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12457014	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpsilochmus	Herpsilochmus	Herpsilochmus is a genus of insectivorous passerine birds in the antbird family (Thamnophilidae). They are found in forest, woodland and shrub in South America, although a single species the rufous-winged antwren (H. rufimarginatus) also occurs in Panama. All are relatively small antbirds that are sexually dichromatic. In most (but not all) species males are essentially light grey with a black crown and black-and-white wings, while females are more buff or rufous with black-and-white crown. The genus Herpsilochmus was introduced by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1847. The name of genus combines the Ancient Greek words herpō "to creep about" and lokhmē "thicket" or "copse". The type species is the Bahia antwren. The genus contains 18 species: Ash-throated antwren, Herpsilochmus parkeri Creamy-bellied antwren, Herpsilochmus motacilloides Predicted antwren, Herpsilochmus praedictus Aripuana antwren, Herpsilochmus stotzi Black-capped antwren, Herpsilochmus atricapillus Bahia antwren or pileated antwren, Herpsilochmus pileatus Spot-tailed antwren, Herpsilochmus sticturus Dugand's antwren, Herpsilochmus dugandi Todd's antwren, Herpsilochmus stictocephalus Ancient antwren, Herpsilochmus gentryi Spot-backed antwren, Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus Roraiman antwren, Herpsilochmus roraimae Pectoral antwren, Herpsilochmus pectoralis Large-billed antwren, Herpsilochmus longirostris Yellow-breasted antwren, Herpsilochmus axillaris Rusty-winged antwren, Herpsilochmus frater Rufous-margined antwren, Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus References Bird genera Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
4256246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikadi	Kaikadi	Kaikadi may refer to: Kaikadi people, a formerly nomadic Indian tribe Kaikadi language, their language Kaikadi (dog), a breed of sighthound Language and nationality disambiguation pages
51957867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Lady%20of%20Perpetual%20Help%20Church%2C%20Petrozavodsk	Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church, Petrozavodsk	The Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church () It is a Catholic church in the city of Petrozavodsk, belonging to the Archdiocese of Mother of God at Moscow, Russia. It is at 11 Lenin Avenue, the main street in that city. History Catholics in Petrozavodsk long fought for the right to build a church in the city. Several petitions were filed in 1862, and declined until 1897, when the number of Catholics in Petrozavodsk arrived in this period of about 150 people. The construction of a small stone church began in 1898 and was suspended due to financial problems. The final building in the shape of a medieval basilica, was completed in 1904 and was consecrated the same year as the chapel. The pipe organ was built in 1906. In 1910, the building was dedicated to Virgin Mary. The church was closed in 1927 and its assets seized by the Bolsheviks. Between 1930 and 1961, it was occupied by several agencies, an aviators' club, a house of culture, and finally by the Union of Soviet Composers. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the church was authorized again, for a time the church shared the space together with the Union of Composers and was only given to the Catholic community from 2003. On September 4, 2005, a century after its first consecration, the church was reconsecrated by Archbishop Tadeusz Kondrusiewicz. Masses are held in Russian and Polish. See also Roman Catholicism in Russia Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church References Buildings and structures in Petrozavodsk Roman Catholic churches completed in 1904 20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Russia
15466185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezons	Brezons	Brezons is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France. Population See also Communes of the Cantal department References Communes of Cantal Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
37327881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles%20on%20Skyros	Achilles on Skyros	Achilles on Skyros is an episode in the myth of Achilles, a Greek hero of the Trojan War. Not existing in Homer's epic poem Iliad, the episode is written down in detail in some later versions of the story, particularly the Achilleid by the Roman poet Statius. The story of how Achilles disguised himself as a girl at the court of the king of Skyros, fell in love with one of the princesses, and married her before leaving for Troy, became a popular topic in arts and literature from Classical times until the middle of the 20th century. The carnavalesque disguises and gender transpositions at the heart of the story were particularly popular in opera, with over 30 different operas on the theme between 1641 and 1857. Story The core myth of Achilles on Skyros as presented in ancient sources was thus. Rather than allow her son Achilles to die at Troy as prophesied, the nymph Thetis sent him to live at the court of Lycomedes, king of Skyros, disguised as another daughter of the king or as a lady-in-waiting, under the name Pyrrha "the red-haired", Issa, or Kerkysera. There Achilles had an affair with Deidamia, one of the daughters of Lycomedes, and they had one or two sons, Neoptolemus and Oneiros. Since another prophecy suggested that the Trojan War would not be won without Achilles, Odysseus and several other Achaean leaders went to Skyros to find him. Odysseus discovered Achilles by offering gifts, adornments and musical instruments as well as weapons, to the king's daughters, and then having his companions imitate the noises of an enemy's attack on the island (most notably, making a blast of a trumpet heard), which prompted Achilles to reveal himself by picking a weapon to fight back, and together they departed for the Trojan War. In some versions, Deidamia dressed as a man followed him. The most detailed and elaborate version is that found in the Roman poem Achilleid. In the poem, Thetis resolves to hide Achilles away at the court of Lycomedes. Achilles is quite reluctant, but eventually consents, attracted by the beauty of the king's most fair daughter, Deidamia. Thetis has him dressed up as a maiden and introduces him to Lycomedes as her daughter who would have had an Amazon-like upbringing and now needed to learn feminine ways by living among ordinary girls of her age, so as to prepare for a normal marriage in the future; Lycomedes agrees to take care of the "girl" and his unsuspecting daughters accept Achilles into their company as another fellow maiden. After some time he develops a particularly close friendship with Deidamia and it becomes increasingly difficult for him to hide his romantic and sexual interest in her. Eventually, at a nighttime festival in honor of Dionysus where men are normally not allowed, Achilles gives way to his sexual desires and rapes Deidamia. Afterwards, trying to console her, he discloses his true name and origin; despite being scared by what has happened, Deidamia doesn't want Achilles to suffer punishment from her father and resolves to keep the incident and his identity, as well as the fact that she has conceived a child, a secret. When Odysseus and his comrades arrive at Scyros, Achilles, long annoyed by his female disguise, is about to reveal himself but Deidamia holds him back. Odysseus then performs the trick with the gifts and the trumpet and thereby reveals the secret. Achilles hears Deidamia cry and confesses to Lycomedes that they have been engaged in sexual behavior and have had a child together. As the Achaeans are about to sail off to the war, Deidamia is heartbroken over the impending loss of Achilles and asks if she could go with him, but that seems impossible; she then implores him to keep their son in his thoughts, and to never have children with other women. Achilles swears to one day return to Deidamia, but the reader knows that he will die at Troy. Artistic renditions This part of the Trojan War myths has been the subject of many works of art throughout the centuries. Taken from the point of view of Achilles, Deidamia, or a neutral observer, a number of themes have received attention in the later artwork and stories, ranging from the comical aspects of crossdressing and the misunderstandings it involves, over gender differences, heroism, homosexual and heterosexual love, and initiation rites, to rape, incest, and domestic violence. While most later versions go essentially back to the 1st century CE version of Statius, the story of Achilles on Skyros was known earlier than this. There are references to artworks by Polygnotus and Athenion of Maroneia, and a now lost 5th century BCE play by Euripides. One of the earliest and best studied Renaissance versions of the story was Tirso de Molina's 1612 play El Aquiles. It was followed by a number of other Spanish plays on the same topic. One of its foci was the change in Achilles from fleeing war to being a war hero. This was emphasized by the many changes and transformations used in the play. But the more typical themes of gender confusion and homosexual love are also apparent, and strengthened by the indication that the role of Achilles should be played by a woman. It has often been used as the theme for an opera or ballet, with the libretto by Metastasio as the most popular. The first opera based on this story seems to have been La finta pazza by Francesco Sacrati, with a libretto by Giulio Strozzi. It was the first and probably the most popular opera of the seventeenth century. It was first performed at the inauguration in 1641 of the Teatro Novissimo in Venice, the first time ever a building was created specifically to perform operas. Anna Renzi was the main singer. The production then was performed many times all over Italy and abroad, including a 1645 performance in Paris, which was the second time ever that an opera was staged in France. The Metastasio libretto was first used for an opera in 1736 by Antonio Caldara, at the occasion of the marriage of Maria Theresa with the future Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I. Due to the short notice given for the marriage, the libretto was finished after only 18 days, compared to the three months Metastasio usually needed. Despite this, it enjoyed a reasonable success and was used for decades, set to music by at least 29 composers. Further version include the 1737 opera by Domenico Sarro, used for the inauguration of the Teatro di San Carlo, the opera house of Naples, and starring Vittoria Tesi. The popularity of the theme was due to a number of factors, but a major part was the aspect of disguises and crossdressing, with Achilles dressed as a girl and his role often performed by women. Some librettists, especially the earlier ones like Giulio Strozzi, Carlo Capece and Ippolito Bentivoglio approached this from a carnivalesque point of view, emphasizing the comedy, the masquerade and the (homo-)erotic aspects of it. Others like Metastasio or Paolo Rolli more focused on the failed struggle to conceal the masculinity of the archetypical hero Achilles, and how the inherent nature of the person is stronger than the nurture he receives. Well known composers writing an opera on this theme include Domenico Scarlatti with his 1712 Tetide in Sciro, John Gay's 1733 Achilles, and Georg Friedrich Händel in 1741 with Deidamia. Literature Ca. 1st century BCE: Epithalamium of Achilles and Deidameia, anonymous, sometimes ascribed to Bion of Smyrna 1st century CE: Achilleid by Statius 2nd century CE: The Speech of the Embassy to Achilles (Op. 16 Behr) by Aelius Aristides, section 17 (Behr) 11th century: Deidamia Achilli, an anonymous Ovidian epistle from Deidamia to Achilles 14th century: the story is mentioned in the Divina Commedia by Dante, Purgatorio chapter 9 verse 34-42 1805: Achille à Scyros by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival 1890, Achilles in Scyros by Robert Bridges (2nd edition 1892) 1935: Achille ou le mensonge by Marguerite Yourcenar, also published as Déidamie1995: "Achilles Speaks of His Deception in the Court of Lykomedes" by Michael Martone, first published in The American Voice, pp. 80–82. Republished in Four for a Quarter: Fictions, pp. 135-137. Martone read the story at the Knox Writers House. 1998: the story of Achilles on Skyros is included in the Age of Bronze comics by Eric Shanower 2011: a version of this story is included in the contemporary historical fiction novel The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller. Visual arts Paintings 5th century BCE, Achilles in Skyros by Polygnotus 4th or 3rd century BCE: Athenion of Maroneia painted an image of Odysseus discovering Achilles in a maiden's clothing 1st century BCE: the Chamber of Achilles on Skyros, decorated with frescoes, in the Domus Aurea 1st century CE: anonymous wall-paintings of Achilles in Skyros in the House of the Dioscuri and other places in Pompei Early 17th century: Odysseus recognises Achilles (disguised as a woman) amongst the daughters of Lycomedes by Frans Francken the Younger 1649-50: Nicolas Poussin, Discovery of Achilles on Skyros 1656: Nicolas Poussin, Achilles on Skyros1664: Achilles discovered by Ulysses by Jan de Bray 17th century: Achilles and Ulysses Leaving Skyros by Claude François Niccolò Bambini, Achilles at Skyros Pieter van Lint, Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem Gian Pietro Bellori, 2 paintings of Achilles in Skyros, one now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, one in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond 18th century: Achilles at the Court of King Lycomedes with His Daughters by Pompeo Batoni Tapestries Mid 18th century: Achille chez les filles de lycomède à Skyros, reconnu par Ulysse, now kept in the Hôtel de Soubise MosaicsAchilles on Skyros, mosaic from Zeugma, Commagene "Achilles at Skyros discovered by Ulysses", mosaic from [(Villa Romana La Olmeda, Spain)] Sculptures 1695: Achille à Scyros by Philibert Vigier, located at the Tapis Vert of the Gardens of Versailles Stage Plays 5th century BC: Skyrioi by Euripides (lost, but described as a play about Achilles hiding on Skyros) 1612: El Aquiles by Tirso de Molina Ca. 1640: El caballero dama (The Gentleman as a Lady) by Cristóbal de Monroy y Silva 1653: El monstruo de los jardines (The Monster of the Gardens) by Pedro Calderón de la Barca Opera 1641: La finta pazza by Francesco Sacrati (music) and Giulio Strozzi (libretto) 1663: Achille in Sciro by Giovanni Legrenzi (music) and Ippolito Bentivoglio (libretto) 1663: Achille in Sciro by Antonio Draghi (music) and Cav. Ximenez (libretto) 1712: Tetide in Sciro by Domenico Scarlatti (music) and Carlo Sigismondo Capece (libretto) 1727: Achille in Sciro, anonymous work performed at the opera house of Franz Anton von Sporck in Prague, and probably based on the Bentivoglio libretto 1733: Achilles by John Gay 1735: Achille et Déidamie by André Campra (music) and Antoine Danchet (libretto) 1736: Achille in Sciro by Antonio Caldara (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1737: Achille in Sciro by Domenico Sarro (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1738:Achille in Sciro by Giuseppe Arena (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1739: Achille in Sciro by Pietro Chiarini (music) and Metastasio (libretto) (adapted by Bartolomeo Vitturi 1740: Achille in Sciro by Leonardo Leo 1741: Deidamia by George Frideric Handel (music) and Paolo Antonio Rolli (libretto) 1744: Achille in Sciro by Francesco Corselli (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1745: Achille in Sciro by Gennaro Manna (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1747: Achille in Sciro by Giovanni Battista Runcher (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1749: Achille in Sciro by Niccolò Jommelli (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1751: Achille in Sciro by Gregorio Sciroli (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1754: Achille in Sciro by Antonio Maria Mazzoni (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1759: Achille in Sciro by Johann Adolph Hasse (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1759: Achille in Sciro by Giuseppe Sarti (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1764: Achille in Sciro by Ferdinando Giuseppe Bertoni (music) 1765: Achille in Sciro by Johann Friedrich Agricola (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1766: Achille in Sciro by Florian Leopold Gassmann (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1767: L'Achille in Sciro by Johann Gottlieb Naumann 1772: Achille in Sciro by Antonio Amicone 1773: Achilles in Petticaots by Thomas Arne (music) and John Gay (libretto) 1774: Achille in Sciro by Pasquale Anfossi (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1774: Achille in Sciro by Pietro Pompeo Sales (music) and Metastasio (libretto) 1778: Achille in Sciro by Giovanni Paisiello 1785: Achille in Sciro by Gaetano Pugnani 1794: Achille in Sciro by Marcello Bernardini and Metastasio (libretto) 1800: Achille in Sciro: Commedia dramatica per musica, libretto by Publio Quintiliano Settimio 1825: Achille in Sciro by Pietro Antonio Coppola (music) and Rapisarda (libretto) 1857: Achille à Scyros by François Anatole Laurent de Rillé (operette) Ballet 1804: Achille à Scyros by Pierre Gardel (ballet) and Luigi Cherubini (music) 1830: Achilles at Scyros by Carlo Blasis 1921, Achilles auf Skyros'' by Egon Wellesz (music) after Hugo von Hofmannsthal Notes External links Achilles Classical mythology in art Sexuality in fiction LGBT themes in Greek mythology Trojan War literature Skyros
69329559	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Frazer%20%28rugby%20union%29	Harry Frazer (rugby union)	Harry Frederick Frazer (21 April 1916 – 8 April 2003) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A lock and prop, Frazer represented , and briefly and during World War II, at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1946 to 1949. He played 15 matches for the All Blacks including five internationals. References 1916 births 2003 deaths Rugby union players from Whanganui People educated at Napier Boys' High School New Zealand rugby union players New Zealand international rugby union players Hawke's Bay rugby union players Auckland rugby union players Waikato rugby union players Rugby union locks Rugby union props Royal New Zealand Air Force personnel New Zealand military personnel of World War II
1058631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural%20anthropology	Sociocultural anthropology	Sociocultural anthropology is a portmanteau used to refer to social anthropology and cultural anthropology together. It is one of the four main branches of anthropology. Sociocultural anthropologists focus on the study of society and culture, while often interested in cultural diversity and universalism. Sociocultural anthropologists recognise a change in the nature of the field and as a previous centralisation on traditional tribal perspective has shifted to a contemporary understanding. Methodologies have altered accordingly, and the discipline continues to evolve with that of society. Globalisation has contributed to the changing influence of the state on individuals and their interactions. Overview The rubric cultural anthropology is generally applied to ethnographic works that are holistic in approach, are oriented to the ways in which culture affects individual experience, or aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of a people. Cultural anthropology focuses on how individuals make sense of the world around them using knowledge, beliefs, morals, arts, laws and customs of groups. Social anthropology is a term applied to ethnographic works that attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations such as those that comprise domestic life, economy, law, politics, or religion, give analytical priority to the organizational bases of social life, and attend to cultural phenomena as somewhat secondary to the main issues of social scientific inquiry. Sociocultural anthropology, which is understood to include linguistic anthropology, is concerned with the problem of difference and similarity within and between human populations. The discipline arose through the expansion of European colonial empires, and its practices and theories have been questioned and reformulated along with processes of decolonization. Such issues have re-emerged as transnational processes have challenged the centrality of the nation-state to theorizations about culture and power. New challenges have emerged as public debates about multiculturalism and the increasing use of the culture concept outside of the academy and among peoples studied by anthropology. History The synergy of sociology and anthropology was initially developed during the early 1920s by European scholars. Both disciplines shared a common search for a science of society. During the 20th century, the disciplines diverged further to as cultural studies were integrated, centralising geographical and methodological features. 1920s-50s ‘Social’ and ‘cultural’ anthropology was developed in the 1920s. It was associated with the social sciences and linguistics rather than the human biology and archaeology studied in anthropology. Specialists in the respective fields of social and cultural anthropology were elemental in the foundations of the later developed synergy. Radcliffe-Brown and Bronislaw Malinowski marked the point of differentiation between social and cultural anthropology in 1930, evident in texts from this period. In the 1930s and 40s, an influx of monographs and comparative studies of ‘tribal societies’ emerged. Meyer Fortes and Edward Evans Pritchard described and classified African societies in African Political Systems (1940). Their comparative anthology aimed to provide a basis for sociological knowledge by classifying kin-based bans instead of relying on empirical observation. Claude Lévi-Strauss, used structuralism as a way to analyse cultural systems in terms of their structural relations, including that of kinship. In 1949, he attempted to classify marriage systems from diverse locations. Structuralism was applied to anthropology by Lévi-Strauss to reaffirms the coexistence between the individual and society and categorise information about cultural systems by the formal relationships among their elements. Structuralism remains a central concept involved in the study of sociocultural anthropology. 1960s-90s Before WWII, ‘social’ anthropology and ‘cultural’ anthropology were still separate entities in the field. The war called upon anthropologists from all countries to assist in the war effort. Anthropologists were extensively involved in resettlements in Europe and consulting issues of racial status in occupied areas. Ethical issues surrounding the allies involvement were topical among anthropologists and institutional development and practiced methodologies were altered by programs in ‘developing countries’. As developing countries grew independence, they grew a dislike for an apparent imperialistic nature of anthropological studies, declining work in the field. After the war, anthropologists collaborated ideas and methodologies to form the collective ‘sociocultural anthropology’. Topical interests included that of religion, kingship, acculturation, function, and community studies. During the 1970s public spending was increased in most industrialised counties which expanded social rights, produced dramatic rises in wealth, living standards and overall equity. This neoliberal globalisation movement followed through until the 1990s. Increased spending assisted to provide academic opportunity in anthropology during 1974-90. After this period, a steady decline in anthropology opportunity is the continued trend. The drastic growth of students in Ph.D. and M.A. programs, decline in university funding, downward shift in birth rates and decreased government funding are contributors to anthropologies current state. 2000s to present Traditional methodologies used to study sociocultural anthropology have changed with the shift in culture in modernised society. Individuals undergo daily routines differing to that of previous decades. Individuals participate in minority groups within which only certain aspects relate to the broader national culture. Anthropologists are unable to receive a holistic ethnography, as individuals return to the private sphere after interacting within their minority groups. Impacts of globalisation, neoliberalism, and capitalism have contributed to the decline in anthropology field work. The job market of the 2000s is centralised around those occupations that are income generating, reducing the number of university students in the social science fields. In accordance, universities have reduced funding for many anthropological programs. The 2008 global financial crisis enhanced this effect as universities had to decline spending as income generation was lesser. Decreased spending in the anthropological sector in combination with an increasing trend of anthropology university students has results in decreasing job opportunities. Sociocultural anthropological study of the 21st century, produces facts created by an intersection of cultural classification systems and heterogenous and dynamic societies. A contributor to this dynamic societal environment is the media. The influence of the media produces accessibility for all to gather experience and evidence, however charged political conditions sway social discourse. Anthropologists use theory such as structuralism to decipher epistemological obstacles. Considering that systems are defined by the laws of their constitutive elements rather than the content alone is a lens through which modern society is studied. Theoretical foundations Concepts Sociocultural anthropology divides into a broader national level and minority of subcultural groups to ethnographically study societies and cultures. The national culture is emitted through formally organised institutions including those of government forms and legal systems, economic institution, religious organisation, educational systems, law enforcement and military organisations. National achievements are influential on sociocultural integration however can be limited to upper class relevance only. Subcultural segments are groups of individuals behaving within the national culture. Subcultural groups are observed through vertical lens, differentiation because of national development, and horizontal lens, class and occupational divisions structured by societal hierarchy. Human Migration Human migration is a topic of anthropology which produced a macro and micro impact on society and its culture. Human migration is ‘the movement of persons away from their place of usual residence, either across an international boarder or within a state’. An interplay of social, political, economic, demographic, cultural and geographical factors remain central to the movement of individuals. Boas (1920) in his article The Methods of Ethnology (1920) states that it is the migration and dissemination of peoples rather than evolution that provides the basis for ethological research. Migration is accepted as the cause for the similarities of languages the dissemination of ideas and inventions across continents.The process of migration is responsible for the carrying of culture whilst the adaptation of culture to societies in different environments. Linguistics The discipline of linguistics is interrelated with the study of society and culture. Both fields share a common intellectual origin in 19th Century scholarship as archaeologists and early folklorists looked for origins of culture in folktales and shared memory. These early anthropologists narrowly focused on the influence structural codes had on the distinction between communities. The comparison of societies prompted early linguistic enquiries. In the 20th century, there became a distinction between linguistic anthropology and formal linguistics, with greater focus placed on the cultural and behaviour lens of language. Formal linguistics remains to be studied through a cognitive viewpoint. Linguistic anthropology looks at how language is used in the social and cultural life of people in different societies.Speech is used in societies as a system to indicate the series of certain events and how role relations effect such events. Sociology Sociocultural integration studies the interaction of the spheres and draws comparisons with alternate societies and cultures. Sociocultural anthropology is closely aligned with sociology sharing theoretical generalisation for social science and reflection of human lives. The 20th Century saw the separation of the two as differences in research topics, geographic focus and methodological emphasis diverged. Commonly, sociocultural anthropology centralises study of broader political, ethical, and economic subjects within small-scale societies whereas sociology looks at societies as a whole. Sociologically trained ethnographers have less regard for anthropological theory and place greater emphasis on empirical data. Recently, the two have reconverged as globalisation has aligned subject ideas and methodologies. Methodologies The traditional anthropological research method is to gather what people say and do through initial observations. Participant observation hinges on a synthesis of subjective insider and outsider elements. Insider elements rely on the fieldworker to learn what behaviour means to the people. Outsider elements are gathered through observations and experiences drawing comparisons with internal cultural customs and behaviours with alternate cultures. These observations are transferred into a monograph of elements sorted by importance and studied in relation to anthropological theories or questions. The process is controlled, and a hypothesis is tested reporting results after every return. Alternatively, the process may be more fortuitous if unique or unexpected events occur, and the writing processes is extended to make sense of elements. Since the 1960s, anthropologists have recognised the importance of collaboration through reflections of experiences in the field, relationships with informants and contexts used to gather material. The reflections provide a better understanding for readers of ethnographic texts and anthropologists in practicing with awareness of their own biases and emotions when writing. This has led to advancements in the field of sociocultural anthropology. The Marxist and Structuralist theories are methods for gathering anthropological information are being challenged. Marxism validifies the necessity for conventional field work, exploring the intersection between empirical observation and theoretical frameworks with the aim of improving each. Lévi-Straussian structuralists (Lévi-Strauss 1969) are more concerned with theoretical structures. See also Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory Claude Lévi-Strauss's Structuralism Human Migration Linguistics Sociology References Further reading Anthropology Ethnography Linguistics
28973183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanungu%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Station	Kanungu Hydroelectric Power Station	Kanungu Power Station is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station on the Ishasha River in Uganda. The station is sometimes referred to as the Ishasha Power Station. Location The power station is in the Kanyantorogo sub-county of Kanungu District in southwestern Uganda, about by road from the district headquarters in the town of Kanungu, although the straight air distance is only about . The geographical coordinates of the power station are: 0°52'53.0"S, 29°40'14.0"E (Latitude:-0.881389; Longitude:29.670556). The dam and weir on the Ishasha River are downstream from the boundary of the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. A penstock takes water downstream to the twin-Francis turbine power station, for a rated head of . A tailrace then takes water from the power station and returns it to the Ishasha River. Provision has been made for an open-pipe flow of 250 liters per second into the section of the river between the dam and the tailrace to ensure that local fish species are not adversely affected. A , 33 kiloVolt transmission line connects the power station to the national grid. History The power station was constructed by Eco Power Uganda Limited, a subsidiary of Eco Power Holdings Limited of Sri Lanka. Construction was completed in March 2011. The power plant was technically commissioned on 18 March 2011. Political commissioning was performed on 22 November 2011. The plant is expected to support development of industries and stimulate other areas of investment in Kanungu and the surrounding rural areas, including parts of the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo. Construction costs The estimated cost of the dam and power plant is approximately UGX:40 billion (about US$14 million). Funding was provided by three Sri Lankan financial institutions: National Development Bank of Sri Lanka, Hatton National Bank, and Commercial Bank of Sri Lanka. See also List of power stations in Uganda References External links Uganda: East Africa’s hydro powerhouse As at 10 March 2017. Completed Kanungu Dam and Power Plant Dams completed in 2011 Energy infrastructure completed in 2011 Dams in Uganda Hydroelectric power stations in Uganda Kanungu District
52276386	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunachaur	Gunachaur	Gunachaur is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located away from postal head office Banga, from Mukandpur, from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. Demography As of 2011, Gunachaur has a total number of 784 houses and population of 3808 of which 1986 include are males while 1822 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Gunachaur is 78.86%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 383 which is 10.06% of total population of Gunachaur, and child sex ratio is approximately 877 as compared to Punjab state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 69.33% of total population in Gunachaur. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 1237 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Gunachaur which includes 1096 males and 141 females. According to census survey report 2011, 86.50% workers describe their work as main work and 13.50% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Education Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur and Sikh National College Banga are the nearest colleges. Lovely Professional University is away from the village. Transport Banga railway station is the nearest train station however, Garhshankar Junction railway station is away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar. See also List of villages in India References External links Tourism of Punjab Census of Punjab Locality Based PINCode Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district
36508080	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gious%20Kampos	Gious Kampos	Gious Kampos (), is a plateau in the Amari Valley on the island of Crete in Greece. Its name comes from the phrase "τση Γιούς ο Κάμπος", which means the plain of Eos (Ηώς in Greek) in the Cretan dialect. Located northwest of Mt. Kedros, the plateau extends to an area of approx. 2.5 km2 and lies at an average altitude of 750 m, having good road access from the villages of Spili, Kissos and Gerakari. The plateau is well known for its remarkably rich flora which includes several native and endemic plants. In particular, the red Tulipa doerfleri (de), one of the few native species of tulips in Crete, thrives there. The plateau also grows high-quality cereals and arid vegetables. References Plateaus of Crete Landforms of Rethymno (regional unit) Eos
11105716	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faubourg%20Brewing%20Company	Faubourg Brewing Company	Faubourg Brewing Company is a brewery founded in New Orleans, Louisiana on October 31, 1907 and originally named Dixie Brewing Company. The brewing operation was located on Tulane Avenue until 2005 when it closed due to damage from Hurricane Katrina. After that the beer was contract brewed out of state until November 2019 when a new brewery opened in New Orleans. In 2021 the brewery was renamed the Faubourg Brewing Company. History Faubourg Brewing Company was founded as Dixie Brewing by Valentine Merz, and began production in 1907. The original brick Dixie Brewery building at 2401 Tulane Avenue at the corner of Tulane Avenue and Tonti Street was designed by the German architect Louis Lehle and completed in 1907 with a wooden extension added in 1919. During Prohibition, the company became the "Dixie Beverage Company." In 1983, Dixie was sold to a New Orleans based corporation, Coy International. In November 1985, it was purchased by Joseph and Kendra Elliott Bruno and in 1989 its owners filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. After emerging reorganized in 1992, the brewery produced a new line of speciality beers, Blackened Voodoo (a dark lager), Crimson Voodoo (a red ale) and in 1993 introduced Jazz Amber Light. In 2005, the Dixie Brewery was severely damaged when Mid-City New Orleans flooded from the levee failure disaster during Hurricane Katrina. After the area was drained the brewery complex was looted with much of the equipment stolen. Despite early post-Katrina claims that the brewery would be restored and efforts being made to encourage local government to support the return of the brewery, it was never able to reopen. With the closing of the original brewery, Dixie Beer’s production was contract brewed at Joseph Huber Brewing Company in Monroe, Wisconsin. When the brewery didn't reopen on Tulane Avenue, the closed brewery building was incorporated into the footprint of the new Department of Veterans Affairs hospital built in New Orleans' Mid-City neighborhood. During restoration, the focus was on stabilizing the structure. Liz Failla, project coordinator for the VA said, "Right now, what we're doing is stabilizing the structure that we're going to maintain, which is that iconic tower with the Dixie Brewery on there." The design preserves and repairs the six- and four-story sections of the old brewery. Failla also said a modern brick and glass structure will rise from behind the historic facade. Tom Benson, owner of the New Orleans Saints and the New Orleans Pelicans, bought a majority stake in the Dixie brand in 2017 from Joe and Kendra Bruno, with plans of returning the brewing operation to New Orleans within two years. After Tom Benson's death on March 15, 2018, his wife Gayle Benson took control of the majority stake in the brewery. On August 7, 2018, it was announced a new Dixie Brewery would be built in Eastern New Orleans featuring a replica of the brick tower at Dixie's original brewery and metal letters that were removed from the exterior of the original brewery. The brewery and taproom were built in an 80,000-square-foot portion of an existing warehouse located on a 14-acre property. A private event space above the taproom has a bar made from a vintage fermenting tank also removed from the original brewery. A kitchen off the taproom offers bar snacks and food, while the area just past the on-site beer garden hosts food trucks. The property also includes a beer museum, a grassy meadow with a pond, walking paths, bocce ball courts, fire pits and an area for yard games. In June 2019, Dixie Beer's production was moved from Monroe, Wisconsin to the Blues City Brewery in Memphis, Tennessee before its return to New Orleans. On November 25, 2019, the Dixie Brewing Company began brewing at their new brewery in New Orleans, marking the first time Dixie was brewed in New Orleans since 2005. On January 25, 2020, the brewery had its official groundbreaking and the facility opened to the public. In November 2020 the company announced that it was changing its name from Dixie Brewing Company to Faubourg Brewing Company, with the beer to be branded as Faubourg beer. Faubourg – pronounced "FO-burg" – is a French word that New Orleaneans often use interchangeably with "neighborhood". According to The Times-Picayune, "While the origins of the term Dixie as a nickname for the South reach far back into history, its affiliation with the Confederacy has made it divisive in modern discourse." In February 2021 the signage on the brewery was changed, with final preparations in place for new packaging for the beer. Popular culture The brewery and/or its beer have been featured notably in films including Red, Southern Comfort, Steel Magnolias, Stone Cold, Tigerland and Tightrope. It is briefly mentioned in the novels A Confederacy of Dunces, American Psycho and True Blood. See also List of breweries in Louisiana References External links Beer brewing companies based in Louisiana Buildings and structures in New Orleans Food and drink companies of New Orleans Manufacturing companies based in New Orleans Tourist attractions in New Orleans American companies established in 1907 Food and drink companies established in 1907 1907 establishments in Louisiana
