flying five round trips from Oslo to Stavanger on 1 October, following the delivery of their fourth aircraft. At the same time, the airline would reduce the number of round trips to Ålesund from four to two. In January 1999, Braathens applied to register twenty of its Norwegian aircraft in Sweden, following their discovery that foreign-registered aircraft, such as Color Air's and SAS', did not have to pay value added tax on good sold on board. This was rejected by the Norwegian Armed Forces, who based their need of transport of military personnel during wartime on requisition of civilian, Norwegian-registered aircraft. The same month, Geir Olsen, head of Braathens in Sweden, withdrew from his position, due to disagreements about the corporate strategy.
On 27 September 1999, Color Air terminated all flights and ceased operations. On the day of the termination, the stock price of Braathens increased by 16%. Immediately following the bankruptcy, the two airlines increased their prices. Subsequently, Braathens increased their ticket price by 15%, but stated that this had nothing to do with the elimination of competition, since the price increase was not on any Oslo routes. In November, Braathens started to remove routes, and announced they would increase prices by 20%. They also reintroduced the Flag of Norway on the tail, which since the rebranding had been replaced by a silver, abstract wing. Both Braathens and SAS lost more than NOK 1 billion in 1999, totaling the cost of the price war between the three airlines to exceed NOK 3 billion.
Crisis
On 23 July 1999, Braathens replaced its CEO with Arne A. Jensen. He introduced the program Improve 800, that was to improve the bottom line with NOK 800 million. In February 1999, Braathens merged the Swedish division with Malmö Aviation, to create Braathens Malmö Aviation. At the same time, the airline removed the 'Best' and 'Back' scheme on domestic Swedish flights. In November, Braathens terminated all services in Sweden that were inherited from Transwede. The Fokker 100 aircraft and Boeing 737-300 aircraft were sold, and the service from Oslo to Stockholm taken over by the company's Norwegian department. Malmö Aviation retained on flights from Stockholm-Bromma to Gothenburg and Malmö, as well as to London City. In addition, a Stockholm to Halmstad Airport service was started. In 1999, Braathens lost SEK 300 million in Sweden, bringing the total loss of Braathens Swedish operations since 1996 to SEK 600 million. At the same time, Braathens terminated its services from Sandefjord to Stavanger and Bergen, and the route from Oslo to Haugesund. From 25 June 2000, the company also terminated its Oslo to Stockholm route. Instead, the planes were put into service to Málaga and Alicante.
During 1999, domestic air ticket prices increased 9.2%, and another 17% the following year. By 2001, the domestic capacity was below the level before Gardermoen opened. Braathens and SAS started cooperating to set the full-price tickets on routes to eleven cities. This meant that the prices were identical on all the routes where both airlines flew, although they were not allowed to make such cooperation with discounted tickets. During the crisis, Braathens had sold several aircraft and started leasing them back to gain liquidity. The company announced in 2000 that they were considering purchasing a smaller type of aircraft, that would replace the 737s on some routes, and that would allow Braathens to start operating the Norwegian Air Shuttle services themselves.
The 'Best' and 'Back' service was highly criticized by analysts and customers. Braathens SAFE had a strong image, and unlike SAS, that was branded as 'The Businessman's Airline', Braathens SAFE was seen as the people's airline. It also drew goodwill from being Norwegian-owned, and that it displayed the Flag of Norway on the tailplane. Prior to the rebranding, no airline in Norway had ever operated a two-class service on domestic flights—including SAS. Professor of Sociology Per Morten Schiefloe commented that the introduction of segregation of passengers offended passengers. Customers who previously had been paying full price, became more aware of the savings on using 'Back' tickets. At the same time, people who wanted to travel with discounted tickets felt that they got better service and were not treated as second-rate customers with SAS. This caused Braathens to lose customers at both ends. The rebranding itself not only cost money to initiate, but also increased operating expenses, because cabin crew needed to move the curtain depending on the number of passengers on each class. Planes were sometimes delayed for hours, particularly in the beginning of the service, due to the increased work load on the handling and cabin crew.
On 25 November 2000, Braathens terminated the route to Murmansk. On 2 January 2001, they also terminated the routes from Molde to Kristiansand and from Kristiansand to Trondheim, the routes to Røros from Trondheim and Oslo, and the services from Oslo to Newcastle. The routes from Bergen to Haugesund were reduced from five to three round trips, and the Bergen–Molde–Trondheim route was reduced from four to three. The capacity on the routes from Oslo to Molde and Kristiansund were increased. A second round trip was introduced from Stavanger to Newcastle, flown by Norwegian Air Shuttle. From 15 February, the airline introduced four weekly services from Oslo to Barcelona, and from 1 March, three weekly round trips to directly from Longyearbyen to Oslo. A direct service was introduced from Bergen to Alicante from 7 April.
Take-over
On 21 May 2001, SAS and Braathens announced that KLM and Braathens Rederi had agreed to sell their 69% stake in Braathens for NOK 800 million to SAS—valuating Braathens to NOK 1.1 billion. Braathens had contacted British Airways, but they had stated that they did not wish to purchase Braathens. The deal with SAS was initiated by Braathens; they stated that this would allow the two companies to cooperate to eliminate the overcapacity in the domestic market. Because both airlines operated a fleet of Boeing 737 aircraft, about NOK 150 million could be saved in maintenance. The agreement also involved that Malmö Aviation would have to be sold before the take-over. If not, the Braathens family would purchase the airline for NOK 1. At the same time, the family-owned companies guaranteed for about NOK 1 billion in the Swedish subsidiary.
The Norwegian Competition Authority announced that since the new company would have all domestic scheduled services between primary airports, it was unlikely that the take-over would receive permission from them. However, it was stated that one solution could be that the companies discontinue their frequent flyer programs. On 20 August, the Competition Authority declared that SAS was not allowed to purchase Braathens; the ruling was appealed by SAS and Braathens. Analysts stated that Braathens could be bankrupt by the time the appeal was processed. The Competition Authority stated that their denial of the take-over was that the reduction of capacity would remove the airline's incentive to provide discounted tickets, because they would not have to use them to capture travelers with lower willingness to pay from the competitor, and that they would not need low-paying customers to fill up the vacant seats. Instead, the authority wanted the politicians to reduce the taxes on flights. While Braathens also was opposed to the tax, they felt that removing it then was too late to save the company.
CEO Arne A. Jensen stated to the press that he felt that the cause of the problems were made in 1993, when the airline failed to make the correct choices in relation to the deregulation. He stated that he felt that part of the cause was that KLM and the Braathens family had cancelled a planned private placement. He further stated that a monopoly was the best for society, the passengers and the employees. He also stated that if the appeal failed, he had a "Plan B", involving a much smaller airline that would compete with SAS on the main routes. From October, the airline terminated its service to Milan and reduced capacity on some domestic routes; this removed the need for two aircraft. In addition, the airline increased all ticket prices with 5%, due to higher insurance costs.
On 23 October 2001, the Competition Authority granted permission for SAS to purchase Braathens. The rationale was that there were no other realistic purchasers for the airline, and that a bankruptcy was imminent without the take-over. As a condition, the authority decided to regulate a ban on frequent flyer programs, and stated that it would ban cross-subsidization aimed at underbidding or operating at a loss to force new entrants out of the market.
Coordinated operation
By then, SAS had taken sixteen aircraft out of service, reduced production with 12% and fired 1,000 employees. The airline stated that they wished to renegotiate the agreement with the Braathens family and KLM to reduce the price. Because there had arisen a situation with high over-capacity of aircraft, the value of planes had fallen. In addition, SAS demanded that Braathens reduce its fleet from 33 to 23 aircraft if the deal was to go through, threatening to terminate the purchase if the airline did not abide.
On 2 April 2002, SAS and Braathens split all the routes between them. SAS started flying on the main-haul routes from Oslo to Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger, with only a few flights to Stavanger flown by Braathens to get planes to the technical base there. From Oslo and Trondheim to Northern Norway, all routes were taken over by Braathens, with exception of a few flights made by SAS to Tromsø and Bodø. SAS also withdrew their flights from Oslo to Kristiansand and Ålesund, and Braathens increased their frequency on the route. Braathens retained the routes it had flown where SAS had not formerly flown. Braathens also kept the international flights to Barcelona, Nice, Málaga and Alicante. This reduced the overcapacity in the market, and allowed the SAS Group to save between NOK 600 and 900 million.
For a short period, members of both Wings and SAS' EuroBonus could collect points from the other airlines. But from 1 July, the awarding of frequent flyer miles on domestic flights was no longer permitted. From 1 April 2003, the West Coast routes, which had been on contract with Norwegian Air Shuttle, were taken over by SAS Commuter.
On 24 April 2002, SAS announced that all handling services operated by Braathens would be taken over by SAS Ground Services. All SAS employees would be prioritized in the rationalization process, and 800 Braathens employees were laid off. Three hundred Braathens' employees were offered jobs with SAS Ground Services, but these lost their seniority. No employees in SAS lost their jobs. The case ended in the courts, where 369 former Braathens employees sued SAS to receive the same seniority as they had in Braathens. On 15 October 2003, Asker and Bærum District Court decided that only 42 of the employees, those working in Kristiansund and Molde, had right to keep their seniority. The case was appealed, and on 18 March 2005, Borgarting Court of Appeal, with four against three votes, decided in favor of SAS, denying the employees their claim. The matter was not settled until 31 January 2006, when the Supreme Court of Norway ruled in favor of the employees.
By 2004, Braathens had managed to cut costs sufficiently to make a profit. At the same time, SAS was having problems making a profit. SAS announced on 10 March 2004 that SAS and Braathens would be merged into a single company, SAS Braathens, in May. At the same time, the airline would create separate national airlines for Sweden and Denmark. SAS Braathens would operate 50 aircraft, all variations of the 737. The company took over the operating licence of Braathens, including the IATA and ICAO code, and callsign. Because all the operations streamlined and coordinated, there would be no further downstaffing due to the merger. From 1 June 2007, SAS Braathens was rebranded to Scandinavian Airlines, making it identical to the branding in Sweden and Denmark, although it remain a separate limited company named SAS Norge AS.
References
Notes
Bibliography
History 1994-2004
Braathens 1994-2004
Braathens (1994-2004)
Aviation history of Norway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gocol
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Gocol
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Gocol was a flying column created by the British Army shortly after the Anglo–Iraqi War had ended.
Creation and composition
Gocol was a truck-borne flying column created in early June 1941, to pursue and capture Dr. Fritz Grobba, the German Ambassador to the Kingdom of Iraq. Grobba went on the run after the collapse of the pro-German Rashid Ali government, to flee Iraq and get to Nazi occupied Europe. Two other columns were created in early July, Mercol, commanded by Major E. J. H. Merry, to round up irregular troops under Fawzi al-Qawuqji and Harcol, under Major R. J. Hardy, with the task of securing Kirkuk.
Gocol was named after its commander, Major R. E. S. Gooch and comprised B Squadron of the Household Cavalry Regiment, six Royal Air Force armoured cars, two 3.7 inch mountain howitzers and Royal Army Service Corps (RASC) transport.
Operations
On 3 June 1941, travelling from Habbaniya by road, Gocol reached Mosul but Dr. Grobba had gone. On the same day, two companies of the 2nd Battalion of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles arrived by air from Habbaniya with a detachment of the RAF. The remainder of the 2nd Battalion reached Mosul by air next day. In addition to Gocol and the air lifted forces, the 1st Battalion of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) left Baghdad on 2 June and arrived in Mosul by road on 3 June.
Gocol drove west from Mosul and illegally entered Vichy French territory just prior to the commencement of the Syria–Lebanon Campaign, which started in the early hours of 8 June. During the week following 7 June, Gocol made every effort to capture Grobba. The column entered Qamishli in Syria fully expecting to capture him there but Grobba had again left in time. In the end, Grobba escaped, Gocol having been a failure.
See also
Iraqforce
Habforce
Kingcol
Mercol
Harcol
4th Cavalry Brigade
Flying column
Notes
References
in
External links
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations of the British Army in World War II
Military history of Iraq
Military units and formations disestablished in 1941
Ad hoc units and formations of the British Army
Iraq–United Kingdom relations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochylimorpha%20armeniana
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Cochylimorpha armeniana
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Cochylimorpha armeniana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Asia Minor (Kayseri), Afghanistan (Pamir) and Iran.
References
A
Moths of Asia
Moths of the Middle East
Fauna of Armenia
Insects of Iran
Moths described in 1891
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaceae
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Violaceae
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Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed the Violaceae in an order named after it, the Violales or the Parietales. However, molecular phylogeny studies place the family in the Malpighiales as reflected in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification, with 41 other families, where it is situated in the parietal clade of 11 families. Most of the species are found in three large genera, Viola, Rinorea and Hybanthus. The other genera are largely monotypic or oligotypic. The genera are grouped into four clades within the family. The species are largely tropical or subtropical but Viola has a number of species in temperate regions. Many genera have a very restricted distribution.
Description
Though the best-known genus, Viola, is herbaceous, most species are shrubs, lianas or small trees. The simple leaves are alternate or opposite, often with leafy stipules or the stipules are reduced in size. Some species have palmate or deeply dissected leaves. Many species are acaulescent. The flower are solitary in panicles. Some species have cleistogamous flowers produced after or before the production of typical flowers with petals. Flowers are bisexual or unisexual (e.g. Melicytus), actinomorphic but typically zygomorphic with a calyx of five sepals that are persistent after flowering. Corollae have five mostly unequal petals, and the anterior petal is larger and often spurred. Plants have five stamens with the abaxial stamen often spurred at the base. The gynoecium is a compound pistil of three united carpels with one locule. Styles are simple, with the ovary superior and containing many ovules. The fruits are capsules split by way of three seams. Seeds have endosperm.
Taxonomy
That Viola, previously included by Jussieu (1789) under Cisti, should have its own family was first proposed by Ventenat in 1799, and in 1803 placed the Viola species in a new genus, Ionidium which he described as "Famille des violettes." However, in the meantime Batsch established the Violaceae, as a suprageneric rank under the name of Violariae (1802), and as the first formal description, bears his name as the botanical authority. Batsch included eight genera in this family. Although Violariae continued to be used by some authors, such as Don (1831) and Bentham and Hooker (1862) (as Violarieae), most authors, such as Engler (1895), adopted the alternative name Violaceae, proposed by de Lamarck and de Candolle in 1805, and later by Gingins (1823) and Saint-Hilaire (1824). With the establishment of higher suprafamiliar orders, which he called "Alliances", Lindley (1853) placed his Violaceae within the Violales.
Phylogeny
Historically, Violaceae has been placed within a number of orders since Lindley's treatment, principally Violales (Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist, Thorne) and the equivalent Parietales (Bentham and Hooker, Engler and Prantl, Melchior), although such placement was considered unsatisfactory, but also Polygalinae (Hallier) and Guttiferales (Bessey). Of these, that of Melchior (1925), within the Engler and Prantl system, has been considered one of the most influential. Molecular phylogenetics resulted in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) places it as one of a large number of families within the eudicot order Malpighiales. Violaceae, as one of 42 families, is placed in a clade of 10 families within the order. Its place within the parietal clade reflects its earlier position in Parietales, those families with parietal placentation. There it forms a sister group to Goupiaceae.
Subdivision
History
The Violaceae are a medium sized family with about 22–28 genera, and about 1,000–1,100 species. Most of the genera are monotypic or oligotypic, but the three genera Viola (about 600 species), Rinorea (about 250 species), and Hybanthus include 98% of the species with about half the species in Viola, and more than three-quarters of the remainder in the other two genera.
Many attempts have been made at an intrafamilial classification, but these have largely been artificial, based on floral characteristics. Subdivisions were recognized almost immediately. Early classifications identified two major divisions, that were followed by most taxonomists;
Alsodeieae. (Alsodineae, Rinoreeae). Radially symmetrical flowers (actinomorphic)
Violeae. Bilaterally symmetrical flowers (zygomorphic)
These also had biogeographical correlation, with the latter being almost exclusively South American and African, and the former being distributed in Europe in addition to the Americas. In contrast, Bentham and Hooker (and some others) divided Alsodeieae, giving three tribes;
Violeae. Strictly zygomorphic
Paypayroleae. Actinomorphic wth some zygomorphic features
Alsodeieae. Strictly actinomorphic
Melchior utilized a more complex classification with two subfamilies, tribes and subtribes to recognize the place of Leonia within the Violaceae;.
Subfamily Violoideae
Tribe Rinoreeae
Subtribe Rinoreinae (Rinorea, Allexis, Gloeospermum)
Subtribe Hymenantherina (Melicytus, Hymenanthera)
Subtribe Isodendriinae (Isodendrion)
Subtribe Paypayrolinae (Amphirrhox, Paypayrola)
Tribe Violeae
Subtribe Hybanthinae (Hybanthus, Agatea)
Subtribe Violinae (Anchietea, Corynostylis, Schweiggeria, Noisettia, Viola)
Subfamily Leonioideae (Leonia)
The historical subdivisions shown here are those of the system of Hekking (1988), based largely on floral symmetry, petal aestivation and petal morphology. In this system, most genera occur in the Rinoreae and Violeae tribes. Three subfamilies have been recognized: the Violoideae, Leonioideae, and Fusispermoideae.
Subfamily Fusispermoideae
Fusispermum Cuatrec.
Subfamily Leonioideae
Leonia Ruiz & Pav.
Subfamily Violoideae
Tribe Rinoreeae
Subtribe Hymenantherinae
Hymenanthera R.Br.
Melicytus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
Subtribe Isodendriinae
Isodendrion A.Gray
Subtribe Paypayrolinae
Amphirrhox Spreng.
Paypayrola Aubl. (including Hekkingia J. K. Munzinger & H.E.Ballard)
Subtribe Rinoreinae
Allexis Pierre
Decorsella A.Chev. (including Gymnorinorea Keay)
Gloeospermum Triana & Planch.
Rinorea Aubl. (including Alsodeia Thouars, Phyllanoa Croizat, Scyphellandra Thwaites)
Rinoreocarpus Ducke
Tribe Violeae
About 600 species, in the following genera, but mainly in Viola and Hybanthus and including all four of the lianescent genera in the family (Agatea, Anchietea, Calyptrion and Hybanthopsis;
Anchietea A.St.-Hil.
Corynostylis Mart. (including Agatea A.Gray and Agation Brongn. and a synonym of Calyptrion)
Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza
Hybanthus Jacq. (included Acentra Phil., Clelandia J.M.Black, Cubelium Raf. ex Britton & A.Br., Ionidium Vent., Pigea DC.)
Mayanaea Lundell
Noisettia Kunth
Orthion Standl. & Steyerm.
Pombalia Vand.
Schweiggeria Spreng.
Viola L. (including Erpetion Sweet, Mnemion Spach)
Molecular systems
Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that many of these divisions were not monophyletic, partly due to homoplasy. These studies demonstrate four major clades within the family.
The molecularly defined subdivisions are;
Clade 1: Viola, Schweiggeria, Noisettia, Allexis
Clade 2: Paypayrola, Hekkingia
Clade 3: Leonia, Gloeospermum, Amphirrhox, Orthion, Mayanaea, Hybanthus concolor, the Hybanthus havanensis Group, and the Hybanthus caledonicus Group
Clade 4: largely uresolved
In Clade 1, Schweiggeria and Noisettia are monotypic and form a sister group to Viola. In addition to the major clades, there were a number of unplaced segregates.
Etymology
The family derives its name from the nominative genus, Viola.
Distribution and habitat
The Violaceae have an overall cosmopolitan distribution, but are essentially tropical and subtropical, with the exception of the numerous Northern Hemisphere temperate species of Viola, the largest genus, which is also occurs at higher altitudes in its tropical and subtropical regions, where the shrub, tree and lianescent species are concentrated. In those regions, most representative genera are the mainly woody Rinorea and Hybanthus. While Viola, Hybanthus, and Rinorea are widely distributed in both hemispheres, the remaining genera are relatively restricted in their distribution. Some are restricted to a single continent while others have a limited area involving just a single archipelago. About 70 species are found in Brazil.
Allexis, tropical West Africa
Amphirrhox, Anchietea, Gloeospermum, Leonia, Noisettia, Paypayrola, tropical South America
Corynostylis, Schweiggeria, tropical Central and South America
Melicytus, New Zealand and nearby islands
Hymenanthera, Australia and New Zealand
Agatea, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and the Fiji Islands
Isodendrion, Sandwich Islands and Hawaii
References
Bibliography
Books and theses
Historical sources
Articles
Websites
External links
Malpighiales families
Taxa named by August Batsch
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8067164
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculata%20Church
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Immaculata Church
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The Church of the Immaculata, or Immaculata Church, is a Roman Catholic church atop Mt. Adams, a neighborhood in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Church is located at 30 Guido Street. The church commemorates the Immaculate Conception and serves the Holy Cross–Immaculata Parish in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati. Located at 30 Guido Street, it allows a scenic view of the Ohio River below from one of the highest points in Cincinnati.
