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69672493
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Taylor%20%28tennis%29
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Adam Taylor (tennis)
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Adam Taylor (born 23 June 1991) is an Australian tennis player.
Taylor has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 335 achieved on 17 December 2018.
Taylor made his ATP main draw debut at the 2022 Adelaide International 1 after receiving a wildcard into the doubles main draw with his brother Jason Taylor.
References
External links
1991 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Tennis people from New South Wales
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57334117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicauta%20tenella
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Epicauta tenella
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Epicauta tenella is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
References
Further reading
Meloidae
Articles created by Qbugbot
Beetles described in 1858
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26277122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Ann%20Little
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Little Ann Little
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Little Ann Little (born Ann L. Rothschild, c. 1909/1910 – October 22, 1981) was an American actress who gained fame in the 1930s as the voice of Betty Boop, taking over the voice from original portrayer Margie Hines. From 1931 to 1933, Little Ann Little made recordings for the "Betty Boop" cartoons and tour and appeared in variety shows throughout the country. Rothschild got the job as the voice of Betty Boop as the result of a contest held by Paramount Pictures for a girl with a squeaky voice. She was also well suited for the role physically, being only four foot ten and weighing 100 pounds.
Little went on the road with the Fleischer Studios artist Pauline Comanor. Ann would pose while Pauline drew her as Betty Boop. They both finished the act with a "boop-boop-a-doop."
Little had started in show business in 1925 as a member of the pony chorus with the Greenwich Village Follies. She was also an RKO discovery and at one time had her own program on the NBC network as singer Little Ann Little.
Personal life
After her show business career was finished, Little moved to St. Petersburg, Florida with her husband, who was a retired employee of Consolidated Edison. In the late 1940s, she was an instructor at the Pauline Buhner School of Dance there, where she taught acting, singing and dancing.
Little studied the Bible, with the goal of becoming an ordained minister and to preach the Gospel. From 1954, Little was ordained as minister in the Unity Church of Christianity.
Little died at the age of 71 in Fort Myers, Florida on October 22, 1981.
References
External links
Chunkymonkey.com Pauline Comanor's website
Little Ann Rothschild - Is There a Doctor in the House?
Actresses from New York (state)
American film actresses
American voice actresses
Fleischer Studios people
Vaudeville performers
20th-century births
1981 deaths
20th-century American actresses
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47571385
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20CONCACAF%20Pre-Olympic%20Tournament
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1984 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament
|
The 1984 CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament was the sixth edition of the CONCACAF Pre-Olympic Tournament, the quadrennial, international football tournament organised by the CONCACAF to determine which national teams from the North, Central America and Caribbean region qualify for the Olympic football tournament.
As the top two teams, champions, Costa Rica and Canada qualified for the 1984 Summer Olympics as representatives of CONCACAF.
Qualification
Qualified teams
The following teams qualified for the final tournament.
1 Only final tournament.
Final round
As Canada and Costa Rica had qualified for the Olympics following their second match, and Cuba were therefore eliminated, the Cuba v Canada match was not played.
References
1984
Oly
Football qualification for the 1984 Summer Olympics
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67138718
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Dance%21
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Space Dance!
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is the debut single by Kotori with Stitch Bird, a Japanese music group created by Level-5 CEO Akihiro Hino, formed of Dream5 member Kotori Shigemoto, Yulia, and Yuka. Released on September 16, 2015, "Space Dance!" was the 5th ending theme to the 2014 Yo-kai Watch TV-series, succeeding "Yo-kai Exercise No. 2".
Background and releases
"Space Dance!" is the debut single by Kotori with Stitch Bird, a Japanese music group formed to bring new direction to the music of the 2014 TV-series Yo-kai Watch, which "Space Dance!" is the 5th ending theme for. The song was choreographed by Lucky Ikeda, who had previously choreographed multiple other Yo-kai Watch themes, such as "Gera Gera Po" and "Don-Don-Dooby-Zoo-Bah!".
"Space Dance!" started being used as the new ending theme to the Yo-kai Watch TV-series in the first episode of the series' second season, "Usapyon Is Here!" (aired July 10, 2015). The single was released digitally on iTunes on July 11, 2014, and was later released as a CD and DVD on September 16, under the FRAME label. The CD release was bundled with a physical Yo-kai Medal of the character Usapyon, in addition to a QR code, that would give the scanner a digital coin to use in Yo-kai Watch: Wibble Wobble.
The song has also appeared in other pieces of Yo-kai Watch media, including Yo-kai Watch: Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan!, where it was one of the two ending themes, and Yo-kai Watch Dance: Just Dance Special Version, where it was one of the game's 10 songs.
Chart performance
"Space Dance!" made a total of 12 appearances on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart, where it peaked at number five for the week of September 28, 2015. The song also made one appearance on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart at number 58 during the week of October 3, 2015.
Track listing
Charts
References
2014 songs
2014 singles
Anime songs
Yo-kai Watch
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35878780
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshihananomia%20paolii
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Hoshihananomia paolii
|
Hoshihananomia paolii is a species of beetle in the genus Hoshihananomia of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1943.
References
Beetles described in 1943
Mordellidae
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19021551
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwa%C5%9Bni%C3%B3w%20G%C3%B3rny
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Kwaśniów Górny
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Kwaśniów Górny is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Klucze, within Olkusz County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Klucze, north of Olkusz, and north-west of the regional capital Kraków.
The village has a population of 704.
References
Villages in Olkusz County
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443867
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Chambi
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Martín Chambi
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Martín Chambi Jiménez, (Puno, Peru November 5, 1891 – Cuzco, September 13, 1973) was a photographer, originally from southern Peru. He was one of the first major indigenous Latin American photographers.
Recognized for the profound historic and ethnic documentary value of his photographs, he was a prolific portrait photographer in the towns and countryside of the Peruvian Andes. As well as being the leading portrait photographer in Cuzco, Chambi made many landscape photographs, which he sold mainly in the form of postcards, a format he pioneered in Peru.
In 1979, New York's MOMA held a Chambi retrospective, which later traveled to various locations and inspired other international expositions of his work.
Beginnings as a photographer
Martín Chambi was born into a Quechua-speaking peasant family in one of the poorest regions of Peru, at the end of the nineteenth century. When his father went to work in a Carabaya Province gold mine on a small tributary of the River Inambari, Martin went along.
There he had his first contact with photography, learning the rudiments from the photographer of the Santo Domingo Mine near Coaza (owned by the Inca Mining Company of Bradford, Pa). This chance encounter planted the spark that made him seek to support himself as a professional photographer. With that idea in mind, he headed in 1908 to the city of Arequipa, where photography was more developed and where there were established photographers who had taken the time to develop individual photographic styles and impeccable technique.
Chambi initially served as an apprentice in the studio of Max T. Vargas, but after nine years set up his own studio in Sicuani in 1917, publishing his first postcards in November of that year. In 1923 he moved to Cuzco and opened a studio there, photographing both society figures and his indigenous compatriots. During his career, Chambi also travelled the Andes extensively, photographing the landscapes, Inca ruins, and local people.
His work and photography
Chambi began his work as a photographer as an apprentice to Max T. Vargas in Arequipa, Peru. During this time as an apprentice, Chambi learned different ways of manipulating light for portraits in the studio. His daughter, Julia Chambi, is quoted as saying, "my father was enchanted by light." His studio in Cuzco included a set of blinds and shutters made specifically so that he could alter the natural lighting to best suit his photographs. Furthermore, most of Chambi's photos of indigenous people were taken outside so that he could use only natural lighting.
Chambi produced a variety of works over his career as a photographer. Within the studio, he took many portraits of both wealthy and elite members of society, as well as the indigenous people; he also took many self-portraits. Chambi is well-known for his work in documenting the indigenous culture, including Machu-Picchu and other ruins. In a magazine interview in 1936, he is quoted saying "in my archive I have more than two hundred photographs of diverse aspects of the Quechua culture." He took pictures of ruins and architecture, but also tried to capture the events of everyday life. With regards to Chambi's diverse work, Jorge Heredia once said, "He has been the photographer of whites who seek after his images, but also of Indians and Mestizos."
In addition to taking photographs for individual commissions or for his own personal interests, Chambi also used his photographs in other publications. One such publication was the use of his photographs in postcards. The other main use for his photographs was in a weekly Argentine newspaper called La Nación ("The Nation") where he contributed photographs of artists, writers, and any other assignments he was commissioned to do.
Chambi's Representation between Chile and Peru
Chambi traveled to Chile to exhibit some of his artworks, and used his artistic skills to allow the audience to understand how the photographer prioritized the indigenous outcome that relates to the Peruvians and the Chileans. There were some arguments that the two countries disagree with each other when involving with the differences of races, indigeneity, and civilization. The photographer manage to redevelop the process through his artwork, letting the viewers and art critics to understand these types of political issues that concern between the Chileans and the Peruvians.
The Peruvians were able to accept indigenous people from various countries, but the Chileans did not accepted them because of the 'pacification' campaigns of the late 19th century. The Mapuche leaders discuss about educational benefits;however, they were dealing with some problems with governmental authorities that involves between Chile and Peru. Chambi was determine to debunk racial stereotypes, but often up reinforcing them. El Sol, La Nacion, and other news critics prioritize the photographer's artwork because it would enable them to discuss national boundaries and open up ideological debate.
Critical response
"It is wrong to focus too much on the testimonial value of his photos. They have that, indeed, but, in equal measure they express the milieu in which he lived and they show (...) that when he got behind a camera, he became a giant, a true inventor, a veritable force of invention, a recreator of life."
- Mario Vargas Llosa
Chronology
1891 – Born in Coaza, Puno (Peru) to a Quechua-speaking indigenous family.
1905 - Father dies. Travels to the banks of the Inambari to work in the gold mines, meets photographers working at the Santo Domingo Mine owned by the Inca Mining Co.
1908 - Apprentice in the photographic studio of Max T. Vargas, in Arequipa.
1917 – Opens his first photographic studio in Sicuani, Cusco.
1920 – Establishes himself in the city of Cusco, photographing in the "painterly" style he learned in Arequipa.
1927 – Beginning of his mature photographic style.
1936 – Travel to Chile to exhibit his work, and how the Chileans and the Peruvians became different from each other.
1938 – Opens studio gallery
1950 – Cusco earthquake. End of the "Cusco School". After this, he gradually ceases to work actively as a photographer.
1958 – Exposition in his honor on the occasion of 50 years of his career as a photographer.
1964 – Chambi Exposition en Mexico ("Primera Convención de la Federación Internacional de Arte Fotográfico")
1973 – Chambi dies in Cusco, in his old studio on Calle Marqués.
1976 – Documentary, El arte fotográfico de Martín Chambi, by José Carlos Huayhuaca.
1977 – First work in cataloguing and restoring Chambi's photographic archives, financed by the Earthwatch Foundation (Belmont, Massachusetts) marks the beginning of international recognition of his work.
1979 – Retrospective exposition at MOMA in New York City.
1981 – Latin American photography exhibit in Zurich.
1986 – BBC Arena film "Martin Chambi and The Heirs of the Incas" distributed on television worldwide.
1990 – Exposition dedicated to Chambi at the Círculo de Bellas Artes in Madrid. Book of his work published to coincide with exhibition.
Further reading
Hopkinson, Amanda. Martín Chambi. Phaidon Press 2001.
Peden, Margaret Sayers. Martín Chambi, Photographs 1920–1950. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. (originally published in Spain by Lunwerg Editores, 1990
Martín Chambi and the Heirs of the Incas. A documentary film by Paul Yule and Andy Harries, originally made for the BBC in 1986.
Tribute
On November 5, 2020, Google celebrated his 129th birthday with a Google Doodle.
Notes
References
Coronado, Jorge. "Photographs at the Edge: Martín Chambi and the Limits of Lettered Culture” The Andes Imagined. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Press, 2009. 134–162. Print.
Hopkinson, Amanda. Martin Chambi. London: Phaidon Press Limited, 2001. 3–15. Print.
Martín Chambi Jiménez. N.p.:n.p., n.d. Serpost. 2011. Web. <http://www.serpost.com.pe/images/filatelia/boletines2011/1001693.pdf> (in Spanish)
Thomson, Hugh. “Machu Picchu and Its Bones.” The White Rock: An Exploration of the Inca Heartland. New York: Overlook Press, 2003. 87–94. Print.
The Spanish-language Wikipedia article from which this is translated credits the Enciclopedia Libre en Español for the article.
External links
Official Page
Martín Chambi and the Heirs of the Incas
Martin Chambi works in Los Grandes Fotografos
1891 births
1973 deaths
Peruvian people of Quechua descent
Peruvian photographers
Latin American artists of indigenous descent
Indigenous photographers of the Americas
People from Puno Region
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26235854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno%20Garzena
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Bruno Garzena
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Bruno Garzena (; born 2 February 1933) is a retired Italian professional football player who played as a defender.
Honours
Juventus
Serie A champion: 1957–58, 1959–60.
Coppa Italia winner: 1958–59, 1959–60.
External links
Career summary by playerhistory.com
1933 births
Living people
People from Venaria Reale
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Juventus F.C. players
U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 players
L.R. Vicenza players
Modena F.C. players
S.S.C. Napoli players
A.S.D. Calcio Ivrea players
Association football defenders
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31224474
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NAIA%20Division%20II%20Men%27s%20Basketball%20Tournament
|
2007 NAIA Division II Men's Basketball Tournament
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The 2007 NAIA Division II Men’s Basketball National Championship was held in March at Keeter Gymnasium in Point Lookout, Missouri. The 16th annual NAIA basketball tournament featured 32 teams playing in a single-elimination format.
Awards and honors
Leading scorer: 110 - Monty Rogers (Mayville State)
Leading rebounder: 52 - Chad Schuiteman (Northwestern Iowa)
Tournament MVP: Adam Hepker (MidAmerica Nazarene)
Coach of the Year: Craig Smith (Mayville State)
2007 NAIA Division II bracket
* denotes overtime.
References
NAIA Men's Basketball Championship
Tournament
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14084166
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Bell%20%28footballer%29
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Daniel Bell (footballer)
|
Daniel Bell (born 13 April 1985) is an Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
He was originally from the town of Kingston SE, South Australia.
He was drafted in the 2002 AFL Draft in the first round, with the 14th overall selection from the Glenelg Tigers in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He made his debut in round 15, 2004 against the St Kilda Football Club. In 2005 he played 13 games, and in 2006 played 12 games, but was hampered by injury.
In 2007 he got a regular starting spot in the Melbourne side, playing 17 games and even scoring a goal against the Western Bulldogs in round 7. In round 20, against Collingwood, he was involved in an incident with Collingwood's Ben Johnson. With his head over the ball, Johnson crashed into the head of Bell, and Bell lay motionless on the ground before being stretchered off the field. Bell initially feared that he might have broken his back, and he couldn't breathe because of the impact. There were no hard feelings over the incident; however Johnson was suspended for six weeks for head high contact.
He did not play again after the incident in the 2007 season. Bell returned in 2008 to play 18 games and was mainly used as a half back flanker.
After playing only three games in 2009 and being unable to make it into the senior team in 2010, Bell was delisted at the end of the season.
References
External links
DemonWiki profile
1985 births
Living people
Melbourne Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Casey Demons players
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25496728
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meruoca
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Meruoca
|
Meruoca is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.
History
The unclassified extinct Arariú language was spoken around Meruoca on the Acatajú River.
See also
List of municipalities in Ceará
References
Municipalities in Ceará
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30192036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Jingwu
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Wang Jingwu
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Wang Jingwu (王敬武) (d. 889) was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who ruled Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) as its military governor (Jiedushi) from 882 to 889.
Background and seizure of Pinglu
It is not known when Wang Jingwu was born, but it is known that he was from Qing Prefecture (青州, in modern Weifang, Shandong, the capital of Pinglu Circuit) and that he served as an officer under An Shiru () the military governor of Pinglu. In 881 or 882, there was an agrarian rebellion in the region of Qing and Di (棣州, in modern Binzhou, Shandong) Prefectures, and An sent him to suppress it. After he returned to Qing, he expelled An and claimed the title of acting military governor. Thereafter, turning away from his allegiance to the then-reigning Tang emperor Emperor Xizong, he sought and received a commission from Huang Chao, who had several months earlier captured the Tang imperial capital Chang'an, forced Emperor Xizong to flee to Chengdu, and declared his own state of Qi as its emperor.
Wanting to turn Wang Jingwu's allegiance back to Tang, the Tang chancellor Wang Duo, who was in charge of the operations against Huang, sent the imperial official Zhang Jun to try to persuade Wang Jingwu and bestow the commission of acting military governor. When Zhang arrived at Pinglu, Wang Jingwu initially refused to meet him. When Wang eventually met with Zhang, Zhang rebuked him, and further used a speech to turn the soldiers' opinions toward loyalty to Tang. The soldiers' opinions affected Wang, and Wang decided to accept the Tang commission and sent troops to aid Wang Duo's campaign. Wang Duo subsequently made him military governor. After Tang forces recaptured Chang'an, Wang Jingwu was given the honorary chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi () and the honorary title of acting Taiwei (太尉, one of the Three Excellencies).
Death and succession
Wang Jingwu died in 889 and was succeeded by his 15-year-old son Wang Shifan. Initially, his subordinate Zhang Chan () refused to accept Wang Shifan as Wang Jingwu's successor, and the imperial government also tried to make the senior general Cui Anqian the new military governor. By 890, however, Wang Shifan had defeated Zhang and Zhang's ally Lu Hong (), and Cui fled back to Chang'an, allowing Wang Shifan to take control.
Notes and references
New Book of Tang, vol. 187.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 255, 258.
9th-century births
889 deaths
Politicians from Weifang
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Pinglu Circuit
Qi (Huang Chao)
Tang dynasty politicians from Shandong
Tang dynasty generals from Shandong
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31249843
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Green%20World%20ATP%20Challenger%20%E2%80%93%20Doubles
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2011 Green World ATP Challenger – Doubles
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Michail Elgin and Alexandre Kudryavtsev won the first edition of the tournament. They defeated Harri Heliövaara and Jose Rubin Statham 6–3, 6–2 in the final.