2522902	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Medical%20Student%20Association	American Medical Student Association	The American Medical Student Association (AMSA), founded in 1950 and based in Washington, D.C., is the oldest and largest independent association of physicians-in-training in the United States. AMSA is a student-governed, national organization. They have a membership of 68,000 medical students, premedical students, interns, medical residents and practicing physicians from across the country. Strategic priorities In November 2007, AMSA leaders decided upon four strategic priorities: Quality, Affordable Health Care for All through advocacy for health care reform and a single-payer universal health care system Global Health Equity through education about our responsibility for rational and proportional assistance for all people Enriching Medicine Through Diversity by improving recruitment and retention into medicine of under-reperesented minorities, while increasing the diversity of its own leadership Professional Integrity, Development and Student Well-Being that creates a humane and cooperative learning environment, one that will develop physicians worthy of the public trust, through work hour reform, revitalization of professionalism in the medical field, and through AMSA's PharmFree campaign History The American Medical Student Association (AMSA) was founded in 1950, as the Student American Medical Association (SAMA), under the auspices of the American Medical Association (AMA). The main purpose of the organization was to provide medical students a chance to participate in organized medicine. The late 1960s saw dramatic changes in the organization's objectives and philosophy. In 1967, AMSA established its independence from the AMA, became student-governed, and began to raise its own voice on a variety of socio-medical issues, including civil rights, abortion rights, universal health care and Vietnam. In a collaboration with medical educators that began in 1968, AMSA proposed numerous reforms and model curricula, to transform medical education in order to make the profession more responsive to community and societal needs. AMSA was also instrumental in the introduction of the original Family Practice Act of 1970, and supported legislation establishing the National Health Service Corps. AMSA has led a campaign to reform medical resident work hours, long a controversial issue in the field. In 2001 AMSA joined the Committee of Interns & Residents and Public Citizen in filing a petition with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration asking for federal oversight of resident work hours as a matter of workplace safety. AMSA authored the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2005, introduced by Senator Jon Corzine (S. 1297) and Representative John Conyers (H.R.1228). AMSA and the Committee of Interns & Residents also jointly maintain a website advocating for work hours reform called Hours Watch that presents the latest scientific research on the topic. In addition to sponsoring events highlighting prospects for universal health care, medical technology and HIV/AIDS, AMSA also has organized the PharmFree Campaign to educate and train its members to interact professionally and ethically with the pharmaceutical industry. In September, 2005, AMSA led the National Conference on the Financing of Undergraduate Medical Education, an event that brought together legislators, medical organizations, medical students and others to address skyrocketing medical debt. Action committees AMSA has eight Action Committees: Community & Public Health Action Committee, Environmental Health Action Committee, Gender & Sexuality Action Committee, Global Health Action Committee, Health Policy Team, Medical Education Team, Race, Ethnicity & Culture in Health Action Committee (REACH), and Wellness & Student Life Action Committee. IFMSA partnership In 2008, IFMSA-USA merged with AMSA. IFMSA-USA used to be the US representative to the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA). Since the merger, AMSA now is able to offer international exchanges for research and clinical electives to nearly 70 countries through SCORE and SCOPE respectively. The exchanges are available to medical student members. Research exchanges are also available to select pre-med members. AMSA also now sends a delegation of students to the semi-annual IFMSA General Assemblies (GA) of IFMSA. Programs PharmFree The PharmFree project, established by the AMSA in 2002, was created from the belief that the medical profession needs more detachment from pharmaceutical firms. Spending on marketing to physicians, which includes gifts to med students, rose from $12.1 billion in 1999 to $22 billion in 2003. Based on the premise that taking gifts from pharmaceutical companies creates a conflict of interest for doctors, AMSA now urges both students and practising physicians to 'just say no' to all personal gifts from Pharmaceutical companies. The PharmFree campaign has included a march on Pfizer offices in New York City, where members assembled at the firm's front doors and dumped thousands of pens marked with the company's logo on the doorstep. Additionally, under the leadership of then-President Leana Wen, AMSA started the Counterdetailing Campaign in 2005 to encourage physicians-in-training to educate practicing physicians about alternative sources of information regarding pharmaceuticals. As "detailing" is the concept of drug representatives selling biased information to physicians, AMSA came up with the concept of "counterdetailing" as an opposing concept, for students to bring physicians evidence-based sources of information. In May 2007, AMSA released the PharmFree Scorecard, the first to evaluate medical schools according to their pharmaceutical interaction policies. Of all the medical schools in the United States, five received a grade of “A,” which translates into comprehensive school policy that restricts pharmaceutical representatives to both the medical school campus and its academic medical centers. Forty schools received an “F” for their lack of policies or encouraging physicians-in-training to obtain information from drug representatives. Allies and supporters of this campaign include No Free Lunch, AARP, Consumers Union, the Medical Letter, and the National Physicians Alliance. AMSA Foundation The Foundation was established by AMSA in 1964 as a means to address issues in medical education and to provide low cost small emergency loans to medical students in need. In 1974, it became a programming arm of AMSA. Leadership AMSA's members elect a National President to serve a one-year term, based in AMSA's Reston offices. The President takes a year's leave from medical school in order to serve AMSA and its mission. AMSA also has staff that work in its Sterling offices, including an executive director. In 2006, AMSA's long-time executive director, Paul R. Wright, retired. Logo To celebrate AMSA's 60th anniversary, a new logo was designed, containing a Rod of Asclepius incorporated into a shield. The letters AMSA rest upon the fully spelled out name of the organization, using the font "Today." The crest contains four colours; from top right clockwise, they are and represent: Blue - (although it is not explicitly explained why the blue is in the shield, the colour blue in general represents AMSA's history and tradition, since its logo has always been blue) Purple - Purple illustrates the advocacy efforts on behalf of LGBT medical students and those discriminated against based on gender and sexuality Red - Red was incorporated into the new logo to reflect the organization's dedication to fighting the global AIDS pandemic Green - Green exemplifies AMSA's commitment to a better environment and environmental health and the organization's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint There is also a blazon as to the usage of the logo, including size, dimensions and colours. These can be found at AMSA's website. See also Caduceus as a symbol of medicine National Physicians Alliance References External links Official website Medical associations based in the United States Medical and health student organizations Student organizations established in 1950 Student organizations in the United States Medical and health organizations based in Virginia
60515350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%20Shandro	Tyler Shandro	Tyler Shandro (born ) is a Canadian politician who has served as the minister of justice and solicitor general of Alberta since February 25, 2022. A member of the United Conservative Party (UCP), Shandro was elected to represent Calgary-Acadia in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 2019 provincial election. He was Alberta's minister of health from 2019 to 2021, and minister of labour and immigration from 2021 until he was named justice minister in 2022. Early and personal life Tyler Shandro was born in Edmonton, Alberta, and later moved to Calgary to attend the University of Calgary and begin his legal career. During his legal career he served as a member of several boards, including the Criminal Injuries Review Board, the National Parole Board, and the Municipal Government Board. Shandro also served on the Calgary Police Commission. Previously he was appointed as a member of the Disaster Advisory Committee after the 2013 Alberta floods. Family Shandro is married to Andrea and they have two children. His great-uncle Andrew Shandro served as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the Whitford electoral district from 1913 to 1922 representing the Liberal Party of Alberta. The hamlet of Shandro, Alberta in Two Hills County is named in honour of Shandro's ancestors. Political career (2019–present) Early political involvement Shandro was a long time volunteer with the Progressive Conservative (PC) Association of Alberta. Following the party's defeat in the 2015 Alberta general election, Shandro ran unsuccessfully for party president against Katherine O'Neill. During this time Shandro rejected calls to merge the PCs with the Wildrose Party, calling the idea "insulting to most of our members". Following Jason Kenney's entrance into provincial politics, Shandro supported the amalgamation, and wrote one of the legal briefs arguing the amalgamation was legally possible. Shandro served on the committee which set out the terms forming the UCP following the 2017 merger of the PCs and Wildrose Party. Election to Legislature (2019) Shandro contested the 2019 Alberta general election in the district of Calgary-Acadia which was previously held by New Democratic Party (NDP) MLA Brandy Payne, who retired from politics following the closure of the 29th Alberta Legislature. Shandro captured 12,615 votes (54 per cent) defeating five other opponents including the next closest candidate, New Democrat Kate Andrews, with 8,049 votes (35 per cent). Minister of Health (2019–2021) On April 30, 2019, Shandro was appointed as the minister of health. Vital Partners controversy On March 19, 2020 concerns were raised on social media that there was a potential conflict of interest on the part of Shandro, who has shares in Vital Partners, along with his wife's sister, and his wife, Andrea Shandro. In response to complaints sent to the ethics commissioner's office about Shandro's alleged conflict of interest, the ethics commissioner, Marguerite Trussler, wrote in a March 20, 2020 letter that, since Shandro was not the director of Shandro Holdings, the company that owns Vital Partners, and since his shares in that company are in a blind trust, he has done "all that is required to be in compliance with the Conflict of Interest Act". Confrontation with neighbour On March 22, Shandro and his wife went to the residence of one of Shandro's neighbours, a Calgary physician (who was at that time also a UCP member). Shandro berated him for posting content regarding Shandro's potential conflict of interest regarding Vital Partners on Facebook. Following the incident, Opposition MLAs called on Premier Kenny to fire Shandro. The neighbour was asked him to remove the post, which he did and later said that he has "forgiven him [Shandro] and his wife" and that "They acted out of character". Shandro responded to the media controversy in a March 27 statement, saying that the social media posts regarding Vital Partners had led to his family being "subjected to an online campaign of defamation". In his March 27 statement he said he regretted his actions because they were a distraction from the COVID-19 pandemic but he refused to publicly apologize to the physician. Shandro was supported by Premier Kenney, who said that Shandro's behaviour was justified given that Shandro felt he was defending his family. By the end of March, there was considerable media coverage of Shandro's response to these concerns including articles in the Medicine Hat News, the Edmonton Journal, and CBC News, A CBC article described how Vital Partners could potentially profit from changes to provincial physician reimbursement that led to physicians having to fire staff and shutter practices. The media coverage of the confrontation resulted in the political opposition and citizens calling for Shandro's resignation. Shandro struggled to recover from this incident, with an April poll showing 34 per cent of Albertans expressing their approval for his handling of COVID-19—the lowest approval rating in Canada. In a July 2020 survey of Alberta doctors, 98% of respondents said that they had lost confidence in Shandro. Further confrontations with constituents A March 27 CBC article described another incident in which Shandro allegedly threatened a constituent who had confronted him about the conflict of interest, saying he would send provincial security services after her. On April 3, the CBC published an article detailing how Shandro had allegedly obtained the personal phone numbers of two physicians from Alberta Health Services illegally. He phoned the two individuals on their private phones, which raised concerns about privacy violations. AMA agreement Bill 21 gave Shandro the right to unilaterally end the long-standing master agreement with the Alberta Medical Association (AMA). He terminated the agreement on March 30 and introduced a new fee structure. On April 9, the AMA filed a lawsuit against the province, citing the termination of the agreement as well as the "government's conduct during negotiations". On March 30, 2021, Alberta doctors voted down a negotiated offer to settle their long standing dispute with the government. This was due in part to doctors and their mistrust of Shandro from past disputes. End of tenure On September 21, 2021 Premier Jason Kenney shuffled him out of the cabinet position as health minister. NDP leader Rachel Notley stated that the news of his departure was "welcome" however "Alberta is facing a crisis in our hospitals but the UCP can't see beyond the chaotic spectacle of their own infighting." Minister of Labour and Immigration (2021–2022) On September 21, 2021, Shandro was appointed as the minister of labour and immigration, swapping roles with Jason Copping, who took over the health portfolio. Minister of Justice and Solicitor General of Alberta (2022–present) Shandro took over the role of minister of justice and solicitor general of Alberta on February 25, 2022, swapping portfolios with Kaycee Madu, who was demoted after a probe found he attempted to interfere with the administration of justice. References United Conservative Party MLAs Living people Politicians from Calgary Politicians from Edmonton Members of the Executive Council of Alberta Health ministers of Alberta 21st-century Canadian politicians Year of birth uncertain Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
755392	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZS%20Che%C5%82m	AZS Chełm	Meblotap AZS Chełm was a Polish women's basketball team based in Chełm that played in the Sharp Torell Basket Liga. Meblotap AZS Chełm has won the 7th place in the Sharp Torell Basket Liga 2003–2004 season. Women's basketball teams in Poland Chełm Sport in Lublin Voivodeship
32613336	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiraea%20virginiana	Spiraea virginiana	Spiraea virginiana is a rare species of flowering plant in the rose family (Rosaceae) known by the common names Virginia meadowsweet and Virginia spiraea. It is native to the southern Appalachian Mountains, where it has a distribution scattered across nine states. However, most populations are very small and poor in quality. It is threatened by disturbances in the hydrology of its habitat, introduced species of plants, and other threats. It is a federally listed threatened species of the United States. This plant is a shrub growing one to three meters (3–10 feet) tall. It is clonal, with several cloned individuals growing in clumps. The leaves are variable in shape and size and may have smooth or toothed edges. The inflorescence is a dense corymb of many cream-white flowers, each flower about 0.6 centimeters wide. The fruit is a follicle. Flowering occurs in June and July. Though the plant produces many flowers, it rarely reproduces sexually and rarely produces seeds. Instead, it reproduces vegetatively by cloning, producing many new sprouts which grow into shrubs. There are fewer than 30 genotypes in total, meaning there are fewer than 30 individual sets of genes; all the other plants are clones of one of the 30 types. This plant is a rare member of the flora in the southern Appalachians. It grows in riparian habitat, such as floodplains and riverbanks. When it was determined to be a threatened species in 1990 there were 24 known occurrences in six states. It could be found at two creeks in Georgia, the New River, Little Tennessee River, Nolichucky River, and South Toe River in North Carolina, the Clear Fork and other rivers in Tennessee, the Russell Fork, Pound River, New River, and Guest River in Virginia, the Bluestone River, Buckhannon River, Gauley River, and Meadow River in West Virginia, Rockcastle River and other creeks in Kentucky, and other rivers. Besides these populations there are occasional occurrences along rivers and creeks. It is also known from Alabama and Ohio. It is thought to have been extirpated from the state of Pennsylvania, due to the changes to the Youghiogheny River (the "Yough") caused by damming. This shrub grows in cracks in rocks alongside flowing water. It has a fibrous mass of roots and lateral rhizomes that anchor it, and even if most of the plant is ripped away during flooding, it easily resprouts from remnants of the rhizomes. It is often found growing in sandstone bedrock, gravel bars, nooks between boulders, and in riverborne deposits of debris, rubble, and silt. It is adapted to periodic flooding, scouring, erosion, and deposition of litter. Other plants in the habitat may include hazel alder (Alnus serrulata), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), creepers (Parthenocissus), ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius), sycamore species (Platanus), blackberries (Rubus), willow species (Salix), American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), soapworts (Saponaria), greenbrier species (Smilax), goldenrod species (Solidago), and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). The plant is threatened by its small numbers, alterations in the hydrology of its riparian habitat, and habitat fragmentation. Populations are isolated from one another, reducing the frequency of its rare sexual reproduction even further. Populations are small; though the plant is adapted to a regime of flooding, unusually large floods have the potential to wipe out small populations. The invasion of introduced plant species, including the shrub's relative, Spiraea japonica (Japanese spiraea), may be a threat because of competition. References virginiana
49903942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Pan%20American%20Women%27s%20Junior%20Handball%20Championship	2008 Pan American Women's Junior Handball Championship	The 2008 Pan American Women's Junior Handball Championship took place in the sports complex CeNARD, in Buenos Aires from March 11 – March 15. Teams Bronze medal match Gold medal match Final standing 2008 in handball Sports competitions in Buenos Aires Pan American Women's Junior Handball Championship H 2008 in Argentine sport
64271220	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim%20Ramada	Joaquim Ramada	Joaquim Ramada (born 27 June 1950) is a Portuguese sailor. He competed in the 470 event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. References External links 1950 births Living people Portuguese male sailors (sport) Olympic sailors of Portugal Sailors at the 1976 Summer Olympics – 470 Place of birth missing (living people)
42833350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Council%20for%20Peace%20and%20Order	National Council for Peace and Order	The National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO; ; ; abbreviated (; )) was the military junta that ruled Thailand between its 2014 Thai coup d'état on 22 May 2014 and 10 July 2019. On 20 May 2014, the military declared martial law nationwide in an attempt to stop the country's escalating political crisis, and to force the democratically elected government out of office. On 22 May, the military removed the Yingluck Shinawatra government and formed the NCPO to take control of the country. The junta censored the broadcasting system in Thailand, suspended most of the constitution (except for the article concerning the country's king), and detained members of the Thai cabinet. The NCPO was formally dissolved following the swearing-in of the new cabinet on 16 July 2019. Critics like former Thai ambassador Pithaya Pookaman charge that the NCPO "...is practically still very much intact. Its arbitrary power[s] ... transferred to the existing Internal Security Operations Command chaired by the prime minister." Name The original English name assumed by the junta was "National Peace and Order Maintaining Council" or "NPOMC". The name was later changed to "National Council for Peace and Order" or "NCPO" on 24 May 2014. Membership and authority On 22 May 2014, the NCPO announced its composition and stated that its leader would exercise all powers and duties which the laws invest in the prime minister and the cabinet, until a new prime minister was elected or appointed. On 23 May, the NCPO announced that short and long-term national administrative policies would be determined by its leader. It assigned its members to government ministries and agencies. On 24 May 2014, the NCPO dissolved the Senate and vested legislative power in its leader. It also ordered the judicial branch to operate under its directives. Later that day, it transferred Police General Adul Saengsingkaew, who was the Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police and also its deputy leader, to an inactive post in the Office of the Prime Minister. Adul was replaced by Police General Watcharapol Prasarnrajkit. On 26 May, King Bhumibol Adulyadej endorsed the coup, formally appointing General Prayut Chan-o-cha to "take charge of public administration" as of 24 May. The royal endorsement was seen as key to legitimising the coup. Board of consultants On 26 May 2014, the NCPO announced the formation of its Board of Consultants: Political motivations and objectives The stated objective of the coup and NCPO was to restore order to Thailand and to enact political reforms. Specifically, Thailand's military junta promised to clean up corruption, reduce political tensions, transform the Thai economy, solve the issues in Thailand's educational system and infrastructure, and equitably allocate state funding regionally. Since then, Thailand's military has failed to demonstrate it is a neutral, prudent economic manager that refrains from mixing business and politics. Top army brass appear to be inexplicably wealthy. The generals have been accused of larding Thai companies with junta cronies, of boosting defense budgets, and of making little progress on economic reform. Attitude adjustment Since taking over, the NCPO has made full use of martial law to prosecute opponents, ban political activity, and censor the media. More than 1,000 people, including academics, political bloggers, activists and politicians, have been detained or sent for "attitude adjustment" at military installations. There are allegations of torture. Prosecutions under the country's strict lèse majesté laws, which protect the monarchy from insult, have risen sharply. In its annual report in January 2015, Human Rights Watch said military rule had sent human rights in Thailand into "a freefall". The victims said that they were taken out of their house and detained in the military base. Renowned dissents such as Yingluck Shinawatra, Watana Muangsook, Pravit Rojanaphruk, and Karun Hosakul were abused by the NCPO since the coup. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan told reporters that "If they speak so 100 times, they will be summoned 100 times." Prawit added that "attitude adjustment" can last between three and seven days. State influence on Buddhism From 2015, Buddhism in Thailand came under significantly higher state control during Prayut's premiership. Following the coup, the NCPO set up a National Reform Council with a religious committee led by former Thai senator Paiboon Nititawan and former monk Mano Laohavanich. The calls for reform were led by one of Prayut's close allies, activist monk Phra Buddha Issara, known for leading the violent protests in Bangkok that led to the coup. In 2016, the NCPO proposed requiring temples to open their finances to the public and requiring monks to carry smart cards to identify their legal and religious backgrounds. The measures were aimed at increasing transparency and efficiency in the management of temples and registration of monks, and were endorsed by the Sangha Supreme Council. The new constitution promulgated in 2017 indicates that the state shall support Buddhism and other religions as well as in disseminating the teachings of Theravada Buddhism. Prayut later stalled a decision by the Sangha Supreme Council by refusing to submit the nomination for Supreme Patriarch of Somdet Chuang, a Maha Nikaya monk who was next in line for the position. The appointment was stalled until a law passed that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council and appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly. This led to the appointment of a monk from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya instead by King Rama X, who chose the name out of one of five given to him by Prayut. In 2017, Prayut used article 44 to replace the head of the National Office of Buddhism with a Department of Special Investigation (DSI) official. However, in August 2017, Prayut removed him from the post after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of his reform plans, which were viewed as damaging the image of monks. Phra Buddha Issara said the junta gave in to pressure too easily given government promises to fight corruption. In May 2018, the NCPO launched simultaneous raids of four different temples to arrest several monks shortly after a crackdown on protesters on the anniversary of the coup. To the surprise of many officials, one of the monks arrested was Phra Buddha Issara, known for his ties to Prayut. The right-wing monk was arrested for charges brought against him in 2014, including alleged robbery and detaining officials, however, his most serious charge was a charge of unauthorized use of the royal seal filed in 2017. Police did not state why he was just then being arrested for charges filed as far back as four years ago; one activist stated he believed it was because of an order from an undisclosed influential figure. Former Senator Paiboon, who led the NCPO's tightening control of Buddhism, also expressed surprise at the arrest. All of the monks arrested in the May raids were defrocked shortly after being taken into custody, and detained before trial. Decisions and future The NCPO repealed the 2007 Constitution, save the second chapter which deals with the King. In addition, it formally ordered the dissolution of the caretaker government, while the Senate was dissolved. Other state agencies, including the courts and the independent organs, remain operative. The NCPO imposed a curfew throughout the country, ordering people to stay indoors from 22:00 to 05:00. It laid down a ban on political gatherings and directed all protesters to disperse. It also ordered all educational institutes, both public and private, to close from 23 to 25 May 2014. Compensation On 2 August 2014, a law was issued to determine monthly salaries and other monetary benefits for NCPO staff. General Prayut was granted 125,590 baht per month. Each of the other NCPO members was granted salaries of 119,920 baht per month. These salaries are in addition to the benefits they are already entitled to receive by virtue of their posts in the armed forces. Each of the other NCPO members was granted salaries of 119,920 baht (US$3,362) per month. These salaries are in addition to the benefits they are already entitled to receive by virtue of their posts in the armed forces. Reactions to the coup Immediately after the coup was announced, People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC) protesters expressed their support for the takeover. Phra Buddha Issara, a Buddhist monk and PDRC co-leader, went on stage and proclaimed the victory of the anti-Yingluck Shinawatra government protesters before requesting that protesters return to their homes. Some pro-Shinawatra government protesters dispersed at the behest of the military, while others refused to leave. The NCPO provided 70 military vehicles to send protesters from both sides home. – Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird condemned the coup and said, "This decision violates Thailand's democratic principles and stands in stark contrast to the Army's earlier assurances that its role would be limited to securing public order. We hope and expect the Thai military will return Thailand to civilian rule as soon as possible, respect democratic processes and the rule of law, ensure freedom of expression and assembly, and guarantee due process for those who have been detained." – The European External Action Service (EEAS) called for the military to accept and respect the constitutional authority of civilian power and stressed "the importance of holding credible and inclusive elections as soon as feasible". – President François Hollande condemned the coup and called for "an immediate return to the constitutional order and for a vote to be organised". – Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations issued a statement expressing concern over the coup, and called for "a prompt return to constitutional, civilian, democratic rule" and movement towards cooperation between the parties. – Secretary of State John Kerry condemned the coup and said that "this act will have negative implications for the US–Thai relationship, especially for our relationship with the Thai military". – Britain expressed concern over the coup, however it did not go as far as to condemn it. The British Foreign Office urged British travelers to follow travel advice, and stated that, "We are concerned at the announcement of a military coup in Thailand and are following developments closely. We urge all sides to put aside their differences, and adhere to the values of democracy and the rule of law. This is clearly in the interests of the people of Thailand." They also added, "ongoing political instability and the continued violence undermine Thailand's democratic framework." The NCPO in action The government seized thousands of "divisive" blue medical boxes and towels intended for distribution to the elderly on 12 April 2016. The boxes were donated by the Democrat Party. The blue boxes carried the photo of Abhisit Vejjajiva, leader of the party. The military had only the week before seized almost 9,000 red Songkran water bowls from the Democrats' rival, the Pheu Thai Party. "The NCPO adheres to principles, righteousness and fairness under the same law. People may wonder why things cannot be handed out during this time of happiness, please understand the officials," said Colonel Piyapong Klinpan, NCPO spokesman. The Democrats had assembled more than 1,200 sets of medicine boxes and towels for the elderly in Phran Kratai District of Kamphaeng Phet Province, a party stronghold. The giveaways were aimed at marking Elderly Day on 13 April. In December 2015, during the same week he disparaged the poor looking for handouts, the government announced a slate of "New Year's gifts" to the populace. These included tax breaks on purchases made between 25–31 December, toll-free expressways, and discounted appliances and other governmental largesse. The Article 44 was used to suspend Sukhumbhand Paribatra, the governor of Bangkok, after irregularities made by the Office of the Auditor-General (OAG). In September 2018, the government arrested several alleged sympathizers of a vestigial political movement advocating the abolishment of the constitutional monarchy. Police seized as evidence T-shirts bearing the group's logo of a red and white flag. Deputy Prime Minister Prawit Wongsuwan declared, "They sell shirts and flags. We've arrested three or four of them now. Whoever we can get to, we will arrest them all," he said, adding "They are traitors." On 10 September 2018, police shut down a forum on the topic, "Will Myanmar's Generals Ever Face Justice for International Crimes?" organized by the Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (FCCT) in Bangkok. The reasons given by police for the shut down: it could damage national security, affect foreign relations, and a give a third party the opportunity to create unrest. It is thought that this is the sixth time police have forced the cancellation of an FCCT program since Thailand's military seized power in 2014. Dissolution On 6 April 2017, a new constitution drafted by the NCPO was promulgated replacing the 2014 interim constitution. The transitory provisions of the 2017 constitution state that the NCPO will come to an end when a cabinet established after the first general election under this constitution takes office, but until then the NCPO retained its sweeping powers under the 2014 constitution. These provisions also constitutionalised all the actions as well as the announcements and orders of the NCPO. Parliamentary elections under the new 2017 Constitution were held on 24 March 2019. The NCPO was dissolved on 16 July 2019 with the swearing-in of the new cabinet. See also 2013–14 Thai political crisis 2014 Thai coup d'état Constitution of Thailand 2014 interim constitution of Thailand Prayut Chan-o-cha 2019 Thai general election Notes References 2019 disestablishments in Thailand 2010s in Thai politics Monarchism in Thailand Fascism in Thailand Contemporary Thai history Government of Thailand Political history of Thailand Military of Thailand Military dictatorships Military dictatorship in Thailand 2014 Thai coup d'état
32873622	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%20Handball%20Federation	Afghanistan Handball Federation	The Afghanistan Handball Federation (AHF) () is the administrative and controlling body for handball and beach handball in Afghanistan. Founded in 2004, AHF is a member of Asian Handball Federation (AHF) and the International Handball Federation (IHF). National teams Afghanistan men's national handball team Afghanistan women's national handball team Afghanistan national beach handball team Afghanistan women's national beach handball team References External links Afghanistan at the IHF website. Afghanistan at the AHF website. Handball Sports organizations established in 2004 2004 establishments in Afghanistan Handball governing bodies Asian Handball Federation National members of the International Handball Federation
15513990	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Maldives	New Maldives	New Maldives began as a group of young ministers who supported the dictatorship of President Gayoom and claimed to be working to usher in liberal democracy to the Maldives. Its most public proponent is Ahmed Shaheed, supported by Hassan Saeed and Mohamed Jameel Ahmed, who were serving as Foreign Minister, Attorney-General and Justice Minister, respectively. The New Maldives was launched in December 2005 in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and was initially used by the media as a pejorative term. Origins New Maldives developed out of the close relationship between Hassan Saeed, who became the Attorney-General in November 2003, and Ahmed Shaheed when the latter was appointed as Chief Government Spokesman in May 2004. Both Saeed and Shaheed are alumni of the University of Queensland where they obtained their PhDs. They used their positions as Chief Legal Adviser to the President and Director of Communications respectively to dismantle the autocratic regime of Gayoom. It was widely believed that it was Saeed and Shaheed who engineered the dismissal of the bulk of the Old Guard from the Cabinet of President Gayoom in May 2005. Shaheed became the Foreign Minister in the new Cabinet line-up, replacing Fathulla Jameel, who had served 28 years as Foreign Minister. Shaheed claims to have coined the term New Maldives in November 2005 as a vision of the political reforms that were being implemented by President Gayoom in his sixth term in office. The concept was unveiled to the public in December 2005 at a press conference hosted by the Maldives High Commission in Colombo. The ministers in the panel were Foreign Minister Shaheed, Attorney General Saeed, Justice Minister Mohamed Jameel Ahmed, and Information Minister Mohamed Nasheed. Media reports of the event labeled the participating ministers as New Maldives. Political Take-Off As a ginger group, the New Maldives reached their high point when they produced the Roadmap for the Reform Agenda in March 2006, through which they tied the president to time-bound steps to create a new political order in the Maldives. The campaign to produce the Roadmap, January – March 2006, saw the New Maldives ministers clash openly with the Old Guard, especially over the insertion of provisions in the Roadmap to combat corruption and to subscribe to international human rights norms. The New Maldives claims credit for having acceded to all the major international human rights treaties. By April 2006, the Old Guard led by the President’s half-brother, Abdulla Yameen, clashed openly with the New Maldives ministers during the elections for the DRP Council. Saeed and Shaheed were joined by other new ministers: Youth Minister Hussain Hilmy, Atolls Minister Waheed Deen, Construction Minister Mauroof Jameel, Housing Minister Ibrahim Rafeeg, Gender Minister Ayesha Didi and other young politicians such as Imad Solih and Lubna Zahir Hussain. In the elections that followed, the New Maldives faction gained a majority of the seats in the Council. In the process, the New Maldives effectively destroyed the careers of both Ilyas Ibrahim and Abdulla Yameen, who had been the leading contenders to succeed President Gayoom. Saeed was elected as one of the four Deputy Leaders and became the rising star of Maldivian politics. Westminster House Talks Shortly after the election victory, Shaheed and Saeed engineered the Westminster House process, through which they pardoned and released a number of high-profile dissidents who were languishing in jail or facing politically motivated prosecutions. These were steps towards a multiparty dialogue process supervised by the British Government designed to speed up the stalled constitutional reforms. However, both Gayoom and Yameen, who feared that British mediation would mean that the Gayoom might not be able to run for a seventh term in office, derailed the process. Open Clash with Gayoom The breach between Gayoom and the New Maldives began to become visible by 10 December 2006, when the Attorney-General declared that the Roadmap was being used to introduce only paper reforms. This breach became wider when he further called on the Chief Justice to choose between executive functions and judicial functions in a speech given in January 2007. The breach between the New Maldives and Gayoom intensified as the date for the referendum on a future system of government approached. New Maldives favoured a presidential system with two-term limitation and clear separation of powers while Gayoom and Yameen favoured a prime ministerial system that would enable Gayoom to seek re-election. Finally, by July 2007, Shaheed openly accused Gayoom of manipulating and corrupting the parliament for his personal gain while Saeed and Jameel resigned to protest over Gayoom’s attempts to obstruct the reform roadmap. Launching of the New Maldives Movement Having left the Cabinet, the trio launched the New Maldives Movement on 29 August 2007 in Colombo, and traveled to London and Brussels to generate international support for the project. Upon return to the Maldives, the group encouraged the formation of a united front of pro-democracy groups as the National Unity Alliance. The New Maldives Movement became an important actor within the Alliance. Banning of New Maldives In early January, the official newspaper of the governing DRP, Hamaroalhi, accused New Maldives of fostering terrorism. On 18 January 2008, the Minister for Legal Reform and Government Spokesman Mohamed Nasheed declared that New Maldives Movement had not sought registration with the Home Minister and was therefore an illegal movement. Ten days later, the Home Minister officially banned the New Maldives Movement led by the three ex-ministers and granted a licence to two members of the DRP to operate an NGO by the name of New Maldives Movement. The Home Minister also warned that the ex-ministers would face two years in prison if they used the tag of New Maldives Movement. Leadership Challenge Hassan Saeed, with Shaheed as his running mate, contested the first-ever multi-party presidential elections held in the Maldives in October 2008 on an independent ticket. At the start of the campaign, Saeed successfully overcame attempts to disqualify his candidature on the basis of his age (he was 38 at that time) and on the grounds of the nationality of his wife. Immediately afterward, the government banned, as un-Islamic, an academic book that Saeed had published four years previously on freedom of religion. The New Maldives team were blacked out from the state media for much of the campaign, until they threatened to take legal action against the government under the new Constitution that came into force a few weeks ahead of the election. In the first round, Saeed and Shaheed polled nearly 17% of the popular vote and having come third in the race, just failed to qualify for the second round run-off. However they pledged immediate and unconditional support to the contender, Mohamed Nasheed, and formed a coalition that defeated the 30-year-old regime on 28 October 2008. In the government that was formed on 11 November 2008, Shaheed became the Foreign Minister, Jameel the Science and Technology Minister and Saeed Special Adviser to the President. Saeed quit as Adviser on 18 February 2009, alleging that the new president had betrayed the trust the people had placed in him by violating the Constitution and abusing power. Entry into Parliament On 27 January 2009, the New Maldives Movement was formally registered as the Dhivehi Qawmee Party, and in the elections for the parliament held on 9 May, the Dhivehi Qawmee Party secured 3 seats. External links Longest Serving Leader New Maldives Letter FM Quits Threat to Democracy New Maldives References Organisations based in the Maldives Politics of the Maldives
994431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigorin	Chigorin	Chigorin can refer to: Mikhail Chigorin (1850–1908), Russian chess player Chigorin Defense, a chess opening Chigorin Memorial, a chess tournament 7268 Chigorin, a minor planet Surnames of Russian origin