History
The limestone church was built in 1859, just before the American Civil War, for the German congregation in the city's Mt. Adams neighborhood. Archbishop John Baptist Purcell decided to build the church while praying during a severe storm at sea. He promised God that if he survived, he would build a church on the city's highest point.
The nearby Holy Cross parish primarily served Irish immigrants. When the Holy Cross monastery closed in 1977, the parishioners joined with Immaculata to become the Holy Cross–Immaculata parish. The Mt. Adams Preservation Association raised enough funds to commission the restoration of seven paintings by Johann Schmitt. The paintings were mounted over the main altar and side altars between 1863 and 1870. A painted scroll stretches above the main altar across a depiction of the Immaculate Conception. In German, it reads:
O Maria, ohne Suende empfangen, bitte fuer die Bekehrung dieses Landes, Amerika.
(O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for the conversion of this country, America.)
On December 29, 1978, the Immaculate Conception Church, School, and Rectory was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The school and rectory have since been closed.
In August 2005, workmen began chipping out bricks and glass block where a rose window once stood. The original had been lost in a storm. The new window came from Saint Bonaventure Church, which was closed and torn down in 2003. Fr. Neiheisel and Holy Cross Immaculata pastoral assistant Bill Frantz salvaged a colorful, round, stained-glass rose window that had stood over the altar. Neiheisel then raised $44,000 to have the window reinforced, enlarged with an 18-inch ring of additional glass, and ultimately set into the Holy Cross-Immaculata wall behind a layer of strong, protective glass.
Traditions
The Immaculata Church has served since 1860 as a pilgrimage church, where on Good Friday the faithful ascend 85 steps to the church's front door from the neighborhood below while praying the Rosary. An additional 65 steps start at the base of Mt. Adams, with a pedestrian bridge over Columbia Parkway connecting the two paths. The steps were originally made of wood, but in 1911, the City of Cincinnati helped the church build concrete steps.
Each year in February members of the Ancient Order of Hibernians knock on the church door and ask permission to remove the statue of St. Patrick. The Priest invokes the intercession of St. Patrick. With bagpipes leading the way the six-foot statue of St. Patrick leaves the church and starts his Mini Parade through Mt. Adams.
References
External links
Holy Cross–Immaculata Church Official Site
360degree interactive panoramas of Holy Cross/Immaculata Church
The faithful climb the steps leading to the Immaculata Church on Good Friday
Pilgrims Climb the Steps on Good Friday
Interior, circa 1912
Pilgrimage, Mt. Adams, circa 1916
Roman Catholic churches in Cincinnati
National Register of Historic Places in Cincinnati
Shrines to the Virgin Mary
German-American culture in Ohio
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1859
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
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43526057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuel%20F.%20Holland
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Lemuel F. Holland
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Lemuel F. Holland (July 28, 1840 – January 13, 1914) was a Union Army soldier in the American Civil War who received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.
Holland was born in Burlington, Ohio on July 28, 1840, and entered service at LaSalle County, Illinois. He was awarded the Medal of Honor, for extraordinary heroism on July 2, 1863, while serving as a corporal with Company D, 104th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, at Elk River, Tennessee. His Medal of Honor was issued on October 30, 1897.
He died at the age of 73, on January 13, 1914, and was buried at the Greenwood Cemetery in Decatur, Illinois.
Medal of Honor citation
References
External links
1840 births
1914 deaths
People from Lawrence County, Ohio
Burials in Illinois
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
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39327401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinerolo%20railway%20station
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Pinerolo railway station
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Pinerolo railway station () serves the town and comune of Pinerolo, in the Piedmont region, northwestern Italy. The station is a through station of the Turin-Pinerolo-Torre Pellice railway.
Since 2012 it serves line SFM2, part of the Turin metropolitan railway service.
Services
References
Railway stations opened in 1854
1854 establishments in the Kingdom of Sardinia
Buildings and structures in Pinerolo
Railway stations in the Metropolitan City of Turin
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37917427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rover%20%281967%20film%29
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The Rover (1967 film)
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L'avventuriero (internationally released as The Rover) is a 1967 Italian war-drama film directed by Terence Young and starring Anthony Quinn. It is based on the 1923 novel The Rover written by Joseph Conrad.
Cast
Anthony Quinn as Peyrol
Rosanna Schiaffino as Arlette
Rita Hayworth as Caterina
Richard Johnson as Real
Ivo Garrani as Scevola
Mino Doro as Dussard
Luciano Rossi as Michel
Mirko Valentin as Jacot
Giovanni Di Benedetto as Lt. Bolt
Anthony Dawson as Capitain Vincent
Reception
The film performed disappointingly at the box office, earning $225,000 in rentals internationally and $70,000 domestically. According to ABC records, it suffered an overall loss of $1,595,000.
References
External links
1967 films
1960s English-language films
English-language Italian films
Films directed by Terence Young
Films based on works by Joseph Conrad
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
Italian films
Films set in the 1790s
Seafaring films
Films set in the Mediterranean Sea
Films about old age
Napoleonic Wars naval films
French Revolutionary Wars films
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8159370
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20polo%20at%20the%202006%20Asian%20Games
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Water polo at the 2006 Asian Games
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Water polo was contested by men's teams at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar from December 6 to December 14, 2006. Ten teams competed in two round robin groups. All games were staged at the Al-Sadd Aquatic Centre.
Schedule
Medalists
Draw
The draw ceremony for the team sports was held on 7 September 2006 at Doha.
Group A
Group B
Squads
Results
All times are Arabia Standard Time (UTC+03:00)
Preliminaries
Group A
Group B
Final 9th–10th
Classification 5th–8th
Semifinals
Final 7th–8th
Final 5th–6th
Final round
Semifinals
Bronze medal match
Gold medal match
Final standing
References
All Asian Games Results
External links
Water Polo Competition Schedule
2006 Asian Games events
Asian Games
2006
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64037988
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301%20Hellenic%20Football%20League
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2000–01 Hellenic Football League
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The 2000–01 Hellenic Football League season was the 48th in the history of the Hellenic Football League, a football competition in England.
At the end of the previous season the Hellenic League merged with the Chiltonian League. 17 clubs from the latter formed Division One East, while Hellenic League Division One clubs formed Division One West.
Premier Division
The Premier Division featured 17 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs:
Cheltenham Saracens, promoted from Division One
Wootton Bassett Town, promoted from Division One
Yate Town, relegated from the Southern Football League
League table
Division One East
Division One East was formed by 17 clubs from the Chiltonian League, adsorbed by the Hellenic League at the end of the previous season.
League table
Division One West
Division One West featured 13 clubs which competed in Division One last season, along with three new clubs:
Gloucester United
Malmesbury Victoria, joined from the Wiltshire League
Witney Academy
League table
References
External links
Hellenic Football League
2000-01
8
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23457520
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20Environment%20Cooperation%20Commission
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Border Environment Cooperation Commission
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The Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC) headquartered in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, is a binational organization created in 1994 by the Federal Governments of the United States of America and Mexico under a side-agreement to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). BECC along with its sister-institution the North American Development Bank (NADB), established by the same agreement and headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, USA, are charged with helping to improve the environmental conditions of the Mexico–United States border region in order to advance the well-being of residents in both nations. The scope of their mandate and the specific functions of each institution are defined in the agreement between the two governments (the "Charter"), as amended in August 2004.
History
The BECC (and the NADB) were established by the Border Environment Cooperation Agreement of November 1993 (Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States Concerning the Establishment of a Border Environment Cooperation Commission and a North American Development Bank.)
References
External links
Official website
BECC Web Site
NADB Web Site
Environmental organizations based in Mexico
Mexico–United States border
North American Free Trade Agreement
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17176133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Ryan%20%28rugby%20union%29
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Thomas Ryan (rugby union)
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Thomas "Darby" Ryan (12 January 1864 – 21 February 1927) was a New Zealand rugby union player, artist and lake steamer captain.
Early life and family
Born in London, England, on 12 January 1864, Ryan was the son of Mary Ryan and Charles Aldworth. He emigrated with his mother to New Zealand in about 1865, settling in Auckland, and was educated at the Church of England Grammar School, Parnell. In 1903 he married Mary Faith Murray, daughter of Ngāpuhi leader Kamareira Te Hautakiri Wharepapa, at Auckland.
Rugby union
A wing three-quarter, Ryan represented at a provincial level, and captained the side in 1886. He was a member of the first New Zealand national side in 1884. He became the first player to kick a conversion and drop goal for New Zealand. He toured New South Wales in 1884 and played in all eight matches. In all, he played nine matches for New Zealand and scored 35 points. He did not play any full internationals as New Zealand did not play its first Test match until 1903.
Later, while studying in Paris in 1893, he refereed the French club final.
Artist
An accomplished artist, Ryan studied at the Académie Julian in Paris between 1892 and 1893. He worked mainly in watercolours and was known for his landscapes, seascapes and portraits of Māori. He exhibited at the Auckland Society of Arts over 36 years, and at the 1889 New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition in Dunedin. Three of his works—Champagne Falls, Wairapa Gorge (1891); Interior of a Whare ( 1891); and Sunset, Ngauruhoe Volcano (1905)—are in the collection of the Auckland Art Gallery.
A friend of Charles Goldie, Ryan assisted Goldie with introductions to Māori. Illustrated articles by Ryan were published in New Zealand Graphic.
Mariner
Ryan obtained his master mariner's certificate in 1900, and soon set up the first launch services for the public on Lakes Rotorua and Taupo. Between 1900 and 1909 he part-owned the SS Tongaririo, which ran between Taupo and Tokaanu, and was its captain from 1900 to about 1920.
Later life and death
About 1920, Ryan took up a farm at Whangapara on Great Barrier Island. On 21 February 1927 he died in Parnell, Auckland. He was buried at Purewa Cemetery.
References
1864 births
1927 deaths
Rugby union players from London
English emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Auckland rugby union players
Rugby union wings
New Zealand rugby union referees
New Zealand expatriates in France
Alumni of the Académie Julian
New Zealand artists
New Zealand sailors
Burials at Purewa Cemetery
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43003626
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Reder
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Rudolf Reder
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Rudolf Reder a.k.a. Roman Robak (April 4, 1881 – October 6, 1977) was one of only two Holocaust survivors of the Bełżec extermination camp who testified about his experience after the war. He submitted a deposition to the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in January 1946 in Kraków. In terms of the number of Polish Jews who perished in its gas chambers, Bełżec had the third highest death toll among the six Nazi death camps located in occupied Poland, estimated between 500,000 and 600,000 men, women and children. Only Auschwitz-Birkenau and Treblinka had more victims.
The postwar testimony of Reder was of special significance, because Chaim Hirszman, who also survived Bełżec, joined the new communist militia in Stalinist Poland tasked with the crushing of Polish underground, torture, makeshift executions, and mass deportation to Siberia of over 50,000 political undesirables. Hirszman was shot in March 1946 at his residence by the Cursed soldiers from TOW, in the course of an anti-communist insurrection against the new regime, before he was able to give a full account of his camp experience.
Life
Reder ran his own soap factory in Lemberg (then in the Austrian Partition) until 1910, according to the Bełżec Museum website. He married Feiga (née) Felsenfeld. They had two children, daughter Freida (Zofia) born in 1908 (or 1916) and a son Boruch (Bronisław), in 1907. Historian Dariusz Libionka informs that until 1919 Reder was in the United States. He returned to Lwów in already sovereign Poland and resumed (or perhaps, only began) soap production with the newly acquired knowledge. During the Holocaust, he lost his (then) first wife and both children. Reder, age 61, was deported to Bełżec on August 11, 1942, with one of the first transports of Jews from the Lwów Ghetto after the new big gas chambers were erected of brick and mortar. Because of his good knowledge of German he was not sent off to die, but assigned to the Sonderkommando with a handful of others. At the ramp he claimed to have been a machinist, and for the next three months performed maintenance on engine for the gas chambers among other tasks. At the end of November 1942, during the prisoner transport to Lviv for camp supplies and sheet metal, he escaped under cover of darkness. A Ukrainian woman, his former employee, helped him first, as did the Polish Righteous Joanna Borkowska whom Rudolf Reder married after the war and later emigrated with, settling in Toronto, Canada. He and his second wife, Joanna, are buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, in Toronto. It was previously believed, by all accounts, that he had died in 1968. This has proven to be false.
Reder's book
Soon after the Soviet takeover, whilst still in Poland, Reder testified in January 1946 in Kraków before the Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes (known as the Institute of National Remembrance at present). In the same year, he published his testimony in a book, with the help of the Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków. His monograph titled Bełżec was written in Polish with the Preface by his editor, Nella Rost, and illustrated with a map by Józef Bau, a Holocaust survivor who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts. In the book, Reder wrote about what he saw as the motor-maintenance worker, and what he learned afterwards:
Reder changed his name to Roman Robak in 1949 and left Poland for Israel in 1950. He emigrated with his second wife to Canada in 1953. In 1960 he submitted a deposition at the prosecutor’s office in Munich as part of the German preparations for the Belzec trial against eight former SS members of Bełżec extermination camp personnel. Further information on Reder is scant. His second daughter married Leonard Shenker (Szenker) and settled in Great Britain. His account of the Belzec camp imprisonment, published for the first time in 1946, was reprinted in 1999 by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum with Fundacja Judaica in bilingual edition featuring an English translation by Margaret M. Rubel, then issued again as "Belzec" in Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry (volume 13, 2000), and republished in the UK as part of a book titled I Survived a Secret Nazi Extermination Camp by Mark Forstater in 2013.
Bibliography
Notes
Citations
References
1881 births
1968 deaths
Belzec extermination camp
Belzec extermination camp survivors
Polish Jews
Polish emigrants to Canada
Canadian people of Polish-Jewish descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B9a%20Hang%2C%20Th%C3%A1i%20Nguy%C3%AAn
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Chùa Hang, Thái Nguyên
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Chùa Hang is a ward () of Thái Nguyên city in Thái Nguyên Province, Vietnam. Previously, the ward was the townlet and is the capital of Đồng Hỷ district until the end of 2017.
References
Populated places in Thái Nguyên province
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42335390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Shirton
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Glen Shirton
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Douglas Glen Shirton (born July 15, 1947) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the World Hockey Association (WHA). Shirton played part of the 1973–74 WHA season with the Cleveland Crusaders. He was drafted in the fourth round of the 1963 NHL Amateur Draft by the Montreal Canadiens.
Awards
1969–70 MCHA First All-Star Team
1970–71 MCHA First All-Star Team
References
External links
1947 births
Bowling Green Falcons men's ice hockey players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Crusaders players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Jacksonville Barons players
Living people
London Nationals players
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players
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47756860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanesa%20Romero
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Vanesa Romero
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Vanesa Romero Torres (born 4 June 1978) is a Spanish actress and model, mostly known for her roles as Ana in Aquí no hay quien viva and Raquel in La que se avecina.
In 1995 she was chosen Bella del Foc. In 1998 she became Miss Alicante 1998, so she participated as Miss España.
On 11 September 2012 she was married with Alberto Caballero after six years of romance, and they broke up the next year. She has three cats (Humphrey, Uma and Audrey) and two Yorkshire Terrier dogs (Lucas and Betty).
She hosted the 2012 Twelve Grapes with Jordi Sánchez.
From 28 March 2016 she uploads videos on YouTube. She published Reflexiones de una rubia, about his life, and it got good reviews.
Filmography
Films
4 Años (2020) as Rosa
El viajero (2017) as Lucía
Save the Zombies (2013) as Mara
La última mano (2012) as Eva
9 meses (2010) as Clara
The Sindone (2009) as María
Television series
La que se avecina (2007-2021) as Raquel Villanueva
Entre dos reinos (2011) as Leonor
Aquí no hay quien viva (2005-2006) as Ana
¡Ala... Dina! (2000) as SuperLidia
Una de dos (1999) as Loli
References
External links
1978 births
Living people
People from Alicante
Spanish YouTubers
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33486029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave%20salamander
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Cave salamander
|
A cave salamander is a type of salamander that primarily or exclusively inhabits caves, a group that includes several species. Some of these animals have developed special, even extreme, adaptations to their subterranean environments. Some species have only rudimentary (or even absent) eyes (blind salamanders). Others lack pigmentation, rendering them a pale yellowish or pinkish color (e.g., Eurycea rathbuni).
With the notable exception of Proteus anguinus, all "cave salamanders" are members of the family Plethodontidae ("lungless salamanders").
History
The first dedicated scientific study of a cave animal was focused upon a cave salamander, Proteus anguinus. It was originally identified as a "dragon's larva" by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor in 1689. Later, the Austrian naturalist Joseph Nicolaus Lorenz described it scientifically in 1768.
Another early scientific description of a cave salamander was undertaken by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1822 while he was a professor of botany and natural history at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. The species he described was known to the locals as a "cave puppet" and is now known to be Eurycea lucifuga. His discovery was not surprising at the time because E. lucifuga inhabits near the entrance of caves, thus an in-depth exploration was not required; and, E. lucifuga is neither blind nor depigmented.
List of cave salamanders
The following species have commonly been termed "the cave salamander" without any additional modifier or adjective:
The olm (Proteus anguinus, or proteus), the first discovered example, a blind salamander endemic to caves of southeastern Europe
The spotted-tail cave salamander (Eurycea lucifuga), a lungless salamander endemic to caves of the eastern United States
Eurycea (of North America) and Speleomantes (of Italy and France) are two genera of lungless salamanders with so many individual species termed "cave salamanders" that the entire group is sometimes so designated.
Individual species of "cave salamander" (in some cases "blind salamander"), usually designated with an additional modifier or adjective in their common name, include the following lungless salamanders:
Eurycea lucifuga, often simply known as the cave salamander, alternately the spotted-tail salamander
Eurycea rathbuni, the Texas cave salamander, or Texas blind salamander (formerly, Typhlomolge rathbuni)
Eurycea tridentifera, the Honey Creek Cave blind salamander, or Comal blind salamander
Eurycea braggi, the southern grotto salamander (formerly Typhlotriton braggi)
Eurycea nerea, the northern grotto salamander (formerly Typhlotriton nereus)
Eurycea spelaea, the western grotto salamander or Ozark blind salamander (formerly, Typhlotriton speleus)
Speleomantes ambrosii, Ambrosi's cave salamander, or French cave salamander, or Spezia cave salamander
Speleomantes imperialis, imperial cave salamander, or scented cave salamander
Speleomantes supramontis, the Supramonte cave salamander
Speleomantes italicus, the Italian cave salamander
Speleomantes flavus, the Monte Albo cave salamander, or Stefani's salamander
Speleomantes strinatii, Strinati's cave salamander
Speleomantes sarrabusensis, Sarrabus' cave salamander
Gyrinophilus palleucus, the Tennessee cave salamander
G. p. necturoides, the Big Mouth Cave salamander
Gyrinophilus gulolineatus, the Berry Cave salamander
Atylodes genei, the brown cave salamander, or Gene's cave salamander, Sardinian cave salamander, or simply Sardinian salamander
Chiropterotriton mosaueri, the cave splayfoot salamander
Haideotriton wallacei, the Georgia blind salamander (Haideotriton is considered synonymous with Eurycea by some experts.)
Plethodon dixi, the Dixie Caverns salamander
References
See also
List of troglobites
Amphibian common names
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52320712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkes
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Bakkes
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Bakkes is a South African surname that may refer to
Christiaan Bakkes (born 1965), South African writer
C. Johan Bakkes (born 1956), South African writer, brother of Christiaan
Margaret Bakkes (1931–2016), South African writer, mother of Christiaan and C. Johan
See also
Bakke (surname)
Afrikaans-language surnames
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49955
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Le%20Pen
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Jean-Marie Le Pen
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Jean Louis Marie Le Pen (; born 20 June 1928) is a French far-right politician who served as President of the National Front from 1972 to 2011. He also served as Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015.
He graduated from faculty of law in Paris in 1949. After his time in the military, he studied political science and law at Panthéon-Assas University.
Le Pen focuses on issues related to immigration to France, the European Union, traditional culture and values, law and order, and France's high rate of unemployment. His progression in the 1980s is known as the "lepénisation of spirits" due to its noticeable effect on mainstream political opinion. His controversial speeches and his integration into public life have made him a figure who polarizes opinion, considered as the "Devil of the Republic" among his opponents or as the "last samurai in politics" among his supporters. He has been convicted for statements downplaying the Holocaust, and fined for incitement to discrimination regarding remarks made about Muslims in France.
His longevity in politics and his five attempts to become President of France have made him a major figure in French political life. His progress to the second round in the 2002 presidential election left its mark on French public life and the "21st of April" is now a frequently used expression in France. A former Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Le Pen served as the Honorary President of the National Front from 2011 to 2015. He was expelled from the party by his daughter Marine in 2015, after new controversial statements.
