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31008928
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20I-League%202nd%20Division
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2009 I-League 2nd Division
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The 2009 I-League 2nd Division season ran from February 2009 to April 19, 2009. Initially 15 teams were divided in three groups of five teams and then the top two teams in each group were advanced to final round of qualification.
Four teams were promoted to I-league 2010 season. Promoted teams include Pune FC, Lajong SSC, Viva Kerala and Salgaocar.
Group A
Group B
Group C
Final round
References
External links
I-League 2nd Division (Regular Season) – Soccerway
I-League 2nd Division (Final Group) – Soccerway
I-League 2nd Division seasons
2
India
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65835742
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa%20%C5%81ukaszewicz
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Bronisława Łukaszewicz
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Bronisława Łukaszewicz (1885-1962) was a Polish-Lithuanian painter.
Biography
Bronisława Łukaszewicz was born in the Kresy area and studied at St. Petersburg Gymnasium from where she graduated in 1901.
She then lived in Vilnius, Lithuania. After Vilnius University was closed in 1832, art students had to travel to St. Petersburg, Krakow, Warsaw or Paris in order to pursue their studies.
Bronisława chose to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Krakow and then the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome (Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma), obtaining her diploma in 1932.
In the 1930s Bronisława worked both in Vilnius and Rome. From 1932 she belonged to the Vilnius Society of Independent Artists (Polish: Wileńskiego Towarzystwa Niezależnych Artystów Sztuk Plastycznych). She exhibited with the Society in 1933 at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, and in 1935 she was registered as a member of the Society in their annual exhibition catalogue.
During WWII, Bronisława lived in Rome. She was instrumental in helping the wife of her first cousin (Wanda Chodakowski née Gryffin) and her family escape from Austria.
After WWII Bronisława lived in Poznan and Szczecin, Poland and from 1946 she was a member of the ZPAP (Association of Polish Artists and Designers). She joined the group of Szczecin artists in 1947 or 1948.
Bronisława died in 1962.
Exhibitions
Bronisława Łukaszewicz exhibited with the Vilnius Society of Independent Artists in Vilnius, Kaunas and at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw. Later she exhibited in Poznan and between 1955-62, in many expositions in the Szczecin area.
A book was written about Bronisława’s painting during her time in Szczecin.
Style
Bronisława Łukaszewicz is known in her later years for her lyrical landscape paintings, and her use of a light and delicate palette. Watercolours were her preferred medium, but she also worked with gouache and oils.
Surviving Works
At least seven of Łukaszewicz's paintings survive in the collections of Wanda Chodakowski’s (née Gryffin) grandchildren (wife of Romanas Chodakauskas), as well as two pieces in the Vilnius Picture Gallery. Other work can be seen in the National Museum, Szczecin collection.
The portrait of Bronisława (in infobox) was painted by an unknown artist and hangs in the Vilnius Picture Gallery.
The painting Rome - view of the back courtyard, in the house of St. Stanislaw - 1931 is the view from a residence in the courtyard at the back of the Saint Stanislaus on Botteghe Oscure (San Stanislao alle Botteghe Oscure) - the national church of Poland in Rome.
References
Lithuanian painters
20th-century Polish painters
1885 births
1962 deaths
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42354991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello%20Cucinelli%20%28company%29
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Brunello Cucinelli (company)
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Brunello Cucinelli S.p.A. () is an Italian luxury fashion brand which sells menswear, women's wear and accessories in Europe, North America and East Asia. The brand claims deeply rooted moral values, such as being a "humanistic enterprise" and using craftsmanship to lend moral dignity to both the artisan and the owner.
Background
Brunello Cucinelli started his couture house in 1978 with a specialty for cashmere garments for women. Cucinelli personally travels every year in the mountains of Mongolia to purchase cashmere directly from the producers.
In June 2014, owner Brunello Cucinelli transferred the ownership of Fedone Srl (which owned 61.56% of the fashion brand) to a new trust, Esperia Trust Company S.r.l., in a move to benefit his daughters and pursue his philanthropic work. In June 2015, Brunello Cucinelli opened its first store in Peru.
In 2017, Brunello Cucinelli recorded 500 million euro in sales, 35% of which in North America. The company owns 94 of its 124 branded stores worldwide. In January 2017, the company launched an ecommerce website. In January 2018, the founder Brunello Cucinelli sold 4 million shares of his company (owned through his holding Fedone Srl), and brought his participation down to 51% of the company's capital. Through this move, 6% of the company (worth 100 million euros) was invested in his family's charitable fund. In May 2018, the company opened its second store in Mexico. Both Mexican stores are located in the country's capital.
Organization
The company's products are all hand-made in Italy. Mr. Cucinelli's family trust owns 57% of the company's stock, which went public in 2012 at €7.75 per share. The company is headquartered in a 14th-century castle on the top of a hill in the middle of Umbria, an area known as the "green heart" of Italy.
The company donates 20% of profits to its charitable foundation, and pays workers wages that are 20% higher than the industry average. The company's 1,300 employees (of whom 800 work in Solomeo) do not punch a time clock; after-hours e-mails are not allowed. As of June 2017, the company has a market capitalization of over €1.6 billion.
Clientele
Jeff Bezos wears Brunello Cucinelli sport coats.
See also
Made in Italy
Loro Piana
Kiton
Billy Reid
References
External links
Official site
"Brunello Cucinelli Clothes Can Make You a Better Man. Provided You’re Very, Very Rich." JON CARAMANICA, The New York Times, April 1, 2015
Luxury brands
Italian suit makers
Shoe companies of Italy
Companies based in Umbria
High fashion brands
Italian brands
Clothing companies established in 1978
Italian companies established in 1978
Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana
Altagamma members
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22603507
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abira%20Station
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Abira Station
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is a train station in Abira, Yūfutsu District, Hokkaidō, Japan.
Lines
Abira Station is served by the Muroran Main Line.
Station layout
The station has two ground-level opposed side platforms serving two tracks. Kitaca is not available. The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
References
Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1902
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2944148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foel%20Cwmcerwyn
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Foel Cwmcerwyn
|
Foel Cwmcerwyn is the highest point of the Preseli Hills and of Pembrokeshire. It lies within the borders of the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park although it is 10 km from the sea. A path leads to the summit from the village of Rosebush in the south-west. A trig point and a number of cairns are dotted across the summit area, and there is a disused quarry on the hill's western slopes.
External links
Computer generated summit panoramas Foel Cwmcerwyn index
www.geograph.co.uk Photos of Foel Cwmcerwyn and surrounding area
Mountains and hills of Pembrokeshire
Marilyns of Wales
Highest points of Welsh counties
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715274
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybinsky%20District
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Rybinsky District
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Rybinsky District is the name of several administrative and municipal districts in Russia:
Rybinsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai, an administrative and municipal district of Krasnoyarsk Krai
Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, an administrative and municipal district of Yaroslavl Oblast
References
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208054
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%27s%20Autobiography
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Everybody's Autobiography
|
Everybody's Autobiography is a book by Gertrude Stein, published in 1937.
It is a continuation of her own memoirs, picking up where The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas, published in 1933, left off. Both were written in a less experimental, more approachable style than most of her other work.
In chapter four of this book is found the famous quote "There is no there there" which refers to her disappeared childhood home in Oakland, California.
References
Books by Gertrude Stein
1937 non-fiction books
Culture of Oakland, California
Books about the San Francisco Bay Area
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43686907
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupa%20huarmellus
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Erupa huarmellus
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Erupa huarmellus is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1922. It is found in Peru.
References
Erupini
Moths described in 1922
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457429
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile%20workers%27%20strike%20%281934%29
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Textile workers' strike (1934)
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The textile workers' strike of 1934 was the largest strike in the labor history of the United States at the time, involving 400,000 textile workers from New England, the Mid-Atlantic states and the U.S. Southern states, lasting twenty-two days.
The background to the strike
The textile industry, once concentrated in New England with outposts in New Jersey and Philadelphia, had started moving South in the 1880s. By 1933 Southern mills produced more than seventy percent of cotton and woolen textiles in more modern mills, drawing on the pool of dispossessed farmers and laborers willing to work for roughly forty percent less than their Northern counterparts. As was the rest of economic life, the textile industry was strictly segregated and drew only from white workers in the Piedmont. Until 1965, when passage of the Civil Rights Act broke the color line in hiring, less than 2% of textile workers were African American.
Throughout the 1920s, however, the mills faced an intractable problem of overproduction, as the wartime boom for cotton goods ended, while foreign competition cut into their markets. Although manufacturers tried to reduce the oversupply by forming industry associations to regulate competition, their favored solution to the crisis was to squeeze more work out of their employees through what workers called the "stretch-out": speeding up production by increasing the number of looms assigned to each factory hand, limiting break times, paying workers by piece rates, and increasing the number of supervisors to keep workers from slowing down, talking or leaving work.
The stretch-out sparked hundreds of strikes throughout the Southeast: by one count, there were more than eighty strikes in South Carolina in 1929 alone. While most of them were short-lived, these strikes were almost all spontaneous walkouts, without any union – or other – leadership.
That year also saw the massive strikes that began in Gastonia, North Carolina, and Elizabethton, Tennessee, which were violently suppressed by local police and vigilantes. Here again, workers were often more militant than their trade union leadership: to take one striking example, the workers at the Loray Mill in Gastonia walked out under the leadership of the communist-led National Textile Workers Union. The Communist Party founded the NTWU in its short-lived attempt to create revolutionary unions.
In the meantime, the Great Depression made matters worse. The economic collapse drove a number of New England and Mid-Atlantic manufacturers into bankruptcy, while those employers who survived laid off workers and increased the amount and pace of work for their employees even further. Textile workers across the region, from worsted workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts and silk weavers in Paterson, New Jersey, to cotton millhands in Greenville, South Carolina, engaged in hundreds of isolated strikes, even though there were thousands of unemployed workers desperate to take their places.
Rising hopes under the New Deal
The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) appeared to change things. The NIRA, which Roosevelt signed in June 1933, called for cooperation among business, labor and government and established the National Recovery Administration (NRA). It was to oversee the creation of codes of conduct for particular industries that would reduce overproduction, raise wages, control hours of work, guarantee the rights of workers to form unions, and stimulate an economic recovery.
The NIRA rarely, if ever, lived up to its promises: employers usually dominated the panels that created these codes, which often offered far less than what workers and their unions demanded, and the NIRA and the codes themselves were toothless, since the Act did not provide any effective means to enforce the standards.
Even so, the promise of the right to join a union had an electrifying effect on textile workers: the United Textile Workers (UTW), which had no more than 15,000 members in February, 1933, grew to 250,000 members by June, 1934, of whom roughly half were cotton mill workers. Textile workers also put tremendous faith in the NIRA to bring an end to the stretch-out, or at least temper its worst features. As one union organizer said, textile workers in the South saw the NIRA as something that "God has sent to them."
The NIRA quickly promulgated a code for the cotton industry regulating workers' hours and establishing a minimum wage; it also established a committee to study the problem of workloads. In the meantime, however, the employers responded to the new minimum wages by increasing the pace of work. When the labor board set a forty-hour work week, mill owners required the same amount of work in those forty hours as they had in the previous fifty- to sixty-hour week.
By August 1934, workers had filed nearly 4,000 complaints to the labor board protesting "code chiseling" by their employers; the board found in favor of only one worker. Union supporters often lost their jobs and found themselves blacklisted throughout the industry. Workers, both north and south, wrote thousands of letters to the White House, the Department of Labor, the NRA, and Eleanor Roosevelt asking for them to intervene.
In what proved to be a dry run of the larger strike to follow, cotton mill workers in South Carolina's Horse Creek Valley struck to force employers to live up to the code, only to face special deputies, highway patrolmen and a machine-gun unit of the National Guard sent to keep the mills open. When the NIRA's special board came to Horse Creek, it did not respond to the workers' complaints, but urged them to return to work. When they attempted to do so, the mill owners not only refused to allow the workers back, but evicted them from company housing. The NIRA took no action to stop the employers from violating the codes.
First steps toward a national strike
When the mill owners made the cotton mill employees' hours larger still further – with the blessing of the NRA – without raising their hourly wage rates in May, 1934, the UTW threatened a national strike. This talk was largely bluster; the union had made no preparations for a strike that size. When the NRA promised to give the UTW a seat on the board, balanced by the addition of another industry representative, the UTW canceled the planned strike.
While the UTW called off its plans for a strike, local leaders thought differently. The UTW locals in the northern part of Alabama launched a strike that began on July 18 in Huntsville, then spread to Florence, Anniston, Gadsden, and Birmingham. While the strike was popular, it was also ineffective: many employers welcomed it as a means of cutting their expenses, since they had warehouses full of unsold goods.
In Columbus, Georgia, a city on the Alabama border, the Georgia Webbing and Tape Company had been on strike since July. On August 10, 1934 Reuben Sanders was killed in a scuffle between strikebreakers and strikers. "Eight thousand people viewed Sander's body as it lay in state at the Central Textile Hall in the heart of the city on Sunday, August 12."
The UTW called a special convention in New York City on Monday, August 13, 1934 to address the crisis. The UTW drew up a list of demands for the industry as a whole: a thirty-hour week, minimum wages ranging from $13.00 to $30.00 a week, elimination of the stretch-out, union recognition, and reinstatement of workers fired for their union activities. The delegates, especially those from the southern states, voted overwhelmingly to strike the cotton mills on September 1, 1934 if these demands were not met. They planned to bring out the woolen, silk and rayon workers at a date to be set later.
Mill owners had seen the strike threat as more empty talk from the union. The White House took a largely "hands off" attitude, leaving it to the first National Labor Relations Board to set up a meeting of the parties. The employers refused to meet with the union.
The strike begins
The strike swept through Southern cotton mills, outpacing the union organizers and employing "flying squadrons" which traveled by truck and on foot from mill to mill, calling the workers out. In Gastonia, where authorities had violently suppressed a strike led by the National Textile Workers Union in 1929, an estimated 5,000 people marched in the September 3rd Labor Day parade. The next day union organizers estimated that 20,000 out of the 25,000 textile workers in the county were out on strike.
It is not clear whether the UTW expected to have this much success so easily and so quickly in the South; it had only shallow roots and few regular organizers in that region. But Southern textile workers had a good deal of experience in confronting management, both by impromptu strikes and other means, and a deep well of bitterness against their employers.
Some workers converted their experience into a nearly messianic belief in the power of unionism to take them out of bondage. One labor official made the connection in Biblical terms: "The first strike on record was the strike in which Moses led the children of Israel out of Egypt. They too struck against intolerable conditions".
Textile workers in the North went out on strike in great numbers as well, although they were spread more evenly across different industries and had more diverse grievances than the Southern cotton mill workers. Within a week, almost 400,000 textile workers nationwide had left their jobs and the textile industry was shut down.
Music also played an important role in the strike as radio stations looking for an audience located themselves near mill stations spreading information to workers and giving them a better sense of community. The stations would mainly play music that was popular and well known among the workers.
Reaction from the authorities
The mill owners were initially taken by surprise by the scope of the strike. They immediately took the position that these flying squadrons were, in fact, coercing their employees to go out on strike.
Governor Blackwood of South Carolina took up this theme, announcing that he would deputize the state's "mayors, sheriffs, peace officers and every good citizen" to maintain order, then called out the National Guard with orders to shoot to kill any picketers who tried to enter the mills. Governor Ehringhaus of North Carolina followed suit on September 5.
Millowners persuaded local authorities throughout the Piedmont to augment their forces by swearing in special deputies, often their own employees or local residents opposed to the strike; in other cases they simply hired private guards to police the areas around the plant. Violence between guards and picketers broke out almost immediately. The major known incidents include:
On September 2, a picketer and mill guard died in a shootout in Trion, Georgia
On September 2, guards killed two picketers in Augusta, Georgia
On September 3, the Saylesville Massacre was committed by the Rhode Island State Guard. Four picketers were killed and 132 injured.
On September 6, the Chiquola Mill Massacre saw seven picketers killed and thirty others wounded as they fled the picketline (Honea Path, South Carolina)
Authorities ordered out the National Guard elsewhere in the second week of the strike. Governor Green sent the Guard to Saylesville, Rhode Island after several thousand strikers and sympathizers trapped several hundred strikebreakers in a factory. Governor Green declared martial law in the area on September 11, after picketers armed with rocks, flowerpots and broken headstones from a nearby cemetery battled troops armed with machine guns, in a 36-hour incident that resembled a civic insurrection. Casualty figures vary. A granite marker erected at one of the battle sites names four workers who died in the Saylesville conflict.
Another picketer was shot to death the following day, about five miles away in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, when guardsmen fired into the crowd attempting to storm the Woonsocket Rayon Plant. Governor Green then asked the federal government to send federal troops; the Roosevelt administration ignored the request.
Maine deployed the Guard in a more tactical manner, sending them to Augusta and Lewiston to discourage wavering employees from joining the strike. That tactic did not work, however, everywhere: workers at Pepperell Mills' plant in Biddeford and York Manufacturing's plant in Saco went out even though the guard was sent to prevent the arrival of flying squadrons rumored to be coming from New Bedford, Massachusetts.
Governor Wilbur L. Cross of Connecticut also mobilized the Guard, but did not declare martial law. Instead the state labor commissioner met with picketers during the second week of the strike and brought about a reduction in tensions by urging strikers to respect the law and not hurl epithets at strikebreakers.
Things were different in Georgia, where Governor Eugene Talmadge declared martial law in the third week of the strike and directed the National Guard to arrest all picketers throughout the state, holding them in a former World War I prisoner of war camp for trial by a military tribunal. While the state only interred a hundred or so picketers, the show of force effectively ended picketing throughout most of the state.
End of the strike
The strike was, in fact, already falling apart, particularly in the South, where local government refused to provide any relief assistance to strikers and there were few sympathetic churches or unions to provide support. Although the union had pledged before the walkout began to feed strikers, it was wholly unable to fulfill this promise. While roughly half of the textile workers in North and South Carolina and roughly three fourths in Georgia were on strike at this point, with similar figures in Massachusetts and Rhode Island, workers had started to drift back to work and struck plants were reopening, if with only skeleton crews.
At that point the mediation board that Roosevelt had appointed in the first week of the strike issued its report. As was typical of federal commissions of this era, the board temporized, urging further studies of the economic plight of the employers and the effects of the stretch-out on their employees. It urged the President to create a new Textile Labor Relations Board to hear workers' complaints and urged employers not to discriminate against strikers.
President Roosevelt announced his support for the report, then urged employees to return to work and the manufacturers to accept the commission's recommendations. The UTW took the opportunity to declare victory and held a number of parades to celebrate the end of the strike.
In fact, the strike was a total defeat for the union, particularly in the South. The union had not forced the mill owners to recognize it or obtained any of its economic demands. The employers refused, moreover, to reinstate strikers throughout the South, while the Cotton Textile National Industrial Relations Board never ceded any authority to any other board. Thousands of strikers never returned to work in the mills.
Aftermath
In March 1935, approximately 2,000 textile workers at Callaway Mills went on strike in LaGrange, Georgia, and martial law was declared in the city. At least one striker was killed by National Guardsmen as the soldiers evicted families from mill-owned homes. Some consider the 1935 strike in LaGrange to be the last throes of the General Textile Strike. Ironically, President Roosevelt was a friend and frequent visitor of Cason Callaway, President of Callaway Mills at the time.
The strike represented the high point for union hopes of organizing textile workers in the South for the next several decades. When the CIO formed the Textile Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC) three years later, TWOC focused on northern manufacturers outside the cotton industry. TWOC's successor, the Textile Workers Union of America, faced similar problems organizing in the South; the CIO's postwar organizing drive in the South fell apart chiefly because of its inability to organize textile workers there.
The union might have escaped this disaster if it had characterized the strike as a first step, rather than attempting to pass it off as a victory. That, however, would have required that the union also devote the resources necessary to follow up with renewed, systematic organizing efforts in the immediate aftermath of the strike, instead of concerning itself with the futile effort to win reinstatement for discharged strikers through the Textile Labor Board. The memory of blacklisting and defeat soured many Southern textile workers on unions for decades.
The 1934 defeat was less cataclysmic in the North, in that the strike was in fact, a number of separate events, commencing at different times in separate industries and in furtherance of local goals. Northern employers were not as ruthless in blacklisting workers and the TWOC made some headway in organizing these plants in the years that followed. Those victories were impermanent, however, as much of northern industry either went South or went bankrupt in the years that followed.
Anti-union sentiment in the South kept wages low for decades, but also acted as a catalyst for development later when industries moved there from the North and Midwest because of lower costs. Employers resisted integrating textile mills; when they were forced to do so by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, researchers found that African Americans were accepted overall by other employees, although they continued to face discrimination in job training and advancement. By the time this occurred, many jobs in the textile industry were already moving overseas, a trend that accelerated in the 1980s.
See also
Murder of workers in labor disputes in the United States
United Textile Workers of America
References
Further reading
Books
Conway, Mimi. Rise Gonna Rise: a portrait of Southern textile workers. Photographs by Earl Dotter. Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York. 1979. .
Flamming, Douglas. Creating the Modern South: Millhands and Mangers in Dalton, Georgia, 1884-1984. Fred W Morrison Series in Southern Studies. 468 pages. University of North Carolina Press; Reprint edition. November 1, 1995. .
Irons, Janet. Testing the New Deal: The General Textile Strike of 1934 in the American South. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000
Salmond, John A. The General Textile Strike of 1934: From Maine to Alabama. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002
Smith, Scott. Legacy: The Secret History of Proto-Fascism in America's Greatest Little City. 166 pages. 2011. .
Tullos, Allen. Habits of Industry: White Culture and the Transformation of the Carolina Piedmont. Fred W. Morrison Series in Southern Studies. 440 pages. University of North Carolina Press. September 1, 1989. .
Waldrep III, G. C. Southern Workers and the Search For Community: Spartanburg County, South Carolina. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000
Publications
Lewis, Sinclair. Cheap and contented labor; the picture of a southern mill town in 1929. United Textile Workers of America; Philadelphia, Women's Trade Union League, New York. 1929. Marion, N.C. strike.
Textile Workers Union of America. They said it couldn't be done, a history of the Textile Workers Union of America, AFL-CIO, CLC. Textile Workers Union of America, New York. [1960?], 21p
War Manpower Commission. Training new workers quickly in the textile industry. Comprehensive plan developed by textile mill in South in cooperation with Apprentice-Training Service. Reprinted through the courtesy of TEXTILE WORLD. War Manpower Commission, Bureau of Training, Apprentice-Training Service, Washington. 1944.
External links
South Carolina Encyclopedia
Southern Labor Archives at Georgia State University
Southern Workers and the Search for Community by G. C. Waldrep III. Partial text of a history of the strike in Spartanburg, SC.
The Uprising of '34 A Film by George Stoney, Judith Helfand, and Susanne Rostock
Impact of The Uprising Of ’34 Jumpcut magazine article on production and distribution of documentary
Uprising of '34 Collection from Georgia State University
Georgia State University Lesson Plan on The Uprising Of ’34
"Treated Like Slaves": Textile Workers Write to Washington in the 1930s and 1940s
The General Textile Strike by Albert Weisbord writing in Class Struggle Official Organ of the Communist League of Struggle (Adhering to the International Left Opposition) Vol. 4 #9/10. October 1934
The Uprising of '34 A PBS Point of View documentary.
1934 labor disputes and strikes
1934 in the United States
UNITE HERE
Textile and clothing labor disputes in the United States
Labor disputes in Rhode Island
Labor disputes in South Carolina
Labor disputes in North Carolina
Labor disputes in Georgia (U.S. state)
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45245873
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20ship%20Th%C3%A9tis
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French ship Thétis
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Twelve ships of the French Navy have borne the name Thétis in honour of nereid and sea nymph Thetis:
Ships
, a 44-gun ship of the line
, a 40-gun frigate
, a 26-gun frigate
, a 26-gun
, a 40-gun
, a 10-gun corvette
, a 44-gun frigate
(1868), an armoured corvette
(1916), a German-built taken from the Greek Navy at Salamis Island in 1916.
Thétis (1920), a water tanker
(1929), a .
(1988), an experimental minesweeper.
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
French Navy ship names
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20935560
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scottish%20Parliament%20constituencies%20and%20electoral%20regions%20%282011%E2%80%93present%29
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List of Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions (2011–present)
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As a result of the first periodical review of Scottish Parliament (Holyrood) constituencies, new constituencies and additional member regions of the Scottish Parliament were introduced for the 2011 Scottish Parliament election. The D'Hondt method is used, as previously, in the allocation of additional member seats.
The Boundary Commission for Scotland began the review as announced on 3 July 2007, and provisional proposals were published on Thursday 14 February 2008.
The Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004 required the commission to review boundaries of all constituencies except Orkney and Shetland (which cover, respectively, the Orkney Islands council area and the Shetland Islands council area) so that the area covered by the reviewed constituencies continues to be covered by a total of 71 constituencies.
The Orkney and Shetland constituencies were taken into account, however, in review of boundaries of the additional member regions.
Final recommendations followed public consultations and a series of local inquiries, and the terms of the 2004 act required final recommendations to be submitted in a report to the Secretary of State for Scotland not later than 30 June 2010.
Boundary changes
For the purposes of the review the Boundary Commission for Scotland must take into account the boundaries of the local government council areas. In order to do this some council areas were grouped together, the largest of these groupings of provisional proposals consisted of four of Scotland's 32 council areas the smallest only containing one. Constituencies created in 1999 were based on Scottish Westminster constituencies that were created in 1997 and they in turn were based on the boundaries of local government regions and districts and islands areas that existed at the time, but since have been abolished and replaced with the council areas.
Following their proposal processes the Commission published their Final Recommendations. All the review processes were completed with the outlined constituencies below no longer due for alteration.
Constituencies
Electoral regions
The Boundary Commission also recommended changes to the electoral regions used to elect "list" members of the Scottish Parliament. The recommendations can be summarised below;
Historical representation by party
Central Scotland
Glasgow
Highlands and Islands
Lothian / Lothians (1999–2011)
Mid Scotland and Fife
North East Scotland
South of Scotland / South Scotland (2011)
West of Scotland / West Scotland (2011)
References
2011 in British politics
2011 in Scotland
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38219767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell%20White%20%28basketball%29
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Wendell White (basketball)
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Wendell Derek White (born September 3, 1984) is an American former professional basketball player. He has played professionally in the US, South Korea and Japan.
College career
White played two years for Antelope Valley College before receiving a scholarship to the University of Nevada-Las Vegas to play for the Running Rebels from 2005–07, where he averaged 7.73 ppg and 5.3 rpg in 2005-06, and 14.4 ppg and 6.1 rpg in 2006-07. White was an Academic All-Mountain West Conference (MWC) selection in 2006 as a junior and first-team All-MWC selection as a senior in 2007.
Sweet Sixteen
In the second round of the 2006-07 (his senior year) NCAA tournament, White led the UNLV Rebels to a win over the #2 seeded Wisconsin Badgers to get to the sweet sixteen. This was considered a major upset as Wisconsin had been ranked as high as #1 in the country just a few weeks prior to the NCAA tournament. White had 22 points against the Badgers and was player of the game for UNLV. During the NCAA tournament, he averaged 16.6 pts and 5 rebounds.
Pro career
White signed with the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League on October 1, 2007. He averaged 11.8 points, 5.3 rebounds, and 1.6 assists per game with a .519 field goal percentage.
White played for Wonju Dongbu Promy of the Korean Basketball League for the 2008–09 season.
In 2009-10, as a member of Hamamatsu Phoenix, he was the Japanese Professional Basketball League's MVP, averaging 21.7 ppg and 7.0 rpg.
In 2011-12, he led the Oita Heat Devils with 18.6 ppg and 9.8 rpg.
Personal life
White is of Samoan descent through his mother Rosa Fuamatu. He is married to Kelli White (Valentine), daughter of former Major League baseball players Ellis Valentine, and they have one son.
White is also a cousin of another basketball player of Samoan descent, Peyton Siva, and a cousin of former NFL player Chris Fuamatu-Ma'afala.