Seeds
Draw
Draw
External links
Main Draw
Green World ATP Challenger - Doubles
2011 Doubles
2011 in Chinese tennis
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5149026
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20subchannel
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Digital subchannel
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In broadcasting, digital subchannels are a method of transmitting more than one independent program stream simultaneously from the same digital radio or television station on the same radio frequency channel. This is done by using data compression techniques to reduce the size of each individual program stream, and multiplexing to combine them into a single signal. The practice is sometimes called "multicasting".
ATSC television
United States
The ATSC digital television standard used in the United States supports multiple program streams over-the-air, allowing television stations to transmit one or more subchannels over a single digital signal. A virtual channel numbering scheme distinguishes broadcast subchannels by appending the television channel number with a period digit (".xx"). Simultaneously, the suffix indicates that a television station offers additional programming streams. By convention, the suffix position ".1" is normally used to refer to the station's main digital channel and the ".0" position is reserved for analog channels. For example, most of the owned-and-operated stations/affiliates of Trinity Broadcasting Network transmit five streams in the following format:
The most of any large broadcaster in the United States, Ion Television stations transmit nine channels (in standard definition) and the Katz Broadcasting subchannel services Court TV, Court TV Mystery, Bounce TV, Laff, Grit, TrueReal, Defy TV, and Newsy. More programming streams can be fit into a single channel space at the cost of broadcast quality. Among smaller stations, KAXT-CD in San Francisco is believed to have the most feeds of any individual over-the-air broadcaster, offering twelve video and several audio feeds (all transmitted in standard definition). WANN-CD in Atlanta, Georgia, with ten video and six audio feeds, comes at a close second. Several cable-to-air broadcasters, such as those in Willmar, Minnesota and Cortez, Colorado, have multiplexed more than five separate cable television channels into subchannels of one signal.
Operating in a sector traditionally lacking subchannels, digital cable television provider Music Choice packages its nearly 50 music channels (including Music Choice Play) as digital subchannels of one channel. This is possible as the only information sent over each channel are audio feeds and a still slide which rotates every 20 seconds, displaying an advertisement and information about the current playing song on the individual channel. The audio feed and rotating stills occupy significantly less bandwidth than video feeds, leaving space for more multiplexed content.
A broadcaster saves significant costs in power and bandwidth through multiplexing in comparison to the cost of operating additional analog television stations to accommodate the extra programming. In practice, operating extra stations is impossible due to the required channel and distance separations combined with the available number of channels.
Most ATSC tuners will automatically add a new digital subchannel to their internal channel map, once it is tuned to the station carrying the new channel. However, some of these will not delete the channel if the station removes it.
Mobile DTV is also carried on ATSC stations, but as a separate service, according to the ATSC-M/H standard.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) considers all subchannels carried by a single station to have the same call letters for legal identification purposes. However, within the broadcast sales industry, to differentiate subchannels, the initial letter of a call sign changes per subchannel.
Canada
Although digital television services in Canada use the same ATSC technology as the United States, none of the stations currently broadcasting a digital signal transmit any subchannel other than a possible HD service or a standard definition simulcast of the main channel. Unlike the FCC in the United States, the body that governs Canadian broadcasting licenses, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), requires stations to file license amendments in order to be considered for permission to carry digital subchannels (this differs from the Commission's rules for premium cable television services, which allow the addition of multiplex channels consistent with the service's license requirements without the need to amend the license). On August 17, 2012, the CRTC gave approval to Leamington, Ontario community station CFTV-TV to broadcast four local subchannels on its digital signal, making it the first station in Canada to launch original content on its multiplex channels.
Mexico
Some Mexican TV stations use digital subchannels as they are used in the United States. The Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano, a public broadcaster, operates 26 multiplexed transmitters throughout Mexico carrying five to six public television services, while XHTRES-TDT carries Imagen Radio audio on a subchannel.
One notable experiment involving digital subchannels in Mexico was undertaken by TV Azteca, which used its three muxes in the Mexico City area to broadcast a service called Hi-TV, featuring several channels encoded in H.264 MPEG-4 encoding, which while available in the ATSC standard is not common on TV sets. This use of subchannels as pseudo-restricted signals within non-restricted channels was placed under investigation and litigation with authorities at COFETEL (the Federal Teleommunications Commission), involving a fine of 4,453,150 Mexican pesos. HiTV subchannels began broadcasting on an intermittent basis in 2013 and were almost completely deactivated in late 2014.
Televisa and TV Azteca use subchannels in rural areas in order to ensure national network service. As a result, since 2016, many areas that formerly had only one Azteca or Televisa network now have both from the same transmitter. Additionally, TV Azteca has two national services that are broadcast as subchannels in most areas, a+ and adn40.
In October 2016, the IFT put into effect new guidelines for the numbering of virtual channels. As a result, national networks use consistent numbers nationwide; SPR transmitters now use four or five major channel numbers (11, 14, 20, 22, and 45 in some areas). Prior to this, digital television stations usually used virtual channels corresponding to their former analog positions, still the case for certain local stations.
The IFT enforces minimum bitrates for digital television channels, and as such it is not possible for a station to broadcast two HD feeds in MPEG-2 encoding. Most HD feeds are provided in 1080i with all subchannels in 480i standard definition.
DVB television
Australia
Australian digital subchannels are currently divided between high definition (HD), standard definition (SD) and radio subchannels (the latter type is only carried by the stations of non-commercial networks SBS Television and ABC Television). Due to technical reasons, each network is currently only permitted one HD sub channel. All networks use their HD subchannel to provide a simulcast of their primary channel.
Inclusive of their primary standard definition channels (ignoring HD):
SBS Television offers four unique SD subchannels (SBS Viceland, SBS Food, SBS World Movies, and NITV) and a HD simulcast of its primary channel (SBS HD); as well as a HD simulcast of its Viceland channel.
ABC Television offers three unique SD subchannels (ABC Comedy/ABC Kids, ABC Me, and ABC News) and a HD simulcast of its primary channel (ABC HD).
The Seven Network offers three unique SD subchannels (7TWO, 7mate and 7flix), a datacasting channel (Racing.com) and a HD simulcast of its primary channel (7HD)
The Nine Network offers three unique SD subchannels (9Go!, 9Rush, 9Gem and 9Life), a datacasting channel (Extra) and a HD simulcast of its primary channel (9HD);
Network Ten offers three unique SD subchannels (10 Bold, 10 Peach, and 10 Shake), two datacasting channels (TVSN and Spree TV) and a HD simulcast of its primary channel (Ten HD).
Community television stations in Melbourne (C31) and Adelaide (44 Adelaide) also broadcast digital signals, however they typically only broadcast a single SD subchannel which simulcasts that station's primary channel.
There have been a number of issues surrounding the introduction of digital subchannels in Australia. The first subchannels launched by the ABC – ABC Kids and Fly TV – closed after less than two years in operation in 2003 as a reaction to budget cuts by the conservative Howard Government under Communications Minister Alston and low viewership (partly due to the limited distribution of set-top boxes); and commercial broadcasters could not legally air a digital subchannel other than a single high-definition service until 2009.
Europe
As most digital services in Europe rely on more complex methods of multiplexing, where a large number of digital channels by many different broadcasters can be broadcast on one single frequency, the concept of a subchannel is instead applied to the variety of channels that are produced by a single company. This can vary widely depending on the country: for example, ITV currently has four of its digital channels (ITV, ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4) broadcasting on one multiplexed service, while two others (ITV2 +1 and CITV) are each broadcast on another, separate multiplex.
ISDB television
In Japan and Brazil, ISDB (similar to the DVB format) is used, and was specifically designed with physical RF segments that could be split to use for different subchannels. In Brazil, a digital subchannel is only allowed to the public and educational stations.
Tradeoffs
As the amount of data which can be carried on one digital television channel at one time is limited, the addition of multiple channels of programming as digital subchannels comes at the expense of having less available bandwidth for other purposes, such as the ability to transmit high definition content. A station carrying multiple subchannels will normally limit itself to one high-definition channel (or in some cases, two HD channels), with any additional channels being carried in standard definition. Because of the tradeoffs, stations owned by CBS Corporation through its CBS Television Stations subsidiary (which include owned-and-operated stations of CBS and The CW, and some independent stations) generally opted not to carry digital subchannels and transmitted only a 1080i high definition main feed; this changed in 2013 with the addition of dedicated local news channels on CBS O&Os in New York City and Philadelphia (the company later announced the creation of Decades, a multicast network part-owned by CBS which aired on all CBS and CW owned-and-operated stations from 2015 to 2018).
It is possible for stations to carry more than two subchannel feeds in HD, at least nominally. Actual picture quality may be comparable to DVD video. Some examples of stations broadcasting in this format are:
Outside the United States – especially in Europe – high-definition feeds are rarer, and most countries only provide a single high-definition service for each broadcaster. For example, in France, there are only five HD services: one each for TF1, France 2, Canal+, M6 and Arte; in the United Kingdom, four HD services are currently transmitted over terrestrial frequencies: BBC One HD, BBC Two HD, ITV HD and Channel 4 HD (S4C Clirlun is broadcast in Wales instead of Channel 4 HD).
Television applications
Commercial networks
In the United States, digital subchannels have been used to provide programming from multiple major networks on a single television station. This has become prevalent since the late 2000s in smaller markets that have as few as one or two commercial stations, which during the era of analog television, would not have been able to carry the complete programming lineups of all four major commercial networks (CBS, NBC, ABC and Fox) because of the station's own local and syndicated programming commitments, and overlapping network programs that would be tough to schedule outside of regular timeslots. A prime example is the Wheeling, West Virginia/Steubenville, Ohio market, which for decades was home to only two stations (CBS affiliate WTRF-TV and NBC affiliate WTOV-TV; the cable-only WBWO also served the market as a WB and now as a CW affiliate) and had to mostly rely on stations in Pittsburgh (and to a lesser extent Columbus and Youngstown, Ohio) to view programming from other networks. However, the advent of digital television allowed WTRF to launch two digital channels (one as a primary Fox/secondary MyNetworkTV affiliate, the other affiliated with ABC) while still carrying CBS programming in full on its main signal (WTOV later took the Fox affiliation for its second subchannel in September 2014).
Upon their launches in September 2006, The CW and MyNetworkTV were among the first conventional networks to actively utilize subchannel-only affiliations in markets where a standalone station is not available to affiliate with; this is particularly true of The CW's small-market feed, The CW Plus, which originally consisted mostly of cable-only affiliations (by way of inheriting the model and much of the affiliate body of predecessor The WB 100+ Station Group). Since its launch, affiliates of other major networks have taken over the operations of cable-only CW Plus affiliates (or even outright replacing WB 100+ cable channels at the launch of The CW) and began transmitting the service over subchannels to reach viewers who do not subscribe to a pay television service. Some Spanish language networks (such as Azteca America, Estrella TV and Mexicanal) have also been carried on digital subchannels, either as subchannel-exclusive services or to provide programming to markets where a main channel affiliation may not be available. Other stations have launched subchannels with an independent station format on their DT2 signals (such as WTTV in Indianapolis, Indiana – a market with enough commercial stations able to support affiliations with all six networks and a standalone independent, although the seventh (WTTK) instead acts as a WTTV satellite – which converted its 4.2 subchannel as an independent station in January 2015 as a result of owner Tribune Media selling the local rights to the CW affiliation that was to move from its main feed on 4.1 to WISH-TV, whose CBS affiliation was assumed by WTTV).
Digital subchannels are also used to relay stations beyond their traditional signal coverage areas to reach an entire market. In the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Minnesota, many of these stations are on duplicate frequencies to cover a large market area. This is used to duplicate network service for stations that are part of duopolies, where transmitters scattered through a large geographical area allow multiple networks and channels to be carried. The most prominent example is the Granite Broadcasting Corporation's virtual quadropoly in Duluth, Minnesota, which consists of two separate full-power stations, NBC affiliate KBJR-TV and CBS affiliate KDLH, which combined carry three subchannels (two affiliated with major networks – CW Plus affiliate "Northland CW 2" on KDLH and MyNetworkTV affiliate "My9" on KBJR – and the third, a local weather subchannel on KBJR). While KDLH carries the CW subchannel on their DT2 feed and KBJR carries the MyNetworkTV subchannel on its DT2 feed on their primary signals, all five channels are carried on satellite station KRII in Chisholm, providing the Iron Range region (located north of Duluth) programming from networks that were previously unavailable over-the-air. In the Traverse City-Cheboygan market in Upper Michigan, NBC affiliate WPBN/WTOM also simulcasts sister station WGTU/WGTQ, providing that station's ABC programming to the entire market; CBS affiliate WWTV/WWUP carries its Fox-affiliated sister WFQX/WFUP on their DT2 subchannel to expand their coverage area further north into the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula.
In many cases, these "new" channels are existing secondary channels that were carried by a low-power or Class A station or by a cable television channel. Often, the owner of a full-power television station acquires or already owns a low-power secondary station in the same market to carry another network. The use of a digital subchannel on a full-power television station as a replacement for low-power station greatly increases the available coverage area for its programming.
Because of interference issues that stations transmitting on the low VHF band (channels 2 to 6) often experience, some stations broadcasting on these frequencies are relayed on the subchannels of stations that are less prone to interference. An example of this is CBS affiliate WRGB in Albany, New York. While WRGB broadcasts its main digital on VHF channel 6 in high definition, CW-affiliated sister station WCWN relays a standard-definition subchannel feed of WRGB over its digital channel 45.
Sports programming
Networks dedicated to sports programming have been launched specifically for use on digital subchannels. Until 2010, CBS affiliates often subdivided four temporary subchannels in order to show all of the early round games of the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament in addition to those broadcast on the main digital channel (this was superseded as a result of a new television agreement with the NCAA that took effect in 2011, which gave cable networks TBS, TNT and TruTV partial rights to the tournament). Most of the major professional sports leagues, however, have strict prohibitions against using subchannels for carrying multiple game broadcasts and only allow one game to be aired in a market at one time (outside of Los Angeles, where if the Rams and Chargers play at the same time, Fox is allowed to broadcast the second game on MyNetworkTV affiliate KCOP-TV, or CBS on independent KCAL-TV, depending on the game's carrier that specific week); all four of the major sports leagues (the NFL, the NBA, Major League Baseball and the NHL) have out-of-market sports packages that require a pay television subscription and generate significant revenue for the leagues.
Most sports programming on digital subchannel broadcasters has been relegated to low-budget content such as amateur athletics, extreme sports, and hunting and fishing programming geared toward outdoorsmen, though minor league baseball, American Hockey League hockey and other minor league sports may also be seen. Prominent team sports programming on digital subchannels is rare; the general trend for sports programming tends to eschew the free-to-air model that digital subchannels use, and the cost of rights fees for most sports requires that they air on channels that air on cable and satellite television services and thus can recuperate costs through retransmission consent. Channels such as Sportsman Channel (and the now-defunct Universal Sports) that began as digital subchannel networks now operate as cable and satellite-exclusive services. There are nonetheless a few multicast channels that have broadcast familiar sports programs: Bounce TV, for instance, carried college football from historically black colleges and universities until 2013.
In January 2016, Sinclair Broadcast Group launched a 24-hour feed of its American Sports Network sports syndication service on subchannels of ten stations owned and/or operated by the group; the ASN multicast network was subsequently replaced by Stadium in August 2017, following the formation of a multi-platform network venture with the Chicago White Sox's Silver Chalice unit and 120 Sports.
Local and informational channels
Although not to the same level as in the late 2000s due to the population of entertainment-based multicast services, many local stations have used or currently use subchannels to carry continuous news or local weather content; in particular, there have been at least four networks that have been created to serve this audience: NBC Weather Plus (a service exclusive to NBC stations that operated from 2004 to 2008), The AccuWeather Channel, WeatherNation TV (which also maintains limited exclusive distribution on pay television services) and TouchVision. Locally programmed news subchannels (such as News 9 Now / News on 6 Now on KWTV in Oklahoma City and KOTV in Tulsa, Oklahoma or NewsChannel 5+ on WTVF in Nashville, Tennessee) often carry rebroadcasts and simulcasts of local news programs seen on the station's main feed, in some cases displaying a ticker with news headlines and weather forecasts to provide updated information.
Subchannels also allow stations to air news programs without fully pre-empting normally scheduled programing on the station's main feed. During significant breaking news or severe weather events, for instance, a station may choose to air extended news coverage on either its main channel or a subchannel and air network programming on the other. Thus, the station can accommodate viewers wanting to watch either regular programming or news coverage. Some sports leagues, most notably the NFL, have strict rules against their game broadcasts airing on a subchannel.
Specialty programming
Since the late 2000s, entertainment-based specialty networks (also known as diginets) have been created specifically for subchannels, most commonly those dedicated to airing reruns of classic television series (such as Me-TV, Retro TV, Cozi TV and Antenna TV) and movies (such as This TV, GetTV and Movies!). Some networks (such as the African-American focused Bounce TV, the female-targeted Court TV Mystery and the male-targeted Grit) feature programming aimed at specific demographics. With few exceptions (such as Localish), diginets typically do not offer first-run original programming, relying on acquired content from programming distributors (most popularly, television series from the 1980s and earlier) to fill their schedules. Some stations (such as K38IZ-D in Phoenix, Arizona) carry locally programmed channels offering classic television shows and music videos on their digital subchannels. With MTV's shift away from music videos since the 1990s, subchannel networks focusing entirely on music videos have also been attempted (such as The Country Network and Heartland), however many have either been unable to gain national coverage or have lost significant market share due to various issues (for example, LIN Media, the Sinclair Broadcast Group and the Journal Broadcast Group terminated or opted against renewing deals with TheCoolTV between 2011 and 2013; Journal, in particular, cited TheCoolTV parent Cool Music Network, LLC's failure to pay licensing fees behind its removal of the network in a lawsuit filed against the company in 2011).