39588091	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implant%20failure	Implant failure	Implant failure refers to the failure of any medical implant to meet the claims of its manufacturer or the health care provider involved in its installation. Implant failure can have any number of causes. The rates of failure vary for different implants. The monitoring of the safety of implants is conducted within the context of broader pharmacovigilance. Common types of failure Material degradation Implant failure can occur due to the degradation of the material an implant is made of. With time, mechanical degradation, in the form of wear or fatigue, or electrochemical degradation, in the form of corrosion, can occur. Biotoxicity, particularly in metal implants, can arise due to ion release. Bacterial infection Implants, made of synthetic materials, are naturally coated by a biofilm by the body, which may function as a favorable medium for bacteria growth. Implant failure due to bacterial infection of the implant can occur at any point of implant lifetime. Bacteria may already reside on the implant or be introduced during the implantation. Typical failure mechanisms include tissue damage and implant detachment due to bacteria generated biofilm. Hip replacement failure Hip replacement implants can fail. Outcomes are normally recorded in a joint replacement registry to ensure patterns are picked up upon. In 2013 Johnson & Johnson shared documents which indicated that 40% of a class of hip replacement implants which it manufactured had failed. Pacemaker failure Pacemaker failure is the inability of an implanted artificial pacemaker to perform its intended function of regulating the beating of the heart. It is defined by the requirement of repeat surgical pacemaker-related procedure after the initial implantation. Causes of pacemaker failure included: lead related failure (lead migration, lead fracture, ventricular perforation), unit malfunction (battery failure or component malfunction), problems at the insertion site (infections, tissue breakdown, battery pack migration), and failures related to exposure to high voltage electricity or high intensity microwaves. Cochlear implant failure Cochlear implants are used to treat severe to profound hearing loss by electrically stimulating the hearing nerve. Clinical symptoms of cochlear implant failure include auditory symptoms (tinnitus, buzzing, roaring, popping sounds), non-auditory symptoms (pain, shocking sensation, burning sensation, facial stimulation, itching), and decrease in the patient's hearing performance. When such symptoms occur, the patient's clinical team evaluates the patient and the device using in-situ methods, and determines if revision surgery is necessary. The most commonly reported device failures are due to impacts, loss of hermeticity, and electrode lead malfunctions. Most manufacturers provide on their websites the survival rate of their marketed implants, although they are not required to do so. In order to improve and standardize failure reporting practices to the public, the AAMI is developing an American standard for cochlear implants in collaboration with the FDA, major cochlear implant manufacturers, the CALCE center for reliability, doctors, and clinicians. Dental implant failure Failure of a dental implant is often related to the failure of the implant to osseointegrate correctly with the bone, or vice versa. A dental implant is considered to be a failure if it is lost, mobile or shows peri-implant (around the implant) bone loss of greater than 1.0 mm in the first year and greater than 0.2 mm a year after. Dental implant failures have been studied. Persons who smoke habitually prior to having dental implants are significantly more likely to have their implants fail. Individuals who suffer from diabetes and those who disregard general oral hygiene are also at higher risk of having their implants fail. Responses to implant failure In 2012 Royal College of Surgeons of England and the British Orthopaedic Association called for increased regulation of implants to prevent implant failure. A 2011 study by Dr. Diana Zuckerman and Paul Brown of the National Research Center for Women and Families, and Dr. Steven Nissen of the Cleveland Clinic, published in the Archives of Internal Medicine, showed that most medical devices recalled in the last five years for “serious health problems or death” had been previously approved by the FDA using the less stringent, and cheaper, 510(k) process. In a few cases the devices had been deemed so low-risk that they did not need FDA regulation. Of the 113 devices recalled, 35 were for cardiovascular issues. This may lead to a reevaluation of FDA procedures and better oversight. References Further reading External links 2011 United States government report on implant safety Failed Implant Device Alliance, a grassroots organization advocating for implant safety Implants (medicine) Medical error Product safety
24666918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleta%2C%20Oklahoma	Oleta, Oklahoma	Oleta is an unincorporated community in southeastern Pushmataha County, Oklahoma, United States, 15 miles east of Antlers. According to the Public Land Survey System in use in Oklahoma it is located in S18-T4S-R19E. A United States Post Office opened here on October 10, 1935. According to historian George H. Shirk, whose seminal work Oklahoma Place Names was published in 1965, Oleta was named for the first wife of Alvin J. Morris, a businessman in the county. However, the name of Mr. Morris' first wife was not Oleta. According to information provided in later years by Mr. Morris to the Pushmataha County Historical Society, the community is named for area resident Oleta Ashmore. In earlier times, the residents of an area to be served by a new U.S. Post Office were given responsibility for determining the name by which it would be known. Postal officials generally agreed to the name submitted, so long as the name was not already in use elsewhere in the state. As related by Mr. Morris, who lived nearby at the time the Oleta post office opened, the name drawn from a hat by local residents was "Oleta"—a reference to Oleta Ashmore, who was one of their number. More information on Oleta may be found in the Pushmataha County Historical Society. References Unincorporated communities in Pushmataha County, Oklahoma Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma
64535620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Bridgman%20Clark	Arthur Bridgman Clark	Arthur Bridgman Clark (1866–1948) an American architect, printmaker, author, and professor, as well as the first mayor of Mayfield, California (1855–1925), and first head of Art and Architecture Department at Stanford University. He taught classes at Stanford University from 1893 until 1931. About Clark was born August 11, 1866 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at Syracuse University and earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree in 1886, and a Master of Arts degree in 1891. The same year, in 1891 he married Hanna Grace Birge of Hector, New York. From 1888–1889, he was the Director of State Schools and an instructor of trade school at Elmira Reformatory. He taught Architecture courses at Syracuse University between 1889–c.1892. Clark and his wife studied painting with William Merritt Chase in Art Students League of New York in 1898 and with John Henry Twachtman and James Whistler in Paris. Clark moved to California in 1892, settling in the College Terrace neighborhood of Palo Alto. He joined Stanford University 1893, during the early days of the school. He taught graphic design and art classes at Stanford University from 1893 until 1931, when he retired. Students of Clark included artist Jennie V. Cannon. During the summers when Stanford University classes were out of session, Clark would work as a freelance architect in the Palo Alto-area designing private residencies. In 1903, Clark spearheaded a movement to incorporate the town of Mayfield and was named the town's first mayor. Mayfield was a town that bordered Stanford University and at the time was a popular destination for rowdy bars. While serving as Mayor Clark banned bars from the town, which allowed the town to flourish and grow. He later served as the chairman of the Planning Commission. The town of Mayfield became part of Palo Alto on July 6, 1925. Clark was a founder and a member of the Pacific Arts Association, and a member of the American Committee for the International Congress of Art Education, the Palo Alto Art Club (now known as Pacific Art League), and California Teachers Association. Clark died May 15, 1948 in Palo Alto, California and he is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park. Notable buildings by Arthur Bridgman Clark Publications See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Clara County, California References External links Arthur Bridgman Clark Papers from Online Archive of California (OAC) 1866 births 1948 deaths Stanford University Department of Art and Art History faculty Syracuse University School of Architecture alumni Architects from California People from Palo Alto, California 20th-century American printmakers Writers from Syracuse, New York Art Students League of New York alumni
52130225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasquale%20Panella	Pasquale Panella	Pasquale Panella (born 12 January 1950) is an Italian lyricist, playwright, poet and novelist. He sometimes used the pen names Duchesca and Vanera. Life and career Born in Rome, after graduating from the Istituto Magistrale Panella started his career as author and sometimes also actor of avant-garde theatre. In 1976 he began collaborating as a lyricist with Enzo Carella, notably writing the lyrics of "Barbara", which placed second at the 29th edition of the Sanremo Music Festival. In 1983 Panella was commissioned by Lucio Battisti the lyrics of the Battisti-produced Adriano Pappalardo's album Oh! Era Ora; starting from the 1986 album Don Giovanni, he then became the lyricist of the Battisti's following albums. In the second half of the 1980s he also started a successful and sometimes uncredited collaboration with Amedeo Minghi. His collaborations also include Zucchero Fornaciari, Mina, Mango, Premiata Forneria Marconi, Gianni Morandi, Angelo Branduardi, Marcella Bella, Anna Oxa, Mietta, Sergio Cammariere, Mino Reitano. Also active as novelist and poet, he collaborated with Riccardo Cocciante writing the lyrics of the Italian versions of the stage musicals Notre-Dame de Paris and Giulietta e Romeo. His surreal and sometimes hermetic writing style has been variously described as dadaist, minimalist, avant-garde, and miniaturist. Literary works Novels La corazzata (1997) Oggetto d'amore (1998) Collections of poems Savarin - Sade (2005) TG2 mistrà - 88 lanci poetici (2005) Poema bianco (2008) "La piazza, vie di entrata e vie di uscita" in Piazze in piazza (2016), edited by Giampiero Castellotti References External links 1950 births Living people Writers from Rome Italian lyricists Italian male poets Italian male novelists Italian dramatists and playwrights
10961355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Hawkins%20%28footballer%29	Peter Hawkins (footballer)	Peter Hawkins (born 18 September 1978 in Maidstone) is an English former footballer and assistant manager. He has made over 275 senior appearances for Wimbledon, York, Rushden & Diamonds, Ebbsfleet, Maidstone and Tonbridge. Career Hawkins came up through the youth system at Wimbledon. He joined York City on a loan in February 2000, where he made 14 appearances in League Two in the 1999–00 season, before breaking into the first-team at Wimbledon in the following season. He went on to make over 130 league and cup appearances for Wimbledon in four seasons. He joined Rushden & Diamonds in July 2004, for whom he started 69 games. He left the club by mutual consent in March 2006 after not featuring in the first-team since the previous December, and joined Ebbsfleet United a week later. By the end of the 2007–08 season, Hawkins had made over 80 appearances for Ebbsfleet and collected a winners medal when the Kent club won the FA Trophy at Wembley Stadium in May 2008. Towards the back end of the 2008–09 season, Hawkins had two separate loan spells at his hometown club Maidstone United, making 16 appearances in total. After being released by Ebbsfleet in May 2009, Hawkins signed a permanent deal with Maidstone for the 2009–10 season. In June 2010 he joined Tonbridge Angels after being released by Maidstone. He rejoined Maidstone in September 2010 before leaving again a month later, where he joined up with former Stones manager Lloyd Hume at Kent County League outfit Bly Spartans. In February 2011 Hawkins returned to Isthmian League football, joining former Maidstone manager Peter Nott at Whitstable Town. Honours FA Trophy: 2008 References External links Club Player Profile 1978 births Living people Sportspeople from Maidstone English footballers Wimbledon F.C. players York City F.C. players Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players Ebbsfleet United F.C. players Maidstone United F.C. players Tonbridge Angels F.C. players Rochester United F.C. players Whitstable Town F.C. players Chatham Town F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Association football defenders
22678246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofar%20River	Mofar River	Mofar River is a west-flowing river of central Ethiopia, and part of the watershed of the Abay. Part of its course is in a deep canyon. References Nile basin Rivers of Ethiopia
2259687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Black%20%28U.S.%20senator%29	John Black (U.S. senator)	John Black (August 11, 1800 – August 29, 1854) was a slave owner and politician from the U.S. state of Mississippi, most notably serving in the United States Senate as a Whig from 1832 to 1838. Biography Black was born in Massachusetts, and became a teacher. He then moved to Louisiana, where he practiced law. After moving to Mississippi, he was elected a judge in 1826, eventually being elected to the Mississippi Supreme Court. In 1832, Governor Charles Lynch appointed him as a Jacksonian, the forerunner of the modern Democratic Party, to fill the vacancy left by Powhatan Ellis. He ran for the seat in his own right as an anti-Jacksonian (later Whig) and served from November 22, 1833 to January 22, 1838, when he resigned. During his time in office, he served as the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Private Lands. After leaving the Senate, he moved to Winchester, Virginia, where he resumed practicing law until his death. References External links 1854 deaths People from Massachusetts Louisiana lawyers Justices of the Mississippi Supreme Court United States senators from Mississippi Politicians from Winchester, Virginia Virginia lawyers Mississippi National Republicans Mississippi Whigs 19th-century American politicians Mississippi Jacksonians Whig Party United States senators 1800 births
25812837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine%20intoxication	Cocaine intoxication	Cocaine intoxication refers to the subjective, desired and adverse effects of cocaine on the mind and behavior of users. Both self-induced and involuntary cocaine intoxication have medical and legal implications (even in absence of relevant adverse effects). Adverse effects can develop over time due to repeated use and so become chronic conditions. However, even a one-time intake of the substance can result in severe acute intoxication. Recurrent cocaine use and dependence to the drug inevitably leads to the reduction of the desired effects perceived by the users, while the occurrence of adverse effects of intoxication increase. The last can sometimes be completely reversed without bearing consequences but they can also potentially kill the users (e.g., in cases of untreated or non-manageable overdoses). Signs and symptoms Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being, euphoria, energy, sociability, and sexuality. The former are some of the desired effects of cocaine intoxication. Not having the normal use of mental faculties by reason of the introduction of cocaine is defined drug intoxication by the laws in America, Europe, and most of the rest of the World, and it is a serious crime in specific contexts (e.g., in drug-impaired driving). Mild adverse effects include anxiety, increased temperature, paranoia, restlessness, and teeth grinding. With prolonged use, the drug can cause chronic complications like insomnia, weight loss, anorexia, persistent tachycardia, heart failure, kidney failure, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. Depression with suicidal ideation may develop in heavy users. Finally, a loss of vesicular monoamine transporters, neurofilament proteins, and other morphological changes appear to indicate a long-term damage to dopamine neurons. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils (the nasal septum), which can eventually lead to its complete disappearance. Studies have shown that cocaine usage during pregnancy triggers premature labor and may lead to abruptio placentae. In cases of severe acute intoxication, potentially lethal adverse effects include prolonged episodes of arrhythmia (i.e., a group of abnormal heart rhythms that also include tachycardia), heavy hypoglycemia, tremors, convulsions, hyperthermia (i.e., markedly increased core temperature), untreated uremia, myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac arrest. Overdose Cocaine can be snorted, swallowed, injected, or smoked. Most deaths due to cocaine are accidental but may also be the result of body packing or stuffing with rupture in the gastrointestinal tract. Use of cocaine causes abnormally fast heart rhythms and a marked elevation of blood pressure (hypertension), which can be life-threatening. This can lead to death from acute myocardial infarction, acute respiratory failure (i.e., hypoxemia, with or without hypercapnia), stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and sudden cardiac arrest. Cocaine overdose may result in hyperthermia as stimulation and increased muscular activity cause greater heat production. Heat loss is also inhibited by the cocaine-induced vasoconstriction. Cocaine and/or associated hyperthermia may cause muscle cell destruction (rhabdomyolysis) and myoglobinuria resulting in kidney failure. Individuals with cocaine overdose should be transported immediately to the nearest emergency department, preferably by ambulance in case cardiac arrest occurs en route. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, approximately 14,600 deaths occurred in the US in 2017 due to an overdose where cocaine was somehow involved in any capacity, defined or undefined. Because of the increase in heart rate, cocaine users can be prone to elevated body temperatures, tremors, chest pains, and subject to nausea and vomiting. Some psychological symptoms due to an overdose include paranoia, delirium, anxiety as well as panicked feelings. Some signs of an overdose of cocaine are difficulty breathing, loss of urine control, bluish color of the skin, loss of awareness or surroundings, and high blood pressure. Although not as common, death can be caused from an over intoxication of cocaine. Most severe overdoses occur when users combine cocaine with other substances like alcohol or heroin, which increase the effects and heighten the chances of having a dangerous overdose. Treating an overdose can be done by bringing back blood flow to the heart, and restoring the body with oxygen rich blood, especially for the brain to reduce the risk of stroke. Cocaine overdoses have fluctuated over the years. From 2006 to 2010 there has been a decline in the number of reported cases. Though, from 2010 to 2015 there has been an increase in the reported cases involving over cocaine Intoxication. Males appear to have a much higher chance of overdosing than females. The ratio of male to female cocaine overdoses is 3:1. Withdrawal Cocaine withdrawal isn't as severe as the withdrawal from other substances. For example, substances like alcohol and benzodiazepines can involve severe physical withdrawal symptoms while cocaine results in mostly psychological symptoms. Physiological changes caused by cocaine withdrawal include vivid and unpleasant dreams, insomnia, hypersomnia, anger, increased appetite, weight gain, psychomotor retardation, agitation, depression, and anxiety. According to a study done by Gawin and Kleber in 1986, there are three phases in the withdrawal process. They observed the behavior of 30 cocaine-dependent individuals. Phase one, the crash, is characterized by acute dysphoria, irritability and anxiety, increased desire for sleep, exhaustion, increased appetite, decreased craving to use. Phase two, withdrawal, is characterized by increasing craving to use, poor concentration, some irritability and some lethargy, which persisted for up to 10 weeks. Lastly, phase three is characterized by the intermittent craving to use in the context of external cues. Cocaine and its metabolites are completely eliminated from the body by 3 days. There are not any FDA-approved medications that specifically help treat cocaine withdrawal, however, there are some useful medications that could possibly help individuals overcome their addiction. One example is propranolol. Propranolol is a beta blocker that has been approved to treat hypertension, angina, anxiety, and other related psychological problems. Buprenorphine and naltrexone are two substances that act as an effective treatment in the earlier stages of withdrawal. Pathophysiology Cocaine pharmacodynamics involve multiple complex mechanisms. Although it has a short half-life (~ 1 hour), cocaine metabolites, which rise in concentrations several hours after cocaine ingestion, persist in circulation for up to 24 hours, and may cause delayed or recurrent coronary vasoconstriction. This drug binds and blocks monoamine (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) re-uptake transporters with equal affinity. Monoamines accumulate in the synaptic cleft resulting in enhanced and prolonged sympathetic effects. Cocaine's acute effect in the central nervous system is to raise the amount of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens (the pleasure center in the brain). When this effect ceases due to metabolism of cocaine, depletion of associated neurotransmitters, and receptor down-regulation (tachyphylaxis), the cocaine user may experience dysphoria, or a "crash" after the initial high. The principal actions of cocaine on the cardiovascular system are from alpha- and beta-1-adrenoceptor stimulation resulting in increased heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and myocardial contractility, which are major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand. Cocaine and its metabolites may cause arterial vasoconstriction hours after use. Epicardial coronary arteries are especially vulnerable to these effects, leading to decreased myocardial oxygen supply. Cocaine-induced platelet activation and thrombus formation is another deleterious effect, caused by alpha-adrenergic- and adenosine diphosphate-mediated increase in platelet aggregation. Plasminogen activator inhibitor is also increased following cocaine use, thereby promoting thrombosis. Cocaine acts like a class I antiarrhythmic agent by blocking sodium and potassium channels, in a similar way of local anesthetics such as lidocaine, and interferes with action potential propagation. This Vaughn-Williams class IC effect increases the risk of conduction disturbance and tachyarrhythmias. Adding to its complex toxicity, cocaine targets muscarinic acetylcholine, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), sigma, and kappa-opioid receptors. Management There is no specific antidote for cocaine. Emergency treatment of cocaine-associated high body temperature consists of giving a benzodiazepine and physical cooling. Immediate administration of aspirin is required for patients reporting cocaine-associated chest pain. Cooling is best accomplished with tepid water misting and cooling with a fan. Antipyretics (e.g., paracetamol) have no effect in lowering high temperature because cocaine is an muscarinic receptor agonist. The chest pain, high blood pressure, and increased heart rate caused by cocaine may be also treated with benzodiazepines. Multiple and escalating dose of benzodiazepines may be necessary to achieve effect, which increases risk of over-sedation and respiratory depression. A review of cocaine cardiovascular toxicity found benzodiazepines may not always reliably lower heart rate and blood pressure. Lidocaine and intravenous lipid emulsion have been successfully used for serious ventricular tachyarrhythmias in several case reports. People who are agitated are best treated with benzodiazepines, though antipsychotics such as haloperidol and olanzapine may also be useful. The alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine may also be useful for agitation, but effects on heart rate and blood pressure are variable based on several studies and case reports. Vasodilators Nitric-oxide mediated vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin and nitroprusside, are effective at lowering blood pressure and reversing coronary arterial vasoconstriction, but not heart rate. Nitroglycerin is useful for cocaine-induced chest pain, but the possibility of reflex tachycardia must be considered. Alpha blockers Alpha-blockers such as phentolamine have been recommended and may be used to treat cocaine-induced hypertension and coronary arterial vasoconstriction, but these agents do not reduce heart rate. Furthermore, phentolamine is rarely used, not readily available in many emergency departments, and many present-day clinicians are unfamiliar with its use. Beta blockers Although the use of beta blockers is still controversial, notwithstanding decades of practice, despite research papers and systematic reviews on this subject (more details are in the next section), the intravenous racemic mixture of labetalol, a non-selective β blocker and selective α1 blocker is recommended for treating concomitant hypertension and tachycardia. Furthermore, the use of labetolol is approved by a AHA/ACC guideline for people who have used cocaine and methamphetamine with unstable angina/non-STEMI. A relative contraindication to the use of beta-blockers is still evident in some guidelines for the treatment of cocaine toxicity despite limited evidence. The phenomenon of “unopposed alpha-stimulation,” in which blood pressure increases or coronary artery vasoconstriction worsens after blockade of beta-2 vasodilation in people using cocaine, is controversial. This rarely-encountered and unpredictable adverse effect has resulted in some clinicians advocating for an absolute contraindication of all beta-blockers, including specific, non-specific, and mixed. Many clinicians have disregarded this dogma and administer beta-blockers for cocaine-related chest pain and acute coronary syndrome, especially when there is demand ischemia from uncontrolled tachycardia. Of the 1,744 people in the aforementioned systematic review, only 7 adverse events were from putative cases of “unopposed alpha-stimulation” due to propranolol (n=3), esmolol (n=3), and metoprolol (n=1). Some detractors of beta-blockers for cocaine-induced chest pain have cited minimal acute mortality and the short half-life of the medication, making it unnecessary to aggressively treat any associated tachycardia and hypertension. However, the long-term effect of cocaine use and development of heart failure, with early mortality, high morbidity, and tremendous demand on hospital utilization should be taken under consideration. Calcium channel blockers Calcium channel blockers may also be used to treat hypertension and coronary arterial vasoconstriction, but fail to lower tachycardia based on all cocaine-related studies. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channels blockers such as diltiazem and verapamil are preferable, as dihydropyridine agents such as nifedipine have much higher risk of reflex tachycardia (however, clinicians can prevent reflex tachycardia by administering beta-blockers some minutes before using the latter class of CCBs). See also Cocaine Anonymous Cocaine dependence Crack cocaine § Crack lung List of deaths from drug overdose and intoxication References External links Substance intoxication Dependence
34692763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaphe%20subolivalis	Synaphe subolivalis	Synaphe subolivalis is a species of moth of the family Pyralidae. It was described by Oberthür in 1887. It is found in Morocco. References Moths described in 1887 Pyralini Endemic fauna of Morocco Moths of Africa
27699858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Madden	James Madden	James Madden may refer to: J. Lester Madden (1909–1984), American figure skater James Loomis Madden (1892–1972), acting chancellor of New York University, 1951–1952 Jim Madden (born 1958), Australian politician James Madden (footballer) (born 1999), Irish Australian rules footballer for the Brisbane Lions James Madden (hurler) (born 1996), player for Dublin
9594874	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tz%20Spielmann	Götz Spielmann	Götz Spielmann (born 11 January 1961) is an Austrian director and scriptwriter. Life and career Spielmann was born in Wels, Austria, and grew up in Vienna. After High School, he lived in Paris for several months. From 1980 to 1987 he studied film direction and script-writing in Vienna at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna. At the Viennese Filmacadamy, his professors included Harald Zusanek and Axel Corti. After making several short films, and receiving his diploma with Vergiss Sneider!, with the drama Erwin und Julia, Spielmann had his first great success. In 1993, his film Der Nachbar won the Vienna Filmaward at the Viennale. And in 1994, his film for television Dieses naive Verlangen was awarded with the Erich-Neuberg-Preis. In 2006, he was honored with the Upper Austrian Landeskulturpreis in the “Film” section. Spielmann is one of the most important contemporary Austrian film directors. His films The Stranger and Antares were the Austrian candidates for Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film. Antares has been screened widely at more than thirty International Film Festivals. Spielmann is on the committee of the Verband der Filmregisseure Österreichs (the Association of the Austrian film directors). In the Linzer Kammerspiele (Linz, Upper Austria) he made his debut as theatre director with the performance of the play Der einsame Weg, written by Arthur Schnitzler. For the season 2006/2007, he wrote his first play for the theatre, the Landestheater Linz, Imperium, which was first released on 5 January 2007 at the Linzer Kammerspiele. In January 2009 Spielmann's Revanche was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Films (selection) Erwin und Julia (1990) Der Nachbar (1993) Dieses naive Verlangen (1993) Loveable Lies (Liebe Lügen; aka Pretty Lies) (1995) Fear of the Idyll (Die Angst vor der Idylle) (1996) The Stranger (Die Fremde) (2000) Spiel im Morgengrauen (2001) Antares (2004) Revanche (2008) October November (2013) External links 1961 births Austrian film directors 20th-century Austrian dramatists and playwrights 21st-century Austrian dramatists and playwrights Austrian male dramatists and playwrights Austrian screenwriters English-language film directors German-language film directors Living people Male screenwriters
52694882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otagoa	Otagoa	Otagoa is a genus of South Pacific araneomorph spiders in the family Toxopidae, and was first described by Raymond Robert Forster in 1970. it contains only three species, all found in New Zealand: O. chathamensis, O. nova, and O. wiltoni. References Araneomorphae genera Spiders of New Zealand Taxa named by Raymond Robert Forster Toxopidae
18753258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Samarra%20%282004%29	Battle of Samarra (2004)	The Battle of Samarra, also called Operation Baton Rouge, took place in 2004 during the Iraq War. The city of Samarra in central Iraq had fallen under the control of insurgents shortly after insurgents had seized control of Fallujah and Ramadi. In preparation for an offensive to retake Fallujah, on 1 October, 5,000 American and Iraqi troops assaulted Samarra and secured the city after three days of fighting. Losing control During the month of September, negotiations with local commanders produced a city council which was to govern the city. However, insurgents soon seized control and the agreement fell apart. The city government was infiltrated by insurgents and the city came under the control of the Iraqi insurgency. Fighters loyal to the insurgents, including but not particularly Abu Musab Zarqawi, roamed the streets, confiscating music cassette tapes, which were condemned as haram. Attacks on American and Iraqi forces in the vicinity of the city greatly increased. American commanders decided to re-take the city as a precursor to the upcoming battle to retake Fallujah. Battle On the morning of 1 October, the Iraqi 36th Commando Battalion seized the Golden Mosque inside the city, capturing 25 insurgents and uncovering weapons caches. The Golden Mosque is considered the third-holiest shrine in Shia Islam, and any damage to it would have aroused significant controversy. Other Iraqi troops secured the Great Mosque of Samarra, a valued historic and cultural site. That same day, American troops with 1-26th INF along with 1-14 INF secured the main bridge across the Tigris River. American forces encountered insurgents transporting and unloading weapons using speedboats and opened fire, destroying the boats. American and Iraqi forces were supported by M1 Abrams tanks, M2 Bradley armored fighting vehicles, one platoon of cannon artillery (155mm M109A6 Paladin howitzers) from the North Carolina Army National Guard 30th bct A btry 2nd platoon 1-113, 25th ID 2nd BCT, 1-14th INF and the 1st ID 2nd BCT, C Co. 2/108 INF 27th BCT (NYARNG), B Co. 2/108 INF 27th BCT (NYARNG), 1-26th INF Task Force that was responsible for securing Samarra. Additional forces from 1-18th IN TF, 1-77th AR TF, 1-4 Cav supported this operation and smoke support from 12th Chemical Co. They focused on capturing major government and police buildings. After heavy street fighting, American and Iraqi forces controlled about half the city after the first day of fighting. CNN reporter Jane Arraf entered the city with US troops and covered the battle live. Fighting continued for two more days before the entire city was secured. Around 90 weapons caches were captured during the course of the operation. Aftermath After the battle, American forces began a program to provide security, build up the local police forces, and spent tens of millions of dollars on public works projects and hospitals. These initiatives brought some measure of security to the city, however, this did not prevent the bombing of the Golden Mosque in February 2006. Notes External links Conflicts in 2004 2004 in Iraq Battles of the Iraq War involving the United States Battles of the Iraq War involving Iraq Battles of the Iraq War in 2004 Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) Samarra October 2004 events in Asia
1876206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEPOS	CEPOS	Centre for Political Studies, also known as CEPOS, is an independent association which works as a classical liberal/free-market conservative think-tank in Denmark. It is a strongly right-leaning and highly political association. History Inspired by institutions such as The Brookings Institution, American Enterprise Institute, Heritage Foundation, Adam Smith Institute, Institute of Economic Affairs etc., CEPOS was founded on March 11, 2004 by a number of high-profile representatives of Danish academia, business, media, and the arts, including former defence minister Bernt Johan Collet, who became Chairman of the Board. Other prominent co-founders include former Prime Minister Poul Schlüter, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, university professors Nicolai Juul Foss, Jesper Lau Hansen, Bent Jensen, and Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard. Also included are well-known journalists Bent Blüdnikow and Samuel Rachlin and cultural personalities such as Bent Fabricius-Bjerre and Michael Laudrup. Martin Ågerup was hired in 2005 as the think-tank's CEO. During the summer of 2004, the new Board managed to bring in the necessary grants and contributions from foundations, corporations, and individual sponsors. At a meeting on October 2, 2004, the founders confirmed their decision to establish the think-tank, CEPOS. The official opening of CEPOS took place on March 10, 2005 at Hotel D'Angleterre. CEPOS is dedicated to preserving and strengthening what they see as the foundations of a free and prosperous society by supporting tax-cuts, limited government, and private enterprise as well as vital cultural and political institutions. The research of CEPOS claim to support a civil society consisting of free and responsible individuals and to foster policies, institutions and culture that is supportive of a free market economy, the rule of law, and a civil society consisting of free and responsible individuals. The think tank is recognized by the Danish state as an official research institution, a title only given to institutions that produce knowledge of equal quality to that of Danish universities. It is a known advocate of school choice, a more open immigration policy, lower taxes and less regulation, and a known opponent of increased public surveillance, anti-terrorism laws that curtail civil liberties and criminalizing what they see as "victimless crime". CEPOS produces both academic research and policy analyses on a wide range of issues, including education, immigration, legal reform, taxation, regulation and the public sector. It hosts numerous conferences each year and has attracted high-level speakers, including Robert Barro, George Borjas, Nobel laureate Edward Prescott, Nobel laureate Gary Becker, Nigel Lawson and many others. CEPOS has been described as a leading and serious voice in the Danish debate on taxation, regulation, and welfare, as well as on schools, education and integration. It is frequently quoted in the media, with over 5000 media clips amassed over its years in operation, and was described by the Danish business magazine Berlingske Nyhedsmagasin in 2007 as being "in charge of the public debate". CEPOS is the Danish participant in the Economic Freedom of the World Project as well as the International Property Rights Index. CEPOS Academy In 2006, CEPOS launched CEPOS Academy, a free course taught by university professors, industry leaders and former statesmen in the underlying philosophical, sociological and economic ideas behind classical liberalism, and the various theories behind the free market. Admission is highly competitive. Criticism CEPOS has repeatedly been criticized for downplaying the effects of climate change and its consequences for both the environment and the global economy. In Danish science magazine Videnskab.dk researchers have accused CEPOS of utilizing a type of deflective climate scepticism to stall serious climate action. Awards and ranking CEPOS is a five-time winner of the highly prestigious Atlas Economic Research Foundation and John Templeton Foundation awards given to the best think tanks around the world. It was awarded the 2006 Templeton Freedom Award, given an Honorable Mention in the 2007 Templeton Freedom Award Grant and received the 2007 Templeton Freedom Prize for Initiative in Public Relations. It was awarded second place in the 2008 Sir Anthony Fisher International Memorial Award for the best book published by a think tank and won the 2009 Fisher Venture Grant Award. In the 2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), CEPOS was placed number 52 (of 80) in the "Top Think Tanks in Western Europe". References External links CEPOS CEPOS University 2004 establishments in Denmark Think tanks established in 2004 Think tanks based in Denmark Political and economic think tanks based in the European Union Libertarian think tanks Conservatism in Denmark Liberalism in Denmark
13202714	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Star%20at%20the%20Point%20of%20Darkness	Black Star at the Point of Darkness	Black Star at the Point of Darkness is a spoken word album by American composer and author Paul Bowles, consisting of several poems, orchestral pieces, and recordings made in his travels. The recordings were produced by American musician, writer and producer, Randall Barnwell for his own company, Istikhara Music. Track listing Sounds from the Jemaa El Fna, Marrakech - 0:47 "Here I Am" (poem) - 0:45 "The Empty Amulet" - 10:41 Qsbah solo by Zaan of the Jilala de Tanger (recorded by Paul Bowles circa 1978) - 1:27 "An Inopportune Visit" - 11:27 Music in the village of the Amara, High Atlas Mountains (recorded by Paul Bowles circa 1960) - 4:11 "The Successor" - 7:57 "Six Preludes for Piano" (composed by Paul Bowles, performed by Jean-Luc Fafchamps) - 6:20 "Nights" (poem) - 0:38 External links Spoken Word and Audio Recordings of Paul Bowles Sub Rosa album detail 1990 albums Sub Rosa Records albums Works by Paul Bowles Articles with dead external links from June 2012 Spoken word albums by American artists
13424538	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Booty	John Booty	John Fitzgerald Booty (born October 9, 1965) is a former American football defensive back in the National Football League for the New York Jets, the Philadelphia Eagles, the Phoenix Cardinals, the New York Giants, and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He played college football at Texas Christian University and was drafted in the tenth round of the 1988 NFL Draft. In 1995 Booty caught a 48-yard touchdown pass from punter Reggie Roby while playing for the Buccaneers. 1965 births Living people People from Panola County, Texas American football defensive backs TCU Horned Frogs football players New York Jets players Philadelphia Eagles players Phoenix Cardinals players New York Giants players Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
7646928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon%20earthquake	Luzon earthquake	Luzon earthquake may refer to: 1645 Luzon earthquake, the earthquake on Luzon Island in the Philippines that occurred on November 30, 1645 1880 Luzon earthquakes, the series of earthquakes that affected Manila and most of Luzon in July 1880 1990 Luzon earthquake, the earthquake on Luzon Island in the Philippines that occurred on July 16, 1990 2019 Luzon earthquake, the earthquake on Luzon Island in the Philippines that occurred on April 22, 2019 See also 1968 Casiguran earthquake, the earthquake on Luzon Island in the Philippines that occurred on August 2, 1968 List of earthquakes in the Philippines
57297190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20P.%20Schafer	Dorothy P. Schafer	Dorothy P. "Dori" Schafer is an assistant professor in the department of neurobiology at University of Massachusetts Medical School. Her research focuses on the role of microglia in the development of synapses and brain circuits as well as the maintenance of synaptic plasticity. Early life and education Schafer earned a BA in Neuroscience from Mount Holyoke College in 2001. She completed her PhD in 2008 at the University of Connecticut, where she worked with Matthew Rasband at the University of Connecticut Health Center. From 2008 to 2014, Schafer worked as a postdoctoral fellow in Beth Stevens's lab at Boston Children's Hospital. In January 2015, Schafer was hired as a tenure-track assistant professor of neurobiology at UMass Medical School. Research Microglia-synapse interactions Schafer has studied the phagocytic function of microglia, which is required for synaptic pruning of the connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus, as well as other highly organized pathways in the healthy central nervous system. The pruning ability of microglia is dependent on complement component 3. Schafer's current research includes ablating genes of interest in microglia to determine their effects on synaptic structure as well as behavior. Microglial cytokine signaling also modulates synaptic function by regulating neurotransmitter receptor expression, which can directly impact neurotransmission. Alongside Beth Stevens, Schafer has proposed an expansion to the tripartite synapse model of neural function called the quad-partite synapse. Neurological disease Microglia are implicated in the development of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases such as autism, schizophrenia, ALS, and MS. In a MECP2-null mouse model of Rett syndrome, Schafer demonstrated that microglia contributed to disease by excessively pruning presynaptic inputs, thereby disrupting vulnerable neural circuits. Microglia functioned primarily as "secondary responders" which were excessively activated by disease, a mechanism which may be conserved in other models of neurodegeneration like Alzheimer's disease. Awards Schafer has received funding and recognition for her academic work, including the following awards: 2017-2019 Young Investigator Grant, NARSAD 2016-2018 Child Health Research Award, Charles H. Hood Foundation 2016-2017 Biomedical Research Award, Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research 2014-2018 K99/R00 Career Transition Award, NIMH 2012-2013 Postdoctoral Fellowship Award, Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation 2010-2011 Bok Center distinction for excellence in teaching, Harvard University 2010-2012 NRSA F32 Postdoctoral Fellowship, NINDS 2010-2011 Marian Kies Award for outstanding graduate work, American Society for Neurochemistry 2007 Lepow Award for outstanding graduate work, University of Connecticut Health Center References Living people American neuroscientists American women neuroscientists 21st-century American scientists 21st-century American women scientists Mount Holyoke College alumni University of Massachusetts Medical School faculty Year of birth missing (living people) American women academics