References
1984 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Antelope Valley Marauders men's basketball players
Basketball players from California
Ehime Orange Vikings players
Hiroshima Dragonflies players
Kyoto Hannaryz players
Los Angeles D-Fenders players
Samoan men's basketball players
San-en NeoPhoenix players
Sendai 89ers players
Sportspeople from Redondo Beach, California
UNLV Runnin' Rebels basketball players
Wonju DB Promy players
American men's basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
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20443004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzaghi
|
Terzaghi
|
Terzaghi may refer to:
The House of Terzaghi von Pontenuovo
Anton von Terzaghi
Karl (Anton) Terzaghi, Edler von Pontenuovo (1883 - 1963), an Austrian civil engineer and geologist
Terzaghi's Principle
Terzaghi Dam, Whistler, British Columbia in western Canada
Manuel Terzaghi (born 1992)
Villa Terzaghi, Robecco sul Naviglio
References
Italian-language surnames
Italian noble families
Austrian noble families
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5355933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurest%20Support%20Services
|
Eurest Support Services
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Eurest Support Services (ESS) is a subsidiary of the catering company Compass Group PLC specializing in harsh-environment large-scale food service and facilities management. Its primary clients are military forces and other security services, major defense contractors, and construction, mining, and oil exploration and production facilities worldwide.
ESS first came to wide public light in 2005 after being embroiled in the multibillion-dollar United Nations procurement scandal. It was reported that ESS used a broker company in New York City to get United Nations procurement contracts in West Africa with the help of a corrupt U.N. official, Alexander Yakovlev.
Separately, it was also the subject of a public hearing in 2007 by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Oversight and Government Reform for its role in security contract arrangements for its staff and equipment while providing dining services to the US Army in Iraq as a subcontractor to Halliburton subsidiary Kellogg Brown & Root (KBR).
U.N. corruption
News reports in 2005 described a multimillion-dollar contract to provide food to U.N. peacekeepers in West Africa awarded to ESS days after Andy Seiwert, a senior executive at ESS, allegedly received confidential bid information. At the time U.N. officials estimated the total value of ESS food contracts with the United Nations in West Africa at $237 million, with renewals and add-ons that could reach $351 million.
Attached to the e-mail were commercially sensitive U.N. documents that no one outside of highly restricted circles within the U.N. was supposed to have access to; and that the contracts committee itself would not ponder for five more days.
The first document was a draft of the official recommendation by the UN procurement department that a $62 million contract for U.N. peacekeepers in Liberia be awarded to Eurest Support Services.
The second document was a detailed United Nations evaluation of the technical abilities of 12 different food supply firms to meet U.N. requirements for feeding separate UN peacekeeping missions.
The third document was a detailed list of the price bids, that three of the five firms had submitted for the UN contract. The document showed that ESS had bested its nearest rival, a food services firm known as ES-KO, by literally pennies per ration unit, and had also underbid its competitors in virtually every other service category.
Such information is considered top-secret by the United Nations, and is submitted in a sealed-bid process that U.N. officials have touted as foolproof.
ESS's business development executive Andy Seiwert had a vital interest in it. Siewert was the ESS/Compass executive described by sources close to the U.N. as having the most frequent day-to-day contact with the scandal-plagued UN procurement department. That contact included frequent meetings with Alexander Yakovlev.
Alexander Yakovlev pleaded guilty to charges of corruption, wire fraud and money-laundering. Vladimir Kuznetsov Head of the U.N. Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Issues was also arrested and indicted after taking nearly $1 million in bribes from the Compass Group.
Competitors ES-KO and Supreme Food Services AG initiated lawsuits claiming violation of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, the Sherman Antitrust Act and New York State's Donnelly Act regulating free trade. Compass settled the claims and said that the total legal, professional and related costs associated with investigation, litigation and settlement was below £40 million although they did not admit legal liability. Federal investigations were announced to be underway and the case was referred to the UK Serious Fraud Office.
Iraq and Kuwait contracting
As preparations for the invasion of Iraq were being made in early 2003, and continuing through 2006, ESS was contracted by the U.S. Marine Corps, the 82nd Airborne Division, the British Ministry of Defence, the Coalition Provisional Authority, and major defense contractors Fluor, RMS, Bechtel, and most notably KBR, a subsidiary of Halliburton under the U.S. Army troop support contract called LOGCAP III to provide dining and construction services at desert bases and encampments in Kuwait and Iraq. ESS, through its office in Kuwait, bid for, was awarded, and built and operated ten dining facilities in Kuwait and later thirteen facilities throughout Iraq, and routinely served meals to 50,000 U.S. and other Coalition service members each day. Over 100 Western managers and 1,500 Indian workers manned the dining facilities, some open 24 hours per day, and lived in harsh conditions inside the camps for months at a time.
2004 Fallujah ambush
On March 31, 2004, four Blackwater security contractors were killed in an ambush in Fallujah, a city west of Baghdad, while protecting an ESS convoy en route to a Fluor construction site elsewhere. It has been widely but erroneously reported that the convoy attacked had been destined for a KBR location. That prompted a further contention that the contract between ESS and Blackwater for Iraq road transport and personnel close protection security, through a joint venture business formed by Blackwater and Regency Hotels of Kuwait, was known to Halliburton and therefore violated Halliburton's contract with the U.S. Army.
External links
Compass Group PLC - Official site
ESS website
es-ko.com
Sources
Compass Group’s bid rigging scheme
Lawsuit from competitor ES-KO
Lawsuit from competitor Supreme Foodservices AG
The stolen secret documents
References
Catering and food service companies of the United Kingdom
Business services companies established in 1941
Multinational companies
Companies based in Surrey
Companies based in Charlotte, North Carolina
Corporate scandals
Corporate crime
History of the United Nations
Compass Group
Private military contractors
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42738961
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciara%20Grant%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201993%29
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Ciara Grant (footballer, born 1993)
|
Ciara Grant (born 11 June 1993) is an Irish professional footballer who plays for Rangers in the Scottish Women's Premier League and the Republic of Ireland national team. Grant has played for Raheny United and UCD Waves. In 2010, she was a member of the Republic of Ireland U-17 squad that were runners-up in the 2010 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship and quarter-finalists in the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. Grant has also played Gaelic football for the Donegal county team.
Early years
Grant attended Woodlands National School in Letterkenny were her classmates included Mark English. Between 2005 and 2011 Grant attended the Loreto Convent Secondary School, Letterkenny, where she studied for her Leaving Cert. As a schoolgirl, Grant played association football for Lagan Harps and Kilmacrennan Celtic as well as representing her school. In 2009, she helped Kilmacrennan Celtic win the WFAI Intermediate Cup and in 2011 she was a member of the Loreto team that won the FAIS Senior Girls Cup, the top cup competition for girls school teams in Ireland. Grant also played Gaelic football and basketball. Grant played for Donegal GAA in the 2010 All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championship final.
In basketball she played as a point guard for both her school and Letterkenny Blaze.
Playing career
Raheny United
Between 2011 and 2014, Grant played for Raheny United in the Women's National League. During this time, Grant helped United win two successive league titles in 2012–13 and 2013–14. She also helped them win two successive FAI Women's Cups in 2012 and 2013.
In the 2013 final against Castlebar Celtic at the Aviva Stadium, Grant scored United's opening goal in spectacular fashion. Without breaking stride, Grant controlled a dropping ball and let it bounce before lifting it over the Castlebar Celtic goalkeeper.
UCD Waves
Since 2011 Grant has attended University College Dublin. In her first year she studied physiotherapy before transferring to medicine. She is due to graduate in 2017. In 2014–15 when UCD Waves entered a team in the Women's National League, Grant switched over from Raheny United. In November 2014, she appeared in her third consecutive FAI Women's Cup final, losing out 2–1 after extra-time to her former club. In addition to playing in the WNL, Grant also plays for UCD at intervarsity level, playing in teams alongside Dora Gorman, Siobhán Killeen and Julie-Ann Russell. In 2014 Grant was captain of the UCD team that won the WSCAI Futsal Cup, defeating the holders, I.T. Sligo, 3–2 in the final at the Mardyke Arena. Grant also scored for UCD in a 3–2 win over I.T. Sligo in the 2013–14 WSCAI Premier Division final. In 2015 Grant was captain of the UCD team that won the WSCAI Intervarsity Cup.
Rangers
Grant joined Rangers on 28 January 2022.
International career
Grant has represented the Republic of Ireland at under-15, under-17, under-19, university and senior level. In 2010, together with Megan Campbell, Dora Gorman, Denise O'Sullivan, Siobhán Killeen and Clare Shine, she was a member of the Republic of Ireland U-17 squad that were runners-up in the 2010 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship and quarter-finalists in the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup. In December 2011, together with Dora Gorman, Megan Campbell, Julie-Ann Russell, Louise Quinn, Grace Murray and Karen Duggan, Grant was included in an FAI scholarship programme for potential senior women's internationals. Grant made her senior international debut in November 2012, in a 5–0 friendly defeat to the United States, replacing Niamh Fahey in the 57th minute. She has subsequently represented the Republic of Ireland in the 2013 and 2014 Cyprus Cups and in their 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup and UEFA Women's Euro 2017 qualifying campaigns. Grant also represented Ireland at the 2013 and 2015 Summer Universiades.
Personal life
Grant is a qualified medical doctor. She returned to her native Letterkenny to volunteer at a local hospital soon after the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic.
Gallery
Honours
Association football
Individual
FAI International Football Awards Under-17 Women's International Player of the Year
2008
Women's National League Team of the Season
2013–14
Raheny United
Women's National League
Winners: 2012–13, 2013–14 : 2
Runners-up: 2011–12: 1
FAI Women's Cup
Winners: 2012, 2013: 2
UCD Waves/UCD
Women's National League
Runners-up: 2014–15
FAI Women's Cup
Runners-up: 2014: 1
WNL Cup
Runners-up: 2016: 1
WSCAI Intervarsity Cup
Winners: 2015
WSCAI Premier Division
Winners: 2013–14
WSCAI Futsal Cup
Winners: 2014
Republic of Ireland U-17
UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship
Runner Up: 2010
Loreto School
FAIS Senior Girls Cup
Winners: 2011
Kilmacrennan Celtic
WFAI Intermediate Cup
Winners: 2009
Gaelic football
Donegal
Ulster Senior Ladies' Championship
Winner: 2018
All-Ireland Under-18 Ladies' Football Championship
Runner Up: 2010
References
1993 births
Living people
Alumni of University College Dublin
Association footballers from County Donegal
People from Letterkenny
Republic of Ireland women's association footballers
Republic of Ireland women's futsal players
Republic of Ireland women's international footballers
Raheny United F.C. players
DLR Waves players
UCD Women's Soccer Club players
Sion Swifts Ladies F.C. players
Women's association football midfielders
Women's National League (Ireland) players
Women's Premiership (Northern Ireland) players
Donegal ladies' Gaelic footballers
Ladies' Gaelic footballers who switched code
Irish women's basketball players
Republic of Ireland women's youth international footballers
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2215518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorort
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Vorort
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See Tagsatzung for the meaning in historical Switzerland.
Vorort (plural: Vororte) is a German term that could be considered roughly equivalent to a suburb as that term is understood in Britain and North America (but not in Australia and New Zealand, where a "suburb" of a city is necessarily within the city). Vororte usually have their own business centre. They are the remainders of formerly separate neighbour towns, or have been founded as satellite towns. The term is contrasted with Vorstadt, which describes a more densely populated area grown at the outline of a city centre.
Switzerland
In Swiss history, Vorort referred to the temporary "presidency" of a canton or the cantonal capital. During the Old Swiss Confederacy, the canton or city that convened the Tagsatzung and chaired it was called the Vorort. In the 15th century, the city of Zürich became the de facto Vorort of the Confederacy. Since the Reformation in Switzerland, Lucerne became the Vorort of the Catholic cantons. With the 1798 establishment of the Helvetic Republic the Vororte were abolished and instead Aarau was made capital city, then Lucerne, then Bern. After the Act of Mediation, the "Vorort of Switzerland" would rotate each year between the capital of Aarau and the cities of Zürich, Bern, Lucerne, Fribourg, Solothurn and Basel. In 1815, the choice of Vororte was restricted to Zürich, Bern and Lucerne, who in turn served as biennial seat of government until 1847. In 1848, Bern became the permanent seat of the Swiss Federal Government and thus the de facto capital of Switzerland.
Vienna
In Vienna, the historical terms Vorstädte and Vororte have very specific meanings. The Vorstädte were located outside the city walls, but within the Linienwall, a second ring of fortifications outside the city. The city walls were located in the place of the modern Ringstraße, while the Linienwall has been removed to give way to the Gürtel (both being rings of streets around the central city). All of the historical municipalities were merged into Vienna during the late 19th century. The former Vororte, which have in large parts become as urban as the Vorstädte, now make up Vienna's so-called outer districts (10th to 19th and 21st to 23rd district).
Geography of Vienna
Urban studies and planning terminology
Types of towns
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49064834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithocera%20cratophanes
|
Lecithocera cratophanes
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Lecithocera cratophanes is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1929. It is found in southern Vietnam.
The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous, irrorated (sprinkled) with ochreous whitish. There is a short suffused whitish-ochreous streak from the base beneath the costa. The discal stigmata are cloudy and dark fuscous and the costal edge is tinged with ochreous yellow from one-third to near the apex. The hindwings are rather dark grey.
References
Moths described in 1929
cratophanes
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38035998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigitte%20Roy
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Brigitte Roy
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Brigitte Roy (born February 25, 1959 in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Gironde) is a French sport shooter. She is also a member of Association Sportive Libourne for the shooting class, and is coached and trained by Zeljko Todorovic.
At age forty-five, Roy became the oldest French shooter to compete for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. She placed thirtieth in the 10 metre air pistol, with a score of 374 points. She also finished tenth in the qualifying rounds of women's 25 metre pistol, with an impressive score of 578 points, tying her position with China's Cao Ying and Australia's Lalita Yauhleuskaya.
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Roy competed for the second time in two pistol shooting events. She placed twenty-third out of forty-four shooters in the women's 10 metre air pistol, with a total score of 379 points. Three days later, Roy competed for her second event, 25 metre pistol, where she was able to shoot 289 targets in the precision stage, and 291 in rapid-fire, for an overall total score of 580 points, finishing only in fifteenth place.
References
External links
Profile – French Olympic Committee
NBC Olympics Profile
French female sport shooters
Living people
Olympic shooters of France
Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Gironde
1959 births
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2723569
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxx%20Klaxon
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Maxx Klaxon
|
Maxx Klaxon (a.k.a. Max Clarke) is an electropop artist from New York City. He has recorded cover versions of Iron Maiden's "Die With Your Boots On," Leonard Cohen's First We Take Manhattan, and "The Internationale." His 2005 debut EP Paranoid Style also features his original track "Italian Ice" and "Here For One Reason," a remix of a Club Telex Noise Ensemble track.
Musical style
Maxx Klaxon's music can be fairly characterized as electro, given its use of analog synthesizer sounds and syncopated dance beats (with an emphasis on Roland TR-808 drum machine sounds). His song "Here For One Reason" is primarily instrumental, with a few vocal and vocoder samples, which are characteristics of much early 1980s electro. However, his music can also be classified as electropop, given its frequent use of pop song elements such as verses, choruses, and melodic hooks.
Discography
EPs
Maxx Klaxon (2004)
Paranoid Style (2005)
Remixes
DJ Gio MC-505 - El Diablero (2006)
Optronix - Brilliant Light
Freezepop - Duct Tape My Heart
Compilation appearances discography
"Die With Your Boots On" on Powerslaves: An Elektro Tribute to Iron Maiden CD (Angelmaker Records, 2003)
"Die With Your Boots On" on 666 Versus 808: Iron Maiden Elektro Tribute 12" (Star Whores Records, 2004)
"Internationale 2000" on Miami Resistance Volume 1 (Kinetik Media, 2005)
"Here For One Reason" on CTNERMX: Volume 2 (pHinnmilk Recordings, 2006)
"Italian Ice" on MeFiComp: MetaFilter Compilation Volume 1 (MetaFilter, 2007)
References
External links
Maxx Klaxon
Maxx Klaxon @ Discogs.Com
Maxx Klaxon interview @ Technodisco - November 2005 (in Italian)
Maxx Klaxon interview @ Technodisco - November 2005 (in English)
Maxx Klaxon interview @ pHinnWeb - January 2004
American electronic musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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36582703
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%C4%B1k%2C%20Kastamonu
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Ballık, Kastamonu
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Ballık is a village in the District of Kastamonu, Kastamonu Province, Turkey.
References
Villages in Kastamonu District
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53573730
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Unity%20%28Spain%29
|
Socialist Unity (Spain)
|
Socialist Unity (, US) was a Spanish party alliance formed to contest the 1977 general election by the People's Socialist Party (PSP) of Enrique Tierno Galván and the Federation of Socialist Parties (FPS).
After the PSP and most of the parties within the FPS merged with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) throughout 1978, the majority of US deputies and senators were absorbed into PSOE's parliamentary groups in the Congress and Senate.
Member parties
People's Socialist Party (PSP)
Federation of Socialist Parties (FPS)
Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA)
Socialist Party of Aragon (PSAr)
Autonomist Socialist Party of Canaries (PSAC)
Socialist Party of the Murcian Region (PSRM)
Socialist Party of the Islands (PSI)
Socialist Movement of Menorca (MSM)
Socialist Party of the Valencian Country (PSPV)
Election results
References
Defunct political party alliances in Spain
Socialist parties in Spain
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
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24018207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9At%C4%9Bchov%20%28Svitavy%20District%29
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Útěchov (Svitavy District)
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Útěchov is a village and municipality (obec) in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic.
The municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 231 (as at 2 October 2006).
References
Regional Statistical Office: Municipalities of Pardubice Region
Villages in Svitavy District
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11352312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Kries
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Von Kries
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Von Kries may refer to:
Johannes von Kries
Von Kries Coefficient Law
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35950457
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs.%20Eastwood%20%26%20Company
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Mrs. Eastwood & Company
|
Mrs. Eastwood & Company is an American reality documentary television series that premiered May 20, 2012, on E!. The show chronicled the lives of Dina Eastwood, the then wife of actor/director Clint Eastwood, and their daughters, Francesca and Morgan. Mrs. Eastwood manages the six-person a cappella group Overtone, who also live with the Eastwoods in their Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, mansion.
Cast
Main cast
Dina Ruiz Eastwood: Dina is a former television news reporter and television personality who has been married to Clint Eastwood since 1996.
Francesca Eastwood: Francesca is Dina's 20-year-old stepdaughter. She is Clint's daughter from his previous relationship with Frances Fisher. She lives in Los Angeles with her boyfriend.
Morgan Eastwood: Morgan is Dina and Clint's 16-year-old daughter.
Overtone: an a cappella band from Johannesburg, South Africa. Dina discovered them during the production of her husband's film Invictus. Dina manages them and relocated the band to California in order to help them sign a recording contract.
Supporting cast
Tyler Shields: Francesca's boyfriend who is a photographer.
Lisa Thrash: the Eastwoods' housekeeper.
Dominic "Dom" Ruiz: Dina's brother and Overtone's road manager.
Jade Marx-Berti: Dominic's wife. She is an actress and is the granddaughter of Groucho Marx.
Clint Eastwood: Dina's husband and father of Francesca and Morgan. He is a famed actor, director and former mayor of Carmel.
Episodes
References
External links
2010s American reality television series
2012 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
English-language television shows
E! original programming
Eastwood family
Television series by Bunim/Murray Productions
Television shows set in California
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382801
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown. Most of the time, those who are affected have no symptoms. Following a specific trigger, symptoms such as yellowish skin, dark urine, shortness of breath, and feeling tired may develop. Complications can include anemia and newborn jaundice. Some people never have symptoms.
It is an X-linked recessive disorder that results in defective glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. Red blood cell breakdown may be triggered by infections, certain medication, stress, or foods such as fava beans. Depending on the specific mutation the severity of the condition may vary. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by blood tests and genetic testing.
Affected persons must avoid dietary triggers, notably fava beans. This can be difficult, as fava beans may be called "broad beans" and are used in many foods, whole or as flour. Falafel is probably the best known, but fava beans are also often used as filler in meatballs and other foods. Since G6PD deficiency is not an allergy, food regulations in most countries do not require that fava beans be highlighted as an allergen on the label.
Treatment of acute episodes may include medications for infection, stopping the offending medication, or blood transfusions. Jaundice in newborns may be treated with bili lights. It is recommended that people be tested for G6PDD before certain medications, such as primaquine, are taken.
About 400 million people have the condition globally. It is particularly common in certain parts of Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. Males are affected more often than females. In 2015 it is believed to have resulted in 33,000 deaths.
Signs and symptoms
Most individuals with G6PD deficiency are asymptomatic.
Most people who develop symptoms are male, due to the X-linked pattern of inheritance, but female carriers can be affected due to unfavorable lyonization or skewed X-inactivation, where random inactivation of an X-chromosome in certain cells creates a population of G6PD-deficient red blood cells coexisting with unaffected red blood cells. A female with one affected X chromosome will show the deficiency in approximately half of their red blood cells. However, in some cases, including double X-deficiency, the ratio can be much more than half, making the individual almost as sensitive as males.
Red blood cell breakdown (also known as hemolysis) in G6PD deficiency can manifest in a number of ways, including the following:
Prolonged neonatal jaundice, possibly leading to kernicterus (arguably the most serious complication of G6PD deficiency)
Hemolytic crises in response to:
Illness (especially infections)
Certain drugs (see below)
Certain foods, most notably broad beans, from which the word favism derives
Certain chemicals
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hemoglobinuria (red or brown urine)
Very severe crisis can cause acute kidney failure
Favism is a hemolytic response to the consumption of fava beans, also known as broad beans. Though all individuals with favism show G6PD deficiency, not all individuals with G6PD deficiency show favism. The condition is known to be more prevalent in infants and children, and G6PD genetic variant can influence chemical sensitivity. Other than this, the specifics of the chemical relationship between favism and G6PD are not well understood.
Cause
Triggers
Carriers of the underlying mutation do not show any symptoms unless their red blood cells are exposed to certain triggers, which can be of four main types:
Foods (fava beans is the hallmark trigger for G6PD mutation carriers),
Certain medicines including aspirin, quinine and other antimalarials derived from quinine.
Moth balls (naphthalene)
Stress from a bacterial or viral infection.
Drugs
Many substances are potentially harmful to people with G6PD deficiency. Variation in response to these substances makes individual predictions difficult. Antimalarial drugs that can cause acute hemolysis in people with G6PD deficiency include primaquine, pamaquine, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine. There is evidence that other antimalarials may also exacerbate G6PD deficiency, but only at higher doses. Sulfonamides (such as sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole, and mafenide), thiazolesulfone, methylene blue, and naphthalene should also be avoided by people with G6PD deficiency as they antagonize folate synthesis, as should certain analgesics (such as phenazopyridine and acetanilide) and a few non-sulfa antibiotics (nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, isoniazid, dapsone, and furazolidone). Henna has been known to cause hemolytic crisis in G6PD-deficient infants. Rasburicase is also contraindicated in G6PD deficiency. High dose intravenous vitamin C has also been known to cause haemolysis in G6PD deficiency carriers; therefore, G6PD deficiency testing is routine before infusion of doses of 25 g or more.
Genetics
Two variants (G6PD A− and G6PD Mediterranean) are the most common in human populations. G6PD A− has an occurrence of 10% of Africans and African-Americans while G6PD Mediterranean is prevalent in the Middle East. The known distribution of the mutated allele is largely limited to people of Mediterranean origins (Spaniards, Italians, Greeks, Armenians, Sephardi Jews and other Semitic peoples). Both variants are believed to stem from a strongly protective effect against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria. It is particularly frequent in the Kurdish Jewish population, wherein approximately 1 in 2 males have the condition and the same rate of females are carriers. It is also common in African American, Saudi Arabian, Sardinian males, some African populations, and Asian groups.
All mutations that cause G6PD deficiency are found on the long arm of the X chromosome, on band Xq28. The G6PD gene spans some 18.5 kilobases. The following variants and mutations are well-known and described:
Pathophysiology
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (see image, also known as the HMP shunt pathway). G6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone and is the rate-limiting enzyme of this metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the reduced form of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The NADPH in turn maintains the supply of reduced glutathione in the cells that is used to mop up free radicals that cause oxidative damage.
The G6PD / NADPH pathway is the only source of reduced glutathione in red blood cells (erythrocytes). The role of red cells as oxygen carriers puts them at substantial risk of damage from oxidizing free radicals except for the protective effect of G6PD/NADPH/glutathione.
People with G6PD deficiency are therefore at risk of hemolytic anemia in states of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can result from infection and from chemical exposure to medication and certain foods. Broad beans, e.g., fava beans, contain high levels of vicine, divicine, convicine and isouramil, all of which create oxidants.
When all remaining reduced glutathione is consumed, enzymes and other proteins (including hemoglobin) are subsequently damaged by the oxidants, leading to cross-bonding and protein deposition in the red cell membranes. Damaged red cells are phagocytosed and sequestered (taken out of circulation) in the spleen. The hemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin (causing jaundice at high concentrations). The red cells rarely disintegrate in the circulation, so hemoglobin is rarely excreted directly by the kidney, but this can occur in severe cases, causing acute kidney injury.
Deficiency of G6PD in the alternative pathway causes the buildup of glucose and thus there is an increase of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE). The deficiency also reduces the amount of NADPH, which is required for the formation of nitric oxide (NO). The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension in Afro-Caribbeans in the West could be directly related to the incidence of G6PD deficiency in those populations.
Although female carriers can have a mild form of G6PD deficiency (dependent on the degree of inactivation of the unaffected X chromosome – see lyonization), homozygous females have been described; in these females there is co-incidence of a rare immune disorder termed chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is generally suspected when patients from certain ethnic groups (see epidemiology) develop anemia, jaundice and symptoms of hemolysis after challenges from any of the above causes, especially when there is a positive family history.
Generally, tests will include:
Complete blood count and reticulocyte count; in active G6PD deficiency, Heinz bodies can be seen in red blood cells on a blood film;
Liver enzymes (to exclude other causes of jaundice);
Lactate dehydrogenase (elevated in hemolysis and a marker of hemolytic severity)
Haptoglobin (decreased in hemolysis);
A "direct antiglobulin test" (Coombs' test) – this should be negative, as hemolysis in G6PD is not immune-mediated;
When there are sufficient grounds to suspect G6PD, a direct test for G6PD is the "Beutler fluorescent spot test", which has largely replaced an older test (the Motulsky dye-decolouration test). Other possibilities are direct DNA testing and/or sequencing of the G6PD gene.
The Beutler fluorescent spot test is a rapid and inexpensive test that visually identifies NADPH produced by G6PD under ultraviolet light. When the blood spot does not fluoresce, the test is positive; it can be falsely negative in patients who are actively hemolysing. It can therefore only be done 2–3 weeks after a hemolytic episode.
When a macrophage in the spleen identifies a RBC with a Heinz body, it removes the precipitate and a small piece of the membrane, leading to characteristic "bite cells". However, if a large number of Heinz bodies are produced, as in the case of G6PD deficiency, some Heinz bodies will nonetheless be visible when viewing RBCs that have been stained with crystal violet. This easy and inexpensive test can lead to an initial presumption of G6PD deficiency, which can be confirmed with the other tests.
Testing during and for many weeks after a haemolytic episode will lead to false negative results as the G6PD deficient RBC will have been excreted and the young RBC (reticulocytes)will not yet be G6PD deficient. False negative results will also be likely following any blood transfusions. For this reason, many hospitals wait for 3 months after a haemolytic episode before testing for G6PD deficiency. Females should have their G6PD activity measured by quantitative assay to avoid being misclassified by screening tests.
Classification
The World Health Organization classifies G6PD genetic variants into five classes, the first three of which are deficiency states.
Class I: Severe deficiency (<10% activity) with chronic (nonspherocytic) hemolytic anemia
Class II: Severe deficiency (<10% activity), with intermittent hemolysis
Class III: Moderate deficiency (10-60% activity), hemolysis with stressors only
Class IV: Non-deficient variant, no clinical sequelae
Class V: Increased enzyme activity, no clinical sequelae
Differential diagnosis
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) deficiency has similar symptoms and is often mistaken for G6PD deficiency, as the affected enzyme is within the same pathway, however these diseases are not linked and can be found within the same person.
Treatment
The most important measure is prevention – avoidance of the drugs and foods that cause hemolysis. Vaccination against some common pathogens (e.g. hepatitis A and hepatitis B) may prevent infection-induced attacks.
In the acute phase of hemolysis, blood transfusions might be necessary, or even dialysis in acute kidney failure. Blood transfusion is an important symptomatic measure, as the transfused red cells are generally not G6PD deficient and will live a normal lifespan in the recipient's circulation. Those affected should avoid drugs such as aspirin.