Although the revenue potential is limited, many broadcasters have found subchannel-only networks to be a means of generating extra advertising revenue, as they are easily marketable to a given demographic (although they do not enjoy the same retransmission consent revenue stream from cable providers as other networks do). There have been a few notable holdouts as late as 2014 such as the Meredith Corporation (only a few of its stations have subchannels, and some of these primarily carry only local news or weather services, or in the case of WGGB-TV/Springfield, Massachusetts, allows a Fox subchannel affiliate to operate in a market with limited full-power signals traditionally beholden in the past to the Hartford, Connecticut market to the south for CBS, Fox, WB and UPN affiliates besides WGGB's ABC programming and WWLP's NBC affiliation) and the Nexstar Broadcasting Group (which previously used subchannels for the sole purposes of simulcasting co-owned/managed sister stations to reach an entire market or to carry programming from major networks in smaller markets, and often eliminated subchannels affiliated with multicast services following station acquisitions). Nexstar has since added multicast services such as Bounce TV and WeatherNation TV on some of its stations. Unlike the major broadcast networks, diginets carried by local stations not associated with the five major networks or MyNetworkTV are often carried on higher cable channel placements (usually within the digital cable tiers) not readily found by most subscribers. Satellite and IPTV providers generally do not carry multicast networks unless the local station also secondarily carries a major network on that subchannel.
Most diginets reach affiliation agreements with a limited number of station owners prior to launch, before expanding their national coverage through additional deals made after their debut (by comparison, Fox, The CW, MyNetworkTV and to a lesser extent, The WB and UPN, had initial station coverage reaching 60%+ of all U.S. television households through affiliation deals that were largely made before their launches, in order to have wide distribution in at least the top 100 markets). Since the majority of multicast networks are carried on major network affiliates, some full-power stations are recitant about further compressing bitrate space to fit more than one subchannel at the expense of the picture quality of their high-definition main feed. As well, in markets with fewer than six stations, available subchannel space is tighter and some multicast networks may not be able to gain affiliations especially if one of the stations uses a subchannel for the primary purpose of carrying programming from a major network (which are also often transmitted in HD, limiting bitrate space). Some networks remedy this in certain markets by affiliating with low-power stations that do not carry a major network. As of 2014, only 12 primarily subchannel-only networks reach at least 50% of all U.S. markets (with MeTV, which is available in 91% of the country — a national reach comparable to the six major commercial networks and PBS — being the largest).
Diginets with wider national coverage and decent viewership are more likely to attract major advertisers, although most rely on smaller-scale advertisers such as national law firms, mortgage providers and direct response advertisers. Multicast networks often make barter deals to secure affiliations in which advertising inventory is split between the network and the station, however some networks enter into subchannel leasing deals (often if they are unable to secure sufficient cable distribution), in which the network handles the sale of advertising inventory and pays its affiliates a monthly licensing fee to carry its programming.
By 2017, diginets were doing better in the ratings than some major cable networks, with MeTV being the 20th ranked cable & broadcast network, and are also available in more homes than many cable networks. Streaming services that offer free linear channels such as Peacock, Pluto TV, and Stirr have also added diginets to their services, giving diginets who lack an over-the-air home in a specific market coverage. Sinclair Broadcast Group, which owns Stirr, has included its own four diginets on Stirr (Charge!, Comet, Stadium, & TBD), in addition to others such as the game show-themed Buzzr, which Sinclair rated as the most popular channel on Stirr.
Educational programming
Many PBS member stations around the United States broadcast their main channel in high definition and up to three standard definition subchannels; however, a few reconfigure their digital channels depending on daypart, carrying four standard definition channels during the daytime, reducing them to one HD and one SD channel at night due to technical limitations at the station's level that may prevent it from carrying PBS programming in HD full-time and maintain multiple full-time subchannels like other member stations. PBS stations often carry additional national channels such as PBS HD (PBS Satellite Service), PBS Kids, World, and Create. In the Washington, D.C. area, MHz Networks is available as ten subchannels transmitted by two stations, with their virtual channels mapped uniformally, making them appear as if they are transmitted by one station.
In some U.S. states, statewide educational, cultural or public affairs services are carried on a digital subchannel of a PBS member station or network (such as the Minnesota Channel, PBS Wisconsin's Wisconsin Channel, or New York State broadcaster ThinkBright TV). The use of subchannels has also allowed educational television broadcasters to sell off former secondary PBS analogue stations to commercial broadcasters (such as WNEQ in Buffalo, which its sister station WNED-TV sold in 1999 to LIN TV (now owned by Media General) to become WNLO, now a CW affiliate), as the additional educational content these separate stations once provided can now be carried by multiple subchannels of a single parent station. Subchannels also allow some educational stations to devote an entire channel to telecourses, which are recorded by instructors and students for later use, allowing the station's main channel to air a generalized schedule in the morning and overnight hours.
Temporary installations
A digital subchannel can be used to restore service from a station that has been knocked off the air due to an antenna tower collapse; the affected signal would be made available in standard-definition, or even in compressed high definition, on a subchannel of another local station, most often a competitor. ABC affiliate KATV in Little Rock, Arkansas was forced to follow this path in 2008, moving its digital signal to a subchannel of MyNetworkTV affiliate KWBF (now KARZ-TV) after a tower collapse knocked its main signal offline. The virtual channel numbering scheme allows an existing licensed broadcaster to keep its displayed channel number unchanged (in the case of KATV, PSIP channel 7) even if the signal is carried physically as a subchannel of another local station.
During the Station Fire in 2009, NBC owned-and-operated station KNBC in Los Angeles temporarily replaced programming from NBC Plus and Universal Sports on its subchannels with standard-definition feeds of its two Spanish language sister stations – independent station KWHY-TV (since sold to the Meruelo Group) and Telemundo owned-and-operated station KVEA – as an emergency measure in the event that the transmitters of those stations were destroyed or disabled as the fire reached Mount Wilson, where the transmitter facilities of most Los Angeles area stations are based.
Data, radio and non-public signals
In rare cases, digital television broadcasters have included a service known as DTV radio, in which the audio of a commonly owned broadcast radio station is simulcast over a subchannel (for instance, KPJK in San Mateo, California broadcasts former FM sister KCSM on its DT3 signal). WANN-CD in Atlanta offers six radio stations owned by iHeartMedia, in addition to ten television channels.
Non-broadcast content, subscription television channels or datacasting operations unrelated to the main television programming are also permitted by the digital television standards but are less-commonly used. USDTV was an over-the-air pay television service that used H.264 compression instead of standard MPEG-2. Mobile DTV now uses MPEG-4 compression, which like H.264 yields a much lower bitrate for the same video quality. For example, the Sezmi TV/DVR service uses broadcast digital subchannels (not in the clear) in selected cities to stream a limited number of "cable" channels to its subscribers for an additional fee to supplement its otherwise free digital video recorder (DVR) service allowing recordings of local broadcast channels and free and subscription internet content.
Technical considerations
Digital television supports multiple digital subchannels if the 19.39 Mbit/s (megabits per second) bitstream is divided. Therefore, station managers and broadcast engineers could run any of the following scenarios using one 6 MHz channel (note that the actual bitrate moves up and down, due to usage of variable bitrate encoding):
With improvements in MPEG encoding, and tighter VBR encoding, more subchannels can be combined. 1×720p + 4×480i is becoming more common.
For a frame rate of 30p or 60i, uncompressed DTV channels have the following data rates in megapixels per second:
For ATSC, these must be compressed into 19.4Mbit/s total per physical 6 MHz RF channel over the air, and 38.8Mbit/s for cable.
Digital radio
Various forms of digital radio also allow for multiple program streams.
HD Radio
The primary distinguishing feature of HD Radio has been its ability to multiplex an FM radio signal. As HD Radio never achieved widespread popularity in the United States (unlike television, radio is not required to turn off its analog signals due to HD Radio being in-band on-channel and thus compatible with analog, plus the greater quantity and difficulty in signal conversion of radios compared to fixed-link television sets), its use has largely been to serve as a legal fiction. Since HD Radio was introduced in the United States in the late 2000s (decade), the FCC has allowed American broadcasters to use low-powered translators to transmit HD Radio subchannels in analog FM. This has allowed broadcasters to increase the number of programming choices available in a given media market beyond FCC limits.
AM broadcasting generally lacks the bandwidth to multiplex; though in theory an AM station could transmit two separate channels using C-QUAM AM stereo, there is a limit to how far the two audio channels can be separated, and thus crosstalk is inevitable. HD Radio can be used on AM, but the bandwidth limits the digital signal to a single channel, which under FCC rules must match the analog signal. AM broadcasters have criticized the use of HD Radio on AM due to the increased adjacent-channel interference caused by the greater bandwidth it requires, with little benefit. WWFD has operated as a digital-only station with no analog signal under special dispensation since 2018; in December 2019, it began testing a multiplexed digital signal with two channels. No consumer radio receivers currently have the capability to receive AM multicast signals, and thus (as with FM HD Radio) WWFD's signals have been carried on FM translators (and the Internet) to ensure continued availability. The FCC, in October 2020, concluded from WWFD's experiments: "the record does not establish that an audio stream on an HD-2 subchannel is currently technically feasible(.)" A proposed FCC rule would require stations that wish to multiplex their digital AM signals to request and receive permission to do so.
DAB
See also
In-band on-channel (IBOC), digital radio technology allowing digital subchannels on FM stations
DAB and DVB, international digital radio-television standards in use in Europe, Australia and New Zealand
QAM tuner
References
ATSC
Digital television
High-definition television
Television technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Kickers%20Destiny
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Richmond Kickers Destiny
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Richmond Kickers Destiny was an American women's soccer team, founded in 2004. The team was a member of the United Soccer Leagues W-League, the second tier of women's soccer in the United States and Canada. The team played in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. The Richmond Kickers folded the Destiny after the 2009 season in a cost-cutting move.
The team played its home games at Sports Backers Stadium in the city of Richmond, Virginia, and also occasionally at University of Richmond Stadium, and the former First Market Stadium (now known as Robins Stadium). The team's colors were red, white and black.
The team was a sister organization of the men's Richmond Kickers of the USL PRO league, and Richmond Kickers Future, which played in the USL Premier Development League until 2008.
Players
Notable former players
Chantel Jones
Nikki Krzysik
Becky Sauerbrunn
Year-by-year
References
Women's soccer clubs in the United States
Richmond Kickers
USL W-League teams
2004 establishments in Virginia
2009 disestablishments in Virginia
Defunct soccer clubs in Virginia
Association football clubs established in 2004
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
Women in Virginia
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44069390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parorsidis
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Parorsidis
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Parorsidis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.
Parorsidis ceylanica Breuning, 1982
Parorsidis delevauxi Breuning, 1962
Parorsidis nigrosparsa (Pic, 1929)
Parorsidis rondoni (Breuning, 1962)
Parorsidis transversevittata Breuning, 1963
References
Ancylonotini
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64463828
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-color%20flag
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Five-color flag
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Five-color flag or five-colored flag may refer to:
The Five Races Under One Union flag, the National Flag of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928.
The Flag of the State of Manchuria, which is based on Five Races Under One Union flag.
Vietnamese five-color flags, various five-colored flag designs traditionally used in traditional and religious contexts in Vietnamese culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20du%20Conseil%20de%20Paris
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Prix du Conseil de Paris
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The Prix du Conseil de Paris is a Group 2 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,400 metres (about miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in October.
History
The event was established in 1893, and it was originally called the Prix du Conseil Municipal. It was funded by Paris Municipal Council, which had recently signed a new leasehold of Longchamp Racecourse.
The Prix du Conseil Municipal was the second major international race introduced by the Société d'Encouragement. The first, the Grand Prix de Paris, had been launched thirty years earlier. Unlike that event, which was restricted to three-year-olds, the new race was open to horses aged three or older. The basic weights to be carried were 53 kg for three-year-olds and 58 kg for their elders. A penalty of up to 6 kg could be incurred for previous performances.
With an initial prize of 100,000 francs, the Prix du Conseil Municipal was France's second richest race after the Grand Prix de Paris. Prior to the creation of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, it was the most prestigious event of Longchamp's autumn schedule.
Before World War I, the race regularly featured horses trained outside France. Three British horses were successful during this period. The event was abandoned throughout the war, with no running from 1914 to 1918. The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was introduced in 1920, and from this point the Prix du Conseil Municipal took place a week later. The interval was increased to a fortnight in 1925.
The race was cancelled once during World War II, in 1939. It was run at Auteuil over 2,600 metres in 1940, and at Le Tremblay over 2,300 metres in 1943 and 1944.
The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix du Conseil Municipal was classed at Group 2 level. It was renamed the Prix du Conseil de Paris in 1974, after reforms to the statutes of Paris.
Records
Most successful horse (2 wins):
Omnium II – 1895, 1896
La Camargo – 1902, 1903
Porphyros – 1940, 1942
Kamaraan – 1974, 1975
Montare – 2005, 2007
Leading jockey (4 wins):
Rae Johnstone – Assuerus (1933), Vandale (1946), Espace Vital (1948), Worden (1952)
Yves Saint-Martin – Zamazaan (1968), Recupere (1973), Sagace (1983), Lashkari (1984)
Leading trainer (8 wins):
André Fabre – Village Star (1987), Sunshack (1994), De Quest (1995), First Magnitude (1999), Crimson Quest (2000), Crossharbour (2008), Prince Bishop (2010), Manatee (2014)
Leading owner (7 wins):
HH Aga Khan IV – Zamazaan (1968), Kamaraan (1974, 1975), Lashkari (1984), Altayan (1986), Daramsar (2006), Vadamar (2011)
Winners since 1978
Earlier winners
1893: Callistrate
1894: Best Man
1895: Omnium II
1896: Omnium II
1897: Winkfield's Pride
1898: Gardefeu
1899: Libaros
1900: Codoman
1901: Kilmarnock
1902: La Camargo
1903: La Camargo
1904: Presto
1905: Macdonald II
1906: Maintenon
1907: Luzerne
1908: Biniou
1909: Hag to Hag
1910: Ossian
1911: Basse Pointe
1912: Shannon
1913: Nimbus
1914–18: no race
1919: Loisir
1920: Meddlesome Maid
1921: Flechois
1922: Le Prodige
1923: Dauphin
1924: Tricard
1925: Nid d'Or
1926: Olibrius
1927: Cerulea
1928: Balmoral
1929: Motrico
1930: Erodion
1931: Sans Ame
1932: Macaroni
1933: Assuerus
1934: Cadmus
1935: Come In
1936: Cousine
1937: Sanguinetto
1938: Nica
1939: no race
1940: Porphyros
1941: Horatius
1942: Porphyros
1943: Royalhunter
1944: Galene
1945: Basileus
1946: Vandale
1947: Goyama
1948: Espace Vital
1949: Vela
1950: Violoncelle
1951:
1952: Worden
1953: Savoyard
1954: Clochard
1955: Mahan
1956: Arcadius
1957: Thila
1958: Tombeur
1959: Blue Net
1960: Astana
1961: Carteret
1962: Arcor
1963: Nyrcos
1964: Timmy Lad
1965: Hammam
1966: Pasquin
1967: Bagdad
1968: Zamazaan
1969: Karabas
1970: Armos
1971: Ex Libris
1972: Monsieur D
1973: Recupere
1974: Kamaraan
1975: Kamaraan
1976: On My Way
1977: Monseigneur
See also
List of French flat horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1893 – this race is included under its original title, Prix du Conseil Municipal.
References
France Galop / Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, ,
galop.courses-france.com:
1893–1919, 1920–1949, 1950–1979, 1980–present
france-galop.com – A Brief History: Prix du Conseil de Paris.
galopp-sieger.de – Prix du Conseil de Paris (ex Prix du Conseil Municipal).
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Prix du Conseil de Paris (2016).
pedigreequery.com – Prix du Conseil de Paris – Longchamp.
Open middle distance horse races
Longchamp Racecourse
Horse races in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper%20%28hip%20hop%20band%29
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Sniper (hip hop band)
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Sniper is a French hip hop band formed in 1997 in Val-d'Oise. It currently consists of Tunisiano (Bachir Baccour), Aketo (Ryad Selmi) and Blacko. Afrikaf (Karl Appela) was also a member from the group's formation to 2004; Blacko had also left the band in 2007, but returned in 2016.
Beginnings
The members of Sniper first met at the 1997 Francofolies festival at La Rochelle. There, DJ Boudj and the three rappers Aketo, Tunisiano and Blacko met and decided to form the group, originally called Personnalité suspecte (Suspicious Character). This name was abbreviated to Persni and finally ended up as Sniper, an example of the French slang form, known as verlan.
The three members form a complementary group, as Aketo and El Tunisiano have developed more of a rap style and Blacko prefers an approach closer to reggae; meanwhile DJ Boudj takes care of the scratching. They began by making appearances on various mixes and compilations, such as The Power of Unity, Première classe (First Class) and B.O.S.S..
Career
Sniper's career officially began in January 2001, with the release of their first album, Du rire aux larmes (From laughter to tears) on the Desh Music label. The album title indicates the philosophy of the group: a mixture of humor (of a verbal tournament between Aketo and Tunisiano) and more serious texts ("Pris Pour Cible"), run in varied energetic tempos. Song topics can be found in everyday life: racism, exits, girls. They do not forsake the rap form but avoid contributing to the stereotype of rap music as ghetto music. The album went double gold with more than 250,000 albums sold.
In spring 2003, the group produced a more refined album, Gravé dans la roche (Carved in stone). This album covers many subjects like the Israeli–Palestinian conflict with "Jeteur de pierres" (Stone thrower), global warming on "Visions chaotiques" (Chaotic visions) or the idleness of certain young people in Trop vite" (Too fast). Lighter titles are not in "Processus 2003" and "Recette maison" (House recipe). The best known singles are "Sans (re)pères" (Without point/father) and "Gravé dans la roche" (Engraved in stone). "Panam All Starz" is a piece which gathers various artists of the Paris area, each one representing a department: Haroun (75th department), Mano Kid Mesa (77th), L'Skadrille (78th), Sinik and Diam's (91st), Salif and Zoxea (92nd), Tandem (93rd), 113 (94th) and Sniper (95th)
As the group's popularity grew, so did their fan base. This popularity showed in the second album which sold more than 400,000 copies, nearly double the sales of the previous album. This success was notably due to the fact that they were less crude and refined their lyrics in order to produce a quality album.
On 2 May 2006, Sniper returned to the French rap scene. A few weeks after its release, their album was placed a number 1 in sales. However, the group changed. DJ Boudj left Sniper. The reasons were not detailed but it would be considered to be an argument, ”as in any family", explained one of the remaining members of the group. At that time, the group marked a clear evolution reaching a certain maturity whose first steps had already been perceptible in their second album Gravé dans la roche.