47429751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%20Tea	Akbar Tea	Akbar Tea is a Sri Lankan tea company owned by Akbar Brothers Ltd. based in Sri Lanka. The company produces a range of tea bags, loose teas and gifts including: black tea, green tea, flavoured teas, and herbal teas. Akbar Brothers is the largest tea exporter from Sri Lanka. History In 1864 Shaikh Hebtulabhoy (1834-1897) migrated from India to Sri Lanka, establishing a food import/export company based in Pettah. His son, Tyeabally Shaikh Hebtulabhoy (1888-1928) established the tea company, M. S. Hebtulabhoy & Company Limited. Hebtulabhoy & Co began shipping tea overseas in 1907. In 1969 Tyeabally Shaikh Hebtulabhoy's grandsons, Abbasally (1933-2020), Abidally (1935-?) and Inayetally Akbarally (1937-?) resigned from Hebtulabhoys & Co. and established Akbar Brothers. Within three years Akbar Brothers were exporting to major tea markets in the Middle East and other parts of the world. In 1972 Akbar Brothers Limited was incorporated and their father, Shaikh Akbarally (1911-2003), retired as the chairman of Hebtulabhoys & Co. joining his sons. The firm is still owned and managed by members of the family and is Sri Lanka’s largest tea exporter. Facilities The company operates two production complexes in Kelaniya and Wattala, utilising modern manufacturing equipment from Germany, Italy and Japan. Awards Presidential Export Awards • Most Globally Outreached Sri Lankan Brand - 2019 • Sri Lankan Export Brand of the Year - 2019 • Best Exporter Award – Tea – 2019 • Best Sri Lankan Export Brand - 2018 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner -Tea Sector 2018 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner -Tea Sector 2017 • Best Sri Lankan Export Brand 2017 • Highest Value Added Exporter-Tea Sector 2016 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner -Tea Sector 2016 • Best Sri Lankan Export Brand 2016 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner -Tea Sector 2015 • Most Market Diversified Exporter 2015 • Best Sri Lankan Brand Exporter 2015 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner -Tea Sector 2014 • Best Sri Lankan Brand Exporter 2014 • Best Sri Lankan Brand Exporter 2013 • Best Tea Sector Exporter 2013 • Best Tea Sector Exporter 2012 • Best Sri Lankan Brand Exporter 2012 • Best Tea Sector Exporter 2011 • Best Sri Lankan Overall Exporter 2010 • Best Tea Sector Exporter 2010 • Merit Award–Value Added Tea Exporter2009 • Best Value Added Tea Exporter 2009 • Exporter to Highest number of Destinations 2009 • Highest Net Foreign Exchange Earner 2009 • Merit Award–Value Added Tea Exporter 2008 • Best Value Added Tea Exporter 2008 • Exporter to Highest number of Destinations 2008 • Highest Net Foreign Exchange Earner 2008 • Winner of the “Best Sri Lankan Brand Exporter” 2007 • Merit Award for Value Tea Exporter 2006 • Exporter to the Highest number of Destinations 2006 • Best Value Added Tea Exporter 2006 • Sri Lankan Exporter of the Year 2006 SLIM - Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing - (Brand Excellence Award) • Export Brand of the Year - (Akbar Brand) 2011 • ‘AKBAR’ brand - 2005 & 2006 Gold Award • Winner of the “International Brand of the Year” National Chamber of Commerce • National Business Excellence Award - 2004 Tea Board - National Tea Awards • Highest Tea Market Coverage 2016 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner - Value added Tea Category 2016 • Highest Foreign Exchange Earner - Bulk Tea Category 2016 • Best Value Added Tea Exporter- Large Scale Category 2016 • Best Bulk Tea Exporter - Large Scale Category 2016 • Best Tea Exporter of the Year 2016 Ministry of Plantation Industry • Best Exporter who penetrated into new Tea Markets 2013 • Best Value Added Exporter (Large Scale) 2013 • Best Brand Owner (Large Scale) 2013 • Best Tea Exporter (Large Scale) 2013 • Largest Foreign Exchange Earner - Tea Exports 2013 References Tea brands Sri Lankan tea Sri Lankan brands Tea companies of Sri Lanka
8339525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Elizabeth%20Park	Queen Elizabeth Park	Queen Elizabeth Park is the name of: Queen Elizabeth Park, New Zealand Queen Elizabeth Park, British Columbia, Canada Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda Queen Elizabeth Park, North Saskatchewan River valley parks system, Edmonton, Canada Queen Elizabeth Park, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, London, UK Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada Queen Elizabeth Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada Queen Elizabeth Park Concord, New South Wales Australia See also Queen Elizabeth Park Road, Edmonton, Canada
4353399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidanta%20I	Zidanta I	Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 10 years, ca. 1496–1486 BC (short chronology timeline). According to the Telepinu Proclamation, this king became a ruler by murder. Zidanta was married to the daughter of Hantili, brother-in-law to King Mursili I. Zidanta encouraged and helped Hantili to kill Mursili and seize the throne. At the end of Hantili’s life, Zidanta killed Pišeni, the legitimate heir, together with Pišeni’s children and foremost servants, and so made it possible for himself to become king. It is known that his wife’s name ends with either -ša or -ta. Zidanta was killed by his own son, Ammuna, who then succeeded him. Notes External links Reign of Zidanta I Hittite kings 15th-century BC rulers
7723629	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokudaka	Kokudaka	refers to a system for determining land value for taxation purposes under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo-period Japan, and expressing this value in terms of koku of rice. One 'koku' (roughly equivalent to five bushels) was generally viewed as the equivalent of enough rice to feed one person for a year. The actual revenue or income derived holding varied from region to region, and depended on the amount of actual control the fief holder held over the territory in question, but averaged around 40 percent of the theoretical kokudaka. The amount taxation was not based on the actual quantity of rice harvested, but was an estimate based on the total economic yield of the land in question, with the value of other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice. The ranking of precedence of the daimyō, or feudal rulers, was determined in part by the kokudaka of the territories under their administration. In 1650, the total kokudaka of Japan was assessed at 26 million koku, with the Shōgun directly controlling 4.2 million koku. See also Han system References Japanese historical terms
6154036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immittance	Immittance	In electrical engineering and acoustics, immittance is a concept combining the impedance and admittance of a system or circuit. The term immittance was invented by H. W. Bode. It is sometimes convenient to use immittance to refer to a complex number which may be either the impedance (ratio of voltage to current in electrical circuits, or sound pressure to volume velocity in acoustical systems) or the admittance (ratio of current to voltage, or volume velocity to sound pressure) of a system. In audiology, tympanometry is sometimes called immittance testing. Immittance does not have units since it applies to both impedance and admittance, which have different units. However, in certain theoretical work it may be necessary to deal with general functions, which afterward will be specialised to become either an impedance or an admittance by the assignment of suitable units; in such cases it is convenient to refer to the functions as immittances. In electronics, the "immittance" Smith chart simply has both the impedance and admittance grids on the same chart, which is useful for cascading series-connected with parallel-connected electric circuits. References Physical quantities Electrical parameters
41142965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraba	Qaraba	Qaraba (, also Romanized as Qarābā and Qorābā’; also known as Kuraba) is a village in Ziabar Rural District, in the Central District of Sowme'eh Sara County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 684, in 211 families. References Populated places in Sowme'eh Sara County
56519977	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieves%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Vicente	Nieves García Vicente	Nieves García Vicente (born 23 July 1955) is a Spanish chess player who holds the title of Woman International Master (WIM, 1978). She is an eleven time Spanish Women's Chess Champion (1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2003). Biography From the mid-1970s to the beginning of the 2000s, García Vicente was one of Spanish leading women chess players. In the Spanish Women's Chess Championships she won eleven gold (1975, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2003) and six silver medals (1976, 1986, 1988, 1990, 2000, 2007). In 1979 and 1981, she won twice in International Women's chess tournaments in Biele. García Vicente twice participated in the Women's World Chess Championship Interzonal Tournaments: in 1979, in Alicante she shared the 9th-10th the place, but in 1982, in Tbilisi she shared the 4th-6th the place with grandmasters Elena Akhmilovskaya and Nino Gurieli. Nieves García Vicente played for Spain in the Women's Chess Olympiads: In 1974, at first reserve board in the 6th Chess Olympiad (women) in Medellín (+2, =3, -2), In 1976, at second board in the 7th Chess Olympiad (women) in Haifa (+8, =3, -0) and won the team bronze medal and the individual silver medal, In 1978, at first board in the 8th Chess Olympiad (women) in Buenos Aires (+7, =4, -1), In 1980, at first board in the 9th Chess Olympiad (women) in Valletta (+5, =4, -4), In 1982, at first board in the 10th Chess Olympiad (women) in Lucerne (+5, =7, -1), In 1984, at first board in the 26th Chess Olympiad (women) in Thessaloniki (+5, =5, -1), In 1986, at first board in the 27th Chess Olympiad (women) in Dubai (+3, =6, -3), In 1988, at second board in the 28th Chess Olympiad (women) in Thessaloniki (+5, =6, -2), In 1990, at first board in the 29th Chess Olympiad (women) in Novi Sad (+4, =5, -2), In 1992, at first board in the 30th Chess Olympiad (women) in Manila (+2, =7, -2), In 1994, at first board in the 31st Chess Olympiad (women) in Moscow (+2, =9, -2), In 1996, at first board in the 32nd Chess Olympiad (women) in Yerevan (+2, =5, -4), In 1998, at first board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad (women) in Elista (+3, =4, -4), In 2000, at third board in the 34th Chess Olympiad (women) in Istanbul (+5, =3, -3), In 2004, at second board in the 36th Chess Olympiad (women) in Calvià (+1, =6, -4). Nieves García Vicente played for Spain in the European Team Chess Championships: In 1992, at first reserve board in the 1st European Team Chess Championship (women) in Debrecen (+2, =4, -2), In 1997, at first reserve board in the 2nd European Team Chess Championship (women) in Pula (+3, =2, -2), In 2001, at first board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship (women) in León (+3, =0, -1), In 2003, at first board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship (women) in Plovdiv (+3, =1, -1) and won the individual bronze medal. In 1978, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) title. References External links 1955 births Living people Spanish female chess players Chess Woman International Masters Chess Olympiad competitors
536773	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol%20boat	Patrol boat	A patrol boat (also referred to as a patrol craft, patrol ship or patrol vessel) is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defence, border protection, immigration law-enforcement, search and rescue duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, police force or customs and may be intended for marine ("blue water") or estuarine ("green water") or river ("brown water") environments. They are commonly found engaged in various border protection roles, including anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement. They are also often called upon to participate in rescue operations. Classification They may be broadly classified as inshore patrol vessels (IPVs) or offshore patrol vessels (OPVs). They are warships typically smaller in size than a corvette and can include fast attack craft, torpedo boats and missile boats, although some are as large as a frigate. The offshore patrol vessels are usually the smallest ship in a navy's fleet that is large and seaworthy enough to patrol off-shore in the open ocean. Smaller inshore patrol vessels also known as coastal patrol craft or coastal patrol boats. Riverine patrol craft are used for patrol river area. In larger militaries, such as in the United States military, offshore patrol vessels usually serve in the coast guard, but many smaller nations' navies operate these type of ships. History During both World Wars in order to rapidly build up numbers, all sides created auxiliary patrol boats by arming motorboats and seagoing fishing trawlers with machine guns and obsolescent naval weapons. Some modern patrol vessels are still based on fishing and leisure boats. Seagoing patrol boats are typically around 30 m (100 ft) in length and usually carry a single medium caliber artillery gun as main armament, and a variety of lighter secondary armament such as machine guns or a close-in weapon system. Depending on role, vessels in this class may also have more sophisticated sensors and fire control systems that would enable them to carry torpedoes, anti-ship and surface-to-air missiles. Most modern designs are powered by gas turbine arrangements such as CODAG, and speeds are generally in the range. They are primarily used for patrol in a country's exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Common tasks are fisheries inspection, anti-smuggling (usually anti-narcotics) duties, illegal immigration patrols, anti-piracy patrols and search and rescue (law enforcement-type of work). The largest OPVs might also have a flight deck and helicopter embarked. In times of crisis or war, these vessels are expected to support the larger vessels in the navy. Their small size and relatively low cost make them one of the most common type of warship in the world. Almost all navies operate at least a few offshore patrol vessels, especially those with only "green water" capabilities. They are useful in smaller seas such as the North Sea as well as in open oceans. Similar vessels for exclusively military duties include torpedo boats and missile boats. The United States Navy operated the of armed hydrofoils for years, in a patrol boat role. During the Vietnam war, the US Navy ordered 193 Fast Patrol Boats (FPV) from Swiftships, for brown water patrol and special operations. The River Patrol Boat (PBR, sometimes called "Riverine" and "Pibber") is a U.S. design of small patrol boat type designed to patrol waters of large rivers. Specific nations Albania Albanian Naval Force Algeria Algerian National Navy Kebir-class Alusafe 2000 Ocea FPB98 MKI Argentina Argentine Naval Prefecture Z-28-class patrol vessel Shaldag-class patrol boat Argentine Navy Gowind-class vessel Murature-class vessel Intrépida-class boat Zurubí-class patrol boat Baradero class patrol boat Punta Mogotes class patrol boat Australia Royal Australian Navy (1967–1985) (1979–2007) (2005–present) – lead ship expected to enter service in 2022 Australian Border Force Marine Unit (1999–present) Australian Customs Vessel Triton (2000–2016) – Bay-class replacement from 2013 (2013–present) Others – Australian-built, gifted by the Australian Government to 12 Pacific Island countries (1987–present) Bahamas Royal Bahamas Defence Force Others Bangladesh The Bangladesh Navy classified its medium size patrol ships as large patrol craft (LPC) which are armed with either anti-ship missiles or torpedoes. Those ships typically have heavier armaments but less range than OPVs. Bangladesh Navy Large patrol craft Offshore patrol vessel Inshore patrol vessel ASW patrol boat Kraljevica class Haizhui class Hainan class Patrol gunboat Bangladesh Coast Guard Offshore patrol vessel Leader class Inshore patrol vessel Fast patrol vessel Coastal patrol vessel Tawfique class (former PLAN Shanghai II class) Riverine patrol craft Border Guard Bangladesh Patrol vessel Shah Jalal class Belgium Castor (2014–present) Pollux (2015–present) Brazil Grajaú-class offshore patrol vessel Bracuí-class patrol vessel – ex- Imperial Marinheiro-class offshore patrol vessel Piratini-class patrol vessel J-class patrol vessel Roraima-class river patrol vessel Pedro Teixeira-class river patrol vessel offshore patrol vessel Brunei offshore patrol vessel patrol vessel KH 27-class patrol boat FDB 512-class patrol boat Bendaharu-class patrol vessel Perwira-class patrol vessel Saleha-class patrol vessel Pahlawan-class patrol vessel Bulgaria Obzor Canada Royal Canadian Navy Kingston-class coastal defence vessel Canadian Coast Guard Chile Patrulleros de Zona Marítima FASSMER OPV-80 class – four of six units planned, built by ASMAR under the license of FASSMER Gmbh: OPV-81 Piloto Pardo OPV-82 Comandante Toro OPV-83 Marinero Fuentealba – this unit has reinforced hull for Antarctic operations OPV-84 Cabo Odger – with characteristics similar to the previous ship 6 Micalvi-class patrol vessels – built in ASMAR 18 Protector-class patrol crafts – built by ASMAR under the license of Fairey Brooke Marine 4 Dabur-class patrol crafts – built in Israel China (PRC) People's Liberation Army Navy Harbour security boat (PBI) – four newly built 80-ton class harbour security / patrol boats, and more are planned in order to take over the port security / patrol duties currently performed by the obsolete Shantou, Beihai, Huangpu, and Yulin-class gunboats, which are increasingly being converted to inshore surveying boats and range support boats Shanghai III (Type 062I)-class gunboat – 2 Shanghai II-class gunboat Shanghai I (Type 062)-class gunboat – 150+ active and at least 100 in reserve Huludao (Type 206)-class gunboat – 8+ – less than 25 (in reserve, subordinated to naval militia) – less than 30 (in reserve, subordinated to naval militia) – less than 15 (in reserve, subordinated to naval militia) – less than 40 (being transferred to logistic duties) China Coast Guard (Type 718) Colombia Colombian Navy Diligente-class patrol boat Nodriza-class patrol boat PAF-I-class patrol boat PAF-II-class patrol boat PAF-III-class patrol boat PAF-IV-class patrol boat Patrullera Fluvial Ligera-class patrol boat Riohacha-class gunboat Fassmer-80 class – built in Colombia by COTECMAR Croatia Šolta (OB-02) Omiš (OB-31) Denmark Royal Danish Navy OPV – 2 vessels IPV – 6 vessels patrol vessel OPV – 4 ships (classed as ocean patrol frigates) IPV – 3 vessels IPV – 9 vessels (in Danish) Hvidbjørnen-class OPV (link in Danish) – 4 ships (classed as ocean patrol frigates) Eritrea Eritrean Navy Eritrea-class 60m patrol vessel Others Protector-class patrol boat Finland Finnish Navy – formerly Finnish Border Guard, now Finnish Navy Finnish Border Guard VL Turva – an offshore patrol vessel built at STX Finland Rauma shipyard in 2014 France French Navy P400 class Classe La Confiance (link in French) Espadon 50 class (1991–2010) D'Entrecasteaux-class D'Estienne d'Orves-class Maritime Gendarmerie Trident-class patrol boat Géranium-class patrol boat Jonquille-class patrol boat Vedette-class patrol boat Pétulante-class patrol craft Pavois-class patrol craft Germany Potsdam class (2019–present) (2002–present) Helgoland class (2009–present) (1943–1945) R boats (1929–1945) Type 139 patrol trawler (1956 to mid-1970s) Greece Hellenic Navy s and derivatives and s Nasty-class coastal patrol vessels – formerly torpedo boats Esterel-class coastal patrol vessels Hellenic Coast Guard – acting as offshore patrol vessels (OPV) Stan Patrol 5509 OPV Vosper Europatrol 250 Mk1 OPV Abeking & Rasmussen patrol vessels – class Dilos POB-24G patrol vessels – class Faiakas CB90-HCG Lambro 57 and derivatives – all being boats for coastal patrols Hong Kong (SARPRC) Hong Kong Police Force Sea Panther-class large command boat Iceland Icelandic Coast Guard India Indian Navy Indian Coast Guard Indonesia FPB 28, Indonesian Police and Indonesian Customs, 28 meter long patrol boat made by local shipyard PT PAL. FPB 38, Indonesian Customs, 38 meter long aluminium patrol boat made by local shipyard PT PAL. FPB 57, Indonesian Navy, 57 meter long patrol boat designed by Lurssen and made by PT PAL, ASM and heli deck equipped for some version. PC-40, Indonesian Navy, 40 meter long FRP/Aluminum patrol boat, locally made by in house Navy's workshop. PC-60 trimaran, Indonesian Navy, 63-meter-long composite material, is armed with 120 km range of anti-ship missile, made by PT Lundin industry OPV 80 - 80 meter long, designed by Terafulk and made by PT Citra Shipyard OPV 110 (Tanjung Datu-class) - 110 meter long, made by PT Palindo Marine Shipyard Ireland Irish Naval Service List of INS vessels; Offshore Patrol Vessels (1972–2001) (1978–2013) (1979–2015) (1980–2016) Helicopter Patrol Vessel (1984–present) Coastal Patrol Vessels (1984–present) (1985–present) Offshore Patrol Vessels (1999–present) (2001–present) Offshore Patrol Vessels (2014–present) (2015–present) (2016–present) (2018–present) Israel s Dvora class fast patrol boat s s Shaldag Mk II s (Stingray Interceptor-2000) Italy Zara class, (Italian Guardia di Finanza) Saettia class, (Italian Coast Guard) Diciotti – CP 902 class, (Italian Coast Guard) , (Italian Coast Guard) , (Italian Marina Militare) Cassiopea II class, (Italian Marina Militare) Esploratore class, (Italian Marina Militare) , (Italian Marina Militare) Japan (Japan Coast Guard), the largest patrol boat (Japan Coast Guard), large patrol vessel with helicopter deck and hangar (Japan Coast Guard), large patrol vessel with helicopter deck and hangar (Japan Coast Guard), high-speed large patrol cessel with helicopter deck (Kunisaki class) (Japan Coast Guard), high-speed large patrol vessel (Japan Coast Guard), medium-sized patrol vessel (JMSDF, Japanese Navy), corvette type patrol vessel ，(Japan Coast Guard), icebreaker Latvia Skrunda class, world's first SWATH patrol boat (Latvian Naval Forces) Malaysia Kedah class offshore patrol vessel, (Royal Malaysian Navy) Keris-class littoral mission ship,(Royal Malaysian Navy) Gagah Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Ramunia Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Nusa Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Sipadan Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Rhu Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Pengawal Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Peninjau Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Pelindung Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Semilang Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Penggalang Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Penyelamat Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Pengaman Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Kilat Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Malawali Class Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Langkawi Class Patrol Ship, Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency Malta Protector class offshore patrol vessel (Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta) – 2002–present Diciotti class offshore patrol vessel (Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta) – 2005–present P21 class inshore patrol vessel (Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta) – 2010–present Emer class offshore patrol vessel (Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forces of Malta) – 2015–present Mexico Mexican Navy Coastal patrol boat Offshore patrol vessel Montenegro Kotor class frigate Morocco OPV-70 class, offshore patrol vessel (Royal Moroccan Navy) OPV-64 class, offshore patrol vessel (Royal Moroccan Navy) Namibia Grajaú-class offshore patrol vessel Netherlands Holland class offshore patrol vessels (Koninklijke Marine) New Zealand Protector OPV (Royal New Zealand Navy) (2008) Lake-class inshore patrol vessel (Royal New Zealand Navy) (2008) (Royal New Zealand Navy)(1983–2008) Norway Royal Norwegian Navy Rapp-class Tjeld-class Storm-class Snøgg-class Hauk-class Skjold-class Norwegian Coast Guard Barentshav class OPV Harstad class OPV Nordkapp class OPV Nornen class Svalbard class icebreaker Peru Río Zarumilla class, Peruvian Coast Guard Rio Cañete class, Peruvian Coast Guard Philippines Philippine Navy Alberto Navarette class Jose Andrada class Rizal class patrol vessel Malvar class patrol vessel Jacinto class patrol vessel Gregorio del Pilar-class offshore patrol vessel Philippine Coast Guard Teresa Magbanua-class patrol vessel Gabriela Silang-class Offshore Patrol Vessel San Juan-class patrol vessel Parola-class patrol vessel Ilocos Norte-class patrol boat Portugal Portuguese Navy Viana do Castelo class Tejo-class Centauro class Argos class Rio Minho-class National Republican Guard Ribamar class Qatar Qatari Emiri Navy Musherib class Romania SNR-17 class patrol boats, Romanian Border Police Stefan Cel Mare patrol vessel, Romanian Border Police Russia Stenka class patrol boat (Project 02059), Russian Navy and Russian Coast Guard Bogomol Class patrol boat (Project 02065), Russian Navy Mirage class patrol vessel (Project 14310), Russian Coast Guard Svetlyak class patrol boat (Project 10410)， Russian Coast Guard Ogonek class patrol boat (Project 12130), Russian Coast Guard Mangust class patrol boat (Project 12150, Russian Coast Guard Sobol class patrol boat (Project 12200）, Russian Coast Guard Terrier class patrol boat (Project 14170), Russian Navy and Russian Coast Guard Rubin class patrol boat (Project 22460), Russian Coast Guard Okean class patrol vessel (Project 22100), Russian Coast Guard Vosh class river patrol craft (Project 12481), Russian Coast Guard Piyavka class river patrol craft (Project 1249), Russian Coast Guard Ogonek class river patrol craft (Project 12130), Russian Coast Guard Senegal Fouladou (OPV 190), Senegalese Navy Kedougou (OPV 45), Senegalese Navy Ferlo (RPB 33), Senegalese Navy Conejera (Class Conejera P 31), Senegalese Navy Fouta (Osprey 55), Senegalese Navy Njambuur (PR 72), Senegalese Navy Singapore , Republic of Singapore Navy PK class Interceptor Craft, Police Coast Guard 1st Generation PT class patrol Craft, Police Coast Guard (decommissioned) 2nd Generation PT class patrol Craft, Police Coast Guard (decommissioned) 3rd Generation PT class patrol Craft, Police Coast Guard 4th Generation PT class patrol Craft, Police Coast Guard PC class patrol Craft, Police Coast Guard , Republic of Singapore Navy Slovenia Slovenian patrol boat Triglav South Africa Warrior class (modified Saar 4 Open Sea Patrol Vessels) Namacurra class South Korea (ROK) Chamsuri-class (Republic of Korea Navy) Yoon Youngha-class patrol vessel Spain Meteoro class Descubierta class Serviola class Anaga class Barceló class Toralla class Conejera class Chilreu class P111 class patrol boat Cabo Fradera class Sri Lanka Jayasagara class (Sri Lanka Navy) Colombo class (Sri Lanka Navy) Suriname Ocea Type FPB 98 class fast patrol boat Ocea Type FPB 72 class fast patrol boat Sweden Hugin-class (based on the Norwegian Storm-class, decommissioned) – 16 ships Kaparen-class (Hugin-class modified with better subhunting capacity, decommissioned) – 8 ships Stockholm-class (commissioned as corvettes, later converted to patrol boats) – 2 ships HMS Carlskrona (commissioned as minelayer, later converted to ocean patrol vessel) Additionally, the Royal Swedish Navy also operates smaller types of patrol boats (Swedish: bevakningsbåt = "guard boat"): Typ 60-class (decommissioned) – 17 ships Tapper class – 12 ships The Swedish Coast Guard operate an additional 22 patrol vessels for maritime surveillance. Thailand Pattani class (Royal Thai Navy) River class (Royal Thai Navy) T.991 class (Royal Thai Navy) krabi class (Royal Thai Navy) Turkey Turkish Naval Forces Kılıç II class Kılıç I class Yıldız class Rüzgar class Doğan class Kartal class Türk class Tuzla class Coast Guard Command KAAN 15 class KAAN 19 class KAAN 29 class KAAN 33 class SAR 33 class SAR 35 class 80 class United Kingdom Kingfisher-class patrol vessel of 1935 Motor Launch of World War II Harbour Defence Motor Launch of World War II River class patrol vessel Castle class patrol vessel Archer class patrol vessel] Island class patrol vessel Scimitar class patrol vessel Cutlass class patrol vessel - planned service entry with the Gibraltar Squadron from 2022 United States United States Navy - (1993–present) Mark VI patrol boat- US Navy (2016–present) United States Coast Guard - (2000-2011) - four boats were transferred to the Coast Guard for a temporary loan, three (2004-2011) have since been returned, while the fourth (2000-2004) was donated to the Philippine Navy – (1998–present) – (1985–present) – (2012–present) Venezuela (GC-23) Vietnam Type TT-120 patrol boat, Vietnam Coast Guard Type TT-200 patrol boat, Vietnam Coast Guard Type TT-400 patrol boat, Vietnam Coast Guard DN 2000(Damen 9014 class) offshore patrol vessels, Vietnam Coast Guard References Patrol vessels Ship types
54352690	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie%20Simmons	Ronnie Simmons	Ronnie Simmons (Born 26 August 1988) is an Australian guitarist from Erskineville, New South Wales. He has played guitar for Richie Ramone, drummer from The Ramones., Rose Tattoo, The Screaming Jets and Tommy Henriksen. Ronnie Simmons is endorsed by Gibson Guitars. References External links Official Website 1988 births Living people Australian rock guitarists 21st-century guitarists
25641	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20media%20in%20Romania	Mass media in Romania	The mass media in Romania refers to mass media outlets based in Romania. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Romania guarantees freedom of speech. As a country in transition, the Romanian media system is under transformation. Reporters Without Borders ranks Romania 42nd in its Worldwide Press Freedom Index, from 2013. Freedom House ranked it as "partly free" in 2014. History Romania's newspaper market thrived after the 1989 revolution, but many newspapers subsequently closed because of rising costs. Most households in Bucharest have cable TV. There are hundreds of cable distributors offering access to Romanian, European and other stations. According to europaworld.com, in 2004 there were: radio users: 5,369,000 television users: 5,822,000 telephones (main lines in use): 4,390,800 (2005) mobile cellular phones (subscribers): 22,000,000 (2008) personal computers: 2,450,000 internet users: 4,500,000 book production (inclusively pamphlets): 13,288,000 titles and 9,288,000 copies daily newspapers: 84 other periodicals: 2,036 Legislative framework The 2003 Constitution of Romania upholds freedom of expression and prohibits censorship. The Constitution also states that "Freedom of the press also involves the free setting up of publications," and that "No publication shall be suppressed, establishes free access to information and the autonomy of the public radio and TV. No specific Press Law is in force in Romania. Hate speech is forbidden when it insults state symbols or religion, and when it promotes fascist or racist ideologies. Small fines are imposed: in 2014, the president Traian Basescu was fined for an anti-Roma comment, and a Facebook user was also fined after he had posted a Nazi slogan that was then quoted by a local newspaper. In 2007 the media rights body Reporters Without Borders praised reforms to the criminal code; journalists can no longer be jailed on defamation charges. Defamation was decriminalised in 2010 by a Supreme Court ruling, but this was later overturned by a 2013 Constitutional Court decision. Civil defamation lawsuits often target journalists. Freedom of access to information is guaranteed by the Constitution and by a specific law (Law on Free Access to Information of Public Interest, adopted in 2001). Public bodies are required to release information to the public, and journalists are afforded special privileges to obtain them faster. Yet, access to public information is less and less used by journalists, who do not have resources to invest in investigative reporting while faced with severe economic conditions in the media sector in the country. Cases of officials obstructing access to information have been reported. On 25 June 2008 the Senate adopted a draft amendment that would have obliged television and radio broadcasters to have a 50% of "good" or "positive" news. The Constitutional Court, however, ruled the bill unconstitutional before promulgation, so it never became law. Status and self-regulation of journalists Journalists have opposed initiatives for a Law on the Press, fearing that it would impose restrictions rather than granting freedoms. A 2009 study by CIJ, ActiveWatch and IMAS (The Institute for Marketing and Polls) reports that most journalists say that professional norms are not respected, mostly due to political and business pressures. The Romanian Press Club has an Ethics Code and a Council of Honour to inquire journalists and media outlets found in breach of professional norms – although its decisions have often been criticised as arbitrary. The Convention of Media Organisations (COM) also adopted a deontological code; COM-member organisations have developed self-regulation guidelines for an increased accountability in the Romanian media. A "Unique Code" was issued in October 2009 by COM, MediaSind trade union and the Association of Journalists in Romania, to be adopted for the whole profession. Among the broadcast media, regulation is managed by the National Broadcasting Council (Consiliul National al Audiovizualului), issuing warnings and fines for non lack of fairness and accuracy, as well as forcing media to display public acknowledgements for promoting indecent language and behaviour. Journalists in Romania have to deal with job insecurity due to low and delayed salaries, as well as commercial and political pressures from media owners and advertisers. Collective labour contracts for the mass media sector expired in early 2014. Reporters in Romania also often face verbal abuse, intimidation, and occasionally even physical aggressions. Media outlets Romania has one of the most dynamic media markets in southeastern Europe. TV is the medium of choice for most Romanians. State-owned TVR and the private stations Pro TV and Antena 1 command the lion's share of viewing, however there is a large number of smaller, private stations, some of them part of local networks. The state broadcaster, TVR, operates a second national network, TVR 2, and a pan-European satellite channel. Pay TV channels have a smaller but significant audience. The public television company Televiziunea Română and the public radio Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune cover all the country and have also international programs. The state also owns a public news agency ROMPRES. The private media is grouped in media companies such as Intact Media Group, Media Pro, Realitatea-Caţavencu, Ringier, SBS Broadcasting Group, Centrul Național Media and other smaller independent companies. Cable television is widely available in almost all localities, and some have even adopted digital television. It offers besides the national channels a great number of international and specialized channels. FM stations cover most cities and most of them belong to national radio networks. Overall readership of most newspapers is slowly declining due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. Tabloids and sport newspapers are among the most read national newspapers. In every large city there is at least one local newspaper, which usually covers the rest of the county. An Audit Bureau of Circulations was established in 1998 and today represents a large number of publications. The parliamentary majority controls appointments in the leadership of the public broadcaster Televiziunea Română, thus ensuring a constant pro-governmental bias. In the private sector, owners' interests in other economic sectors usually define the editorial line of the media. In July 2014, reporter Cristi Citre was fired from Digi TV (of the RCS-RDS media group) after he had harshly criticised PM Victor Ponta on his personal Facebook account. The state anticorruption prosecutor was repeatedly attacked in 2014 on the media controlled by the jailed political and media moghul Dan Voiculescu. TV and radio host Robert Turcescu admitted in September 2014 to having been an undercover agent, thus raising concerns about the penetration of the security services in the media sector of Romania. The print sector has suffered heavily from the economic crisis, and the TV sector is also facing contraction. Few media are profitable, and they increasingly depend on advertising. The distribution of public advertising funds is politicised, and that of advertising funds from the European Union (the biggest advertisement buyer) has not been transparent in the wake of the 2014 Romanian presidential election. Ownership structure of Romanian media is often obfuscated through intermediaries. Foreign media have a presence in the country but have recently scaled it down Print media The Romanian print press market is rich and diversified. The National Institute of Statistics (NIS) counted up to 300 newspaper publishers in 2007, of which 159 dailies, and over 350 magazine publishers. 300 of them are audited by the Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulation (BRAT), hence gaining in credibility and advertising revenues. The quality segment includes title such as Adevărul, Gândul (MediaPro), Evenimentul zilei (Ringier), România liberă (WAZ/Dan Adamescu), Jurnalul Național (Intact). Their circulation numbers remain low in relation to popular tabloids such as Click (Adevarul Holding), that in 2009 distributed 236,000 copies (more than all the quality press combined), Can Can or Libertatea (Ringier). Sport newspapers include Gazeta Sporturilor, owned by Intact, and ProSport, belonging to MediaPro. Business dailies include Ziarul Financiar, published by MediaPro, Business Standard (Realitatea-Catavencu) and Financiarul (Intact). Local newspapers are usually not backed by big investors, and thus remain vulnerable to political and commercial pressures. The main ones include Gazeta de Sud in Craiova, Tribuna in Sibiu, Ziarul in Iași, Viața liberă in Galați and Transilvania Expres in Brasov. Readership has been in decline, among lacking professionalisation and poor distribution. Magazines are a thriving segment. Some are spin-offs of popular newspapers, such as Libertatea or Click. Women's weeklies, TV guides and business weeklies (Business Magazin, Money Express, Saptamana financiara, Capital) also make good revenues. Glossy magazines and international franchises complete the scene. Academia Catavencu is a cult satirical weekly. Publishing Radio broadcasting The first private radio stations appeared in 1990; there are now more than 100 of them. State-run Radio Romania operates four national networks and regional and local stations. BBC World Service is available on 88 FM in the capital, and is relayed in Timișoara (93.9), Sibiu (88.4) and Constanta (96.9). Private FM stations dominate the market in Romania, with more than 700 licenses from the National Broadcasting Council by 2009. Two networks achieved national coverage: Europa FM (owned by the French group Lagardere) and Info Pro (CME). The most popular private networks are Radio Zu (Intact), Radio 21 (Lagardere), ProFM (CME), Kiss FM (ProSiebenSat1), relying mostly on advertisement revenues, and broadcasting musical hits, entertainment, and short news bulletins. The public company Radio România manages five national stations: Radio România Actualităţi (news), Radio România Cultural (culture and arts), Radio România Muzical (music), Radio Antena Satelor (farming and rural communities), and Radio 3Net – "Florian Pittiş" (a youth station broadcasting online). It also holds an international station (Radio Romania International) and a regional network of 12 stations (Radio România Regional), including Radio Iași and Radio Cluj. Radio România also includes the news agency Rador, a publishing house, a radio theatre production department, several orchestras and choirs. Television broadcasting Television is the most popular entertainment media in Romania, and it gathers two thirds of all advertising funds (337 million euro in 2008). The National Study of TV Audience has registered almost 50 TV stations distributed nationwide, including general audience and specialised channels. Romanian television is dominated by a small number of corporations, owning multiple TV channels as well as radio stations, newspapers and media agencies. Their television business is structured around a flagship channel and a number of smaller specialized, niche channels. The biggest corporations of this kind are: Intact Media Group (with Antena 1-Antena 5), Central European Media Enterprises (with Pro TV, Acasă, Pro Cinema, Pro TV Internaţional and Sport.ro) Realitatea-Catavencu (with Realitatea TV, Romantica and The Money Channel) Centrul Național Media (with Național TV, N24 and Favorit TV) SBS Broadcasting Group (with Prima TV and Kiss TV). There are many localized or franchised international channels (such as HBO, MTV, Cinemax, AXN, Cartoon Network). Furthermore, there are a few independent and local broadcasters. The TV public service broadcaster is Televiziunea Română, with five channels (TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3 with a regional focus, TVR Cultural and TVR Info). TVRi is the international channel. TVR also hosts regional stations based in Timișoara, Cluj, Targu Mures, Craiova and Iasi. TVR usually is slammed for being politicised (its president and board are nominated by the parliamentary majority) and for being based on a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special TV tax, and advertising too. Civil society pressures to achieve depoliticisation of TVR have not yet been fruitful Two private stations, Pro TV (owned by the Bermuda-based Central European Media Enterprises) and Antena 1 (owned by Dan Voiculescu's daughter), are market leaders, sharing about 32% of the market, with public television in the third place. A feature of Romanian Television after 2000 was the boom of specialized channels. Television broadcasts and cable television, frequency allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the National Audiovisual Council (Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului, CNA). Romania has very high penetration rates for cable television in Europe, with over 79% of all households watching television through a CATV network in 2007. The market is extremely dynamic, and dominated by two giant companies – Romanian based RCS&RDS and United States based UPC-Astral. Broadcast television is very limited because of the high penetration of cable. In the early 1990s, only two state owned TV channels were available, one only in about 20% of the country. Private TV channels were slow to appear, because of lack of experience and high start-up costs. In this environment, cable TV companies appeared and thrived, providing 15-20 foreign channels for a very low price. Many small, startup firms gradually grew, and coverage increased (coverage wars were frequent in the early period). However, this period soon ended, with consolidation around 1995–1996 with gentlemen agreements between larger companies over areas of control and pricing, with claims of monopoly abounding. This process of consolidation was completed around 2005–2006, when only two big suppliers of cable remained: UPC-Astral and RDS. Cable TV is now available in most of the country, including most rural areas. Satellite digital TV appeared in 2004. Cinema Cinema is one of the least popular forms of entertainment in Romania, and over 100 cinema theatres have closed down since 1989. Romania has the lowest number of cinema goers in Europe. 