Some patients may benefit from removal of the spleen (splenectomy), as this is an important site of red cell destruction. Folic acid should be used in any disorder featuring a high red cell turnover. Although vitamin E and selenium have antioxidant properties, their use does not decrease the severity of G6PD deficiency.
Prognosis
G6PD-deficient individuals do not appear to acquire any illnesses more frequently than other people, and may have less risk than other people for acquiring ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease.
However, a recent study revealed that G6PD deficiency increases the cardiovascular risk up to 70%. The risk conferred by G6PD deficiency is moderate compared with the impact of primary cardiovascular risk factors.
Besides, a published review hypothesized that G6PD deficiency could reduce the antiplatelet efficacy of clopidogrel (clopidogrel resistance).
Epidemiology
G6PD deficiency is the second most common human enzyme defect after ALDH2 deficiency, being present in more than 400 million people worldwide. G6PD deficiency resulted in 4,100 deaths in 2013 and 3,400 deaths in 1990. African, Middle Eastern and South Asian people are affected the most, including those who have these ancestries.
A side effect of this disease is that it confers protection against malaria, in particular the form of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly form of malaria. A similar relationship exists between malaria and sickle-cell disease. One theory to explain this is that cells infected with the Plasmodium parasite are cleared more rapidly by the spleen. This phenomenon might give G6PD deficiency carriers an evolutionary advantage by increasing their fitness in malarial endemic environments.
In vitro studies have shown that the Plasmodium falciparum is very sensitive to oxidative damage. This is the basis for another theory, that is that the genetic defect confers resistance due to the fact that the G6PD-deficient host has a higher level of oxidative agents that, while generally tolerable by the host, are deadly to the parasite.
History
The modern understanding of the condition began with the analysis of patients who exhibited sensitivity to primaquine. The discovery of G6PD deficiency relied heavily upon the testing of prisoner volunteers at Illinois State Penitentiary, a type of study which today is considered unethical and cannot be performed. When some prisoners were given the drug primaquine, some developed hemolytic anemia but others did not. In spite of these results, the US military administered the drug widely during the Korean War to prevent the relapsing infection caused by Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites. Numerous cases of hemolytic anemia were observed in US soldiers of North African and Mediterranean descent.
After studying the mechanism through Cr51 testing, it was conclusively shown that the hemolytic effect of primaquine was due to an intrinsic defect of erythrocytes.
Society and culture
In both legend and mythology, favism has been known since antiquity. The priests of various Greco-Roman era cults were forbidden to eat or even mention beans, and Pythagoras had a strict rule that to join the society of the Pythagoreans one had to swear off beans. This ban was supposedly because beans resembled male genitalia, but it is possible that this was because of a belief that beans and humans were created from the same material.
References
External links
Family Practice Notebook/G6PD Deficiency (Favism)
Hereditary hemolytic anemias
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
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39776279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty%20and%20the%20Beach%20%28film%29
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Beauty and the Beach (film)
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Beauty and the Beach is a 1941 American short musical film directed by Leslie M. Roush. It was nominated for an Academy Award at the 14th Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (One-Reel).
Cast
Johnny Long as Orchestra Leader
References
External links
1941 films
1941 musical films
1941 short films
American films
American musical films
American short films
English-language films
American black-and-white films
Paramount Pictures short films
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14456470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Facts%20%28Seattle%29
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The Facts (Seattle)
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The Facts, also known as Seattle Facts, is an African-American weekly newspaper that serves Seattle, Washington. Headquartered in the Central District, it was founded September 7, 1961 by Fitzgerald Redd Beaver. Printed by Pacific Media Inc. His children, Marla, LaVonne Beaver are currently the publishers and editors. Leaving Mrs.Elizabeth Beaver as the current leader after Beaver's death in 1992 The Facts is a member of the West Coast Black Publishers Association and bills itself as the "Voice of the Black Community."
Background
"The Facts" was the first African-American oriented newspaper in Seattle and is now only one of three African-American oriented newspapers in the area. The newspaper distributes around 80,000 copies currently in Seattle and surrounding area, the paper earns about $500,000 a year. The Facts started with a measly 5,000 newspapers in circulation. The Newspaper is published every Wednesday. The Puget Sound region's black newspapers are bucking a national trend of fast-slipping circulation. "The Facts" founder Fitz Redd Beaver originally started the paper because he was looking for a source of income after losing his previous job. The main emphasis of "The Facts" is to primarily develop a perspective that can be interpreted by a mass audience. Fitz Redd Beaver examined the possibility of making a difference in his particular community to identify how data and information can be delivered. This viewpoint allowed an audience to develop an inherent eye on how information in the North West, specifically Seattle could be identified. The goal of The Facts was to pick up stories that are oriented towards the African-American population in Seattle. The Facts also hired many black journalists who later left the paper to create other newspapers such as The Medium, The Skanner and more in and around the northwest region.
Competition
There are currently three African-American oriented newspapers in the Seattle area: The Seattle Medium, The Skanner, and The Facts. There is much debate if the African-American population in Seattle is large enough to support three newspapers. Fitzgerald Redd Beaver the founder of “The Facts” assisted his biggest competitors Chris Bennett and Ernie Foster in opening their own African American oriented newspapers. Redd Beaver later distinguished his paper from his competitors by adding a distinctive pink color to his newspaper. Given the African-American population is 52,000. Both The Skanner and The Facts are free gaining their revenue from ads. The Seattle Medium is relatively low in cost at 25 cents a paper.
Founder
Fitzgerald Redd Beaver (1922-1992) was born January 18, 1922 in Martinsville, Virginia. Beaver graduated from high school in his home town of Martinsville, Virginia. He then went on to enroll and attend at North Carolina A&T College, but dropped out before graduating. Fitz had several jobs before coming to the Northwest including: a civilian employee for the U.S Army, a railroad porter, and working at a radio station. His career at the radio station sparked his passion, spending the rest of his life in public relations and journalism. Quite successful in his career on the radio he became known as “Eager Beaver” on his radio show. Taking this fame he moved to manage a black owned radio station in the Northwest. Staying a short while, then founded “The Facts”. Fitz continued to better his community throughout his life as the president of the Boys and Girls Club, creating a primarily African American golf club, and worked with the government on minority recruitings.
Relation to Community Involvement Commission
"The Facts" is an avenue in which information can be illustrated, however, the Community Involvement Commission is a designed platform for sources to provide immediate services. The main focus for the commission is as Seattle becomes more developed, the city needs to expand their public discourse and ensure that specific demographic groups are represented in the City's council. As well as that any barriers that restrict individuals from involvement are immediately disrupted or eliminated. "The Facts" is an option for those in the City of Seattle to investigate how changes can be performed, meanwhile, highlight necessary needs that need to be addressed or investigated further. In relation to how "The Facts" corresponds with the principles of the Community Involvement Commission is rather implicit. "The Facts" is a newspaper that focuses on the African-American demographic and how this specific demographic can be an impact towards development in the City of Seattle.
Further reading
Hathorn, Clay. "Facts, Medium and Skanner face off; the Puget Sound region's black newspapers are bucking a national trend of fast-slipping circulation." Puget Sound Business Journal 4 Feb. 1991: 16. Business Insights: Global. Web. 15 Feb. 2019.
References
External links
African-American newspapers
Companies based in Seattle
Newspapers published in Seattle
Publications established in 1961
African-American history in Seattle
1961 establishments in Washington (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zams%C3%A9
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Zamsé
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Zamsé may refer to:
Zamsé, Bam, Burkina Faso
Zamsé, Ganzourgou, Burkina Faso
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57368195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple%20%26%20Pearls
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Pineapple & Pearls
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Pineapple & Pearls is a restaurant located on Barracks Row in Washington, D.C., serving a fixed-price multi-course dinner. The Washington Post gave the restaurant a four star review, writing that Aaron Silverman, the chef and owner, "...pushes the fine-dining cause in only exquisite directions."
The restaurant is next door to its sister restaurant, Rose's Luxury. A more casual daytime cafe operated in the front bar area of Pineapple & Pearls until December 2017, when the cafe, known as Little Pearl, opened its own location a few blocks away.
Awards
2016 Best New Restaurants, No.1, The Washington Post.
2017 Very Best Restaurants in Washington, No.1, Washingtonian (magazine).
2017 Michelin Stars , the Michelin Guide.
2018 Five Diamond Rating, the American Automobile Association.
2020 Michelin Star (Little Pearl), the Michelin Guide.
See also
List of Michelin starred restaurants in Washington, D.C.
References
Restaurants established in 2016
Restaurants in Washington, D.C.
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the United States
Fine dining
2016 establishments in Washington, D.C.
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37720625
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwasi%20Addai%20Odike
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Akwasi Addai Odike
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Akwasi Addai Odike is a Ghanaian businessman and politician.
Early life and education
Odike completed his secondary school education at Aduman Secondary school where he obtained the GCE Ordinary Level certificate. He later established as a business man running his own company, Odike Ventures in the Ashanti Region.
Politics
United Front Party
Odike was the candidate of the United Front Party for the Ghanaian presidential election in December 2012. He placed eighth out of eight contestants with 0.08% of the votes cast. A feud developed within the UFP. The main protagonists were Odike and Nana Agyenim Boateng, chairman of the party. This led to dismissals and counter dismissals and some scuffles between both factions.
The party contested the 2016 Ghanaian general election but failed to win a single seat. Prior to that election, Addai Odike had been suspended for breaching the party's constitution in appointing his own son as the acting General Secretary.
United Progressive Party
Odike and Razak Kojo Opoku left the UFP and co-founded the United Progressive Party which was registered with the Electoral Commission of Ghana (EC) in May 2015. In March 2019, he was sacked from the party due to ongoing differences. This sacking split the party into two factions, each claiming leadership of the party. After a period of disputes about who was the legitimate presidential candidate for the UPP, Odike announced that he was withdrawing from the contest. He proceeded to back Nana Akufo-Addo, then leader of the biggest opposition party, the NPP in the 2016 election. He was however critical of Nana Akufo-Addo in the run up to the 2020 election, accusing him of nepotism.
Later, Odike again managed to become the party's nominee to stand for president in the 2020 Ghanaian general election. He complained during the week candidates were submitting their forms to the Electoral Commission that various people including some from the Commission and some New Patriotic Party (NPP) officials were preventing him from registering. This was denied by the chairman of the NPP, Peter Mac Manu. Although he managed to file his nomination papers on schedule, he was disqualified from contesting the 2020 election by the Electoral Commission because his documents were not satisfactory. Odike expressed surprise and indicated that he was going to contest the decision. Some within his own party however suggested that he was disqualified because some party executives including Razak Kojo Opoku, co-founder of the party undermined him.
Notes
External links and sources
Akwasi Addai Odike's profile on Ghana Web
Living people
1964 births
Candidates for President of Ghana
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24004366
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs%20Membrado%20Giner
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Jesús Membrado Giner
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Jesús Membrado Giner (27 January 1949, Bordón, Spain) is a Spanish politician for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).
Married with one daughter, Membrado gained a degree in History and Geography and subsequently worked as a school teacher. In 1993, he became Secretary General of the Aragon regional branch of the Unión General de Trabajadores a major Spanish Trade Union historically linked to the PSOE. He held that position until 2004.
He entered politics in 2004 when he was elected to the Spanish national parliament as a deputy for Zaragoza province. He was re-elected in 2008 and headed the PSOE list on both occasions.
References
External links
Interview in El Periodico de Aragon
Membrado's blog
1949 births
Living people
People from Maestrazgo, Aragon
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
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17932082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Super%20Tourenwagen%20Cup
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1997 Super Tourenwagen Cup
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The 1997 ADAC Deutsche Super Touren Wagen-Cup was the fourth edition of the Super Tourenwagen Cup (STW).
Season summary
The 1997 season saw a battle for the championship between Laurent Aïello for Peugeot and Joachim Winkelhock for BMW. Aiello took an early lead which he held throughout the season, scoring an impressive 11 wins and 17 podiums in 20 races. Winkelhock meanwhile emerged as the prime challenger after an even start between him and teammate Johnny Cecotto, but despite a mid-season four-race winning streak he could not catch Aiello, who claimed the title for Peugeot. Reigning champions Audi meanwhile struggled, despite a star lineup including Emanuele Pirro, Yvan Muller and Tamara Vidali, with Pirro winning only a single race and the other two drivers failing to reach the podium.
Teams and drivers
Race calendar and results
Championship results
Manufacturers' Trophy
Footnotes
External links
Super Tourenwagen Cup
Super Tourenwagen Cup Season
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60232171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishaka%20Girls%20High%20School%2C%20Badulla
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Vishaka Girls High School, Badulla
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Vishaka Girls' High School is a girls' school in Badulla, Sri Lanka. It is a National School funded by the central government providing primary and secondary education.
History
The school was established in 1892 as a private school by the Methodist Church in Sri Lanka as the Girls High School, Badulla. In 1963 the school was converted to a public school and in 1993 was upgraded to a national school.
See also
Education in Sri Lanka
References
External links
School Website
1892 establishments in Ceylon
Educational institutions established in 1892
Girls' schools in Sri Lanka
National schools in Sri Lanka
Schools in Badulla District
Buildings and structures in Badulla
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65702493
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiogyra
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Ecclesiogyra
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Ecclesiogyra is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae, commonly known as wentletraps.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species, the following species with valid names are included within the genus Ecclesiogyra :
Eccliseogyra aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)
Eccliseogyra brasiliensis Garcia, 2011
Eccliseogyra exquisita Bouchet & Warén, 1986
Eccliseogyra folini (Dautzenberg & de Boury, 1897)
Eccliseogyra formosissima (Jeffreys, 1884)
Eccliseogyra fragilissima (Schepman, 1909)
Eccliseogyra frausseni L. G. Brown, 2019
Eccliseogyra jungcheni K.-Y. Lai, 2018
Eccliseogyra maracatu S. Lima & Christoffersen, 2013
Eccliseogyra monnioti Bouchet & Warén, 1986
Eccliseogyra nitida (Verrill & S. Smith [in Verrill], 1885)
Eccliseogyra performosa (de Boury, 1917)
Eccliseogyra pyrrhias (R. B. Watson, 1886)
Eccliseogyra sericea Bouchet & Warén, 1986
Species brought into synonymy
Eccliseogyra capitata (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Scala capitata Thiele, 1925
Eccliseogyra carchedon (Iredale, 1936) : synonym of Epitonium carchedon (Iredale, 1936)
Eccliseogyra dissoluta (Locard, 1897) : synonym of Eccliseogyra nitida (Verrill & S. Smith [in Verrill], 1885)
Eccliseogyra gratissima (Thiele, 1925) : synonym of Amaea gratissima (Thiele, 1925)
Eccliseogyra laxatoides Kuroda, 1995 : synonym of Cycloscala laxatoides (Nakayama, 1995)
Eccliseogyra nebulosa Dall, 1919 : synonym of Amaea brunneopicta (Dall, 1908)
Eccliseogyra striatissima (Monterosato, 1878) : synonym of Epitonium striatissimum (Monterosato, 1878)
References
External links
Dall W.H. (1892). Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida with especial reference to the Miocene silex-beds of Tampa and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River. 2. Streptodont and other gastropods, concluded. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia. 3(2): 201-473
Brown L.G. & Neville B.D. (2015). Catalog of the recent taxa of the families Epitoniidae and Nystiellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. Zootaxa. 3907(1): 1-188
Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
Epitoniidae
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32199053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwi%20pwi
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Pwi pwi
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A Pwi pwi is type of miniature raft, native to Dominica. They were carved out of tree trunks, usually Bois Canon (Cecropia peltata) by the Kalinago people, very simple in design, used for inshore fishing for fish, lobster, shellfish and conch.
References
External links
Photograph
Rafts
Dominica culture
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15042701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina%20Konarzyny
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Gmina Konarzyny
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Gmina Konarzyny () is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the village of Konarzyny, which lies approximately north-west of Chojnice and south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 2,178.
Villages
Gmina Konarzyny contains the villages and settlements of Binduga, Borne, Boryń, Ciecholewy, Duża Kępina, Dzięgiel, Jaranty, Jonki, Kępinka, Kiełpin, Konarzynki, Konarzyny, Korne, Niepszczołąg, Nierostowo, Nowa Karczma, Nowa Parszczenica, Parszczenica, Popielewo, Pustkowie, Rowista, Zielona Chocina, Zielona Huta, Złota Góra, Żychce and Żychckie Osady.
Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Konarzyny is bordered by the gminas of Chojnice, Człuchów, Lipnica and Przechlewo.
References
Polish official population figures 2006
Konarzyny
Chojnice County
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10599471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Scott%20%28gridiron%20football%29
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James Scott (gridiron football)
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James Scott (born March 28, 1952) is a retired American football wide receiver who played seven seasons for the Chicago Bears in the National Football League. He was originally selected by the New York Jets in the 1975 NFL Draft.
In 1974, he played for the Chicago Fire of the World Football League, catching 52 passes for 755 yards and 8 touchdowns. He had his best pro season in 1981, for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League, when he caught 81 passes for 1422 yards and 6 touchdowns and was a conference All-Star.
Scott is now living back in his home state of Texas, near Dallas.
1952 births
Living people
People from Longview, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
American football wide receivers
Chicago Fire (WFL) players
Chicago Bears players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football wide receivers
Montreal Alouettes players
Trinity Valley Cardinals football players
People from Gladewater, Texas
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20050683
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Gehman
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Richard Gehman
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Richard Boyd Gehman (May 21, 1921 – May 13, 1972) was an American author of five novels and 15 nonfiction books, as well as more than 3,000 magazine articles, including over 400 features. Gehman wrote under many different pen names, such as Meghan Richards, Frederick Christian, Martin Scott, Michael Robinson and F.C. Uffelman.
Biography
Gehman attended J. P. McCaskey High School in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and worked on several local daily newspapers before joining the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in World War II. He served four years as a writer for The Oak Ridge Times in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. After the war he moved to Greenwich Village in New York City and began freelancing for Esquire, Life, Time, Cosmopolitan, Collier's, Argosy, True, Saga, and The Saturday Evening Post magazines. Gehman was an original Contributing Editor at Playboy.
Gehman's circle of friends included many well-known American writers, editors, painters, and actors, including Robert Frost, Joseph Heller, E.B. White, Roger Angell, Jackson Pollock, Diane Arbus, Howard Nemerov, Estelle Parsons, Jerry Lewis, Maurice Zolotow, Charlotte Zolotow, Morton Thompson and Anthony Hecht, among others.
Maurice Zolotow once claimed that Gehman wrote an entire issue of Cosmopolitan using more than a dozen different pen names; the truth is that Gehman wrote two or three of the principal articles for one issue, each under a different name, plus a record review under the name “Meghan Richards,” and possibly one other regular column. In those days Cosmopolitan used a graphic, diagonal cover banner to highlight special features. Cosmopolitan's editors had a mock-up cover made whose banner bore the legend: "The All Richard Gehman Issue."
Mark Evanier describes Gehman as "a prominent author of his day, specializing in celebrity profiles. He often got access to follow stars around for a few weeks so he could interview them extensively and report on what he observed...."
Gehman was descended from the Christian Gehman who arrived in what is now Pennsylvania in 1653. Gehman was the oldest of the four boys born to Martin Gehman, who fought in World War I, and Nellie Boyd. Gehman married five times. His third wife was Academy Award-winning actress Estelle Parsons, from 1953 to 1958. His fourth wife, Betsy Holland Gehman (d. 2016) a writer, was best known as the author of Twins: Twice the Trouble, Twice the Fun. His fifth wife, Marianne, was his high school sweetheart. Gehman fathered at least nine children, including Scott (d. 1981); writer Christian Gehman and brother, college professor, Robinson Gehman; Martha Gehman, an actor; her twin sister, Abbie Britton, a boutique owner; burlesque entrepreneur Pleasant Gehman; computer systems engineer Charles Gehman (d. 2020); Marian theologist Meghan Gehman; and White House food historian Eddie Gehman Kohan. Gehman's grandson with Estelle Parsons played professional football: Eben Britton.
Literary works
Along with several other bon vivants, Gehman was a "shadow member" of "The Rat Pack." Gehman appeared as himself in the Jerry Lewis movie The Patsy.
Selected works:
Sardi's: The Story of a Famous Restaurant (1953)
A Murder in Paradise (1954)
Eddie Condon's Treasury of Jazz (with Eddie Condon) (1957)
How to Write and Sell Magazine Articles (1959)
Let My Heart be Broken: With the Things that Break the Heart of God (1960)
The Best From Cosmopolitan (editor) (1961)
Sinatra and his Rat Pack (1961)
The Tall American: The Story of Gary Cooper (1963)
That Kid: The Story of Jerry Lewis (1964)
Bogart: An Intimate Biography (1965)
A Hell of a Life with Harry Richman (1966)
The Haphazard Gourmet (1966)
The Sausage Book (1969)
The Day of the Locust by Nathaniel West - introduction to Modern Library Edition (1950)
In The Soup, In A Stew (unpublished)
Playboy's Playboy: An Intimate Biography of Hugh Hefner (unpublished)
Novels:
A Party at the Buchanan Club (1950)
Each Life to Live (1952)
The Slander of Witches (1955)
Driven (1960)
The Had (1966)
Musical Comedy:
By Hex (1956) (with Howard Blankman and John Rengier)
Gehman taught writing at:
The Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa
New York University
Columbia University
Indiana University
Pennsylvania State University
Bread Loaf Writers' Conference at Middlebury College.
In the early 1960s, Gehman was hired by TV Guide magazine, for which he wrote many articles focused on celebrities. Gehman believed that creative people were often emotionally insecure because of an unhappy childhood, and that those who became celebrities in the entertainment industry sometimes did so because their insecurity motivated them to succeed.
His last years were spent in Lancaster, Pa, where he died in 1972.
References
1921 births
1972 deaths
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War II
20th-century American writers
20th-century American male writers
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36001084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Love%20of%20All
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The Greatest Love of All
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"The Greatest Love of All" is a song written by Michael Masser, who composed the music, and Linda Creed, who wrote the lyrics. It was originally recorded in 1977 by George Benson, who made the song a substantial hit, peaking at number two on the US Hot Soul Singles chart that year, the first R&B chart top-ten hit for Arista Records. The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film The Greatest, a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali, and is performed during the opening credits.
Benson's original recording was released in 1977 in the United States, Japan, France, Germany, New Zealand, Australia, Italy, Brazil, Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Thailand, on an extended play (EP). He officially recorded the song four times; in addition to the studio single, Benson also recorded three live versions, the last time in a duet with Luciano Pavarotti in 2001. Since 1977, a great number of artists have recorded this song, including Shirley Bassey, Oleta Adams, Alexandra Burke, Deborah Cox, Ferrante & Teicher and Kevin Rowland.
Eight years after Benson's original recording, the song became even more well known for a version by Whitney Houston, whose 1985 cover (with the slightly amended title "Greatest Love of All") eventually topped the charts, peaking at number one in the United States, Australia, Canada and on the US R&B chart in early 1986.
Background and composition
The song's music was composed by Michael Masser, and its lyrics were written by Linda Creed, in 1976 for The Greatest. According to the Los Angeles Times, after he had been asked to write the song for the movie, Masser felt drawn to Jerusalem, even though he was not a religious man, "to get the feelings—not just my own." Masser also told the Los Angeles Times his special feelings about Ali:
Here was a man who wanted to change his name and religion. That's all. Ali hadn't believed in the war in Vietnam and had refused to fight in it. He won that battle through the legal system. Still, he lost everything—including his title. But Ali retained the most important thing of all—his dignity.
In an interview with the Ocala Star-Banner in 1988, similarly, Masser said that "He (Ali) represented to me a tremendous athlete who suffered prejudice from the white man's world. He didn't give up what he believed even though he lost his title." Masser also told the Los Angeles Times that the song had another personal meaning for him to give up a legal career to pursue his interest in music, adding, "People thought I was crazy. I had to starve. Had no money. Marriage broke up. But I had to do what I'd wanted to do since I was 6... write music." Upon his return from Jerusalem, he contracted with lyricist Creed to work on the song and wrote it right from the heart. Then Masser had George Benson perform the song for the soundtrack. He said, "The record came out and the song became an underground theme for black people."
Benson recorded "The Greatest Love of All" for the soundtrack album of The Greatest. The song was released as a single in the same year and was a substantial hit, reaching number 2 on the Billboard R&B chart, the first R&B Top Ten hit for Arista Records, and ended the year at position 33. The single also reached positions number 3 on the Cash Box Top 100 R&B and number 4 on the Record World R&B Singles. In other charts, the single was between positions number 22 and number 29 in the US, number 27 in the UK, and number 25 and 42 in Canada. "The Greatest Love of All" is one of George Benson's most successful hits, and for this reason, two of his numerous collections were intutated as The Greatest Hits of All. and The Very Best of George Benson: The Greatest Hits of All,
Charts
Weekly charts
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1977)
!Peakposition
|-
| Australia (Kent Music Report)
|style="text-align:center;"|94
|-
| Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)
|style="text-align:center;"|42
|-
| Canada Top Singles (RPM)
|style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
| UK Singles (Official Charts)
|style="text-align:center;"|27
|-
| US R&B Chart (Billboard)
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
| US Top 100 R&B (Cash Box)
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|-
| US R&B Singles (Record World)
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|-
| US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)
|style="text-align:center;"|22
|-
|-
| US Singles Chart (Record World)
|style="text-align:center;"|27
|-
| US Top 100 Singles (Cash Box)
|style="text-align:center;"|29
|}
Year-end charts
Whitney Houston version
The song was further popularized by American singer Whitney Houston under the title "Greatest Love of All", without the definitive article "The". The song was recorded in December 1984 for her 1985 self-titled debut studio album. The song became a major hit, topping the charts in Australia, Canada and the US, while reaching the top 20 in most countries, including Italy, Sweden and the UK. It remains her third biggest US hit, after "I Will Always Love You" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". All three songs, in order of their former popularity, re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart, after Houston's death in 2012, debuting the same week at numbers 7, 35 and 41, respectively, giving Houston three posthumous chart hits.
Clive Davis, founder of Houston's label Arista Records, was initially against Houston recording the song for her debut studio album, Whitney Houston, but he eventually gave in after persuasion from Houston and Masser. It was released as the B-side to the single "You Give Good Love", a previous Top 5 hit by Houston. The song, eventually released as a single in its own right, on March 18, 1986, was the seventh release from Houston's debut album, and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in May of that year.
Her live performance in 1990 in the 15th anniversary of Arista Records concert in Radio City Music Hall was included in the 25th anniversary deluxe edition of Whitney Houston and the 2014 CD/DVD release, Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances.
Background
Masser said, "When I first met Whitney in 1981-82, she was about 19 or 20 and unknown. I went into Sweetwater's, and I thought I must be totally out of it—I said, 'I must be going crazy, I think I'm hearing one of my songs.' She was singing 'The Greatest Love of All' just as I walked in, and that meant something to me. Two and a half years later when I was doing Teddy Pendergrass there was a duet and everybody wanted me to use this or that known person. Only because I had heard Whitney singing 'The Greatest Love of All'. I chose her."
Music video
Houston's music video was filmed at Harlem's Apollo Theater in New York City. In the video, she is a successful singer who is about to perform in front of an audience. She reminisces about the time when she was a child performing in a talent competition and receiving encouragement from her mother. The video features Houston's mother Cissy Houston playing herself, supporting a young Whitney, as well as hugging present Whitney at the end of the video. It was directed by Peter Israelson, filmed with James Contner as DP and Steadicam operator Robin Buerki shooting 35mm film. In February 2020, the music video was upscaled to 4K.
Reception
Critical reception
Many critics called the song the centerpiece of Houston's debut album. Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote that "Houston sings it with a forceful directness that gives its message of self-worth an astounding resonance and conviction" and called the song a compelling assertion of spiritual devotion, black pride, and family loyalty, all at once. Don Shewey of Rolling Stone wrote that as the song builds, Houston "slowly pours on the soul, slips in some churchy phrasing, holds notes a little longer and shows off her glorious voice."