Life and career
Early life
Jean Louis Marie Le Pen was the only son of Jean Le Pen (1901–1942). Jean Le Pen was born in French Brittany, like his ancestors, and had started work at the age of 13 on a transatlantic vessel. He was the president of L'Association des Ancients Combattants and Councilor of La Trinité-sur-Mer. Jean-Marie Le Pen's mother, Anne-Marie Hervé (1904–1965) was a seamstress and also of local ancestry.
Le Pen was born on 20 June 1928 in La Trinité-sur-Mer, a small seaside village in Brittany, the son of Anne Marie Hervé and Jean Le Pen, a fisherman. He was orphaned as an adolescent (Ward of the Nation, brought up by the state), when his father's boat La Persévérance was blown up by a mine in 1942. He was raised as a Roman Catholic and studied at the Jesuit high school François Xavier in Vannes, then at the lycée of Lorient.
In November 1944, aged 16, he was turned down (because of his age) by Colonel Henri de La Vaissière (then representative of the Communist Youth) when he attempted to join the French Forces of the Interior (FFI). He then entered the faculty of law in Paris, and started to sell the monarchist Action Française newspaper, Aspects de la France, in the street. He was repeatedly convicted of assault and battery (coups et blessures).
Le Pen started his political career as the head of the student union in Toulouse. He became president of the Association corporative des étudiants en droit, an association of law students whose main occupation was to engage in street brawls against the "Cocos" (communists). He was excluded from this organisation in 1951.
After his time in the military, he studied political science and law at Panthéon-Assas University. His graduate thesis, submitted in 1971 by him and Jean-Loup Vincent, was titled Le courant anarchiste en France depuis 1945 or ("The anarchist movement in France since 1945").
Military service
After receiving his law degree, he enlisted in the Foreign Legion. He arrived in Indochina after the 1954 battle of Dien Bien Phu, which had been lost by France and which prompted French Prime Minister Pierre Mendès France to put an end to the Indochina war at the Geneva Conference. Le Pen was then sent to Suez in 1956, but arrived only after the cease-fire.
In 1953, a year before the beginning of the Algerian War, he contacted President Vincent Auriol, who approved Le Pen's proposed volunteer disaster relief project after a flood in the Netherlands. Within two days, there were 40 volunteers from his university, a group that would later help victims of an earthquake in Italy. In Paris in 1956, he was elected to the National Assembly as a member of Pierre Poujade's UDCA populist party. Le Pen has often presented himself as the youngest member of the Assembly, but a young communist, André Chène, 27 years old and half a year younger, was elected in the same year.
In 1957, Le Pen became the General Secretary of the National Front of Combatants, a veterans' organization, as well as the first French politician to nominate a Muslim candidate, Ahmed Djebbour, an Algerian, elected in 1957 as deputy of Paris. The next year, following his break with Poujade, he was reelected to the National Assembly as a member of the Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans (CNIP) party, led by Antoine Pinay.
Le Pen claimed that he had lost his left eye when he was savagely beaten during the 1958 election campaign. Testimonies suggest that he was only wounded in the right eye and did not lose it. He lost the sight in his left eye years later, due to an illness. (Popular belief is that he wears a glass eye.) During the 1950s, Le Pen took a close interest in the Algerian War (1954–62) and the French defence budget.
Elected deputy of the French Parliament under the Poujadist banner, Le Pen voluntarily reengaged himself for two to three months in the French Foreign Legion. He was then sent to Algeria (1957) as an intelligence officer. He has been accused of having engaged in torture. Le Pen has denied these accusations, although he admitted knowing of its use.
Far-right politics
Le Pen directed the 1965 presidential campaign of far-right candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, who obtained 5.19% of the votes. He insisted on the rehabilitation of the Collaborationists, declaring that:
In 1962, Le Pen lost his seat in the Assembly. He created the Serp (Société d'études et de relations publiques) firm, a company involved in the music industry, which specialized in historical recordings and sold recordings of the choir of the CGT trade-union and songs of the Popular Front, as well as Nazi marches.
National Front
In 1972, Le Pen founded the Front National (FN) party. He then ran in the 1974 presidential election, obtaining 0.74% of the vote. In 1976, his Parisian flat was dynamited (he lived at that time in his mansion of Montretout in Saint-Cloud). The crime was never solved. Le Pen then failed to obtain the 500 signatures from "grand electors" (grands électeurs, mayors, etc.) necessary to present himself in the 1981 presidential election, won by the candidate of the Socialist Party (PS), François Mitterrand.
Criticizing immigration and taking advantage of the economic crisis striking France and the world since the 1973 oil crisis, Le Pen's party managed to increase its support in the 1980s, starting in the municipal elections of 1983. His popularity has been greatest in the south and east of France. The FN obtained 16 seats in the 1984 European elections. A total of 35 FN deputies entered the Assembly after the 1986 elections (the only legislative elections held under proportional representation), which were won by the right wing, bringing Jacques Chirac to Matignon in the first cohabitation government (that is, the combination of a right-wing Prime minister, Chirac, with a socialist President, Mitterrand). In Paris, Jean-Marie Le Pen was elected in the National Assembly.
In 1984, Le Pen won a seat in the European Parliament and has been consistently reelected since then. In 1988 he lost his reelection bid for the French National Assembly in the Bouches-du-Rhône's 8th constituency. He was defeated in the second round by Socialist Marius Masse. In 1991 Le Pen's invite to London by Conservative MPs was militantly protested by large numbers coordinated by the Campaign Against Fascism in Europe, CAFE, which led to a surge of anti-fascist groups and activity across Europe. In 1992 and 1998 he was elected to the regional council of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur.
Le Pen ran in the French presidential elections in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002, and 2007. As noted above, he was not able to run for office in 1981, having failed to gather the necessary 500 signatures of elected officials. In the presidential elections of 2002, Le Pen obtained 16.86% of the votes in the first round of voting. This was enough to qualify him for the second round, as a result of the poor showing by the PS candidate and incumbent prime minister Lionel Jospin and the scattering of votes among 15 other candidates. This was a major political event, both nationally and internationally, as it was the first time someone with such far right views had qualified for the second round of the French presidential elections. There was a widespread stirring of national public opinion as virtually the entire French political spectrum from the centre-right to the left united in fierce opposition to Le Pen's ideas. More than one million people in France took part in street rallies; slogans such as "vote for the crook, not the fascist" were heard in opposition to Le Pen. Le Pen was then defeated by a large margin in the second round, when incumbent president Jacques Chirac obtained 82% of the votes, thus securing the biggest majority in the history of the Fifth Republic.
In the 2004 regional elections, Le Pen intended to run for office in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region but was prevented from doing so because he did not meet the conditions for being a voter in that region: he neither lived there nor was registered as a taxpayer there. However, he was planned to be the FN's top candidate in the region for the 2010 regional elections.
Le Pen again ran in the 2007 French presidential election and finished fourth. His 2007 campaign, at the age of 78 years and 9 months, makes him the oldest candidate for presidential office in French history.
Le Pen has been a vocal critic of the European Reform Treaty (formally known as the Treaty of Lisbon) which was signed by EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. In October 2007, Le Pen suggested that he would personally visit Ireland to assist the "No" campaign but finally changed his mind, fearing that his presence would be used against the supporters of the NO vote. Ireland finally refused to ratify the treaty. Ireland is the only EU country which had a citizen referendum. All other EU states, including France, ratified the treaty by parliamentary vote, despite a previous citizen referendum where over 55% of French voters rejected the European Reform Treaty (although that vote was on a different draft of the Treaty in the form of the Constitutional Treaty). After the Irish "No" vote, Le Pen addressed the French President Nicolas Sarkozy in the European Parliament, accusing him of furthering the agenda of a "cabal of international finance and free market fanatics." Ireland has since accepted the treaty in a second Lisbon referendum.
After Le Pen left office in January 2011, his daughter Marine Le Pen was elected by the adherents of the party against Bruno Gollnisch. He became honorary chairman of the party and won his seat again at the European elections in 2014.
On 4 May 2015, Le Pen was suspended from the party after refusing to attend his disciplinary hearing at the party for describing the gas chambers used in concentration camps during the Holocaust as a "detail" of history. A French court decided in June to cancel this suspension; although the members of the party were to hold a vote to accept or reject a whole series of measures aiming at changing the National Front's status, including Le Pen's Honorary Presidency, on 10 July, another French court ruled to suspend the vote two days beforehand and urged the party to organize an in-person Congress as Le Pen sued the National Front again. The party decided to appeal against both of these decisions. The FN then decided, on 29 July, to count the votes on the suppression of Le Pen's Honorary Presidency, which showed that 94% of the members were in favor of this decision. Due to the legal challenges to the FN's removal of Le Pen as its honorary president, he continued to officially hold the position.
In August 2015, Le Pen was expelled from the National Front after a special party congress. He has since founded the Comités Jeanne.
Personal life, wealth and security
Le Pen's marriage to from 29 June 1960 to 18 March 1987 resulted in three daughters; these daughters have given him nine granddaughters. The break-up of the marriage was somewhat dramatic, with his ex-wife posing nude, to ridicule him, in the French edition of Playboy which printed 100,000 more than the normal production of 150,000 nevertheless needed to print a second printing of 150,000, to satisfy demand. Marie-Caroline, one of his daughters, broke with Le Pen, following her husband to join Bruno Mégret, who split from the FN to found the rival Mouvement National Républicain (MNR, National Republican Movement). The youngest of Le Pen's daughters, Marine Le Pen, is leader of the Front National. On 31 May 1991, Jean-Marie Le Pen married Jeanne-Marie Paschos ("Jany"), of Greek descent. Born in 1933, Paschos was previously married to Belgian businessman Jean Garnier.
In 1977, Le Pen inherited a fortune from Hubert Lambert (1934–1976), son of the cement industrialist Leon Lambert (1877–1952), one of three sons of Lambert Cement founder Hilaire Lambert. Hubert Lambert was a political supporter of Le Pen and a monarchist as well. Lambert's will provided 30 million francs (approximately €5 million) to Le Pen, as well as his opulent three-storey 11-room mansion at 8 Parc de Montretout, Saint-Cloud, in the western suburbs of Paris. The home had been built by Napoleon III for his chief of staff Jean-François Mocquard. With his wife, he also owns a two-story townhouse on the Rue Hortense in Rueil-Malmaison and another house in his hometown of La Trinité-sur-Mer.
In the early 1980s, Le Pen's personal security was assured by KO International Company, a subsidiary of VHP Security, a private security firm, and an alleged front organisation for SAC, the Service d'Action Civique (Civic Action Service), a Gaullist organisation. SAC allegedly employed figures with organized crime backgrounds and from the far-right movement.
Electoral record
National Assembly of France
Member of the National Assembly of France for Paris: 1956–1962 / 1986–1988. Elected in 1956, reelected in 1958, 1986.
President of the National Front political grouping: 1986–1988.
Municipal Council
Municipal councillor for the 20th arrondissement of Paris: 1983–1989.
European Parliament
Member of European Parliament: 1984–2003 (Sentenced by the courts in 2003) / Since 2004. Elected in 1984, reelected in 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014.
Regional Council
Regional councillor of Île-de-France : 1986–1992.
Regional councillor of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur: 1992–2000 (sentenced by the courts in 2000) / Since 2010–2015. Reelected in 1998, 2010.
Issues and policy positions
See also National Front for more information of Le Pen's views.
Controversial statements
Le Pen has been accused and convicted several times at home and abroad of xenophobia and anti-Semitism. A Paris court found in February 2005 that his verbal criticisms, such as remarks disparaging Muslims in a 2003 Le Monde interview, were "inciting racial hatred", and he was fined €10,000 and ordered to pay an additional €5,000 in damages to the Ligue des droits de l'homme (League for Human Rights). The conviction and fines were upheld by the Court of Cassation in 2006.
In May 1987, he advocated the forced isolation from society of all people infected with HIV, by placing them in a special "sidatorium". "Sidaïque" is Le Pen's pejorative solecism for "person infected with AIDS" (the more usual French term is "séropositif" (seropositive)) The term "sidatorium" was coined by François Bachelot.
On 21 June 1995, he attacked singer Patrick Bruel, who is of Algerian Jewish descent, on his policy of no longer singing in the city of Toulon because the city had just elected a mayor from the National Front. Le Pen said, "the city of Toulon will then have to get along without the vocalisations of singer Benguigui". Benguigui, an Algerian name, is Bruel's birth name.
In February 1997, Le Pen accused Chirac of being "on the payroll of Jewish organizations, and particularly of the B'nai B'rith"
Le Pen once made the infamous pun "Durafour-crématoire" ("four crématoire" meaning "crematory oven") about then-minister Michel Durafour, who had said in public a few days before, "One must exterminate the National Front".
On many occasions, before and after the FIFA World Cup, he claimed that the French World Cup squad contained too many non-white players, and was not an accurate reflection of French society. He went on to scold players for not singing La Marseillaise, saying they were not "French".
In the 2007 election campaign, he referred to fellow-candidate Nicolas Sarkozy, who is of partial Greek Jewish and Hungarian descent, as "foreign" or "the foreigner."
In a 2014 video on the National Front's website, Le Pen reacted to criticism of him by Jewish singer Patrick Bruel with "next time we'll do a whole oven batch!" Le Pen later claimed the comments made no anti-Semitic connotations "except for my political enemies or imbeciles".
Arguing that his party includes people of various ethnic or religious origins like Jean-Pierre Cohen, Farid Smahi or Huguette Fatna, he has attributed some anti-Semitism in France to the effects of Muslim immigration to Europe and suggested that some part of the Jewish community in France might eventually come to appreciate National Front ideology. Le Pen has been sceptical about the theory of man made global warming and linking climate science and communism.
He also infamously compared gays to soup with salt, saying "it's like salt with soup: if there is not enough, it's too bland, and if it's too much, it's undrinkable" and compared pedophilia with "the exaltation of homosexuality".
Prosecution concerning Holocaust denial
Le Pen has made several provocative statements concerning the Holocaust which have been interpreted by the legal system as constituting Holocaust denial. He has been convicted of racism or inciting racial hatred at least six times. Thus, on 13 September 1987, he said, "I ask myself several questions. I'm not saying the gas chambers didn't exist. I haven't seen them myself. I haven't particularly studied the question. But I believe it's just a detail in the history of World War II." For Le Pen, the French deportation of 76,000 Jews from France to Nazi concentration camps, where they were killed, is a trivial matter, and he denies that 6 million Jews were killed, saying "I don't think there were that many deaths. There weren't 6 million ... There weren't mass murders as it's been said." He was eventually condemned under the Gayssot Act to pay 1.2 million francs (€183,200).
In 1997, the European Parliament, of which Le Pen was then a member, removed his parliamentary immunity so that Le Pen could be tried by a German court in Germany, for comments he made at a December 1996 press conference before the German Republikaner party. Echoing his 1987 remarks in France, Le Pen stated: "If you take a 1,000-page book on World War II, the concentration camps take up only two pages and the gas chambers 10 to 15 lines. This is what one calls a detail." In June 1999, a Munich court found this statement to be "minimizing the Holocaust, which caused the deaths of six million Jews," and convicted and fined Le Pen for his remarks. Le Pen retorted ironically: "I understand now that it's the Second World War which is a detail of the history of the gas chambers."
Other legal problems and allegations
Prosecution for assault: In April 2000, Le Pen was suspended from the European Parliament following prosecution for the physical assault of Socialist candidate Annette Peulvast-Bergeal during the 1997 general election. This ultimately led to him losing his seat in the European parliament in 2003. The Versailles appeals court banned him from seeking office for one year.
Statements about Muslims in France: In 2005 and 2008, Le Pen was fined, in both case €10,000 for "incitement to discrimination, hatred and violence towards a group of people", on account of statements made about Muslims in France. In 2010. The European Court of Human Rights declared Le Pen's application inadmissible.
Allegations of war crimes in Algeria: Le Pen allegedly practiced torture during the Algerian War (1954–1962), when he was a lieutenant in the French Army. He denied it and won some trials. But he lost a trial when he attacked Le Monde newspaper on charges of defamation, following accusations by the newspaper that he had used torture. Le Monde has produced in May 2003 the dagger he allegedly used to commit war crimes as court evidence. Although war crimes committed during the Algerian War are amnestied in France, this was publicised by the newspapers Le Canard Enchaîné, Libération, and Le Monde, and by Michel Rocard (ex-Prime Minister) on TV (TF1 1993). Le Pen sued the papers and Michel Rocard. This affair ended in 2000 when the Cour de cassation (French supreme jurisdiction) concluded that it was legitimate to publish these assertions. In 1995, Le Pen unsuccessfully sued Jean Dufour, regional counselor of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (French Communist Party) for the same reason.
Public image
Public perception
Le Pen is often nicknamed the "Menhir", due to his "granitic nature" as he is perceived as someone who does not give way to pressure or who cannot be easily knocked down. It also connects him to France's Celtic origins. Le Pen is often described as one of the most flamboyant and charismatic orators in Europe, whose speech blends folksy humour, crude attacks and rhetorical finesse.
However, Le Pen remains a polarizing figure in France: opinions regarding him tend to be quite strong. A 2002 IPSOS poll showed that while 22% of the electorate have a good or very good opinion of Le Pen, and 13% an unfavorable opinion, 61% have a very unfavorable opinion.
Le Pen and the National Front are described by much of the media and nearly all commentators as far right. Le Pen himself and the rest of his party disagree with this label; earlier in his political career, Le Pen described his position as "neither right, nor left, but French" (ni droite, ni gauche, français). He later described his position as right-wing and opposed to the "socialo-communists" and other right-wing parties, which he deems are not real right-wing parties. At other times, for example during the 2002 election campaign, he declared himself "socially left-wing, economically right-wing, nationally French" (socialement à gauche, économiquement à droite, nationalement français). He further contends that most of the French political and media class are corrupt and out of touch with the real needs of the common people, and conspire to exclude Le Pen and his party from mainstream politics. Le Pen criticizes the other political parties as the "establishment" and lumped all major parties (Communist, Socialist, Union for French Democracy (UDF) and Rally for the Republic (RPR)) into the "Gang of Four" (la bande des quatre – an allusion to the Gang of Four during China's Cultural Revolution).
Relations with other groups
Some of Le Pen's statements led other right-wing groups, such as the Austrian Freedom Party, and some National Front supporters, to distance themselves from him. Controversial Dutch anti-Islam lawmaker Geert Wilders, who has often been accused of being far-right, has also criticized Le Pen. Bruno Mégret left the National Front to found his own party (the National Republican Movement, MNR), claiming that Le Pen kept the Front away from the possibility of gaining power. Mégret wanted to emulate Gianfranco Fini's success in Italy by making it possible for right-wing parties to ally themselves with the Front, but claimed that Le Pen's attitude and outrageous speech prevented this. Le Pen's daughter Marine leads an internal movement of the Front that wants to "normalize" the National Front, "de-enclave" it, have a "culture of government" etc.; however, relations with Le Pen and other supporters of the hard line are complex. Le Pen's National Front electoral successes along with the party gaining wider public prominence led to suggestions for the renewal of the pan-European alliance of extreme-right parties with Le Pen as its figurehead, a suggestion that eventually did indeed bring about the establishment of the Europe of Nations and Freedom group in the European Parliament, chaired by Le Pen's daughter Marine.
On 22 March 2018, Le Pen joined the Alliance for Peace and Freedom. In October 2021, he endorsed Éric Zemmour for the 2022 French presidential election.
Perception by American commentators
Conservative commentator and author Ann Coulter called him an "anti-American adulterer" but said his anti-immigration, anti-Muslim message "finally hit a nerve with voters" after years of irrelevance. Paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan contends that even though Le Pen "made radical and foolish statements," the EU violated his right to freedom of speech. Buchanan wrote:
As it is often the criminal himself who is first to cry, "Thief!" so it is usually those who scream, "Fascist!" loudest who are the quickest to resort to anti-democratic tactics. Today, the greatest threat to the freedom and independence of the nations of Europe comes not from Le Pen and that 17% of French men and women who voted for him. It comes from an intolerant European Establishment that will accept no rollback of its powers or privileges, nor any reversal of policies it deems "progressive".
Decorations
Officer of the French Foreign Legion
Cross for Military Valour
Croix du combattant
Colonial Medal
Indochina Campaign commemorative medal
North Africa Security and Order Operations Commemorative Medal
Middle-East operations commemorative medal
Electoral history
Presidential
See also
Politics of France
History of far-right movements in France
References
Further reading
Bar-On, Tamir. Rethinking the French New Right: Alternatives to Modernity (Routledge, 2013).