75 active cinemas were counted in 2008 (down from 155 in 2004), more than half being outdated theatres owned by the public company Romaniafilm. New multiplex cinemas have been opening in shopping malls, including Hollywood Multiplex, Movieplex Cinema, and Cinema City Romania. Over 85% of tickets are for US blockbusters, with only 3.6% in 2008 for domestic Romanian film productions. Telecommunications Romania has rapidly improving domestic and international services, especially in wireless telephony. The domestic network offers good, modern services in urban areas; 98% of telephone network is automatic while 71% is digitized; trunk network is mostly fiber-optic cable and radio relay; about 80% of exchange capacity is digital. Roughly 3,300 villages have outdated or no service. International service data: satellite country code: 40; satellite earth station: 10 (Intelsat 4); digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest. The combined (fixed+mobile) telephone penetration rate is 108.3%. Land lines There are 4,106,000 main lines in use (June 2007). Romtelecom (owned by the Greek company OTE and the Romanian state) is the dominant fixed line provider (around 80% of the market share) and the only POTS provider. Other providers are RCS&RDS and UPC Romania. Mobile The penetration rate of mobile telephony exceeded 100 percent in 2007 and reached 126 percent in 2008. There were 22.600.000 SIM cards active by December 2013. There are three GSM cellular networks (Orange, Vodafone and Cosmote) covering more than 85% of the territory (about 98% of the population), one UMTS only (Digi.Mobil) as well as one CDMA2000 only network (Romtelecom). Five networks, meaning Vodafone, Orange, Digi.Mobil, Cosmote and Zapp also provide UMTS (3G) services. Vodafone, Orange, Digi.Mobil provides voice and data services over their UMTS (3G) networks, as long as Zapp provives only data services Cosmote provides voice and data services via Zapp UMTS network. Mobile telephony had a 108% penetration rate in March 2008. Internet In November 2008, the number of registered .ro domains was over 340,000, of which 315,000 were active. This represents an increase of 50% in a single year. Over 50% of the Romanian population used internet in 2014. Newspapers' websites are the main sources of information online. Online-only news outlets (such as HotNews.ro, ziare.com, ziare.ro, news.ro, liberalist.ro, corectnews.com, psnews.ro, activenews.ro, stiripesurse.ro) are more and more common, but they usually do not have the resources to produce original and quality journalistic contents. Media agencies Mediafax, a private news agency founded in 1991 and part of MediaPro group, dominates the news agency market, producing 600 news items per day, and expanding abroad in the Czech market too. Agerpres is the state news agency (from 1990 to 2010 known as Rompres). It was first founded in 1889 as Agentia Telegrafica a Romaniei, or Agentia Romana, as part of the Foreign Ministry, but discontinued in 1916 and re-established in 1921 as Orient-Radio Agency, later RADOR, turned by the communist regime in Agerpres in 1949. RADOR survives as the brand of the news service of the national public radio. Agerpres produces around 300 news items daily and takes part in the European Alliance of News Agencies. NewsIn is the newest national agency, launched in 2006 by the Realitatea-Catavencu group. It produces around 300 news items daily and focuses on business and technology, targeting companies directly rather than journalism outlets. Smaller agencies include AM Press and Amos News. International agencies with bureaus in Bucarest include Reuters, AP and France Presse, while others such as Bloomberg have permanent correspondents. Trade unions The largest federation of Romanian trade unions in the media sector is MediaSind, claiming around 9,000 members, of which 7,500 journalists. Most of Romania's 30,000 journalist remain unaffiliated. MediaSind has negotiated with the employers' organisations the collective contract, binding for the entire profession, although this is often not respected in practice. It also supported journalists in legal cases against arbitrary dismissals and mistreatment. Several journalists' associations exist, including The Association of Journalists in Romania, formed by 70 prominent Bucarest-based journalists. The Romanian Press Club gathers the owners and managers of media outlets, pushing the interests of the media organisations. Local publishers are grouped into the Ownership Association of Local Publishers (APEL). NGOs dealing with the media sector take part in the umbrella organisation called the Convention of Media Organisations (Conventia Organizatiilor de Media – COM). Its most active members are the Center for Independent Journalism, and ActiveWatch—The Media Monitoring Agency, both dealing with training and advocacy to improve the quality of journalism in Romania. Regulatory authorities Print and online media have no particular regulatory authority. The Culture and Mass Media Committees of the two chambers of Parliament are competent on the issue but do not exercise monitoring and control. Television broadcasts and cable television, frequency allocations, content monitoring and license allocation are done by the National Audiovisual Council (Consiliul Național al Audiovizualului, CNA). The CNA is the main regulatory authority for the broadcast media in Romania, being the guardian of public interest. It is tasked with the implementation of the Audiovisual Law and of all by-laws, including the Code of Regulations for the Broadcasting Content, and it issues recommendations and instructions. The CNA is composed of 11 members, appointed for six years: three by each Chamber of Parliament, two by the President of Romania, and three by the government; all have to be confirmed by the Parliament. The appointments to its board are politicised, and the body thus often acts in a biased and ineffective way. The National Authority for Communications (ANCOM) is the regulatory body for the TLC market, setting and enforcing market rules. The National Cinematography Centre (Centrul National al Cinematografiei – CNC), part of the Ministry of Culture, supervises the cinema industry and organises competitions to finance film projects. Media ownership Transparency Even though the Romanian legislation in the field of media ownership transparency is fully aligned with the European standards, in practice sufficient information to assess who effectively owns and ultimately controls the media is not always available. Concentration and pluralism There are many media outlets in the Romanian market, but few media conglomerates control most of the audience, leaving pluralism only on the surface. Media ownership is highly concentrated and state advertising also poses a risk. Legal framework Audiovisual Law The Audiovisual Law (RP 2002) applies to television and radio: (1) Article 44 establishes that concentration of media ownership and increase in audience shares must not generate dominant positions in the formation of public opinion. A media company is considered in a dominant position if its share from the national sector-based market is over 30%. Public service broadcaster is exempted. (2) The law "limits the number of media companies in which an owner can hold a majority of shares to one, with the additional possibility to hold an amount not larger than 20% from another company in the field of audiovisual communication." (3) A "transfer of an audiovisual license is only possible with the approval of the NCA and results in a complete shift of responsibilities to the new license owner (Art. 56). This is particularly relevant for cases of mergers or acquisitions, in which the NCA can intervene by not approving the transfer of license." The National Audiovisual Council appears however "more concerned with the regulation of content than with that of the market" The Audiovisual Law does not target vertical concentration/cross-media ownership. Competition Law The Competition Law (RP 1996, amended in 2001) applies to all economic sectors. Its focuses mainly on preventing market dominance. Concentration is not illegal in itself, but only when it creates or consolidates a dominant position. Still, it is allowed in some cases, such as when it improves efficiency. The law also targets vertical concentration/cross-ownership. The Competition Council (Consiliul Concurenței) is in charge. The law also applies to print media. However, the CC policies are only based on economic principles, without attention for media pluralism. Practice There are many media outlets in Romania, but a few of them got most of the audience, making pluralism just an illusion. In 2015 the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) assessed a medium risk for "Concentration of media ownership" and a high risk for the "Concentration of cross-media ownership". In recent years there was a decrease in transnational investments and the so-called "mogulisation", a consolidation of local capital, often connected with unclear interests, both economical and political. Owners use media outlets in the interest of other business or political purposes. Over 55% of generalists and news channels are directly or indirectly politically affiliated. In 2015 the CMPF assessed a high risk of "Politicisation of control over media outlets" and a medium risk of "Political bias in the media". Also, several cases of blackmail involving media can be cited. Some owners had connections with Securitate, the secret police of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Public funds For many years after the 1990 public funds were granted "in the form of rescheduling and cancelling tax liabilities for several groups of companies" in a way that "created advantages for the existing players in the market and raised obstacles for potential newcomers and for those who did not benefited from masked subsidies". Massive public support to media outlets cabinet was given particularly during Adrian Năstase's government (but the example was followed also on lower levels), either directly or through state companies, often with the mean of advertising. And while now public subsidies are close to zero, indirect ones, such as state advertising, are high. According to the CMPF state advertising represents a medium risk. Media conglomerates This table gives an overview of the main media conglomerates in Romania. More details about some groups are below: MediaPro Bermudan Central European Media Enterprises (CME), founded by Ronald Lauder, entered the Romanian market in 1995, with Adrian Sârbu's Media Pro as a local partner, something that was required for operating an audiovisual license. Sârbu was also appointed as chief executive and chairman of CME. However, in February 2014 he was charged with tax evasion, money laundering and embezzlement, sold his shares in CME and withdrew from all positions. He was detained for 30 days in February 2015. Meanwhile, Lauder withdrew from CME board. In 2014 CME was bought by Time Warner and Pro FM was sold to RCS & RDS. According to 2007 informations in terms of ownership the group controls 26% of the television market, 9% of the urban radio market and 5% of the print market. Its main outlet is ProTV which was launched in 1994, but it owns a total of five television stations, two national radio, the main news agency Mediafax, national and local newspaper, publishing company Publimedia. It is also the Romanian publisher of some international media outlets, namely Maxim Romania, Playboy Romania and MTV România. The European Community defined ProTV as being dependent on the goodwill of Romanian government, because it is claimed it has granted huge loans to the media, thus allowing its rapid growth. In fact it has given the government more airtime than to the opposition in the 2004 general election. Intact Group Intact Group is owned by the family of Dan Voiculescu, former collaborator of Securitate, founder and former president of the Conservative Party (formerly Humanist Party), senator from 2004 to 2012. Before 2004 general election Voiculescu's party was allied to the Social Democratic Party (PSD) and Antena 1 was favourable to the party during the campaign. He was sentenced to 10 years of prison on money laundering charges. He is cited as an example of "Berlusconization" in Romania. According to 2007 informations 15% of the print market, 2% of the urban radio market and 15% of the TV market. Antena 1 was founded in 1993 and is the main competitor of ProTV. The group owns a total of five television channel, others being Antena 2, Antena 3, Antena International, and Euforia TV, radio station Radio Romantic, news agency Amos News, many printed periodicals, a publishing and a production house. Realitatea Media Businessman Sorin Ovidiu Vântu was revealed in 2006 as being the key owner of Realitatea Media, which was formally controlled by Cypriot Bluelink Comunicazioni. The company also launched a news agency, NewsIn, but was not able to challenge MediaFax. Vântu has been an informer for Securitate. Sebastian Ghiță has been involved with Realitatea, but he left after a clash with Vântu and went on founding România TV. According to 2007 informations 4% it has of the television market. Doğan Holding Doğan Holding is a Turkish conglomerate founded by Aydın Doğan. It owns Kanal D Romania. Ringier Romania In the 1990s Swiss media group Ringier was an exception to the lack of foreign investments. Ringier controls 56% of the print market, publishing newspapers like Libertatea and magazines like Capital. From 2003 to 2010 it was also the publisher of Evenimentul Zilei. Prima Broadcasting Group Cristian Burci founded Prima TV in 1997. Later he associated himself with international conglomerate SBS Broadcasting Group. In 2012 Burci bought Adevărul Holding from Dinu Patriciu (Patriciu had bought Adevărul newspaper in 2006). According to 2007 informations it has 4% of the television market. It used to control also Kiss TV, which is now owned by Antenna Group. Lagardère French group Lagardère entered the Romanian market in 2000 with the launch of Europa FM. "Lagardère also owned a stake in Radio XXI together with Fundaţia Secolul XXI", which has amongst its member politicians of the Social Democratic Party. Centrul Național Media Centrul Național Media is owned by Ioan and Viorel Micula, CEOs of European Drinks & Foods. According to 2007 informations it has 4% of the television market. Public Service Broadcasters The board of TVR is appointed by parliament. In 2015 the CMPF assessed a high risk for the "Independence of [Public Service Media] governance and funding". Romanian Television gave the government more airtime than to the opposition in the 2004 general election. The national news agency Agerpres is publicly funded (€3.1 million in 2014). It was reorganized by Law 19/2003. According to 2007 informations it has 22% of television market share. Censorship Article 30 of the Constitution of Romania, adopted in 1991 and amended in 2003, is dedicated to freedom of expression: Self-censorship A 2008 report on "Labor Relations and Media" in South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) member countries noted that while in Romania there were no cases of direct censorship in mass media, there were indeed cases of "indirect censorship" or self-censorship. Journalists risk their jobs in they do not respect the editorial policy decided by media owner, who might be a businessman protecting its business. Journalists who stay in line are rewarded. Internet censorship Law 124/2015, passed on June 12, 2015, held that: According to the Civil Liberties Union for Europe this amount as establishing internet censorship. The most serious fact are that the decision can be taken by an administrative authority, without court intervention, and that the measures targets not only unauthorized gambling websites themselves, but also those advertising them. European Digital Rights (EDRi) advocacy group questions whether Facebook, YouTube or Google could become a target, too. Since the restriction is operated by Internet service providers (ISP) through block and redirect to the ONJN website, which is the able to collect data about users who attempted to navigate to an unauthorized gambling website. While DNS blocking can be bypassed, according to ICANN it can damage internet security. Moreover, while at the moment the infrastructure is used only for unauthorized gambling website, it could be potentially used for other purposes. Charges, attacks and threats against journalists In 2002 Silvia Vranceanu of the opposition newspaper Evenimentul Zilei was intimidated after writing articles about the Social Democratic Party's regional leaders. Investigative journalist Iosif Costinas disappeared on 8 June 2002 and was found dead on 21 March 2003. On 3 December 2003 Ino Ardelean of Evenimentul Zilei was beaten unconscious in Timișoara. On 6 November 2004 journalist Sebastian Oancea of the Ziarul de Vrancea was harassed in Focșani by three different political and official authorities. On 26 January 2005 the chief of the Romanian Intelligence Service Radu Timofte admitted the telephone tapping of two Romanian journalists working for foreign media. In February 2006 Sebastian Oancea of Ziua and Marian Garleanu of România liberă'' faced charges for possessing and divulging contents of a CD relating to Romanian army action in Iraq and Afghanistan. On 10 March 2010 Romanian Member of the European Parliament Gigi Becali insulted ZIUA Veche journalist Cornelia Popescu after she asked him about contradictions in his declarations of financial interests. In January 2012 journalists from various media outlets were assaulted while covering the anti-government protests in Bucharest. On 16 May 2012 "Dan Buruca, an investigative reporter at Realitatea TV, was beaten by two individuals in the lobby of his apartment building". On 10 November 2014, Stefan Mako, an investigative journalist of Casa Jurnalistului, was detained by police after filming an arrest. On 1 February 2017 German freelance cameraman Christian Gesellmann was violently arrested by police in Bucharest while covering an anti-government demonstration. See also Romania Transparency of media ownership in Romania References External links BBC NEWS country profile: Romania Romania Romania
1128235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Quagliati	Paolo Quagliati	Paolo Quagliati (c. 1555 – 16 November 1628) was an Italian composer of the early Baroque era and a member of the Roman School of composers. He was a transitional figure between the late Renaissance style and the earliest Baroque and was one of the first to write solo madrigals in the conservative musical center of Rome. Life Quagliati was born in Chioggia to an aristocratic family. Most of his life he spent in the service of various royal and aristocratic families. In 1594 he became a Roman citizen, and between 1605 and 1608 Quagliati was employed by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese. Most likely he was organist at Santa Maria Maggiore from around 1608 until his death. During that time he also served as organist for various formal occasions around the city, and eventually he became private chamberlain to Pope Gregory XV. Towards the end of his life he was much respected, if not renowned, by his fellow composers, as can be judged from dedications of collections of music to him; however, some of this may have been less due to the quality of his music than to his direct papal connections and immense influence. Works and style Stylistically, Quagliati's music is clear, elegant, and he generally uses simple diatonic harmonies. Some of his books of madrigals are in two versions: one for singing by equal voice parts, in the old Renaissance style, and another in what he calls the "empty" style, for single voice with instrumental accompaniment. These were examples of the new Baroque style of monody, and he states as much in the preface to his 1608 publication: "I have decided to cater to both tastes." Quagliati was probably the first to publish solo madrigals in Rome, though monody in the form of solo madrigals had already existed for more than twenty years in northern Italy. He wrote both sacred and secular vocal music, as well as some instrumental music. In his instrumental music, he makes little or no distinction between the style assigned to pieces with certain labels, such as ricercars or canzonas; this was an occasional practice at the time, and quite an annoying one to musicologists attempting to categorize music during this transitional period. Conventionally, a canzona around 1600 was a sectional instrumental piece, while a "ricercar" was a rather severe contrapuntal study, one of the ancestors of the fugue; the work of a few composers such as Quagliati make it necessary to qualify these terms as of imprecise usage. In 1606 he composed Il carro di fedeltà d'amore, which is considered the first secular 'azione scenica' in Rome. Of his surviving larger-scale works, one of the most interesting is La sfera armoniosa, which includes no less than 25 separate sections, including vocal solos and duets, all with an accompanying violin part. Much is written in the concertato style imported from northern Italy, though it would have seemed tame to a Venetian composer. He wrote this large work for the wedding of the nephew of the pope to Isabella Gesualdo, daughter of the famously murderous composer Carlo Gesualdo. References Further reading External links 1550s births 1628 deaths Musicians from the Metropolitan City of Venice Renaissance composers Italian Baroque composers Italian male classical composers Roman school composers 17th-century Italian composers People from Chioggia 17th-century male musicians
44435150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20UCI%20Track%20Cycling%20World%20Championships	1928 UCI Track Cycling World Championships	The 1928 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Budapest, Hungary from 11 to 18 August 1928. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs. Medal summary Medal table See also 1928 UCI Road World Championships References Track cycling UCI Track Cycling World Championships by year International cycle races hosted by Hungary International sports competitions in Budapest 1928 in track cycling
17191847	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo%20Wallimann	Theo Wallimann	Theo Wallimann (born 13 October 1946 in Alpnach, Obwalden, Switzerland) is a Swiss biologist who was research group leader and Adjunct-Professor at the Institute of Cell Biology ETH Zurich and later at the Institute of Molecular Health Science at the ETH Zurich at the Biology Department, of the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. Research and career In 1975, Theo Wallimann completed his Ph.D. Dissertation on “M-line-bound Creatine Kinase and Myofibrillar Structure” in the laboratory of Prof. Hans M. Eppenberger at the Institute of Cell Biology at ETH Zurich with distinction and received the ETH prize and medal. From 1975 - 1981, Wallimann worked as a post-doctoral research associate with Andrew G. Szent-Györgyi , at the Biology Department of Brandeis University in Waltham, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. on the subject of "Myosin-linked calcium regulation of muscle contraction". After rejoining the Biology Dept of the ETH-Zurich in 1981, Wallimann became a Lecturer in 1984 with his Habilitation on: "Localization and function of M-line-bound creatine kinase: M-band model and Phospho-Creatine Shuttle"). In 1994, Wallimann was awarded the title of Professor and in the next two years he became Head and Deputy Head of the Institute of Cell Biology. Wallimann was also awarded with Alfred-Vogt-Prize 2005. Wallimann resigned from his post in June 2008 and is now Emeritus and member of the ETH Alumni organisation. Wallimann's main areas of interest are: The structure, function, subcellular compartmentation and molecular physiology of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes and the Creatine Transporter (CRT), and in general, micro-compartmentation and metabolite channeling by multi-enzyme complexes. The mechanisms of the cell enhancing and neuro-protective effects of creatine supplementation in health (muscle strength, learning and memory) and disease (neuromuscular and neuro-degenerative disorders). The structure and molecular physiology of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), involved in cellular energy homeostasis and nutritional signalling, which is relevant for type-2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cancer.(for publications in PubMed see:and on Publon see ). References 1946 births Cell biologists Swiss biologists ETH Zurich faculty Living people
45110028	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed%20Tse	Reversed Tse	Reversed Tse (Ꙡ ꙡ; italics: Ꙡ ꙡ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, representing a horizontally reversed Tse (Ц ц Ц ц). Reversed Tse was used in the Old Novgorodian birchbark letters, along with other reversed letters. It is an allograph of Tse and denotes the same sound. Computing codes See also Cyrillic characters in Unicode
13002743	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalella	Hyalella	Hyalella is a South and North American genus of mainly freshwater amphipods. The species in Hyalella include: Hyalella anophthalma Ruffo, 1957 Hyalella araucana Grosso & Peralta, 1999 Hyalella armata (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella azteca (Saussure, 1858) Hyalella bonariensis Bond-Buckup, Araujo & Santos, 2008 Hyalella brasiliensis Bousfield, 1996 Hyalella caeca Pereira, 1989 Hyalella cajasi Alonso & Jaume, 2017 Hyalella caribbeana Bousfield, 1996 Hyalella carstica Bastos-Pereira & Bueno, 2012 Hyalella castroi Gonzalez, Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 2006 Hyalella catarinensis Reis & Bueno in Reis, Penoni & Bueno, 2020 Hyalella cenotensis Marrón-Becerra, Hermoso-Salazar & Solís-Weiss, 2014 Hyalella cheyennis Bueno, Oliveira & Wellborn, 2019 Hyalella chiloensis Gonzalez & Watling, 2001 Hyalella costera Gonzalez & Watling, 2001 Hyalella crawfordi Coleman & Gonzalez, 2006 Hyalella cuprea (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella curvispina Shoemaker, 1942 Hyalella dielaii Pereira, 2004 Hyalella dybowskii (Wrześniowski, 1879) Hyalella echinus (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella epikarstica Rodrigues, Bueno & Ferreira, 2014 Hyalella falklandensis Bousfield, 1996 Hyalella faxoni Stebbing, 1903 Hyalella formosa Cardoso & Bueno, 2014 Hyalella fossamancinii Cavalieri, 1959 Hyalella franciscae Gonzalez & Watling, 2003 Hyalella gauthieri Coleman & Gonzalez, 2006 Hyalella gracilicornis (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella imbya Rodrigues & Bueno, 2012 Hyalella jelskii (Wrześniowski, 1879) Hyalella kaingang Araújo & Cardoso in Bueno, Araujo, Cardoso, Gomes & Bond-Buckup, 2013 Hyalella kochi Gonzalez & Watling, 2001 Hyalella lalage Brehm-Lunz, 1925 Hyalella latimana (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella longicornis Bousfield, 1996 Hyalella longipalma (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella longispina Gonzalez & Coleman, 2002 Hyalella longistila (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella lubomirskii (Wrześniowski, 1879) Hyalella lucifugax (Faxon, 1876) Hyalella maya Marrón-Becerra, Hermoso-Salazar & Solís-Weiss, 2018 Hyalella meinerti Stebbing, 1899 Hyalella meraspinosa Baldinger, 2004 Hyalella minensis Bastos-Pereira & Bueno, 2013 Hyalella misionensis Colla & César, 2015 Hyalella montana Rodrigues, Senna, Quadra & Bueno, 2017 Hyalella montenegrinae Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 1998 Hyalella montezuma Cole & Watkins, 1977 Hyalella montforti Chevreux, 1907 Hyalella muerta Baldinger, Shepard & Threloff, 2000 Hyalella neonoma Stock & Platvoet, 1991 Hyalella neveulemairei Chevreux, 1904 Hyalella palmeirensis Streck-Marx & Castiglioni, 2020 Hyalella pamqeana Cavalieri, 1968 Hyalella paramoensis Andres, 1988 Hyalella patagonica (Cunningham, 1871) Hyalella pauperocovae Gonzalez & Watling, 2002 Hyalella pernix (Moreira, 1903) Hyalella pleoacuta Gonzalez, Bond-Buckup & Araujo, 2006 Hyalella pseudoazteca Gonzalez & Watling, 2003 Hyalella pteropus Schellenberg, 1943 Hyalella puna Peralta & Miranda, 2019 Hyalella quindioensis Gonzalez & Watling, 2003 Hyalella rioantensis Penoni & Bueno in Reis, Penoni & Bueno, 2020 Hyalella rionegrina Grosso & Peralta, 1999 Hyalella robusta Chevreux, 1907 Hyalella sandro Baldinger, Shepard & Threloff, 2000 Hyalella sapropelica Brehm, 1939 Hyalella solida Chevreux, 1907 Hyalella spelaea Bueno & Cardoso, 2011 Hyalella spinicauda Soucek & Lazo-Wasem in Soucek & Lazo-Wasem, Taylor & Major, 2015 Hyalella squamosa Mateus & Mateus, 1990 Hyalella tepehuana Marrón-Becerra, Hermoso-Salazar & Rivas, 2020 Hyalella texana Stevenson & Peden, 1973 Hyalella thomseni Brehm, 1928 Hyalella troglofugia Bastos-Pereira, De Oliveira & Ferreira, 2018 Hyalella veredae Cardoso & Bueno, 2014 Hyalella wakulla Drumm & Knight-Gray, 2019 Hyalella warmingi Stebbing, 1899 Hyalella wellborni Soucek & Lazo-Wasem in Soucek & Lazo-Wasem, Taylor & Major, 2015 Hyalella xakriaba Bueno & Araujo, in Bueno, Araujo, Cardoso, Gomes & Bond-Buckup, 2013 References Gammaridea Taxa named by Sidney Irving Smith Malacostraca genera
15923467	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Donau%20%281929%29	SS Donau (1929)	SS Donau was a Norddeutscher Lloyd refrigerated cargo ship. In the Second World War the Kriegsmarine used it as a transport ship between Germany and Norway. She became known as the "slave ship" after the SS and Gestapo transported 540 Jews from Norway to Stettin, from where they were taken by train to Auschwitz. Only nine of those deported on the Donau survived. History Donau was built in Hamburg for Norddeutscher Lloyd of Bremen and completed in 1929. At 9,035 gross register tons she was large for her time, and she was unusual amongst cargo ships for being powered by both a triple expansion steam engine and a steam turbine. Donau was requisitioned for war service under the command of Kriegsmarine-Dienststelle Hamburg and equipped with anti-aircraft weaponry and depth charges. She was put into service transporting troops from the Eastern Front via Stettin to Oslo and back. On 26 November 1942 Norwegian police forces under the direction of the Gestapo handed 532 Jewish prisoners to the SS at Pier 1 in Oslo harbor. The ship was under the command of Untersturmführer Klaus Grossmann and Oberleutnant Manig. Men and women were put in separate holds on the ship, where they were deprived of basic sanitary conditions and mistreated by the soldiers. Only 9 of the prisoners survived the Second World War. On or shortly before 16 January 1945, Roy Nielsen from Milorg and Max Manus from Kompani Linge planted ten limpet mines under the waterline along a section of the port side of the ship, while she was docked in Oslo. The intention was for the bombs to detonate in open sea once the ship had cleared the Oslofjord but, because departure on the morning of 17 January 1945 was delayed, the bombs went off before the Donau reached Drøbak, where the captain managed to beach her. Seven years later the wreck was pulled off and towed to Bremerhaven for scrapping. These events are related in the 2008 Norwegian film Max Manus. References The Holocaust in Norway Steamships of Germany Ships of Norddeutscher Lloyd Troop ships of Germany World War II passenger ships of Germany Maritime incidents in January 1945 Ship bombings World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea Ships built in Hamburg 1929 ships
7444754	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%20at%20the%201976%20Winter%20Olympics	Finland at the 1976 Winter Olympics	Finland competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. Medalists Alpine skiing Women Biathlon Men 1 One minute added per close miss (a hit in the outer ring), two minutes added per complete miss. Men's 4 x 7.5 km relay 2 A penalty loop of 200 metres had to be skied per missed target. Cross-country skiing Men Men's 4 × 10 km relay Women Women's 4 × 5 km relay Figure skating Men Ice hockey First Round Winners (in bold) entered the Medal Round. Other teams played a consolation round for 7th-12th places. \|} Medal round Czechoslovakia 2-1 Finland Finland 5-3 West Germany USA 5-4 Finland USSR 7-2 Finland Finland 7-1 Poland Team Roster Matti Hagman Reijo Laksola Antti Leppänen Henry Leppä Seppo Lindström Pekka Marjamäki Matti Murto Timo Nummelin Esa Peltonen Timo Saari Jorma Vehmanen Urpo Ylönen Hannu Haapalainen Seppo Ahokainen Tapio Koskinen Pertti Koivulahti Hannu Kapanen Matti Rautiainen Head Coaches: Seppo Liitsola & Lasse Heikkilä Nordic combined Events: normal hill ski jumping 15 km cross-country skiing Ski jumping Speed skating Men Women References Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database Olympic Winter Games 1976, full results by sports-reference.com Nations at the 1976 Winter Olympics 1976 W
28712788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagenow%20Land%E2%80%93Schwerin%20railway	Hagenow Land–Schwerin railway	The Hagenow–Schwerin railway is a double track electrified mainline railway in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is the second oldest railway in Mecklenburg after the Berlin-Hamburg railway and one of the oldest railways in Germany, opened in 1847 by the Mecklenburg Railway Company (). Route The line runs in an almost straight line from Hagenow Land station (east of the town of Hagenow) northeast through wooded areas to Schwerin. From Holthusen, where the line from Ludwigslust joins, it runs almost due north towards Schwerin. Before Schwerin-Görries the line from Parchim connects. The railway crosses Schwerin in a cutting. History The Berlin–Hamburg line, opened in 1846, was the first railway passing through the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Immediately afterwards Mecklenburg-Schwerin began work on a link from Hagenow to Schwerin, which was opened on 1 May 1847. In the following years the line was extended to Wismar, Rostock and Güstrow. Initially, two pairs of trains a day ran between Rostock and Hagenow with connections to services to Wismar and Güstrow. The construction of additional railway lines decreased the importance of this route. The Lübeck–Bad Kleinen line, which opened in 1870, diverted traffic to Hamburg via Lübeck. The opening of the Ludwiglust–Holthusen line in 1888, diverted traffic towards Berlin and Magdeburg from the section of line south of Holthusen and it was subsequently mainly used for local traffic. For example, in 1905 there were five pairs of passenger train between Hagenow Land station and Schwerin and six in 1934, some continiong to Wismar. In the 1980s there were four pairs of trains, which continued to the border station of Schwanheide. Added to this was a pair of express trains and one interzonal train (travelling between East and West Germany) between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1996, the line was duplicated and electrified as a German Unity Transport Project and upgraded to allow a top speed of 160 km/h. The 18 km section from Hagenow Land to Holthusen was doubled and electrified. Holthusen station was rebuilt so that trains from Hagenow Land towards Schwerin could run at 160 km/h and from Ludwigslust at 130 km/h. The platforms at Schwerin Hauptbahnhof were extended and equipped with an electronic interlocking, from which the section from Hagenow Land to Bad Kleinen is controlled. The upgraded section went into operation in 1996. As a result, the travel time from Rostock via Hagenow to Hamburg is now shorter than that via Lübeck. Current operations The line is served by Regional-Express trains on the Rostock–Hamburg route (branded as Hanse-Express) every two hours with some extra services in the peak. It is also served every the two hours by InterCity trains on the (Binz–) Stralsund–Rostock–Schwerin–Hamburg route and continuing to western or south western Germany. Regionalbahn trains used to run between Schwerin and Hagenow Land station, connecting to Hagenow Stadt, but were canceled at the timetable change in December 2012 by the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as part of major austerity measures. Since then, the Kirch Jesar and Zachun have been served only irregularly by extra peak hour services on the RE 1 line. References Footnotes Sources Railway lines in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Buildings and structures in Ludwigslust-Parchim Railway lines opened in 1847 1847 establishments in Germany
13122656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9chelle%2C%20Pas-de-Calais	Léchelle, Pas-de-Calais	Léchelle () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France. Geography A very small farming village situated southeast of Arras, on the D19E road, just a few yards from the A2 autoroute. Population Places of interest The church of St. Nicholas, rebuilt along with most of the village, after World War I. The remains of an old chateau. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery. See also Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department References INSEE commune file External links Five Points CWGC cemetery Communes of Pas-de-Calais
64081824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese%20escort%20ship%20CD-192	Japanese escort ship CD-192	CD-192 or No. 192 was a Type D escort ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II and later the Republic of China Navy. History She was laid down on 5 December 1944 at the Nagasaki shipyard of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the benefit of the Imperial Japanese Navy and launched on 30 January 1945. On 28 February 1945, she was completed and commissioned. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced their unconditional surrender and she was turned over to the Allies. On 25 October 1945, she was struck from the Navy List. She was assigned to the Allied Repatriation Service and went on numerous repatriation journeys. On 7 July 1947, she was ceded to the Republic of China as a war reparation and renamed Tong An (同安). She was struck from the Naval List in 1960. References Bibliography 1945 ships Type D escort ships Ships built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ships of the Republic of China
66037718	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Home%20Mortgage	Union Home Mortgage	Union Home Mortgage is an American mortgage loan company based in Strongsville, Ohio. Founded in 1970, the company reports that it operates in 44 states plus Washington, D.C., with over $5 billion in annual lending volume. The company also reports that it has been named to the Inc. 500 list of fastest growing companies in America four times (2016–2019). In October 2020, the company signed on as title sponsor of the Gasparilla Bowl, an annual college football bowl game played in the Tampa Bay area. References External links Financial services companies of the United States Mortgage lenders of the United States Companies based in Ohio 1970 establishments in Ohio
1779408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerthe	Gerthe	Gerthe is a part of the city of Bochum in the Ruhr area in Germany. Up to the 19th century Westphalian was spoken here. Gerthe is a district in the working-class north of Bochum, in the northeast, bordering Herne and Castrop-Rauxel. The tramline to Hattingen starts here. Boroughs of Bochum
34635109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neembuu%20Uploader	Neembuu Uploader	Neembuu Uploader (also known as NU) is a highly portable free and open-source Java application that uploads files simultaneously to multiple filehosts. It is currently supporting 67 file hosting sites and lets you manage the download and delete URLs of the uploaded files. Features Portable Platform independent (Microsoft Windows, Linux, Mac, ..); runs on Java 1.7 or higher Upload several files in parallel Supports about 110 one-click hosters Auto update Theme Support Multilingual Drag and Drop File uploading with login support Retry failed uploads Retrieve download & delete URL links Set upload limit bandwidth Changing order of upload dynamically Future In 2014, the Neembuu team released a new product called Neembuu Now. This new application allows users to watch and download videos at the same time. When user forwards the video, the previous buffer is not deleted unlike in YouTube and other similar streaming websites. It is planned that Neembuu Uploader and Neembuu Now would be merged in future. References External links Upload tập tin lên 30 dịch vụ chia sẻ cùng lúc với Neembuu Uploader (Vietnamese) File managers
40855699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Fort%20Lauderdale%20Strikers%20season	1979 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season	The 1979 Fort Lauderdale Strikers season was the third season of the Fort Lauderdale Striker's team, and the club's thirteenth season in professional soccer. The Strikers finished the regular season in second place in the Eastern Division of the North American Soccer League's American Conference, and qualified for the playoffs. They were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs. Background Review Competitions Friendlies NASL regular season Regular season W = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, BP = Bonus Points, Pts = Point System 6 points for a win, 1 point for a shootout win, 0 points for a loss, 1 point for each regulation goal scored up to three per game. American Conference Results summaries Results by round Match reports NASL Playoffs First round Bracket Match reports Statistics Transfers See also 1979 Fort Lauderdale Strikers References 1979 Fort Lauderdale Strikers Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale Strikers