Chart performance
Benson's 1977 version was an R&B hit, reaching number 2 on the R&B chart. It was a moderate pop hit, making the top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100. Houston's version reached number one on the Hot 100 chart for three weeks in 1986. The single was the fourth hit (and third number 1) from her debut album. To date, this song was her second longest stay atop this chart, behind 1992's "I Will Always Love You". The song also reached number one on both component charts, the Hot 100 Singles Sales and the Hot 100 Airplay, her second consecutive release to do so, and stayed for 14 weeks inside the top 40. On other Billboard charts, Houston also performed well, reaching number three on the R&B chart. The song topped the adult contemporary chart for five weeks, Houston's longest stay at the top of that chart at the time. The song ranked No. 11 on Billboard's year end pop singles chart.
After her death, the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 41.
Accolades
Houston won the American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Video Single, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Record of the Year and a Soul Train Music Award for Single of the Year.
Track listing and formats
US 7" Vinyl Single
A "Greatest Love of All" – 4:51
B "Thinking About You" – 4:06
UK 12" Vinyl Maxi-Single
A "Greatest Love of All" – 4:49
B1 "Thinking About You" – 4:03
B2 "Shock Me" (duet with Jermaine Jackson) – 5:05
Spain 12" Vinyl Maxi-Single
A "Greatest Love of All" – 4:49
B1 "Someone for Me" – 4:58
B2 "Thinking About You" – 4:07
Japan CD Single
"Greatest Love of All" – 4:51
"Thinking About You" – 4:03
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
End-of-decade charts
All-time charts
Certifications
Other versions
A great number of other artists have covered this song, including Shirley Bassey, Oleta Adams, Alexandra Burke, Deborah Cox, Ferrante & Teicher, Kevin Rowland and Katy Perry.
On May 29, 2001, the Italian operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti performed the concert "Pavarotti & Friends" in his hometown of Modena, Italy. To raise money for refugees from Afghanistan under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, this concert called "Pavarotti & Friends for Afghanistan" featured guest artists, one of them being his friend George Benson. The song performed in duet by the two was Benson's song "The Greatest Love of All", sung in parts by Benson in English and elsewhere by Pavarotti in Italian. This complete concert "Pavarotti & Friends for Afghanistan" raised $3.3 million for its cause, and was recorded and released in CD in 2001. The song was credited with the original title "The Greatest Love of All" recorded by Benson.
Controversy
In April 1987, Gordon Lightfoot filed a lawsuit against Michael Masser, alleging that Masser's song "The Greatest Love of All" stole twenty-four bars from Lightfoot's 1970 hit "If You Could Read My Mind." According to Maclean's'', Lightfoot commented, "It really rubbed me the wrong way. I don't want the present-day generation to think that I stole my song from him." Lightfoot has stated that he dropped the suit when he felt it was having a negative effect on Whitney Houston, as the suit was about Masser and not her. Ultimately the case was settled out of court and Masser issued a public apology.
References
External links
Benson's "The Greatest Love of All" page at Discogs
Benson's "The Greatest Love of All" page at 45cat
Houston's "Greatest Love of All" page at Discogs
1977 singles
1977 songs
1986 singles
Arista Records singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
CBS Sports
Contemporary R&B ballads
George Benson songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Pop ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies
Songs written by Linda Creed
Songs written by Michael Masser
Soul ballads
Whitney Houston songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Johnston%20%28footballer%29
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Bob Johnston (footballer)
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Bob Johnston (29 August 1929 – 15 December 2012) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Notes
External links
Bob Johnston on Demonwiki
1929 births
2012 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Melbourne Football Club players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monksfield
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Monksfield
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Monksfield (1972–1989) was an entire horse Irish-trained National Hunt racehorse who won the Champion Hurdle in 1978 and 1979. He also won the Aintree Hurdle at Aintree Racecourse three times - including a dead-heat with Night Nurse, one of his two greatest rivals.
Monksfield's dam, Regina, was bred by the Aga Khan. His granddam was Tambara who won the Coronation Stakes at Ascot. His dam sire was the 1952 Derby winner Tulyar.
Monksfield cost his Irish trainer Des McDonogh only 740 guineas as a yearling, but he won five times on the flat to add to his hurdling triumphs. He won four times in his first season hurdling, as well as finishing second in the Triumph Hurdle at Cheltenham. He was runner-up in the 1977 Champion Hurdle behind Night Nurse, but triumphed in 1978, ahead of Sea Pigeon and Night Nurse. The rivalry between Monksfield and Sea Pigeon reached its peak in 1979 and 1980 with Monksfield winning the 1979 Champion Hurdle, and the latter reversing the decision - by seven lengths - a year later. Monksfield died in 1989 after nine years at stud: his best winners included Lakendara, Garrylough, Judge's Fancy and It's a Snip.
References
The Complete Encyclopedia of Horse Racing - written by Bill Mooney and George Ennor
1972 racehorse births
1989 racehorse deaths
Cheltenham Festival winners
Champion Hurdle winners
National Hunt racehorses
Thoroughbred family 6-d
Racehorses bred in Ireland
Racehorses trained in Ireland
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27836427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Livingston
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Arthur Livingston
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Arthur Livingston (born September 30, 1883 in Northbridge, Massachusetts - died 1944), was an American professor of Romance languages and literatures, translator, and publisher, who played a significant role in introducing a number of European writers to readers in the United States in the period between World War I and World War II.
Biography
Arthur Livingston earned his A.B. at Amherst College in 1904, and received a doctorate in Romance languages from Columbia University in 1910.
Livingston taught Italian at Smith College (1908-1909) and at Cornell University (1910-1911). He was associate professor of Romance Languages at Columbia University (1911-1917).
During World War I, Arthur Livingston was an editor with the Foreign Press Bureau of the Committee on Public Information. After the war he co-founded with Paul Kennaday and Ernest Poole the Foreign Press Service, which represented foreign authors in English-language markets. He persuaded many American publishers that it was possible to create a market for the work of European authors in the United States. Livingston helped introduce to the United States the work of Octave Aubry, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, Giuseppe Antonio Borgese, Benedetto Croce, Claude Farrère, Guglielmo Ferrero, André Maurois, Alberto Moravia, Gaetano Mosca, Giovanni Papini, Vilfredo Pareto, Luigi Pirandello, Giuseppe Prezzolini, and Guido da Verona.
In 1926 Livingston returned to academia, becoming Professor of Romance Languages at Columbia University in 1935.
Personal life and views
Livingston was strongly opposed to fascism and was in correspondence with a number of anti-fascist intellectuals in Italy, like Laura de Bosis. His political position created difficulties for him at Columbia University.
Arthur Livingston had a notable liaison with the actress Eleonora Duse.
Published work
As a scholar, Livingston was the author of two book-length studies of Gian Francesco Busenello.
He was better known for his superb translations, which are sometimes said to be more readable than the originals. Livingston translated three works by Octave Aubry, nine works of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, and single works by Benedetto Croce (The Conduct of Life, 1924), Claude Farrère, Guglielmo Ferrero, and Alberto Moravia, as well as The One-Act Plays of Luigi Pirandello (Dutton, 1928). His four-volume translation of Vilfredo Pareto's 1916 magnum opus as The Mind and Society (1935) contributed to a Pareto vogue in the 1930s in American intellectual circles that was promoted by writers like Bernard DeVoto.
A posthumous collection of Livingston's criticism was published in 1950 as Essays on Modern Italian Literature.
References
Arthur Livingston: An Inventory of His Papers at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center
External links
1883 births
1944 deaths
Columbia University faculty
Cornell University faculty
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478845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburg%2C%20Michigan
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Newburg, Michigan
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Newburg is the name of two places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
Newburg, Lenawee County, Michigan:
Newburg, Shiawassee County, Michigan
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23636051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20Village%20Historic%20District
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Clinton Village Historic District
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Clinton Village Historic District may refer to:
Clinton Village Historic District (Clinton, Connecticut), listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
Clinton Village Historic District (Clinton, New York), listed on the NRHP in New York
See also
Clinton (disambiguation)
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60456524
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Petty
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Kate Petty
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Kate Petty (born Katharine Chapman, 9 June 1951 – 22 May 2007) was a British author of children's books.
Born in Welwyn Garden City, she studied at York University before becoming an editor at Jonathan Cape. One of her most successful publications was The Great Grammar Book, which was illustrated by Jennie Maizels. She was a prolific author, writing nearly 100 books, mostly non-fiction picture books for children.
She died in St Austell of cancer.
References
1951 births
2007 deaths
British women children's writers
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61734358
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim%20Kavalchuk
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Maksim Kavalchuk
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Maksim Kavalchuk (; ; born 5 March 2000) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Dinamo Brest.
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Belarusian footballers
Association football midfielders
FC Dynamo Brest players
FC Energetik-BGU Minsk players
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29273373
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranco%20de%20Badajoz
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Barranco de Badajoz
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The Barranco de Badajoz or Chamoco is a ravine on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), in the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, part of the municipality of Güímar in the southeast of the island.
Archeology
The most significant prehistoric remains on the island were found in this area, demonstrating the aboriginal guanche activity. In addition, several Guanche mummies have been found here, so the place is important archaeologically.
Legends
There are many legends about experiences people have had who have visited and stayed mainly at night in the Barranco de Badajoz. Many people claim to have seen apparitions of angelic beings and to have experienced various paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFO's to poltergeists and orbs, balls of fire, appearances of the legendary Tibicena, ritual satanic and other spectral phenomena. The area has been described as similar to the Bridgewater Triangle (Massachusetts) in the United States.
References
External links
Official Website
Ravines of the Canary Islands
Angelic apparitions
Geography of Tenerife
Paranormal places in Spain
Spanish legends
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53471367
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux%20Record
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Montreux Record
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The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. It is a voluntary mechanism to highlight specific wetlands of international importance that are facing immediate challenges. It is maintained as part of the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance.
List of sites under Montreux Record
As on August 2021, 46 sites are listed in Montreux Record. The Montreux Record was established by Recommendation 4.8 at the COP-4 in 1990 held at Montreux, Switzerland.It was adopted by Conference of Contracting parties in Brisbane,1996.
Indian sites on the Montreux Record
At present Keoladeo National Park,Rajasthan and Loktak Lake,Manipur are the two Indian sites listed under it. In 1993, Chilika Lake was also listed in Montreux Record due to problem of siltation. Later in 2002, it was removed from the list as the problem of siltation was tackled by Govt. of India. Chilika Development Authority received Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award for 2002.
References
Ramsar Convention
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27964818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Mexican%20gubernatorial%20elections
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2010 Mexican gubernatorial elections
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Gubernatorial elections were held in fourteen Mexican states on Sunday, July 4, 2010. The gubernatorial elections were held simultaneously with other state and local elections. Elections for governor were held in Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Zacatecas.
A multi-party alliance between President Felipe Calderón's National Action Party (PAN) and left-wing parties won elections in Oaxaca, Puebla and Sinaloa.
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), led by Beatriz Paredes, captured Aguascalientes and Tlaxcala from PAN and also picked up the governor's mansion in Zacatecas from the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).
State Gubernatorial elections
Aguascalientes
The results indicated an Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) pick-up from the National Action Party (PAN).
Baja California
Chiapas
Chihuahua
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Chihuahua.
Durango
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Durango.
Hidalgo
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Hidalgo.
Oaxaca
The incumbent government of Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) Governor Ulises Ruiz Ortiz was seen as increasingly repressive and corrupt by voters and political observers. Ruiz oversaw the crackdown on left-wing protesters in the city of Oaxaca in 2006, leading to at least seventeen deaths. Ruiz was also believed to be linked to Oaxacan paramilitary groups which are responsible to violence and deaths in rural areas of Oaxaca.
On the day of the election, Oaxacan police arrested 39 people for possessing bomb making materials in two hotels.
A party alliance between the state's largest vote winner, the Peace and Progress Coalition led by Gabino Cue, ousted the PRI from power.
Puebla
An alliance between the National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) and smaller parties won Puebla from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). PAN-PRD pick-up.
Quintana Roo
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Hidalgo. The mayor of Cancún had been arrested during the campaign for alleged connections to drug traffickers.
Sinaloa
An alliance between the National Action Party (PAN), the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PDR) and smaller parties appear to have won Sinaloa from the incumbent Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). PAN-PDR pick-up.
Tamaulipas
The gubernatorial election in Tamaulipas was marred by the violent assassination of the leading PRI candidate, Rodolfo Torre Cantú, and four members of his campaign on June 28, 2010. His brother, Egidio, became the PRI candidate following the assassination.
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Tamaulipas.
Tlaxcala
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won Tlaxcala from the National Action Party (PAN). PRI pick-up.
Veracruz
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held Veracruz.
Zacatecas
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won Zacatecas from the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). PRI pick-up.
References
External links
BBC News: Drug gang violence casts shadow over Mexico elections
2010 in Mexican politics
2010 elections in Mexico
Gubernatorial elections in Mexico
July 2010 events in Mexico
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1313188
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowan
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Cowan
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Cowan or Cowans may refer to:
Places
Australia
Cowan, New South Wales
Division of Cowan, a federal division of the Australian House of Representatives, in Western Australia
Hundred of Cowan, a cadastral division in South Australia.
Canada
Cowan, Manitoba
United States
Cowan, California
Cowan, Indiana
Cowan, Pennsylvania
Cowan, Tennessee
Cowans Brook, a stream in Minnesota
Other uses
Cowan (surname), a surname
EML Admiral Cowan (M313), a Sandown-class minehunter of the Estonian Navy
See also
Cowen (disambiguation)
Parkinson Cowan, a brand of cooking appliances
Rich & Cowan, UK book publishing company
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47291782
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen%20Choice%20Award%20for%20Choice%20Music%20%E2%80%93%20Single
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Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Single
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The following is a list of Teen Choice Award winners and nominees for Choice Music – Single. This category was split into three categories; Choice Music Single – Male, Choice Music Single – Female and Choice Music Single – Group from 2012 and onward. Britney Spears is the youngest winner in 1999 at the age of 17.
Winners and nominees
1999
2000s
2010s
References
Single
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67629172
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th%20Portal
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7th Portal
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The 7th Portal is an American animated web series created by Stan Lee in 1999. It was the first global team of Super Heroes created by Stan Lee. The main content of the series is an Internet-based adventure in which six characters from all over the world who got their super powers in cyberspace are drawn into the Web and must fight super villains.
The 7th Portal premiered on the new animation hub Shockwave, on February 29, 2000, when its global launch overwhelmed Macromedia's servers. It became the most successful web originated animated series, being picked up by Fox in mid run, for distribution on TV in South America and Europe. Twenty-two episodes were made, of which the first twenty were shown on-line before the website went bankrupt. The final two episodes were only visible on television.
Main plot
The 7th Portal told the story of Izayus when he approaches a young beta tester named Peter Littlecloud. He claims to have a game that will let him and his friends fight real monsters, which he projects holographically using the CD-ROM he claims contains the game. The game's premise is that there are six other dimensions, all of which have been conquered by the evil Lord Mongorr (who was Izayus's brother). The players need to take the form of a superhero in order to stop him from opening the portal to the seventh universe, their own.
After they have chosen their form, Peter, Roberto, and Greta are sucked into the computer screen, wherein time they learn that they've been transported for real into the parallel universe of Darkmoor. Also, they have been transformed into their superhero forms. Peter is the Thunderer, Roberto is Oxblood, and Greta is Gossamer. Despite their impressive powers, the heroes find that their forms are still subject to the rules of the game such as spending Life Points to use their superpowers. They are eventually captured and brought to The Bloodzone, a gladiator-like arena consisting of floating platforms over a spiked pit.
Meanwhile, Rikio, Ozubo, and Anna are confused by their friends' disappearance. Suddenly, they are transported into cyberspace to meet Izayus. He reveals to them that the CD was actually the half of The Artifact, a mysterious device that grants unlimited power to the one who gathers the two pieces. Izayus has the red half, which symbolizes life and allows transportation between Earth and Darkmoor; while Mongorr has the blue half which symbolizes death and kills anyone who touches it without the red half. Izayus uses the Artifact's red half to transform Rikio, Ozubo, and Anna into their respective superhero forms, The Streak, Conjure Man, and Imitatia.
Thunderer, Oxblood, and Gossamer discover that they must fight the Nullifiers (as Mongorr's select group of minion's call themselves) members Bearhug and Mongorr's daughter Vendetta to the death if they want to leave the Bloodzone. When Thunderer loses all his Life Points transforming back into Peter, Izayus appears and heals Gossamer. After Izayus was impaled by the Nullifier Whipsaw, Mongorr attacked Whipsaw and healed Izayus upon his capture while the Data Raiders escape with The Artifact. The Nullifiers try to stop them when the heroes are saved by The Streak, Conjure Man and Imitatia.
The heroes take the name Data Raiders for themselves and hide in a basement. A fight breaks out among them because Peter had transferred Oxblood's Life Points to his own so that he could transform into Thunderer again. This left Oxblood at zero points and transformed him back into Roberto at the cost of his scanner which is crushed by the Nullifier Krog during battle. Roberto knocks Thunderer and leaves. Knocked out, Thunderer reverts into Peter. The others, however, notice that Peter's Life Points are increasing, and hypothesize that if they get something to eat they'll be able to increase their Life Points even faster. Roberto is captured by the Nullifiers, who used him as mind-controlled bait to capture the Data Raiders. When the Data Raiders return with the food, they are attacked by the Nullifiers and are forced to surrender. With the assembled Artifact, Mongorr sends the Data Raiders back to Earth, stripping them of their powers.
Shortly afterward, he proceeds to send an army through it to destroy several of the Earth's landmarks. However, Izayus sends some of his energy through the portal, returning the Data Raiders' powers to full strength (and even restoring Roberto's scanner), and they return through the portal. The Data Raider free Izayus and defeat the Nullifiers. Izayus then destroys Mongorr and claims the Artifact using it to repair all the damage Mongorr has caused to the multiverse for in Izayus's words, "it will be as if Mongorr never existed." As a reward, the Data Raiders get to keep their powers and return to Earth. The series ends with Izayus saying that Earth and the 7th Portal will always need heroes such as the Data Raiders.
Characters
Episodes
Season 1 (2000)
Facts
The 7th Portal became the first ever web animation series to succeed as a 3D ride attraction and to be developed for a $150 million movie by Paramount Pictures with producer Mark Canton.
The first public use of the word Webisode has been attributed to the marketing and promotion of The 7th Portal. It is a portmanteau formed by the words 'web' and 'episode'.
Awards
On November 2000, The 7th Portal won the Best of Show Web Award for "Best Entertainment Portal".
See also
The Accuser
The Backstreet Project
The Drifter
List of animated Internet series
References
External links
2000 web series debuts
American animated web series
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1597527
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20de%20Heusch
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Willem de Heusch
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Willem (or Guilliam) de Heusch (c. 16259 March 1692 (buried)) was a Dutch landscape painter and engraver.
Life
Very little is known about de Heusch's life and training. De Heusch was born and died in Utrecht. He likely studied with Jan Both as he later painted entirely in Both's style.
Nothing certain is recorded of him except that he presided over the gild of Utrecht, whilst Cornelis Poelenburg, Jan Both and Jan Weenix formed the council of that body, in 1649.
One pupil of de Heusch in Utrecht was his nephew, Jacob de Heusch.
Work
His pictures are signed with the full name, beginning with a monogram combining a G (for Guilliam or Guglielmo), D and H Heusch's etchings, of which thirteen are known, are also in the character of those of Both.
Although the style of Heusch is identical with that of Both, it may be that the two masters during their travels in Italy fell under the influence of Claude Lorraine, whose Arcadian art they imitated. Heusch certainly painted the same effects of evening in wide expanses of country varied by rock formations and lofty thin-leaved arborescence as Both.
There is little to distinguish one master from the other, except that of the two Both is perhaps the more delicate colourist. The gild of Utrecht in the middle of the 17th century was composed of artists who clung faithfully to each other. Poelemburg, who painted figures for Jan Both, did the same duty for Heusch. Sometimes Heusch sketched landscapes for the battlepieces of Molenaer.
The most important examples of Heusch are in the galleries of The Hague and Rotterdam, in the Belvedere at Vienna, the Städel at Frankfort and the Louvre.
References
External links
1620s births
1692 deaths
Dutch landscape painters
Artists from Utrecht
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
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51372701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Hauser
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Julia Hauser
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Julia Hauser (born 21 February 1994) is an Austrian triathlete. She competed in the women's event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. In 2021, she competed in the women's event at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan, but did not finish. She was also scheduled to compete in the mixed relay event but the Austrian team did not start.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
Austrian female triathletes
Olympic triathletes of Austria
Triathletes at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Triathletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Vienna
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4947640
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Clee%20railway%20station
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New Clee railway station
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New Clee railway station serves the suburb of New Clee, Grimsby in North East Lincolnshire, England. The station originally had two platforms, since reduced to one and is served by trains on the Barton line between Cleethorpes and Barton-Upon-Humber, operated by East Midlands Railway. New Clee is from Cleethorpes and only from Grimsby Docks station.
The station was opened in 1875 when New Clee was established. The disused platform is still visible opposite the platform that is currently in use.
Service
All services at New Clee are operated by East Midlands Railway using Class 156 DMUs.
The typical Monday-Saturday service is one train every two hours between and .
There is a Sunday service of four trains per day in each direction during the summer months only. There are no winter Sunday services at the station.
Services were previously operated by Northern Trains but transferred to East Midlands Railway as part of the May 2021 timetable changes.
References
External links
Railway stations in the Borough of North East Lincolnshire
Former Great Central Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1875
Railway stations served by East Midlands Railway
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12944355
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Territory%27s%20at-large%20congressional%20district
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Kansas Territory's at-large congressional district
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From the 33rd Congress through the 36th Congress, Kansas Territory elected a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives.
List of members representing the district
Notes
References
Territory
Obsolete United States congressional districts
At-large United States congressional districts
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30586148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale%2C%20Deschutes%20County%2C%20Oregon
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Cloverdale, Deschutes County, Oregon
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Cloverdale is an unincorporated community in Deschutes County, Oregon, United States. It is located about five miles east of Sisters, on Oregon Route 126.
In the late 19th century, Cloverdale became important stop on the A. J. Warrin Road, an alternative route to the Santiam Wagon Road on the way to Prineville. The community provided services for travelers and local homesteaders, with a store, blacksmith shop, and facilities for camping and boarding horses. By the 1920s or 1930s, the route fell into disuse and the buildings either fell down, were torn down, or moved.
Cloverdale was named by R. A. Ford, a local farmer who was also a teacher and a county school superintendent. He surveyed the nearby Cloverdale Ditch, which is parallel to Whychus Creek. The ditch is used for irrigation. Crops grown in the area include clover, alfalfa, potatoes, grasses and vegetables.
The one-room Old Cloverdale School was built on George Cyrus' land circa 1900 on what today is known as George Cyrus Road (a.k.a. Cloverdale Market Road). Also known as the Cyrus School, it is listed as a historic resource by Deschutes County. A new school was built in 1919. The 1919 school shares a site with the Cloverdale Rural Fire Protection District station and as of 2011 was in use as a preschool.
References
Unincorporated communities in Deschutes County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
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137591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven%20Corners%2C%20Virginia
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Seven Corners, Virginia
|
Seven Corners is a commercial center and census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 9,255 at the 2010 census. Seven Corners has a "Falls Church" mailing address but is not within Falls Church's city limits. The area got its name from the intersection of State Route 7 (Leesburg Pike and East Broad Street), U.S. Route 50 (Arlington Boulevard), State Route 613 (Sleepy Hollow Road), State Route 338 (Hillwood Avenue) and Wilson Boulevard (also part of State Route 613). The junction of these four roads once created seven corners.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), all of it land. The Upper Long Branch of Four Mile Run passes through the northernmost low point of the CDP.
The area is built on Munson's Hill, and overlooks adjacent Upton's Hill. The views to the south and west are unbroken, and offer scenic vistas in the directions of Annandale and Fairfax City.
History
Seven Corners was known as Fort Buffalo from the American Civil War until the 1950s. The area took its name from a fortification constructed in October 1862 by men of the 21st New York Infantry. Fort Buffalo stood on the southern side of the Leesburg Pike, at its current intersection with Sleepy Hollow Road. The story of the fort is described in a local history of the Civil War entitled A Virginia Village Goes to War--Falls Church During the Civil War. The fort was built at that location to take advantage of the excellent views to the east and south—the direction from which Confederate Army troops were thought to possibly come.
After the war the massive fortification of Fort Buffalo was dismantled but other earthworks remained and were easily visible through the 1930s.
The change of place name in the 1950s came about due to the construction of Lee Memorial Boulevard, now known as Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50). The construction of Route 50 caused the formation of a seven cornered intersection—or did until the mouth of Wilson Boulevard was rerouted slightly to avoid all those roadways converging on a single point.
With the advent of Route 50 the area quickly developed into an important commercial center with the opening in 1956 of Seven Corners Shopping Center, one of the first malls in the Washington region. The original center featured an iconic sign combined with a modernistic entry arch; this was later removed. The original Route 50, envisioned and built as a landscaped parkway linking Washington, D.C. with the Shenandoah Valley, has since evolved into a commercial corridor and its function as a link to the valley has been assumed by Interstate 66.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,701 people, 3,304 households, and 1,893 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 12,773.2 people per square mile (4,940.4/km2). There were 3,378 housing units at an average density of 4,959.0/sq mi (1,918.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 49.10% White, 6.68% African American, 0.28% Native American, 20.54% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 16.17% from other races, and 7.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.60% of the population.
There were 3,304 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.7% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.30.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 41.6% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,579, and the median income for a family was $43,211. Males had a median income of $31,444 versus $30,743 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,475. About 15.9% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.3% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.
Notable locations
The Seven Corners Shopping Center is located in the Seven Corners CDP. The Eden Center Vietnamese-American strip mall is located across Wilson Boulevard from the Seven Corners Shopping Center, just outside the Seven Corners CDP in Falls Church.
The Dar Al-Hijrah mosque is in Seven Corners.
The parking garage of a Home Depot hardware store in the Seven Corners Shopping Center was the scene of one of the shootings in the 2002 Beltway sniper attacks; Linda Franklin was slain while she returned to her car in the crowded parking garage.
Management of traffic at the intersection
The namesake "seven" corners has long since disappeared, having been replaced by somewhat more motorist-friendly intersections which well exceed the former seven. Motorists bound in any direction are subject to one or more stoplight signals. There is a pedestrian bridge over US 50. The roads themselves are not pedestrian-friendly. The County has a traffic management and commercial development plan in place, work has begun, and the land between Leesburg Pike and Wilson Boulevard adjacent Patrick Henry Drive is now largely owned by the County.
The traffic is managed as follows from the following roads:
US Route 50 (US 50) is a highway that runs east–west along Arlington Boulevard in the area. US 50 has a series of frontage roads that connect to the other roadways in the intersection. Through traffic can continue on the highway itself unimpeded by the local traffic in the intersection.
State Road 7 (SR 7) is a four- to six-lane roadway, separated by a median following East Broad Street to the northwest or Leesburg Pike to the southeast of the intersection. Motorists may access any of the other roads.
State Road 338 (SR 338) terminates in the intersection from the northwest. Traffic proceeding southeast defaults onto SR 7 east.
Sleepy Hollow Road terminates with northbound traffic defaulting to follow SR 7 to the southeast. Secondary State Route 613 follows Sleepy Hollow to the south and continues along Wilson Boulevard to the northeast.
Wilson Boulevard terminates at the intersection from the northeast. Southbound traffic defaults to follow the US 50 frontage road northwesterly which connects to SR 7 westbound. From this frontage road, traffic may access all other directions of the other roads in the intersection.
References
External links
Map showing intersections of four roads
Seven Corners Built on Land Owned by Former Slave
Census-designated places in Fairfax County, Virginia
Census-designated places in Virginia
Washington metropolitan area
Virginia in the American Civil War
1862 establishments in Virginia
Populated places established in 1862
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38868289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupithecia%20sheppardata
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Eupithecia sheppardata
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Eupithecia sheppardata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1938. It is found in North America, including New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Maine and New York.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. Adults are light fawn grey.
References
Moths described in 1938
sheppardata
Moths of North America
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11903721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut-eared%20aracari
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Chestnut-eared aracari
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The chestnut-eared aracari, or chestnut-eared araçari (Pteroglossus castanotis), is a bird native to central and south-eastern South America. It belongs to the toucan and aracari family (Ramphastidae). The chestnut-eared aracari is a larger, more colorful bird than the black-necked aracari, which it otherwise resembles.