Chombeau, Christiane. Le Pen: fille et père Panama Editions 2007
Fauchoux, Marc and Forcari, Christophe. Le Pen, le derniner combat Jacob-Duvernet Editions. 2007
Hainsworth, Paul. "The extreme right in France: the rise and rise of Jean‐Marie Le Pen's front national." Representation 40.2 (2004): 101–114.
Le Pen, Jean-Marie. Mémoires : fils de la nation Mueller Editions
Marcus, Jonathan. The National Front and French Politics: The Resistible Rise of Jean-Marie Le Pen (NYU Press, 1995).
Mayer, Nonna. "From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: electoral change on the far right." Parliamentary Affairs 66.1 (2013): 160–178.
Shields, James. The extreme right in France: from Pétain to Le Pen (Routledge, 2007).
Singer, Daniel. "The resistible rise of Jean‐Marie Le Pen." Ethnic and Racial Studies 14.3 (1991): 368–381.
Stockemer, Daniel, and Abdelkarim Amengay. "The voters of the FN under Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen: Continuity or change&quest." French Politics 13.4 (2015): 370–390.
Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 271–74.
External links
News articles and videos
Jews for Le Pen from Haaretz
Criticism
Jean-Marie Le Pen: A Right-Wing Extremist and His Party from the Anti-Defamation League
1928 births
Living people
People from La Trinité-sur-Mer
Jean-Marie
Breton people
French Roman Catholics
Politicians from Brittany
Union for the Defense of Tradesmen and Artisans politicians
National Centre of Independents and Peasants politicians
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 8th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Candidates in the 2002 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2007 French presidential election
National Rally (France) MEPs
MEPs for France 1984–1989
MEPs for France 1989–1994
MEPs for France 1994–1999
MEPs for France 1999–2004
MEPs for South-East France 2004–2009
MEPs for South-East France 2009–2014
MEPs for South-East France 2014–2019
Right-wing populism in France
French anti-communists
French nationalists
French traditionalist Catholics
French critics of Islam
Political party founders
People named in the Panama Papers
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
French people of the Algerian War
French military personnel of the Algerian War
French military personnel of the First Indochina War
People convicted of assault
People convicted of Holocaust denial
People convicted of racial hatred offences
French politicians with physical disabilities
French politicians convicted of crimes
French Holocaust deniers
Antisemitism in France
Politicians affected by a party expulsion process
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Norfolk
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Lawrence Norfolk
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Lawrence Norfolk (born 1963) is a British novelist known for historical works with complex plots and intricate detail.
Biography
Though born in London, Norfolk lived in Iraq until 1967 and then in the West Country of England. He read English at King's College London and graduated in 1986. He worked briefly as a teacher and later as a freelance writer for reference-book publishers.
In 1992 he won the Somerset Maugham Award for his first novel, Lemprière's Dictionary, about events surrounding the publication, in 1788, of John Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica on classical mythology and history.
The novel starts out as a detective story and mixes historical elements with steampunk-style fiction.
It imagines the writing of Lemprière's dictionary as tied to the founding of the British East India Company and the Siege of La Rochelle generations before; it also visits the Austro-Turkish War.
Norfolk based his second novel, The Pope's Rhinoceros, on the story of an actual animal; see Dürer's Rhinoceros. Themes in the work include the lost city of Vineta in the Baltic, the sack of Prato, and the Benin bronze-making culture on the river Niger.
The third novel, In the Shape of a Boar, juxtaposes the flight of a Bukovina Jew in World War II with the legend of Atalanta in Calydon.
Literary works
Lemprière's Dictionary (1991)
The Pope's Rhinoceros (1996)
In the Shape of a Boar (2000)
John Saturnall's Feast (2012)
References
1963 births
Living people
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College
Postmodern writers
British male novelists
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers
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52821475
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-space
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D-space
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In mathematics, a topological space is a D-space if for any family of open sets such that for all points , there is a closed discrete subset of the space such that .
History
The notion of D-spaces was introduced by Eric Karel van Douwen and E.A. Michael. It first appeared in a 1979 paper by van Douwen and Washek Frantisek Pfeffer in the Pacific Journal of Mathematics. Whether every Lindelöf and regular topological space is a D-space is known as the D-space problem. This problem is among twenty of the most important problems of set theoretic topology.
Properties
Every Menger space is a D-space
A subspace of a topological linearly ordered space is a D-space iff it is a paracompact space.
References
Properties of topological spaces
Topology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Ai
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Deng Ai
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Deng Ai (197 – March 264), courtesy name Shizai, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Wei conquest of its rival state, Shu, in 263. He was described as a very loyal subject who made great contributions to Wei, but was also noted for his arrogance and audacity, which led to his downfall and death.
Born in a peasant family, Deng Ai started his career as a minor agricultural officer. Sometime between 235 and 239, he met Sima Yi, who recognised his talent and gave him a higher position in the civil service. Around this time, he also wrote a proposal on starting agricultural works in the Huai River region, and received credit for his ideas. Deng Ai gained greater prominence in Wei from 249 onwards after he joined the Wei general Guo Huai in stopping a Shu invasion. He also advised the regent Sima Shi on some issues. In 255, he participated in the suppression of a rebellion started by the generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin, and was promoted to the status of a top general. From 255 to 262, he defended Wei's western borders in present-day Gansu from multiple incursions by the Shu forces led by the general Jiang Wei.
Deng Ai reached the pinnacle of his career in 263, when he led Wei forces to conquer Shu. By leading a strike force through a shortcut across dangerous mountainous terrain, Deng Ai showed up in the vicinity of the Shu capital, Chengdu, and took the enemy by surprise. After a failed attempt by the Shu general Zhuge Zhan to stop Deng Ai at Mianzhu, the Shu emperor Liu Shan voluntarily surrendered to Deng Ai and brought an end to the Shu state. Following his success in the Shu campaign, Deng Ai became arrogant about his achievements and showed disregard for the Wei government's authority. The Wei general Zhong Hui exploited and manipulated Deng Ai's arrogance to great effect. In 264, Deng Ai was arrested by Wei Guan and Zhong Hui, who were acting under order by the Wei regent Sima Zhao. He was placed in a prison cart and escorted to the capital Luoyang, but was killed en route by soldiers sent by Wei Guan. His sons were executed as well. His surviving family members were exiled but allowed to return in 265 after the Jin dynasty was established.
Early life and career
Deng Ai was from Jiyang County (棘陽縣), Yiyang Commandery (義陽郡), which is around present-day Xinye County, Henan. He was born towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty and lost his father at a young age. When the warlord Cao Cao conquered northern Jing Province in 208, Deng Ai moved to Runan Commandery (汝南郡; in present-day southern Henan), where he lived as a farmer and raised cattle. When he was 11 years old, he and his mother passed by Chen Shi's tomb in Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡; around present-day Xuchang, Henan). He read two lines engraved on Chen Shi's tombstone: "his writings became examples of excellent prose; his conduct served as a role model for scholar-officials" (文為世範，行為士則). He was so inspired that he wanted to change his given name to Fan (literally "(role) model") and his courtesy name to Shize (literally "for scholar-officials to emulate"). However, since the names Fan and Shize were already used by members of his extended family, he could not change his names as such because it would violate naming taboo.
Deng Ai later became an academician () under the Commandant of Xiangcheng (襄城; present-day Xiangcheng County, Henan). However, he was not too successful in his career because he stuttered in his speech. He then switched his job to an agricultural officer in charge of grain and fodder. The locals pitied him for his poor family background and often provided him with financial aid. Deng Ai initially did not show any form of gratitude towards them. Whenever he saw mountains and lakes, he started gesturing and pointing out how and where he believed army camps should be laid out, but was scorned by others. Later on, he was promoted to a clerical position which put him in charge of maintaining records of agricultural output.
Deng Ai had an acquaintance, Shi Bao (), who was about the same age as him. They were quite close to Guo Xuanxin (), who served as an Internuncio (). When Ji Ben, an imperial physician, started a rebellion in Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) in 218, Guo Xuanxin was implicated and initially placed under house arrest until an officer came to escort him to the imperial capital for trial. Deng Ai and Shi Bao were among the escorts. While travelling for about ten li, Guo Xuanxin chatted with them along the way and remarked that the two of them would become very capable officials in the future. Deng Ai was later promoted to the rank of an Agricultural Officer of Merit ().
Sometime between 235 and 239, he was sent as a messenger to the capital, Luoyang, where, by chance, he met Sima Yi, who was then serving as the Grand Commandant () under the Wei government. Sima Yi felt that Deng Ai was an extraordinary person so he recruited him and promoted him to the position of a Gentleman of Writing ().
Agricultural and irrigation projects
Around the time, the Wei state was planning to promote agriculture and stockpile food resources in preparation for military campaigns against its rival states, Shu and Wu. Deng Ai was sent to survey the lands from the east of Chen () and Xiang () commanderies (around present-day Zhoukou, Henan) to Shouchun (壽春; around present-day Shou County, Anhui), and assess their suitability for agriculture. He saw that the lands were fertile but lacked moisture, so they were not fully utilised. He suggested to dig irrigation channels to irrigate the land, and open up new canals for transporting goods by water.
Deng Ai wrote a proposal, the Ji He Lun (濟河論; Discussion on the River), to explain his ideas: Sima Yi agreed with Deng Ai's proposal and implemented his ideas.
In 241, the agricultural projects were complete. Whenever there were battles in the southeast between Wei and Wu, the Wei forces could sail down the river towards the Huai River region to counter the enemy. This was because they had plenty of food supplies stockpiled upstream and had the water pathways to their advantage. Deng Ai received credit for his proposal.
Battle of Tao River
Deng Ai later became a military adviser to the Wei general Guo Huai and served as the Administrator of Nan'an Commandery (南安郡; around present-day Longxi and Wushan counties, Gansu). In 249, he followed Guo Huai to resist an invasion led by the Shu general Jiang Wei. After the Shu forces were repelled, Guo Huai advanced west to attack the Qiang tribes. Deng Ai cautioned him: "The enemy did not retreat far. They might turn back to attack us again, so we should split up our forces in case they attack us again."
Guo Huai then ordered Chen Tai, Xu Zhi and Deng Ai to lead Wei forces to attack the fortresses at Qushan and cut off their food and water supplies. Ju An and Li Xin led their men to taunt Deng Ai to attack them, but Deng Ai ignored them. As time passed, the two fortresses gradually ran out of supplies. Jiang Wei led his troops from Mount Niutou (牛頭山; west of present-day Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan) to reinforce the fortresses. They encountered Chen Tai and his troops along the way. Chen Tai said: "The Art of War says that the best way to win a battle is to win without fighting. If we manage to occupy Mount Niutou, Jiang Wei's return route will be sealed off and he can be easily captured by us." He then ordered his troops to build forts to resist Jiang Wei's forces but refrain from engaging the enemy. At the same time, he also wrote to Guo Huai and requested his help in attacking Mount Niutou. Guo Huai did so and led his troops across the Tao River in preparation for attacking Mount Niutou.
Deng Ai remained behind and garrisoned at the north of Baishui County. Three days later, Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to lead a force to approach Deng Ai's camp from the south of Baishui. Deng Ai told his officers: "Jiang Wei has turned back to attack us. We have few troops. Ideally, we should cross the river and not build a bridge. I believe Jiang Wei must have sent Liao Hua to hinder us so that we are forced to remain here, while he would attack Taocheng (洮城) from the east." Taocheng was located north of the river and was about 60 li away from Deng Ai's position. Deng Ai immediately dispatched troops to travel overnight to Taocheng to defend the fortress. As he expected, Jiang Wei crossed the river to attack Taocheng, but failed to capture the fortress because Deng Ai had already strengthened its defences. For his achievements, Deng Ai was enfeoffed as a Secondary Marquis (), awarded the rank of General Who Attacks Rebels (), and subsequently appointed as the Administrator of Chengyang Commandery (城陽郡; around present-day Zhucheng, Shandong).
Military advisor service
Around the time, the Xiongnu prince Liu Bao, who was nominally a vassal under the Wei government, was gradually building up his military forces in Bing Province. Deng Ai wrote a memorial to the Wei imperial court:
Deng Ai also suggested: "We should gradually segregate those Han Chinese living with barbarians, inculcate moral values such as integrity in them, so as to prevent them from resorting to unlawful actions." Sima Shi, the General-in-Chief () who had recently taken over the reins of power as the regent of Wei, accepted Deng Ai's suggestions. He also appointed Deng Ai as the Administrator of Runan Commandery (汝南郡; in present-day southern Henan), where Deng lived in his younger days. Upon arriving in Runan to take office, Deng Ai sought a man who generously helped his father before because he wanted to repay that man for his kindness. However, he was disappointed to learn that the man had already died, so he sent his subordinates to pay respects at the man's tomb on his behalf. He also gave many gifts to the man's mother and recruited the man's son to be an accounting officer under him. During his tenure, Deng Ai developed wastelands in Runan and ensured that his soldiers and the common people had their basic needs fulfilled.
When the Wu regent Zhuge Ke retreated after a failed attempt to capture the Wei-controlled fortress at Hefei, Deng Ai approached the Wei regent Sima Shi and said: As Deng Ai foresaw, Zhuge Ke was ousted from power not long after he returned to Wu and was killed along with his family.
Deng Ai was appointed as the Inspector of Yan Province () and promoted to General Who Inspires Might (). He wrote a memorial to the Wei imperial court:
Suppression of Second Shouchun rebellion
Deng Ai was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Fangcheng Village () after Cao Mao became the new Wei emperor in 254. In the following year, when the Wei generals Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽春; around present-day Shou County, Anhui), they sent messengers to other areas to incite the people to join their rebellion. Deng Ai arrested and executed the messengers, and then led troops to suppress the rebellion. His force occupied Yuejia (樂嘉; present-day Xiangcheng, Henan) and started building pontoon bridges. When the main Wei army led by Sima Shi showed up, Deng Ai rendezvoused with him and they advanced towards Shouchun together. The rebels were subsequently defeated. Deng Ai pursued the fleeing Wen Qin to Qiutou (丘頭; southeast of present-day Shenqiu County, Henan), but Wen Qin still managed to escape and defect to Wei's rival state, Wu.
The Wu general Sun Jun led thousands of troops and crossed the Yangtze to support the rebels. The Wei general Zhuge Dan ordered Deng Ai to resist the enemy at Feiyang (), but Deng saw that if he was stationed in Feiyang he would be in a disadvantageous position, so he relocated his troops to a neighbouring village. He then sent Zhuge Xu to attack the remaining rebels and Wu forces at Lijiang Village (黎漿亭; southeast of present-day Shou County, Anhui), where they defeated the enemy.
In the same year, Deng Ai was promoted to Colonel of Changshui (). Later on, for his contributions in suppressing the rebellion, he was further promoted to acting General Who Stabilises the West () and his marquis rank was increased by one grade to Marquis of Fangcheng District ().
Defending Wei territory
Around 255, the Shu general Jiang Wei led forces to attack Wei and besieged Wang Jing, the Inspector of Yong Province, in Didao (狄道; southwest of present-day Lintao County, Gansu). The Wei imperial court appointed Deng Ai as General Who Stabilises the West () and Colonel Who Protects the Eastern Qiang () to lead troops to lift the siege. By then, Jiang Wei had withdrawn to Zhongti (鍾提; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu), so many of Deng Ai's subordinates thought that Jiang Wei was exhausted and would not attack Didao again. However, Deng Ai held a different opinion and he said: As Deng Ai predicted, Jiang Wei led his forces to attack Mount Qi later but were repelled by the defences set up by Deng. Jiang Wei retreated to Dong Village (董亭; south of present-day Wushan County, Gansu), while Deng Ai stationed his troops at Mount Wucheng (). Jiang Wei tried to seize control of the mountainous terrain from Deng Ai, but was driven back. That night, Jiang Wei attempted to cross the Wei River to attack Shanggui (上邽; present-day Tianshui, Gansu). Deng Ai intercepted Jiang Wei at Duan Valley (段谷; southwest of present-day Tianshui, Gansu) and defeated him.
In 256, the Wei imperial court issued an edict as follows:
In the following year, Jiang Wei advanced to the Mang river in his attempt to attack the position of Deng Ai and Sima Wang. However, both Wei generals refused to engage and held their position.
Deng Ai defeated Jiang Wei in battle again along the Great Wall and forced him to retreat back to Shu. He was further promoted to General Who Attacks the West (), and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased to 6,600.
In 262, he defeated Jiang Wei in battle at Houhe (). Jiang Wei retreated to Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu) and garrisoned there.
Conquest of Shu
In the autumn of 263, the Wei imperial government started mobilising troops in preparation for a campaign against Shu. Sima Zhao, who oversaw the campaign, ordered Deng Ai to lead 30,000 troops to Tazhong (沓中; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu) to harass Jiang Wei and keep him occupied, while Zhuge Xu, the Inspector of Yong Province, would lead forces to block Jiang Wei's retreat route back to Shu. Before Deng Ai embarked on the campaign against Shu, he dreamt of himself sitting on a mountaintop with water flowing near him. He asked an official, Yuan Shao (), who was well-versed in the Yijing, to explain to him what his dream meant. Yuan Shao told him that he would successfully conquer Shu, but would not return to Wei. Deng Ai felt gloomy after hearing this.
Deng Ai sent Wang Qi () to lead troops attack Jiang Wei's camp directly, with Qian Hong leading another force to clear the path, and Yang Xin () to attack the enemy positions at Gansong (甘松; around present-day Songpan County, Sichuan).
When Jiang Wei received news that another Wei army led by Zhong Hui had occupied Hanzhong Commandery, he led his troops from Tazhong back further into Shu territory, but was pursued by Yang Xin to Qiangchuankou (彊川口; the intersection of the Bailong and Jialing rivers), where he was defeated. Jiang Wei learnt that Zhuge Xu had blocked his retreat route at the bridge of Yinping, so he led his men through Konghan Valley (孔函谷; south of present-day Xigu District, Lanzhou, Gansu) to the northern road in an attempt to bypass Zhuge Xu's position. When Zhuge Xu heard about it, he retreated back by 30 li. By then, Jiang Wei and his troops had travelled about 30 li on the northern road when they heard that Zhuge Xu had lifted the blockade at the bridge. Jiang Wei ordered his troops to quickly turn back and cross the bridge. Zhuge Xu tried to turn back to block Jiang Wei again but arrived at the bridge one day too late. After crossing the bridge, Jiang Wei moved to the mountain pass of Jiange and garrisoned there. Zhong Hui attacked Jiang Wei at Jiange several times but was unable to breach the defences.
Capture of the Shu capital
Deng Ai proposed:
Zhong Hui approved Deng Ai's idea and even ordered his subordinate Tian Zhang () to join Deng Ai on the expedition. Some time between 18 November and 17 December 263, Deng Ai led a strike force from Yinping through the shortcut, bypassing the west of Jiange and heading straight towards Jiangyou. The shortcut covered a distance of more than 700 li and cut across mountainous terrain. Deng Ai and his men had to construct several bridges along the way. The mountains were high and the valleys were deep, which made the journey extremely dangerous. After some time, they were completely cut off from their supply train. Deng Ai wrapped himself in a large piece of felt and rolled down the mountain. His men climbed trees and scaled cliffs in single file. Along the way, they encountered three groups of Shu ambushers, defeated them and destroyed their camps. Deng Ai let Tian Zhang lead the vanguard and clear the path. Deng Ai and his vanguard showed up at Jiangyou. Ma Miao (), the Shu-appointed administrator of Jiangyou, gave up resistance and surrendered to Deng Ai.
The Shu general Zhuge Zhan led an army from Fu County to Mianzhu, where they engaged Deng Ai and his troops in battle. Deng Ai ordered his son Deng Zhong () to flank the enemy from the right, and Shi Zuan () to flank the enemy from the left. Both Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan were driven back by Zhuge Zhan, and they told Deng Ai: "The enemy cannot be defeated.". Deng Ai sternly replied: "This battle will determine whether we live or die. What do you mean when you say the enemy cannot be defeated?" He wanted to execute them, but they turned back and hastily readied their troops for battle again. They defeated the Shu forces and killed the enemy officers Zhuge Zhan, Zhuge Shang and Zhang Zun.
Deng Ai and his men then pressed on further to Luo County (雒縣; north of present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). Liu Shan, the Shu emperor, sent an emissary to present his imperial seal to Deng Ai and indicate his wish to surrender.
When Deng Ai arrived in Chengdu, Liu Shan tied himself up and led an entourage of over 60 people to officially surrender. Deng Ai freed Liu Shan from his bonds and treated him kindly. He also forbid his soldiers from plundering and pillaging the city, and ordered that daily activities in the city resume as per normal. Many former Shu officials were so impressed with Deng Ai that they willingly submitted to him; the people of Shu also praised Deng Ai for his kindness. Deng Ai used his acting imperial authority granted by the Wei government to appoint Liu Shan as acting General of Chariots of Cavalry () and grant titles to many former Shu nobles and officials; some of them became his subordinates. Deng Ai also appointed Shi Zuan as the Inspector of Yi Province and put Qian Hong in charge of overseeing the former Shu commanderies. A memorial was constructed at Mianzhu to glorify Deng Ai's victory over Zhuge Zhan, and the fallen Wei soldiers were buried alongside their Shu counterparts.