30456857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok%20%28horse%29	Springbok (horse)	Springbok (1870–1897) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who won the seventh Belmont Stakes in 1873. Foaled in 1870, he was sired by the imported stallion Australian, his dam was a daughter of Lexington. During his racing career he started 25 races, winning 17 of them. Besides the Belmont, Springbok won the Saratoga Cup twice, in 1874 and 1875 and was named Champion Older Male horse in 1874 and 1875. After retiring from the racetrack, he sired five stakes winners and died in 1897. Early life Springbok was sired by the imported horse Australian and out of the mare Hester. Hester was by Lexington and out of a mare named Heads I Say by imported stallion Glencoe. Springbok was foaled in 1870, and was a chestnut stallion, bred by A. J. Alexander of Woodburn, Kentucky. Springbok was one of 26 stakes winning foals sired by Australian. Springbok was Hester's only stakes winning foal. At two years of age, Springbok was owned and raced by Daniel Swigert, but was sold that year to David McDaniel for $2,000 (approximately $ today). Racing career Springbok won the seventh running of the Belmont Stakes in 1873 at Jerome Park Racetrack. He carried in the race, which had a winning time of 3 minutes 1 seconds. He won $5,200 (approximately $ today) for his owner from the race. The race was run on June 7 over a distance of miles (i.e. ) on a fast track. He won the race by four lengths from the second-placed finisher, Count D'Orsay, and the third place was Strachino. The winning jockey was James Rowe, Sr., later to be a noted trainer. This was the third of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as both owner and trainer, as he had already won the 1871 race with Harry Bassett and the 1872 race with Joe Daniels. Besides the Belmont, Springbok won the 1874 and 1875 Saratoga Cup and the 1874 Citizens Stakes. During the 1870s, the Saratoga Cup was a race. In 1874, Springbok won the race while carrying , beating Preakness who came in second, and Katie Pease, who placed third. The winning time was 4 minutes 11 seconds, with a value to the winner of $2,450 (approximately $ today). His 1875 Saratoga Cup win was a (DH) with the horse Preakness. In that race, Springbok carried , and the winning time was 3 minutes 56 seconds. Third place was secured by Grinstead. The win paid $2,250 (approximately $ today) to Springbok's owner. Springbok's total race career was 25 starts with 17 wins for a total earnings of $20,020 (approximately $ today). He is considered to be the 1874 American Champion Older Male Horse, and also the Champion Older Male Horse for 1875, a title he shared with Preakness. Breeding career In his breeding career, Springbok sired the stakes winners Audrain, East Lynne, Ethel, Huntress, and Vallera. Audrain, an 1881 stallion out of Alme by Planet, won the 1884 Latonia Derby, 1884 St. Louis Derby and the 1884 Hindoo Stakes. East Lynne was an 1882 mare out of Easter Planet by Planet. East Lynne won the 1885 Dixie Stakes and the 1885 Hunter Handicap. Ethel, an 1888 mare out of La Vena by Planet, won the 1890 Clipsetta Stakes and the 1891 Ashland Oaks. Huntress was an 1885 mare out of Edith by the imported stallion Saxon. Huntress won the 1887 Clipsetta Stakes, the 1888 St. Louis Oaks, and the 1889 Cincinnati Hotel Handicap. Vallera, an 1888 stallion out of Valasco by Pat Malloy, won the 1891 Tennessee Derby, 1891 Travers Stakes, and the 1891 Kenner Stakes. Springbok died on March 19, 1897 at the Megibben-Edgewater farm in Kentucky. Citations References External links Famous Horses of America pages 34–35 1870 racehorse births 1897 racehorse deaths Racehorses trained in the United States Racehorses bred in Kentucky Belmont Stakes winners Thoroughbred family 6-a Godolphin Arabian sire line
61715952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin%20Szyma%C5%84ski	Marcin Szymański	Marcin Szymański (born 1 July 1972 in Poland) is a Polish retired footballer who is last known to have played for Galway United in the Republic of Ireland. Career Szymanski started his senior career with Śląsk Wrocław in 1992. He made one hundred and ninety-three appearances and scored two goals. After that, he played for Polish club Górnik Polkowice, Irish clubs Salthull Devon and Galway United before retiring in 2005. References External links Kocham Cię jak Irlandię Polish Wikipedia Page 90minut Profile 1972 births Living people Polish footballers Association football defenders Expatriate association footballers in the Republic of Ireland Galway United F.C. players Salthill Devon F.C. players Polish expatriate footballers Śląsk Wrocław players Górnik Polkowice players
3445595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20OS%20viruses	Palm OS viruses	While some viruses do exist for Palm OS based devices, very few have ever been designed. Typically, mobile devices are difficult for virus writers to target, since their simplicity provides fewer security holes to target compared to a desktop. Viruses for Palm OS References Palm OS software Mobile malware
49675332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Braga	Anthony Braga	Anthony Allan Braga (born 1969) is an American criminologist and the Jerry Lee Professor of Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania. Braga is also the Director of the Crime and Justice Policy Lab at the University of Pennsylvania. He previously held faculty and senior research positions at Harvard University, Northeastern University, Rutgers University, and the University of California at Berkeley. Braga is a member of the federal monitor team overseeing the reforms to New York City Police Department (NYPD) policies, training, supervision, auditing, and handling of complaints and discipline regarding stops and frisks and trespass enforcement. Research Braga’s research focuses on enhancing fairness and effectiveness in policing. With colleagues, he has completed randomized controlled trials testing the impacts of deploying body worn cameras on police officers in Boston, Las Vegas, and New York City. These studies generally suggest that the placement of body cameras improve the civility of police-citizen encounters. He has also conducted randomized experiments showing that procedurally-just police encounters can improve civilian perceptions of police legitimacy. Finally, he has completed descriptive research studies examining extralegal factors associated with racial disparities in police contacts with civilians. His research has examined the stability and concentration of crime at small hot spot locations in cities. For instance, he led a study showing that 74 percent of shootings were persistently concentrated in just 5 percent of street blocks over a twenty-nine-year period in Boston. Braga has conducted a systematic review of hot spots policing experiments and quasi-experiments that shows concentrating police resource in crime hot spots can reduce crime without displacing crime to nearby locations. He also led a randomized controlled trial that found police efforts to modify the characteristics of crime places (greening vacant lots, securing abandoned buildings, improving lighting, and other situational remedies) generated stronger crime control gains relative to increased misdemeanor arrests. Braga has been influential in the development of focused deterrence strategies to control serious violence. These strategies attempt to reduce serious crime and violence by changing offender behavior through a blended set of law enforcement, community mobilization, and social service actions. He was part of the Boston Gun Project working group that developed the well-known Operation Ceasefire strategy in the 1990s and worked with the Boston Police Department to implement a reinvigorated Ceasefire program in the mid-2000s. Braga completed a systematic review of controlled evaluations that suggest focused deterrence programs reduce crime, but the review noted the rigor of focused deterrence evaluations needs to be improved. Braga has also conducted studies on illegal gun trafficking in Boston, Chicago, and New York City. These studies generally show that high-risk people, such as gang members and drug sellers, acquire guns through illegal diversions from legal firearms commerce. Honors and awards Anthony Braga is a Fellow of the American Society of Criminology and the 2021 recipient of its August Vollmer Award recognizing outstanding contributions to the field of criminal justice. He is also a past President and Fellow of the Academy of Experimental Criminology and the 2014 recipient its Joan McCord Award recognizing his contributions to the advancement of experimental criminology. Beyond academic recognition, he has also received multiple awards from practitioner organizations such as the 2011 International Association of Chiefs of Police Excellence in Law Enforcement Research Award, 2010 U.S. Department of Justice Project Safe Neighborhood Award for Outstanding Service by a Research Partner, and the 2009 U.S. Attorney General’s Award for Outstanding Contribution to Community Partnerships and Public Safety. References External links 1969 births Living people Rutgers University faculty American criminologists University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni Rutgers University alumni Harvard Kennedy School alumni Harvard Kennedy School faculty Place of birth missing (living people) Northeastern University faculty
57573056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watten%20%28card%20game%29	Watten (card game)	Watten, regionally also called Watteln or Wattlung, is a card game that is mainly played in Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol. There are several main variants: Bavarian, Bohemian, South Tyrolean (Stichwatten), (Austrian) Tyrolean, Kritisch and Blind Watten. It is usually a 4-player game, which is "by far the most interesting", but it may also be played by 2 or 3 players. According to Parlett, Watten is "hard to describe" but "fun to play and easy to learn." Origin According to tradition the game emerged in its present form in the Kingdom of Bavaria during the time of the Napoleonic Wars. At that time, allied French and Bavarian troops spent their spare time together in their military encampments. The name came from the French phrase, va tout, which meant "last trump". However, Tyrolean historian, Hans Fink, believes the game originated in formerly Austrian South Tyrol and came from the Italian word battere, "beating" or "thumping". Rules of the game In the following section, the rules of the variant common in Bavaria are explained first. Game variations from other countries or regions are explained subsequently. Watten is a game for four players, with the partnered pairs of players sitting opposite one another across the card table. It is usually played with a German deck or one of its regional variants (such as a Bavarian deck, etc.), each player being dealt five cards. The aim for each pair is to win three tricks per game. The suits of the German deck: Criticals The three highest trick-winning cards are the three "Criticals" (Kritische or Kritten), also called "Greeks" (Griechische or Griechen) regionally: K is Maxi, the highest card in the game, named after King Maximilian I of Bavaria. Other nicknames include Max, Mäxle, Maxl, Mattl, Papa, Maler ("Artist"), Machtl, Erdbeer-Schorsch ("Strawberry George") 7 or 6 is Belli, the second highest card, the Weli (also called Benno, Bello, Belle, Bölle). In Austria and South Tyrol, the 6 is used. 7 is Spitz ("Point"), also called Spitze, Seuchl, Soacher, Soach, Bsoachter, Sächer, Bisi, Bise, Gspeitz. Strikers Then follow the four Strikers (Schläge; singular Schlag), four cards of a specified number or rank. The Chief Striker (CS) is the highest; the remaining 3 Strikers (3xS) are equal in rank. Trump suit The next lowest category after the Strikers are the cards in the trump suit. Trumps beat all the remaining cards that are not Criticals or Strikers. The trumps rank in the following order as far as tricks are concerned: Sow (Sau), sometimes called the Deuce (Daus) or, less often, the Ace (Ass) King (König, Sesseldrucker = "armchair potato") Ober (Saalflitzer or Speisenträger = "waiter") Unter (Bochramma) 10 (Eisenbahner or Bahner = "railwayman", Bahnschwellenhupfer) 9 (Brotzeit = "snack") 8 (Fenstersteck = "window frame") 7 (Notschrei = "cry for help") Ranking and use The card which is both a Striker and a Trump is called a Chief Striker (Hauptschlag), Captain (Hauptmann) or Right One (Rechter). In German it also goes under various other names including Haubi, Hauwe, Haube, Haut or Hawe. It is the fourth highest card after the Criticals. The three remaining Strikers, also called Left Ones (Linke) do not have a particular order of precedence; instead the first one played always wins. Unlike many other card games, there is no compulsion in Watten to follow suit or win the trick. An exception is the playing of the Chief Striker as the first card of a game. In this case, the opponents must comply with the call "Trump or Critical!" (Trumpf oder Kritisch!; colloquially Kirch oda Kapejn) and either play a Critical or a card of the trump suit (the other Strikers are exempt from this rule). The partner has to play a trump, but does not have to play a Critical. If the Chief Striker is beaten by a Critical, the remaining players no longer have to play a trump. Prior to leading with the Chief Striker, the player may ask his partner "will it cause damage?" (schadet er?) to check whether it will weaken his partner's hand. If a player has all three Criticals in his hand or (regionally different) another card combination which, regardless of the order in which it is played, inevitably leads to winning at least three tricks, a so-called Machine or Engine (Maschine), he must reveal his cards before the game begins and automatically wins the game with 2 points. Another rule variant provides for the player to reveal the cards and automatically receive 3 points, but continue to play if he hopes to achieve 4 points by a bluffing technique. Playing Shuffle and cut Before the cards are dealt, they are shuffled by the dealer and cut by the player to his right, the "cutter". If the bottom card of the cut stack is a Critical, the cutter may keep it (so called Schlecken; "licking"). The dealer then has the right to view and take the next card if it is Critical. In the rare case of a third underlying Critical, the cutter may take that too. If the cutter waives his right to draw the card, the dealer may not draw it either. The cutter may also take a card that is not Critical as a bluff. However, if all five moves of the game are executed without the cutter playing a Critical, the team are penalized 2 points. Deal The dealer now deals five cards to each player, usually in packets of three and two in succession. If the cutter, or cutter and dealer, have taken a Critical, they get fewer cards at this point in order to get a hand of five cards. Strikers and Trumps The dealer and the player to his left, the forehand, look at their cards and the forehand declares the Strikers (from one of the following: Sow (A), K, O, U, 10, 9 8 or 7. The dealer then selects the trump suit. Before these announcements, either of the two declarers can ask the other to deal the cards again in the hope of getting better cards by asking for "better ones please!" (Schönere!). The other may then deal again, in which case the cards of the two declarers are discarded and dealt again, or he can refuse and play must continue with the cards already dealt. It is common to offer the dealer the option of a "striker swap?" (Schlagwechsel or Schlagtausch), i.e. to exchange who announces Strikers, a request that the dealer may accept or reject. If the dealer accepts, he then announces the Strikers and forehand announces the trump suit; forehand continuing to play first. If the request is refused, everything stays as it was. Play After the announcement, the player to the left of the dealer, the forehand, is the first to play a card, followed by the other players in a clockwise direction. The player who has dealt the highest card in the round wins this trick and takes it. This player then leads to the next trick and the remaining players follow in a clockwise direction. If a trick is won without a Critical, Trump or Striker, i.e. only with a higher-quality card in the suit played, it is described as being dant gestochen ("won effortlessly"). Winning the hand The pair that is first to win three tricks wins the game. Winning a game simply scores two game points. Challenges If a player or team feels in a strong position, they can bet, i.e. raise by one the number of points played for during the game. Their opponents may either give up without a fight whereupon the challengers immediately win the game with two points, or accept the challenge and continue playing for the higher score. The challenge may be repeated as often as desired, but only alternately by the two teams. As in poker, this gives an opportunity to bluff. Challenging is done by asking "[are you] going?" (Gehst? or Geht?). The response may be "we'll see!" (Schauen!) or "No!" (Nein) if the challenge is accepted, or "okay" (Ja) and the cards thrown in face down if they choose to give up. Alternatively the opponents may reveal a card in order to accept the challenge. Winning the game A game is usually won by scoring 11 (or 15) points. At 9 or 10 (13 or 14) points you are 'tight' (gespannt), which means you cannot raise the score. The tight party marks this by crossing out its previous points on the score sheet, so it is also called "struck out" (gestrichen). Each hand is then played for three points, but the tight team, if it feels it will lose, may 'go' after the announcement of trumps and Strikers, conceding just 2 points to their opponents. In one variant, both parties may no longer 'eliminate' in this situation; the tight team receives 2 points for a win, the trailing team automatically receives 3 points for a win (even if their opponents give up). But it may be raised to a 4-point game. At the end of a hand, either the winning or losing team receives a black blob (), the so-called Bummerl or a Bohne, on the scoresheet. A penalty of 3 points is often imposed for game infringements, for example if a 'tight' player bets. The surreptitious removal of so-called 'trick-winning cards' is often referred to as Packeln or packing. In some regions packing is not only allowed, but is an integral part of the game. Deuten Because the partners in a team do not know the cards that each has, signalling to one another (known as deuten, funken or mucken) using facial expressions and gestures is not only allowed, but a full part of the game. To that end, partners agree secret signals beforehand. Typical signals are: Max or Mattl - purse lips Weli - wink right eye Spitz - wink left eye Captain / Chief Striker - shrug right shoulder Striker - shrug left shoulder Trump 7-10 - move little finger Trump Unter - move ring finger Trump Ober - move middle finger Trump King - move index finger Trump Sow - move thumb or fist No trumps (void) - look upwards Other signals may be sent, e.g. to suggest who should (attempt to) beat which of the opponents' cards or what card the player will play. No signalling is allowed before the Strikers and Trumps are decided; up to that point only the dealer and forehand may look at their cards. Usually one of the two partners in a team takes the lead (for one or more rounds). It is important to leave one's opponents unclear about one's own cards and, at the same time, to learn as much as possible about their cards by observation and deduction. In South Tyrol, by contrast, deuten is forbidden. Variants for two, three and six players There are variants for two players (forehand decides the Strikers; dealer chooses Trumps), three players (forehand cuts, chooses Strikers and trumps and plays against two defenders, who form a team) and six players (in South Tyrol 2 teams of 3 players). Regional differences There are regional variations of Watten, so it is advisable for players new to the area to enquire about any differences. The way cards are dealt varies from region to regions. They may be dealt individually, or in two packets of 3 + 2 (Bavaria) or 2 + 3 (South Tyrol) cards. Bavaria In Bavaria they usually play Watten with 32 cards and the Criticals are: K, 7 and 7. In several parts of Bavaria, the demand "Trump or Critical" (Trumpf oder Kritisch) or "Trump or Fool" (Trumpf oder Narrisch) may be announced. This means that the Striker is also regarded as a trump if the first player to follow the leading player has no trumps. The Striker must then be played ("Pepper" variant). Although not all cards are dealt in Watten, in Bavaria for traditional reasons it was not considered as illegal gambling even when betting for money. On the contrary, Watten prize competitions are very popular and strongly promoted by the organizers. This assessment of Watten is, however, no longer undisputed. At least one criminal complaint of unauthorized gambling has been made. In Franconia, they usually play the Bavarian variant described above, but with some variations. Thus, the first time the Chief Striker is played, all other players with a trump card must declare the fact, even if the Chief Striker is beaten by a Critical. Here a player is "officially" allowed to ask his partner schadd er (East Franconian for schadet er) to find out whether this move takes an important trump out of his hand and thus endangers the success of the pair (e.g. if the partner only has a single, relatively high trump in his hand). Also terms like Ausschaffen (to "expel" i.e. to raise or bet) and Schub? ("push?" i.e. "are you going?") are used instead of the more usual ones. Austria In Austria, especially in North Tyrol, Salzburg and Upper Austria the main difference is that the second highest Critical is the 6 or Weli. In certain parts of Carinthia a fourth Critical is added: the U (Bugl), which is then the highest Critical card. Typically, they play for up to 11 points in Carinthia. From 9 points you are gsponnt ("taut") or kronk ("unwell") and may no longer make a bet, since 2 points (the minimum bet in a game) ensures victory. If this happens, the opposing team records. In many places in Carinthia, so-called "Watter Tournaments" are played, where the valley communities play different variants, mostly however critical or non-critical - four-player Watten. There is usually an entry fee and prizes. It is often also possible to nachkaufen. Mostly, however, as in regional and national tournaments, a 'non-critical' variant is played, in which only Strikers and trump cards have greater trick-taking power. Practically unbeatable cards are called the Rechters (e.g.: Chief Striker + another Striker: two Rechters) and cards that can only be beaten by the Chief Striker are called the Linken (e.g.: three Strikers + Sow of Trumps: four Linke; two Strikers + Sow of Trumps: three false Linken). In North Tyrol, as in South Tyrol, they often play with a Guaten as the highest card and less often with a Beasn (the card just below the Rechter) as the second highest card. Furthermore, in North Tyrol the four-player Ladinern, also called Ladinisch Watten or Blind Watten, is very popular. Related card games Bohemian Watten An unusual variant is Bohemian Watten (Böhmisch Watten, Kuddeln or Hudln) or Bohemian Ramsen. The number of players is not restricted because there are no teams and everyone plays for himself. The biggest differences compared with standard Watten are Farbzwang, the requirement to follow suit (i.e. even if you have a higher card with which you could head the trick, you may not play it, if you have cards in the leading suit) and Stichzwang, the obligation to head (i.e. if you have a higher card, you must play it). The trump suit and trump striker are not determined by announcements, but by revealing a card when dealing, which the dealer then takes. This card is revealed between dealing the two packets of three and two cards, respectively. Once dealt, each player may exchange up to three cards, but the dealer may only exchange two, as he has the right to exchange with the trump card that was initially dealt face up. Each player starts with a tally of 20 points, the aim of the game is to reach zero. For each trick taken, one point is deducted from the tally; if no trick is taken in a game, 5 penalty points are added. If Hearts are declared as the trump suit, the points count double, i.e. -2 points per trick or +10 points for no trick, and you may not go out, which is possible with other suits. If a player has made more tricks in a game than he has points left, the difference is added to the original score. In some regions, however, the score does not have to be reached exactly and the game can be ended with minus points. Bohemian Watten is similar to Zwanzig ab, Schnellen and Schnalzen. Blind Watten In the South Tyrolean variant, Blind Watten (also Blindwatten, Ladinish Watten, Latinern) neither Deuten nor discussing tactics are allowed. This considerably increases the difficulty of the game because the two partners who have not bet must either guess or find out by observation what was bet. Another different in the South Tyrolean variant is that, for those players who have bet, Farbzwang applies, so that should a trump card, the Rechte or the Guate be played, they must follow suit with a trump if they have one (the Rechte and the Guate do not have to be played). Alternatively they can take the trick with a better card. In Blind Watten, trumps and Strikers are determined as follows: after the deal, the dealer and the player to his left show each other their lowest card. Unlike Blind Watten, in Latinern the cards need not be sorted beforehand in order to prevent manipulation of the lowest card. The suit of the dealer's lowest card determines the trump suit for this hand. The value of the lowest card of the player to his left determines the Striker. After the cards are revealed to each other, one player from each team knows the trump suit and the Striker, the other two have to guess this information during the course of the game. Only after the end of the hand - if necessary - is the trump suit made known. To make it a little easier for the two players who are initially playing 'blind', it is useful to reveal the last trick played after the winner of the trick has been announced. This makes it easier to work out the trump suit and Strikers by a process of elimination. After the next trick is finished, the old trick is then turned over and can no longer be examined. A team immediately loses the current hand if one of the two players makes statements or gives clues that give away the trump suit or Strikers. Footnotes References Literature Auer, Hubert (2015). Watten, Bieten und Perlaggen. Perlen-Reihe Vol. 659. Perlen-Reihe Verlag, Vienna. Förderkreis Perlaggen Südtirol (2014). Perlåggen in Südtirol: mit Watten & Bieten. Raetia, Bozen. Hafele, Max and Meinhard Eiter (1999). Das Tiroler Watterbuch. Löwenzahn. . Kastner, Hugo and Gerald Kador Folkvord (2005). Die große Humboldtenzyklopädie der Kartenspiele. Humboldt, Baden-Baden. Parlett, David (2008). The Penguin Book of Card Games. Penguin, London. Sirch, Walter (2008). Vom Alten zum Zwanzger – Bayerische Kartenspiele for Kinder and Erwachsene – neu entdeckt. Bayerischer Trachtenverband. External links Watten rules at pagat.com (in English) Watten: Tirols liebstes Kartenspiel ("Watten - Tyrol's most popular card game" - in German) Ein bayerischer Exportschlager erklärt vom Profi ("A Bavarian export hit explained by a professional" - in German) Tournament Watten rules at wattturnier.de (in German) Watten rules at www.kartenspiele-regeln.de (in German) German traditions Austrian card games German deck card games Trump group Bavarian card games Two-player card games Three-player card games Four-player card games Swiss card games William Tell deck card games Card games involving signalling
2968017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alar%20ligament	Alar ligament	In anatomy, the alar ligaments are ligaments which connect the dens (a bony protrusion on the second cervical vertebra) to tubercles on the medial side of the occipital condyle. They are short, tough, fibrous cords that attach on the skull and on the axis, and function to check side-to-side movements of the head when it is turned. Because of their function, the alar ligaments are also known as the "check ligaments of the odontoid". Structure The alar ligaments are two strong, rounded cords of about 0.5 cm in diameter that run from the sides of the foramen magnum of the skull to the dens of the axis, the second cervical vertebra. They span almost horizontally, creating an angle between them of at least 140°. Development The alar ligaments, along with the transverse ligament of the atlas, derive from the axial component of the first cervical sclerotome. Function The function of the alar ligaments is to limit the amount of rotation of the head, and by their action on the dens of the axis, they attach the skull to the axis, the second cervical vertebra. Clinical significance The alar ligaments are prone to tearing if a force is applied when the head is flexed and in rotation. If an alar ligament is ruptured, the range of rotation of the head relative to the neck increases beyond the normal limit of 20 degrees. References Ligaments of the head and neck Bones of the vertebral column
54465279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro%20Adventures	Hydro Adventures	Hydro Adventures was an amusement park, waterpark and family entertainment center located in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, and owned by national amusement park operator, United Parks. Hydro Adventures' Water Park operated from May through September, and the Dry Park was open year-round. According to the website, the park consisted of 7 water attractions and 8 dry attractions of varying “thrill levels.” Hydro Adventures was unable to open for the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was soon put up for sale. History Hydro Adventures opened in 2003 as Bluff Falls Water Park. It was purchased in 2014 by United Parks and re-opened under the new name, Hydro Adventures. In addition to the new name, United Parks made improvements to the facility that included the addition of a major new water slide named Twisted Six and a Triple Threat Basketball attraction. The park added five new rides in 2015: the Tiger Coaster, Tilt A Whirl, Truck Stop, Tea Cup, and Spring Ride. They added two new rides in 2016: the Scrambler and Galaxy Coaster. And in 2017 they added a Laser Tag Arena and a 4,300 square foot arcade. Other updates have included new go-carts with a state-of-the-art control system, and renovations to the mini-golf course and batting cages. Following the park's 2018 season, all dry rides and midway attractions were closed and sold off. For the 2020 season, the park was unable to open as the direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with refunds being provided to all season pass holders and pre-purchased tickets. The park began to evaluate its future, with all options under consideration on how to move forwards, including a sale/redevelopment of the park. In early August 2020, park officials announced on social media that they had opted to sell the park to any new buyer, citing the impact of COVID-19 as well as the operator's decline in interest to run the park. After failing to immediately attract a new buyer, the entire contents of Hydro Adventures were actioned off online, with the auction lasting from October 29, 2020, to November 18, 2020. Contents of the catalogue included the park's waterslides, arcade games, tables, chairs, maintenance equipment, kitchen utilities, and more. Rides/Attractions Water Rides Twisted Six A WhiteWater West matt racing water slide with six lanes. Sold to Alabama Splash Adventure in the park auction of November 2020. It was renamed "Rocket Racer". Poseidon’s Pipeline An aggressive water slide on which riders use a tube to slide down the pipeline. Crashing Waves Bay A wave pool with separate sections for calm floating and wave riding. Accident on Jun 2, 2019: Some kid fell off, causing him to sink. Easy River A lazy river-style water attraction. Accident #1 on May 30, 2018: an 11 year old boy twisted his ankle while entering. Accident #2 on June 2, 2019: a tween boy fell off his raft and sank into the water. Splish Splash Bay A shallow water attraction for young children, featuring various age-appropriate slides, spouts and other water features. Dry Attractions Ground Rides The following amusement park rides were installed along with a new midway in 2015: Tiger Coaster Truck Stop Hydro Maiden Caravan Tip & Twirl Poplar Hopper Poplar Putters An 18-hole miniature golf course. Tailpipe Alley A challenging go-kart attraction for riders of appropriate age and height. Missouri Bombers Park visitors can test their baseball skill in the park’s batting cages. Triple Threat Hydro Adventures’ basketball attraction. Midway Games Flying Frogs Roller Baller Pepsi Toss References Water parks in Missouri 2003 establishments in Missouri Buildings and structures in Butler County, Missouri
36498276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke%20Abel	Brooke Abel	Brooke Abel (born February 15, 1988) is an American synchronized swimmer who competed in the women's team event at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Brooke began swimming with the Riverside AQuettes as a child and trained under Sue Baross Nesbitt. In 2003, Brooke Abel, Meryl Grandia, and Caitlin Stewart were Junior National Trio Champions. She went on to swim with the American team at the IX Junior World Championships in Moscow, Russia, in 2004, where they placed 4th. Brooke Abel also appeared on an episode of the television series Switched in 2003. References 1988 births Living people American synchronized swimmers Olympic synchronized swimmers of the United States Synchronized swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
52574854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20and%20Plunder%20Woods	Out and Plunder Woods	Out and Plunder Woods is a 38.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Great Bradley and Burrough Green in Cambridgeshire. These woods on boulder clay have been little modified since the medieval period, which has allowed the development of a diverse fauna and flora, and grassy trails provide additional habitats. The main trees are ash, field maple and pedunculate oak, and herbs include sweet violet and early dog-violet. The site is in two blocks, with Out Wood and Sparrows Grove in one, and the smaller Plunder Wood in the other. They are private property, but a public footpath goes through the site between Out Wood and Sparrows Grove. References Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Cambridgeshire
69082249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%20Alarc%C3%B3n	Abel Alarcón	Abel Alarcón de la Peña (10 October 1881 – 20 October 1954), was a Bolivian lawyer, poet, and writer. His works delved into a variety of genres, including historical works and translations, political essays, as well as poetry and fiction. Early life Abel Alarcón was born on 10 October 1881 in La Paz to J. Benedicto Alarcón, dean of the Superior Court of Justice of La Paz, and Clementina de la Peña. He was educated at the La Paz Seminary before later attending the Higher University of San Andrés where he received a Bachelor of Arts in 1898 and Bachelor of Law and Political Science in 1900, later graduating with a licenciate in Law and Political Science in 1902 and as a Doctor of Laws in 1903. Career Alarcón began his career in 1903 when he became an editor of the proceedings of the National Senate. A member of the Liberal Party, from 1904 he was the director of the Public Library of La Paz. During this time, in 1905, Alarcón became a member of the Palabras Libres literary cenacle which published a tri-weekly column in the morning newspaper El Diario. He focused his publications on the study of the Spanish language and on the territorial dispute between Bolivia and Paraguay over the Chaco Boreal. In addition, he joined with fellow Liberal writer José Luis Tejada Sorzano to cover new avant-garde literary and artistic works from abroad. In 1906, Alarcón was appointed director of Archives in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, spending two years in that position after which he was promoted as head of the Consular Section until 1913. From June 1916 to August 1917, he was the secretary general of the Higher University of San Andrés. He resigned in order become assistant secretary of Public Instruction under Minister of Instruction Claudio Sanjinés during the presidency of José Gutiérrez Guerra. From the 1920s to the mid-1930s, Alarcón travelled abroad, working as a professor at the Universities in Santiago (1920–1922), the United States (1923–1925), and Austria (1932–1934). In 1935, he returned to Bolivia. He served as secretary of the Bolivian Academy of Language until his death in 1954. Publications References Footnotes Bibliography 1881 births 1954 deaths 20th-century Bolivian lawyers 20th-century Bolivian poets 20th-century Bolivian writers Bolivian essayists Bolivian lawyers Bolivian male writers Bolivian novelists Bolivian translators Higher University of San Andrés alumni People from La Paz Writers from La Paz
15615620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20North%20Korean	German North Korean	German North Korean or North Korean German may refer to: Germans in North Korea North Koreans in Germany Germany–North Korea relations Multiracial people of German and North Korean descent
12907285	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena%20halapepe	Dracaena halapepe	Dracaena halapepe, synonym Pleomele halapepe, the royal hala pepe, is a species of flowering plant that is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii. It inhabits dry, coastal mesic and mixed mesic forests at elevations of . It is threatened by habitat loss. References World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1998. Pleomele halaapepe. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 August 2007. Nolinoideae Endemic flora of Hawaii Biota of Oahu Trees of Hawaii Plants described in 1985 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
23769810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15%20Years%3A%20A%20Retrospective	15 Years: A Retrospective	15 Years: A Retrospective is the tenth Sons of the San Joaquin album. It contains three previously unreleased songs. According to the liner notes, the previously released material was "digitally re-mixed and re-mastered." Track listing Personnel Sons of the San Joaquin Jack Hannah – vocals, rhythm guitar, percussion Joe Hannah – vocals, bass fiddle, percussion Lon Hannah – vocals, lead guitar, rhythm guitar, percussion Additional personnel Robert Wagoner – guitar Richard Chon – fiddle "Doc" Denning – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Dennis Mack – bass, rhythm guitar, accordion Jeff Hall – percussion, tambourine, lead guitar Mike Dana – guitar John Lauffenberger – bass Rich O'Brien – lead guitar, rhythm guitar Bob Embry – clarinet Ray Appleton – tambourine, accordion Mark Abbott – bass Randy Elmore – fiddle Dale Morris – fiddle Hereford Percy – banjo Tim Alexander – accordion Eddie Gordon – harmonica Production Sons of the San Joaquin – executive producers Jeff Hall – producer (except where noted) Russ Pate – producer (except where noted) Recorded at: Maximus Recording Studios, Fresno, CA Jeff Hall – engineer Nye Morton – engineer Eric Scherbon – engineer Eagle Audio, Ft. Worth, TX ("I Ride Along and Dream") Rich O'Brien – producer Mark Talmadge – engineer Warehouse Theater, Colorado Springs CO ("Charlie and the Boys", "Texas Plains") Rich O'Brien – producer Scott O'Malley – producer Butch Hause – engineer Mark Petty – engineer Mastered at: Capitol Mastering, Los Angeles, CA Robert Vosgien – mastering Pete Papageorges – mastering Analog to digital transfers at: Maximus Media, Fresno, CA Eric Sherbon – digital transfers David Martin Graham – photography External links Official site Sons of the San Joaquin compilation albums 2002 compilation albums
62337669	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising%20Buchanan	Raising Buchanan	Raising Buchanan is a 2019 American comedy film produced by Amanda Melby, Joe Gruberman, Chadwick Struck and Cathy Shim, written and directed by Bruce Dellis. The film stars René Auberjonois in the role of the title character, James Buchanan, the 15th president of the United States, and was his final role released in his lifetime. He died in December, 2019. The film was Bruce Dellis' first full-length feature. Raising Buchanan was filmed in and near Phoenix, Arizona. Plot Ruth Kiesling (Amanda Melby) is a 39-year-old woman with anger issues and a history of making poor decisions. Ruth sees an opportunity to turn her life around by stealing the body of dead president James Buchanan (René Auberjonois) to hold for ransom. However, she quickly learns that no one is particularly interested in getting him back. Cast René Auberjonois as U.S. President James Buchanan Amanda Melby as Ruth Kiesling Cathy Shim as Meg Terence Bernie Hines as Phillip Crosby M. Emmet Walsh as Larry Kiesling Robert Ben Garant as Lancaster Guy Jennifer Pfalzgraff as Holly Steve Briscoe as Errol Shannon Whirry as Parnella Monroe Lynnette Brown as Gretchen Max Bullis as Dante Zoey Yeoman as Capt. Jarvis Shelly Boucher as Trina Laura Durant as Mrs. Warren Kane Black as Brock John Batchan as Wyatt Bruce Nelson as Det. Hostetler Saylor Billings as Biker Chick Vent Dustin Leighton as Sideburn Vent Dirk Fenstermacher, Jr. as TopKnot Vent Ted Raymond as Elderly Man Kyle Sorrell as Worried Man Howie Johnson as Charming Cell Phone Man Production Dellis shot the film on location in Phoenix, Scottsdale, Mesa, Tempe, Prescott and Paradise Valley, Arizona. He used an Arizona-based crew and nearly all of the actors were based in Arizona, with the exception of some key talent: Auberjonois, Walsh, Shim, Hines and Garant. Originally, actor/comedian Andy Dick was slated to play the part of Lancaster Guy, but performance issues and allegations of sexual improprieties caused his firing the day after his scene was shot. The scene was subsequently re-shot using Robert Ben Garant in the role of Lancaster Guy. Soundtrack Several songs on the soundtrack concern mining disasters. "All This Could Be Yours" (written and performed by Jennifer Trynin) "Game of Pricks" (written by Robert Pollard; performed by Guided By Voices) "Timothy" (written by Rupert Holmes; performed by The Buoys) "Last Day in the Mine" (written by Jimmy Key; performed by Dave Dudley) "Explosion in the Fairmont Mine" (written and performed by Blind Alfred Reed) "McBeth Mine Explosion" (performed by Cap, Andy, and Flip) "Close the Coalhouse Door" (written and performed by Alex Glasgow) "Bow Wow" (written by Benjamin Darvill and J. Hogarth; performed by Son of Dave) "Cello Sonata No. 1, Op 38" (written by Johannes Brahms; performed by Amanda Melby) "Sonata Amanda, 3. Andante" (written by Douglas Durant; performed by Amanda Melby) Accolades References External links 2019 films 2010s buddy films 2019 independent films American comedy films Films about presidents of the United States Cultural depictions of presidents of the United States Cultural depictions of James Buchanan American buddy films American films American independent films English-language films Fictional characters from Arizona Films shot in Arizona