With the album Trait pour trait, Sniper reached total sales of more than 1 million copies for all three albums and thus confirmed themselves as one of the best rap bands in France.
In three albums, Sniper convinced rap fans in France that they were interested in many quite different subjects, such as religion, international conflicts like Iraq–US, Palestine–Israel, or love, respect, resentment, various injustices and inequalities, immigration, the difficulties of life in the suburbs, the real/fake dream of the Western world and racism, etc.
The group is subject to heteroclite influences: old style rap, in particular under the influence of Aketo, as well as drawing from texts in Arabic, sung by Tunisiano, but also Blacko's reggae work.
The group confirmed that a fourth album would appear once they finished their respective solo albums. However, Blacko announced on 20 February 2008 that he had separated himself from the group since July 2007.
Sniper's fourth album À toute épreuve was released on 26 September 2011 in digital format and on 3 October 2011 in physical form.
In March 2016, the band announced that Blacko had rejoined the band. At a concert at La Cigale on May 28, 2016, they announced that they had started working on a new album. In January 2018 they confirmed that the album was nearly completed.
Controversies
The group has had several legal battles, notably for their lyrics in songs such as "La France" and for a song on the conflict in the Middle East called "Jeteur de pierres'" (Stone thrower). The group was acquitted by the court of Rouen of charges based on "La France". They were later accused of antisemitism based on their treatment of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on their second album, which provoked the ire of several Jewish organizations. The Minister of the Interior at the time, Nicolas Sarkozy, called them "ruffians who dishonor France".
Discography
Albums
Others
2006: Du rire aux larmes / Gravé dans la roche (special double release), (peaked at #91 in France)
Singles
Featured in
References
External links
Desh Musique producer of Sniper
French hip hop groups
Rappers from Val-d'Oise
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145390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos%20Laciar
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Santos Laciar
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Santos Benigno Laciar (born January 31, 1959), known familiarly as Santos Laciar and nicknamed Falucho, is an Argentine who was boxing's world flyweight and super flyweight champion.
Biography
Laciar was born in Huinca Renancó, in the province of Córdoba, Argentina.
Laciar began his career in his hometown, on December 3 of 1976, knocking out Carlos Maliene in four rounds. After three more wins, all by knockout, he was faced with Alejandro Holguin, who held him to a ten-round draw, becoming the first boxer to face Laciar and not come out on the losing end. After three more wins, he drew once again, this time against Jose Ibiris, but in his next fight, he was able to take the Córdoba State Flyweight title away from Carlos Reyes Sosa in Villa María with a 12-round decision. He finished 1977 with four more wins, including a knockout in six in a rematch with Reyes Sosa.
In 1978 he had 13 fights, for an average of slightly more than one fight per month. Among his fights that year: a rematch with Ibiris, which ended in a ten-round decision win for Laciar, two fights versus contender Ramon Soria, which ended in a draw and in Laciar's first defeat, a 10-round decision loss, a fight with Luis Gerez, who drew with Laciar, and Laciar's Buenos Aires debut, a 10-round decision win over Angel Luis Fernandez.
1979 was another busy year for Laciar, boxing 13 times again during that year. He won 9 of those bouts. Among his fights in '79, a loss to future world Junior bantamweight champion Gustavo Ballas, who beat him in 10 on points, a rubber match with Ibris, resulting in another Laciar 10-round decision win, two decision losses to Raúl Pérez, and a 10-round decision win against top contender Federico Condori.
But early in 1980 Laciar started what would turn out to be a great decade for him. He was matched with Miguel Lanzarte on February 26 of that year for the vacant Argentinian flyweight title and won the bout by a decision in 12. After a draw in ten against Condori's brother Ruben, he won four straight bouts, and on August 30, he challenged for the South American flyweight title. In what was his first fight outside Argentina, he and South American champion Jaime Miranda battled to an 8-round no contest (a no contest is declared when circumstances beyond boxing cause the fight to be stopped) in Santiago, Chile. After one more win over Federico Condori, Miranda returned the favor by travelling to Laciar's country and this time, Laciar won the South American title with a 12-round decision win. Laciar finished the year by travelling to England, where he lost a 10-round decision to future world champion Charlie Magri.
In 1981, one day before his birthday, he beat Jose de la Cruz in Mar del Plata. He was already ranked number one by the WBA, and in March he flew to South Africa, where he beat Peter Mathebula on the 28th day of that month, by a knockout in seven rounds to become the world's flyweight champion. After the retirement of Carlos Monzón in 1977 and Victor Galindez in 1978, (Galindez died in 1980 in an auto race accident), Argentina was in need of a world champion boxer, and Laciar became a national hero instantly.
A rematch with Lanzarte, resulting in a 10-round non title decision win, followed, and then he fought at the Luna Park, where he lost his title to Luis Ibarra.
Ibarra lost his title in his first defense to Juan Herrera, and after 5 more bouts, Laciar challenged Herrera in the champion's hometown of Tampico, Mexico. Laciar recovered the crown by a knockout in 13 rounds, and this time, he wouldn't lose it again. He defended it for three years, after which he left it vacant. He defeated former world champion Betulio González in Maracaibo, Venezuela by a decision in 15, Steve Muchoki in Copenhagen, Denmark by a knockout in 13, Ramon Neri (a deaf-mute boxer) by a knockout in 9 at Córdoba, Shuichi Hozumi by a knockout in 2 in Japan, Hee Sup Chin, by a knockout in one in South Korea, Juan Herrera, in a rematch at Marsala, Italy, by a decision in 15, former world champion Prudencio Cardona by a knockout in 10 in Córdoba, former two-time world Junior Flyweight champion Hilario Zapata by a decision in 15 at Buenos Aires, and Antoine Monteiro, beaten by a knockout in 11 at Paris, France. After his fight with Monteiro, he decided to leave the world Flyweight championship vacant. His fame also surpassed the Argentinian borders and he became famous all over Latin America, The Ring's Spanish edition featuring him on the cover many times, as well as on posters and articles. He was also on the cover of Guantes magazine multiple times during his second period as champion.
On June 8, 1986, he and Jaime Miranda had a rubber match, Laciar winning a ten-round decision. Two months later, world Junior Bantamweight champion, Mexican Gilberto Roman, travelled to Argentina to defend his WBC and Lineal crown versus Laciar, the fight ending in a 12-round draw. Six more wins followed, including one against Hector Patri, and then on May 16 of 1987, he and Roman met again. This time the WBC chose a neutral place for the fight, but Laciar won the fight by a knockout in 11 at Reims, France, becoming a world champion for the third time. However, in his first title defense, Laciar was on the losing end of a decision against Colombian Sugar Baby Rojas in Miami.
Laciar kept on boxing and reeled off eight more straight wins, but on October 8, 1988, he was outpointed by Juan Carazo in Caguas, Puerto Rico, by a decision in 12 rounds. Two more wins and another no contest followed, and, after Carazo lost in his title try against Roman by decision, it was Laciar's turn to face the Mexican again. This time, they boxed in the Los Angeles suburb of Inglewood, California, and Roman came out victorious by a 12-round decision.
Roman would die in a car crash the next year, and all chances of a fourth bout between the two, which was a possibility that was being talked about, were dashed with Roman's death.
Laciar fought three more bouts, all in 1990, after which he decided to retire.
His final record was 79 wins, 10 losses, 11 draws and 1 fight ended in a no-contest, with 31 wins coming by knockout.
After retirement
Laciar became an occasional boxing commentator for TyC Sports's Saturday night boxing show, Boxeo de Primera.
Professional boxing record
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
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!Result
!Record
!Opponent
!Type
!Round, time
!Date
!Location
!Notes
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|-align=center
|Loss||79–10–11||align=left| Hugo Soto
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|align=left|
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|Win||79–9–11||align=left| Ruben Condori
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|Win||78–9–11||align=left| Juan Carlos Cortes
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|Loss||77–9–11||align=left| Gilberto Román
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|Win||77–8–11||align=left| Hugo Gomez
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|Win||76–8–11||align=left| Jesús Moreno
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|||75–8–11||align=left| Raúl Ojeda
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|Loss||75–8–11||align=left| Juan Carazo
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|Win||75–7–11||align=left| Alejandrino Castaño
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|Win||74–7–11||align=left| Ricardo Escobar Baez
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|Win||73–7–11||align=left| Luis Alberto Ocampo
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|Win||72–7–11||align=left| Ricardo Escobar Baez
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|Win||71–7–11||align=left| José Narvaez
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|Win||70–7–11||align=left| Bernardo Mendoza
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|Win||69–7–11||align=left| Juan Alberto Ivalo
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|Win||68–7–11||align=left| José Narvaez
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|align=left|
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|Loss||67–7–11||align=left| Sugar Baby Rojas
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|align=left|
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|Win||67–6–11||align=left| Gilberto Román
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|Win||66–6–11||align=left| Alejandro Vazquez
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|Win||65–6–11||align=left| Isaias Carvacho
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|Win||64–6–11||align=left| José Narvaez
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|Win||63–6–11||align=left| Hector Patri
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|Win||62–6–11||align=left| Oscar Bolivar
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|Win||61–6–11||align=left| José Narvaez
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|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||60–6–11||align=left| Gilberto Román
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|Win||60–6–10||align=left| Alberto Pacheco
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|align=left|
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|Win||59–6–10||align=left| Jaime Miranda
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|Win||58–6–10||align=left| Antoine Montero
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|Win||57–6–10||align=left| Hilario Zapata
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|Win||56–6–10||align=left| Prudencio Cardona
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|Win||55–6–10||align=left| Juan Herrera
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|Win||54–6–10||align=left| Juan Carlos Cortes
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|align=left|
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|Win||53–6–10||align=left| Shin Hi-Sup
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|Win||52–6–10||align=left| Shuichi Hozumi
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|Win||51–6–10||align=left| Ramón Nery
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|Win||50–6–10||align=left| Rodolfo Rodriguez
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|align=left|
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|Win||49–6–10||align=left| Steve Muchoki
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|align=left|
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|Win||48–6–10||align=left| Ramón Albers
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|align=left|
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|Win||47–6–10||align=left| Betulio González
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|Win||46–6–10||align=left| José Gomez
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|Win||45–6–10||align=left| Mario Paniagua
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|Win||44–6–10||align=left| Domingo Aragón
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||43–6–10||align=left| Juan Herrera
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||42–6–10||align=left| Rodolfo Rodriguez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||42–6–9||align=left| Miguel Angel Lazarte
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||41–6–9||align=left| Ruben Condori
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||41–6–8||align=left| Domingo Aragón
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||40–6–8||align=left| Rodolfo Rodriguez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Loss||40–6–7||align=left| Luis Ibarra
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||40–5–7||align=left| Miguel Angel Lazarte
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||39–5–7||align=left| Peter Mathebula
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||38–5–7||align=left| José De La Cruz López
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Loss||37–5–7||align=left| Charlie Magri
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||37–4–7||align=left| Jaime Miranda
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||36–4–7||align=left| Federico Condori
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||35–4–7||align=left| Jaime Miranda
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||35–4–6||align=left| Miguel Angel Velez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||34–4–6||align=left| Adrian Roman
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||33–4–6||align=left| Juan José Brizuela
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||32–4–6||align=left| Domingo Aragón
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||31–4–6||align=left| Ruben Condori
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||31–4–5||align=left| Miguel Angel Lazarte
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||30–4–5||align=left| Federico Condori
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss||29–4–5||align=left| Gustavo Ballas
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||29–3–5||align=left| Hector Velazquez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||28–3–5||align=left| Luis Gomez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||27–3–5||align=left| Miguel Angel Lazarte
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||27–3–4||align=left| Juan Espíndola
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Loss||26–3–4||align=left| Raúl Perez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||26–2–4||align=left| José Flores
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||25–2–4||align=left| Gilberto Lopez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Loss||24–2–4||align=left| Raúl Perez
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||24–1–4||align=left| Juan Carlos Rios
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||23–1–4||align=left| José Ibiris
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||22–1–4||align=left| Raúl Perez
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Loss||21–1–4||align=left| Ramon Soria
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||21–0–4||align=left| Felipe Rojas
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||20–0–4||align=left| Angel Lois Fernandez
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||19–0–4||align=left| Luis Gerez
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||19–0–3||align=left| José Lopez
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||18–0–3||align=left| José Izquierdo
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||17–0–3||align=left| Hector Barreto
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||16–0–3||align=left| Reynaldo Romero
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||15–0–3||align=left| Carlos Aguero
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||14–0–3||align=left| Ramon Soria
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||14–0–2||align=left| José Ibiris
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||13–0–2||align=left| Luis Gerez
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||12–0–2||align=left| Enrique Navarro
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||11–0–2||align=left| José Izquierdo
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||10–0–2||align=left| Carlos Reyes Sosa
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||9–0–2||align=left| Manuel Quinteros
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|Win||8–0–2||align=left| Carlos Reyes Sosa
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|align=left|
|align=left|
|- align=center
|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||7–0–2||align=left| José Ibiris
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||7–0–1||align=left| José Zárate
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||6–0–1||align=left| José Izquierdo
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|Win||5–0–1||align=left| Alberto Martin
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|align=left|
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|style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||4–0–1||align=left| Alejandro Olguin
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|align=left|
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|- align=center
|Win||4–0||align=left| José Flores
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|Win||3–0||align=left| Amado Chavez
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|Win||2–0||align=left| Angel Pereyra
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|Win||1–0||align=left| Carlos Maliene
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See also
List of flyweight boxing champions
List of super-flyweight boxing champions
References
External links
Santos Laciar - CBZ Profile
1959 births
Living people
People from Córdoba Province, Argentina
flyweight boxers
Super-flyweight boxers
World flyweight boxing champions
World super-flyweight boxing champions
World Boxing Association champions
World Boxing Council champions
Argentine male boxers
Boxing commentators
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449666
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butha-Buthe
|
Butha-Buthe
|
Butha-Buthe is the capital city or camptown of the Butha-Buthe District in Lesotho. It has a population of 35,108 (2016 census). It is named for Butha-Buthe Mountain to the north of the town. The city's name means "place of deposits."
Butha-Buthe was founded in 1884 in order to provide the local ruler with a place where he could pay taxes, rather than forcing him to the more distant town of Hlotse.
The town has a high school called Bokoro High School. A Canadian organization called Help Lesotho, has been assisting the school with their literary skills, and it is now becoming one of the highest ranked schools for literacy skills out of the schools, assisted by Help Lesotho. Bokoro is twinned with Ridgemont High School in Ottawa.
Sport
Butha-Buthe is home to the former Lesotho Premier League football team, Butha-Buthe Warriors, who currently play in Lesotho A-Division North Stream.
Populated places in Butha-Buthe District
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52516406
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo-cap%20suit
|
Mo-cap suit
|
Motion capture suit (Mo-cap suit for short) is a wearable device that records the body movements of the wearer. Some of these suits also function as haptic suits.
History
Introduced in the late 1980s, the Data Suit by VPL Research was one of the earliest mo-cap suits in the market. Sensors stitched in the Data Suit were connected by fiber-optic cables to computers that updated the visuals 15 to 30 times a second. The Data Suit was ahead of its time, selling for up to $500,000 for a complete system (along with the EyePhone and the Data Glove).
Current market
Tesla Suit
The Tesla Suit is a mo-cap suit that also uses neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) to give the wearer sensations of touch, force and even warmth.
PrioVR
The PrioVR is mo-cap suit which is available in three versions: the Core which comes with 8 sensors for upper body tracking; the Lite with 12 sensors for full body tracking; and the Pro with 17 sensors which adds for precision with the feet, shoulders and hips.
Perception Neuron
Perception Neuron by the Chinese company Noitom uses 9-axis IMU to capture the movements of the wearer. It also comes with motion-capturing gloves. Perception Neuron can be used in AltspaceVR.
Smartsuit Pro
The Smartsuit Pro by Danish company Rokoko uses an array of 19 embedded 9-degrees of freedom (9-DoF) IMU sensors to capture motion date from the person wearing the suit. This data is used to live stream user movement via WiFi, or record data to input into software such as Unity, Unreal Engine 4, or MotionBuilder.
Xsens
At GDC 2016, Xsens announced integration with Unreal Engine 4 Later that month, Xsens collaborated with Dutch technology company Manus VR in order to showcase an immersive VR experience.
Holosuit
A bi-directional, full body motion controller with haptic feedback, Holosuit comes with a full body suit and can also be used separately as just gloves, jacket or pants.
G5 Mocapsuit
G5 Mocapsuit by AiQ Synertial is a 17-sensor IMU-based motion capture system with an option for 4-sensor 'Pincer Gloves'. Synertial partnered with 'AiQ Smart Clothing' of Taiwan, in 2018, to integrate fabric technology into its suits reducing significant amounts of sensor artefacts. GPS enabled. Sports Motion capture models use an Android app to manage onboard recording to calibrate 'later' as well as live streams data via WiFi & Bluetooth. Compatible with Unity (game engine), Unreal Engine 4, MotionBuilder, Tecnomatix and MocapBeats software plugins. G5 has various 'Cobra' and 'Exo-Glove' options as well as an HTC Vive plugin for root positioning inside a 6 x 6 meter capture space.
See also
Data glove
Haptic suit
Virtual reality headset
Virtual reality
Head-mounted display
References
Virtual reality
Video game accessories
Haptic technology
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23504166
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru%20de%20Oeste%20River
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Paru de Oeste River
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The Paru de Oeste River (Erepecuru River) is a tributary of the Trombetas River in Pará in north-central Brazil.
Geography
In addition to the main river, it has a "loop" known as the Cuminá River, which finally merges into the Paru de Oeste River about before the latter merges into the Trombetas. The confluence of Paru de Oeste and Trombetas is almost upriver from the city of Oriximiná.
The river basin lies partly within the Grão-Pará Ecological Station, the largest fully protected tropical forest conservation unit on the planet.
Further south it flows through the Trombetas State Forest from north to south.
See also
List of rivers of Pará
References
Brazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Pará
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38396027
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivo%20Hist%C3%B3rico%20de%20Ponce
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Archivo Histórico de Ponce
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Archivo Histórico de Ponce is a historical archive in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It is considered "the most complete historical archive in Puerto Rico".