Deng Ai became arrogant about his achievements in conquering Shu. He once bragged to the former Shu officials: "All of you are lucky to have encountered me, which is why you are where you are today. If you encountered someone like Wu Han, you would have been destroyed." He also said: "Jiang Wei is a short-lived hero. He pales in comparison with me." Some people scorned him for his boastfulness.
On 8 February 264, the Wei imperial court issued an edict praising Deng Ai for his successful conquest of Shu and comparing him to famous generals such as Bai Qi, Han Xin, Wu Han and Zhou Yafu. Deng Ai was promoted to the position of Grand Commandant () in the imperial court and had the number of taxable households in his marquisate increased by 20,000. His two sons were made village marquises () and given 1,000 taxable households each in their marquisates.
Death
Deng Ai wrote to Sima Zhao, suggesting that they let the weary troops rest and recuperate while concurrently making preparations for a future campaign against Wei's other rival state, Wu. He also proposed that Liu Shan be treated generously by making him a prince and showering him with luxuries. The purpose of doing so was to induce and tempt Sun Xiu, the Wu emperor, into voluntarily surrendering to Wei. He wrote:
Sima Zhao sent Wei Guan to reply Deng Ai that his proposal would be submitted to the Wei imperial court for further deliberation before it could be implemented. Deng Ai grew impatient and argued that they would be wasting time if they had to wait for further instructions from the imperial court before taking action. He quoted lines from the Spring and Autumn Annals and The Art of War to hint that he was justified in ignoring standard protocol and acting autocratically as long as what he did was to Wei's benefit. He wrote:
Zhong Hui, Hu Lie (), Shi Zuan () and others accused Deng Ai of showing disrespect for the Wei imperial court's authority, and claimed that he was likely to start a rebellion. The Shiyu mentioned that Zhong Hui was skilled in imitating people's handwriting. After getting his hands on a letter written by Deng Ai to Sima Zhao, he edited it to make it sound arrogant and demanding. At the same time, he also destroyed a letter from Sima Zhao to Deng Ai to increase Sima's suspicions towards Deng.
Sometime in late February 264, the Wei imperial court then issued an edict ordering Deng Ai to be arrested and transported back to the capital, Luoyang. Wei Guan and Zhong Hui went to Deng Ai's camp, where they used Sima Zhao's letter to order Deng Ai's men to put down their weapons. Deng Ai was arrested and placed in a prison cart for his journey to Luoyang. When he was arrested, Deng Ai exclaimed: "I am a loyal subject, yet I meet with such a fate! Whatever that happened to Bai Qi in the past has just happened to me in the present."
After Deng Ai was escorted away, Zhong Hui started a rebellion against Wei in Chengdu on 1 March 264, but the rebellion failed when some Wei officers, who were unwilling to participate, mutinied against Zhong Hui and killed him on 3 March 264. After Zhong Hui's death, Deng Ai's subordinates caught up with the convoy escorting their general, freed him, and brought him back to Chengdu. When Wei Guan heard about it, he ordered Tian Xu to lead troops to attack Deng Ai.
Tian Xu had initially served under Deng Ai during the campaign against Shu. During an earlier battle at Jiangyou, Deng Ai wanted to execute Tian Xu for delaying his advance against the enemy, but spared him eventually. When Wei Guan sent Tian Xu to attack Deng Ai, he told Tian, "You can now take revenge against Deng Ai for how he humiliated you at Jiangyou."
Tian Xu and his soldiers intercepted Deng Ai at the west of Mianzhu and killed him along with his son, Deng Zhong (), and Shi Zuan. After Deng Ai's death, his other son(s) in Luoyang was/were also rounded up and executed, while his surviving family members were exiled to the Western Regions.
When the Wei general Du Yu heard about what Wei Guan told Tian Xu, he remarked that Wei Guan, as a man of high social status, should not behave in such a petty and spiteful manner. When Wei Guan heard about Du Yu's remarks, he immediately went to meet Du Yu to thank him.
Posthumous rehabilitation
In 265, after the Jin dynasty replaced the Wei regime, Sima Yan (Emperor Wu) issued an imperial edict to pardon Deng Ai's descendants and allow them to return from exile. He noted that Deng Ai was fairly punished for his arrogance and audacity, but the "redeeming" factor was that Deng Ai did not resist arrest and willingly resigned to his fate.
When Deng Ai was stationed in Yong and Liang provinces, he strengthened the parapets in the area and had some forts constructed for defensive purposes. During the mid-Taishi era (265–274) in Emperor Wu's reign, the Qiang tribes in Yong Province rebelled against Jin rule and killed the Inspector of Liang Province. The surviving officials and local residents found safety in the forts built by Deng Ai about a decade earlier.
Legacy
Family and descendants
Deng Ai had at least two sons. Two of his sons – one of whom was Deng Zhong () – held village marquis titles and owned marquisates of 1,000 taxable households. Deng Zhong was killed along with his father. Deng Ai's other sons who were in Luoyang were arrested and executed in the aftermath of their father's death. Deng Ai's surviving family members were exiled and allowed to return only in 265 after Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty issued an imperial edict pardoning them.
In 273, Emperor Wu appointed Deng Ai's grandson, Deng Lang (), as a langzhong (). Deng Lang served as the Prefect of Danshui County (丹水縣; around present-day Xichuan County, Henan) and then as the Prefect of Dingling County (定陵縣; around present-day Qingyang County, Anhui). He had at least one son, Deng Tao (). During the Yongjia era (307–313) in the reign of Emperor Huai, Deng Lang was appointed as the Administrator of Xindu Commandery (新都郡; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). However, before he left to assume office, he died in a fire in Xiangyang Commandery along with his mother, wife and children. Only his grandson Deng Xing (), Deng Tao's son, survived the fire.
Deng Qianqiu (), another grandson of Deng Ai, was recruited to serve under Wang Rong, a prominent Jin dynasty official. He died before Deng Lang while his two sons also perished in the Xiangyang fire.
Appraisal
Chen Shou (233–297), who wrote Deng Ai's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on Deng Ai as follows: "Deng Ai was upright and strong. He achieved many successes, but failed to protect himself from hidden pitfalls and dangers, which resulted in his eventual downfall. He could envision what would happen to Zhuge Ke, yet ironically could not foresee his own fate. This was probably what the ancients called 'lack of self-awareness and narrow-mindedness'."
In 267, Duan Zhuo () wrote a memorial to Emperor Wu of the Jin dynasty to speak up for Deng Ai. In the memorial, Duan Zhuo discussed Deng Ai's contributions to Wei and argued that Deng had no intention of rebelling against Wei. He also mentioned that Deng Ai had been deeply misunderstood because of his boorish and uncouth behaviour, which made him likely to offend people easily. Duan Zhuo also compared Deng Ai to Bai Qi and Wu Zixu, two generals in the Spring and Autumn period who made great contributions to their respective states but were forced to commit suicide.
During the mid-Xianning era (275–280) in Emperor Wu's reign, Fan Zhen (), a general who previously served under Deng Ai during the Wei campaign against Shu, had an audience with the emperor. When Emperor Wu asked about Deng Ai, Fan Zhen became very emotional and he recalled that Deng Ai was a very loyal subject to Wei.
In popular culture
Deng Ai is first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. In the game, he is erroneously associated with the Jin dynasty faction; historically, he died one year before the Jin dynasty was established.
See also
Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
Appendix
Notes
References
Citations from the Sanguozhi
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
Other citations
Primary sources
Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
Secondary sources
Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
197 births
264 deaths
Cao Wei generals
Cao Wei politicians
Generals from Henan
Political office-holders in Shandong
Politicians from Nanyang, Henan
Three Kingdoms people killed in battle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Friesen
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Friedrich Friesen
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Karl Friedrich Friesen (25 September 1784 Magdeburg - 16 March 1814 La Lobbe, France) was a German gymnast and soldier, one of the principal promoters of gymnastics in Germany.
Biography
He studied at the Academy of Architecture, Berlin, collaborated on the great atlas of Mexico edited by Humboldt, and from 1810 was an instructor in the Plamann Institute. In 1810-12 he rendered important services to Jahn in the establishment of German gymnastics. Upon the outbreak of the German War of Liberation in 1813, he assisted in organizing the famous volunteer corps of Major von Lützow, whose adjutant he became. After the dispersion of the corps by Napoleon at Rheims, he was captured and shot by the French at La Lobbe, Ardennes on 15 March 1814. In 1843 his body was buried in the military cemetery at Berlin.
Legacy
He has frequently been celebrated by German writers, in particular by E. M. Arndt in Es thront am Elbestrande.
Notes
References
This work in turn cites:
Schiele, Friedrich Friesen Eine Lebensbeschreibung (Berlin, 1875)
1784 births
1814 deaths
German gymnasts
Freikorps personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
19th-century German educators
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20D.%20Wigginton
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Peter D. Wigginton
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Peter Dinwiddie Wigginton (September 6, 1839 – July 7, 1890) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from California during the 1870s.
Biography
Born in Springfield, Illinois, Wigginton moved to Wisconsin with his parents in 1843.
He completed preparatory studies and attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1859 and practiced.
He was editor of the Dodgeville (Wisconsin) Advocate.
He moved to Snelling, California, in 1862, and continued the practice of law.
He served as district attorney of Merced County 1864–1868.
Congress
Wigginton was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress (March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1877).
He successfully contested the election of Romualdo Pacheco to the Forty-fifth Congress (February 7, 1878 – March 4, 1879).
He settled in San Francisco in 1880 and resumed the practice of law. In 1886, Wigginton founded the American Party, a nativist third party. He would go on to be nominated by the party as its candidate for Vice President in the 1888 in place of James R. Geer.
Death
He died in Oakland, California, July 7, 1890.
He was interred in Mountain View Cemetery.
References
External links
1839 births
1890 deaths
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from California
California Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
California Know Nothings
1888 United States vice-presidential candidates
19th-century American politicians
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Bradley%20%28golfer%29
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Pat Bradley (golfer)
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Pat Bradley (born March 24, 1951) is an American professional golfer. She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1974 and won 31 tour events, including six major championships. She is a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame.
Early life and family
Bradley was born on March 24, 1951, in Westford, Massachusetts, she was the only daughter among six children of Richard and Kay Bradley. Her father was an avid golfer, and her brothers include Mark, a PGA club professional in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, whose son Keegan Bradley won the PGA Championship in 2011. The Bradleys were named "Golf Family of the Year" in 1989 by the National Golf Foundation. As a teenager, she was also an accomplished alpine ski racer.
Amateur career
Bradley won the New Hampshire Amateur in 1967 and 1969 and the New England Amateur in 1972 and 1973. As a member of the golf team of Florida International University in Miami, she was named an All-American in 1970. In early 1973, Bradley tied for twelfth as an amateur at the Burdine's Invitational on the LPGA Tour.
Professional career
Bradley joined the LPGA Tour in 1974 and got her first win at the Girl Talk Classic in 1976 (she also finished second six times that year). Her breakout year was 1978, when she won three times. Her most fertile years came in the early to mid-1980s. She led the LPGA in wins in 1983 (4) and 1986 (5). Her first major came at the 1980 Peter Jackson Classic, followed by the U.S. Women's Open in 1981, and the du Maurier Classic in 1985.
In 1986, Bradley won three of the four LPGA majors - the du Maurier Classic, Nabisco Dinah Shore, and LPGA Championship. She finished fifth in the U.S. Women's Open, three strokes back, to narrowly miss the grand slam. Bradley won the money title and Vare Trophy that year, as well. In 1988, she was diagnosed with Graves' disease, and she played 17 tournaments, but made the cut in only eight. But she returned to form in 1989, winning once. Three more wins followed in 1990.
Bradley won four times in 1991 and captured her second money and scoring titles, and also was named LPGA Tour Player of the Year for a second time. She was also inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. A New York Times survey of other LPGA Tour players published July 22, 1992 ranked Bradley as the tour's best long putter and best course manager as well as the best player on tour. The last of her LPGA victories came in 1995.
Sports psychologist Bob Rotella wrote in his 1996 book, Golf Is a Game of Confidence, that Bradley was the most mentally tough athlete he knew. She won a total of 31 tournaments on the LPGA Tour. She was the third woman, behind Mickey Wright and Louise Suggs, to have completed the LPGA "Career Grand Slam". Bradley played on three U.S. Solheim Cup teams (1990, 1992, 1996) and captained the team in 2000. She was inducted into the New Hampshire Golf Hall of Fame in 2018.
Professional wins
LPGA Tour (31)
LPGA Tour playoff record (6–4)
LPGA of Japan Tour (1)
1983 Mazda Japan Classic1
1Co-sanctioned by the LPGA Tour
Legends Tour (1)
2005 BJ's Charity Championship (with Patty Sheehan; tie with Cindy Rarick and Jan Stephenson)
Other (4)
1975 Colgate Far East Ladies Tournament
1978 JCPenney Mixed Team Classic (with Lon Hinkle)
1989 JCPenney Classic (with Bill Glasson)
1992 JCPenney/LPGA Skins Game
Major championships
Wins (6)
1Won in a sudden-death playoff on the first playoff hole with a birdie.
Results timeline
^ The Women's British Open replaced the du Maurier Classic as an LPGA major in 2001.
CUT = missed the half-way cut.
DQ = disqualified
"T" = tied
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 38 (1974 LPGA – 1987 LPGA)
Longest streak of top-10s – 11 (1989 Kraft Nabisco – 1991 U.S. Open)
Team appearances
Professional
Solheim Cup (representing the United States): 1990 (winners), 1992, 1996 (winners), 2000 (non-playing captain)
Handa Cup (representing the United States): 2006 (winners), 2007 (winners), 2008 (winners), 2009 (winners), 2010 (winners), 2011 (winners), 2012 (tie, Cup retained), 2013, 2014 (winners), 2015 (winners)
Solheim Cup record
See also
List of golfers with most LPGA Tour wins
List of golfers with most LPGA major championship wins
Women's career grand slam
References
External links
LPGA Hall of Fame
American female golfers
FIU Panthers women's golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Winners of LPGA major golf championships
World Golf Hall of Fame inductees
Solheim Cup competitors for the United States
Golfers from Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Barnstable County, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
People from Westford, Massachusetts
People from Hyannis, Massachusetts
1951 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20Kelly%20%28rugby%20league%29
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Ray Kelly (rugby league)
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Ray Kelly was an Australian rugby league footballer who played as a in the 1950s. He played for Newtown in the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) competition. He was the brother of Harold Kelly who also played for Newtown in the 1950s.
Early life
Kelly was born in Gunnedah, New South Wales but grew up in Erskineville, New South Wales before being graded by Newtown.
Playing career
Kelly made his first grade debut for Newtown in 1953. In 1954, Kelly was part of the Newtown side which claimed the minor premiership with the likes of Brian Clay, Kevin Considine and Ray Preston playing for the club at the time.
Kelly played at five-eighth in the 1954 NSWRL grand final against South Sydney which Newtown lost 23-15. The following year, Newtown again claimed the minor premiership and reached the 1955 NSWRL grand final against Souths. Newtown went into the game as favorites as South Sydney were without a few of their star players including future immortal Clive Churchill.
Kelly played at five-eighth in the game which Newtown led at halftime 8-4 before Souths came back to win a thrilling contest 12-11. This would be Newtown's last grand final appearance for another 26 years.
Kelly played one further season for Newtown before retiring at the end of 1956.
References
Newtown Jets players
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Place of death missing
Rugby league five-eighths
Australian rugby league players
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66629805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%20T20%20Blast
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2021 T20 Blast
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The 2021 Vitality Blast was the 2021 season of the T20 Blast, a professional Twenty20 cricket league played in England and Wales. It was the fourth season in which the domestic T20 competition, run by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), that was branded as the Vitality Blast due to the tournament's sponsorship deal. The Notts Outlaws were the defending champions.
In June 2021, Samit Patel, playing for the Notts Outlaws, became the first English player to do the double in T20 cricket of taking 250 wickets and scoring 5,000 runs.
In July 2021, Derbyshire's match against Essex in the 2021 County Championship was abandoned before the start of day two due to a positive COVID-19 case in the squad. As a result, Derbyshire's final two T20 Blast group-stage games, against the Northants Steelbacks and the Yorkshire Vikings, were also cancelled. Therefore, the North Group qualifications were decided based on an average points per completed match basis.
Following matches completed on 9 July 2021, the Notts Outlaws were the first team to qualify from the North Group for the quarter-finals. On the same day, they were joined by the Kent Spitfires from the South Group. After the matches completed on 16 July 2021, the Yorkshire Vikings from the North Group had qualified, along with Somerset from the South Group. On 17 July 2021, Lancashire Lightning won the Roses Match against the Yorkshire Vikings to qualify from the North Group. On the final day of group stage matches, the Birmingham Bears from the North Group, and the Sussex Sharks and the Hampshire Hawks from the South Group had all qualified for the quarter-finals.
In the first quarter-final match, the Sussex Sharks beat the Yorkshire Vikings to become the first team to reach Finals Day. The Hampshire Hawks reached the Finals Day, after they knocked out defending champions the Notts Outlaws in the second quarter-final match. Somerset became the third team to reach Finals Day, after they defeated the Lancashire Lightning in their quarter-final match. In the last quarter-final match, the Kent Spitfires beat the Birmingham Bears to progress to the Finals Day. It was the first time in the tournament's history that all the teams taking part in Finals Day had come from the South Group.
On Finals Day, Somerset beat Hampshire Hawks by two wickets in the first semi-final to advance into the final. In the second semi-final, Kent Spitfires beat the Sussex Sharks by 21 runs to advance. It was the first time that Kent had reached the domestic T20 final since the 2008 tournament. In the final, the Kent Spitfires beat Somerset by 25 runs to win the tournament and their second domestic T20 title.
Format
Each county played seven matches at home, and seven matches away, with the top four counties in each group progressing to the Quarter-finals. The top two ranked counties from each group will host the Quarter-finals, to play against the lower-seeded team in other group.
Teams
The teams were placed into the following groups:
North Group: Birmingham Bears, Derbyshire Falcons, Durham, Lancashire Lightning, Leicestershire Foxes, Northants Steelbacks, Notts Outlaws, Worcestershire Rapids, Yorkshire Vikings
South Group: Essex Eagles, Glamorgan, Gloucestershire, Hampshire Hawks, Kent Spitfires, Middlesex, Somerset, Surrey, Sussex Sharks
North Group
Source:
South Group
Source:
North Group
Source:
June
July
South Group
Source:
June
July
Standings
North Group
advances to Quarter-Finals
South Group
advances to Quarter-Finals
Knock-out stage
Quarter-finals
Finals Day
Semi-finals
Final
Notes
References
External links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
2021 in English cricket
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cool%20Stuff%20Collective
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The Cool Stuff Collective
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The Cool Stuff Collective is a British children's television programme, which was produced for three series that aired on the ITV Network and CITV respectively from 13 September 2010 to 24 December 2011. The show featured reviews of the latest and forthcoming video games, gadgets, films and music. CITV also broadcast a similar format programme called "Play The Game" in 2004. Sy Thomas presented the programme for the majority of its run, with Vicky Letch and The Blowfish later taking over for the final series.
Presenters
Sy Thomas (2010–11)
Vicky Letch (2011)
Tom "The Blowfish" Hird (2011)
Controversy
In 2011, the programme was found to have breached Ofcom's rules on product placement. Ofcom stated that many of the items featured on the show ended with "overt encouragements" to consider purchase of the product.
Series Guide
References
2010 British television series debuts
ITV children's television shows
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Technology in society
2011 British television series endings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuri%20Castle
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Shuri Castle
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was a Ryukyuan gusuku castle in Shuri, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Between 1429 and 1879, it was the palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom, before becoming largely neglected. In 1945, during the Battle of Okinawa, it was almost completely destroyed. After the war, the castle was re-purposed as a university campus. Beginning in 1992, the central citadel and walls were largely reconstructed on the original site based on historical records, photographs, and memory. In 2000, Shuri Castle was designated as a World Heritage Site, as a part of the Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu. On the morning of 31 October 2019, the main courtyard structures of the castle were again destroyed in a fire.
History
The date of construction is uncertain, but it was clearly in use as a castle during the Sanzan period (1322–1429). It is thought that it was probably built during the Gusuku period, like many other castles of Okinawa. When King Shō Hashi unified the three principalities of Okinawa and established the Ryukyu Kingdom, he used Shuri as a residence. At the same time, Shuri flourished as the capital and continued to do so during the Second Shō Dynasty.