12439683	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinspot%20batis	Chinspot batis	The chinspot batis (Batis molitor) is a small songbird of the genus Batis in the family Platysteiridae which is a common and widespread species in the woodlands of southern Africa from the Eastern Cape north to 3°N in southern Kenya and Gabon. It forms a superspecies with other rather similar members of the genus Batis. Description The chinspot batis is a rather stout bird in length. It has a black mask on its face, with a short white eyestripe, a grey cap and a white throat. The upperparts are grey with a prominent white wingstripe. The eyes are yellow while the legs and bill are black. The underparts are white with a black breast band in the males, the female has a chestnut breast band and a chestnut spot on the throat. Young birds are similar to females but the breast band and spot on the throat are tawny. Distribution It is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Republic of the Congo, DRC, Gabon, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Habits The chinspot batis is not normally sociable and is usually encountered singly or in pairs. It is a very active bird, moving its head in a constant search for prey, while it flicks its tail and wings, jerks its body and cocks its head. In the austral winter and early spring often forms "parliaments", which are congregations of up to ten birds, often consisting of birds of one sex. The birds in these parliaments display by flicking their wings to make a noise known as "wing-fripping" and call at each other and very often actually engage in fights between birds. Chinspot batises are territorial throughout the year, defending an area of around which the male advertises with a descending three note whistle from a prominent perch, the female may join the mail in a duet. This call is made in a head up posture, exposing the conspicuous white throat. In higher intensity territorial displays the male flies around in short circular flights above the canopy in a jerking, jinky flight with his rump fluffed out, his head held up and making frog like calls, whistling and fripping his wings. They are aggressive towards potential predators, especially owls and Laniarius bush-shrikes. Prey is most often foraged for in trees, either by hawking or by gleaning from foliage, most food is caught within the canopy. Sometimes hawks in the air like a flycatcher and very rarely catches prey on the ground. The prey is caught with an audible snap of the bill and then held down with one foot and stripped, larger prey items may be beaten against a branch. Arthropods but especially insects and insect larvae make up the largest part of their diet but spiders are included too. Breeding The nest of the chinspot batis nest is a small cup constructed from plant fibres and spider webs and decorated with lichen. It is built by both sexes on a horizontal branch. The female lays one to four eggs which she incubates for 16–18 days, both adults feed the young. In a study of the breeding biology of chinspot batis conducted in Swaziland it was found that the nests were mainly constructed in bushes or trees protected by thorns. The eggs were laid between late September and early January, in the austral spring, with a notable peak in laying in November. The chinspot batis studied had a fledging rate of 0.65 fledglings per pair per annum. Pairs were normally single brooded unless breeding failed or fledged chicks disappeared. A replacement nest is normally built where a previous nest had failed. The adults were observed to prey mainly on caterpillars and moths and this was confirmed by observations at the nest as the young were fed predominantly with moths and caterpillars. The study also found that the rate at which nestlings were fed was dependent on their age, the older chicks receiving food more often than younger ones. In contrast to nestlings, younger fledglings were fed at a higher rate than older ones. Habitat The chinspot batis is found in Savanna woodland, mainly deciduous, including miombo, i.e. Brachystegia woodland, riverine thickets, bushveld and scrub. It can also be found in cultivated habitats such as orchards, farmland, gardens and parks. In the central African mountains it reaches . Its habitat specificity is greater in the northern parts of its range where there is more competition from other batises. The chinspot batis forms a superspecies with other species of woodland and forest batises, in southern Africa the representatives of this superspecies are the pririt batis, Woodward's batis, pale batis and Cape batis. Woodwards and Cape batises replace the chinspot batis in forest while the pririt batis and pale batis replace it geographically in arid woodlands to the west (pririt) and humid coastal woodlands to the east (pale). There are currently four recognised subspecies of chinspot batis. B. m. pintoi Lawson, 1966 Range: South-eastern Gabon to Angola, south-western Zaire and north-western Zambia B. m. puella Reichenow, 1893 Range: Eastern Zaire to Uganda, western Kenya and western Tanzania B. m. palliditergum Clancey, 1955 Range: Southern Zaire to Namibia, Botswana, Malawi and north-western South Africa B. m. molitor (Küster, 1836) Range: Southern Mozambique to eastern South Africa References External links Chinspot batis - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds. Chinspot Batis (Batis molitor) recordings at Xenocanto https://web.archive.org/web/20161019034227/http://test.xeno-canto.org/species/Batis-molitor chinspot batis Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa chinspot batis Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
59055668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocentro%20CMQ%20Building	Radiocentro CMQ Building	The Radiocentro CMQ Building complex is a former radio and television production facility and office building at the intersection of Calle L and La Rampa in El Vedado, Cuba. It was modeled after Raymond Hood's 1933 Rockefeller Center in New York City. With 1,650 seats, the theater first opened on December 23, 1947 under the name Teatro Warner Radiocentro, it was owned by brothers Goar and Abel Mestre. Today the building serves as the headquarters of the Cuban Institute of Radio and Television (ICRT). Construction For the construction of this building, the Havana building authorities granted a permit in 1947 amending the ordinances that were then in effect in El Vedado prohibiting the construction of buildings of more than three storeys. This statute was modified six years later to expand the construction of up to four floors because many planners and owners claimed the need to authorize them to build taller buildings in the area. The building was set back from the property line five meters, adding four meters for an arcade which allowed a distance from the road while adjusting to the strong slope of 23rd Street, in this way the arcade became a wide gallery and at the same time sub-divided the basement level. This gallery became the covered hall of the cinema located in the upper corner with Calle L. The building had an expressionist curved cover of a large scale relating to the important intersection. This same scale was adopted in the restaurant that was located on the opposite corner on M. Street. The wide gallery gives access to the lobby of the office building. The third building is set up by a prismatic piece on M Street, also set back to emphasize the two corners. Program The cinema with a capacity for 1,700 spectators was originally a Cinerama which used three projectors and a twenty-five-foot radius screen. It had a small stage in which short-term shows could be offered, in order to entertain the audience in the middle of the films. The radio station CMQ occupied part of the offices of the ten-story building, which was attached to the block of rental offices. In this area, a part of the land had also been reserved for future television installations, which had not yet been built. In one of its studios, Studio Number 2 was the venue not only of radio program transmissions but also that studio was the location of all or most of the RCA Victor recordings in Cuba from 1948 to 1959. The label at the CMQ complex was Discuba, a Cuban record label founded in 1959 by RCA Victor. It released music by several internationally successful artists such as Celia Cruz, Beny Moré, Orquesta Aragón and La Lupe. The ground floor, which was common for the entire complex, had different types of commercial establishments: several exhibition halls, a bank, a restaurant, and a cafeteria. The pedestrian circulation was designed in such a way so that it made it necessary to pass in front of these premises. CMQ Radio La Tremenda Corte aired uninterrupted from 1942 to 1961 (first RHC Cadena Azul and later at QMC), and its sole writer was Vispo. Despite such strenuous work for his imagination, Vispo always managed to pull through during this period. Over 360 shows are estimated to have been recorded, many of which are still heard on radio, but a few such episodes have never left Cuba and little is therefore known about them. Of all these missing radio shows were recorded at station CMQ in Havana, between 1947 and 1961, no one knows how many still survive, and they are considered rare and invaluable for fans and collectors of the series. In the peak of their success, the performances of the cast were taken to countries such as Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Panama and the Dominican Republic, where they were acclaimed. Architecture The Radiocentro CMQ Building of 1947, built on 23rd Street between Calles L and M in El Vedado, was the first mixed use building in Cuba. The architectural program of the building included businesses, offices, radio, and television studios, as well as the Cinerama Warner cinema. This project joined the expertise of the structural engineers, the U.S. firm Purdy and Henderson, Engineers, and the architects Martín Domínguez Esteban and Miguel Gastón and Emilio del Junco, all members of the ATEC (Cuban section of the CIAM). The building had a great impact since it was published in the magazine L'Architecture d'aujourd'hui. The building is a series of independent boxes, it was designed by the Basque architect Martín Domínguez Esteban (1897-1970). Esteban had been the architect of the Hipódromo de la Zarzuela, along with Carlos Arniches. The CMQ Building was loosely modeled after Raymond Hood's Rockefeller Center. The Radiocentro CMQ Building had an impact on many Cuban architects who subscribed to Modern architecture and buildings that would be built in the following years, such as the Hotel Habana Hilton across La Rampa (now known as Hotel Habana Libre) designed by Welton Becket and associates with the Cuban architectural firm of Arroyo and Menéndez, the1958, the twenty-three story Edificio Seguro Medico by Antonio Quintana, among others. Walter Gropius, during a visit he made in 1949 to Havana referred to the Radiocentro CMQ Building to defend the need for architectural teamwork and collaboration among architects: It is impossible for the architect to know all of the equipment and installation requirements; therefor, it is necessary for the cooperation of architectural specialists. El FOCSA In 1952 the CMQ Radio and TV Network planned to provide administrative offices, a radio station and housing for employees. CMQ selected a 110,000 sq. ft. plot of land costing approximately 700,000 pesos. The company Fomento de Hipotecas Aseguradas (FHA) financed 80% of the cost of the residences and 60% of the commercial shops. El Banco Continental Cubano granted a credit of 6 million pesos. Martín Domínguez Esteban with Ernesto Gómez-Sampera designed the FOCSA Building, a modernist project aimed to provide housing for its workers and additional radio stations. Work began in February 1954 and finished in June 1956. At the time of construction it was the second-largest residential concrete building in the world, second only to the Martinelli Building in São Paulo, Brazil. It surpassed the López Serrano Building in height which had been Cuba's tallest building. The FOCSA shares some curious design similarities with the Edificio del Seguro Médico of 1958 by Antonio Quintana including single loading of apartments, natural ventilation of the apartments and a small rear window under the kitchen cabinets marking vertically the center of the wall. El Salon de Mayo In 1943 while France was under German occupation, a group of Paris artists in a café on the Rue Dauphineartists formed what they called an association with the intent to exhibit art as an answer to the Nazi party's description of Modern art as Degenerate art; eventually, they organized the Salon de Mai. The group presented its first exhibition in May 1945. Under the leadership of Gaston Diehl, the first Salon de Mai exhibition took place in the Galerie Pierre Maurs (3, avenue Matignon) from 29 May to 29 June 1945. More than 20 years later in July 1967, the Salon de Mayo came to Havana as el Salón de Mayo. It was the group's first exhibition in America. The Salón de Mayo was an art exhibition in Havana that took place in July 1967. It was an artists' collective that took its name from the Parisian Salon de Mai and was organized by Carlos Franqui with the assistance from Wifredo Lam, René Portocarrero, Alexander Calder, Joan Miró and Pablo Picasso. The exhibition presented works by more than one hundred artists and represented rival schools of twentieth-century art as well as early modernists (Picasso, Miro, Magritte). Fifteen artists contributed their original works to be reproduced in sidewalk mosaics of integral color granite by the Cuban company Ornacen, with the help of the architects Fernando Salinas and Eduardo Rodríguez acting as technical consultants. The image of the mosaics was obtained with a cement mixture colored with fine gravel of crushed marble and marble powder, then polished. Bronze sheets delimited the embedded mosaics. The mosaics are approximately fourteen to eighteen inches square and 15 different designs are repeated over several blocks. There are 180 mosaics in total. The sidewalks along Calle L and Calle 23 in front of the Radiocentro CMQ Building (now Yara Cinema) one can still find the works of the artists who contributed designs such as Wifredo Lam, René Portocarrero, Hugo Consuegra, Mariano Rodríguez, Cundo Bermúdez, Cundo Bermúdez, Amelia Peláez, Luis Martínez Pedro, Salvador Corratge, Raúl Martínez, Antonio Vidal, Mariano Rodríguez and Sandu Darié. Presidential palace attack The Radiocentro CMQ Building played a part in the general plan of the Presidential Palace Attack of 1957 where over fifty people died, as explained by Faure Chaumón Mediavilla, one of the leaders of the attack. The plan had been to attack and kill Fulgencio Batista at his office in the Presidential Palace by a commando of about fifty men and simultaneously support this operation with more than one hundred men, some would occupy the radio station Radio Reloj at the CMQ complex to announce the news of Batista's death and to encourage the people of Havana into a general strike and to incite them to join an armed rebellion. José Antonio Echeverría, who was President of the Federation of University Students (Federación Estudiantil Universitaria - FEU), and leader of the assault of CMQ Radio made the speech at the regular time of a music program which most people listened to so that Echeverría's anti-Batista speech would be broadcast to the whole Cuban nation. Echeverría estimated that the rioters could only occupy the radio station for three minutes, therefore he had to prepare a speech which lasted three minutes at most. Echeverría managed to finish his speech at the 181st-second mark. He managed to leave the station unharmed and on the way to the University of Havana, just a few blocks away, his car was intercepted by a patrol car. He was killed during the shootout on the sidewalk of the north side of the university. Otto Hernández Fernández the last survivor of the Radio Reloj, CMQ attack remembers March 13, 1957: Gallery See also FOCSA Building Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana López Serrano Building Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957) Humboldt 7 massacre Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil References Bibliography DÍEZ-PASTOR IRIBAS, C. (2003): Carlos Arniches y Martín Domínguez, arquitectos de la generación del 25, Librería MAIREA, Madrid. GÓMEZ DÍAZ, F. (2008): "Martín Domínguez Esteban. La labor de un arquitecto español exiliado en Cuba", RA Revista de Arquitectura, Universidad de Navarra, Navarra, Vol. 10: 59–68. MUÑOZ HERNÁNDEZ, R. (2011): "Edificios altos del Movimiento Moderno". Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Vol. XXXII, No. 1/2011. External links Martín Domínguez Esteban La sombra del arquitecto Martín Domínguez Esteban La toma de Radio Reloj Category talk:20th century in Cuba Category talk:20th century in Havana Category talk:1947 in Cuba Category talk:1950s in Cuba Category talk:Arts festivals in Cuba Category talk:Arts in Cuba Architecture in Havana Buildings and structures in Havana 1949 architecture Buildings and structures completed in 1949 Commercial buildings completed in 1949 Office buildings completed in 1949 01
27365109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderbehandlung	Sonderbehandlung	(, "special treatment") is any sort of preferential treatment. However, the word Sonderbehandlung was used as an euphemism for mass murder by Nazi functionaries and the SS, who commonly used the abbreviation S.B. in documentation. It first came to prominence during Action T4, where SS doctors killed mentally ill and disabled patients between 1939 and 1941, and was one of a number of nonspecific words the Nazis used to document mass murder and genocide. Another notable example was . This term was also used to imprecisely refer to the equipment used to perpetrate their crimes, such as gas chambers and Zyklon B. The true meaning of was widely known in the SS, and in April 1943, Heinrich Himmler was so concerned about the security of it that he had it redacted in a secret report. Berel Lang states that disguised language was used "...not only in communications issued to the Jewish public when the intention of those issuing the communications was to deceive the Jews in order to minimize the likelihood of resistance, but also in addresses to the outside world and, perhaps more significantly, in internal communications as well, among officials who unquestionably knew (who were themselves sometimes responsible for) the linguistic substitutions stipulated by the language rules." Background By the summer of 1941, Action T4 became widespread public knowledge in Germany (and also in neutral countries and to Germany's enemies), and on August 24, 1941, Hitler ordered the joint chief of the operation Dr. Karl Brandt to halt it due to public protest; however, the operation continued, not only out of the public eye, but also in greater intensity. Hitler did not want to run the risk of an order publicly embarrassing him again and, as a result, the explicit order to carry out the Holocaust was given by him orally. Even if there had been any written instances of this order, they would have almost certainly been destroyed by the Nazis when they realised their defeat was inevitable. Where the Nazis had to document murder, was one of a number of euphemisms used. The Action T4 doctors used ("disinfected") to document the gassing of mentally ill and handicapped individuals. The actual plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe was called ("Final Solution to the Jewish Question"). Other words to describe extermination operations included: ("evacuation") ("expulsion") ("resettlement") ("thinning out" – as in the removal of inhabitants from a ghetto) ("pacification") or ("special pacification") ("having-been-migrated") ("cleansing") ("directed" or worked through in a manner in accordance with the ) The Posen speeches made by Heinrich Himmler in October 1943 are the first known documents in which a high-ranking member of the Nazi government spoke explicitly about the perpetration of the Holocaust during the war. Himmler mentions the or 'evacuation of the Jews', which he uses synonymously with their extermination. At one point in the speech, Himmler says: "elimination of the Jews, extermination, we're doing it", briefly pausing in the middle of "elimination" () before going on to say "extermination" (). His hesitation in the middle of saying "elimination" can be considered as a quick mental check to see whether or not it would have been acceptable to use such words in front of his given audience; however, as the speech was given to the seniority of the SS in private, such language would have been acceptable to use. This has been compared to another incident of self-verification in the opposite way, where Josef Goebbels, in his Total War speech on February 18, 1943, begins to say ('extermination of Jewry') but switches to saying , bearing in mind that he is speaking very publicly. His resulting phrasing is , which can be likened to "exterm... elimination" in English. Usage The term first appeared on September 20, 1939 in a decree by the Gestapo and chief SS- Reinhard Heydrich to all state police departments: However, the usage is directed against Germans rather than Jews (it relates to "the principles of internal state security in the war"). Nevertheless, the law allowed for the killing of any person the regime wished. A memo dated six days later from a meeting at the defines with "execution" following it in brackets. A report from the Eastern Front dated October 25, 1941, reads that "due to the grave danger of epidemic, the complete liquidation of Jews from the ghetto in Vitebsk was begun on October 8, 1941. The number of Jews to whom special treatment is to be applied is around 3,000." An excerpt of a decree dated February 20, 1942, from the RSHA and written by Himmler regarding the treatment of "foreign civilian workers" advises that in particularly difficult cases, application should be made to the RSHA for special treatment, adding that "special treatment takes place by hanging." In a letter to the RSHA, Heinz Trühe requests additional gas vans for "...a transport of Jews, which has to be treated in a special way..." The gas vans were vehicles containing an airtight compartment in which the victims were locked and the exhaust gas was pumped into, killing the victims with the combined effects of carbon monoxide poisoning and suffocation. Equipment In German, , meaning "special", can be used to form compound nouns. As well as in reference to actions, the Nazis used euphemisms to refer to the actual equipment used to carry out killing. In his letter, Trühe refers to the vans as ("S-vans"); ("special vans") in full. Other documented references include ("special vehicle"), ("special van"), and ("auxiliary equipment"). Several instances of this unspecific language in reference to equipment can be found in documents concerning Auschwitz concentration camp. A letter dated August 21, 1942 referred to 'Bunker 1' and 'Bunker 2' (farmhouses west of Birkenau converted into gas chambers) as ("bathing installations for special actions"). In the letter, this is given in quotes, further suggesting the euphemistic nature of what is meant. On blueprints, the basement gas chambers of Crematoria II and III were simply marked as ("basement morgue 1"), and the basement undressing rooms were marked as . However, a letter dated November 27, 1942 to chief Auschwitz architect Karl Bischoff referred to morgue 1 of Crematorium II as the ("special cellar"). A letter from Rudolf Jährling concerning Crematoria II and III to oven builders J.A. Topf and Sons dated March 6, 1943, refers to morgue 2 as an ('undressing room'). The units of prisoners forced to empty gas chambers and load bodies into ovens were known as the ("special squads"). A document dated August 26, 1942 granted the camp authorities to send a truck "... to Dessau to pick up material for special treatment..." - Dessau was one of two places where Zyklon B was manufactured. Standard usage of the term for killing at Auschwitz applied. A letter dated October 13, 1942, signed by Bischoff, states that construction of new crematoria facilities "... was necessary to start immediately in July 1942 because of the situation caused by the special actions." On September 8, 1943, 5,006 Jews were transferred from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz under the designation "SB six months." Six months later on March 9, 1944, those still alive were gassed. In his diary, and doctor Johann Kremer describes seeing a mass gassing for the first time: Three days later, Kremer described the mass gassing of emaciated prisoners, nicknamed : In a letter dated January 29, 1943 by Bischoff to Hans Kammler, Bischoff refers to basement morgue 1 of Crematorium II at Auschwitz as a , literally "gassing cellar". In the letter, the word is underlined, and at the top of the document is written: There was a very clear policy in the architecture office that words such as "gas chamber" should not be used; Second Lieutenant Kirschnek should be informed of this slip. Citing this unique letter, Robert Jan van Pelt states that in using "special action" or "special treatment" in place of extermination and killing, the first Holocaust deniers were the Nazis themselves, in that they attempted to deny to themselves what they were doing. Sensitivity Heinrich Himmler became increasingly concerned about the security of documenting the destruction of the Jews. On April 9, 1943, he wrote a secret letter to Heydrich's successor as chief of the Gestapo and SD, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, concerning the Korherr Report. Himmler considered the report "well executed for purposes of camouflage and potentially useful for later times." The next day, Rudolf Brandt passed a message to the author of the report, Richard Korherr, stating: Himmler was so sure that almost everyone knew what "special treatment" meant, and ordered for it to be replaced with the even more vague ("guided through"), even though the document in question was top secret. The camps in question in the General Government were Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec extermination camps, and Majdanek concentration camp. The only camp in the Warthegau was Chełmno extermination camp. Nazi perspectives In the course of investigations and criminal proceedings for Nazi war crimes, it was shown that among those involved, there was no doubt what was meant by this term. At his trial, Adolf Eichmann stated that "everybody knew" special treatment meant killing. Later he expanded his explanation to point out that "special treatment" also included auxiliary measures besides killing: In his memoir , written in prison, he further commented on the meanings of , explaining that it had both a clearly lethal meaning as well as other possible ones and providing documentary examples for each meaning. According to and senior SS and Police Leader Emil Mazuw: See also LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii References Bibliography Friedlander, Henry (1997). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. University of North Carolina Press. Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (editors). (1994) Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp. Indiana University Press. Kogon, Eugen; Langbein, Hermann. (1994) Nazi mass murder. Yale University Press Lang, Berel (2003). Act and idea in the Nazi genocide. Syracuse University Press. Langbein, Hermann (2004). People in Auschwitz. University of North Carolina Press. Pressac, Jean-Claude (1989). Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers. New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation Shermer, Michael; Grobman, Alex (2009). Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it? University of California Press Zimmerman, John C. (2000). Holocaust denial: demographics, testimonies, and ideologies. University Press of America. Nazi terminology Euphemisms German words and phrases
1876246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Hammond	Bill Hammond	William Hammond (29 August 1947 – 30 January 2021) was a New Zealand artist who was part of the Post-colonial Gothic movement at the end of the 1990s. He lived and worked in Lyttelton, New Zealand. The theme of his works centred around the environment and social justice. Early life Hammond was born in Christchurch on 29 August 1947. He attended Burnside High School. He went on to study at the Ilam School of Fine Arts of the University of Canterbury from 1966 until 1969. Before embarking on his career in art, he worked in a sign factory, made wooden toys, and was a jewellery designer. He also had a keen interest in music, serving as the percussionist for a jug band. Career Hammond started to exhibit his works in 1980, and went back to painting on a full-time basis one year later. His first solo exhibition came in March 1987, at the Peter McLeavey Gallery in Wellington. This was followed by over 20 further exhibitions at the aforementioned gallery. One of Hammond's best known work was the painting Waiting for Buller (1993). This was in reference to Walter Lawry Buller, the first New Zealander ornithologist who wrote A History of New Zealand Birds in 1873. Hammond was particularly interested in the contradictions in Buller's life, in how he documented birds while being a hunter and taxidermist. Another noted piece of his was Fall of Icarus (1995), which explores the effects of the colonisation on the country, and is exhibited at Christchurch Art Gallery. The Guardian described this as "his most famous work". His painting Bone Yard, Open Home (2009) was the largest single piece of canvas he painted, with a width of more than four metres. Themes The overarching theme of Hammond's work was social and environmental issues. Specifically, it touched on the imperiled state of both, as well as the destruction brought on by colonisation. His paintings feature two common themes: references to popular music and gaunt creatures with avian heads and human limbs. The characters in Hammond's paintings, which were often anthropomorphic animals, rarely move away from their natural habitat and are in no hurry. Humans are notably absent from his works during the later part of his career, which was influenced by his visit to the Auckland Islands in 1989. Two signature colors employed by Hammond were emerald green and gold. He was also at the forefront of the Post-colonial Gothic movement. This ultimately became "one of the most influential tendencies in New Zealand painting" at the turn of the 3rd millennium. Later life Hammond eschewed giving interviews and guarded his privacy. He died on the evening of 30 January 2021, at the age of 73. He was labelled as one of the country's "most influential contemporary painters" by Radio New Zealand. Collections Chartwell Collection at the Auckland Art Gallery Christchurch Art Gallery Fletcher Trust Collection Museum of New Zealand Sarjeant Gallery University of Auckland Art Collection Victoria and Albert Museum, London. References External links NZ Artists online gallery and biography 1947 births 2021 deaths Contemporary painters Ilam School of Fine Arts alumni New Zealand painters People from Lyttelton, New Zealand 20th-century New Zealand painters
19401911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1620%20AM	1620 AM	The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1620 kHz: 1620 AM is a Regional broadcast frequency. In Argentina Italia in Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires Mitre Cañada de Gómez in Cañada de Gómez, Santa Fe Sentires in Merlo In Australia 1RF in Canberra, ACT 2KM in Sydney, NSW 2RF in Eden, NSW 2RF in Wagga Wagga, NSW 3YGO in Bayswater / Melbourne, VIC (relays 3CW in Geelong, VIC) 4KZ in Taylors Beach, QLD (relays 4KZ in Innisfail, QLD) 4BRZ in Toowoomba, QLD Italian Media Group - in Brisbane, QLD 6?? in Perth, WA NTC Radio in Hobart, TAS In Japan Highway advisory radio In the United States All stations operate with 10 kW during the daytime and 1 kW at nighttime and are Class B stations. References External links Radio Locator list of stations on 1620 Lists of radio stations by frequency
38232589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutman	Rutman	Rutman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Darrett B. Rutman (1929–1997), American historian Heather Rutman, American blogger Leo Rutman, American writer and playwright Robert Rutman (1931–2021), German-American visual artist, musician, composer, and instrument builder
56724162	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Andrew%20Jackson%20%28U.S.%20Capitol%29	Statue of Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol)	Andrew Jackson is a 1928 bronze sculpture of Andrew Jackson by Belle Kinney Scholz and Leopold Scholz, installed in the United States Capitol, in Washington D.C., as part of the National Statuary Hall Collection. It is one of two statues donated by the state of Tennessee. The statue was accepted into the collection by Senator Kenneth McKellar on April 16, 1928. See also 1928 in art Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. References External links 1928 establishments in Washington, D.C. 1928 sculptures Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C. Monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C. Jackson, Andrew Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C. Statues of Andrew Jackson
8598778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogna	Hogna	Hogna is a genus of wolf spiders with more than 200 described species. It is found on all continents except Antarctica. Etymology The word Hogna might be a rough latinization of one of the Greek words ὄχνη (ókhnē) "pear" or ὄγχνη (ónkhnē) "pear-tree". Species Hogna carolinensis is among the largest spiders found in the United States; females may have a body length of from to . The carapace of H. carolinensis is characterized by an overall dark brown coloration, usually without any patterned variations. Its abdomen has a slightly darker stripe down its center, and its ventral side is black. This spider typically dwells in a vertical tube dug into the ground that may reach as deep as eight inches. , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species: Hogna ackermanni Logunov, 2020 – Afghanistan Hogna adjacens Roewer, 1959 – Southern Africa Hogna agadira (Roewer, 1960) – Morocco Hogna albemarlensis (Banks, 1902) – Galapagos Islands Hogna alexandria (Roewer, 1960) – Egypt Hogna ammophila (Wallace, 1942) – USA Hogna andreinii Reimoser, 1937 – Ethiopia Hogna angusta (Tullgren, 1901) – USA Hogna antelucana (Montgomery, 1904) – USA Hogna antiguiana Roewer, 1955 – Antigua Hogna archaeologica (Chamberlin, 1925) – Mexico Hogna argentinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina Hogna atramentata (Karsch, 1879) – Central, East Africa Hogna auricoma (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil Hogna badia (Keyserling, 1877) – Cuba, Central America Hogna balearica (Thorell, 1873) – Balearic Islands Hogna baliana Roewer, 1959 – Cameroon Hogna baltimoriana (Keyserling, 1877) – USA, Canada Hogna bellatrix (L. Koch, 1865) – Australia Hogna beniana (Strand, 1913) – Central, East Africa Hogna bergsoei (Thorell, 1875) – Russia, Central Asia Hogna bhougavia Roewer, 1960 – Afghanistan Hogna bicoloripes (Roewer, 1960) – Cameroon Hogna bimaculata (Purcell, 1903) – South Africa Hogna birabeni (Mello-Leitão, 1938) – Argentina Hogna bivittata (Mello-Leitão, 1939) – Argentina Hogna blackwalli (Johnson, 1862) – Madeira Hogna bonifacioi Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Hogna bottegoi Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia Hogna bowonglangi (Merian, 1911) – Sulawesi Hogna brevitarsis (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) – Mexico to Panama Hogna brunnea (Bösenberg, 1895) – Canary Islands Hogna bruta (Karsch, 1880) – Polynesia Hogna burti (Hickman, 1944) – South Australia Hogna canariana (Roewer, 1960) – Canary Islands Hogna carolinensis (Walckenaer, 1805) – USA, Mexico Hogna chickeringi (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) – Panama Hogna cinica (Tongiorgi, 1977) – St. Helena Hogna coloradensis (Banks, 1894) – USA, Mexico Hogna colosii (Caporiacco, 1947) – Guyana Hogna commota (Gertsch, 1934) – Colombia Hogna conspersa (L. Koch, 1882) – Balearic Islands Hogna constricta (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) – Guatemala Hogna cosquin (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina Hogna crispipes (L. Koch, 1877) – Australia (mainland, Norfolk Is.), New Guinea, Vanuatu, Polynesia, New Zealand Hogna dauana Roewer, 1959 – Ethiopia Hogna defucata Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna denisi Roewer, 1959 – South Africa Hogna deweti Roewer, 1959 – South Africa Hogna diyari Framenau, Gotch & Austin, 2006 – Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia Hogna duala Roewer, 1959 – Cameroon Hogna effera (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – Greece (Crete), Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Yemen (Sokotra), Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Iran Hogna efformata Roewer, 1959 – Namibia Hogna electa Roewer, 1959 – Tanzania Hogna enecens Roewer, 1959 – Kenya Hogna ericeticola (Wallace, 1942) – USA Hogna espanola Baert & Maelfait, 2008 – Galapagos Islands Hogna estrix Roewer, 1959 – Namibia Hogna etoshana Roewer, 1959 – Namibia Hogna exigua (Roewer, 1960) – Namibia Hogna exsiccatella (Strand, 1916) – Guatemala Hogna felina (L. Koch, 1878) – Azerbaijan Hogna ferocella (Strand, 1916) – Canary Islands Hogna ferox (Lucas, 1838) – Canary Islands, Mediterranean Hogna filicum (Karsch, 1880) – Polynesia Hogna flava Roewer, 1959 – Namibia Hogna forsteri Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela Hogna fraissei (L. Koch, 1882) – Mallorca Hogna frondicola (Emerton, 1885) – USA, Canada Hogna furva (Thorell, 1899) – Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) Hogna furvescens (Simon, 1910) – Botswana Hogna gabonensis Roewer, 1959 – Gabon Hogna galapagoensis (Banks, 1902) – Galapagos Islands Hogna graeca (Roewer, 1951) – Greece Hogna gratiosa Roewer, 1959 – Zanzibar Hogna grazianii (Caporiacco, 1939) – Ethiopia Hogna gumia (Petrunkevitch, 1911) – Bolivia Hogna guttatula (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) – Mexico Hogna hawaiiensis (Simon, 1899) – Hawaii Hogna heeri (Thorell, 1875) – Madeira Hogna hendrickxi Baert & Maelfait, 2008 – Galapagos Islands Hogna hereroana (Roewer, 1960) – Namibia Hogna hibernalis (Strand, 1906) – Ethiopia Hogna hickmani Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela Hogna hippasimorpha (Strand, 1913) – Central Africa Hogna idonea Roewer, 1959 – South Africa Hogna indefinida (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina Hogna inexorabilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – St. Helena Hogna infulata Roewer, 1959 – South Africa Hogna ingens (Blackwall, 1857) – Madeira Hogna inhambania Roewer, 1955 – Mozambique Hogna inominata (Simon, 1886) – Thailand Hogna inops (Thorell, 1890) – Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi Hogna insulana (L. Koch, 1882) – Mallorca Hogna insularum (Kulczyński, 1899) – Madeira Hogna interrita Roewer, 1959 – Zimbabwe Hogna irascibilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – Turkmenistan Hogna irumua (Strand, 1913) – Central Africa Hogna isambertoi Crespo, 2022 – Madeira Hogna jacquesbreli Baert & Maelfait, 2008 – Galapagos Islands Hogna jiafui Peng et al., 1997 – China Hogna juanensis (Strand, 1907) – Mozambique Hogna junco Baert & Maelfait, 2008 – Galapagos Islands Hogna kabwea Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna kankunda Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna karschi (Roewer, 1951) – São Tomé Hogna kuyani Framenau, Gotch & Austin, 2006 – Australia Hogna labrea (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942) – USA Hogna lacertosa (L. Koch, 1877) – South Australia Hogna lambarenensis (Simon, 1910) – Congo Hogna landanae (Simon, 1877) – West Africa, Angola Hogna landanella Roewer, 1959 – Angola Hogna lenta (Hentz, 1844) – USA Hogna leprieuri (Simon, 1876) – Algeria Hogna leucocephala (L. Koch, 1879) – Kazakhstan Hogna levis (Karsch, 1879) – West, Central Africa Hogna liberiaca Roewer, 1959 – Liberia Hogna ligata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) – St. Helena Hogna likelikeae (Simon, 1900) – Hawaii Hogna litigiosa Roewer, 1959 – Angola Hogna longitarsis (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902) – Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama Hogna luctuosa (Mello-Leitão, 1947) – Brazil Hogna luederitzi (Simon, 1910) – Namibia, South Africa Hogna lufirana (Roewer, 1960) – Congo Hogna lupina (Karsch, 1879) – Sri Lanka Hogna maasi (Gertsch & Wallace, 1937) – Mexico Hogna mabwensis Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna maderiana (Walckenaer, 1837) – Madeira Hogna magnosepta (Guy, 1966) – Morocco Hogna maheana Roewer, 1959 – Seychelles Hogna manicola (Strand, 1906) – Ethiopia Hogna maroccana (Roewer, 1960) – Morocco Hogna maruana (Roewer, 1960) – Cameroon Hogna massaiensis (Roewer, 1960) – Tanzania Hogna massauana Roewer, 1959 – Ethiopia Hogna maurusia (Simon, 1909) – Morocco Hogna medellina (Strand, 1914) – Colombia Hogna miami (Wallace, 1942) – USA Hogna migdilybs (Simon, 1886) – Senegal Hogna morosina (Banks, 1909) – Costa Rica Hogna munoiensis Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna nairobia (Roewer, 1960) – Kenya Hogna nefasta Tongiorgi, 1977 – St. Helena Hogna nervosa (Keyserling, 1891) – Brazil Hogna nigerrima (Roewer, 1960) – Tanzania Hogna nigrichelis (Roewer, 1955) – Iran Hogna nigrosecta (Mello-Leitão, 1940) – Argentina Hogna nimia Roewer, 1959 – Tanzania Hogna nonannulata Wunderlich, 1995 – Madeira Hogna nychthemera (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil Hogna oaxacana (Gertsch & Wallace, 1937) – Mexico Hogna ocellata (L. Koch, 1878) – Azerbaijan Hogna ocyalina (Simon, 1910) – Namibia Hogna optabilis Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna ornata (Perty, 1833) – Brazil Hogna osceola (Gertsch & Wallace, 1937) – USA Hogna otaviensis (Roewer, 1960) – Namibia Hogna pardalina (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil Hogna parvagenitalia (Guy, 1966) – Canary Islands Hogna patens Roewer, 1959 – Zimbabwe Hogna patricki (Purcell, 1903) – Southern Africa Hogna pauciguttata Roewer, 1959 – Mozambique Hogna persimilis (Banks, 1898) – Mexico Hogna perspicua Roewer, 1959 – Ethiopia Hogna petersi (Karsch, 1878) – Mozambique Hogna petiti (Simon, 1876) – Congo Hogna placata Roewer, 1959 – Lesotho Hogna planithoracis (Mello-Leitão, 1938) – Argentina Hogna posticata (Banks, 1904) – USA Hogna principum (Simon, 1910) – Príncipe Hogna propria Roewer, 1959 – Tanzania Hogna proterva Roewer, 1959 – Congo Hogna pseudoceratiola (Wallace, 1942) – USA Hogna pseudoradiata (Guy, 1966) – possibly Morocco Hogna pulchella (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia Hogna pulla (Bösenberg & Lenz, 1895) – East Africa Hogna pulloides (Strand, 1908) – Ethiopia Hogna radiata (Latreille, 1817) (type species) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia Hogna raffrayi (Simon, 1876) – East Africa, Zanzibar Hogna reducta (Bryant, 1942) – Virgin Islands Hogna reimoseri Roewer, 1959 – Ethiopia Hogna rizali Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines Hogna rubetra (Schenkel, 1963) – China Hogna rubromandibulata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) – Yarkand, Karakorum Hogna rufimanoides (Strand, 1908) – Peru, Bolivia Hogna ruricolaris (Simon, 1910) – Botswana Hogna sanctithomasi (Petrunkevitch, 1926) – St. Thomas Hogna sanctivincentii (Simon, 1897) – Virgin Islands, St. Vincent Hogna sanisabel (Strand, 1909) – Uruguay Hogna schreineri (Purcell, 1903) – Namibia, South Africa Hogna schultzei (Simon, 1910) – Namibia Hogna senilis (L. Koch, 1877) – New South Wales Hogna simoni Roewer, 1959 – Cameroon, Congo, Angola Hogna simplex (L. Koch, 1882) – Mallorca Hogna sinaia Roewer, 1959 – Egypt Hogna snodgrassi Banks, 1902 – Galapagos Islands Hogna spenceri (Pocock, 1898) – Rwanda, South Africa Hogna sternalis (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil Hogna stictopyga (Thorell, 1895) – India, Myanmar, Singapore Hogna straeleni Roewer, 1959 – Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania Hogna subaustralis (Strand, 1908) – Peru Hogna subligata (L. Koch, 1877) – Queensland Hogna subtilis (Bryant, 1942) – Virgin Islands Hogna suprenans (Chamberlin, 1924) – USA Hogna swakopmundensis (Strand, 1916) – Namibia Hogna tantilla (Bryant, 1948) – Hispaniola Hogna taurirtensis (Schenkel, 1937) – Morocco Hogna ternetzi (Mello-Leitão, 1939) – Paraguay Hogna teteana Roewer, 1959 – Mozambique Hogna thetis (Simon, 1910) – Príncipe Hogna tigana (Gertsch & Wallace, 1935) – USA Hogna timuqua (Wallace, 1942) – USA Hogna tivior (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) – Panama Hogna tlaxcalana (Gertsch & Davis, 1940) – Mexico Hogna transvaalica (Simon, 1898) – South Africa Hogna travassosi (Mello-Leitão, 1939) – Brazil Hogna truculenta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) – Egypt Hogna trunca Yin, Bao & Zhang, 1996 – China Hogna unicolor Roewer, 1959 – Mozambique Hogna vachoni Caporiacco, 1954 – French Guiana Hogna variolosa (Mello-Leitão, 1941) – Argentina Hogna ventrilineata Caporiacco, 1954 – French Guiana Hogna volxemi (Bertkau, 1880) – Brazil Hogna vulpina (C. L. Koch, 1847) – Brazil Hogna wallacei (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944) – USA Hogna watsoni (Gertsch, 1934) – USA Hogna willeyi (Pocock, 1899) – Bismarck Arch. Hogna yauliensis (Strand, 1908) – Peru Hogna zorodes (Mello-Leitão, 1942) – Argentina Hogna zuluana Roewer, 1959 – South Africa References Lycosidae Cosmopolitan spiders Araneomorphae genera