History
As early as 1882, there already existed an Office at the Ponce City Hall, called "Archivo de la Secretaria del Municipio de Ponce", charged as custodian of such records. The first two archivists were Dimas Gilas and Enrique León. The idea of conserving the documented patrimony of the city in a systematic fashion took shape during the administration of Mayor Grillasca in the 1940s but the Archive itself existed long before that. In 1973, Mayor Luis A. Morales revived the project almost immediately after he took office, consulting with the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña regarding its future. Agreeing that the facilities available at City Hall were not adequate to hold such a growing collection, on 19 June 1975 Mayor Morales moved the Archivo to a space next to Teatro La Perla that had just been vacated by the municipal library. In 1995, the Archivo was moved again, this time to Calle Marina, across from Plaza Degetau, at the location where the former Felipe Garcia store was. This move to the former location of the Felipe Garcia store was intended as a temporary location until the new building for the Archivo was completed at the former location of the Puerto Rico District Court building on Bulevar Miguel Pou. However, upon completion of the new building in 2007, only the Ponce Public Library occupied the new building, and the Archivo remained at the former Felipe Garcia location. In 2013, the Archivo moved to its current location at the Ponce Servicios building.
Contents
The Archivo Histórico de Ponce comprises all the documentation generated by the agencies of the municipality of Ponce as well as donations by private citizens. It also contains documentation about other municipalities in Puerto Rico. Archivo Histórico has some 100 million archived documents. Among these are letters, maps, brochures, photos, newspaper clippings, full newspaper samples, microfilms, cancelled municipal payroll checks, municipal employee files, books, and other similar documents. These are archived in some 300,000 files. They are archived under the card catalog system. Other documents kept there are an entire registry of slaves, architectural plans, films, soundtracks, and newspapers dating to 1874, as well as city government documents about the founding, history, and evolution of Ponce from the 1812 Municipal Assembly until the present.
Operational structure
It operates in a physically and organizationally centralized fashion. The building has some 19,700 square feet of space and is distributed over three levels. Archivo Histórico has 32 employees. Among its employees are 12 professional archivists.
Patrons
Archivo Histórico receives over 18,000 visitors every year, including historians, university professors, legislators, and researchers from Puerto Rico and abroad.
Location
The Archivo has been located in different headquarters over the years. It was originally located at the Ponce City Hall. During the mayoral administration of Luis A. Morales (1973–1976), it was moved to the second floor of Teatro La Perla on 19 June 1975. It subsequently moved to Calle Marina across from Plaza Las Delicias in the facility that for many years held the Felipe Garcia department store. Around 2014 it moved to the Ponce Servicios building, where it remains today (2018).
Head archivists
This is a chronological listing of the head archivists of Archivo Historico de Ponce:
Dimas Gila (? – 20 December 1882)
Enrique León (20 December 1882 – 24 January 1890)
Ramón Dapena (24 January 1890 – ??)
Carlos Giorgetti and Ulises Olivieri ( ?? – 16 June 1915)
Ernesto Esbri Roubert (16 June 1915 – ??)
Antonio Mirabal ( ?? – 1966)
Billy Fourquet (1966–1967)
Leopoldo Ruíz (1968–1973)
Acasio Torres (1973–74)
Gladys E. Tormes (15 April 1974 – incumbent)
See also
Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of people from Ponce, Puerto Rico
List of libraries in Ponce, Puerto Rico
References
External links
Information on the Archivo Histórico de Ponce according to Archivo General de las Indias. Accessed 30 January 2022. Archived.
Cultural history of Puerto Rico
Libraries in Ponce, Puerto Rico
1812 in Puerto Rico
1812 establishments in Puerto Rico
Buildings and structures in Ponce, Puerto Rico
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52787148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn-Cob%20%28livery%29
|
Corn-Cob (livery)
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Corn-Cob was an informal term, promoted by the editors of NZ Railfan magazine, describing a New Zealand railway locomotive livery (resulting from the combination of green and yellow in the colour scheme) found in common usage amongst the railfan community. The livery was introduced on 5 May 2004 when Toll Rail took over the rail system from Tranz Rail and replaced the Bumble-Bee livery. The livery was replaced by the KiwiRail Phase One livery in July 2008. DX 5379 was the first locomotive to wear the livery. The livery represents the colours of Toll Rail and the colours of Australia. When KiwiRail took over the rail system from Toll, the Toll logos on the locomotives were covered or "patched" with the KiwiRail logo.
As of , one DHs, two DSCs, two DSJs and one TR still operate in this livery.
Variations
Since the introduction of the livery in May 2004, there has only been one variation:
DXB 5143 received the livery in June 2008, had been repainted with a deeper yellow on the front of the cab, running boards and at each end of the loco, however the cab-sides were repainted in lighter shade of yellow. It also lacked the green stripes and Toll Rail insignia on the nose. This was only short-lived and the loco never operated in the livery.
Although not an official variation, DBR 1295 wore the livery without the Toll Rail branding on the short-hood.
Lists of locomotives that wore/wear the Corn-Cob livery
DAR class:
517 - now scrapped
DBR class:
1295 - now preserved by the Glenbrook Vintage Railway
DC class:
4093 - repainted in the MAXX blue livery and now scrapped
4605 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
4801 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
4818 - repainted in the KiwiRail Bold livery and now preserved by the Glenbrook Vintage Railway
4830 - now scrapped
DFB class:
7023 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
7186 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
7307 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
7348 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
DH class:
2839
2851 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
DQ class:
6324 - shipped overseas
6347 - shipped overseas
DSC class:
2216 - now scrapped
2379 - now in the KiwiRail livery
2462
2720
DSG class:
3046 - now in the KiwiRail livery
DSJ class:
4004 - now in the KiwiRail livery
4032
4060
DX class:
5074 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5114 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5143 - now in the KiwiFruit livery
5172 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5206 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5212 - repainted in the KiwiRail Bold livery and is now under overhaul at Hutt Workshops
5241 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5258 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5264 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5270 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5287 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5356 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5379 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5385 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5402 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5425 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5431 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5477 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
5500 - repainted in the KiwiRail Bold livery and is now stored as a chassis
8007 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
8022 - now in the KiwiRail Bold livery
TR class:
845
897 - now in the KiwiRail livery
914 - now in the KiwiRail livery
Gallery
References
Rail liveries of New Zealand
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2241348
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Urvina
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José María Urvina
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José María Mariano Segundo de Urvina y Viteri (19 March 1808 – 4 September 1891) was President of Ecuador from 13 July 1851 to 16 October 1856. He was born in Quillan San Migelito (Pillaro-Tungurahua) on 19 March 1808.
Name spelling
The correct spelling of his name has been cause of confusion, since his banker son Francisco Urbina Jado wrote it "Urbina" instead of the original "Urvina".
Education and career
José María Urvina pursued his primary education in the village of his birth. He then attended the Navy School in Guayaquil. He was notorious among his classmates from whom he obtained friendship and consideration.
His competence and courage in the naval combat of Punta de Mapelo rose him above other members of the group. He was the aide-camp of Juan Jose Flores. In his career he demonstrated his vocation, reaching the degree of General of the Republic.
Political life
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies in 1849
Congressman for the province of Guayas
Governor of Guayaquil
Chargé d'Affairs of Ecuador in Bogota
Supreme Chief from 17 July 1851 to 17 July 1852
Elaboration of the sixth National Constitution.
President of Ecuador from 1852 to 1856
Abolishment of Indian and black slavery in Ecuador, on 25 September 1852.
References
JOSE MARIA URBINA VITERI. diccionariobiograficoecuador.com
Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com
1808 births
1891 deaths
People from Píllaro Canton
Ecuadorian people of Basque descent
Presidents of Ecuador
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Ecuador
Members of the National Congress (Ecuador)
Ecuadorian military personnel
19th-century Ecuadorian people
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931771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wishing-Chair%20%28series%29
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The Wishing-Chair (series)
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The Wishing-Chair is a series of two novels by the English author Enid Blyton, and a third book published in 2000 compiled from Blyton's short stories. The three children's stories are as follows:
Adventures of the Wishing-Chair, 1937 (publ. George Newnes, illustrated by Hilda McGavin)
The Wishing-Chair Again, 1950 (publ. George Newnes, illustrated by Hilda McGavin)
More Wishing-Chair Stories, 2000 (publ. Mammoth, illustrated by Anthony Lewis)
The first book, Adventures of the Wishing-Chair, has the distinction of being Enid Blyton's first full-length novel — although it is episodic in nature. A TV series was made in 1998 as part of Enid Blytons Enchanted Lands.
The Wishing-Chair Again
It's the first day of the summer holidays and Peter and Mollie are dying to go on more adventures with their Wishing-Chair. Peter inadvertently asks to go to the land of "Goodness-Knows-Where", but in the process of going there the Wishing-Chair is stolen. They eventually get it back and a few days later, the Wishing-Chair only grows three wings. They end up in the Land of Slipperies and when Peter offends one of them, they retaliate by chopping all the chair's wings off, so they get some ointment which grows the wings back.
On the next rainy day, they inadvertedly grow wings on their toys and the toys end up at Mr Grim's school where mischievous brownies are sent. They befriend a brownie called Winks and successfully get Mr Grim to relinquish the toys. Winks takes up residence in Peter and Mollie's house and they take him on adventures, but on the last day of the holidays, he is sent back to Mr Grim's school for being too naughty.
More Wishing-Chair Stories
In this final book, Mollie and Peter are home for the half-term holiday and Winks and the Wishing-Chair are ready to fly away with them to magical lands. They visit the Land of Wishes, the Land of Scally-Wags and help Santa Claus deliver presents on Christmas Eve.
Published in 2000, the book is a compilation of stories made up
from removed chapters of the previous books as well as material from Sunny Stories and Enid Blyton's Omnibus!
Television adaptation
An animated series, Enid Blyton's Enchanted Lands, based on stories from "The Wishing Chair" and "The Faraway Tree" series was broadcast in 1997 and 1998. A selection of episodes, "The Ho Ho Wizard", "The Grabbit Gnomes", "Poor Lost Jigs", "The Land of Dreams", "The Disappearing Islands", "The Magician's Party" and "The Chair Clowns About" were later released on VHS and DVD. The voice cast were: Richard Pearce, Julia Harrison-Jones, Mark Channon, Nigel Pelgram, Adrienne Posta and David Holt.
In popular culture
The wishing-chair is briefly seen at the end of The Black Dossier by Alan Moore.
References
Book series introduced in 1937
Enid Blyton series
Series of children's books
Children's fantasy novels
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69250678
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Aleem%20%28politician%29
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Abdul Aleem (politician)
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Abdul Aleem was a Member of Parliament of Pakistan representing East Bengal.
Early life
Aleem was born in 1906 in Comilla. He practiced law at the Alipore Court at Calcutta and Calcutta High Court.
Career
Aleem was elected to parliament from East Pakistan as a Muslim candidate from Bakerganj Sadar.
References
Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958
1906 births
Year of death missing
People from Comilla District
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21068634
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Joachim%20Spalding
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Johann Joachim Spalding
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Johann Joachim Spalding (1 November 1714 – 25 May 1804) was a German Protestant theologian and philosopher of Scottish ancestry who was a native of Tribsees, Swedish Pomerania. He was the father of Georg Ludwig Spalding (1762–1811), a professor at Grauen Kloster in Berlin.
He grew up as a son of the parish priest in Tribsees and studied himself philosophy and theology at the Universities of Rostock and Greifswald, afterwards working as an auxiliary preacher in his hometown of Tribsees. In 1755 he became a pastor in Lassan, then two years later served as a minister in the town of Barth.
In 1764 he received the titles of provost and Oberkonsistorialrat, and gained recognition for his sermons at St. Nicolai-Kirche and at Marienkirche in Berlin. He was a highly influential minister who had as friends, renowned personalities that included Ewald Christian von Kleist and Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim. As a protest against the Wöllnersche Religionsedikt (Wöllner Edict of 9 July 1788), he resigned from his official duties.
Spalding was an important figure of the German Enlightenment. In 1748 he released Betrachtungen über die Bestimmung des Menschen (Reflections on the Destination of Man), a publication that is considered to be a manifesto of German Enlightenment theology. In this work he rejected dogmatic authoritarianism and confessional orthodoxy, while promoting a common sense philosophy that explained an individual's path from sensuality to spirituality ultimately leading to immortality.
In his writings he was strongly opposed to Julien Offroy de La Mettrie's philosophy of French materialism. His autobiography, Lebensbeschreibung, von ihm selbst aufgesetzt, was published by his son in 1804. Other noted works by Spalding include:
Über die Nutzbarkeit des Predigtamtes und deren Beförderung, 1772.
Gedanken über den Werth der Gefühle in dem Christenthum, 1789 – Thoughts concerning the value of feelings in Christianity.
Vertraute Briefe, die Religion betreffend : (1784; 1785; 1788) – Familiar writings involving religion.
Religion, eine Angelegenheit des Menschen, 1798 – Religion, A matter for mankind.
References
"This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia", whose references include: ADB: Spalding, Johann Joachim @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
1714 births
1804 deaths
People from Tribsees
People from Swedish Pomerania
German Protestant clergy
German philosophers
German male non-fiction writers
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4886928
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllis%20Mudford%20King
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Phyllis Mudford King
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Phyllis Mudford King (23 August 1905 – 27 January 2006) was an English female tennis player and the oldest living Wimbledon champion when she died at age 100.
Phyllis Evelyn Mudford was born in 1905 in Wallington, Surrey. She was educated at Sutton High School, where she was Captain of Tennis, and one of the school's four houses is named in her honour. She won the Wimbledon Ladies' Doubles Championship in 1931 with partner Dorothy Shepherd-Barron, and last took part in the tournament in 1953.
In 1931, she won the singles title at the Kent Championships after defeating Dorothy Round in the final in straight sets. In 1934, she again won the title beating Joan Hartigan in the final. She played for Britain in the Wightman Cup in 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1935.
Marriage
Mudford married Maurice Richard King in 1932.
Grand Slam finals
Doubles (1 title, 1 runner-up)
References
1905 births
2006 deaths
English centenarians
British female tennis players
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's doubles
People educated at Sutton High School, London
English female tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London
Women centenarians
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48011300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staveley%20Welfare%20F.C.
|
Staveley Welfare F.C.
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Staveley Welfare F.C. was an English football club.
History
The club were members of the Midland League in the late 1920s but resigned after three years of finishing in league's lower reaches.
They also competed in the FA Cup from 1936–37 to 1950–51, reaching the 2nd Qualifying Round on two occasions.
References
Defunct football clubs in Derbyshire
Central Combination
Midland Football League (1889)
Defunct football clubs in England
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48514371
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20design
|
Systemic design
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Systemic design integrates systems thinking and human-centered design, with the intention of helping designers cope with complex design projects.
The recent challenges to design coming from the increased complexity caused by globalization, migration, sustainability render traditional design methods insufficient. Designers need better ways to design responsibly and to avoid unintended side-effects.
Systemic design intends to develop methodologies and approaches that help to integrate systems thinking with design towards sustainability at environmental, social and economic level. It is a pluralistic initiative where many different approaches are encouraged to thrive and where dialogue and organic development of new practices is central.
The systemic design dialogue is driven by the Relating Systems Thinking and Design (RSD) symposium series resulting in published proceedings and several special issues on systemic design in the scientific design research journal FORMakademisk.
Academic groups
Systemic design is being developed within the design practice and through the Systemic Design Research Network, focusing on different aspects of the issue. Different academic groups have been facing Systemic Design both in their teaching and researching activities:
Systems oriented design is an example of a systemic design approach being used at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design. Systems Oriented Design seeks to train the designers ability to cope with a larger degree of complexity and to take more responsibility for the consequences of their actions. Holistic perspectives, ethics and sustainability as well as cultural, organizational, economic, and technical considerations are central.
At Politecnico di Torino, the Master of Science in Systemic Design is active and it is named after Aurelio Peccei, in that place didactics and research are growing up together. This approach, put forward by Luigi Bistagnino, focuses on the relationship between the inputs and the outputs of a system, by viewing waste as a valuable resource. Research on Systemic Design at Politecnico di Torino is now led by Silvia Barbero.
The Strategic Foresight and innovation master program at OCAD University Toronto is a well known systemic design initiative led by Peter H. Jones. Emphasis is placed on teaching complex problem finding, framing and solving, to envision and develop sustainable futures.
At the National Institute of Design (NID) India there is a group of academics at the design department, established by late Prof M.P. Ranjan and now led by Praveen Nahar among many other faculty. Systems Thinking and Design is part of the academic programme at NID, it involves the application of the systems approach towards complex issues and wicked problems from socio-cultural-economic-environmental perspective with high level of ambiguity, uncertainty and complexity.
Alex Ryan is leading a group of systemic designers at the Government of Alberta. They combine systemic design and strategic foresight to redesign the policy development process in government.
At the University of Montreal, the Master's degree in Applied Science in Design, Design and Complexity (DESCO) track focuses on design activities and aims to train students in complex thinking, so as to prepare them to act and think as true integrators, in contexts that are increasingly complex. Areas of focus include: sustainable design and eco-design, social design, project management, digital design, new technologies, innovation, strategic design, game design, interaction design, service design, experience design and collaborative design.
History
From complexity theories to systemic design
The theories about complexity help the management of an entire system and the suggested design approaches help the planning of different divergent elements. The complexity theories evolved on the basis that living systems continually draw upon external sources of energy and maintain a stable state of low entropy, on the basis of the General Systems Theory by Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968). Some of the next rationales applied those theories also on artificial systems: complexity models of living systems address also productive models with their organizations and management, where the relationships between parts are more important than the parts themselves. Treating productive organizations as complex adaptive systems allows a new management model to emerge in economical, social and environmental benefits (Pisek and Wilson, 2001 ). In that field, Cluster Theory (Porter, 1990 ) evolved in more environmentally sensitive theories, like Industrial Ecology (Frosh and Gallopoulos, 1989 ) and Industrial Symbiosis (Chertow, 2000).
In 1994, Gunter Pauli and Heitor Gurgulino de Souza founded the research institute Zero Emission Research and Initiatives (ZERI), starting from the idea that progress should embed respect for the environment and natural techniques that will allow production processes to be part of the ecosystem.