Taxonomy and systematics
Subspecies
Two subspecies are recognized:
P. c. castanotis - Gould, 1834: Found in eastern and southern Colombia, north-western Brazil, eastern Ecuador
P. c. australis - Cassin, 1867: Found in eastern Bolivia, western and southern Brazil, Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina
Distribution and habitat
The range of the chestnut-eared aracari is the southern Amazon Basin, especially the southwestern of this region. It is also found in the eastern Andean foothills; a narrowing range extension enters central-southern Colombia by .
The southern Amazon Basin range narrows in the southeast to only the upstream half-headwaters of the north-flowing Amazon River tributaries. This range continues southeastwards into the central and southern cerrado and ends in the Paraná River region in eastern Paraguay, Bolivia, southeastern Brazil and the extreme northeast of Argentina.
It is very present in Bolivia, notably in the Aquicuana Reserve, located in the Beni Department, near the city of Riberalta, the Capital of the Bolivian Amazon.
Behaviour and ecology
Food and feeding
Like others in the genus Pteroglossus, its diet mainly consists of fruit taken from trees in the area, sometimes retrieved by hanging upside-down. The chestnut-eared aracari also may include flower nectar, insects, and nuts in its diet as well. Engaging in behavior similar to the saffron toucanet, they also appear to prey on the nests of other bird species, eating the eggs and baby birds.
Threats
Ischnoceran lice found on the chestnut-eared aracari were first described as Austrophilopterus cancellosus castanotus, but these parasites are actually indistinguishable from those on most other Pteroglossus, and today are united with them in Austrophilopterus flavirostris.
References
External links
chestnut-eared aracari
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of the Colombian Amazon
Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Birds of the Peruvian Amazon
Birds of the Bolivian Amazon
Birds of Brazil
chestnut-eared aracari
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13793458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Stevenage%20Borough%20Council%20election
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2006 Stevenage Borough Council election
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Elections to Stevenage Council were held on 4 May 2006. One third of the council was up for election; the seats which were last contested in 2002. The Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 32
Liberal Democrat 4
Conservative 3
Election result
Ward results
Bandley Hill
Bedwell
Chells
Longmeadow
Manor
Martins Wood
Old Town
Pin Green
Roebuck
St Nicolas
Shephall
Symonds Green
Woodfield
References
2006 Stevenage election result
Ward results
2006
2006 English local elections
2000s in Hertfordshire
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18825943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Island%20Marina
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Cedar Island Marina
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Cedar Island Marina, located on Long Island Sound in Clinton, Connecticut, United States, is a boatyard with 400 slips. It was operating at 94 percent of capacity in 1995, with many transient visitors filling slips vacated when home-port vessels were away. Three boats are year-round "live-aboards". Boat sizes range from less than to , with 76 percent between 21 and and 19 percent longer than that; 35 percent are sailboats. In addition to slips, the marina has retail services—a ship's store carrying groceries, ice, bait and tackle, a used-boat brokerage, a fuel dock and a pumpout. Launching and haul-out are available with a 30-ton travel lift and a "giraffe" crane for indoor and outdoor winter boat storage. Repair services include fiberglass, hull and engine repair; painting; sail-rigging; sail-making; welding and metal fabrication; and boat-bottom cleaning.
Within a two-mile radius there are eight other marinas and boatyards, with an estimated total boat population of 2,000. The main boating season begins in May and ends in October. Cedar Island Marina was bought by the Shapiro family in 1974, and converted from a fuel terminal built in 1964. Jeffrey Shapiro is also a general partner in the Clinton Harbor Boat Show each July.
Research and budget
In 1995, the marina spent $38,500 to staff and operate its private research laboratory (which includes two full-time marine biologists). Its aquaculture project and public-display aquariums attracted new boating families into slips for the season and helped retain other customers, resulting in an estimated $46,000 gross slip income. The special docks, designed by Cedar Island for the aquaculture project, cost the company no more than conventional docks. Marina management estimates that the aquaculture project brings them around $5,000 worth of publicity each year and has extended their dredging season, saving another $5,000 annually.
The Cedar Island Marine Research Laboratory is owned, operated, and funded as part of the marina; its laboratory and in-water field station are also in the marina. Studies have included the assessment and long-term monitoring of water quality, marina habitat, coastal birds and fish communities in the marina, compared with other natural habitats in Clinton Harbor.
Noticing that many marine species grew more rapidly and remained healthy under marina docks and boats, Shapiro's lab staff began growing shellfish on trays suspended below the floating docks. They found that the shellfish grew faster than those placed in neighboring natural-marsh flats and were equally safe for human consumption. Oysters, it was determined, could be grown to market size one year faster under boat docks than outside the marina basin.
Two factors inhibit the use of marinas for oyster farming:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration standards require filter-feeding oysters to be relocated to cleaner waters for several months of purification before being eaten; the extra handling is costly.
Oysters take four years to grow to market size. Shapiro switched to another shellfish (bay scallops), solving both problems.
Facilities
Fuel dock
Year-round restaurant
Playground overlooking the water
Children's activities director and in-ground pool (seasonal)
12-seat (Hot tub|whirlpool)
Professional repairs and laundromat
Cable TV and entertainment
Unlimited pumpouts
Seasonal shuttle bus to nearby stores
References
External links
Cedar Island Marina website
Clinton, Connecticut
Marinas in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Middlesex County, Connecticut
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24304717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%20Bent%20Forever%3A%20A%20Tribute%20to%20Judas%20Priest
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Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest
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Hell Bent Forever: A Tribute to Judas Priest is a tribute album, released in 2008. It includes several rock and metal bands such as Motörhead, Icarus Witch, L.A. Guns and Sepultura, covering songs by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. The album's font is a mistake (or a joke) because the lettering is in the style of Iron Maiden's logo instead of the one of Judas Priest.
Track listing
"Breaking the Law" (Motörhead)
"Metal Gods" (Fozzy)
"Electric Eye" (Jani Lane)
"Desert Plains" (Vince Neil)
"Diamonds & Rust" (Great White)
"Heading Out to the Highway" (Angel City Outlaws)
"Devil's Child" (Broken Teeth)
"Hell Bent for Leather" (Warrant)
"You've Got Another Thing Coming" (FireHouse)
"Living After Midnight" (L.A. Guns)
"Turbo Lover" (Sin City All-Stars)
"Exciter" (Tim "Ripper" Owens)
"Screaming for Vengeance" (Sepultura)
"The Ripper" (Icarus Witch)
References
Judas Priest tribute albums
2008 compilation albums
Heavy metal compilation albums
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38667910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%20nationalism
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Arab nationalism
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Arab nationalism () is a nationalist ideology that asserts the Arabs are a nation and promotes the unity of Arab people, celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the language and literature of the Arabs, and calling for rejuvenation and political union in the Arab world. Its central premise is that the people of the Arab world, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, constitute one nation bound together by common ethnicity, language, culture, history, identity, geography and politics. One of the primary goals of Arab nationalism is the end of Western influence in the Arab world, seen as a "nemesis" of Arab strength, and the removal of those Arab governments considered to be dependent upon Western power. It rose to prominence with the weakening and defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century and declined after the defeat of the Arab armies in the Six-Day War.
Personalities and groups associated with Arab nationalism include King Faisal I of Iraq, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Arab Nationalist Movement, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party which came to power in Iraq for some years and is still the ruling party in Syria, and its founder Michel Aflaq. Pan-Arabism is a related concept, in as much as it calls for supranational communalism among the Arab states.
Ideology
Arab nationalists believe that the Arab nation existed as a historical entity prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19th–20th century. The Arab nation was formed through the gradual establishment of Arabic as the language of communication and with the advent of Islam as a religion and culture in the region. Both Arabic and Islam served as the pillars of the nation. According to writer Youssef M. Choueiri, Arab nationalism represents the "Arabs' consciousness of their specific characteristics as well as their endeavor to build a modern state capable of representing the common will of the nation and all its constituent parts."
Within the Arab nationalist movement are three main ideas: that of the Arab nation; Arab nationalism; and pan-Arab unity. The 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine led to the foundation of the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party, which asserts that the Arab nation is the group of people who speak Arabic, inhabit the Arab world, and who feel they belong to the same nation. Arab nationalism is the "sum total" of the characteristics and qualities exclusive to the Arab nation, whereas pan-Arab unity is the modern idea that stipulates that the separate Arab countries must unify to form a single state under one political system.
Local patriotism centered on individual Arab countries was incorporated into the framework of Arab nationalism starting in the 1920s. This was done by positioning the Arabian Peninsula as the homeland of the Semitic peoples (the Canaanites and Arameans of the Levant and the Assyrians and Babylonians of Mesopotamia) who migrated throughout the Near East in ancient times or by associating the other pre-Islamic cultures, such as those of Egypt and North Africa and Horn of Africa, into an evolving Arab identity.
The modern Arabic language actually has two distinct words which can be translated into English as "nationalism": qawmiyya قومية, derived from the word qawm (meaning "tribe, ethnic nationality"), and wataniyya وطنية, derived from the word watan (meaning "homeland, native country"). The term qawmiyya means attachment to the Arab nation, while wataniyya means loyalty to a single Arab state. Wataniyya is sometimes disparaged as "regionalism" by those who consider pan-Arabism the only legitimate variant of Arab nationalism.
In the post-World War years, the concept of qawmiyya "gradually assumed a leftist coloration, calling for ... the creation of revolutionary Arab unity." Groups who subscribed to this point of view advocated opposition, violent and non-violent, against Israel and against Arabs who did not subscribe to this point of view. The person most identified with qawmiyya was Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, who used both military and political power to spread his version of pan-Arab ideology throughout the Arab world. While qawmiyya still remains a potent political force today, the death of Nasser and the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War has weakened faith in this ideal. The current dominant ideology among Arab policy makers has shifted to wataniyya.
History
Origins
Throughout the late 19th century, beginning in the 1860s, a sense of loyalty to the "Fatherland" developed in intellectual circles based in the Levant and Egypt, but not necessarily an "Arab Fatherland". It developed from observance of the technological successes of Western Europe which they attributed to the prevailing of patriotism in those countries. During this period, a heavy influx of Christian missionaries and educators from Western countries provided what was termed the "Arab political revival", resulting in the establishment of secret societies within the empire.
In the 1860s, literature produced in the Mashriq (the Levant and Mesopotamia) which was under Ottoman control at the time, contained emotional intensity and strongly condemned the Ottoman Turks for "betraying Islam" and the Fatherland to the Christian West. In the view of Arab patriots, Islam had not always been in a "sorry state" and attributed the military triumphs and cultural glories of the Arabs to the advent of the religion, insisting that European modernism itself was of Islamic origin. The Ottomans, on the other hand, had deviated from true Islam and thus suffered decline. The reforming Ottoman and Egyptian governments were blamed for the situation because they attempted to borrow Western practices from the Europeans that were seen as unnatural and corrupt. The Arab patriots' view was that the Islamic governments should revive true Islam that would in turn, pave way for the establishment of constitutional representative government and freedom which, though Islamic in origin, was manifested in the West at the time.
Arabism and regional patriotism (such as in Egypt or in the Levant) mixed and gained predominance over Ottomanism among some Arabs in Syria and Lebanon. Ibrahim al-Yaziji, a Lebanese Christian philosopher, called for the Arabs to "recover their lost ancient vitality and throw off the yoke of the Turks" in 1868. A secret society promoting this goal was formed in the late 1870s, with al-Yazigi as a member. The group placed placards in Beirut calling for a rebellion against the Ottomans. Meanwhile, other Lebanese and Damascus-based notables, mostly Muslims, formed similar secret movements, although they differed as Christian groups who disfavoured Arabism called for a completely independent Lebanon while the Muslim Arab societies generally promoted an autonomous Greater Syria still under Ottoman rule.
As early as 1870, Syrian Christian writer Francis Marrash distinguished the notion of fatherland from that of nation; when applying the latter to Greater Syria, he pointed to the role played by language, besides customs and belief in common interests, in defining national identity. This distinction between fatherland and nation was also made by Hasan al-Marsafi in 1881. By the beginning of the 20th century, groups of Muslim Arabs embraced an Arab nationalist "self-view" that would provide as the basis of the Arab nationalist ideology of the 20th century. This new version of Arab patriotism was directly influenced by the Islamic modernism and revivalism of Muhammad Abduh, the Egyptian Muslim scholar. Abduh believed the Arabs' Muslim ancestors bestowed "rationality on mankind and created the essentials of modernity," borrowed by the West. Thus, while Europe advanced from adopting the modernist ideals of true Islam, the Muslims failed, corrupting and abandoning true Islam. Abduh influenced modern Arab nationalism in particular, because the revival of true Islam's ancestors (who were Arabs) would also become the revival of Arab culture and the restoration of the Arab position as the leaders of the Islamic world. One of Abduh's followers, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, openly declared that the Ottoman Empire should be both Turkish and Arab, with the latter exercising religious and cultural leadership.
Rise of modern Arab nationalism
In 1911, Muslim intellectuals and politicians from throughout the Levant formed al-Fatat ("the Young Arab Society"), a small Arab nationalist club, in Paris. Its stated aim was "raising the level of the Arab nation to the level of modern nations." In the first few years of its existence, al-Fatat called for greater autonomy within a unified Ottoman state rather than Arab independence from the empire. Al-Fatat hosted the Arab Congress of 1913 in Paris, the purpose of which was to discuss desired reforms with other dissenting individuals from the Arab world. They also requested that Arab conscripts to the Ottoman army not be required to serve in non-Arab regions except in time of war. However, as the Ottoman authorities cracked down on the organization's activities and members, al-Fatat went underground and demanded the complete independence and unity of the Arab provinces.
Nationalist individuals became more prominent during the waning years of Ottoman authority, but the idea of Arab nationalism had virtually no impact on the majority of Arabs as they considered themselves loyal subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The British, for their part, incited the Sharif of Mecca to launch the Arab Revolt during the First World War. The Ottomans were defeated and the rebel forces, loyal to the Sharif's son Faysal ibn al-Husayn entered Damascus in 1918. By now, Faysal along with many Iraqi intellectuals and military officers had joined al-Fatat which would form the backbone of the newly created Arab state that consisted of much of the Levant and the Hejaz.
Damascus became the coordinating center of the Arab nationalist movement as it was seen as the birthplace of the ideology, the seat of Faysal—the first Arab "sovereign" after nearly 400 years of Turkish suzerainty—and because the nationalists of the entire Mashreq region were familiar with it. Nonetheless, Jerusalem, Beirut, and Baghdad remained significant bases of support. Following the creation of Faysal's state, a serious tension within the Arab nationalist movement became visible; the conflict between the ideology's highest ideal of forming a single independent unit comprising all countries that shared the Arabic language and heritage, and the tendency to give precedence to local ambitions.
To further tensions, a rift formed between the older nationalist members of various Syrian urban-class families and the generally younger nationalists who became close to Faysal—his Hejazi troops, Iraqi and Syrian military officers, and Palestinian and Syrian intellectuals. The older guard was mainly represented by Rida Pasha al-Rikabi, who served as Faysal's prime minister, while the younger guard did not have one particular leader. However, the youth within al-Fatat founded the Arab Independence Party ("al-Istiqlal") in February 1919. Its goal was to achieve unity and complete Arab independence. Prominent members included Izzat Darwaza and Shukri al-Quwatli. Centered in Damascus with branches in various cities throughout the Levant, al-Istiqlal received political and financial support from Faysal, but relied on the inner circle of al-Fatat to survive.
During the war, Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Ottoman Empire. Although the Arab forces were promised a state that included much of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between Britain and France provided for the territorial division of much of that region between the two imperial powers. During the inter-war years and the British Mandate period, when Arab lands were under French and British control, Arab nationalism became an important anti-imperial opposition movement against European rule.
Growth of the movement
A number of Arab revolts against the European powers took place following the establishment of the British and French mandates. Resentment of British rule culminated in the Iraqi revolt of 1920. The uprising which was carried out by the urban population as well as the rural tribes of Iraq ended in 1921. The British drastically changed their policy in Iraq afterwards. Although the mandate was still in place officially, the British role was virtually reduced to an advisory one. In 1925, the Druze of southern Syria under the leadership of Sultan al-Atrash revolted against French rule. The revolt subsequently spread throughout Syria, particularly in Damascus where an uprising by the citizens took place. The French responded by systematically bombarding the city, resulting in thousands of deaths. The revolt was put down by the end of the year, but it is credited with forcing the French to take more steps to ensure Syrian independence. In Egypt, resentment of British hegemony led to wide-scale revolts across the country in 1919. As a result of three-year negotiations following the uprising, the British agreed to allow Egypt's official independence in 1922, but their military still held great influence in the country. The political leaders of the Egyptian revolution espoused Egyptian nationalism, rather than an Arab nationalist alternative.
The relative independence of Egypt, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and North Yemen encouraged Arab nationalists to put forward programs of action against colonial powers in the region. According to historian Youssef Choueiri, the "first public glimmerings" of a pan-Arab approach occurred in 1931, during the convention of a pan-Islamic conference in Jerusalem which highlighted Muslim fears of the increasing growth of Zionism in Palestine. Arab delegates held a separate conference and for the first time delegates from North Africa, Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent convened together to discuss Arab matters. A pan-Arabist covenant was proclaimed centering on three main articles:
The Arab countries form an integral and indivisible whole. Hence the Arab nation does not accept or recognize the divisions of whatever nature to which it has been subjected.
All efforts in every Arab country are to be directed towards the achievement of total independence within one single unity. Every endeavor which confines political activities to local or regional issues is to be fought against.
Since colonialism is, in all its forms and manifestations, incompatible with the dignity and paramount aims of the Arab nation, the Arab nation rejects it and will resist it with all the means at its disposal.
Plans for a near-future conference were made, but never came into play due to Faysal's death in 1933 (delegates chose Faysal of Iraq to be their patron and he agreed to provide moral and material support for the movement) and fierce British opposition. However, the Arab Independence Party was formed by Palestinian and Iraqi activists from al-Fatat as a direct result of the Jerusalem conference on 13 August 1932. Most of the AIP's activities were centered in the Palestinian political field, but the party also worked towards achieving Arab unity and solidarity as a means to strengthen Arab resistance against the British Mandate in Palestine and increased Jewish settlement occurring there. In August 1933, the League of Nationalist Action (LNA) was founded in Lebanon by Western-educated professional civil service groups with the aims of creating a common Arab market and industrial base as well as the abolishment of customs barriers between the Arab countries. By proposing agrarian reforms to limit the power of landowners, abolishing what they considered "feudalism" and promoting the growth of an industry, the LNA sought to undermine the absentee landlords in the Levant who tended to encourage local nationalism and were open to working with European authorities or Jewish land purchasers. The LNA enjoyed a level of popularity throughout the 1930s, but did not survive into the 1940s.
Following the killing of the Syrian Arab guerrilla leader Izz ad-Din al-Qassam by British forces in Ya'bad, Arab-Jewish tensions in Palestine reached a climax. Anti-Zionist sentiments reached a boiling point on 15 April 1936, when an armed group of Arabs killed a Jewish civilian after intercepting his car near the village of Bal'a. After Jews retaliated by killing two Arab farmers near Jaffa, this sparked an Arab revolt in Palestine. The AIP along with Palestinian notables selected popular leader and Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini to lead the uprising. The Arab Higher Committee (AHC), a national committee bringing together Arab factions in Palestine, was established to coordinate the uprising. To protest increased Jewish immigration, a general strike was declared and a political, economic, and social boycott of Jews soon ensued.
The events in Palestine followed similar anti-colonial activities in Egypt and Syria which helped inspire the uprising. In Egypt, week-long anti-British demonstrations had eventually resulted in the restoration of the Egyptian constitution while in Syria, a general strike held in January–February 1936 led to major negotiations for an independence deal with the French government. The British took a firm stance against the nationalist revolt in Palestine, dissolving the AHC forcing al-Husayni into exile in Lebanon in 1937. Al-Husayni, who leaned more towards Palestinian nationalism, was instrumental in organizing the pan-Arab Bloudan Conference on 9 September 1937 in Syria which gathered 524 delegates from across the Arab world, although al-Husayni himself was not in attendance. According to author Adeeb Dawisha, although the uprising had been quelled by 1939, it greatly "contributed to the growth of Arab nationalist sentiment" and began the development of "solidarity" between Arab governments.
Meanwhile, a clandestine Arab nationalist society was formed in Iraq in 1938 which came to be known as Arab Nationalist Party (ANP). The ANP typically confined itself to influencing events and leaders in Iraq rather than taking the lead of a mass nationalist movement. King Ghazi of Iraq was one such leader. Ghazi intended to build a strong Iraqi army and actively sought to annex Kuwait. Many Arab nationalist politicians from Kuwait, who favored independence particularly after the discovery of oil there in 1938, were provided safe haven in Iraq after being repressed by the quasi-rulers of the sheikhdom, the al-Sabah family (Kuwait was still a British territory at the time.) Ghazi died in a car accident in 1939, prompting a number of his army officers to allege the king was assassinated by British forces. That same year, al-Husayni arrived in Baghdad after escaping from Lebanon, giving a morale boost to the pan-Arab dimension in Iraqi politics. The prime minister at the time, Nuri al-Said and the regent king 'Abd al-Ilah, did not harbor the pan-Arabist sympathies Ghazi espoused.
Rashid Ali al-Gaylani succeeded al-Said as Prime Minister in March 1940 and took a neutral position regarding World War II, opening dialogue with the German government which was at war with Britain. Under great pressure from the latter, al-Gaylani resigned on 31 January 1941 and al-Said took his place. The perceived British interjection in Iraq's internal affairs angered Arab nationalist officers in the army, leading a group of them to overthrow the government in April and install al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. To counter a British military response to the coup, al-Gaylani enlisted the support of Germany, but the German military did not arrive to aid the Arab nationalist government. With pro-German Vichy France having taken control of neighboring Syria, Britain reoccupied Iraq in May to prevent it from joining the Axis powers. By 1 June, al-Gaylani and al-Husayni fled to the country for Germany, while the army officers who carried out the coup were captured and executed.
Al-Husayni became increasingly acquainted with Adolf Hitler, the Nazi leader of Germany, and other Nazi officials and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve what he believed was the "Jewish problem" in Palestine. In one of the mufti's speeches he asked Arabs to unite and "kill the Jews wherever you find them." Throughout World War II, the Nazi government, seeking to take advantage of widespread anti-imperialist feelings in the Middle East, had broadcast anti-Semitic messages tailored to Arabic-speaking Muslims in the Middle East via radio.
The conflict in Iraq provoked anger and frustration throughout the Arab world and the British acknowledged the rapid growth of Arab nationalist feeling among the Arab population, large segments of which saw the events in Iraq as a valiant struggle against imperialism. British Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, officially stated Britain's support of strong pan-Arab ties in a bid to ease anti-British sentiments in the region. The events of the region influenced the creation of the Arab Union Club in Egypt in 1942 which called for developing stronger ties between Egypt and the Arab world. Branches were subsequently opened in Baghdad, Beirut, Jaffa and Damascus, and Egyptian Prime Minister Mostafa El-Nahas adopted its platform, pledging to help protect "the interests and rights" of the "sister Arab nations" and explore the "question of Arab unity."
Establishment of the Arab League
Rivalry for the leadership of the Arab world developed mostly between the political establishments of Iraq and Egypt in the period following the failure of Rashid Ali coup. Eden's stated support for increased Arab ties encouraged Nuri al-Said of Iraq to propose his own plan for Arab unity in January 1943, dubbed the "Fertile Crescent Union." The plan recognized the linguistic, cultural and economic ties between the states of the Fertile Crescent region as well as the differences between their inhabitants. It sought to unify those states in a stage-based process whereby the initial stage would see Syria, Transjordan, Palestine and Lebanon unite with limited autonomy given to the Jews in Palestine and special rights for the Christians in Lebanon. Afterward the Levantine state and Iraq would form an "Arab League," to which other Arab states could join, that would oversee matters of defense, foreign policy, customs, currency and the safeguarding of minorities. The proposal reflected a combination of factors, namely the expansionist ambitions of the Hashemites, the attempt by Iraq's political establishment to secure the mantle of Arab leadership in their rivalry with Egypt and a genuine embrace of Arab identity by Iraq's leaders.
The Egyptian government of Nahas Pasha launched a rival initiative for establishing closer inter-Arab relations, and sent delegations to several Arab states. Influential Arab nationalist figures in the country sought to emphasize Egypt's Arab character, the most of prominent of them, Abdul Rahman al-Azzam, even writing "Egypt was an Arab country before Christ." The apparent Egyptian embrace of Arabism was met with general Arab excitement at the popular level and Pasha's efforts gained more traction among the various Arab governments than al-Said's Fertile Crescent proposal. Reasons for this ranged from the antipathy of the Saudi royal family and the Damascus political establishment to the leadership ambitions of the rival Hashemite family to the belief by Lebanon's Maronite Christian community that Egypt's plan would not require conceding future independence. Between 25 September-8 October 1944, the leaders of Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Transjordan, Yemen and the Palestinian Arab community convened in Alexandria, Egypt in a meeting hosted by the Egyptian government which ended with an agreement known as the "Alexandria Protocol."
Peak under Egyptian leadership
After the Second World War, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the leader of Egypt, was a significant player in the rise of Arab nationalism. Opposed to the British control of the Suez Canal Zone and concerned at Egypt becoming a Cold War battleground Nasser pushed for a collective Arab security pact within the framework of the Arab League. A key aspect of this was the need for economic aid that was not dependent on peace with Israel and the establishment of U.S. or British military bases within Arab countries. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and directly challenged the dominance of the Western powers in the region. At the same time he opened Egypt up as a Cold War zone by receiving aid and arms shipments from the Soviet bloc countries that were not dependent on treaties, bases and peace accords. However, because of the connotations for Cold War dominance of the region, Egypt also received aid from the US, who sought to promote the emerging Arab nationalism as a barrier to communism.
The question of Palestine and opposition to Zionism became a rallying point for Arab nationalism from both a religious perspective and a military perspective. The fact that the Zionists were Jewish promoted a religious flavor to the xenophobic rhetoric and strengthened Islam as a defining feature of Arab nationalism. The humiliating defeat in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War strengthened the Arabs' resolve to unite in favor of a pan-Arab nationalist ideal. With the advent of Palestinian nationalism, a debate circled between those who believed that pan-Arab unity would bring about destruction of Israel (the view advocated by the Arab Nationalist Movement) or whether the destruction of Israel would bring about pan-Arab unity (the view advocated by Fatah).
Pan-Arabism was initially a secular movement. Arab nationalists generally rejected religion as a main element in political identity, and promoted the unity of Arabs regardless of sectarian identity. However, the fact that most Arabs were Muslims was used by some as an important building block in creating a new Arab national identity. An example of this was Michel Aflaq, founder along with Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi of the Ba'ath Party in Syria in the 1940s. Aflaq, though himself a Christian, viewed Islam as a testament to the "Arab genius", and once said "Muhammed was the epitome of all the Arabs. So let all the Arabs today be Muhammed." Since the Arabs had reached their greatest glories through the expansion of Islam, Islam was seen as a universal message as well as an expression of secular genius on the part of the Arab peoples. Islam had given the Arabs a "glorious past", which was very different from the "shameful present". In effect, the troubles of the Arab presence were because the Arabs had diverged from their "eternal and perfect symbol", Islam. The Arabs needed to have a "resurrection" (ba'ath in Arabic). After the Ba'athist military coups in Iraq and Syria in the 1960s, the Ba'athists "contributed very little to the development of all-Arab nationalism, which was its original raison d'etre."
Meanwhile, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia sought to counter the influences of Arab nationalism and communism in the region by promoting pan-Islamism as an alternative. He called for the establishment of the Muslim World League, visiting several Muslim countries to advocate the idea. He also engaged in a propaganda and media war with Nasser.
Decline
After the defeat of the Arab coalition by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War—which the reigning Arab nationalist leader Nasser had dubbed al-Ma‘raka al-Masiriya, (the battle of destiny)—the Arab nationalist movement is said to have suffered an "irreversible" slide towards "political marginality".
From the mid-1960s onward, the movement was further weakened by factional splits and ideological infighting. The formerly pro-Nasser Arab Nationalist Movement, publicly abandoned Nasserism in favor of Marxism–Leninism and fell apart soon after. In 1966, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party split into rival factions based in Baghdad and Damascus, respectively.