For 450 years from 1429, it was the royal court and administrative center of the Ryukyu Kingdom. It was the focal point of foreign trade, as well as the political, economic, and cultural heart of the Ryukyu Islands. According to records, the castle burned down several times, and rebuilt each time. During the reign of Shō Nei, samurai forces from the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma seized Shuri on 6 May 1609. The Japanese withdrew soon afterwards, returning Shō Nei to his throne two years later, and the castle and city to the Ryukyuans, though the kingdom was now a vassal state under Satsuma's suzerainty and would remain so for roughly 250 years.
Decline
In the 1850s, Commodore Perry, twice forced his way into Shuri Castle, but was denied an audience with the king both times. In 1879, the kingdom was annexed by the Empire of Japan and the last king, Shō Tai, was compelled to move to Tokyo, and in 1884, he was “elevated” to the rank of marquess in the Japanese aristocracy. Subsequently, the castle was used as a barracks by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Japanese garrison withdrew in 1896, but not before having created a series of tunnels and caverns below it.
In 1908, Shuri City bought the castle from the Japanese government, however it did not have funding to renovate it. In 1923, thanks to Japanese architect Ito Chuta, Seiden survived demolition after being re-designated a prefectural Shinto shrine known as Okinawa Shrine. In 1925, it was designated as a national treasure. Despite its decline, historian George H. Kerr described the castle as "one of the most magnificent castle sites to be found anywhere in the world, for it commands the countryside below for miles around and looks toward distant sea horizons on every side."
World War II
During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army had set up its headquarters in the castle underground, and by early 1945 had established complex lines of defense and communications in the regions around Shuri, and across the southern part of the island as a whole. The Japanese defenses, centered on Shuri Castle, held off the massive American assault from 1 April through the month of May 1945. Beginning on 25 May, and as the final part of the Okinawa campaign, the American battleship Mississippi shelled it for three days and by 27 May it was ablaze. But the Japanese had conducted a skillful retreat days before, abandoning Shuri, and forcing the Americans to start a new battle again in the south. US Marine and Army units secured the castle against little resistance. On 29 May, Maj. Gen. Pedro del Valle—commanding the 1st Marine Division—ordered Captain Julian D Dusenbury of Company A, 1st Battalion, 5th Marines to capture the castle, which represented both strategic and psychological blows for the Japanese and was a milestone in the campaign.
Post-war
After the war, the University of the Ryukyus was established in 1950 on the castle site, where it remained until 1975. In 1958, Shureimon was reconstructed and, starting from 1992, the 20th anniversary of reversion, the main buildings and surrounding walls of the central castle were reconstructed. At present, the entire area around the castle has been established as "Shuri Castle Park". In 2000, along with other gusuku and related sites, it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. However, only remnants such as stone walls and building foundations extant before 1950 are officially designated as World Heritage. In addition, 2000 saw the Shureimon gate at Shuri Castle featured on the new 2000 yen note, which entered circulation to commemorate the new millennium and the 26th G8 summit, which was held in Okinawa.
2019 fire
In the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out and burned down the Seiden, the main hall, and also the Hokuden and Nanden, adjacent buildings to the north and south. A security alarm went off around 2:30 a.m., and a call to emergency services was placed around 10 minutes later. The Seiden, Hokuden, Nanden and Bandokoro were completely destroyed. According to domestic news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some in total were gutted." The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m.
Okinawa Police later told domestic broadcaster NHK that a security guard who checked on the alarm found that the main entrance doors to the Seiden were closed. When the guard unlocked the shutter and went inside, the interior was already filled with smoke. After police initially ruled out arson, authorities said that the fire was likely caused by an electrical fault after a burned electrical distribution board was found in the northeast side of where the Seiden had stood. Police investigations later revealed that the lighting panel had no signs of short circuiting, though a surveillance camera did capture flashing light in the Seiden main hall shortly before and after the fire.
The fire was the fifth time that Shuri Castle has been destroyed following previous incidents in 1453, 1660, 1709 and 1945. Okinawa Governor Denny Tamaki said after the fire that Shuri Castle is "a symbol of the Ryukyu Kingdom, an expression of its history and culture", and has vowed to rebuild it. Japan's Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said that Shuri Castle is "an extremely important symbol of Okinawa". The Japanese Government is considering supplemental appropriations to support restoration work. UNESCO also said it would be ready to assist with Shuri Castle's reconstruction. A crowdfunding campaign set up by Naha City officials for the rebuilding of Shuri Castle had received over $3.2 million in donations as of 6 November 2019.
As of 10 February 2020, rebuilding efforts to restore the destroyed sections of Shuri Castle were underway. In May of 2021, a scale replica of the castle measuring one twenty fifth of the size of the actual structure was recreated at the Tobu World Square theme park in Kinugawa Onsen.
Construction
Unlike Japanese castles, Shuri Castle was greatly influenced by Chinese architecture, with functional and decorative elements similar to that seen primarily in the Forbidden City. The gates and various buildings were painted in red with lacquer, walls and eaves colorfully decorated, and roof tiles made of Goryeo and later red Ryukyuan tiles, and the decoration of each part heavily using the king's dragon. Given that the Nanden and Bandokoro were both used for reception and entertainment of the Satsuma clan, a Japanese style design was used here only.
Ryukyuan elements also dominate. Like other gusuku, the castle was built using Ryukyuan limestone, being surrounded by an outer shell which was built during the Second Shō Dynasty from the second half of the 15th century to the first half of the 16th century. Similarly, Okushoin-en is the only surviving garden in a gusuku in the Ryukyu Islands, which made use of the limestone bedrock and arranged using local cycads.
The current renovation is designed with a focus on the castle's role as a cultural or administrative/political center, rather than one for military purposes. The buildings that had been restored as original wooden buildings (and subsequently destroyed in the 2019 fire) were only in the main citadel. The Seiden was rebuilt using wood from Taiwan and elsewhere after rituals blessing the removal of large trees from mountains in the Yanbaru region of Okinawa took place. Other buildings, such as the Nanden or Hokuden were only restored as facades, with interiors made using modern materials such as steel and concrete. Old walls remain in part, and were excavated and incorporated during the construction of the new castle wall, forming the only surviving external remains of the original castle.
Sites of interest
Due to its central role in Ryukyuan political and religious life, Shuri is composed of and surrounded by various sites of historical interest. The castle complex itself can be divided into three main zones, namely a central administrative area (including the Seidan and Ura), an eastern living and ceremonial space (behind the Seidan) called the Ouchibara (literally "inside field"), and a southwestern ceremonial area including the Kyo-no-uchi (literally "inside capital").
Buildings
All of the buildings located at Shurijo are modern reconstructions, the originals being lost in 1945.
– located south of the Una, and paired with the Nanden, originally the main reception area, currently housing a museum. The two were built between 1621 and 1627.
– the "North Hall", located north of the Una, originally an judicial and administrative center where Sapposhi (Chinese envoys) were also received, currently housing a museum and gift-shop. Originally called the Nishi-no-udun or Giseiden, it was built around 1506–1521.
– located east of the Shicha-nu-una, originally the government office responsible for the genealogy of noble families, currently housing a tearoom and stage for Ryukyuan dance shows.
– a work area for high-officials (such as the Kinju-gashira, Kinju-yaku, and Hisa), currently a passageway between the Nanden and Seiden.
– private area for the king, his wife, and mother, south of the Seiden. Originally dated to at least 1671, and rebuilt by 1715, it connected the Nanden to Oku-shoin. Inner rooms included the Suzuhiki and Ochane-zume.
– the "South Hall", formerly an entertainment area for Satsuma envoys, currently an exhibition space.
– a sitting room for the king linked to the Seidan. Built in 1765, it was later extended south in 1874.
– unknown function. Located north of the Kushino-una.
– rest house for the king, south of the Seiden, originally dated to at least 1715.
– anteroom located south of the Nanden for royal princes, and guest/official reception area.
– the "Main Hall", also called the State Palace, was situated to the east of the Una, but facing west towards China, and contains the throne room and royal living and ceremonial areas. The western facade includes two 4.1 meter high Dai-Ryu Chu (Great Dragon Pillars), crafted of sandstone from Yonaguni Island, and symbols of the king. The left dragon is called Ungyou, and the right is Agyou, and these motifs are replicated throughout the building including the roof. Other decorative elements include botan (peony flowers), shishi (golden dragons), and zuiun (clouds). The Shichagui (first floor) was where the king personally conducted affairs of state and ceremonies. The Usasuka was the lower area in front of where the king sat, with the Hira-usasuka (side-areas) flanking either side. The second floor included the Ufugui, the area for the queen and her attendants, and the Usasuku, the upper main throne room of the king. Behind it are the Osenmikocha, chambers where the king would pray daily. According to historical records, the Seiden was burned down and rebuilt four times (most recently in 1992), and was also used as the prayer hall for a Shinto shrine between 1923-1945.
– study and office of the king, south of the Nanden, where Chinese/Satsuma officials were entertained when visiting.
– cultural/exhibition center, gift shop, and restaurant area.
– unknown function, but now housing the Bridge of Nations Bell replica.
– immediately east of the Seiden, it was the regular sleeping area for unmarried princesses, and the location of the ascension ceremony.
– paired building with the Keizuza, which dealt with the goods and materials used inside the castle.
– royal food preparation area, connected to the Kugani-udun, dated to at least 1715. Attendants included the Hocho (chef) and Agama (female servants).
Courtyard (~una)
– the living area immediately behind the Seiden, surrounded by the Nyokan-kyoshitsu and Yuinchi.
– the lower area between the Houshinmon and Koufukumon.
- the central and primary reception and ceremonial area of the castle in front of the Seiden.
Gates (~mon)
– a gate leading south of the Kushino-una, leading to the Ouchibara. Called Akata-ujo prior to the construction of Keiseimon.
– the first ceremonial gate to Shurijo, built around 1427 by King Shō Hashi, it was demolished in 1907.
– the easternmost gate leading to the Shinbyoden.
– also known as Kimihokori-ujo, it is the main citadel entrance to the Una, currently the ticket check gate. Although the period of construction is unknown, the stone balustrades were completed in 1562.
– built around 1477–1500 during the reign of King Shō Shin, the gate was burned down during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945 and restored in 1974. It is the first main gate to the castle. Kankai (歓会), which means "welcome", the gate was named to express welcome to the investiture envoys who visited Shuri as representatives of the Chinese Emperor.
– a southwest gate south of Bifukumon, also called Akata-ujo. Normally a side-gate, it was used by the Crown Prince when officially ascending the throne. The door was restored in 1998.
– a trade gate usually blocked with stones, but opened for movement of building and wall repair materials.
– the entrance into the Shicha-nu-una, currently the ticket purchase gate. Historically, the eastern wing of the building housed Okumiza, the deputy's office to intervene in disputes between noble families. The west wing housed the Jishaza, the magistrate responsible for supervising the places of worship.
– the northern gate mostly used by women, also known as Hokoriujo hokori, meaning "Pleasant Pride". It was built during the reign of King Shō Shin.
– a gate housing a roukoku (water clock) in the turret, also called Kagoise-ujo. Visitors would dismount their horses or palanquins here.
– the citadel gate north of the Seiden, also called Onaka-ujo, leading to the Ouchibara.
– the second ceremonial gate built between 1527 and 1555, and now the main gate to the complex.
– leads directly to Kyukeimon. It was used as a service entrance to the Ouchibara.
– literally "splendid and auspicious spring gate", located near Ryuhi and probably built around 1470.
Shrines (~utaki) and temples (~ji)
– a shrine built to house Housatsuzou-kyou (Buddhist scriptures) gifted by Sejo, the 7th Joseon king of Korea.
– a Buddhist temple for the royal family in the lower precincts north of the citadel, constructed in 1492.
– a small private shrine near the Okushoin.
– a large open ritual area where prayers by the Kikoe-ōgimi (chifi-ufujin) (high-priestess) were made.
– a sacred stone "gate" to the left of Shureimon was erected in 1519, where the king offered prayers for order throughout the kingdom and safety at the outset of his travels.
– a walled worship space, supposedly "created by the gods", inside the Shicha-nu-una. It is the theme of many of the songs and prayers recorded in Omoro Sōshi (Okinawan: umuru sooshi), Ryukyu's oldest music collection.
Other features
– the eastern lookout point of the innermost wall.
– a moat created around Benzaitendo.
– a stone bridge behind Enkaku-ji.
– a modern lookout tower overlooking Naha.
– a sundial in front of Roukokumon and next to the Tomoya, which kept time in Shuri from around 1739 until 1879.
– a private garden behind the Okushoin.
– the residential area of the citadel to the east of the Seiden, forbidden to men except those of the royal family.
– a natural spring in front of Zuisenmon, with a dragon headed spout.
– a man-made pond, built in 1427 and located north of Shureimon.
– built in 1799, the royal gardens and villa are a rare, historically valuable example of Ryukyuan landscape gardening.
– the easternmost area of the inner citadel where the body of a king was temporarily held.
– the restored royal tombs of the Second Shō Dynasty, located adjacent to Shurijo, where 17 kings, along with their queens and royal children, are entombed.
Ceremonies
Religious
Shurijo operated not only as a base of political and military control, it was also regarded as a central religious sanctuary of the Ryukyuan people. Formerly there were 10 utaki (shrines) within the castle and the large area on the south-western side of the citadel was occupied by a sanctuary called Kyo-no-uchi. This was a place where natural elements, such as trees and natural limestone rocks were utilized. Although Noro (priestesses) carried out a number of nature rituals (as also sometimes occurs in Shinto), the contents of the rituals and the layout of the inner part of the sacred areas remain unclear. After the war, limited religious observance continued on the site, mostly with the placement of incense sticks on places formerly considered sacred. However, restoration of the castle stopped general access to these sites, and for this reason, "Shuri Castle was resurrected, but it was destroyed as a place of worship".
Investiture
Contacts between the Ryukyu Islands and China began in 1372 and lasted five centuries until the establishment of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. When a new king commenced, the Emperor of China sent officials to attend the investiture ceremony at the castle. Through this ceremony, the kingdom reiterated its ties with China, both politically, commercially, and culturally. This custom also granted the new monarch official international recognition within east Asia.
The Chinese delegation included about 500 people, including a Sapposhi (ambassador) and a representative, both appointed by senior officials of the emperor. The envoys departed from Beijing and proceeded by land to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, where they sailed to the Ryukyu Islands, sometimes via Kumejima, on Ukanshin ("Crown Ships").
Among the first tasks of the Chinese delegation was a Yusa (religious ceremony) in memory of the late king. Words of condolence from the emperor were spoken in Sōgen-ji in Naha, and (after 1799) envoys were then received in Shikina-en. Then the investiture ceremony took place in the Una, where two platforms were erected between the Nanden and Seiden, called Kettei, reserved for the envoys, and Sendokudai. The imperial official recited the formula for the appointment of the new king and bowed deeply.
Later, inside the castle, there was a "Feast of Investiture," followed by a "Mid-autumn Banquet", accompanied by songs and dances. This banquet was held on a temporary platform opposite the Hokuden, a platform on which the Imperial envoys stood. On the shore of Ryutan and in the castle, the "Choyo Banquet", during which a boat race and musical performances took place, was also held in the presence of the delegation. Two successive farewell banquets were then held opposite Hokuden, and finally a banquet at Tenshikan, where the king gave the Chinese delegation gold presents as an august sign for their return.
In popular culture
In the 2002 computer game, Deadly Dozen: Pacific Theater, the last mission takes place while assaulting Shurijo. In the 2008 video game, Call of Duty: World at War, the last American mission ("Breaking Point") also takes place in the castle, where US Marines make their final push to take Okinawa. In the game, main characters in the plot die alongside several US forces as the player proceeds upwards under mortar and small arms fire to Ura, the courtyard of the ruined castle, which was targeted by US airstrikes to soften Japanese forces entrenched there. Also the Call of Duty World at War multiplayer map ("Courtyard") takes place at Shuri Castle.
Gallery
See also
List of Important Cultural Properties of Japan (Okinawa: structures)
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Okinawa)
Conservation Techniques for Cultural Properties
List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments
Tourism in Japan
References
Further reading
Oleg Benesch, Ran Zwigenberg, Shuri Castle and Japanese Castles: A Controversial Heritage, The Asia-Pacific Journal. Japan Focus 17, 24, 3 (Decembre 2019, 15)
External links
Shuri Castle Park
首里城公園 空からみた首里城 (Shuri Castle Park as seen from the sky) YouTube
Okinawa Prefectural Government | Shurijo
Prefecture of Okinawa | Shuri-jo
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan,Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Japanese
Residential buildings completed in 1992
Buildings and structures in Japan destroyed during World War II
Castles in Okinawa Prefecture
Historic Sites of Japan
Naha
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Building collapses in 2019
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54233209
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marciel
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Marciel
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Marciel is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Marciel Rodger Back (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Marciel Silva da Silva (born 1995), Brazilian footballer
Scot Marciel (born 1958), American diplomat
See also
Marcel (given name)
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65566678
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Sports%20Award%20recipients%20in%20boxing
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List of National Sports Award recipients in boxing
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The National Sports Awards is the collective name given to the six sports awards of Republic of India. It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports. They are presented by the President of India in the same ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan usually on 29th August each year along with the national adventure award. , a total of sixty-eight individuals have been awarded the various National Sports Awards in boxing. The four awards presented in boxing are Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna Award, Dhyan Chand Award and Dronacharya Award.
First presented in the year 1961, a total of forty-five individuals have been honoured with the Arjuna Award in boxing for their "good performance at the international level" over the period of last four years. First presented in the year 1985, a total of eighteen coaches have been honoured with the Dronacharya Award in boxing for their "outstanding work on a consistent basis and enabling sportspersons to excel in international events" over the period of last four years, with four coaches being awarded in the lifetime contribution category. First presented in the year 2009, a total of two sportspersons have been honoured with the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, the highest sporting honour of India, in boxing for their "most outstanding performance at the international level" over the period of last four years. First presented in the year 2002, a total of three retired sportspersons have been honoured with the Dhyan Chand Award, the lifetime achievement sporting honour of India, in boxing for their "good performance at the international level and their continued contributions to the promotion of sports even after their career as a sportsperson is over." One awardee Hawa Singh was honoured Dronacharya Award posthumously in the year 1999.
Recipients
Reference
External links
Official Website
Indian sports trophies and awards
Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
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65579395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanchoe%20mortagei
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Kalanchoe mortagei
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Kalanchoe mortagei is a species of Kalanchoe (section Bryophyllum) native to northern Madagascar. It is very similar to K. suarezensis, and both of them used to be mistakenly treated as varieties of a totally different species K. poincarei. K. mortagei differs by having auriculate to peltate leaves, while the leaf base of K. suarezensis is attenuate to truncate.
References
mortagei
mortagei
Flora of Madagascar
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15452999
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routier%2C%20Aude
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Routier, Aude
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Routier (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.
Population
Notable people
Lazare Escarguel (1816-1893), politician and newspaper editor born and died in Routier.
See also
Communes of the Aude department
References
Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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61311815
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Garraway
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Edward Garraway
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Sir Edward Charles Frederick Garraway, KCMG (10 March 1865 – 27 June 1932) was an Irish-born doctor and British colonial administrator who served as British Resident Commissioner in Bechuanaland and Basutoland.
Life and career
Garraway was the eldest son of Colonel Charles Sutton Garraway, of Rockshire, Waterford. He was educated at Waterford Diocesan School and at the medical school of Trinity College, Dublin. He then qualified as a licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, before being appointed assistant district surgeon at Millwood, Cape Colony, in 1888. He was appointed district surgeon at Kuruman, British Bechuanaland in 1891, and in 1892 he became surgeon to the Bechuanaland Border Police, with whom he participated in the First Matabele War in 1893. In 1895 he volunteered for the ill-fated Jameson Raid, and was taken prisoner, keeping a journal during his captivity. In 1901 he was transferred to the South African Constabulary as Divisional Medical Officer, with the rank of major, and in 1905 was promoted Principal Medical Officer.
In 1908 Garraway was appointed Military Secretary to Lord Selborne, High Commissioner for Southern Africa, though he never served in the regular army. He became a close friend of Lord Selborne, who appreciated his wit and his "Irishness". Garraway continued as Military Secretary when Lord Gladstone was appointed Governor-General of South Africa in 1910. He was especially adept at organising 'big hunts' for his superiors. In 1914 he was appointed special commissioner on the Southern Rhodesian Native Reserves Commission, representing the British government.
In 1916 he was appointed by Lord Buxton to be Resident Commissioner in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and in 1917 he was appointed Resident Commissioner in Basutoland, additionally serving as Lieutenant-Colonel commanding Basutoland Mounted Police. He retired in 1926 and returned to Rockshire, where he died in 1932. A popular man, Garraway's obituary described him as "a charming, witty Irishman, who in all his travels never lost his delightful brogue".