The design thinking, as Buchanan (1992) said, means the way to creatively and strategically reconfigure a design concept on a situation with systemic integration. This needs a strong inter- and trans-disciplinarity during the design phase (Fuller, 1981 ), with the increasing involvement of different disciplines including urban planning, public policy, business management and environmental sciences (Chertow et al., 2004 ). Systems and complexity theories and design thinking redesign a pretty new discipline: the Systemic Design, which is located as a human-centred systems-oriented design practice (Bistagnino, 2011; Sevaldson, 2011; Nelson and Stolterman, 2012; Jones, 2014; Toso at al., 2012 ).
Systemic design today
The contemporary debate on Systemic design started with the Relating Systems Thinking and Design Symposia series (RSD) on the initiative of Birger Sevaldson at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design in 2012. Amongst the invited participants were Harold G. Nelson, Peter H. Jones and Alex Ryan. An initial meeting was held in Oslo to consolidate the possibility of building a future network. Other participants were Michael Hensel, Colleen Ponto and others. The RSD seminars started in the context of Systems Oriented Design (SOD). In 2013-14 a discussion was initiated by Birger Sevaldson questioning the framework of the new emerging network. The network changed its name to Systemic Design allowing it to grow more pluralistically while SOD could develop more specially. The Systemic Design Research Network was founded shortly after on the initiative of Peter H. Jones and with Harold Nelson, Alex Ryan and Birger Sevaldson as co-founders.
In recent years, numerous design projects have adopted a systemic approach. These focused on diverse topics including – but not limited to – food networks, industrial processes and water purification, revitalization of internal areas through art and tourism and circular economy, exhibition and fairs, social inclusion and marginalization.
Background
Systems thinking in design has a long history with people like Christpher Alexander, Horst Rittel, Russl Ackoff, Bela Banathy, Ranulph Glanville, M.P.Ranjan, Harold Nelson and others. Also the main systems theories and models were known and applied in design since their beginning. Despite this Systems Thinking has never become mainstream in design. The reasons for this might be that the prescribed techniques and approaches were too technical and did not fit well to an organic design process.
The systemic design initiative is addressing this problem by seeking new connections and relations between systems thinking and designerly ways of working.
References
External links
Systemic Design overview
Design
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1305681
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Allen%20%28English%20Quaker%29
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William Allen (English Quaker)
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William Allen (29 August 1770 – 30 September 1843) was an English scientist and philanthropist who opposed slavery and engaged in schemes of social and penal improvement in early 19th-century England.
Early life
Allen was born in 1770, the eldest son in the Quaker family of Job Allen (1734–1800), a silk manufacturer, and his wife Margaret Stafford (died 1830). He was educated at a Quaker school in Rochester, Kent, and then went into his father's business. As a young man in the 1790s, he became interested in science. He attended meetings of scientific societies, including lectures at St. Thomas's Hospital and Guy's Hospital, becoming a member of the Chemical Society of the latter establishment. On Job Allen's death, the family silk firm was taken over by his father's assistant.
Allen had concentrated on his own career in the field of pharmacy, taking over the Plough Court chemical business of Joseph Gurney Bevan who retired in 1795. In 1802, he was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society and lectured on chemistry at Guy's Hospital. A year later he was made president of the Physical Society at Guy's, and on the advice of Humphry Davy and John Dalton also accepted an invitation from the Royal Institution to become one of its lecturers.
In 1807, Allen's original research (on carbon) enabled him to be successfully proposed for election to Fellowship of the Royal Society, bringing him into contact with those who were publishing much of the original scientific research of the day. This strengthened his ties with the eminent Humphry Davy, and in due course with his long-standing friend Luke Howard, who was likewise elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society, though some years later.
Pharmacist
Allen was known in commerce for his pharmaceutical company at 2 Plough Court, trading in 1795 as Mildred & Allen while he was in partnership with Samuel Mildred. It was situated off Lombard Street in the City of London. In 1797, Allen brought in Luke Howard as a partner. A later partner was Daniel Bell Hanbury, father of the botanist Daniel Hanbury. By 1856, the company had become Allen & Hanburys. It was acquired in 1958 by Glaxo Laboratories, who retained the Allen & Hanburys name as a separate marque within the GSK group.
Allen strengthened the company's links with medical institutions, particularly Guy's Hospital, where he was elected to its Physical Society. Using Plough Court for meetings, he also co-founded the Askesian Society. There new ideas for research and experimentation could be discussed with others such as Luke Howard, Joseph Fox, William Hasledine Pepys, William Babington, and the surgeon Astley Cooper. A second laboratory was opened for the development of new chemicals, a few miles away in Plaistow.
In 1841, Jacob Bell pressed for a professional body for pharmacists. Allen co-founded The Pharmaceutical Society, which later became The Royal Pharmaceutical Society. He was its first president.
Abolitionist
As a teenager, under the influence of Quaker abolitionists, Allen gave up sugar as a reaction to the Atlantic slave trade and abstained from it until 1834. He became interested in the politics of abolitionism in 1790/1, and in 1792, made a speech on the topic at the Worshipful Company of Coachmaker's Hall. The speech was published as a pamphlet by Martha Gurney. It was influenced by the writer William Fox. In 1794, he befriended Thomas Clarkson.
In 1805, after some years of assisting the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, William Allen was elected to its committee. The group had always been strongly influenced by Quakers, and particularly by those based in or near London. All the members of its predecessor committee (1783–1787) had been Quakers, and nine of the twelve founders of the subsequent non-denominational Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade were Quakers, including two – Samuel Hoare Jr and Joseph Woods Sr (father of the botanist Joseph Woods Jr) – who lived close to William Allen in Stoke Newington, the village near London where Allen had family interests after his second marriage in 1806.
Perhaps the best known committee member of the new non-denominational abolition society, founded in 1787, was William Wilberforce, who, unlike its Quaker members, was eligible as an Anglican to be elected to, and sit in, the House of Commons. Wilberforce visited William Allen at his experimental gardens on several occasions in his role as the Society's parliamentary representative. He had long been familiar with the village, owing to family connections. His sister Sarah had married the lawyer James Stephens, whose family home was the Summerhouse, a large house adjoining Abney Park in the very grounds of the mansion that later, in the 1820s, was to become Allen's novel girls' school.
William Allen was also a founder member and a Director of the African Institution, the successor body to the Sierra Leone Company, sponsored by philanthropists to establish a colony in West Africa for slaves freed on a voluntary basis, through the abolitionists' efforts, in America. The work of the successor body began in 1808, when the colony had been handed to the Crown in return for the British Parliament passing legislation for its protection at about the same time as the passing in 1807 of the Act for the abolition of the slave trade.
Allen's active interest in the abolitionist cause continued until his death. In the mid-1830s he was passionate about abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and achieving the complete freedom of African-Caribbean people on 1 August 1838. His biographer, James Sherman, records, "the apprenticeship clause in the Bill... had been greatly abused by the planters. Mr Allen was indefatigable in his efforts, by interviews with Ministers and official persons.. His account of the spirit-stirring time is graphic:"
The cruelty and oppression of the planters of Jamaica, as exercised on those poor sufferers, whose redemption from slavery we have paid twenty millions, has been exposed in the face of day. The West Indies in 1837, the result of personal investigation by our friend Joseph Sturge, has created a great sensation... The Anti Slavery Associations in all quarters are in a high degree of excitement, and petitions are loading the tables of both Houses of Parliament, begging for the abolition of the apprenticeship clause, and the complete establishment of freedom...on the 1st of Eight Month, 1838.
In 1838, the Friends sent a party to France. Allen went with Elizabeth Fry and her husband, Lydia Irving, and Josiah Forster. They were there on other business but despite the language barrier Fry and Irving visited French prisons.
In 1839, Allen became a founding Committee Member of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society for the Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade Throughout the World, which is today known as Anti-Slavery International. In this role he was an organiser of, and delegate to, the world's first anti-slavery convention, which was held in London in 1840 – an event depicted in a large painting by Benjamin Haydon that hangs in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
Pacifist
Allen made an approving note in his diary, during 1798, on a pacifist tract, The Lawfulness of Defensive War upon Christian Principles Impartially Considered. It was by "A Clergyman of the Church of England", on the basis of a later publication thought to be J. Bradley Rhŷs, but not further identified.> In 1811, with the support of James Mill, he started a publication entitled The Philanthropist. It published articles by Mill and by Jeremy Bentham. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it printed peace petitions.
In 1814, about a month after Napoleon was exiled to Elba, a Peace Committee met at Allen's house in Plough Court. A leading activist who attended was Joseph Tregelles Price. The idea of a "peace association" was in the air, supported by pseudonymous writers. One of those, certainly known to Allen, was the Unitarian William Pitt Scargill, associated also with Richard Phillips of The Monthly Magazine. In 1816, Allen became a founding member of the Peace Society, at another meeting in his home. By 1823, however, his earlier trust in the Holy Alliance, and in particular Alexander I of Russia, to uphold peace in Europe, had given way to disillusionment.
Other philanthropic works and interests
Allen's philanthropic work was closely allied to his religious beliefs, and began at an early age. In 1814 he became a partner in New Lanark. In the area of penal reform, prompted by Basil Montagu, he founded a Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge Respecting the Punishment of Death and the Improvement of Prison Discipline, in 1808.
Nutrition and self-sufficiency
In 1798 Allen set up a Soup Society in Spitalfields. His later interest in agricultural experiments was also aimed improving the nutrition and diet of ordinary people. Using only small plots, he carried out trials at Lordship Lane in Stoke Newington, and later put into practice some of his findings at the model agricultural settlement of Lindfield that he helped establish.
Allen's self-sufficient settlement was described in detail in his pamphlet Colonies at Home, where he stated "instead of encouraging emigration at enormous expense per head let the money be applied to the establishment of Colonies at Home and the increase of our national strength". At the time (1820s) the familiar colonies were in the Americas so the whole area became known as "America". This identity remains in the local street names and people's memories of the cottages in what is now America Lane.
Education
Allen was approached to help fund the ideas of Joseph Lancaster and his monitorial system, under which one teacher supervised several senior pupils, who in turn instructed many junior ones. In 1808 Allen, Joseph Fox and Samuel Whitbread co-founded the Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor, from 1814 the British and Foreign School Society. In 1810 Allen became treasurer of the Society, whose aim was to open progressive schools in England and abroad.
In 1824 Allen founded the Newington Academy for Girls, also known as the Newington College for Girls, a Quaker school. The headmistress was Susanna Corder. Quaker views on women had from the beginning tended towards equality, with women allowed to minister, but still, at the time, girls' educational opportunities were limited. His school offered a wide range of subjects "on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted", according to the prospectus. Here Allen was able to ensure that the new sciences were covered (he taught astronomy, physics, and chemistry himself), as well as many languages. Allen hired Ugo Foscolo, a revolutionary and poet, to teach Italian. The school was situated at Fleetwood House and made much use of Abney Park, the grounds in which it sat. It was also innovative in commissioning the world's first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer, to transport the pupils to Gracechurch Street meeting house on Sundays. The school was the subject of a poem by Joseph Pease, a railway pioneer who later became the first Quaker MP.
Evangelism and travel
From 1818 to 1820 Allen toured Europe with the Quaker evangelist Stephen Grellet. In 1818 they were in Norway. After his third wife's death, Allen travelled extensively. In 1840, for example, he spent five months in Europe with Elizabeth Fry and Samuel Gurney.
Family life
William Allen married Mary Hamilton in 1796. They had a daughter, who bore the same name. The mother did not recover from the childbirth, and died just two days later.
In 1806, Allen married for the second time. His new wife, Charlotte Hanbury was born in 1762. The couple visited the continent in 1816, but Charlotte died during their travels, leaving him to bring up his adolescent daughter Mary. In 1823, Mary, who had married to another Cornelius Hanbury, gave birth to a son, but she died nine days later.
William Allen married for the third time in 1827. Grizell was the eldest sister of another family of well-off Stoke Newington Quakers, of whom the best-known is Samuel Hoare Jr (1751–1825), one of the twelve founding members of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. She had been nurse and companion to her father, a merchant in the City of London, and then married Wilson Birkbeck in 1801. As a wealthy widow, she contributed to the 1824 foundation of Newington Academy for Girls, and three years later she and William Allen, both co-founders of this novel educational establishment, married. She was 72, and the marriage was greeted by a satirical cartoon entitled "Sweet William & Grizzell-or- Newington nunnery in an uproar!!!" by Robert Cruikshank.
Grizell Allen died in 1835.
Death and memorial
William Allen died on 30 December 1843 and was buried in Stoke Newington, London, in the grounds of the Yoakley Road Quaker Meeting House. Today this has been replaced by a Seventh Day Adventist chapel, the other half of its grounds becoming a small Council-maintained park for the nearby public housing estate.
Sources and further reading
Doncaster, Hugh (1965) 'Friends of Humanity: with special reference to the Quaker William Allen', London: Dr William's Trust
References
1770 births
1843 deaths
English scientists
People of the Industrial Revolution
English educational theorists
English abolitionists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
English Quakers
People from Stoke Newington
English pharmacists
English Christian pacifists
Quaker abolitionists
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41180088
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball%20at%20the%202013%20Bolivarian%20Games%20%E2%80%93%20Women%27s%20tournament
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Volleyball at the 2013 Bolivarian Games – Women's tournament
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The Women's tournament of volleyball at the 2013 Bolivarian Games in Trujillo, Peru begun on November 24 and ended on November 29. All games were held at the Coliseo Gran Chimu. The defending champions, Peru, won their competitions´s sixth title.
Teams
Round-Robyn
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Match Results
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Final standings
All-Star team
Most Valuable Player
Best Opposite
Best Outside Hitters
Best Setter
Best Middle Blockers
Best Libero
Medalists
References
Events at the 2013 Bolivarian Games
2013 in volleyball
Volleyball at the Bolivarian Games
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66487756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyor
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Ancyor
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In Greek mythology, Ancyor (Ancient Greek: Ἀγκύορα) was an Arcadian prince as one of the 50 sons of the impious King Lycaon either by the naiad Cyllene, Nonacris or by unknown woman.
Mythology
Ancyor and his siblings were the most nefarious and carefree of all people. To test them, Zeus visited them in the form of a peasant. These brothers mixed the entrails of a child into the god's meal, whereupon the enraged king of the gods threw the meal over the table. Ancyor was killed, along with his brothers and their father, by a lightning bolt of the god.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities. English translation by Earnest Cary in the Loeb Classical Library, 7 volumes. Harvard University Press, 1937-1950. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt, Vol I-IV. . Karl Jacoby. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1885. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Sons of Lycaon
Princes in Greek mythology
Characters in Greek mythology
Arcadian mythology
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42811008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Raymont
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Katherine Raymont
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Katherine Raymont (born 31 October 1959 in Laidley, Queensland) is an Australian former cricket player. She played for Queensland between 1980 and 1997. Raymont played three Tests and one One Day International for Australia.
Raymont was the first woman from Queensland to play a One Day international for Australia.
References
External links
Katherine Raymont at southernstars.org.au
Living people
1959 births
Australia women Test cricketers
Australia women One Day International cricketers
Sportswomen from Queensland
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21294927
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immingham%20Dock%20electric%20railway%20station
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Immingham Dock electric railway station
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Immingham Dock electric railway station was the western terminus of the inter-urban Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway which ran from Corporation Bridge, Grimsby with a reversal at what was euphemistically called Immingham Town.
Overview
The electric railway was built primarily to carry workers between Grimsby and Immingham Dock which the Great Central Railway had built on a greenfield site in a sparsely populated area. The line was built by the Great Central and remained in railway ownership up to closure in 1961. It therefore appeared in railway timetables and it was possible to buy through tickets between any of the stops on the line and anywhere on the national railway network, though there never was any physical connection with any conventional track, nor with the tramways in Grimsby and Cleethorpes.
In modern parlance the vehicles would be described as trams, but they were typically referred to locally and in publications such as Bradshaw as "cars" or "tramcars", with related things being called names such as "tramcar halt" and "tramcar bridge." "Car" was always a more common short form than "tram."
Location and facilities
Dock tramcar station was situated on the southeast side of the dock's main entrance lock and at right angles to it. Directly opposite the station on the other side of the lock was a conventional railway station, also called Immingham Dock Lines from the two set off in opposite directions.
The line was a tramway, no platforms ever existed at any of the stopping places; passengers were expected to board and alight from the roadway or trackside cinders according to the location. The "stations" were much more commonly referred to as "halts" or "stopping places."
A waiting room was provided at Dock tramcar station. Passengers bought tickets on board from the conductor. Timetables and tickets consistently used the name "Immingham Dock" throughout the terminus's life.
The line's two termini - Corporation Bridge and Immingham Dock - were the only halts on the line to attempt anything along the lines of railway nameboards, both proclaimed themselves in very large letters to be a "TRAMWAY STATION."
The line from the station
After the end of the cindered station area the line was conventional double track running alongside the dock road, giving the appearance of a conventional railway, except for the absence of fencing between road and rail. At Habrough Marsh Drain bridge a little over half a mile from the station road and rail merged, with the tracks changing to grooved tramway common throughout all road tramways. This spot was and remains the eastern boundary of dock property. In 2012 this was a continuously staffed entrance checkpoint with barriers to road vehicles and pedestrians. In the 1950s and 1960s the spot was completely unmarked, with not so much as a sign to indicate entering or leaving the dock. From mid-1916 to July 1920 a halt was provided here, whose purpose is unclear. It may have been a version of the modern checkpoint or to serve works which ended with the war.
From this point road and tramtracks climbed one of the two "hills" on the whole line, i.e. the bridge over the conventional Grimsby District Light Railway line near Immingham East Junction. This bridge, which was in regular, heavy road use in 2015, was known locally as "tramcar bridge." At the other side of the bridge was "Tramcar Halt", or, formally, Immingham Town.
Services
Unusually among British tramways services ran round the clock, particularly to provide for railway workers based at Immingham engine shed, whose duties often involved starting or finishing at unsocial hours. Traffic was highly peaked, with convoys of tramcars leaving and arriving to match shift changes at the dock. It was normal for several tramcars to rest at Dock station between peaks.
In 1956 over a million passengers used the line and even with deliberate rundown a quarter of a million used it in its last twelve months up to closure in July 1961.