Reasons for decline
Aside from the 1967 defeat, factors credited with weakening the movement include:
the elimination of many of the irritants that stoked nationalist passion as imperialism and pro-Westernism waned in the Arab world during the 1950s and early 1960s;
The historian Adeed Dawisha said:
The British presence in Egypt and Iraq had been eliminated; the Baghdad Pact had been defeated; Jordan's British chief of staff, Sir John Bagot Glubb, had been dismissed; Lebanon's pro-Western president, Camille Chamoun, had been replaced by the independent Fu'ad Shihab; and the Algerians, sacrificing a million dead in a heroic struggle, had triumphed over French colonial power.
regional attachments such as Iraqi president Abd al-Karim Qasim's "Iraq first" policy;
attachments to tribes and "deeply-ingrained tribal values";
suspicion of Arab unity by minority groups such as Kurds in Iraq who were non-Arab, or Shia Arabs in Iraq who feared Arab nationalism was actually "a Sunni project" to establish "Sunni hegemony";
the Islamic revival, which grew as Arab nationalism declined, and whose Islamist adherents were very hostile towards nationalism in general, believing it had no place in Islam;
lack of interest by the movement in pluralism, separation of powers, freedom of political expression and other democratic concepts which might have "resuscitated" the ideology in its moment of weakness.
Attempts at unity
In the 1940s, rulers such as Abdullah I of Jordan and Nuri al-Said of Iraq sought to create an expanded Arab empire constructed out of the smaller nation-states that had been created in the mandate period. Abdullah's dream was to be king of a Greater Syria while as-Said's dream was for a Fertile Crescent Federation. These aspirations, however, were unpopular and met with suspicion in the countries they sought to conquer. The creation of the Arab League and its insistence on the territorial integrity and respect for sovereignty of each member state, the assassination of Abdullah, and the 14 July Revolution weakened the political feasibility of these ideas.
During much of the 20th century, the rivalry between Syria and Nasser in Egypt for who would lead the union undermined the effort of forming a united Arab state. In 1958, Egypt and Syria temporarily joined to create the United Arab Republic. It was accompanied by attempts to include Iraq and North Yemen in the union. This very exercise, while fostering Egypt's position at the centre of Arab politics, led to the weakening of Syria.
With the 14 July Revolution taking place in Iraq the same year, Western powers feared the fallouts of a powerful Arab nationalism in the region. Foreign powers were not only concerned about the possible spread of such revolutionary movements in other Arab states, but also worried about losing the control and monopoly over the region's natural oil resources. However, due to discontent over the hegemony of Egypt and after a coup in Syria that introduced a more radical government to power, the United Arab Republic collapsed in 1961. The term United Arab Republic continued to be used in Egypt until 1971, after the death of Nasser.
Another unsuccessful attempt at union occurred in 1963. That year the Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party came to power in Syria and Iraq and talks were held on uniting the two countries with Egypt. On 17 April an agreement to unite the countries was signed, but Ba'ath leaders complained of what they considered Egyptian president Nasser's "patronizing, bullying tone" and his insistence on a single centralized party structure under his leadership. In Syria, pro-Nasserists were purged from the Syrian military and cabinet. In response, large pro-Nasser riots erupted in Damascus and Aleppo but were crushed with 50 rioters killed. A pro-Nasser coup attempt on 18 July 1963 in Syria also ended unsuccessfully. Hundreds of people killed or wounded in an attempt to take over the Damascus radio station and army headquarters, and 27 rebel officers were summarily executed. Nasser then formally withdrew from the union agreement, denouncing the Syrian Ba'athists as "fascists and murderers".
In 1964, Egypt, Iraq and North Yemen formed a Unified Political Command in order to prepare the gradual merger in a new United Arab Republic, however, both projects failed in 1966 and 1967. In 1971 and 1972 Muammar Gaddafi attempted to unite Libya, Egypt, Sudan and Syria to form the Federation of Arab Republics. This loose union lasted until 1977 when it split due to political and territorial disputes between the republics' leadership. In 1974, Muammar Gaddafi and Habib Bourguiba attempted their two nations of Libya and Tunisia to form the Arab Islamic Republic. The plan was rejected by Bourgiba due to his realization of unity of the Maghreb states. This would later become the Arab Maghreb Union.
In October 1978, Iraqi President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr began working closely with Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to foil the Camp David Accords. They signed a charter in Baghdad for Joint National Action which provided for the "closest form of unity ties" including "complete military unity" as well as "economic, political and cultural unification". An agreement to unify the two states was to come into effect in July 1979. However, Iraqi Vice President Saddam Hussein was fearful of losing his power to Assad (who was supposed to become the deputy leader in the new union) and forced al-Bakr into retirement under threat of violence. Although unity talks did continue between Assad and Saddam after July 1979, but Assad rejected Iraqi demands for a full merger between the two states and for the immediate deployment of Iraqi troops into Syria. Instead Assad, perhaps fearful of Iraqi domination and a new war with Israel, advocated a step-by-step approach. The unity talks were eventually suspended indefinitely after an alleged discovery of a Syrian plot to overthrow Saddam Hussein in November 1979.
Notable Arab nationalists
Michel Aflaq
George Antonius
Zaki al-Arsuzi
Jurji Zaydan
Samih al-Qasim
Izzat Darwaza
George Habash
Jaafar Nimeiry (President of Sudan)
Sati' al-Husri
Adnan Pachachi
Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi
Ameen Rihani
Hamdeen Sabahi
Constantin Zureiq
Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca)
Yasser Arafat (President of the State of Palestine)
Bashar al-Assad (President of Syria)
Hafez al-Assad (President of Syria)
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (President of Iraq)
Ahmed Ben Bella (President of Algeria)
Salah al-Din al-Bitar (Prime Minister of Syria)
Faisal I (King of Iraq)
Muammar Gaddafi (Leader of Libya)
Saddam Hussein (President of Iraq)
Gamal Abdel Nasser (President of Egypt/UAR)
Shukri al-Quwatli (President of Syria)
Kamal Jumblatt
Amin Al-Husseini (Grand Mufti of Jerusalem)
Salah Jadid (President of Syria)
See also
Arab socialism
Iraqi nationalism
Jordanian nationalism
Lebanese nationalism
Libyan nationalism
Nasserism
Palestinian nationalism
Syrian nationalism
Tunisian nationalism
References
Bibliography
Abu-'Uksa, Wael (2016). Freedom in the Arab World: Concepts and Ideologies in Arabic Thought in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
Hiro, Dilip. "Arab nationalism." Dictionary of the Middle East. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. pp. 24–25.
Karsh, Efraim. Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press, 2003.
Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperialism: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Sela, Avraham. "Arab Nationalism." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 151–155
External links
"Islamic critique of Arab Nationalism" by Muhammad Yahya, Al-Tawhid, Vol III, No. 2, 1986.
"Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity" by Martin Kramer, Daedalus, Summer 1993, pp. 171–206.
"Requiem for Arab Nationalism" by Adeed Dawisha, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2003, pp. 25–41.
"The Rise of Arab Nationalism in the Sudan" by Mohamed Hassan Fadlalla, Codex Online S.A.
Arab League
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unforgiven%20%28TV%20series%29
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Unforgiven (TV series)
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Unforgiven is a three-part British television drama series, written by Sally Wainwright and directed by David Evans, that first broadcast on ITV and UTV in January 2009, and later on STV in 2012. Produced by the Red Production Company, Unforgiven follows Ruth Slater (Suranne Jones), a woman found guilty of murdering two police officers when she was a teenager. Upon release from prison, Ruth is determined to find her sister, who was adopted shortly after the incident. The series is set in Yorkshire, specifically the village of Boothtown in Halifax.
Broadcast across three consecutive Mondays at 9:00 pm, the series averaged 7 million viewers across its run. Unforgiven won the award for Best Drama Series or Serial at the 2009 RTS Programme Awards. The series was released on DVD on 2 February 2009. A film adaptation of the series, named The Unforgivable, starring Sandra Bullock and directed by Nora Fingscheidt, was released in theaters on 24 November 2021, prior to streaming on Netflix on 10 December.
Cast
Suranne Jones as Ruth Slater
Siobhan Finneran as Izzy Ingram
Peter Davison as John Ingram
Douglas Hodge as Michael Belcombe
Jemma Redgrave as Rachel Belcombe
Matthew McNulty as Steve Whelan
Emily Beecham as Lucy Belcombe
Jack Deam as Kieran Whelan
Flora Spencer-Longhurst as Emily Belcombe
Faye McKeever as Hannah Whelan
George Costigan as Eddie Ackroyd
Rebekah Staton as Tracey Broadbent
Daryl Fishwick as Carol Crossland
Freddie Jackson as Charlie Ingram
Matt Hall as Rufus Ingram
Will Mellor as Brad
Bill Rodgers as Alan
Episodes
References
External links
2009 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
Television series created by Sally Wainwright
ITV television dramas
2000s British television miniseries
English-language television shows
Television shows adapted into films
Television shows set in Yorkshire
Television series by Red Production Company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaishu%2C%20Hebei
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Huaishu, Hebei
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Huaishu () is a town under the administration of Jinzhou City in southwestern Hebei province, China, located about north-northeast of downtown Jinzhou opposite G1811 Huanghua–Shijiazhuang Expressway. , it has 18 villages under its administration.
See also
List of township-level divisions of Hebei
References
Township-level divisions of Hebei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20%28Part%202%29
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Fire (Part 2)
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"Fire (Part 2)" is the second, concluding part of the two-part season premiere of the fourth season of the American police drama television series Homicide: Life on the Street. It originally aired on NBC on October 27, 1995. Both parts were written by Julie Martin (from a story by Tom Fontana and Henry Bromell); Part 1 was directed by Tim Hunter, and Part 2 by Nick Gomez. This episode concludes the investigation of a pair of arson-related homicides, led by detectives Pembleton and Bayliss, with their Arson Squad colleague Det. Mike Kellerman.
Plot summary
Soon after the warehouse fire that has killed a teenage boy, another body is found at the scene of a second suspicious fire. The three detectives examine the charred, skeletal remains of the second victim, a young woman. Kellerman deduces that this fire has also been deliberately lit, using gasoline-soaked "trailers" (probably made from toilet paper) and from his observation of the body he theorises that the victim was probably killed elsewhere before the building was set alight. Post-mortem examination reveals that the girl was around 15, and confirms Kellerman's theory that she was probably killed before the fire, by a blow to the head with a hammer. Dental records soon match with a Missing Persons report for a local girl, Bonnie Nash.
While Howard and Munch vie with each other over the upcoming sergeant's exam, Bayliss and Pembleton discuss the duty of informing members of the public about the death of loved ones, on their way to speak to the girl's family. At a bar, Kellerman meets up with his ex-wife, pathologist Dr Anne Kennedy (Stephanie Romanoff) and they bicker about their break-up and Anne chides Mike for his unwillingness to take risks. The next morning he meets his informant, who tells him the two fires were "profit jobs"; he goes on to tell Kellerman that a friend has told him about a man in a blue van who visited the gas station where she works on the night of the second fire, that the man had bought a container of gasoline (and, as she subsequently discovers) that he had stolen 6 rolls of toilet paper. The informant also tells Kellerman that the man had told his friend, in passing, that he was "a chemist". Kellerman tells Giardello about the new lead, and Giardello insists that Pembleton and Kellerman must work together to solve the case.
Pembleton appears on TV to appeal for witnesses to the two fires. When he returns to the squad room, Kellerman complains that his "chemist" lead has turned up nothing, but then Pembleton receives another phone call from his anonymous informant. The mystery man tells Frank that he was at the scene of the second fire and that he saw the arsonist drive away in a blue van, but he refuses to give any other information. When the caller hangs up, Kellerman confirms that they have been able to trace the call. They go to the address, but when the householder returns, they discover that the home has been broken into and ransacked, presumably by the mystery informant.
Russert delights Giardello by telling him that she has secured Barnfather's promise that he will approve the appointment of a new squad member, but the condition is that the squad must clear up the arson murders. With their leads proving fruitless, Giardello orders the team to start the investigation over, so they return to the scene of the first fire. Entering the precinct of the abandoned building, Frank pays for information from a vagrant, who directs them to a homeless old woman, Mrs Rosen. She vacantly tells him that a young man, whom she calls "Mr Rob", had taken her for a ride in his blue van on the night of the fire.
Frustrated, the detectives argue with each other over their inability to crack the case, but then Bayliss scores a breakthrough, finding a match for the elusive blue van in vehicular records, and they bring in the registered owner, Gavin Robb, a young chemistry teacher at a local high school. Under questioning, Robb protests his innocence, explaining that his connection to Mrs Rosen is because he often drives around at night helping homeless people, but he is also forced to admit that Bonnie Nash had been a student in his class the previous year.
Pembleton and Bayliss leave the interrogation room, joining Giardello to observe as Kellerman as he interviews Robb alone. They wager that Kellerman will fail and Robb will go free, but Kellerman sets a subtle trap - knowing that the suspect is a dog owner, he tells Robb that a dog had been found burned to death in the second fire. After more questioning, Kellerman appears to give up, and he ends the interview, but as he goes to leave, he springs his trap, casually asking Robb why he had killed the dog. Caught offguard, Robb inadvertently replies, "I didn't know it was there", effectively admitting he had been at the warehouse on the night of the Nash's murder, and he then confesses to the girl's slaying. After the confession, Kellerman reveals that he had tricked Robb because there was no dead dog.
Impressed by Kellerman's breakthrough, Giardello offers him the place in the Homicide squad. Mike initially turns it down, worried that he is not up to the challenge, but after visiting his father at his dead-end job on production line of a local distillery, he returns to the station house to accept Giardello's offer. On the rooftop, Pembleton admits to Bayliss that he is frightened by the prospect of bringing a child into such a dangerous world.
Production
Cultural references
References
1. Kalat, David P. (1998). Homicide: Life on the Street: The Unofficial Companion. Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. p. 102. .
2. Levinson, Barry. (2003) (Audio commentary). Homicide Life on the Street - The Seasons 1 & 2. [DVD]. A&E Home Video.
Homicide: Life on the Street (season 4) episodes
1995 American television episodes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantara
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Kantara
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Kantara, Arabic for "bridge", may refer to:
El Qantara, Egypt, a city on the western side of the Suez Canal
Qantara, Lebanon, a village in Marjeyoun District, southern Lebanon
El Kantara, a town in Algeria
El Kantara District, Algeria
Kantara Castle, a medieval castle in Cyprus
Kantara, İskele, a village in Cyprus
Kantara or Mahakantara, names used in the Mahabharata for Maraguda, a valley in India
Kantara Initiative, an IT consortium for interoperable digital identity systems
See also
Kantar (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%20Rosa%2C%20NZIC%20Association
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Sub Rosa, NZIC Association
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Sub Rosa is the name of the New Zealand Intelligence Corps association. Its members are drawn from serving and retired members of the Corps and others that have served in intelligence positions in the New Zealand Defence Force.
The phrase is Latin and means 'under the rose', because the rose was an emblem of secrecy hung above council tables and confessionals. The origin of which traces to a famous story in which Cupid gave Harpocrates, the god of silence, a rose to bribe him not to betray the confidence of Venus. Hence the ceilings of Roman banquet-rooms were decorated with roses to remind guests that what was spoken sub vino (under the influence of wine) was also sub rosa.
The emblem of Sub Rosa is a Tudor Rose.
Clubs and societies in New Zealand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Pagden
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Hubert Pagden
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Hubert Pagden (7 December 1897 – 15 February 1981) was a South African cricketer. He played in sixteen first-class matches for Eastern Province between 1924/25 and 1930/31.
See also
List of Eastern Province representative cricketers
References
External links
1897 births
1981 deaths
South African cricketers
Eastern Province cricketers
Cricketers from Port Elizabeth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20James%20School%20of%20Medicine
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Saint James School of Medicine
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Saint James School of Medicine (SJSM)is a private for-profit offshore medical school with two basic science campuses, one in British Overseas Territory of Anguilla, and the other in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, it is considered one school with two campuses. Saint James confers upon its graduates the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree.
History
Saint James School of Medicine was originally established in Bonaire in 1999 and began instruction in 2000.
In 2006 the people of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba agreed to dissolve the Netherlands Antilles. Upon the imminent dissolution of the country, the ministers of health of the Netherland and the Netherland Antilles requested Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO) to assess the quality of all medical schools in the Netherlands Antilles. The medical school in the island of Saba was the only one to successfully receive NVAO accreditation. The rest of the schools, including St. James School of Medicine, decided to relocate their campuses. In 2010, Saint James opened a second campus in Anguilla.
In 2014, the School opened a third campus in St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and began merging the Bonaire campus into the Saint Vincent and the Grenadines campus on the main island of Saint Vincent. At the end of the Fall 2015 semester, Saint James moved its Bonaire operation, students, and faculty to the St. Vincent and the Grenadines campus. They also transferred their IMED listing.
Curriculum
The MD program at Saint James is a 10 semester course of study that consists of three semesters per calendar year, each semester lasting four months. Semesters 1-5 are basic sciences completed at one of the school's two Caribbean campuses (Anguilla and St. Vincent and the Grenadines). Semester 5 (Advanced Introduction to Clinical Medicine) was completed at Jackson Park Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, but the location of completion of this semester has since been changed. Starting in September 2017, semester 5 will be completed in one of the two school campuses in either Saint Vincent or Anguilla. After completion, students are expected to complete the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 1, for which the school offers a pass guarantee In addition, the school has begun offering extended programs for students in the Basic Science program, offering the normal 5 semester Basic Science program, as well as a 6 and 7 semester Basic Science program.
The Clinical Science portion consists of semesters 6-10 that involve 96 weeks of clinical study that are completed at affiliated hospitals and clinical facilities in the United States. The website lists the following hospitals that it is affiliated with:
Jackson Park Hospital (Chicago, Illinois)
South Texas Health System (McAllen, Texas)
West Suburban Hospital (Oak Park, Illinois)
Sentara Healthcare (Norfolk, Williamsburg and Virginia Beach, Virginia)
Metro South Medical Center (Blue Island, Illinois)
Genesys Regional Medical Center (Grand Blanc, Michigan)
John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County (Chicago, Illinois)
Raleigh General Hospital (Beckley, West Virginia)
Appalachian Regional Hospital (Beckley, West Virginia)
Pikeville Medical Center (Pikeville, Kentucky)
Appalachian Regional Healthcare (Hazard, Kentucky)
EvergreenHealth (Seattle, Washington)
Mercy Hospital NWA Communities (Rogers, Arkansas)
Delta Regional Medical Center (Greenville, Mississippi)
Brentwood Hospital (Shreveport, Louisiana)
Griffin Memorial Hospital (Norman, Oklahoma)
Accreditation
Both of Saint James School of Medicine's campuses are listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools (WDMS). Graduates of Saint James are eligible for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) and ECFMG Certification, as well as the Canadian Medical Licensing Exams (Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination).
In September 2009, the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions (CAAM-HP) granted Saint James' Anguilla campus initial accreditation as a developing school. In July 2015, CAAM-HP extended Saint James' Anguilla campus' initial provisional accreditation with probation for one year, until 2016. The Anguilla campus' CAAM-HP initial provisional accreditation with probation was extended for one year in July 2016. In August 2018, CAAM-HP extended Saint James' initial provisional accreditation again for one year.
As of May 24, 2019, the Accreditation Commission of Colleges of Medicine granted Saint James School of Medicine conditional accreditation for three years, until May 21, 2022.
The St. Vincent campus is registered with the National Accreditation Board (NAB) of the Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. And is operating under a provisional accreditation from CAAM-HP. The campus was recently assessed for certification and is waiting on results.
Financial Aid
Saint James School of Medicine (SJSM) has entered into an arrangement with Delta Financial Solutions, Inc. (Delta) to provide qualified students with a private student loan program.
Student life
Students have clubs that they can join, including an AMSA chapter, a Phi Chi chapter, as well as other clubs. The student body also volunteers to operate health screenings for the local community.
See also
Education in Anguilla
List of schools in Anguilla
List of medical schools in the Caribbean
References
External links
Saint James School of Medicine Student Government Association of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint James School of Medicine Student Blog
Overseas medical qualifications not accepted by the United Kingdom's General Medical Council
https://www.accredmed.org/accredited-schools/
Schools of medicine in Bonaire
Education in Anguilla
Medical schools in the Caribbean
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute%20Route
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Haute Route
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The Haute Route, (or the High Route or Mountaineers' Route) is the name given to a route (with several variations) undertaken on foot or by ski touring between the Mont Blanc in Chamonix, France, and the Matterhorn, in Zermatt, Switzerland.
First charted as a summer mountaineering route by members of the English Alpine Club in the mid-19th century, the route takes around 12+ days walking (or 7+ days skiing) for the 180 km from the Chamonix valley, home of Mont Blanc, to Zermatt, home of the Matterhorn. Originally dubbed "The High Level Route" in English by members of the hiking club, the term was translated into French when first successfully undertaken on skis in 1911. Since then the French term has prevailed. While the term haute route has become somewhat genericized for any of the many multi-day, hut-to-hut alpine tours, the "Chamonix-Zermatt Haute Route" remains the original.
Besides the original Haute Route, there is nowadays also a "Walker's" Haute Route, which is an alpine hiking trail that follows a network of well-marked and signposted paths. The "Walker's" route stays below 3000 meters and takes advantage of the popular mountain huts and small inns and hotels in the villages along the way. In the spring, summer and fall, this route is safe, entirely non-technical (requires no ropes, crampons, or protection devices, unlike the actual Haute Route) and while challenging because of its daily elevation gains and distances, is achievable by any hiker in reasonably good physical condition.
The original Haute Route has large portions of glacier travel, for which suitable mountaineering gear and experience is necessary. In the winter, ski touring gear is required, and depending upon the weather and route chosen, may require crampons, ropes and avalanche protection gear.
Summer Haute Routes
There is occasionally a danger of collapsing glaciers which can render the path virtually impassable. However, a lower level variation exists that avoids crossing glaciers. The majority of hikers complete it in 12–16 days
Huts and villages on the summer Haute Route glacier trek
Le Tour village, France
Albert Premier Hut
Cabane du Trient or Orny Hut
Champex town, Switzerland
Valsorey Hut or Chanrion Hut
Vignettes Hut
Arolla village, Switzerland
Bertol Hut
Schonbiel Hut
Zermatt town, Switzerland
Low level "Walker's Haute Route" variation huts and villages
Chamonix town, France
Argentière village, France
Trient village, Switzerland
Champex village, Switzerland
Sembrancher village, Switzerland
Le Chable village, Switzerland
Verbier village, Switzerland
Arolla village, Switzerland
Les Haudères village, Switzerland
Zinal village, Switzerland
Gruben village, Switzerland
St Niklaus village, Switzerland
Zermatt town, Switzerland
Ski Touring Haute Route
First successfully completed in 1911, The Haute Route ski tour is probably the most famous and coveted ski tour in the world. Using high mountain huts to allow skiers to stay high and cover substantial distances, it winds through the highest, most dramatic peaks of the Alps from Mont Blanc to the Matterhorn. It requires good weather, favourable snow conditions and strong effort to complete this line. Because of this, roughly half of the skiers who begin the tour do not complete it.
There are many variations of the HLR (High Level Route) that work their way between Chamonix and Zermatt, including those listed below. It is also possible to add ascents of a number of ski peaks to any of the routes. The winter Haute Route deviates from the summer route to avoid terrain that is dangerous or impassable when snow-covered. Many people also ski the Haute Route in the opposite direction, by variations that select better ascent and descents.
Lionel Claudepierre, a member of PGHM of Bourg Saint Maurice, set a new record of 18h35m on Monday 15 April 2013.
Classic Route
The winter Haute Route's original line which involves long climbs and mountaineering with ice axe and crampons.
Day 1: Argentiere village, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut.
Day 2: Champex-Lac via the Val d'Arpette. Bus or taxi to Bourg-Saint-Pierre.
Day 3: Long climb up to the Valsorey Hut on the shoulder of Grand Combin.
Day 4: Over the Plateau du Couloir and down the Glacier du Mont Durand to the Chanrion Hut.
Day 5: A long climb up the Otemma Glacier to the Vignettes Hut.
Day 6: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
Day 7: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.
Verbier Variation
The purest skiing line, and the most frequently done.
Day 1: Argentière, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut.
Day 2: Champex-Lac via the Val d'Arpette. Bus or taxi to Verbier and the Mont Fort Hut.
Day 3: Over the Rosablanche to the Prafleuri Hut.
Day 4: Around Dixence reservoir and up to the Dix Hut.
Day 5: Over the Pigne d'Arolla to the Vignettes Hut.
Day 6: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
Day 7: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.
Grande Lui variation
A longer, harder, more technical route that eliminates the road break of the Verbier and Classic variations.
Day 1: Argentiere village, France, over the Col du Chardonnet and the Fenêtre du Saleina to the Trient Hut or down to the Bivouac Dorés.
Day 2: Over the Grande Lui through the Col du Saleina or around it via the Swiss Three Cols and a long descent to the village of La Fouly.
Day 3: Up the Val Ferret and over to Grand St. Bernard Hospice.
Day 4: Down to Great St Bernard Pass and over the shoulder of Mont Vélan to the Vélan Hut.
Day 5: Up the Grand Combin and over the Plateau du Couloir, down the Glacier du Mont Durand to the Chanrion Hut.
Day 6: A long non-technical climb up the Otemma Glacier or a stiffer climb over Les Portons to the Vignettes Hut.
Day 7: A long day to Zermatt over the Col de l'Evêque, Col du Mont Brulé and Col de Valpelline, then a long descent under the shoulder of the Matterhorn and Dent d'Herens.
Day 8: Optional extension to Saas-Fee over the Adler Pass.
"Backward" Haute Route
Day 1: From Zermatt under the Matterhorn up to the Schonbiel Hut.
Day 2: Over the Col de Valpelline and up to the Bertol Hut.
Day 3: Down then up over Col Collon to the Vignettes Hut.
Day 4: Over the Pigne d'Arolla and down Les Portons to Chanrion Hut.
Day 5: Across the Otemma Gorge, up & over into the Aosta Valley. Hitchhike to La Palud.
Day 6: Ride the lift to the Vallée Blanche. Descend to Montenvers and ski or take the cog train out to Chamonix.
Peaks and passes on the route
See the route descriptions.
Optional ski peak ascents along the listed Haute Route variations include the Mont Blanc, Rosablanche, Pigne d'Arolla, Mont Blanc de Cheilon, Mont Vélan, Breithorn. Some of these peak ascents will require an additional day or more, and range from easy to very technical and difficult.
See also
Haute Route (cycling)
Swiss Alps
Notes
References
Updates are available on the publisher's website.
Further reading
. (In French). Also published in German as Haute Route: Von Chamonix nach Zermatt/Saas Fee, .
External links
Information on The Haute Route: Videos, guided and self-guided trips
Haute Route Chamonix – Zermatt – General presentation and detailed routes – French
Alps
Ski mountaineering
Hiking trails in Switzerland
Mountaineering in Switzerland
Hiking trails in France
Mountaineering in France
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61049812
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga%20Palagia
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Olga Palagia
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Olga Palagia is Professor of Classical Archaeology at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and is a leading expert on ancient Greek sculpture. She is known in particular for her work on sculpture in ancient Athens and has edited a number of key handbooks on Greek sculpture.
Career
Palagia undertook her BA in archaeology and history at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and graduated in 1972. She moved to the University of Oxford to study for a diploma in classical archaeology followed by a D.Phil., which was awarded in 1977. Her thesis, Euphranor, was published in 1980 by Brill.
Following Palagia's studies she worked first as a research assistant at the Acropolis Museum of Athens from 1978 to 1981. Palagia then joined the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens as a lecturer and was awarded tenure in 1983. She became an assistant professor in 1988, associate professor in 1993, and then professor in 1999. Palagia has been the Chair of the Department of Archaeology (2002-4) and the Deputy Head of the Faculty of History and Archaeology (2006-7).
Palagia has edited a number of key handbooks on Greek sculpture which are widely used in teaching and research as well as contributing chapters to standard handbooks. She is an expert on the sculptures of the Parthenon, publishing a book, The Pediments of the Parthenon (Brill, Leiden), in 1993 and lecturing widely on the topic. Palagia served on the Committee for the Restoration of the Acropolis Monuments 2005–2009.
Palagia has held a number of visiting fellowships at international institutions, including the Ailsa Mellon Bruce Visiting Senior Fellowship (Spring 1991) at the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, the Sylvan C. Coleman and Pamela Coleman Memorial Fund Fellowship (March 1998) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the Andrew W. Mellon Art History Fellowship (October 2004) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and the Onassis Visiting Lectureship (2015) at the University of Waterloo, Ontario. Palagia delivered the Byvanck Lecture in 2015 at Leiden University, and has delivered a wide range of public lectures on sculpture across the world.