Garraway received the British South Africa Company Medal (Matabeleland 1893 and Rhodesia 1896 clasp), the Queen's South Africa Medal with four clasps, and the King's South Africa Medal with two clasps. He was appointed a CMG in 1911 and advanced to KCMG in 1922.
Family
Garraway married Winifred Mary Harvey, eldest daughter of J. H. Harvey, JP, of Blackbrook Grove, Fareham, Hampshire, in 1905; they had two daughters.
References
External links
1865 births
1932 deaths
People from County Waterford
Irish colonial officials
19th-century Irish medical doctors
20th-century Irish medical doctors
Alumni of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Governors of Bechuanaland Protectorate
Resident Commissioners in Basutoland
British colonial governors and administrators in Africa
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
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1131875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Hill
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French Hill
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French Hill (, HaGiv'a HaTzarfatit, , at-tel al-faransiya), also Giv'at Shapira () is a neighborhood and Israeli settlement in northern East Jerusalem. It is located on territory that has been occupied since the Six-Day War in 1967 and later unilaterally annexed by Israel under the Jerusalem Law, in a move internationally condemned as illegal under international law, in 1980. The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem, such as French Hill, illegal under international law, which the Israeli government disputes.
Etymology
The source of the name French Hill is the fact that the land belonged to the Catholic Monastery of St Anne, whose monks hailed mainly from France. In 1926 the Monastery donated a plot of land to built a reservoir to store water that was pumped from Ein Farah, to supply the city of Jerusalem. An opening ceremony was held on 15 July 1926 and the location was reported in the newspapers as "the French Hill" (at the time in Hebrew in plural - Giv'at Ha'Zorfatim).
According to local legend, it was named after a British general, John French, 1st Earl of Ypres who is said to have had his headquarters on this hill. According to this legend there was a mistake with the translation to Hebrew that named the place after the country France (in Hebrew: Tzarfat). However, French never served in this region. Had the neighborhood been named for General French, the correct name in Hebrew would have been Giv'at French.
History
Under Jordanian rule, the area () was a military outpost. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, a small number of Palestinians from Lifta moved to the area prior to 1967.
According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from the following Palestinian neighbourhoods/villages in order to construct French Hill in 1968:
394 dunams from Isawiya,
394 dunams from Shuafat.
In 1969, construction began on a new residential neighborhood to create a land link between West Jerusalem and the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, which had been an Israeli enclave in Jordanian territory before the war. The official name of the new neighborhood was Giv'at Shapira. Another section of French Hill, Tzameret HaBira, was populated mainly by American immigrants.
Demographics
In 2002-2003, French Hill had a population of 6,631. Giv'at Shapira had a population density of 10.9 persons per dunam (10,900 people/km²), while Tzameret HaBira was less crowded, with 4.7 persons per dunam (4,700 people/km²). The population is mostly Jewish, including a large number of immigrants from South America and the former Soviet Union.
In recent years, an increasing number of Arabs have been buying apartments in the neighborhood. The neighborhood has also seen a large influx of Orthodox Jews in recent years. The ethnic mix is much more diverse than in most other Jewish areas in the city, partly due to the proximity of the Hebrew University and Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus.
Schools and religious institutions
French Hill has 9 synagogues. One of them, Kehillat Ramot Zion (), is a Masorti congregation, which are uncommon in Israel. The first elementary school in Israel run by the movement, the Frankel School, was established in Givat Shapira (French Hill).
Arab-Israeli conflict
The French Hill intersection which connects northern Jerusalem to Maale Adumim and the Dead Sea has been the site of eleven Palestinian terror attacks.
According to an article by the US News and World Report, "the busy thoroughfare, which divides the Jewish neighborhood of French Hill from the Arab neighborhood of Shuafat, is the most accessible corner in the city for a West Bank terrorist looking for a crowd of Israelis."
In 2004, members of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigade shot and killed George Khoury, an Israeli Arab economics student, while he was jogging in French Hill.
Archaeology
A salvage dig in French Hill in 1970-1971 unearthed late Hellenistic and Herodian tombs. One of the 13 ossuaries discovered was inscribed with the name "Yehosef (Joseph) ben Haggai."
Notable residents
Yonit Levi
Jeff Seidel
Yossi Klein Halevi
References
Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
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2463430
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription%20television%20in%20Australia
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Subscription television in Australia
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Subscription television in Australia is provided using technologies such as cable television, satellite television and internet television by a number of companies unified in their provision of a subscription television service. Notable actors in the sector include Foxtel, Netflix and Stan. Regulation of the sector is assured by the Australian Communications and Media Authority.
In 2012, prior to market entry of some major digital streaming services to Australia, only about 28% of Australian homes had a pay TV subscription, which was one of the lowest subscriber rates in the developed world. By 2019, the situation had evolved so that almost 14 million Australians had access to a paid television or video on demand service.
History
1990s
Galaxy was the first provider of subscription television in Australia, launching a MMDS service on 26 January 1995. Originally Premier Sports Network was the only local channel to be fully operational, with Showtime and Encore launching in March. They were later joined in April by TV1, Arena, Max, Red and Quest. A satellite service was launched later in the year.
Optus Vision and Austar launched their cable services on 19 September followed by Foxtel on 22 October.
Northgate Communications launched their service on 13 March 1997. It was later acquired by Neighbourhood Cable.
Galaxy was closed on 20 May 1998. Two weeks later Foxtel significantly boosted its customer base by acquiring Galaxy subscribers from the liquidator of Australis Media and immediately commenced supplying programming to Galaxy's subscribers on an interim basis. In February 1999 Foxtel began offering its own satellite service to new customers.
Following the collapse, ECTV quickly signed a deal with Optus Vision. Less than two months later, it was acquired by Austar, along with its stake in XYZ. Austar replaced the ECTV packages with their own in September.
2000s
TransTV launched in 2001, beginning with VoD followed later by linear channels.
UBI World TV launched in 2004. Also in 2004, TV PLUS launched its Ethnic platforms catering for Balkans, Russians and other Eastern European communities. Foxtel and Austar both launched their digital offerings in 2004, with a total of 130 channels. The following year, Foxtel introduces their Foxtel iQ personal video recorder.
SelecTV launched on 12 April 2006. It ceased its English programming in late 2010.
Neighbourhood Cable with its hybrid fibre coaxial (HFC) cable networks in three Victorian regional cities of Mildura, Ballarat and Geelong was acquired by TransACT at the end of 2007. In November 2011, TransACT was acquired by iiNet Limited, which in 2015 itself became a subsidiary of TPG.
Foxtel commenced their HD service in February 2009.
2010s
Fetch TV entered the market in 2010 with a subscription service over a few ADSL2+ networks.
UBI World TV filed for bankruptcy and ceased trading in June 2012.
2020s
Channels available
Almost all channels which currently or previously operated in Australia were available through Foxtel and Austar, being the dominant player in the market. However, some smaller competitors offer a subset of channels which are exclusive or unavailable on Foxtel services.
Delivery
Satellite
Satellite television is a service that delivers television programming to viewers by relaying it from a communications satellite orbiting the Earth directly to the viewer's location. The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic antenna commonly referred to as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter. In Australia, paid satellite television is or has been provided through the following satellites:
Foxtel uses the Optus C1 and Optus D3 satellites.
The various Globecast platform services use PAS 8.
MySAT uses PAS 8.
The various PanGlobal TV platform services use PAS 8.
TFCDirect! uses PAS 8.
Canal+ Australie uses Intelsat 701.
Pacific Media uses AsiaSat 4.
HFC cable
Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) is a broadband network that combines optical fiber and coaxial cable. It has been commonly employed globally by cable television operators since the early 1990s. In Australia it is used or has been used by:
Foxtel use Telstra's cable in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth.
Optus use their own cable network in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane to provide subscription television. However, the service has reportedly become unavailable in areas where the National Broadband Network is rolled out.
Neighbourhood Cable (merged with TransACT) provides a TV service over their own cable to Geelong, Ballarat and Mildura.
IPTV / Internet television
Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet. In Australia, paid internet television is provided by a number of generalist streaming service providers, in addition to several niche providers that focus on specific genres. Major providers of streaming services in Australia include:
Netflix
Paramount+
Stan
Disney+
Foxtel Now
Binge
Internet television in Australia is also provided by IPTV:
FetchTV provides IPTV through the Optus, dodo, iiNet, Internode, Aussie Broadband, iPrimus and Westnet Internet networks, or any other internet provider when their set top box is purchased from one of their retail partners.
TransACT's TransTV service (merged with Neighbourhood Cable) uses VDSL over a fibre-to-the-kerb network in some suburbs of the A.C.T.
Foxtel uses the Internet to provide some extra content to its iQ2 platform. It also offers Foxtel on Xbox, a subset of Foxtel channels via any internet provider
Defunct services
A number of subscription television services in Australia have become defunct or are no longer supported in Australia:
Austar previously delivered an analogue MMDS service into selected regional areas, however the system was dumped in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Austar also briefly tested a digital MMDS service on the Gold Coast.
TARBS leased some of Austar's metropolitan licenses for their service.
ECTV and Galaxy also used MMDS.
SelecTV used Intelsat 8 until administrators shut the service down in January 2011.
UBI World TV used Optus D2 and Intelsat 8 until United Broadcasting International Pty Ltd ceased to trade on 8 June 2012.
Austar has ceased transmission 24 May 2012, prior to this, Foxtel had acquired Austar.
See also
Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association (ASTRA)
Internet television in Australia
References
Australian subscription television services
Television in Australia
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17888738
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Barnes%20%28politician%29
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Jim Barnes (politician)
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Sir James George Barnes (24 September 1908 – 6 June 1995) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party.
Early life and family
Barnes was born in Dunedin on 24 September 1908, and was educated at Andersons Bay School, and then King Edward Technical College from 1919 to 1921. In 1938, he married Elsie Mabel Clark, and the couple went on to have one child.
Military service
Barnes joined the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1940, and trained in Canada. He qualified as a navigator and bomb aimer, and joined the No. 75 (NZ) Squadron. In 1942, Barnes was shot down over France, and spent three years in German prisoner-of-war camps. He put pressure on German resources helping fellow prisoners escape, and received various punishments, including a sentencing to be shot, though later the camp brutality eased, and Barnes was not executed. In 1945, Barnes was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division), for distinguished service while a prisoner-of-war.
Athletics career
Competitor
Barnes was a noted athlete at the national level. He won the New Zealand men's senior cross-country title in 1932, and the national men's one mile championship in 1933, recording a time of 4:24.4 in the latter event.
Official
Later, Barnes was active as an official and leader of Otago Athletics, and was particularly supportive of women's athletics. His name has become enshrined in the Otago harrier programme in the J.G. Barnes cross-country race, first held in the early 1950s in the Chisholm Park area of Dunedin.
Barnes was the New Zealand athletics team manager at the 1950 British Empire Games in Auckland, and assistant manager for the New Zealand team at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He served as president of the New Zealand Amateur Athletic Association, and was a life member of the Otago Amateur Athletic Association.
Political career
A member of the National Party, Barnes represented the St Kilda electorate from 1951, when he defeated Fred Jones until 1957, and 1960, when he was twice defeated by Bill Fraser. He served as National's junior whip during the Holland administration.
From 1968 to 1977, Barnes served as mayor of Dunedin. He had been on the Dunedin City Council from 1947, and deputy mayor from 1959.
In the 1976 Queen's Birthday Honours, Barnes was appointed a Knight Bachelor, in recognition of his service as mayor of Dunedin.
Other activities
Barnes served as president of both the New Zealand Trotting Conference and the Australasian Trotting Council, and he was a life member of the Forbury Park Trotting Club in Dunedin. He was an executive member of the Order of St John, and in 1980 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of St John.
For 14 years, Barnes served as president of the Shipwreck Relief Society of New Zealand, and he was a life member of the Caledonian Society of New Zealand. He was a trustee of the Otago Savings Bank for 25 years, including four terms as president, and served on the University of Otago Council for 10 years.
In 1953, Barnes was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal, and in 1977 he received the Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal. In 1990, he was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.
Death and legacy
Barnes died in Dunedin on 6 June 1995. His wife, Elsie, Lady Barnes, died in 2015, aged 100 years.
The Sir James Barnes Memorial Lookout is located between Forbury Park and the dunes of Saint Kilda Beach (at ), and commands a view across the southern part of Dunedin.
References
1908 births
1995 deaths
New Zealand National Party MPs
Mayors of Dunedin
Deputy mayors of places in New Zealand
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
New Zealand prisoners of war in World War II
New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
New Zealand Members of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1957 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1960 New Zealand general election
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods
New Zealand male middle-distance runners
New Zealand sports executives and administrators
Commanders of the Order of St John
People educated at King Edward Technical College
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136255
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spofford%2C%20Texas
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Spofford, Texas
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Spofford is a city in Kinney County, Texas, United States. The population was 95 at the 2010 census.
Geography
Spofford is located in southern Kinney County at (29.172681, -100.411388). It is on the east side of Texas State Highway 131, which leads north to Brackettville, the county seat, and south to U.S. Route 277 in the Rio Grande valley.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Spofford has a total area of , all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, 75 people, 24 households, and 19 families resided in the city. The population density was 298.8 people per square mile (115.8/km). The 38 housing units averaged 151.4/sq mi (58.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 81.33% White, 18.67% fromother races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 52.00% of the population.
Of the 24 households, 50.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were not families. About 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13 and the average family size was 3.45.
In the city, the population was distributed as 29.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,583, and for a family was $39,583. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $36,485. Around 5.3% of families and 11.8% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under 18 and none of those over 64.
History
Spofford was named after C.K. Spofford, who opened a hotel in town shortly after the railroad came through in 1882. The town grew around the hotel and was granted a post office in 1884. By 1896, the town had its first school, and by 1900, it had 100 residents.
The Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad (later part of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and today part of the Union Pacific Railroad) had chosen Spofford over Brackettville. At Spofford, they laid a spur to Eagle Pass, and the main line continued west to Langtry. At various times, Spofford was a stop on the Sunset Limited.
The population reached the high-water mark of 373 people in the mid-1940s. After the school consolidations in the '40s, Spofford's students were bused to Brackettville. In 1961, the population was only 138, and it went as low as 54 people in the mid '70s.
Education
Spofford is served by the Brackett Independent School District.
References
Cities in Kinney County, Texas
Cities in Texas
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26964332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleta%20ramosaria
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Cleta ramosaria
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Cleta ramosaria is a moth of the family Geometridae first described by Charles Joseph Devillers in 1789. It is found on the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.
External links
Fauna Europaea
Sterrhini
Insects of Turkey
Moths described in 1789
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24942393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cricket%20clubs%20in%20Ireland
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List of cricket clubs in Ireland
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The following list composes the cricket clubs that make up domestic cricket in Ireland. The clubs are split into different cricket unions according to their geographic location within Ireland, these are: Leinster Cricket Union; Northern Cricket Union; Munster Cricket Union, North West Cricket Union and the newly formed Connacht Cricket Union, which was formed in November 2010.
Connacht Cricket Union
Athlone Cricket Club
Ballyhaunis Cricket Club
Ballyhaunis Lions Cricket Club
Ballaghderreen Cricket Club
Claremorris Cricket Club
Castlebar Cricket Club
County Cavan Cricket Club
County Galway Cricket Club
County Sligo Cricket Club
Longford Cricket Club
Riverstown Cricket Club
Munster Cricket Union
Cork County Cricket Club
Cork Harlequins
County Galway Cricket Club
County Kerry Cricket Club
Limerick Cricket Club
Lismore Cricket Club
Midleton Cricket Club
North Kerry Cricket Club
Tipperary County Cricket Club
University College Cork Cricket Club
Waterford District Cricket Club
North West Cricket Union
Senior 1
Bonds Glen
Bready
Brigade
Coleraine
Creevedonnell
Donemana
Fox Lodge
Glendermott
Limavady
Strabane
North Fermanagh
Senior 2
Ardmore
Burndennett
Drummond
Eglinton
Killyclooney
The Nedd
St Johnston
Sion Mills
Northern Cricket Union
Premier League
Ballymena
Carrickfergus
C.I.Y.M.S.
Civil Service North
Instonians
Lisburn
North Down
Waringstown
Euro T20 Slam
Section 1
Bangor
Cliftonville
Derriaghy
Donaghcloney
Downpatrick
Dundrum
Holywood
Lurgan
Muckamore
Woodvale
Section 2
Academy
Armagh
B.I.S.C.
Cooke Collegians
Drumaness
Laurelvale
Millpark
Portadown
Saintfield
Templepatrick
Section 3
Ards
Clogher
Cregagh
Donaghadee
Dungannon
Dunmurry
Larne
P.S.N.I.
Victoria
Leinster Cricket Union
Division 1
Clontarf
Cork County
Malahide
Merrion
North County
Pembroke
Railway Union
YMCA
Division 2
Balbriggan
Dublin University
Leinster
Phoenix
Rush
Terenure (formerly CYM Cricket Club)
The Hills
YMCA II
Other clubs
Adamstown Cricket Club
Ashbourne Cricket Club
Athlone Cricket Club
Avondale Cricket Club
Bagenalstown Cricket Club
Ballaghaderreen Cricket Club
Ballyeighan Cricket Club
Cabinteely Cricket Club
Castleknock Cricket Club
Carlow Cricket Club
Civil Service Cricket Club
Dublin Institute of Technology Cricket Club
Dundrum Cricket Club
Dundalk Cricket Club
Dundalk Institute of Technology Cricket Club
Evening Herald Taverners
Garda Cricket Club
Gorey Cricket Club
Greystones Cricket Club
Halverstown Cricket Club
Knockbrack Cricket Club
Knockharley Cricket Club
Laois Cricket Club
Leprechauns Cricket Club
Letterkenny Cricket Club
Longford Cricket Club
Lucan Cricket Club
Mullingar Cricket Club
Munster Reds Cricket Club
North Kildare Cricket Club
Old Belvedere Cricket Club
Ringcommons Cricket Club
Royal College Of Surgeons Cricket Club
Sandyford Cricket Club
Slieve Bloom Cricket Club
Swords Cricket Club
Tyrellstown Cricket Club
University College Dublin Cricket Club
Wexford Wanderers Cricket Club
Wicklow County Cricket Club
See also
Munster Cricket Union
Leinster Cricket Union
North West of Ireland Cricket Union
Northern Cricket Union of Ireland
References
Clubs
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21823983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouam%C3%A9fla
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Kouaméfla
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Kouaméfla is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Oumé, Oumé Department, Gôh Region, Gôh-Djiboua District.
Kouaméfla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
Notes
Former communes of Ivory Coast
Populated places in Gôh-Djiboua District
Populated places in Gôh
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28215016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque%20truncation
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Cheque truncation
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Cheque truncation (check truncation in American English) is a cheque clearance system that involves the digitalisation of a physical paper cheque into a substitute electronic form for transmission to the paying bank. The process of cheque clearance, involving data matching and verification, is done using digital images instead of paper copies.
Cheque truncation reduces or eliminates the physical movement of paper cheques and reduces the time and cost of cheque clearance. Cheque truncation also offers the potential reduction in settlement periods with the electronic processing of the cheque payment system.
History
For cheque clearance, a cheque has to be presented to the drawee bank for payment. Originally this was done by taking the cheque to the drawee bank, but as cheque usage increased this became cumbersome and banks arranged to meet each day at a central location to exchange cheques and receive payment in money. This became known as central clearing. Bank customers who received cheques could deposit them at their own bank, who would arrange for the cheque to be forwarded to the drawee bank and the money credited to and debited from the appropriate accounts. If a cheque was dishonoured it would be physically returned to the original bank marked as such.
This process would take several days, as the cheques had to be transported to the central clearing location, from where they were taken to the payee bank. If the cheque was dishonoured, it would be sent back to the bank where the cheque was deposited. This is known as the clearing cycle.
Cheques had to be examined by hand at each stage, which required a large amount of manpower.
In the 1960s, machine readable codes were added to the bottom of cheques in MICR format, which speeded up the clearing and sorting process. However, the law in most countries still required cheques to be delivered to the payee bank, and so physical movement of the paper continued.
Starting in the mid-1990s, some countries started to change their laws to allow "truncation": cheques would be imaged and a digital representation of the cheque would be transmitted to the drawee bank, and the original cheques destroyed. The MICR codes and cheque details are normally encoded as text in addition to the image. The bank where the cheque was deposited would typically do the truncation and this dramatically decreased the time it took to clear a cheque. In some cases, large retailers that received large volumes of cheques would do the truncation.
Once the cheque has been turned into a digital document, it can be processed through the banking system just like any other electronic payment.