Closure
The line took some years to die, being cut back at the Grimsby end in 1956 then reduced to peak services only in 1959, when it disappeared from Bradshaw and through ticketing beyond the line was withdrawn. Formal closure of the line and Dock tramcar station came on Monday 3 July 1961, with the last tramcars running on Saturday 1 July 1961 when a convoy of six tramcars set off, nominally at 14:03. The last tramcar of this convoy and therefore the last from the Immingham terminus was Number 4.
Aftermath
The first track on the line to be removed was at Dock tramcar station, to give increased parking space. The process of demolition was piecemeal and even in 2013 many hints of the line remained, such as spun concrete masts near Tramcar Bridge.
Former Services
References
Sources
Further material
, contains a fine archive section on the tramway
, solely about the tramways of Immingham, Grimsby & Cleethorpes
External links
Immingham as a green field site before the dock National Library of Scotland
Immingham with the dock National Library of Scotland
Immingham Dock electric terminus on an OS map surveyed in 1930 National Library of Scotland
The station and line Rail Map Online
The Grimsby & Immingham TramwayLNER info
Tramway photos davesrailpics
The Tramway Local Transport History Soc
Tramway remains Thorne Railway
Tramcars at Immingham Dock geograph
The tram terminus Britain from Above (free login needed to zoom)
Trams at Dock terminus flickr
Disused railway stations in the Borough of North East Lincolnshire
Former Great Central Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1913
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1961
1913 establishments in England
Immingham
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46657458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Farrell
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Frederick Farrell
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Frederick Arthur Farrell (2 November 1882 – 22 April 1935) was a British artist who served as the city of Glasgow's official war artist during World War I. Glasgow was the only city to appoint an artist to such a position.
Farrell was born in 1882 to John Farrell and Margaret Lawson Farrell. His father was a school board officer at the time of his birth and later curator at the Trades House in Glasgow.
Farrell trained as a civil engineer while apprenticed to his brother. As an artist, he was self-taught, and worked in watercolour, as well as making etchings.
He was enlisted into the army as a sapper in June 1916, but was discharged six months later after developing a gastric ulcer.
Following his appointment as a war artist, he went to Flanders, Belgium, in November 1917, and spent three weeks there, painting Highland Light Infantry battalions. The next year he drew the 51st (Highland) Division in France.
He died in 1935 of pneumonia.
An exhibition of his work, the first since 1920, Fred A. Farrell: Glasgow's War Artist, was held at The People's Palace, Glasgow in 2014.
Bibliography
References
1882 births
1935 deaths
British war artists
British Army personnel of World War I
20th-century war artists
British watercolourists
British etchers
20th-century British painters
British male painters
20th-century British printmakers
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51074766
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignee%20%28horse%29
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Assignee (horse)
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Assignee was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. He won the 1894 Preakness Stakes.
References
Racehorses bred in the United States
Racehorses trained in the United States
Preakness Stakes winners
1891 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 2
Godolphin Arabian sire line
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57568796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindeji
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Kindeji
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Kindeji is a commune of Angola, located in the province of Zaire.
See also
Communes of Angola
References
Populated places in Zaire Province
Former populated places in Angola
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56637710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engels%27%20pause
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Engels' pause
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Engels' pause is a term coined by economic historian Robert C. Allen to describe the period from 1790 to 1840, when British working-class wages stagnated and per-capita gross domestic product expanded rapidly during a technological upheaval. Allen named the period after German philosopher Friedrich Engels, who describes it in The Condition of the Working Class in England. Economists have analyzed its causes and effects since the nineteenth century, with some questioning its existence. Twenty-first-century technological upheaval and wage stagnation have led economists and academics to draw parallels between the two periods.
Background
The Industrial Revolution, which occurred between the mid-18th and mid-19th centuries, led to an increase in Britain's urban population and economic output due to the modernisation of manufacturing and technology. As per-capita gross domestic product grew, real wages of the British working class remained relatively constant. Capitalists and financiers of new, large-scale manufacturing businesses accumulated the gains from economic development, using them to expand their industries.
British academic economists Charles Harley and Nicholas Crafts analysed the growth rates of industries and economic sectors in Britain during the Industrial Revolution in 1980, estimating per-capita growth at 46 percent between 1780 and 1840. South African-British economic historian Charles Feinstein found in 1990 that working-class wages during that same period increased by 12%, a noticeably slower and comparatively-stagnant rate.
Friedrich Engels, in his 1845 The Condition of the Working Class in England, highlighted the wealth disparity between the British industrialists and their workers. Robert C. Allen of New York University evaluated and substantiated Engels' account in his 2008 paper, "Explorations in Economic History", coining the term "Engels' pause".
In the years following Engels' pause and the publication of The Condition of the Working Class in England, British wages began to rise with economic output. Between 1840 and 1900, output per worker increased by 90 percent and real wage growth increased by 123 percent. This pattern, in which labour productivity and wages increase at about the same rate, developed in Britain around the time that Engels wrote his book.
Causes
Several explanations of Engels' pause exist, due to the dynamic nature of the British economy during the Industrial Revolution. During the revolution, classical economists provided theories explaining the wage stagnation. English scholar Thomas Robert Malthus proposed that technical progress would increase demand for labour, but this would be offset by an increase in population. German economist Karl Marx believed that technical progress, enhanced by a large amount of labour, would reduce demand for labour and prevent steady wage growth.
The first explanation of Engels' pause takes a macroeconomic approach, adopting the development model created by economist W. Arthur Lewis. The model shows a two-phase development process in an economic period, and divides the British economy into two sectors. In the agricultural sector, population exceeded capital output and the marginal product of labour was zero; the distribution of income from output amongst the population sustained livelihoods. Phase one shows the origins of Engels' pause, as surplus labour from the agricultural sector is absorbed into the modern sector to meet rapidly-increasing demand. The initially-more-prosperous segment is the technological sector, which encapsulates mass-manufacturing processes, new technology, and the rapidly-expanding urban population arising from the Industrial Revolution. The savings rate rose, as capitalists withheld part of their income and circulated the equity as investments to improve processes and develop technology. Capital accumulation ensured that the modern sector was continuously growing, and labour for the increasing capacity was infinitely available from the agricultural sector as the population moved from rural areas to the city (explaining the period's large-scale urbanisation. In this economic theory, the increase in the supply of labour meant a larger population among whom to divide wages. This kept wages stagnant as profits increased, leading to a snowball effect of capital accrual. The trend ends when the expanding sector absorbs the labour surplus; as it continues to grow, wages increase and Engels' pause ends.
The second approach looks at specific industries, including laws and occurrences in them which would have affected British wage growth. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Napoleonic Wars raised the prices of wheat and other agricultural products and hampered the growth of real wages. The Corn Laws, a series of tariffs on the import and export of grain which were designed to keep prices high, also ensured that wages remained stagnant. As the American grain invasion occurred in 1870 and the British and North American grain markets were integrated, the previous effects were mitigated and wages began to rise.
A third explanation, put forward by Carl Benedikt Frey, is that the early inventions of the Industrial Revolution were predominantly labor-replacing: "If technology replaces labor in existing tasks, wages and the share of national income accruing to labor may fall. If, in contrast, technological change is augmenting labor, it will make workers more productive in existing tasks or create entirely new labor-intensive activities, thereby increasing the demand for labor. The divergence between output and wages, in other words, is consistent with this being a period where technology was primarily replacing. Artisan workers in the domestic system were replaced by machines, often tended by children—who had very little bargaining power and often worked without wages. The growing capital share of income meant that the gains from technological progress were very unequally distributed: corporate profits were captured by industrialists, who reinvested them in factories and machines."
This pattern, Frey argues, becomes murkier over the course of the nineteenth century: "by the 1850s, the participation of children in the workforce had fallen dramatically. Quite possibly, the Factory Acts of the 1830s, which regulated working hours and improved the conditions of children in the factories, increased the cost of child labor and thus spurred the adoption of steam power, though causality might equally have run in the other direction. Regardless, the more widespread adoption of steam power from the 1830s onward, and the subsequent arrival of machines of greater size, meant that more-skilled operatives were required: the complementarity between factory equipment and the human capital necessary to operate it grew stronger as machines became more complex. Contemporaries like Peter Gaskell had already observed this tendency in the 1830s: Gaskell asserted that “since steam-weaving became so general as to supersede the hand-loom, the number of adults engaged in the mills have been progressively advancing; inasmuch that very young children are no longer competent to take charge of a steam-loom.”"
Effects
Economic effects
Before the Industrial Revolution, British industries were generally small-scale. Textile production relied on thousands of individual manufacturers, including spinners, weavers and dyers, who worked in their homes. Changes in steam technology revolutionised transport and manufacturing processes in Britain, allowing large-scale manufacturing and transportation and increasing industrial output. The construction of large factories allowed mass employment in one building, increasing labour efficiency and output.
Engels' pause allowed for the accrual of profits from output by capitalists and industrialists; these profits were returned to their industries to continue the expansion and development of new manufacturing processes and technology. Britain's gross domestic product increased steadily, with profits on business capital estimated at 12-16 percent during the 1850s. The share of income allotted to labour dropped from 50 percent in 1801 to 45 percent in 1845, with the rate of return to capital rising over 20 percent from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.
Social effects
Working and living conditions during Engels' pause were poor, since the rate of urbanisation exceeded the rate of growth in labour demand. New processes and technologies in agriculture rendered traditional processes obsolete, and a surplus of cheap agricultural labour led to unemployment and increasing poverty in many rural areas (encouraging urbanisation). The increase in capital as a result of the Industrial Revolution led to increased demand for labour as a growing number of people moved to urban centres in search of employment. The large increase in urban population led to high unemployment; over 1.5 million people were unemployed in Great Britain during the early Industrial Revolution. Capitalists and industrialists accumulated and maintained wealth, and the working classes lived in overcrowded environments. The new urban population consisted of displaced agricultural workers, most of whom were unskilled; much of Parliament's attention was directed towards regulating and capitalising on technological developments and capital gain, and harsh treatment, long working hours and low wages were standard. Skilled labourers, such as weavers, found themselves redundant as new machinery usurped their roles. Women spent less time working in the family home, and took jobs in the domestic-service and textile industries. Children worked in factories to meet the demand for labour and contribute to family income.
Living conditions for a large part of the working class were poor due to rapid urbanisation. Overcrowding led to poor sanitation; low wages resulted in poor diets for those who could not afford fresh food, and diseases such as cholera, tuberculosis and typhoid became common.
Controversy
Twentieth- and 21st-century economic historians studying the Industrial Revolution differ about whether wages remained stagnant or grew with gains from capital, questioning the existence of Engels' pause; comprehensive economic data from the period is difficult to find. According to Gregory Clark of the University of California, real wage growth in early-19th-century England was underestimated and GDP growth was overestimated; an inaccurate view of wage growth compared to GDP growth was presented, and wages grew more than per-capita output. Economic writer Tim Worstall questioned whether profit was accrued entirely by capitalists, or whether it was fed into worker income and not accurately recorded.
21st century
The 19th-century Industrial Revolution was an all-encompassing societal transformation, from technology and culture to the economy. The changes caused by industrialisation required the principles of society to be redesigned. Engels' pause was accompanied by major changes in the social-security and party systems, elementary schools, urban planning, public transport and many other areas of society. It has been argued that a similar transformation is underway in industrialised Western nations, where digitisation and robotisation are transforming society. In the Western world, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, the 2010s may be seen as the beginning of a similar "pause" in which the position of workers and the capacity of current systems to maintain the development of society are (at least temporarily) weakened.
Economists and businesspeople have associated the trends observed in Engels' pause with present-day conditions such as the role of technology and its continuous development, inequality in the global distribution of wealth and the changing nature of the workforce. According to the Demos Helsinki think tank, society and the economy is changing as it did during the Industrial Revolution. During industrialisation, productivity began to increase as society and business were designed in accordance with the new modes of operation; this eventually led to an unprecedented period of prosperity. Two social classes were born: the working class (whose living conditions were that which a large part of 20th-century politics revolved around improving) and the middle class, whose expansion was an important result of increased in prosperity triggered by industrialisation and political reform. The birth of political parties and urban planning can be dated to the beginning of industrialisation. Digitisation and robotisation may have begun a decades-long period of transformation comparable to the Industrial Revolution during which the basic structures of society and forms of livelihood may change and wealth may be radically redistributed.
Bank of England governor Mark Carney spoke at the April 2018 Public Policy Forum testimonial dinner in Toronto about his concern that rapidly-increasing technology in blue- and white-collar jobs would result in poor wage growth, worker redundancy and excessive capital accrual for owners of the machines. Economic reporter Cardiff Garcia presents a similar view, correlating the stagnation in real wage growth seen during Engels' pause to the present unequal distribution of wealth. Robert C. Allen has also reflected on similarities between 19th-century industrialisation and the present day. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee have examined a similar phenomenon in their 2014 book, The Second Machine Age. In The Technology Trap, Carl Benedikt Frey argues that advanced economies are in a new Engels' pause, comparing the experience of the Industrial Revolution in England to the post-1980 Computer Revolution.
References
Industrial Revolution in England
Economic history of England
Marxism
Eponymous political ideologies
Industrial Revolution
Economic history
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3877631
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation%20Class
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Liberation Class
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The Liberation Class was a class of 2-8-0 steam locomotives designed for heavy freight work in post-Second World War Europe. 120 were built by the Vulcan Foundry of Newton-le-Willows in 1946.
Design
They shared some features with the earlier WD Austerity 2-8-0 and WD Austerity 2-10-0 which in turn had been based on the LMS Stanier Class 8F. They were however built to the continental loading gauge, but the design was intended to last, not a short-term kriegslok.
Distribution
Ten went to Luxembourg and the rest to Eastern Europe. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration distributed them as follows:
10 to as Luxembourg as CFL class 47
65 to Yugoslavia as JŽ class 38; Đuro Đaković built 10 more 1957–1958
30 to Poland as PKP class Tr202
15 Czechoslovakia as ČSD class 459.0
Preservation
One liberation class locomotive remains in Krakow, Poland TR202-19 built in 1946.
A second (also not in working condition) is in Jaworzyna Slask, Lower Silesia, South West Poland Tr202-28.
References
External links
Tr202
CFL class 47
Vulcan Foundry Publicity Leaflet on the Liberation Class
Freight locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
2-8-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1946
Steam locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Steam locomotives of Luxembourg
Steam locomotives of Poland
Steam locomotives of Yugoslavia
Standard gauge locomotives of Yugoslavia
Standard gauge locomotives of Czechoslovakia
Standard gauge locomotives of Luxembourg
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Chemins de fer luxembourgeois locomotives
Czechoslovak State Railways locomotives
Polish State Railways steam locomotives
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35605553
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteheadiana
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Whiteheadiana
|
Whiteheadiana is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
Whiteheadiana latidens (Putzeys, 1861)
Whiteheadiana longicollis (Putzeys, 1861)
Whiteheadiana minor (Putzeys, 1866)
Whiteheadiana stenocephala (Brulle, 1837)
References
Scaritinae
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11319160
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlee%20Scott
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Marlee Scott
|
Marlee Scott (born January 1, 1986 in Richmond Hill, Ontario) is a Canadian country music singer and songwriter. She now resides in Nashville, Tennessee. In 2004, Scott was the winner of Corus Entertainment's Rising Country Superstar Challenge, which led to a record deal with 306 Records and the release of her first album, Souvenir, in 2005. That album saw four singles released to country radio, and her video for "I Fall in Love Too Fast" received airplay on CMT.
Scott signed a new management deal with Big Ride Management in February 2008. Big Ride Management is headed by Gerry Leiske, who previously managed Emerson Drive, and is based in Nashville, Tennessee. She released a new, self-titled album in November 2008, on independent record label Big Ride Entertainment.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
External links
@MarleeScott on Twitter
Official Facebook: www.Facebook/MarleeScottMusic
Big Ride Entertainment Site
YouTube channels:
Marlee Scott Official Music Videos
Marleevision: Behind-the-scenes with Marlee Scott on Youtube
1986 births
Living people
Canadian women country singers
Musicians from Alberta
Musicians from Ontario
People from Richmond Hill, Ontario
People from St. Albert, Alberta
21st-century Canadian women singers
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68320587
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Congming
|
Wang Congming
|
Wang Congming (; born 16 February 1999) is a Chinese footballer currently playing as a right-back for Liaoning Shenyang Urban.
Career statistics
Club
.
References
1999 births
Living people
Footballers from Anhui
Chinese footballers
Association football defenders
China League One players
Villarreal CF players
Beijing Guoan F.C. players
Suzhou Dongwu F.C. players
Liaoning Shenyang Urban F.C. players
Chinese expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
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6831504
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim%20of%20Alexandria
|
Joachim of Alexandria
|
Joachim (1448?-1567) served as Greek Patriarch of Alexandria between 1486 and 1567.
Joachim and Russia
In 1556, Joachim sent a letter to the Russian Czar Ivan IV, asking the Orthodox monarch to provide some material assistance for the Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, which had suffered from the Turks. In 1558, the Czar sent to Egypt a delegation led by archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople before he could reach Egypt. From then on, the embassy was headed by a Smolensk merchant Vasily Poznyakov. Poznyakov's delegation visited Alexandria, Cairo, and Sinai, brought the patriarch a fur coat and an icon sent by the Czar, and left an interesting account of its two and half years' travels.
References
General
Specific
16th-century Patriarchs of Alexandria
Longevity claims
Eastern Orthodox saints
Christian religious leaders in the Mamluk Sultanate
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41593483
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko%20Zupan
|
Branko Zupan
|
Branko Zupan (born 22 September 1964) is a former Slovenian footballer and manager.
References
External links
PrvaLiga profile
1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Maribor
Yugoslav footballers
Slovenian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
FC Koper players
NK Olimpija Ljubljana (1945–2005) players
ND Gorica players
NK Celje players
Yugoslav Second League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenia international footballers
Slovenian football managers
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
ND Gorica managers
Slovenian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Italy
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150487
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20Lake%2C%20Maine
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Square Lake, Maine
|
Square Lake is an unorganized territory in Aroostook County, Maine, United States. The population was 594 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the unorganized territory has a total area of , of which is land and , or 7.63%, is water. There are several lakes in the unorganized territory, including the eponymous Square Lake as well as Eagle Lake, Cross Lake, and Mud Lake.