Palagia was elected as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London on 3 May 1990. She is an honorary fellow of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, and a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and the Archaeological Institute of America.
Selected publications
Euphranor (Brill, Leiden, 1980)
'A Colossal Statue of a Personification from the Agora of Athens' in Hesperia 51 (1982) pp. 99–113
The Pediments of the Parthenon (Brill, Leiden, 1993)
(ed.) Greek Offerings in Honour of John Boardman (Oxford, 1997)
(ed.) Art in Athens during the Peloponnesian War (Cambridge, 2009)
with William Coulson (eds.) Sculpture from Arcadia and Laconia (Oxford, 1993)
with William Coulson, TL Shear, HA Shapiro, and FJ Frost (eds.) The Archaeology of Athens and Attica under the Democracy (Oxford, 1994)
with JJ Pollitt (eds.) Personal Styles in Greek Sculpture (Cambridge, 1996)
with John Oakley and William Coulson (eds.) Athenian Potters and Painters (Oxford, 1997)
with William Coulson (eds.) Regional Schools in Hellenistic Sculpture (Oxford, 1998)
'Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander' in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
with Stephen V Tracey (eds.) The Macedonians in Athens 322-229 B.C. (Oxford, 2003)
with Hans Rupprecht Goette (eds.) Ludwig Ross und Griechenland (Rahden, 2005)
'Fire from Heaven: Pediments and Akroteria of the Parthenon' in Jenifer Neils (ed.) The Parthenon : From Antiquity to the Present (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005)
(ed.) Greek sculpture: function, materials, and techniques in the archaic and classical periods (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
with Alkestis Spetsieri-Choremi (eds.) The Panathenaic Games (Oxford, 2007)
with John H Oakley (eds.) Athenian Potters and Painters II (Oxford, 2009)
(ed.) Art in Athens During the Peloponnesian War (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
with Bonna D. Wescoat (eds.) Samothracian Connections: Essays in Honor of James R. McCredie (2010)
with Hans Rupprecht Goette (eds.) Sailing to Classical Greece in honour of Petros Themelis (2011)
'The Functions of Greek Art' in (ed.) Clemente Marconi The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture (Oxford, 2014)
(ed.) Handbook of Greek Sculpture (de Gruyter, 2019)
References
External links
The Motya charioteer - an alternative view Lecture given by Olga Palagia for the Hellenic Society at The British Museum in 2012
Sculptural display in ancient Greek temples Lecture given by Olga Palagia at Senate House in London on 28 June 2017 as part of the 'Sculptural Display' lectures by the Hellenic and Roman Societies.
Olga Palagia on WorldCat
Living people
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens faculty
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Women classical scholars
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Greek classical scholars
1949 births
Greek women archaeologists
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3849901
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanalei%20River
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Hanalei River
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The Hanalei River on the island of Kauai in Hawaii flows north from the eastern slopes of Mount Waialeale for until it reaches the Pacific Ocean at Hanalei Bay as an estuary. With a long-term mean discharge of 216 cubic feet (6.12 cubic meters) per second, in terms of water flow it is the second-largest river in the state; although its watershed of is only sixth-largest on Kauai, it encompasses areas of the highest recorded rainfall on the planet and plunges precipitously from its headwaters at above sea level.
The lower, flatter portion of the river flows by Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge and many taro farms (60% of Hawaii's taro is grown in this area). The Hanalei River provides habitat for a number of amphidromous species, including gobies (5 native varieties), two native species of crustacean, the hīhīwai (Neritina granosa, an edible snail), and in its upper reaches, a threatened species of highly adapted snail (Newcomb's snail, Erinna newcombi).
The Hanalei was designated an American Heritage River by US President Bill Clinton on July 30, 1998.
The major bridge across the river (still one lane) is on Hawaii Route 560, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii.
See also
Hanalei, Hawaii
List of rivers in Hawaii
References
External links
Hanalei Watershed Hui
EPA American Heritage River: Hanalei
American Heritage Rivers
Rivers of Kauai
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52320404
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Stephen%20F.%20Austin%20Lumberjacks%20football%20team
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2010 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football team
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The 2010 Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football team represented Stephen F. Austin State University in the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The team was led by fourth-year head coach J. C. Harper and played its home games at Homer Bryce Stadium. It finished the regular season with a 9–3 record overall and a 6–1 record in the Southland Conference, making the team conference champions. The team qualified for the playoffs, in which it was eliminated in the second round by Villanova.
Schedule
References
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football seasons
Southland Conference football champion seasons
Stephen F. Austin
Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football
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67803984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Angiulli
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Manuel Angiulli
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Manuel Charly Angiulli (born 26 June 1995) is a Belgian footballer who plays as a defender for Mouscron.
Career
Angiulli started his career with Belgian second division side Visé.
In 2014, he signed for Alemannia Aachen II in the German fifth division.
In 2020, Angiulli signed for Romanian club Politehnica Iași, where he made 3 appearances and scored 0 goals. On 11 November 2020, he debuted for Politehnica Iași during a 1-0 win over CFR Cluj.
Before the second half of 2020–21, Angiulli signed for MVV in the Netherlands.
On 27 July 2021, he signed a two-year deal with Mouscron.
References
External links
}
1995 births
Sportspeople from Liège
Belgian people of Italian descent
Living people
Belgian footballers
Association football defenders
C.S. Visé players
Alemannia Aachen players
R.E. Virton players
FC Politehnica Iași (2010) players
MVV Maastricht players
Royal Excel Mouscron players
Belgian Third Division players
Oberliga (football) players
Belgian First Division B players
Liga I players
Eerste Divisie players
Belgian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Romania
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Belgian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
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1083513
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%82ty%20coat%20of%20arms
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Bełty coat of arms
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Bełty - is a Polish coat of arms.
History
Blazon
Gallery
See also
Polish heraldry
Heraldic family
List of Polish nobility coats of arms
Bibliography
Tadeusz Gajl: Herbarz polski od średniowiecza do XX wieku : ponad 4500 herbów szlacheckich 37 tysięcy nazwisk 55 tysięcy rodów. L&L, 2007. .
External links
Bełty i lista nazwisk w elektronicznej wersji Herbarza polskiego
Belty Coat of Arms & the bearers.
Polish coats of arms
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60563546
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari%20al-Saqati
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Sari al-Saqati
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Abū al-Ḥasan Sarī (al-Sirrī) b. al-Mughallis al-Saqaṭī (867CE) also known as Sirri Saqti (Arabic:سری سقطی) was one of the early Muslim Sufi saints of Baghdad. He was one of the most influential students of Maruf Karkhi and one of the first to present Sufism in a systematic way. He was also a friend of Bishr al-Hafi. He was the maternal uncle and spiritual master of Junayd of Baghdad.
See also
List of Sufis
Seyyed Qutb al-Din Mohammad Neyrizi
References
Sunni Sufis
Sufi mystics
Iraqi Sufis
People from Baghdad
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5184283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Singapore
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Human rights in Singapore
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Human rights in Singapore are codified in the Constitution of Singapore, which sets out the legal rights of its citizens. These rights are protected by the Constitution and include amendments and referendums. These rights have evolved significantly from the days since independence though the government in Singapore has broad powers to possibly limit citizens' rights or to inhibit political opposition. In 2018, Singapore was ranked 151st by Reporters Without Borders in the Worldwide Press Freedom Index. U.S.-based Freedom in the World scored Singapore 3 out of 7 for "political freedom", and 3 out of 7 for "civil liberties" (where 1 is the "most free"), with an overall ranking of "partly free" for the year 2015.
Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore, specifically Article 14(1), guarantees to Singapore citizens the rights to freedom of speech and expression, peaceful assembly without arms, and association. However, the enjoyment of these rights may be restricted by laws imposed by the Parliament of Singapore on the grounds stated in Article 14(2) of the Constitution.
Legislation
Internal Security Act
The Ministry of Home Affairs Internal Security Department enforces the country's Internal Security Act (ISA) as a counter to potential espionage, international terrorism, threats to racial and religious harmony, and subversion. The ISA permits indefinite detention without formal charges or recourse to trial, and has been used to imprison political opponents of the ruling party, including former parliamentary member Chia Thye Poh, who was held for 32 years without trial before being released. As of 2005, 36 men were being held under the ISA.
Sedition Act
The Sedition Act prohibits seditious acts and speech; and the printing, publication, sale, distribution, reproduction and importation of seditious publications. In addition to punishing actions that tend to undermine the administration of government, the Act also criminalizes actions which promote feelings of ill-will or hostility between different races or classes of the population.
Public Order Act (2009)
Under the Public Order Act 2009, a police permit is required to hold public processions or outdoor assemblies legally.
Indoor assemblies could be held freely without the need to apply for police permits. There have been multiple amendments to the Public Order Act since 2009 and as of October 2017, all event organisers are required to notify the police if they expect more than 5,000 attendees for public events or 10,000 at any one time for private assemblies. Further amendments to the Act include allowing the Commissioner of Police to refuse a permit for public assembly or procession if it is deemed to be directed towards a political end or organised by or involving non-Singapore entities and citizens.
Contempt of court
The offence of scandalizing the court is committed when a person brings a court or a judge into contempt, or to lower authority. Allegations of bias, lack of impartiality, impropriety or any wrongdoing concerning a judge in the exercise of his judicial function falls within the offence.
Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act
Internment without trial under the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act has been used to deal with espionage, terrorism, organised crime, and narcotics.
Newspaper and Printing Presses Act (1974)
The Act requires the chief editor or the proprietor of the newspaper to obtain a permit from the Minister in order to print or publish a newspaper in Singapore.
Section 10 of the Act gives the Minister the power to appoint the management shareholders of all newspaper companies and to control any transfers of such management shares. It also gives the management shareholders, and by proxy the government, a minimum 66% majority in any votes regarding staffing decisions.
Enlistment Act (1970)
All male Singapore citizens and second-generation permanent residents (PR) who have reached the age of 18 are required to undergo a two-year conscription known as National Service. Defaulters are fined or sentenced to jail.
Male citizens who hold dual citizenships can only renounce their Singapore citizenship upon completion of their service, unless they have citizenship of another country at age 11, and have announced to the Ministry of Defence of their intention to renounce their citizenships before the age of 11, and avoid all "socio-economic benefits of a Singapore citizenship" before their renunciation of Singaporean citizenship after attaining the age of majority. Second-generation permanent residents who renounce their PR status without serving NS will "face consequences" if they were to apply to return to Singapore to study or work in the future.
Basic rights
Freedom of expression and association
The government has restricted freedom of speech and freedom of the press and has limited other civil and political rights. The right to freedom of speech and association guaranteed by Article 14(1) of the Constitution of Singapore is restricted by the subsequent subsection (2) of the same Article. However, in their 2019 report, Freedom house states "The electoral and legal framework that the PAP has constructed...constrains the growth of credible opposition parties and limits freedoms of expression, assembly, and association."
The only place in Singapore where outdoor public assemblies do not require police permits (for citizens) is at the Speakers' Corner which is loosely modelled on Hyde Park, London. However, foreigners still require a permit to speak at the park, and one must still register one's personal details with the National Parks Board online before speaking or protesting at the Speakers' corner, and there are also many surveillance cameras in the park, a situation that some Singaporeans and Singaporean MPs have commented on.
Police permits are also not granted to events that are deemed to have a "significant risk of public disorder" and those that could "incite feelings of hostility between different racial and religious groups" in Singapore.
According to Amnesty International, laws were tightened in 2010 to limit the freedom of expression and assembly, and to stifle critics and activists. Lawsuits were taken out by the authorities against dissidents. Government critics and human rights defenders nevertheless held public gatherings.
Censorship of political and racially or religiously sensitive content is also extensive, and is imposed in the form of stringent media regulations and criminal laws, and indirect approaches through OB markers on local journalists and withdrawal of public arts funding. Press freedom has been curtailed over the years through various national security laws, such as the Internal Security Act, the Sedition Act and the Official Secrets Act. Government pressure to conform has resulted in the practice of self-censorship by journalists.
Privacy under mass surveillance
The Singapore Constitution does not include a right to privacy and the data protection act does not protect citizens from government-sanctioned surveillance. The government does not need prior judicial authorisation to conduct any surveillance interception, and documents that restrict what officials can do with personal data are classified. In a U.S State Department report in 2015, it is believed that law enforcement and government agencies have extensive networks for gathering information and conducting surveillance. A majority of Singaporeans are under the impression that authorities track telephone conversations and the use of the internet of civilians, and routine checks are done on some opposition politicians and other government critics.
The Singapore Info-communications Media Development Authority was also listed as a customer of spyware maker Hacking Team in a data leak. The group is alleged to have used spyware to analyse the digital footprint of its intended audience.
According to a study conducted by the Ministry of Defence, the threshold for surveillance is deemed relatively higher in Singapore, the majority of citizens having accepted the "surveillance situation" as necessary for deterring terrorism and "self-radicalisation". Singaporeans are said to have accepted the social contract between residents and their government, and expect to "surrender certain civil liberties and individual freedoms in exchange for fundamental guarantees: security, education, affordable housing, health care." With the push for the Smart Nation initiative to collate and analyse big data from all aspects of urban life for decision-making, it is unclear how individual rights to privacy will be upheld.
In November 2017, it was announced that the government would introduce legislation in 2018 to mandate all private doctors to submit patient information for the centralised national healthcare database named National Electronic Health Records System (NEHR). Patients can request for their health records to be made inaccessible to physicians and healthcare workers, but the records will still be added and updated to the electronic system. While the authorities have asserted that only relevant healthcare workers will have access to the patients' data, it was noted that there have been cases of illegal access of patients' records even with the privacy safeguards in place.
Law dean Simon Chesterman brought up the need for greater transparency on the surveillance in smart cities to ensure that state powers are not being abused.
LGBT rights
Singapore law dating from 1938 (Penal Code, s. 377A) bans sexual relations between men, but no prosecutions for private sexual activity have taken place since 1999. Since a May 2009 rally at Speaker's Corner at Hong Lim Park, gay-rights supporters have participated in the annual Pink Dot SG rally at Speaker's Corner, without government interference. The 2009 event was deemed significant enough to be included in the US Department of State's human rights reports for 2009.
Immigrant workers' rights
According to Amnesty International one quarter of Singapore's population were immigrants at the end of 2009.
The Employment of Foreign Workers Act excludes domestic workers (2009). Singapore does not provide basic protection for foreign domestic workers, such as a standard number of working hours and rest days, minimum wage and access to employment benefits. The recruitment fees of domestic workers can be up to 40% of the workers salary in a two-year contract.
As of the end of 2010, Singapore's government had refused to regulate the recruitment fees.
In 2010 two immigrants from Burma, after 11 years' work in Singapore, did not receive new work permits, following their active support for Burma's pro-democracy movement.
Human trafficking
The US Trafficking in Persons 2019 report listed Singapore on Tier 2 with 32 victims.
The 2020 report listed Singapore on Tier 1.
Caning
Singapore also employs corporal punishment in the form of severe caning on the bare buttocks for numerous criminal offences if committed by males under 50, and this is a mandatory sentence for some 30 offences. Some international observers, including Amnesty International, maintain that corporal punishment is in itself contrary to human rights, but this is disputed. Caning is never ordered on its own in Singapore, only in combination with imprisonment. There is mandatory caning of at least three strokes, combined with a minimum of three months' imprisonment, for foreign workers who overstay by more than 3 months. The government argues that this is necessary to deter would-be immigration offenders, as Singapore remains an attractive destination for illegal immigrants; experience prior to 1989 had shown that imprisonment was not alone a sufficient deterrent. It feels that long-term overstayers who are not able to work legitimately pose social problems and may turn to crime.
Corporal punishment may also be ordered for various sexual offences, rioting, the possession of weapons, violence of all kinds, illicit drug use, and vandalism of public property. Male members of the armed forces are liable to a less severe form of caning for breaches of military discipline.
Death penalty
Singapore enforces the death penalty by hanging. It is mandatory for premeditated and aggravated murder and for the possession or trafficking of more than of heroin in its pure form (diamorphine). According to Amnesty International, Singapore has one of the world's highest execution rates relative to its population. Some 400 criminals were hanged between 1991 and 2003, for a population of 5 million.
The government argues that death penalty is meted out for the most serious crimes to curb the drug menace as Singapore is particularly vulnerable due to its small size and location near the Golden Triangle.
Singapore is against euthanasia, and mercy killing is not legalised.
International agreements
According to Amnesty International, Singapore has signed the following international agreements relating to human rights:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
Optional Protocol to the CRC on the involvement of children in armed conflict in 2008
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
As of 2018, Singapore has not signed the following agreements:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)
Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951)
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1967)
Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954)
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961)
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Ratings
See also
Caning in Singapore
Capital punishment in Singapore
Censorship in Singapore
Internal Security Act (Singapore)
LGBT rights in Singapore
Public demonstrations in Singapore
References
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66280703
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n%20Castillo
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Rubén Castillo
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Rubén Castillo may refer to:
Rubén Castillo (footballer), Chilean footballer
Rubén Castillo (judge), American judge
Rubén Castillo Anchapuri, Peruvian theologist and biologist
Ruben Castillo (boxer) (born 1957), American boxer
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68295889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anolis%20vinosus
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Anolis vinosus
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Anolis vinosus is a species of lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is found in Haiti.
References
Anoles
Reptiles described in 1968
Endemic fauna of Haiti
Reptiles of Haiti
Taxa named by Albert Schwartz (zoologist)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Dan%20Faculty%20of%20Pharmacy
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Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy
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The Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy is a pharmacy school and an academic division of the University of Toronto. The faculty is located on the northwestern corner of College Street and University Avenue, placing it across from the Ontario Legislative Building and at the entrance to Queen's Park station. It is also situated 1-2 blocks away from four internationally renowned hospitals — The Hospital for Sick Children, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto General Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital. It is part of Toronto's Discovery District.
The Faculty of Pharmacy Building is particularly notable for its two orb-shaped classrooms, referred to as the "pods", which are suspended lecture halls. The pods are lit at night with coloured stage lights visible from afar, giving the building a "Star Trek feel". Likened to giant glowing pills, the pods have been deemed "something of a local landmark." The Pharmacy Building has received international coverage and awards, in part because of its design team, including world-famous Sir Norman Foster and Claude Engle, as well as its high-profile sponsor Leslie Dan. It was also featured on the cover of, as well as profiled in, the book Detail in Process.
History
The Faculty of Pharmacy at the University of Toronto began in 1853, when the Ontario College of Pharmacy (now Pharmacists) who first operated at the school had merged into the school curriculum. By 1868, the pharmacy program consisted of only a few evenings of voluntary classes, with no practically prerequisite classes. However, the long, tradition apprenticeship of this professional field had pressed a strong emphasis onto the students. Today, the program has evolved into "a compulsory, four-year second-entry scientific and professional university course with a supervised period of professional practice." The organization of this program has become significantly more structured. This change in focus strayed away from the predominant emphasis of the practice of training through an apprenticeship to today's emphasis of a theoretical study and application of those skills in real-life situations. Students are better equipped with the skills which are required to meet the present needs of the profession. The University of Toronto was the only school in Ontario to offer a pharmacy education until the opening of the University of Waterloo School of Pharmacy in 2008.
In 1877, the Faculty moved into the University of Toronto campus, and new levels of pharmaceutical education was offered as a PhD degree at the University of Toronto was being arranged. As the demands for more pharmacists increased, the demands of professional education in this particular field increased as well. As a result, in 1992, the faculty introduced the PharmD-Doctor of Pharmacy- in hopes to accommodate for the growing need for graduates in the field. Within the past decade, enrolment in the undergraduate and graduate programs and doubled and tripled in size respectively. The Faculty had no choice but to expand their facilities, thus moving to their current location at 144 College Street in 2006.
The Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Toronto's Arms and Badge were registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on 17 May 2001. The Latin motto is "Trutina Penso Doctrinae" which means "I weigh by the balance of learning."
As the only faculty of pharmacy in Ontario until 2007, the Faculty needed to expand beyond 120 students per year, but could not do so in its limited space. The largest room in the former Pharmacy Building (the Norman F. Hughes building, now the Anthropology Building, located at Huron St. and Russell St.) held only 30 students, and each year (at the time of the proposal) had 120 students. Thus, none of the pharmacy classes could be held within its own building, a serious problem for any professional faculty. As well, the various pharmacy research labs were interspersed throughout the campus.
Construction of a new building enabled the pharmacy programme to gradually increase its student intake to 240 new students per year in September 2006, doubling its previous capacity; between 2000 and 2008, the total enrolment in the pharmacy program (all 4 years) increased from 499 to 1,011 students. Other programs administrated by the Faculty, including the graduate-level advanced Pharm.D. program (not to be confused with an entry-level Pharm.D.), the Bachelor of Science specialisation in pharmaceutical chemistry, the MSc and PhD programmes in pharmaceutical sciences and the International Pharmacy Graduates bridging programme also experienced significant growth. On 19 April 2011, the Faculty announced a $1 million donation from Walmart Canada to create the Walmart Canada International Pharmacy Education Centre. This centre will feature enhanced facilities including a one hundred seat classroom, and will allow increased enrollment into the programme.
The $75-million (CAD) building was funded by numerous alumni and organisations, along with the Government of Ontario's SuperBuild fund. The building was named the Leslie L. Dan Faculty of Pharmacy Building in 2001 in honour of the generous donation made by Leslie Dan, an alumnus of the school and a noted pharmacist, philanthropist, entrepreneur and Member of the Order of Canada, as well as founder of the generic drug manufacturer Novopharm and the Canadian Medical Aid Programme. Dan donated $8 million earmarked specifically for the building in 2000, at which point the building was named for him; this was followed up with a $7 million donation to his alma mater in 2002, resulting in the Faculty of Pharmacy being renamed to the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy.
Academics and curricula
The Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy offers several degrees:
Master of Science in Pharmacy (MScPhm)
Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD)
Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Sciences (PhD)
Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences (MSc)
Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Sciences (BSc)
The current entry-to-practice PharmD program graduated its first class in 2015, coinciding with the graduation of the last class of traditional post-graduate PharmD students. This change mirrors that of the pharmacy curriculum in the United States of America: introducing advanced pharmacy practice experiences, increasing program admission requirements, thereby reducing and streamlining the didactic portions of the curriculum. This new entry-to-practice PharmD program replaces the previous entry-to-practice Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy (BScPhm) program. Practicing pharmacists holding BScPhm may choose to elect to bridge to the current PharmD degree via the PharmD for Pharmacists program. Graduates from this program will hold both the traditional BScPhm and current PharmD degrees. Since the traditional post-graduate PharmD program is also no longer available, a new post-graduate degree in the form of MScPhm has been established to further the clinical and research skills of practicing pharmacists.
At the University of Toronto, pharmacy students are already being trained for physical assessments and prescribing rights through problem-based, experiential and student-directed approaches to common ailments, case-based and critical reasoning skills and other coursework in pathophysiology, clinical biochemistry and pharmaceutical care. These represent important advances in pharmacy education and the pharmacists' new critical role in Canada's health care system, and the use of the new building for Pharmacy is a symbol of the University of Toronto's dedication to health care and pharmaceutical research.
In addition, the Faculty offers a non-professional undergraduate Bachelor of Science in Pharmaceutical Science program along with graduate research programs that lead to Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy (MSc and PhD) degrees in pharmaceutical science.
References
External links
Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy
University of Toronto buildings
Foster and Partners buildings
Pharmacy schools in Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameel%20Stuart
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Jameel Stuart
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Jameel Stuart (born 11 February 1995) is a West Indian cricketer. He made his List A debut for Combined Campuses and Colleges in the 2017–18 Regional Super50 on 30 January 2018.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Combined Campuses and Colleges cricketers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby%20Valley%2C%20Nevada
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Ruby Valley, Nevada
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Ruby Valley is an unincorporated community in Ruby Valley, in Elko County, Nevada, United States.
It was the site of the Ruby Valley Pony Express Station, which has since been moved 60 miles to Elko, Nevada and restored and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Ruby Valley has a small K-8 school and many cattle ranches. Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge and state owned Gallagher Fish Hatchery are in Ruby Valley.
On 1 October 1863 the Treaty of Ruby Valley was signed by Gov. James W. Nye of the Nevada Territory and Gov. James Duane Doty of the Utah Territory. Twelve chiefs signed for the Western Bands of the Shoshone Nation of Indians. The treaty assured their ownership of property (that later became a U.S. nuclear test site). The treaty stated that the presence of U.S. settlements will not negate Native sovereignty. The Western Shoshone did not cede land but agreed to allow the U.S. government the "right to traverse the area, maintain existing telegraph and stage lines, construct one railroad, and engage in specified economic activities." The Union relied on this treaty to demonstrate to European governments and banks backing the Union that it could provide the gold needed for the American Civil War.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Elko County, Nevada
Unincorporated communities in Nevada
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58564607
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infotheca
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Infotheca
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Infotheca: Journal for Digital Humanities is a multidisciplinary open-access journal, which has been publishing original papers since 2000. It is published biannually.
About
Infotheca is a multidisciplinary journal that publishes original papers in digital humanities, as well as papers in which mathematical models, algorithms, procedures, standards and informatics applications intended for humanities research are used and improved. All papers in the same edition are published on Open Access and are available in Serbian and English. In addition to the printed edition, an online edition is available. Registration of papers is carried out through an open journal system.
History
Infotheca Journal was first published in September 2000. The scientific journal originates from the Information Serbian Academic Library Association. It was originally called Infotheca: Journal for Informatics and Librarianship (ISSN 0354-6462). The Journal for Librarianship and Informatics published papers both in Serbian and English. In 2014, the journal was renamed Infotheca: Journal for Digital Humanities. All of its scientific and professional papers have DOI numbers.
Editors
2000-2010: Prof. Dr. Dušan Surla.
2010-Present: Prof. Dr. Cvetana Krstev.
Publishers
2013: Serbian Academic Library Association
2014-present: University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology; Serbian Academic Library Association and University Library Svetozar Marković
Topics
Creation, maintenance and standardization of digital resources for the Humanities.
Humanities research supported by the digital media and information technology.
Computer methods and Computer Applications in linguistic, literary, culturological and Historical Research.
Development of methods, resources and tools for Natural language processing.
Development of methods, standards and procedures for Information Representation and Information retrieval.
Information technologies in Librarianship, Museology and Archival science and their influence on scientific Information systems and scientific communication.
Digital art, architecture, movies, theatre and the new media.
Impact of E-learning and other forms of teaching and learning supported by educational information technologies.
Changes in science, research and publishing under the influence of new technologies.
The place of the Digital humanities at the University and the development of Digital humanities curricula.
Open access
Since 2004, Infotheca has had an online edition (ISSN: 2217-9461). Infotheca is an open access journal which means that its contents are available free of charge to the users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal, without asking prior permission. Infotheca is the copyright holder of published articles, under the conditions defined in Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0).
Indexing
EBSCO – Academic Search Complete
EBSCO – Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts
References
External link
Multidisciplinary humanities journals
Biannual journals
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71425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic%20system
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Lymphatic system
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The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It comprises of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues. The vessels carry a clear fluid called lymph (the Latin word lympha refers to the deity of fresh water, "Lympha") back towards the heart, for re-circulation.
Unlike the circulatory system that is a closed system, the lymphatic system is open. The human circulatory system processes an average of 20 litres of blood per day through capillary filtration, which removes plasma from the blood. Roughly 17 litres of the filtered blood is reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three litres are left in the interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymphatic system is to provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three litres.
The other main function is that of immune defense. Lymph is very similar to blood plasma, in that it contains waste products and cellular debris, together with bacteria and proteins. The cells of the lymph are mostly lymphocytes. Associated lymphoid organs are composed of lymphoid tissue, and are the sites either of lymphocyte production or of lymphocyte activation. These include the lymph nodes (where the highest lymphocyte concentration is found), the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils. Lymphocytes are initially generated in the bone marrow. The lymphoid organs also contain other types of cells such as stromal cells for support. Lymphoid tissue is also associated with mucosas such as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
Fluid from circulating blood leaks into the tissues of the body by capillary action, carrying nutrients to the cells. The fluid bathes the tissues as interstitial fluid, collecting waste products, bacteria, and damaged cells, and then drains as lymph into the lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic vessels. These vessels carry the lymph throughout the body, passing through numerous lymph nodes which filter out unwanted materials such as bacteria and damaged cells. Lymph then passes into much larger lymph vessels known as lymph ducts. The right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the region and the much larger left lymphatic duct, known as the thoracic duct, drains the left side of the body. The ducts empty into the subclavian veins to return to the blood circulation. Lymph is moved through the system by muscle contractions. In some vertebrates, a lymph heart is present that pumps the lymph to the veins.