Laws
Although technology needed to exist to enable cheque truncation, the laws related to cheques were the main impediment to its introduction. New Zealand was one of the first countries to introduce truncation and imaging of cheques, when in 1995 the Cheques Act 1960 was amended to provide for the electronic presentation of cheques. A number of other countries also adopted the system over the next few years, but progress was mixed due to the decline in the use of cheques generally in favour of electronic payment systems. Some countries decided that the effort to implement truncation could not be justified for a declining payment method, and instead phased out the use of cheques altogether.
In 2004, the United States enacted the Check 21 Act to authorize cheque truncation by the conversion of an original paper check into an electronic image for presentation through the clearing process. The law also enacted the recognition and acceptance of a “substitute check" created by a financial institution in lieu of the original paper check. Any bank that receives the original paper check can remove or "truncate" the paper check from the clearing process.
New laws needed to address ways to make sure that the digital image was a true and accurate copy of the original cheque, as well as a mechanism to enable the process to be audited to protect consumers. It also needed to address the process for dishonoured cheques, as paper cheques could no longer be returned. A typical solution, as defined by the Monetary Authority of Singapore for the Singapore cheque truncation system, was that a special 'Image Return Document' was created and sent back to the bank that had truncated the cheque.
Operations and clearing
Security related to imaging and creating an electronic cheque is defined and the cheque clearing process adjusted to accommodate electronic cheques. Banks and financial institutions use cheque truncation systems (CTS) as part of this process. These systems deal with two main processes, outward clearing and inward clearing:
outward clearing takes place at the branch level, where deposited cheques are scanned and an operator performs amount entry, account entry, verification, balancing and bundling. The cheques are then sent to a service branch.
inward clearing takes place in the service branch, where cheques received from branches are processed and an operator performs amount entry, account entry, verification, balancing and bundling of the cheques. Once verification is complete, the cheques are sent to the clearing house.
Those cheques that failed validation due to discrepancies are sent back to the originating branch to be corrected.
Truncation software
Some banks have modified their bank systems or built proprietary system to handle truncation. There are also a number of software companies that provide commercial solutions and services, including:
National systems
Substitute check in United States (Check 21 Act)
Cheque truncation system - India
See also
Substitute check
French check processing fee controversy of 2010
References
External sources
Truncation
Banking technology
Banking terms
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57477396
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben%20de%20Haas
|
Ruben de Haas
|
Ruben Pieter de Haas (born October 9, 1998) is a rugby union player who plays scrum-half for the United States men's national team and for the Austin Gilgronis in Major League Rugby (MLR).
Early life
Ruben de Haas was born on October 9, 1998, the son of Pieter de Haas and grandson of Gerard de Haas, both first class rugby players with the . De Haas attended Jessieville High School and played rugby for the Little Rock Junior Stormers, one of only two high school rugby teams in the state of Arkansas.
Professional career
Cheetahs
After having represented the United States on age-grade level teams (see sections below), De Haas signed an academy contract with South African provincial union the in July 2017. He played for the side in the 2017 Under-19 Provincial Championship, and also played for university side the in the 2018 Varsity Cup, before making his first class debut in South African domestic competition, for the in their 2018 Rugby Challenge match against the .
In May 2018, the Free State Cheetahs announced that he signed a contract with the – the union's Pro14 team – until the end of October 2020.
Saracens
It was announced in February 2021 that de Haas would join Saracens ahead of the 2021–22 season.
International career
Youth teams
De Haas first represented the United States as a member of the United States men's national under-19 team (High School All-Americans) in their 2016 tour of Ontario, Canada. De Haas served as the captain of the High School All-Americans.
De Haas debuted with the United States men's national under-20 team (Junior All-Americans) in the 2016 World Rugby Under 20 Trophy. de Haas made his first appearance for the Junior All-Americans as a 65th minute substitute in a 46–44 loss to Namibia on April 19. De Haas made his first start at scrum-half for the Junior All-Americans in their 32–12 victory over Hong Kong on April 23.
De Haas also made two appearances for the Junior All-Americans in 2017 World Rugby Under 20 Trophy qualification matches. He scored one conversion in the Junior All-Americans' 46–12 defeat to Canada on June 13, 2017. He also scored one conversion and one penalty goal in the Junior All-American's 27–25 victory over Canada on June 17, 2017. De Haas served as the vice captain of the Junior All-Americans.
USA Selects
De Haas made his first appearance with the USA Selects on October 7, 2017, starting at scrum-half in the Selects' 48–26 defeat to Samoa in the 2017 Americas Pacific Challenge. De Haas scored his first try for the Selects on October 15, 2017, appearing as a substitute in the Selects' 45–26 victory over Canada.
USA Eagles
De Haas made his debut with the USA Eagles on February 17, 2018, appearing as a substitute in the Eagles' 45–13 victory over Chile in the 2018 Americas Rugby Championship. De Haas played several matches for the U.S. at the 2019 Rugby World Cup.
References
1998 births
Living people
American rugby union players
United States international rugby union players
People from George, Western Cape
South African emigrants to the United States
Rugby union scrum-halves
Free State Cheetahs players
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Austin Gilgronis players
Saracens F.C. players
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30277439
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Semiconductor (disambiguation)
|
A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity due to electron flow intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator.
Semiconductor or semi-conductor may also refer to:
Semiconductor device, an electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
Semi-Conductor (album), a compilation album by Larry Fast
Semiconductor (artists), also known as Semiconductor Films, names used by British art duo Ruth Jarman and Joe Gerhardt
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67805058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trupanea%20digrammata
|
Trupanea digrammata
|
Trupanea digrammata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Trupanea of the family Tephritidae.
Distribution
Mexico.
References
Tephritinae
Insects described in 1947
Diptera of North America
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36992827
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslauga%20atrophifurca
|
Aslauga atrophifurca
|
Aslauga atrophifurca, the Zimbabwe purple, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of savanna.
Adults are on wing from August to April.
References
Butterflies described in 1981
Aslauga
Endemic fauna of Zimbabwe
Butterflies of Africa
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1220251
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20House%20Bill%20588
|
Texas House Bill 588
|
Texas House Bill 588, commonly referred to as the "Top 10% Rule", is a Texas law passed in 1997. It was signed into law by then governor George W. Bush on May 20, 1997.
The law guarantees Texas students who graduated in the top ten percent of their high school class automatic admission to all state-funded universities. The bill was created as a means to avoid the stipulations from the Hopwood v. Texas appeals court case banning the use of affirmative action. The Supreme Court ruled in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) that affirmative action in college admissions was permissible, effectively overruling Hopwood. UT Austin then reinstated affirmative action for the seats not filled by the Top Ten Percent law.
The law only guarantees admission into university. Students must still find the means to pay, and may not achieve their desired choice of major. (Another existing law, which preceded 588, provides a full tuition scholarship for the class valedictorian of a Texas high school for their freshman year at a state public school.)
The Texas "Top 10% Plan" is a transition from a race based policy known as affirmative action. Under a policy such as Texas' Top 10% plan, it is believed that student enrollment for minority students specifically would follow a mismatch hypothesis. This hypothesis predicts that the rates of minority students graduation and retention would improve under the newly established plan in opposition to affirmative action. This mismatch theory would be a result of students finding a university that is a better match for them academically, rather than overreaching and becoming overshadowed.
The law has drawn praise and criticism alike. Supporters of the rule argue that it ensures geographic and ethnic diversity in public universities. They also point out that students admitted under the legislation performed better in college than their counterparts. The law has been blamed for keeping students not in the top ten percent but with other credentials, such as high SAT scores or leadership and extracurricular experience, out of the larger "flagship" state universities, such as the University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University, College Station. UT-Austin has argued for several years that the law has come to account for too many of its entering students, with 81 percent of the 2008 freshmen having enrolled under it.
Some administrators, such as former University of Texas at Austin President Larry Faulkner, have advocated capping the number of top ten percent students for any year at one half of the incoming class. Others have suggested a move to a top 7 percent law. However, until May 2009 the Texas Legislature had not revised the law in any way since its inception. A 2007 measure (HB78) was introduced during the 80th Regular Session (2007) but never made it out of committee.
Under legislation approved in May 2009 by the Texas House as part of the 81st Regular Session (Senate Bill 175), UT-Austin (but no other state universities) was allowed to trim the number of students it accepts under the 10 percent rule; UT-Austin could limit those students to 75 percent of entering in-state freshmen from Texas. The University would admit the top 1 percent, the top 2 percent and so forth until the cap is reached, beginning with the 2011 entering class. UT System Chancellor Francisco Cigarroa and UT-Austin President William Powers Jr. had sought a cap of about 50 percent, but lawmakers (led by Representatives Dan Branch (R-Dallas) and Rep. Mike Villarreal (D-San Antonio)) brokered the compromise.
A study in 2011 found that the law created a strategic incentive for students to transfer to a high school with lower-achieving peers, in order to graduate in that school's top decile.
References
Education in Texas
Texas statutes
United States education law
1997 in Texas
1997 in education
1997 legislation
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18248485
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio%20Brulart%20de%20Sillery
|
Fabio Brulart de Sillery
|
Fabio Brulart de Sillery (25 October 1655, château de Pressigny – 20 November 1714, Paris) was a French churchman, bishop of Avranches and bishop of Soissons.
Great grandson of Henri de Montmorency and godson of Pope Alexander VII to whom he owes his Italian surname, he studied ancient Greek and Hebrew and received the title of doctor aged only 26. Député to the assembly of the clergy in 1685, he became bishop of Avranches in 1689, then of Soissons from 1692 to 1714. A member of the Académie de Soissons, he was elected a member of the Académie des inscriptions in 1701, then of the Académie française in 1705.
Only a few of Fabio Brulart de Sillery's writings survive, including some poems and dissertations, a harangue against James II of England, a catechism, and some other texts published by François Lamy in 1700 with some by Antoine Arnauld and Dominique Bouhours under the title Réflexions sur l'éloquence.
References
External links
Biography on the Académie française site
Genealogy of the Sillery family
1655 births
1714 deaths
People from Indre-et-Loire
Bishops of Avranches
Bishops of Soissons
Translators from Hebrew
French classical scholars
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French male writers
17th-century French translators
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32765333
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth%2C%20KwaZulu-Natal
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Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal
|
Wentworth is a coloured area of Durban, South Africa in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. It is located completely inside an area known as the South Durban Basin. The Wentworth area is located near major freeways M4 and M7 is approximately 11 km south of the Durban City Centre.
History
Wentworth forms part of the South Durban Basin. Initiated in 1938 by British colonialists, the area's original purpose was to serve as an army base. Due to the 1950 Group Areas Act Apartheid-era policy however, the region was split into districts depending on ethnic background. Today in fact, Wentworth is made up primarily of people who identify as "Coloured"—a term used in South Africa to distinguish someone of mixed ethnic background. The Group Areas Act was not unique to the South Durban Basin; it was a policy whose touch still can be seen in metropolitan and suburban areas all over the country today. The Bluff Nature Reserve on Tara Road divided (and for the most part continues to divide) Wentworth from the Bluff and thus the coloured population from the white one.
In the 1960s, Coloured people were relocated to the swampy unused land of Wentworth (also known as Austerville). The red brick buildings in this area, once occupied by white military families, were then converted into homes for the Coloured people. Affluent Coloured families were also allowed to purchase prime real estate on Treasure Beach, which was originally set aside for Coloured development. An area known as Happy Valley separates Treasure Beach from Tara Road and Wentworth. This bushland was the site of many informal settlements and tin shanties, but were soon demolished when the area's largest oil refineries, Engen and SAPREF moved in 1952 and 1963. These two refineries still prove to be both physical and economic landmarks in the area today. Further down Tara Road and past Wentworth is an area known as Merebank: this is where Indians were relocated and where the population is still concentrated today. During this period of oppression, neither Coloured nor Indian people were allowed to move into the white regions. All in all, while Wentworth is a place where the effects of Apartheid policies remain visible, it is also a place where many different cultures have managed to survive, blend, and flourish.
Culture and Activities
The primarily spoken languages in Wentworth and the surrounding areas are English, Zulu, Afrikaans, This rich mix of languages and cultures naturally leads to an equally interesting mix of cuisine. Common street foods include samoosas and "bunnies" (both have roots in the Indian community), and one cannot attend a function without running across a pot full of steaming biryani (a popular rice dish). British tea culture often winds its way into Wentworth's cultural tapestry as well.
Another fixture in Wentworth culture is the use of "combis", or "share taxis". While not unique to the African continent, not all areas of South Africa use this mode of transportation. Whether independently owned or part of the many combi companies in the area, they can always be seen around Wentworth. Combis in Wentworth are particularly interesting because of the elaborate way the drivers name and decorate their cars.
There are many local soccer, rugby, and cricket leagues that people of all ages engage in. Because of Wentworth's proximity to the coast, the area is also ideal for fishing, spending time at the beach and recreational swimming. During June and July in fact, one would be likely to spot thousands of sardines migrating along the coast.
Government and Infrastructure
Wentworth is part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality and is served by its current councilor, Aubrey Snyman. Currently the Wentworth area votes primarily for the Democratic Alliance (DA), the party that is in direct opposition with the African National Congress (ANC).
The South African Police Service also have a significant presence in the area with their offices and local cells located in Austerville Drive. It also operates a very successful and reputable Victim Friendly Centre for victims of Abuse; the Majesterial district has one of the major courts in the Durban South. However, there is insufficient data but there are many repeat offenders who present at the court time and time again in the area which is ridden with Crime, largely due to two significant factors, the fact that much of the area live below the poverty line and secondly due to the incredibly high prevalence of not only HIV/AIDS but of an equally high incidence of associated Drug and Alcohol abuse.
The only community-based Addiction Recovery Centre locally open to all in the South Durban Basis is that of Place of Grace which operates a full rehabilitation programme on an out-patient basis with an optional safe-house residence, situated at The Blue Roof Wellness Centre,(which is now a youth centre{2017} run by Zoë-Life ) and is run by Act of Grace 145. A local Public Benefit Organisation, which provides large, and significant donations of food and new clothes, shoes and educational toys on a weekly basis, into the area, on a weekly basis, based on Needs Analysis which are completed in full prior to a households acceptance in the charity programme. This service has been discontinued.
Wentworth Hospital is a district level government hospital located in Wentworth on the Bluff. It has within itself, closed its detoxification unit for addicts in an area where drug abuse has reached pandemic levels, even with hospital premises. However a matter of Good governance and the training and management of security and personnel within the Hospital, could eradicate such problems, allowing the Hospital to effectively re-open this much needed unit.
The South African Post Office is situated on Austerville Drive.
Violence and Crime
An unfortunate component to life in Wentworth is, or rather, was, the high rates of violence and crime in the area. Most of the crime in the area would stem from either gang violence, drugs, or acts by locals to defend the area from unscrupulous outsiders.
In the 1980s in particular, gang violence in Wentworth was supposedly so bad that "people were afraid to walk the streets at night...it was like a war zone" (ccs.ukzn.ac.za, A current major contributing factor is that sometimes outsiders move in, and along with them a culture of violence, negating the wonderful work being done by current Role-Players.
Fortunately, many NGOs and churches in Wentworth fought to end the cycle of crime. Today, along with the Addiction Recovery Centre and Victim Friendly Centre, other notable forces of change include the national organization Brothers For Life and the Violence Free Zones. The Violence Free Zones were launched in 2008 with the combined efforts of the Brothers For Life and the Prevention in Action (PIA) movement, with the goal of providing community-based action and support against gender-based violence. These zones can be spotted easily because of the neon-colored houses and signs that mark their beginning and end.
After all consideration, Wentworth is fast becoming a safe zone and is low on the list of High-crime areas in KwaZulu-Natal. For example, the number of people murdered in 2015 was ten (10), well below the national average. (www.crimestatssa.com) This includes the deaths of people who lost their lives in the industrial area close by, and business robbery-related deaths.
Says one community member and author named Christopher Lee. 'I have family in Wentworth and have been living in other towns for well over twenty-eight years, visiting all the while. After moving back home I realize that, despite the negativity thrust upon the area, Wentworth is generally a healthy place to live in. I see children walking around safely, even at night. I am yet to be approached by any drug dealer, and, besides the occasional blow-up by bored teenage boys, I have never witnessed any Gang violence in the past decade. It's like there are two sides to the place; the negative viewpoint is seen through the eyes of jaded locals or outsiders, and the actual side that I have seen for the past years, and still see now. True the place has "bad areas." (most towns do). Yet even there; people, strangers, are generally safe.'
Economy and Environment
Currently, there are approximately 350 businesses in the Wentworth area, the major ones being the SAPREF and Engen oil refineries, and the Mondi and Sappi paper mills. Other industries that make up the Wentworth area include landfills, and water treatment sites. In Wentworth area specifically, factories can be found on the northern, eastern, and western sides.
Environmental justice and apartheid are closely related because of the Group Areas Act. Blacks (African), Coloureds and Indians were placed in environmentally and aesthetically less pleasing areas, which ultimately led to those communities being exposed to more environmental hazards. In short, the Group Areas Act forced Coloured, Indian, and African peoples to move close to these centers of heavy industry, therefore resulting in "a historically tense relationship between residents, big businesses, and environmentalists" (www.durban.gov.za, "South Durban Basin") that still continues to this day. Organizations like the South Durban Community Environmental Alliance (SDCEA) for example, fight to change policies surrounding both environmental and social issues, as in the Wentworth area in particular those issues are so connected.
Despite the fact that Wentworth is a relatively industrialized area, the current unemployment rate still falls somewhere around 40 percent.
Education
In South Africa, the curriculum for all public primary and secondary schools is standardized. For primary and secondary schools, the curriculum includes, mathematics, natural science, social science, as well as English, Zulu, and Afrikaans language courses. Primary school encompasses grades R (the equivalent of kindergarten) to grade 7, and secondary school includes grades 8 to "matric". In Wentworth itself, there are many primary and secondary schools that children from both Wentworth and the surrounding areas attend.
Primary schools
Assegai Primary: Assegai Primary School was founded in 1961 with the motto “Prosperity, Peace, Progress.” The classrooms that students sit in today, however, were not completed until about twenty years later. The school's facilities include a computer room, library, and grounds with basketball and netball courts as well as a soccer field. The school begins with grade R and continues until grade 7, with four classes of about forty students per grade (excluding grade R, which has two classes). Each class has one teacher. However, the senior primary (grades 4 through 7) has recently adopted a successful program of specialization in which educators are assigned a subject and move from class to class to teach that particular discipline. Assegai's students come from many different areas including both the surrounding Wentworth community and the nearby township of Umlazi. They are taught three languages (English, Zulu, and Afrikaans) in addition to the basic subjects such as Mathematics, Arts and Culture, Geography, etc. Learners also have the option to participate in after-school activities such as soccer, baseball, and rugby.
Austerville Primary founded in 1960.First school for so called mixed races. The motto is "Progress through knowledge".From 1960 to 1978 the school was housed in the K2 building. In February 1978 the school moved into the building on Silvertree Road.
Facilities at the school include a computer room, audio-visual room, library,
Collingwood Primary
Durban East Primary
Gardenia Primary
Wentworth Primary
Secondary schools
Fairvale Secondary
Interfellowship School
Umbilo Secondary
Wentworth Secondary
Public Libraries
Austerville Library is located on Austerville Drive next to the local community hall. With a full free-use, internet cafe, on the same site available to the public working weekdays and in the afternoon reserved for the use of the internet by scholars and students.
References
Suburbs of Durban
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8352259
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Lovetskiy
|
Vladimir Lovetskiy
|
Vladimir Nikolayevich Lovetskiy (, ; born 26 October 1951 in Zhlobin, Belarusian SSR) was a Soviet athlete who competed mainly in the 100 metres. He trained in Minsk at Trudovye Rezervy.
He competed for the USSR in the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his team mates Aleksandr Kornelyuk, Juris Silovs and Valeriy Borzov.
External links
An interview with Vladimir Lovetsky
1951 births
Living people
People from Zhlobin District
Soviet male sprinters
Belarusian male sprinters
Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
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39624121
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Maul
|
Michael Maul
|
Michael Maul (born 1978) is a German musicologist noted for his work on Johann Sebastian Bach. He has been on the research staff of the Bach-Archiv Leipzig since 2002.
Bach discoveries
Maul's work attracted international attention with a discovery he made in 2005 in Weimar's Duchess Anna Amalia Library. This was a hitherto overlooked manuscript containing Alles mit Gott und nichts ohn' ihn, BWV 1127, the first previously unknown vocal work by Bach to be found in 70 years.
Further research in Weimar identified other previously unknown manuscripts in Bach's hand, this time of music by other composers, throwing light on his musical education.
References
Bach scholars
Leipzig University faculty
1978 births
Living people
21st-century conductors (music)
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33865593
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir%2C%20Wisconsin
|
Casimir, Wisconsin
|
Casimir is an unincorporated community located in the town of Hull, Portage County, Wisconsin, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Portage County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
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