41120707	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyqaldeh%2C%20Rudbar	Seyqaldeh, Rudbar	Seyqaldeh (, also Romanized as Şeyqaldeh and Seyqal Deh; also known as Şeqaldeh, Şeyqaldī, Sigaldi, and Sighaldi) is a village in Khorgam Rural District, Khorgam District, Rudbar County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 113, in 41 families. References Populated places in Rudbar County
39396637	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20Creek%20%28Kansas%29	Bear Creek (Kansas)	Bear Creek is a tributary of the Arkansas River and has its headwaters in Baca County, Colorado. It flows through Baca County into Kansas and through Stanton and Grant Counties and into Kearny County where it converges with the Arkansas River about 8 miles southwest of Lakin, Kansas. See also List of rivers of Colorado List of rivers of Kansas References External links Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Kansas Rivers of Baca County, Colorado Rivers of Kearny County, Kansas Rivers of Grant County, Kansas Rivers of Stanton County, Kansas
15378234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20Telecoms	On Telecoms	On Telecoms was a Greek telecommunications company offering triple play, double play and fixed telephony services in Athens and Thessaloniki through Local Loop Unbundling. The company was founded in March 2006 and started its commercial operations in January 2007. In November 2009 the company expanded in Thessaloniki. In October 2009 it acquired Vivodi Telecom and achieved the operational integration of the two companies within a few months. On Telecoms offered a range of telephony, internet and digital TV (IPTV) services for residential customers, small businesses and enterprises. On 30 June 2015 On Telecoms ceased all services and its IP addresses returned to the RIPE NCC's free pool. Management Team The company's management team consisted of some telecoms executives of the Greek market: Gregoris Anastasiadis – Managing Director Gregoris Tsougrianis - Business Development & Customer Services Director John Lousidis – Sales Director George Mavrokoukoulakis - ΙΤ Director Niki Papageorgiou - Finance Director Board of directors Andreas Rialas - Chairman Gregoris Anastasiadis – Managing Director Tassos Kazinos – Vice Chairman Marios Stellakis – Member George Stathopoulos – Member Loukas Dimitriou – Member You Are One In July 2010, On Telecoms launched You Are One, a new service that allowed its website visitors to build a tailored program and buy it on-line. Support The company's main support channel was 13801, which was available 365 days a year and could provide support regarding technical issues, billing information and other customer service issues. Infrastructure On Telecoms had deployed a backbone network, based entirely on IP/MPLS (Internet Protocol), using up to 10 Gbit/s bandwidth interconnection. Broadband development As part of its investment plan, the company had completed the “On Telecoms broadband development” project. The project included: Head - End Live TV development. Video On Demand development. Provision and installation of decoders (Set Top Boxes). Development of a multimedia digital library (movies, theater). The project was included in the action "Funding of private-sector companies for the development of broadband access in the Regional Areas of Greece” of Information Society S.A. that has been included in the Operational Program Information Society (O.P.I.S.) of the 3rd Community Support Framework. The project’s budget was 4.9 million euro, of which 50% was public expenditure. The expenditure was 80% funded by the European Regional Development Fund and 20% by the Greek Government. The action aimed to increase the availability of new innovative broadband services. See also Internet in Greece References External links www.on.gr Official website in Greek and English Internet service providers of Greece Chalandri
26167930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor%20of%20St.%20Sepulchre	Manor of St. Sepulchre	The Manor of St. Sepulchre (also known as the Archbishop's Liberty) was one of several manors, or liberties, that existed in Dublin, Ireland since the arrival of the Anglo-Normans in the 12th century. They were townlands united to the city, but still preserving their own jurisdiction. St. Sepulchre's was under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Dublin, although from time to time the Dublin city government claimed ownership of it. Location The importance of the Manor of St. Sepulchre was enhanced in that it consisted of a number of manors, many of which lay outside the city or even county of Dublin. The manor of St. Sepulchre in the city was the principal manor. The city manor boundaries stretched from Bishop St. to St. Stephen's Green, along Harcourt Street to Donnybrook, across Rathgar to Harold's Cross and back along Clanbrassil Street. In 1523-4 Archbishop Hugh Inge was engaged in a legal dispute with the Mayor and Corporation of Dublin, who had apparently taken possession of the manor. An Act of the Parliament of Ireland of 2 June 1774 (13 & 14 Geo.III c.34) formed a barony, the Barony of St. Sepulchre, from that part of the manor lying north of the South Circular Road. This had previously been part of the barony of Uppercross. Within it were the civil parishes of St. Kevin, St. Nicholas Without and part of St. Peter's. The barony was abolished by the Dublin Baronies Act 1842 (5 & 6 Vict. c.96), when the area was transferred from the county to the city. Outside the city there were manors belonging to St. Sepulchre's in Swords, Lusk, Shankhill, Tallaght, Finglas and other places. Each of these manors was governed by a portreeve, who was sworn in each Easter by the seneschal of St. Sepulchre. Privileges In return for the support of the Archbishop, or to alleviate certain hardships suffered by Englishmen or the church in Ireland, privileges were granted to the manor (that is, to the archbishop and his successors) at various times and by various kings of England. These allowed the city manor (and its constituent manors outside the city) to have their own courts of justice (Courts Leet, Courts Baron and a Court of Record, where they were allowed to try all crimes except "forestalling, rape, treasure-trove and arson"), free customs, freedom from certain taxes and services, impose their own fines, have their own coroners, rights of salvage, maintain their own fairs and markets, regulate weights and measures, etc. For those condemned to death, the archbishop had his own gallows at Harold's Cross. These rights and privileges were ended by the Manor Court of Saint Sepulchre Abolition Act 1856, the last such jurisdiction remaining in Ireland. Administration The headquarters of the city manor (and consequently, of all St. Sepulchre manors) was the Palace of St. Sepulchre, located now where Kevin St. Garda barracks stands. This was originally constructed by John Comyn, the first Anglo-Norman Archbishop of Dublin, appointed in 1180. The name was suggested by the campaigns being waged by the Crusaders for the recovery of the Holy Sepulchre from the Muslims. Comyn was shortly after granted land by the monarchy for the See of Dublin, which provided the basis for the manor. This palace remained the seat of the Archbishops of Dublin until 1806. A courthouse (still standing) and gaol for the use of the manor were built in the early 19th century at the corner of Long Lane and Bride St. Most of the prisoners were insolvent debtors. Much of the business of the court related to trading, fairs, weights and measures matters. Attending court was difficult for those manor residents living outside the city, in Swords, Lusk or elsewhere, most of whom were quite poor. The same difficulty applied to jurors, who were fined for not attending court when summoned. All income from court activity went to the Archbishop. In 1813 the population of this manor was 3,728 males and 5,273 females. References Sources For medieval liberty boundaries see Citations History of Dublin (city) Baronies of County Dublin Former baronies of Ireland Places in Dublin (city)
18782699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%C5%8D%20Station	Mattō Station	is a railway station on the Hokuriku Main Line in the city of Hakusan, Ishikawa, Japan, operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). Lines Mattō Station is served by the Hokuriku Main Line, and is 167.2 kilometers from the start of the line at . Station layout The station consists of one elevated side platform and one elevated island platform with the station building located underneath. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. Platforms Adjacent stations History Mattō Station opened on 1 April 1898. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR West. Passenger statistics In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 3,493 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). Surrounding area Mattō Castle site Mattō High School Hakusan City Museum See also List of railway stations in Japan References External links Stations of West Japan Railway Company Railway stations in Ishikawa Prefecture Railway stations in Japan opened in 1898 Hokuriku Main Line Hakusan, Ishikawa
15387312	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Jane%20Radin	Margaret Jane Radin	Margaret Jane Radin (born 1941) is the Henry King Ransom Professor of Law, emerita, at the University of Michigan Law School by vocation, and a flutist by avocation. Radin has held law faculty positions at University of Toronto, University of Michigan, Stanford University, University of Southern California, and University of Oregon, and has been a faculty visitor at Harvard University, Princeton University, University of California at Berkeley, and New York University. Radin's best known scholarly work explores the basis and limits of property rights and contractual obligation. She has also contributed significantly to feminist legal theory, legal and political philosophy, and the evolution of law in the digital world. At the same time, she has continued to perform and study music. Radin is well known for developing the concept of market-inalienability, a term she coined to refer to what kinds of things should not be traded in markets. Her book, Contested Commodities, explores what kinds of market trades and resulting commodification should be disallowed or curtailed. Radin is also known for re-examining the basis of freedom of choice that is basic to freedom of contract and how it is (or is not) reflected in contemporary law. Her book, Boilerplate, focuses on what types of alleged agreements between a firm and consumers should not be enforceable contracts, or at least not presumed enforceable without further investigation, and suggests other ways that standardization could be treated. Radin travels frequently to lecture and participate in workshops and seminars on these topics. In addition to her books, Radin is the author of many frequently-cited articles and book chapters, two of which are on a list of 100 most cited legal articles of all time, and many of which have been reprinted in textbooks and anthologies. She founded and was the inaugural director of Stanford's Program in Law, Science & Technology, and was the inaugural Microsoft Fellow at Princeton's Program in Law, Science and Public Affairs. Among other honors, she has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Professional honors and awards Senior Distinguished Fellow, Searle Center on Law, Regulation and Economic Growth (2015) Scribes Book Award, honoring Boilerplate (2014) Member, American Law Institute (since 2011), Advisor to Restatement 3d of Consumer Contracts Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 2008) Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Prize (2007) Fellow at Davos World Economic Forum (1998) LLD (honorary) from Chicago-Kent Law School (1993) Career Radin is Distinguished Research Scholar at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, where she serves on the Advisory Group for the Centre for Innovation Law and Policy. She is Henry King Ransom Professor of Law, emerita, University of Michigan Law School (retired 2015) and William Benjamin Scott and Luna M. Scott Professor of Law, Stanford University (retired in 2006). Before moving to Stanford in 1989, she held a tenured chair professorship at the University of Southern California Law Center. Radin has also taught at Harvard University, University of California at Berkeley, New York University, and Princeton University, where she was the inaugural Microsoft Fellow in Law and Public Affairs. Radin is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Member of the American Law Institute. As a professor, Radin pioneered courses in Legal Issues in Cyberspace, Electronic Commerce, and Intellectual Property in Cyberspace. She also created a course in International Intellectual Property, and a Student Scholarship Seminar in which law students develop publisher papers. In 2002, she founded Stanford's Center for E-Commerce. She also directed Stanford's innovative LL.M. program in Law, Science, and Technology. Radin is a member (currently inactive) of the State Bar of California. Radin is coauthor of a casebook, Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework (with Rothchild, Reese, and Silverman) (2d ed 200x, with supplementary updates). Her most recent book is Boilerplate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law (Princeton University Press 2013), which explores the problems posed for the legal system by the standardization necessary for the modern market, and how those problems might be reduced. Radin also has published two books exploring the problems of propertization: Contested Commodities (Harvard University Press 1996) and Reinterpreting Property (University of Chicago Press 1993). The latter is a collection of her well-known essays on property, including "Property and Personhood," first published in 1982, and a staple in casebooks for students of property. Education Radin received her AB in music from Stanford University in 1963 (with Great Distinction), her MFA in Music History from Brandeis University in 1965, and was advanced to candidacy for a PhD in musicology at University of California Berkeley in 1968 before changing her career path to law. She received her J.D. from the University of Southern California Law School in 1976 (Order of the Coif). Personal life Radin is a grandniece of Max Radin, a leader of the legal realist movement in the first half of the 20th century, but she never met him. She is married to violinist Phillip Coonce and the mother of Wayland Radin, J.D., who calls himself an "outdoorsy" lawyer, and Amadea Britton, M.D., a public health scientist interested in infectious diseases. Radin splits her time between homes in Toronto and Albuquerque, New Mexico. She practises her flute daily, and plays in small and large ensembles as often as possible. Publications Books Boilerplate: The Fine Print, Vanishing Rights, and the Rule of Law. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2013. Co-editor. Securing Privacy in the Internet Age. A. Chander and L. Gelman, co-editors. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 2008. Co-author. Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework [Cases & Materials]. 2nd ed. J. A. Rothchild et al., co-authors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2006. Co-editor. Intellectual Property and the Internet [Cases and Materials]. J. A. Rothchild and G. M. Silverman, co-editors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2004. Co-author. Internet Commerce: The Emerging Legal Framework [Cases & Materials]. J. A. Rothchild and G. M. Silverman, co-authors. University Casebook Series. New York: Foundation Press, 2002. (Also co-authored 2004 supplement.) [NOTE new co-author for Internet Commerce added for 2d edition: R. Anthony Reese. Silverman's name is still on the book but he is not longer taking part in it.] Contested Commodities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1996. Reinterpreting Property. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. Book chapters "An Analytical Framework for Legal Evaluation of Boilerplate." In Philosophical Foundations of Contract Law, edited by G. Lestas, P. Saprai, and G. Klass. Oxford University Press, 2014. "Boilerplate: A Threat to the Rule of Law?" In Private Law and the Rule of Law, edited by L. M. Austin and D. Klimchuk. Oxford University Press, 2014. "Boilerplate Today: The Rise of Modularity and the Waning of Consent." In Boilerplate: The Foundation of Market Contracts, edited by O. Ben-Shahar, 189-99. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007. (Adapted from an essay originally published under the same title in Mich. L. Rev. 104, no. 5 (2006): 1223-34.) "Reconsidering the Rule of Law." In The Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers, edited by R. Bellamy. International Library of Essays in Law and Legal Theory, Second Series. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. "Contested Commodities." In Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, edited by M. M. Ertman and J. C. Williams, 81-95. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2005. "Market-Inalienability." In Families by Law: An Adoption Reader, edited by N. R. Cahn and J. H. Hollinger, 319-23. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2004. "Information Tangibility." In Economics, Law and Intellectual Property: Seeking Strategies for Research and Teaching in a Developing Field, edited by O. Granstrand, 395-418. Boston: Kluwer, 2003. "Incomplete Commodification in the Computerized World." In The Commodification of Information, edited by N. Elkin-Korin and N. W. Netanel, 3-22. Information Law Series, 11. The Hague, Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2002. "Can the Rule of Law Survive Bush v. Gore." In Bush v. Gore: The Question of Legitimacy, edited by B. Ackerman, 110-25. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 2002. Co-author. "Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital: The Role of Nonproprietary Technologies." E. Sawyer, co-author. In Capital for Our Time: The Economic, Legal, and Management Challenges of Intellectual Capital, edited by N. Imparato, 70-84. Stanford, Calf.: Hoover Institution Press, 1999. "Government Interests and Takings: Cultural Commitments of Property and the Role of Political Theory." In Public Values in Constitutional Law, edited by S. E. Gottlieb, 69-96. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, 1993 "The Constitution and the Liberal Conception of Property." In Judging the Constitution: Critical Essays on Judicial Lawmaking, edited by W. M. McCann and G. L. Houseman, 205-27. Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Series in Political Science. Scott, Foresman & Co.: Boston, 1989. Journal articles "Less Than I Wanted To Know: The Submerged Issues in More Than I Wanted To Know" Jer. Rev. Legal Stud. (2014): 1-12. (First published online: November 7, 2014). "Of Priors and Disconnects." Harv. L. Rev. F. 127, no. 7 (2014): 259-72. "Response: Boilerplate in Theory and Practice." Can. Bus. L. J. 54, no. 2 (2013): 292-306. "Rhetorical Capture." Ariz. L. Rev. 54, no. 2 (2012): 457-68. (Symposium: Political Discourse, Civility, and Harm.) "Reconsidering Boilerplate: Confronting Normative and Democratic Degradation." Cap. U. L. Rev. 40, no. 3 (2012): 617-56. "In Tribute: Frank I. Michelman." Harv. L. Rev. 125, no. 4 (2012): 896-900. "Property Longa, Vita Brevis." Wis. L. Rev. 2011, no. 2 (2011): 111-21. (Originally presented as a speech at the Wisconsin Law Review Symposium on Intellectual Property and Intergenerational Equity, November 2010) "Form Contracts and the Problem of Consumer Information." J. Inst. & Theoretical Econ. 167, no. 1 (2011): 49-55. "The Rule of Law in the Information Age: Reconciling Private Rights and Public Values." J. L. Phil. & Culture 4, no. 1 (2009): 83-105. "Copyright Defection." Indus. & Corp. Change 15, no. 6 (2006): 981-93. "Boilerplate Today: The Rise of Modularity and the Waning of Consent." Mich. L. Rev. 104, no. 5 (2006): 1223-34. "A Comment on Information Propertization and its Legal Milieu." Clev. St. L. Rev. 54, no. 1 (2006): 23-39. "Property and Precision." Tulsa L. Rev. 39, no. 3 (2004): 639-48. [Essay in honor of work by Frank Michelman] "Regulation by Contract, Regulation by Machine." J. Inst. & Theoretical Econ. 160, no. 1 (2004): 142-56. "Regime Change in Intellectual Property - Superseding the Law of the State with the "Law" of the Firm." U. Ottawa L. & Tech. J. 2003-2004, no. 1 (2004): 173-88. "Online Standardization and the Integration of Text and Machine." Fordham L. Rev. 70, no. 4 (2002): 1125-46. "Humans, Computers, and Binding Commitment." Indiana L. J. 75, no. 4 (2000): 1125-62. Co-author. "Altered States: Electronic Commerce and Owning the Means of Value Exchange." T. P. Brown and R. D. Fram, co-authors. Stan. Tech. L. Rev. (1999): 2-60. Co-author. "The Myth of Private Ordering: Rediscovering Legal Realism in Cyberspace." R. P. Wagner, co-author. Chi. --Kent L. Rev. 73, no. 4 (1998): 1295-317. "The Pragmatist and the Feminist." S. Cal. L. Rev. 63, no. 6 (1996): 1699-726. "Property Evolving in Cyberspace (Conference of the Second Century of the University of Pittsburgh School of Law: Regulation of Computing and Information Technology)." J. L. & Com. 15, no. 2 (1996): 509-26. "Positive Theory as Conceptual Critique - A Piece of a Pragmatic Agenda? (Symposium on Positive Political Theory and Law)." S. Cal. L. Rev. 68, no. 6 (1995): 1595-603. "A Deweyan Perspective on the Economic Theory of Democracy." Const. Comment. 11, no. 3 (1995): 539-56. "Lacking a Transformative Social Theory: A Response." Stan. L. Rev. 45, no. 2 (1993): 409-24. "Compensation and Commensurability." Duke L. J. 43, no. 1 (1993): 56-86. "On the Domain of Market Rhetoric (Annual Institute for Humane Studies Law and Philosophy Issue--Symposium on Risks and Wrongs, University of San Diego, School of Law - 1992)." Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol'y. 15, no. 3 (1992): 711-31. "Evaluating Government Reasons for Changing Property Regimes." Alb. L. Rev. 55, no. 3 (1992): 597-603. These remarks were based on a paper prepared for the Conference on Compelling Government Interests at Albany Law School, September 26–28, 1991. The full paper appears as "Government Interests and Takings: Cultural Commitments of Property and the Role of Political Theory" in Public Values in Constitutional Law (1993) edited by S.E. Gottlieb, 69-96. "Reflections on Objectification (Symposium on Biomedical Technology and Healthcare: Social and Conceptual Transformations)." S. Cal. L. Rev. 65, no. 1 (1991): 341-54 "Presumptive Positivism and Trivial Cases (Symposium on Law and Philosophy)." Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y.14, no. 3 (1991): 823-37. Co-author. "Pragmatist and Poststructuralist Critical Legal Practice (Commentary)." F. Michelman, co-author. U. Pa. L. Rev. 139, no. 4 (1991): 1019-58. "'After the Final No There Comes a Yes': A Law Teacher's Report." Yale J. L. & Human. 2, no. 2 (1990): 253-66. "Reconsidering the Rule of Law." B. U. L. Rev. 69, no. 4 (1989): 781-819. "The Liberal Conception of Property: Cross Currents in the Jurisprudence of Takings." Colum. L. Rev. 88, no. 8 (1988): 1667-96. (Adapted from an essay entitled "The Constitution and the Liberal Conception of Property" which appears in Judging the Constitution: Critical Essays on Judicial Lawmaking (1989), edited by M.W. McCann and G.L. Houseman. "Market-Inalienability." Harv. L. Rev. 100, no. 8 (1987): 1849-937. "Time, Possession, and Alienation (Symposium: Time, Property Rights, and the Common Law)." Wash. U.L.Q. 64, no. 3 (1986): 739-58. "The Consequences of Conceptualism (Symposium on Richard Epstein's Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain)." U. Miami L. Rev. 41, no. 1 (1986): 239-44. "Proportionality, Subjectivity, and Tragedy (Death Penalty Symposium: II. Issues in the Administration of the Death Penalty)." U. C. Davis L. Rev. 18, no. 4 (1985): 1165-75. "Property and Personhood." Stan. L. Rev. 34, no. 5 (1982): 957-1015. "Cruel Punishment and Respect for Persons: Super Due Process for Death." S. Cal. L. Rev. 53, no. 4 (1980): 1143-85 "The Jurisprudence of Death: Evolving Standards for the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause." U. Pa. L. Rev. 126, no. 5 (1978): 989-1064. Reviews Review of The 3-1/2 Minute Transaction: Boilerplate and the Limits of Contract Design, by R. E. Scott and M. Gulati. L. & Pol. Bk. Rev. 23, no. 6 (2013): 302-4. Book Review (J. Boyle, SHAMANS, SOFTWARE AND SPLEENS), The Washington Post, Book World (June 30, 1996) Review of Death Penalties: The Supreme Court's Obstacle Course, by R. Berger. J. Crim. L. & Criminology 74, no. 3 (1983): 1115-22. Other publications "The Subject of and Object of Commodification." M. Sunder, co-author. Introduction to Rethinking Commodification: Cases and Readings in Law and Culture, by M. M. Ertman and J. C. Williams, co-editors, 8-29. New York: New York Univ. Press, 2005. Works in progress and working papers What Boilerplate Said: A Response to Omri Ben-Shahar (and a Diagnosis). Univ. of Michigan Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series, No. 392; Univ. of Michigan Law School, Law & Economics Research Paper Series, No. 14-007. Working Paper, 2014. See also Brigham-Kanner Property Rights Conference Reference list Living people Legal scholars Stanford University alumni Brandeis University alumni Stanford Law School faculty USC Gould School of Law alumni University of California, Berkeley alumni University of California, Los Angeles faculty Harvard Law School faculty University of Michigan Law School faculty 1941 births Women legal scholars
54485052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Thorenc	Château Thorenc	The Château Thorenc is a historic garden in Cannes, France. It was established in 1870 for the Duchess of Bedford, when a chateau was erected. It was acquired by Sir Richard Atwood Glass in 1876. It was subsequently purchased by the Duchess of Montrose, followed by Stuart Rendel, 1st Baron Rendel. It was purchased by Albert Neubauer in 1930. He hired architects Louis Süe and Léon Le Bel to re-design the chateau, while painter Jean-Gabriel Domergue designed the Venetian living-room. It was owned by Bảo Đại, the emperor of Annam, from 1937 to 1960. In 1968, the chateau was demolished and replaced with a residential building. Over the years, the garden designers were Mr Maria, followed by Lucien Lhotte, Denis Troncy and Jean-Baptiste Dental. References External links Gardens in Alpes-Maritimes Buildings and structures in Cannes
47060154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Greenberg%20Award	Noah Greenberg Award	The Noah Greenberg Award from the American Musicological Society is granted annually to musical scholars and performers in order to build relationships between the two and to encourage efforts in historical performance. The award was established by the Trustees of the New York Pro Musica Antiqua in honor of their co-founder, Noah Greenberg. The winner receives a monetary prize ($2,000) and a certificate which is given at the Annual Business Meeting and Awards Presentation of the Society by the chair of the committee. Past recipients include Musicians of the Old Post Road, a Boston-area early music ensemble, for their recording of Trios and Scottish Song Settings of J.N. Hummel in 1998, and Lori Kruckenberg, Michael Alan Anderson, and the Schola Antiqua of Chicago for Sounding the Neumatized Sequence in 2012. References American musicologists Musicologists
59578317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.T.%20Deely%20Power%20Plant	J.T. Deely Power Plant	J.T. Deely Power Plant was a two unit, 871 megawatt (MW) coal power plant located southeast of San Antonio, in Bexar County, Texas near Calaveras Lake at the Calaveras Power Station. They were operated by CPS Energy and ran from 1977 to 2018. History The plant began commercial generation with Unit 1 in 1977 and Unit 2 in 1978. Deely was constructed as a coal plant due to the economics and unreliability for natural gas at the time. The total cost to construct the two units was $236 million. The construction of Deely included a smokestack. The plant is named after former CPS General Manager, J.T. Deely. CPS Energy commissioned in 2009 the installation of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system to Unit 2 to replace an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Closure In 2011, it was announced that J.T. Deely would be shut down in 2018 due to pending federal regulations. CPS Energy calculated that spending $3 billion to overhaul the plant to comply with environmental regulations outweighed the benefits. CPS Energy reiterated in 2017 that the plant would still close in 2018 even with the changes in environmental policy from the Trump administration. Deely ceased generation on December 31, 2018. See also List of power stations in Texas References Energy infrastructure completed in 1977 Energy infrastructure completed in 1978 Buildings and structures in Bexar County, Texas Former coal-fired power stations in Texas
12835843	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KylieFever2002%3A%20Live%20in%20Manchester	KylieFever2002: Live in Manchester	KylieFever2002 is the 2002 live DVD by Kylie Minogue, recorded at the Manchester Arena in Manchester, England, on 4 May 2002 during the KylieFever2002 concert tour. The DVD contains the full two-hour concert, a 30-minute behind-the-scenes documentary, live projections of the songs "Cowboy Style", "Light Years" / "I Feel Love", "I Should Be So Lucky", and "Burning Up", and a photo-gallery. A limited edition version was also released, with different packaging and a bonus CD with highlights from the KylieFever2002 concert. KylieFever2002 reached No. 16 on U.S. Billboard's Top Music Video chart. Track listing Note "I Should Be So Lucky" is listed on releases as "Lucky". Certifications \|- \|- \|- References 2002 video albums 2002 live albums Kylie Minogue video albums Kylie Minogue live albums Live video albums
4482152	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%20Manning	Reginald Manning	Reginald Manning may refer to: Reg Manning (1905–1986), American artist and illustrator Reginald Kerr Manning (1866–1943), Australian equity, bankruptcy and probate barrister
23666911	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippodromi%20all%27alba	Ippodromi all'alba	Ippodromi all'alba is a 1950 Italian short documentary film directed by Alessandro Blasetti. External links Ippodromi all'alba 1950 films Italian films 1950s Italian-language films Italian documentary films 1950 documentary films Italian black-and-white films
26144170	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic-era%20panoramas	Romantic-era panoramas	A panoramic painting captures all 360 degrees of a scene, as viewed from inside the center of the circle. Typically shown in rotundas for viewing, Romantic Era panoramas were intended to be so lifelike that the viewer became confused as to what was real and what was image. Creation of the panorama The concept of the panoramic painting was conceived by Robert Barker in 1787 while he was walking on a hill overlooking Edinburgh, Scotland. He obtained a patent for it in the same year. Barker's vision for the panorama was to capture the magnificence of a scene from every angle, immersing the spectator completely. His goal was to blur the line where art stopped and reality began. Barker's first panorama was of Edinburgh, Scotland. He exhibited the Panorama of Edinburgh in his house in 1788, but to little success. The first panorama disappointed Barker, not because of its reception, but because it fell short of his vision. The Edinburgh scene was not a full 360 degrees; it was merely semi-circular. After the limited success of his first panorama, Barker and his son, Henry Aston Barker, completed a panorama of London from the Roof of the Albion Mills. A reduced version was originally shown in their house, and the larger was put on display later. To fulfill his dream of a 360-degree panorama, Barker and his son purchased a rotunda at Leicester Square. London from the Roof of the Albion Mills christened the new rotunda, all of it. The previous version exhibited at their home, in contrast, measured only . The rotunda at Leicester Square had two levels of different sizes. Spectators observed the scenes from a platform in the center of the rotunda To fully immerse the audience in the scene, all borders of the canvas were concealed. Props were strategically positioned in the foreground of the scene, and two windows were laid into the roof to allow natural light to flood the canvases. These efforts at concealment were done to increase realism to the extent that it was lifted to the fantastical. Two scenes could be exhibited in the rotunda simultaneously, however, the rotunda at Leicester Square was the only one to house two panoramas. Houses with single scenes proved more popular. While at Leicester Square, the audience walked down a long, dark corridor to clear their minds after viewing one panorama and before viewing the next. The idea was to have spectators forget what they just saw, leaving their minds blank to view the second scene. Despite the audience's "mind-blanking" walk in the dark, painted panoramas were designed to have a lingering effect upon the viewer. For some, this attribute placed panoramas in the same category as propaganda of the period, namely that it was no more than an illusion meant to deceive. The panorama evolved somewhat, and in 1809, the moving panorama graced the stage in Edinburgh, Scotland. Unlike its predecessor, the moving panorama required a large canvas and two vertical rollers to be set up on a stage. The scene or variation of scenes passed between the rollers, eliminating the need to showcase and view the panoramas in a rotunda. Peter Marshall added the twist to Barker's original creation, which saw success throughout the 19th century and into the 20th. Despite the success of the moving panorama, Barker's original vision maintained popularity through various artists including Pierre Prévost, Charles Langlois and Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux among others. The revival of popularity for the panorama peaked in the 1880s after having spread through Europe and North America. Unfortunately, there are no surviving panoramas left. Cultural pesponse In the late 18th and early 19th century, the panorama attracted a diverse audience. The spectators ranged in social standing because an extensive education was not required to view panoramas; panoramas were an art form that could be appreciated by anyone. People could immerse themselves in the scene and take part in what became known as the "locality paradox". The locality paradox refers to the phenomenon that happens when spectators become so absorbed in the scene on a panorama that they can not distinguish where they are: Leicester Square or, for example, the Albion Mills. This association with delusion was a common critique of panoramas. Writers feared the panorama for the simplicity of its illusion. Hester Piozzi was among those who rebelled against the growing popularity of the panorama for precisely this reason. She did not like seeing so many people—elite and otherwise—fooled by something so simple. Another problem with the panorama was what it came to be associated with. Namely, it redefined the sublime to incorporate the material. By associating the sublime with the material, the panorama was seen as an artistic threat—the sublime was never supposed to include materiality. The subjects of panoramas transformed as time passed, becoming less about the sublime and more about military battles and biblical scenes. This was especially true during the Napoleonic era when panoramas often displayed scenes from the emperor's latest battle, whether it was a victory or a crushing defeat such as depicted in the Battle of Waterloo in 1816. Panoramas and romanticism In their earliest forms, panoramas depicted topographical scenes. Such breathtaking sights immediately link panoramas with Romanticism, which is known for its reverence toward the sublime. Despite this similarity, the poet William Wordsworth has long been characterized as an opponent of the panorama, most notably for his allusion to it in Book Seven of The Prelude. It has been argued that Wordsworth's problem with the panorama was the deceit it used to gain popularity. He felt, critics say, that the panorama not only exhibited an immense scene of some kind, but also the weakness of human intelligence. It is safe to assume Wordsworth saw a panorama at some point during his life, but it is unknown which it was. Situation as it is, there is no substantial proof he ever went, but his response in "The Prelude" seems too grounded upon experience to suggest otherwise. Wordsworth's opposition was to the awe-inspiring scenes of the panorama and of other spectacles of the period that competed with reality. He sought to separate poetry from the phantasmagoria enveloping the population. This was perhaps Wordsworth's biggest problem with panoramas: their popularity. For Wordsworth, panoramas basically brainwashed their audiences. The panorama lulled spectators into stupors, inhibiting their ability to imagine things for themselves. Wordsworth wanted people to see the representation and appreciate it for what it was – art. Conversely, J. Jennifer Jones argues Wordsworth was not opposed to the panorama, but rather hesitant about it. In her essay, "Absorbing Hesitation: Wordsworth and the Theory of the Panorama", Jones argues that other episodes in The Prelude have just as much sensory depth as panoramas had. Jones studied how Wordsworth imitated the senses in The Prelude, much in the same way panoramas did. She concluded that panoramas were a balancing act between what the senses absorbed and what they came away with, something also present in Wordsworth's poetry. By her results then, Wordsworth's similar imitation of the senses proves he was not entirely opposed to them. See also Panorama (art) References Panoramic art
15578192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wacky%20Adventures%20of%20Ronald%20McDonald	The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald	The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald is an American animated miniseries of retail direct-to-video episodes produced by Klasky Csupo in association with the McDonald's Corporation, centering on McDonald's mascot Ronald McDonald and the gang in McDonaldland. A total of six 40-minute episodes were produced and released on VHS with five of them being available exclusively in participating McDonald's restaurants from October 9, 1998 to January 30, 2003. Production Mark and Bob Mothersbaugh (best known as members of the band Devo and composers of the music for Rugrats, another Klasky Csupo series) composed the score of the series while John Holmquist (who has also directed some Rugrats episodes) directed the first episode of the series. The artistic style of the series has a similar look to Rugrats, Aaahh!!! Real Monsters, The Wild Thornberrys, and Rocket Power (another Klasky Csupo series). The background music was recycled from later episodes of Rugrats. In a format similar to both The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! and Back to the Future: The Animated Series, each episode starts and ends with a live-action segment. By various accounts, the episodes turned out to be rather popular, to which individual McDonald's locations frequently ran out of VHS tapes, which were sold individually for $3.49 and could be bought with a small vanilla ice cream cone or Diet Coke. Klasky Csupo also sold them through their online gift shop, which was shut down in fall 2005. A Happy Meal featuring Lego vehicles to build was released at the restaurant chain in 1999, a year after the series originally premiered. The front of each vehicle had an image of one of the McDonaldland characters in the Klasky Csupo style, as depicted in the series. Cast Main Voice talent on the series includes K-C veterans Christine Cavanaugh, Kath Soucie, and Charlie Adler. The role of Ronald McDonald is credited as "Himself." Jack Doepke (ep. 1–3) and David Hussey (ep. 4–6) – Ronald McDonald Charlie Adler – Hamburglar, McNugget #3, McSplorer Pamela Adlon – McNugget #1 Dee Bradley Baker – Sundae, TV Monitor, Squirrel, Sea Monster Kevin Michael Richardson – Grimace, King Gunga Christine Cavanaugh – Birdie the Early Bird Jazmine A. Corona – Tika Jim Cummings – Announcer, Karate teacher (ep. 3) Nika Futterman – Fry Kid #3 Paul Greenberg – Fry Kid #2 Alex D. Linz – Franklin Lisa Raggio – McNugget #2 Kath Soucie – Fry Kid #1 Verne Troyer – Sundae Guest cast Jeff Bennett – TV Man, Knight #1 Gregg Berger – Barber, Fat Man, Foodfight Walla Corey Burton – Bug, Mob Man #1 David Eccles – Bear Bill Farmer – Knight #2, Mob Leader Henry Gibson – Blue Planet Kim Mai Guest – Kids Billie Hayes – One-Eyed Sally Bob Joles – Mayor McCheese, Mob Man #2, Knight Carol Kane – Org's Mom Maurice LaMarche – Dr. Quizzical, Burger Chef, Knight Jeff Lupetin – Iam Hungry Euan MacDonald – Simon Mona Marshall – Kids Drew Massey – Pip Julie Merrill – TV Woman Richard Moll – Org's Dad Patrick Pinney – Phantom Head Kevin Schoen – Phantom Head Phil Snyder – Professor Thaddeus J. Pinchworm, Stiles Warren Sroka – King Murray Andre Stojka – Royal Chef Tara Strong – Girl, Boy, Sheep Meshach Taylor – Pink Planet Tom Kenny – Elderly Man James Kevin Ward – Scotty Gedde Watanabe – Karate Master Bruce Weitz – Blather Julian West – Dad, Police Officer Carl W. Wolfe – Org Episodes Crew Charlie Adler – Voice Director Barbara Wright – Casting Director Terry Thoren – Executive In Charge of Production Tracy Kramer – Executive In Charge of Production Glenwood Editorial, Inc. – Track Reading Grimsaem Animation – Overseas Production Facility Sunwoo Entertainment – Overseas Production Facility References External links McDonald's advertising 1990s American animated television series 2000s American animated television series 1990s American television miniseries 2000s American television miniseries 1998 American television series debuts 2003 American television series endings American television series with live action and animation American children's animated adventure television series American children's animated comedy television series American children's animated fantasy television series American children's animated musical television series American television shows featuring puppetry Direct-to-video animated films Direct-to-video television series
3248688	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone%20Iannarelli	Simone Iannarelli	Simone Iannarelli is a composer and classical guitarist born in Rome, Italy, in 1970. He is professor of guitar in Mexico, at the University of Colima's Faculty of Fine Arts Music Department. His works are published by Guitar Solo Publications and other publishers. References External links Official Homepage Italian classical guitarists Italian male guitarists 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers Italian classical composers Italian male classical composers 1970 births Living people 20th-century Italian composers 20th-century guitarists 21st-century guitarists 20th-century Italian male musicians 21st-century Italian male musicians

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