The lymphatic system was first described in the 17th century independently by Olaus Rudbeck and Thomas Bartholin.
Structure
The lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs, lymphoid tissues, and the circulating lymph.
Primary lymphoid organs
The primary (or central) lymphoid organs generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor cells. The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early clonal selection of lymphocyte tissues.
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is responsible for both the creation of T cell precursors and the production and maturation of B cells, which are important cell types of the immune system. From the bone marrow, B cells immediately join the circulatory system and travel to secondary lymphoid organs in search of pathogens. T cells, on the other hand, travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they develop further and mature. Mature T cells then join B cells in search of pathogens. The other 95% of T cells begin a process of apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death.
Thymus
The thymus increases in size from birth in response to postnatal antigen stimulation. It is most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. At puberty, by the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and regress, with adipose tissue mostly replacing the thymic stroma. However, residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life. The loss or lack of the thymus results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection. In most species, the thymus consists of lobules divided by septa which are made up of epithelium; it is therefore often considered an epithelial organ. T cells mature from thymocytes, proliferate, and undergo a selection process in the thymic cortex before entering the medulla to interact with epithelial cells.
The thymus provides an inductive environment for the development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.
Secondary lymphoid organs
The secondary (or peripheral) lymphoid organs (SLO), which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. The secondary lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the secondary lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.
Spleen
The main functions of the spleen are:
to produce immune cells to fight antigens
to remove particulate matter and aged blood cells, mainly red blood cells
to produce blood cells during fetal life.
The spleen synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen contains, in its reserve, half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp. These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing. The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections.
Like the thymus, the spleen has only efferent lymphatic vessels. Both the short gastric arteries and the splenic artery supply it with blood. The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles.
Until the fifth month of prenatal development, the spleen creates red blood cells; after birth, the bone marrow is solely responsible for hematopoiesis. As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system, the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. It can store enough blood cells to help in an emergency. Up to 25% of lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.
Lymph nodes
A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several afferent lymph vessels bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an efferent lymph vessel. Of the nearly 800 lymph nodes in the human body, about 300 are located in the head and neck. Many are grouped in clusters in different regions, as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the proximal ends of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries. Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the mediastinum in the chest, neck, pelvis, axilla, inguinal region, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.
The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum. The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised high endothelial venules found in the paracortex.
A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size, and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of B cells, or B lymphocytes, occurs in the germinal centre of the lymph nodes.
Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid follicles in tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen, adenoids, skin, etc. that are associated with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
In the gastrointestinal wall, the appendix has mucosa resembling that of the colon, but here it is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.
Tertiary lymphoid organs
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) are abnormal lymph node-like structures that form in peripheral tissues at sites of chronic inflammation, such as chronic infection, transplanted organs undergoing graft rejection, some cancers, and autoimmune and autoimmune-related diseases. TLOs are regulated differently from the normal process whereby lymphoid tissues are formed during ontogeny, being dependent on cytokines and hematopoietic cells, but still drain interstitial fluid and transport lymphocytes in response to the same chemical messengers and gradients. TLOs typically contain far fewer lymphocytes, and assume an immune role only when challenged with antigens that result in inflammation. They achieve this by importing the lymphocytes from blood and lymph. TLOs often have an active germinal center, surrounded by a network of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs).
TLOs are thought to play an important role in the immune response to cancer and to have possible implications in immunotherapy. They have been observed in a number of cancer types such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer (reviewed in ) as well as glioma. Patients with TLOs in the vicinity of their tumors tend to have a better prognosis, although the opposite is true for certain cancers. TLOs that contain an active germinal center tend to have a better prognosis than those with TLOs without a germinal center. The reason that these patients tend to live longer is thought to be the immune response against the tumor, which is mediated by the TLOs. TLOs may also promote an anti-tumor response when patients are treated with immunotherapy. TLOs have been referred to in many different ways, including as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) and ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS). When associated with colorectal cancer, they are often referred to as a Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction.
Other lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid tissue associated with the lymphatic system is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against infections and the spread of tumours. It consists of connective tissue formed of reticular fibers, with various types of leukocytes (white blood cells), mostly lymphocytes enmeshed in it, through which the lymph passes. Regions of the lymphoid tissue that are densely packed with lymphocytes are known as lymphoid follicles. Lymphoid tissue can either be structurally well organized as lymph nodes or may consist of loosely organized lymphoid follicles known as the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
The central nervous system also has lymphatic vessels. The search for T cell gateways into and out of the meninges uncovered functional meningeal lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses, anatomically integrated into the membrane surrounding the brain.
Lymphatic vessels
The lymphatic vessels, also called lymph vessels, are thin-walled vessels that conduct lymph between different parts of the body. They include the tubular vessels of the lymph capillaries, and the larger collecting vessels–the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct (the left lymphatic duct). The lymph capillaries are mainly responsible for the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues, while lymph vessels propel the absorbed fluid forward into the larger collecting ducts, where it ultimately returns to the bloodstream via one of the subclavian veins.
The tissues of the lymphatic system are responsible for maintaining the balance of the body fluids. Its network of capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels work to efficiently drain and transport extravasated fluid, along with proteins and antigens, back to the circulatory system. Numerous intraluminal valves in the vessels ensure a unidirectional flow of lymph without reflux. Two valve systems, a primary and a secondary valve system, are used to achieve this unidirectional flow. The capillaries are blind-ended, and the valves at the ends of capillaries use specialised junctions together with anchoring filaments to allow a unidirectional flow to the primary vessels. The collecting lymphatics, however, act to propel the lymph by the combined actions of the intraluminal valves and lymphatic muscle cells.
Development
Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of embryonic development. Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm.
The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From the jugular lymph sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses spread to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head. Some of the plexuses enlarge and form lymphatic vessels in their respective regions. Each jugular lymph sac retains at least one connection with its jugular vein, the left one developing into the superior portion of the thoracic duct.
The next lymph sac to appear is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. It develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric veins. Capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels spread from the retroperitoneal lymph sac to the abdominal viscera and diaphragm. The sac establishes connections with the cisterna chyli but loses its connections with neighbouring veins.
The last of the lymph sacs, the paired posterior lymph sacs, develop from the iliac veins. The posterior lymph sacs produce capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall, pelvic region, and lower limbs. The posterior lymph sacs join the cisterna chyli and lose their connections with adjacent veins.
With the exception of the anterior part of the sac from which the cisterna chyli develops, all lymph sacs become invaded by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes.
The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach. The thymus arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch.
Function
The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions:
It is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues
It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system
It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
The lymph transports antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.
Fat absorption
Lymph vessels called lacteals are at the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released into the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.
Immune function
The lymphatic system plays a major role in the body's immune system, as the primary site for cells relating to adaptive immune system including T-cells and B-cells. Cells in the lymphatic system react to antigens presented or found by the cells directly or by other dendritic cells. When an antigen is recognized, an immunological cascade begins involving the activation and recruitment of more and more cells, the production of antibodies and cytokines and the recruitment of other immunological cells such as macrophages.
Clinical significance
The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its closeness to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumours.
Enlarged lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy refers to one or more enlarged lymph nodes. Small groups or individually enlarged lymph nodes are generally reactive in response to infection or inflammation. This is called local lymphadenopathy. When many lymph nodes in different areas of the body are involved, this is called generalised lymphadenopathy. Generalised lymphadenopathy may be caused by infections such as infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis and HIV, connective tissue diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers, including both cancers of tissue within lymph nodes, discussed below, and metastasis of cancerous cells from other parts of the body, that have arrived via the lymphatic system.
Lymphedema
Lymphedema is the swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph, which may occur if the lymphatic system is damaged or has malformations. It usually affects limbs, though the face, neck and abdomen may also be affected. In an extreme state, called elephantiasis, the edema progresses to the extent that the skin becomes thick with an appearance similar to the skin on elephant limbs.
Causes are unknown in most cases, but sometimes there is a previous history of severe infection, usually caused by a parasitic disease, such as lymphatic filariasis.
Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.
Lymphedema can also occur after surgical removal of lymph nodes in the armpit (causing the arm to swell due to poor lymphatic drainage) or groin (causing swelling of the leg). Conventional treatment is by manual lymphatic drainage and compression garments. Two drugs for the treatment of lymphedema are in clinical trials: Lymfactin and Ubenimex/Bestatin.
There is no evidence to suggest that the effects of manual lymphatic drainage are permanent.
Cancer
Cancer of the lymphatic system can be primary or secondary. Lymphoma refers to cancer that arises from lymphatic tissue. Lymphoid leukaemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumours of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukaemia" when in the blood or marrow and "lymphoma" when in lymphatic tissue. They are grouped together under the name "lymphoid malignancy".
Lymphoma is generally considered as either Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterised by a particular type of cell, called a Reed–Sternberg cell, visible under microscope. It is associated with past infection with the Epstein–Barr virus, and generally causes a painless "rubbery" lymphadenopathy. It is staged, using Ann Arbor staging. Chemotherapy generally involves the ABVD and may also involve radiotherapy. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer characterised by increased proliferation of B-cells or T-cells, generally occurs in an older age group than Hodgkin lymphoma. It is treated according to whether it is high-grade or low-grade, and carries a poorer prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma.
Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumour, whereas lymphangioma is a benign tumour occurring frequently in association with Turner syndrome. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a benign tumour of the smooth muscles of the lymphatics that occurs in the lungs.
Lymphoid leukaemia is another form of cancer where the host is devoid of different lymphatic cells.
Other
Castleman's disease
Chylothorax
Kawasaki disease
Kikuchi disease
Lipedema
Lymphangitis
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Solitary lymphatic nodule
History
Hippocrates, in the 5th century BC, was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system. In his work On Joints, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD. The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in the 3rd century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that the "absorptive veins of the lymphatics," by which he meant the lacteals (lymph vessels of the intestines), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver. The findings of Ruphus and Herophilos were further propagated by the Greek physician Galen, who described the lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the 2nd century AD.
In the mid 16th century, Gabriele Falloppio (discoverer of the fallopian tubes), described what is now known as the lacteals as "coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter." In about 1563 Bartolomeo Eustachi, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as vena alba thoracis. The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician, Gaspare Aselli, identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them venae albae et lacteae, which are now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels (the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of vessel), and disproved Galen's assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed that the lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen). He also identified the thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals. This connection was established by Jean Pecquet in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog's heart. He suspected that fluid to be chyle as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied. He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called the chyli receptaculum, which is now known as the cisternae chyli; further investigations led him to find that lacteals' contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct. Thus, it was proven convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the liver, thus disproving Galen's second idea: that the chyle flowed to the liver. Johann Veslingius drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in humans in 1647.
The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of William Harvey—a work he published in 1628. In 1652, Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swede, discovered certain transparent vessels in the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them hepatico-aqueous vessels. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct and that they had valves. He announced his findings in the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, but did not publish his findings for a year, and in the interim similar findings were published by Thomas Bartholin, who additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, not just in the liver. He is also the one to have named them "lymphatic vessels." This had resulted in a bitter dispute between one of Bartholin's pupils, Martin Bogdan, and Rudbeck, whom he accused of plagiarism.
Galen's ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was thought that blood was produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the organs of the body. This theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.
Alexander Monro, of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, was the first to describe the function of the lymphatic system in detail.
Etymology
Lymph originates in the Classical Latin word "water", which is also the source of the English word limpid. The spelling with y and ph was influenced by folk etymology with Greek () "nymph".
The adjective used for the lymph-transporting system is lymphatic. The adjective used for the tissues where lymphocytes are formed is lymphoid. Lymphatic comes from the Latin word , meaning "connected to water."
See also
List of lymphatic vessels of the human body
American Society of Lymphology
Glymphatic system and Meningeal lymphatic vessels - equivalent for the central nervous system
Innate lymphoid cells
Lymphangiogenesis
Lymphangion
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Waldemar Olszewski – discovered fundamental processes in human tissues connected with function of the lymphatic system
Trogocytosis
References
External links
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic System Overview (innerbody.com)
Angiology
Animal anatomy
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58548357
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Kapel
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De Kapel
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De Kapel (Dutch for The Chapel) is a neighbourhood in the municipality of Midden-Delfland, in the province of South Holland in The Netherlands. It lies in the south of this municipality between Negenhuizen and the town of Vlaardingen. The entire area around the crossroads is also referred to as Zouteveen to the former municipality in the Zouteveense and Holiërhoekse polder, which was dissolved in 1855 and went up in Vlaardinger Ambacht, a former separate municipality annexed by Vlaardingen in 1941.
Around the crossroads of the road between Vlaardingen and Midden-Delfland's core Schipluiden and the Oostveenseweg and Willemoordseweg is the hamlet Aan den Kapel, named after the former Roman catholic chapel that stood at this junction, until its demolition in 1719.
Populated places in South Holland
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21129029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbwini
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Bumbwini
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Bumbwini is a village on the Tanzanian island of Unguja, part of Zanzibar. It is located in the northwest of the island, on a short peninsula immediately to the south of Tumbatu Island.
References
Finke, J. (2006) The Rough Guide to Zanzibar (2nd edition). New York: Rough Guides.
Villages in Zanzibar
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40295897
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Flame%20%281947%20film%29
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The Flame (1947 film)
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The Flame is a 1947 American film noir crime film produced and directed by John H. Auer and starring John Carroll, Vera Ralston, Robert Paige and Broderick Crawford.
Plot
A man (Carroll) induces an ambitious nurse (Ralston) to marry for money his rich brother (Paige) who has a terminal disease.
Cast
John Carroll as George MacAllister
Vera Ralston as Carlotta Duval
Robert Paige as Barry MacAllister
Broderick Crawford as Ernie Hicks
Henry Travers as Dr. Mitchell
Hattie McDaniel as Celia
Blanche Yurka as Aunt Margaret
Constance Dowling as Helen Anderson
Victor Sen Yung as Chang
Harry Cheshire as the Minister
John Miljan as Detective
Garry Owen as Detective
Eddie Dunn as Police Officer
Jeff Corey as Stranger (uncredited)
Reception
Critical response
The critic at The New York Times panned the film, "The sole distinction of The Flame, a rambling, inept bit of claptrap which sidled into the Gotham yesterday, is the bleakly amusing fact that most of the performers seem either bored or amused with the whole thing. And no wonder. There is a grim, unimaginative which-brother-do-I-love plot, centering on Vera Ralston."
Film historian and critic Hal Erickson discussed the production values in his brief review, "In terms of both budget and histrionic level, The Flame is one of the most lavish of Republic Pictures' late-1940s productions."
See also
List of American films of 1947
References
External links
1947 films
1947 crime drama films
American black-and-white films
American crime drama films
American films
English-language films
Film noir
Films directed by John H. Auer
Republic Pictures films
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
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50107331
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille%20Corney
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Camille Corney
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Camille Corney (? - 11 June 1952 in Tunis) was a French theatre director and stage actor. He was the manager of the Studio des Champs-Élysées.
Filmography
1933: Le Jugement de minuit by Alexander Esway and André Charlot
1933: Une vie perdue by Raymond Rouleau
1938: The Time of the Cherries by Jean-Paul Le Chanois
Theater
Director
1928 L'Innocente by Henri-René Lenormand
1929 Au clair de la lune by Jehan Bouvelet and Edgar Bradby
1932 Le Paquebot Tenacity by Charles Vildrac
1942 Les Dieux de la nuit by Charles de Peyret-Chappuis
1943 Britannicus by Jean Racine
1949 Andromaque by Jean Racine
Actor
1924 Chacun sa vérité de Luigi Pirandello / directed by Charles Dullin
1925 George Dandin ou le Mari confondu by Molière / directed by Charles Dullin
1926 La Comédie du bonheur by Nikolai Evreinov / directed by Charles Dullin
1927 Mixture by Henri-René Lenormand / directed by Georges Pitoëff
1928 L'Innocente by Henri-René Lenormand / directed by Camille Corney
1928 La Maison des cœurs brisés by George Bernard Shaw / directed by Georges Pitoëff
1932 Dimanche by Claude Roger-Marx
1932 Le Paquebot Tenacity by Charles Vildrac / directed by Camille Corney
1951 Tapage nocturne by Marc-Gilbert Sauvajon / directed by Jean Wall
1951 Halte au destin by Jacques Chabannes / directed by Georges Douking
References
External links
Camille Corney sur les Archives du spectacle
Camille Corney sur la Bibliothèque nationale de France
French theatre directors
French male film actors
1952 deaths
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35730207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supportive%20selling%20environment
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Supportive selling environment
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Supportive selling environment is an environment which allows for commodities to appear in attractive light. The term was used by Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky in their analysis of the propaganda model.
Clare Melford explained that it was while she was General Manager of the Nordic region of MTV that she developed a critical understanding of how the media station provided a supportive selling environment for unsustainable lifestyles, which led to her giving up that position.
It has been adopted as an element in the Certificate IV in Business Sales (BSB40607) in that candidates are expected to develop techniques to create a supportive selling environment in a face-to-face environment.
References
Commodity markets
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65674434
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah%20Dargan
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Isaiah Dargan
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Isaiah Dargan (born August 12, 1995) is an American professional soccer player.
Career
College and amateur
After playing at youth level at De La Salle High School in Concord, California and with the San Jose Earthquakes academy, Dargan played four years of college soccer at Chico State University between 2013 and 2016. During his time with the Wildcats, Dargan was a two-time CCAA All-Academic award winner, and made 68 appearances for the team.
Following college, Dargan spent time in the United Premier Soccer League with Contra Costas, as well as in the USL League Two with Burlingame Dragons and San Francisco Glens. In 2019, Dargan was named to the UPSL Best XI for Contra Costas.
Professional
On January 8, 2020, Dargan signed his first professional contract, joining USL League One side Chattanooga Red Wolves ahead of their 2020 season. He made his professional debut on October 17, 2020, appearing as an 82nd-minute substitute during a 1–1 draw with Forward Madison.
References
External links
1995 births
Living people
American soccer players
Association football defenders
Chico State Wildcats men's soccer players
Burlingame Dragons FC players
San Francisco Glens players
Chattanooga Red Wolves SC players
Soccer players from California
People from Concord, California
USL League One players
USL League Two players
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22190608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20404%20%28disambiguation%29
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The 404 (disambiguation)
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The 404 is a colloquial reference to Ontario Highway 404.
The 404 may also refer to:
HTTP 404
Area code 404, in Atlanta
The 404 Show, an audio and video podcast on CNET Video
See also
404 (disambiguation)
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21524854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa%20de%20Esteban%20de%20Luca
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Casa de Esteban de Luca
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The Casa de Esteban de Luca, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is a historic house, once inhabited by the Argentine poet, soldier, Esteban de Luca, who wrote odes to General José de San Martín, as well to his victories in the battles of Chacabuco, Maipú, and other milestones in the Argentine War of Independence; his Marcha Patriótica was, briefly and until 1813, the unofficial Argentine National Anthem. De Luca was also the director of the National Munitions Works during the war, and lived in this residence until his death in 1824. The house was built in 1786 and declared a National Historic Monument in 1941. It is located at 383 Carlos Calvo Street, and currently houses a restaurant.
See also
San Telmo, Buenos Aires
References
External links
Official tourism site of the city of Buenos Aires
images of Casa at flickr.com
Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
National Historic Monuments of Argentina
Houses completed in 1786
Houses in Argentina
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31877467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley%20baronets
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Foley baronets
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The Foley Baronetcy, of Thorpe Lee in the County of Surrey, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain. It was created on 1 July 1767 for Robert Ralph Foley. He was a member of the influential family of ironmasters founded by Richard Foley, which also include the Barons Foley. The title became extinct on his death in 1782.
Foley baronets, of Thorpe Lee (1767)
Sir Robert Ralph Foley, 1st Baron (–1782)
See also
Baron Foley
References
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain
1767 establishments in Great Britain
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19119270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members%20of%20the%20Western%20Australian%20Legislative%20Council%2C%201902%E2%80%931904
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Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council, 1902–1904
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This is a list of members of the Western Australian Legislative Council from 12 May 1902 to 30 May 1904. The chamber had 30 seats made up of ten provinces each electing three members, on a system of rotation whereby one-third of the members would retire at each biennial election.
Notes
On 2 May 1902, East Province MLC Frederick Crowder, who had been elected unopposed one week earlier, died. William Loton was elected unopposed on 17 May 1902.
On 24 January 1903, Metropolitan-Suburban Province MLC Adam Jameson resigned. Walter Kingsmill, who had resigned as the Assembly member for Pilbara to contest the seat, was elected unopposed on 9 February 1903.
On 6 April 1903, East Province MLC Richard Burges resigned. Andrew Dempster won the resulting by-election on 6 May 1903.
On 25 August 1903, Metropolitan-Suburban Province MLC Barrington Wood died. Zebina Lane won the resulting by-election on 11 September 1903.
On 15 December 1903, Metropolitan-Suburban Province MLC William Brookman's seat was declared vacant on the grounds of absence without leave. Joseph Langsford won the resulting by-election on 5 January 1904.
Sources
Members of Western Australian parliaments by term
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5258353
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20National%20%28album%29
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The National (album)
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The National is the debut studio album by American indie rock band the National, released on October 30, 2001 on Brassland Records. Recorded prior to guitarist Bryce Dessner's full arrival into the band, The National was produced by both Nick Lloyd and the band itself. Now-bass guitarist Scott Devendorf performs both guitar and backing vocals on this album, with guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Aaron Dessner on bass guitar and guitar duties.
The album features a more country-tinged sound in comparison to future albums. Lyrics from "29 Years" would later be used in "Slow Show" from the band's 2007 album, Boxer.
Background and recording
The album features guest contributions from forthcoming member Bryce Dessner, with his brother Aaron noting, "When we recorded [the album], my brother wasn't even in the band. We made the record before we ever played a show. We did it just to do it."
Artwork
The album's front cover features drummer Bryan Devendorf in a swimming pool.
Track listing
Personnel
The National
Matt Berninger - lead vocals
Scott Devendorf - guitar, backing vocals
Aaron Dessner - bass, guitar
Bryan Devendorf - drums
Additional musicians
Mike Brewer
Bryce Dessner
Nathalie Jonas
Nick Lloyd
Jeff Salem
Recording personnel
Nick Lloyd - producer, recording, mixing
Mike Brewer - pre-production
Jeff Salem - pre-production
Ue Nastasi - mastering
Artwork
Mauricio Carey - photography
Pope Rathman - photography
Charts
References
2001 debut albums
The National (band) albums
Brassland Records albums
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2680258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20Autonomism
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Jewish Autonomism
|
Jewish Autonomism, not connected to the contemporary political movement autonomism, was a non-Zionist political movement and ideology that emerged in Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th century. One of its first and major proponents was the historian and activist Simon Dubnow. Jewish Autonomism is often referred to as "Dubnovism" or "folkism".
The Autonomists believed that the future survival of the Jews as a nation depends on their spiritual and cultural strength, in developing "spiritual nationhood" and in viability of Jewish diaspora as long as Jewish communities maintain self-rule and rejected assimilation. Autonomists often stressed the vitality of modern Yiddish culture. Various concepts of the Autonomism were adopted in the platforms of the Folkspartei, the Sejmists and socialist Jewish parties such as the Bund.
The movement's beliefs were similar to those of the Austro-Marxists who advocated national personal autonomy within the multinational Austro-Hungarian empire and cultural pluralists in America such as Randolph Bourne and Horace Kallen.
History
Though Simon Dubnow was key in proliferating Autonomism's popularity, his ideas were not completely novel. In 1894, Jakob Kohn, a board member of the National Jewish Party of Austria published Assimilation, Antisemitismus und Nationaljudentum, a philosophical work detailing his party's perspective. Kohn argued that Jews shared not only a religion, but were connected by a long, deep-rooted ethnic history of centuries of discrimination, attempts at assimilation and exile. To Kohn, the Jews were a nation. Similar to Dubnow, Kohn called for the establishment of a Jewish organization to represent Jewish interests within the state's policies. Again, Similar to Dubnow, Kohn denounced assimilation, claiming that it worked against the establishment of a Jewish nation.
The origins of Autonomism and Dubnow's ideas remain unclear. Notable philosophical thinkers from Eastern and Western Europe including Ernest Renan, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer and Auguste Compte are cited to have influenced Dubnow's ideas. Ideas from Vladimir Solovyov, Dmitry Pisarev, Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Konstantin Aksakov concerning the Russian people's distinct spiritual heritage may have brought rise to Dubnow's own ideas on the Jews shared heritage. In his memoirs, Dubnow himself refers to some of these thinkers as major influences. In addition, Dubnov had been immersed in histiographical study of Russian Jewry, its institutions and spiritual movements. This research led Dubnov to question the legitimacy of the Russians' monopoly of political power and fueled his own demands for Jewish political representation.
With the Holocaust and the murder of Simon Dubnow in the 1941 Rumbula massacre, the foundation for Jewish Autonomism came to end and has no practical impact in today's politics.
Autonomism vs. Zionism
Ideological differences
Whereas Zionism advocates for the establishment of an entirely separate Jewish state, Autonomism advocates for the sovereignty of the Jews without a division from the governing state. This allows Jews to simultaneously identify with Jewish nationalism and loyalty to their own state. In contrast to many other ideologies, Dubnow believed that as a nation the Jews had transformed for the better. To Dubnow, the Jews had transformed from a nation connected by a territory to a nation connected by a spirituality and heritage.
Some groups blended Autonomism with Zionism as they favored Jewish self-rule in the diaspora until diaspora Jews make Aliyah to the Middle East.
Historical conflicts
In the early 1900s, the Folkspartei, a political party advocating for Jewish Autonomism strove for good relations with other Jewish parties, including the Zionists. An attempt was made to establish a Jewish National Club, an inter-party organization to coordinate collaboration between the two parties. However, this failed when the Folkists objected to accepting an unequal number of committee representatives.
See also
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
References
External links
Autonomism at Jewish Virtual Library
Autonomism
Autonomism
Jewish groups in Poland
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19957177
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miedniewice-Parcela
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Miedniewice-Parcela
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Miedniewice-Parcela is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wiskitki, within Żyrardów County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Miedniewice-Parcela
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57569511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Lesbian%20Liberation
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Chicago Lesbian Liberation
|
The Chicago Lesbian Liberation (CLL) was a gay liberation organization formed in Chicago for lesbians during the Women's liberation movement (WLM). The group was originally part of an organization for both men and women, but in 1971, the women broke off to form their own group. CLL was involved in publishing a newspaper, Lavender Woman, helping to set up the first Chicago Pride Parade and the first all-women's dance in Chicago.
History
The Chicago Lesbian Liberation (CLL) was part of the Women's liberation movement (WLM). Women in Chicago wanted to be treated as equal to men in their lives and lesbians in the gay liberation movement were more radicalized than gay men in the movement. CLL was initially part of Chicago Gay Liberation (CGL). A woman's caucus of CGL was formed to address lesbian issues. The caucus broke away from the bigger group in 1970 and went on to form the Chicago Lesbian Liberation in 1971. CLL's meetings attracted around seventy women each session as early as 1971. Women in CLL considered the organization as a "set of events," which included consciousness-raising, "actions" and sports leagues. CLL had a center at Liberty Hall and later in the North Side of Chicago.
In June 1970, the organization participated in the first Gay Pride Parade. CLL published an issue of The Feminist Voice which included a page called "The Lavender Woman," in August of 1971. Eventually, a publication called Lavender Woman was being published by CLL. Later CLL would split from Lavender Woman and publish their own newsletter between 1973 and 1974. In 1972, CLL and Pride and Prejudice worked together to bring the first all-women's dance to Chicago.
CLL paid attention to issues that might affect minorities within their group and also looked outside their own group to work with others. CLL chose not to lease in a location (W. Armitage Street) that would make it difficult for black women to visit the center. CLL also was willing to work with men in other organizations with similar goals. CLL continued to march in Gay Pride Week in Chicago even after other lesbian groups refused to participate.
Notable members
Vernita Gray
Renee C. Hanover
Marie J. Kuda
References
Citations
Sources
Lesbian culture in Illinois
Lesbian organizations in the United States
Organizations based in Chicago
LGBT culture in Chicago
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