There are 10 townships within the unorganized territory, plus one (T14R6 WELS) that is shared with Northwest Aroostook.
Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 615 people, 277 households, and 193 families living in the unorganized territory. The population density was 1.6 people per square mile (0.6/km2). There were 1,086 housing units, at an average density of 2.8/sq mi (1.1/km2). The racial makeup was 99.51% White and 0.49% from two or more races.
There were 277 households, of which 19.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. In the unorganized territory, 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22, and the average family size was 2.61.
In the unorganized territory, 17.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.2% were 18 to 24, 17.4% were 25 to 44, 40.0% were 45 to 64, and 21.0% were 65 or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.
The median income for a household in the unorganized territory was $27,692, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $33,333, versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the unorganized territory was $17,595. About 10.3% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.9% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
External links
Populated places in Aroostook County, Maine
Unorganized territories in Maine
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122652
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot%20Grove%2C%20Missouri
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Pilot Grove, Missouri
|
Pilot Grove is a city in the Pilot Grove Township in northern Cooper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 768 at the 2010 census.
History
Pilot Grove was platted in 1873. The city was named from an old-growth grove of hickory trees, which once served as a local landmark or "pilot" to travelers.
Geography
Pilot Grove is located along Missouri Route 135 and is four miles south of I-70. It is approximately eleven miles southwest of Boonville. The Petite Saline Creek flows past about two miles to the east of the town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 768 people, 304 households, and 193 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 334 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 1.3% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.
There were 304 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.5% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.93.
The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 25.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 44.7% male and 55.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 723 people, 287 households, and 187 families living in the city. The population density was 1,724.8 people per square mile (664.6/km). There were 317 housing units at an average density of 756.2 per square mile (291.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 97.37% White, 0.97% African American, 0.69% Native American, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.55% of the population.
There were 287 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.89.
In the city the population was spread out, with 21.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $31,354, and the median income for a family was $37,143. Males had a median income of $29,318 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,857. About 4.8% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.
Notable person
Edward H. Harte, journalist
References
External links
Historic maps of Pilot Grove in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri
Cities in Cooper County, Missouri
Cities in Missouri
Columbia metropolitan area (Missouri)
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48598281
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%20Panther
|
Brown Panther
|
Brown Panther (3 March 2008 – 13 September 2015) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. During a racing career which lasted from November 2010 until September 2014 he won eleven of his twenty-eight races and competed in seven countries, namely Britain, Germany, Ireland, France, Australia, the US and the UAE: he would have raced in an eighth, Canada, but bolted before the start of the Canadian International Stakes. He attracted media attention both because of his racing achievements and because he was bred and owned by the England footballer Michael Owen.
After winning his only race as a two-year-old he won two minor races in the spring of 2011 before recording his first notable success in the King George V Stakes at Royal Ascot and went on to finish second in the St Leger. In 2012 he won the Pontefract Castle Stakes and finished a close third in the Irish St. Leger. As a five-year-old he won a second Pontefract Castle Stakes and recorded his biggest win up to that time when winning the Goodwood Cup. In the following season he had his most successful campaign, winning the Ormonde Stakes, Henry II Stakes and Irish St. Leger. He recorded his final victory in the Dubai Gold Cup in March 2015. He was fatally injured in the Irish St. Leger on 13 September 2015.
Background
Brown Panther was a bay horse with a small white star bred by Owen Promotions Ltd, a company owned by Michael Owen. Owen has said that his interest in horse racing came from his father, who placed a small combination bet every Saturday and allowed the 11-year-old Owen to choose one of the three horses involved.
He was sired by Shirocco who won four Group One races including the Breeders' Cup Turf and was voted German Horse of the Year. Apart from Brown Panther, Shirocco's most successful offspring has been the hurdler Annie Power. Brown Panther's dam Treble Heights was a successful racemare for Owen, winning the Listed Aphrodite Stakes and finished second in the Group Two Prix de Pomone in 2003. She was descended from Marie d'Ecosse, whose half-sister Glen Line was the dam of Our Babu and the Eclipse Stakes winner King of the Tudors.
Throughout his racing career, Brown Panther was owned by Michael Owen in partnership with Andrew Black (the co-founder of Betfair) and was trained at Malpas, Cheshire by Tom Dascombe.
Racing career
2010: two-year-old season
Brown Panther made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over seven furlongs on the synthetic fibresand surface at Southwell Racecourse on 11 November 2010. Ridden as in most of his races by Richard Kingscote, he started at odds of 9/2 and took the lead in the last 50 yards to win by a length from Flying Power and eight others.
2011: three-year-old season
In the early part of 2011, Brown Panther competed in handicap races, beginning with a fourth place at Kempton Park Racecourse in April. He was then moved up in distance to one and a half miles and won minor races at Chester and Haydock Park in May. In June he was sent to Royal Ascot and was made 4/1 joint favourite in an eighteen-runner field for the King George V Stakes. Carrying 125 pounds he raced behind the leaders before Kingscote sent him into the lead approaching the final turn. In the straight Brown Panther drew away from his opponents and won by six lengths despite being eased down by Kingscote in the final strides. After the race a visibly emotional Owen said "The problem with racing is you've got no control whatsoever. I don't get nervous playing football because I can do something about it. Racing, you're just in the lap of the Gods... I was screaming, steady on Richard, I was worried that we'd got there too soon".
Brown Panther was moved up in class to contest Group races in the second half of the year. In July he was sent to Germany and started favourite for the Deutsches Derby at Hamburg but after leading for most of the way he was overtaken in the last 400 metres and finished fifth behind Waldpark. In the following month he ran in the weight-for-age Geoffrey Freer Stakes at Newbury Racecourse and finished second to Census, a colt he had beaten easily at Ascot. Kieren Fallon took over from Kingcote when the colt was one of nine three-year-olds to contest the classic St Leger over fourteen and a half furlongs at Doncaster Racecourse on 10 September. Commenting on the decision to replace Kingcote, Dascombe said "it was a tough decision, but on this occasion we've decided to go for a more experienced jockey... you don't get too many chances to win a Classic". After racing towards the rear of the field Brown Panther made steady progress in the straight and finished second to Masked Marvel with Sea Moon, Blue Bunting and Census among the other beaten horses.
2012: four-year-old season
Brown Panther made no impact on his four-year-old debut as he finished a distant last of four behind Memphis Tennessee in the Ormonde Stakes at Chester in May. He was then dropped in class for the Listed Pontefract Castle Stakes at Pontefract Racecourse and recorded his only victory of the season as he won easily by seven lengths from three opponents. After the colt finished seventh in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes in July, Kingscote regained the ride from Fallon, and partnered the horse in all of his subsequent races. He finished second in the Geoffrey Freer Stakes again (beaten by Mount Athos) and then travelled to Ireland for the Irish St. Leger at the Curragh Racecourse in September. He produced what was probably his best effort of the season as he finished third in a "blanket finish", beaten a head and a short head by Royal Diamond and Massiyn. Brown Panther ended his third season by finishing unplaced in the Prix Royal Oak on heavy ground at Longchamp Racecourse in October.
2013: five-year-old season
Brown Panther did not begin his fourth season until the 23 June when he won the Pontefract Castle stakes for the second year in succession, beating Souviens Toi by three and a half lengths with Main Sequence in fourth place. On his next appearance he was moved up in class and distance for the Goodwood Cup over two miles on 1 August and was made 13/2 third favourite behind Mount Athos and the John Gosden-trained Caucus. The other runners included Colour Vision (winner of the 2012 Ascot Gold Cup), Altano (later to win the Prix du Cadran), Saddler's Rock (winner of the race in 2012) and Cavalryman (Grand Prix de Paris, Dubai Gold Cup). Brown Panther tracked the leaders before forcing his way through the pack to take the lead two furlongs out. He quickly accelerated clear of his rivals and won by three and a half length from Ahzeemah with Altano taking third. Owen commented "There is a lot of heritage in this race and it's a fabulous race to win. He's full of stamina" before suggesting the Melbourne Cup as a future target. Dascombe said "We probably haven't done as well as we should have done with him by now. I think the horse is helping us because he's maturing. We've taken our time and tried to pick races this year. We've tried to get him spot-on for each day and it seems to be working a bit better than it was. This was the plan, this was the target. Hopefully we'll move on if he's all right after this".
Brown Panther was brought back in class and distance for the Listed Foundation Stakes over ten furlongs at Goodwood in September, and led for most of the way before being outpaced in the closing stages and finishing fifth behind the favourite Grandeur. On his final appearance of the year he was sent to Australia for the Melbourne Cup in which he carried 121 pounds and started at odds of 19/1 in a field of 24 runners. He raced prominently until the straight but faded in the closing stages and finished eighth behind Fiorente. He sustained a "nasty gash" to his leg in the race and missed projected runs in the Japan Cup and the Hong Kong Vase.
2014: six-year-old season
Brown Panther's first appearance as a six-year-old came in the Ormonde Stakes on 9 May in which he faced three opponents headed by Hillstar, the winner of the 2013 King Edward VII Stakes. He started slowly but took the lead three furlongs out and stayed on well to win by two and a quarter lengths from Hillstar. Kingscote commented "We went a nice even gallop and he's growing up, it makes my life a lot easier". Three weeks later the horse started 2/1 favourite for the Henry II Stakes over two miles at Sandown Park Racecourse, with his opponents including Tiger Cliff (Ebor Handicap), Girolamo (Preis von Europa), Seismos (Grosser Preis von Baden), Menorah (Supreme Novices' Hurdle) and Camborne (Arc Trial). Brown Panther raced in second place before taking the lead approaching the final furlong and drew way to win "decisively" by three and a half lengths from High Jinx. He then started second favourite for the Ascot Gold Cup on 19 June and finished fourth behind Leading Light but was promoted to third after the disqualification of the runner-up Estimate. In July he finished second when favourite for the Prix Maurice de Nieuil at Longchamp and then finished third to Cavalryman and Ahzeemah when attempting to repeat his 2013 success in the Goodwood Cup.
On 14 September, Brown Panther made his second attempt to win the Irish St. Leger and started a 14/1 outsider in an eleven-runner field. Leading Light was made the odds-on favourite whilst the other contenders included Royal Diamond, Encke, Pale Mimosa (Lonsdale Cup) Willing Foe (Aston Park Stakes) and Pallasator. Racing on good to firm ground Brown Panther settled in second place behind Leading Light's pacemaker Eye of the Storm as the pair drew many lengths clear of the field. He took the lead two furlongs out and quickly went clear, winning easily by six and a half lengths from Leading Light, with Encke a head away in third. There was some criticism of the other jockeys in the race, who were seen as having allowed Brown Panther to get too far ahead before the race began in earnest. Dascombe said" It's just worked out today. We have been having a real lean time. We didn't manage to have a winner last week and I was close to pulling him out, but there aren't too many Irish St. Legers so you have to run. The horse never lets us down".
In late autumn Brown Panther was sent to North America for what was intended to be a two race campaign, starting with the Canadian International Stakes at Woodbine Racetrack on 14 October. He was withdrawn from the race however, after becoming agitated in the preliminaries, throwing off Kingscote and then bolting when the jockey remounted. In his absence, the race was won by Hillstar. Kingscote commented "the horse got wound up and unfortunately he got me off. When I got back on, I tried to keep him relaxed and as soon as I let go he bolted. There wasn't much I could do after that. He's never done that before. He sometimes dances about and gets on his toes, but he's never been that extreme". On his last appearance of 2014 he was brought back in distance for the Breeders' Cup Turf at Santa Anita Park on 1 November but was outpaced in the closing stages and finished eleventh of the twelve runners behind Main Sequence.
2015: seven-year-old season
On his debut as a seven-year-old, Brown Panther was sent to the United Arab Emirates for the Dubai Gold Cup over two miles at Meydan Racecourse on 28 March. Kingscote took the ride despite not having fully recovered from a very serious injury sustained in a fall in November which left him with a fractured left elbow, forearm and wrist and right collar-bone. He started the 4/1 favourite with his fourteen rivals including horses from Britain, the UAE, South Africa, Qatar and France. After racing in second place he took the lead three furlongs from the finish and won "comfortably" by three and a quarter lengths from the South African gelding Star Empire. The winning time of 3:18.84 was a record for the race. After the race, Kingscote commented on his injury, saying "It sometimes aches, especially after he took a grip with me on Thursday morning, but it's never painful and I'll go back and have the plates out at the end of the season. It helps to have a goal of a horse like this".
On his return to Europe he started favourite for the Yorkshire Cup in May but was beaten half a length by Snow Sky, to whom he was conceding five pounds. The winner went on to win the Hardwicke Stakes by almost four lengths. He was expected to run in the Ascot Gold Cup in June but was withdrawn after sustaining an injury to his left foreleg.
Final race and death
After an absence of almost four months, Brown Panther returned on 13 September to run for the third time in the Irish St. Leger at the Curragh. He started the 13/2 joint fourth-choice in the betting behind Order of St George (Irish St. Leger Trial Stakes), Forgotten Rules (British Champions Long Distance Cup) and Agent Murphy (Geoffrey Freer Stakes). Brown Panther disputed the early lead before settling in second place but began to struggle at half-way and was pulled up by Kingscote six furlongs from the finish. A veterinary examination revealed a double fracture of the right hind leg and the horse was immediately euthanised.
Owen described the day as the saddest of his life and commented on his blog "The toughest, most honest, most brilliant horse I will ever set eyes on passed away today doing the thing he loved most. I was with him when he was born, shared an experience for seven years that will never be repeated and gave him his last kiss goodbye. What an honour to own and breed him. I love you Panther. Life will not be the same without you". Writing on Facebook Dascombe described the public response to the horse's death as "overwhelming", adding "it is touching to know that complete strangers and many people within our industry share in our despair. It is apparent that many people saw Brown Panther as their horse not just ours... He died at the scene of his greatest triumph, doing what he loved best. No matter how heart-breaking this is for us, Brown Panther was happy and cared for by everyone right up until the moment he was put down".
Pedigree
References
External links
Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Brown Panther
2008 racehorse births
2015 racehorse deaths
Horses who died from racing injuries
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Irish Classic Race winners
Thoroughbred family 19-b
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34337491
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915%20Norwegian%20Football%20Cup
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1915 Norwegian Football Cup
|
The 1915 Norwegian Football Cup was the 14th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1915 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions. Odd won their sixth title, having beaten Kvik (Fredrikshald) in the final.
First round
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|12 September 1915
|}
Odd and Lyn (Gjøvik) had a walkover.
Second round
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|26 September 1915
|}
Kvik (Trondhjem) had a walkover.
Semi-finals
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|3 October 1915
|}
Final
See also
1915 in Norwegian football
References
Norwegian Football Cup seasons
Norway
Football Cup
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46271139
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemacerota%20igorkostjuki
|
Nemacerota igorkostjuki
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Nemacerota igorkostjuki is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Gyula M. László, Gábor Ronkay, László Aladár Ronkay and Thomas Joseph Witt in 2007. It is found in southern edge of Tibet.
References
Moths described in 2007
Thyatirinae
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13124360
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinofranqueado
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Pinofranqueado
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Pinofranqueado, locally known as Pinofranqueáu, is a municipality located in Las Hurdes, province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 1651 inhabitants.
Royal visit
King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia visited Pinofranqueado in April 1998, the first royal visity to Las Hurdes since 1922. In his speech the king praised the Hurdanos for having overcome the miseries and illnesses of the past.
Alquerías
The following alquerías (small settlements of a few houses) are within the municipal limits of Pinofranqueado (traditional name variants are in brackets):
Aldehuela (L’Aldegüela, pronounced "laldegwela")
Avellanar (L’Avellanal)
Castillo (El Castillu)
Las Erías
Horcajo (Horcaju)
Mesegal
El Moral
Muela (La Muela)
Ovejuela
Robledo (Robréu)
Sauceda (Saucea or Lasocea)
References
Las Hurdes
Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres
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54033002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlastimil%20Zwiefelhofer
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Vlastimil Zwiefelhofer
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Vlastimil Zwiefelhofer (born 20 November 1952) is a Czech long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
1952 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Czech male long-distance runners
Czech male marathon runners
Olympic athletes of Czechoslovakia
People from Klatovy
University of West Bohemia alumni
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43179168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Salin
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Bernhard Salin
|
Carl Bernhard Salin (14January 1861, Örebro20October 1931, Stockholm), was a Swedish archaeologist, cultural historian and museum curator.
Bernhard Salin took the matriculation examination at the Public Grammar School in Nyköping 28May 1880 and then became a student at Uppsala University, where he became in 1885 Bachelor in Scandinavian languages, the aesthetics of art and literature, Latin, history, political science and astronomy. He became in 1888 Licentiate of Philosophy in Art History and PhD in aesthetics in 1890. Salin was admitted as assistant at the State Historical Museum in 1889, where he was promoted to second assistant curator in 1902. Salin became curator of the Nordic Museum in 1903 and was director of the Nordic Museum from 1905 to 1913 and from 1905 to 1912.
Salin was originally an art historian, but was interested in prehistoric archaeology, and as an archaeologist he participated including at the excavation in Siretorp in Blekinge in 1915. Salin devoted himself later to the history of religion, especially the development of Norse religion. He was an internationally recognized specialist in animal ornamentation. In 1891, 1892, 1894 and 1895, he carried out over a total of two years of extensive study in central and southern Europe. As a result of the trips he published in 1904 the work Altgermanische Thierornamentik containing style analysis and consideration of the various cultural currents during the Migration Period.
References
External links
1861 births
1931 deaths
Swedish archaeologists
Uppsala University alumni
Cultural historians
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45537223
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alix%20Pearlstein
|
Alix Pearlstein
|
Alix Pearlstein (born 1962) is an American visual artist, who is particularly well known for her work in video art and performance art. Currently, Pearlstein is on the faculty of the M.F.A Program at School of Visual Arts in New York City, New York and serves on the Board of Governors of The Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture.
Early life and education
Alix Pearlstein was born in 1962 in New York City, New York. In 1983 she attained a Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University. In 1988 she attained a Masters of Fine Arts degree in Sculpture from the State University of New York at Purchase in Purchase, New York.
Career
Pearlstein creates work that can oftentimes combine elements of performance, video art, sculpture and conceptual art. Having exhibited in New York since 1988, Beginning her career as a sculptor, Pearlstein has exhibited in New York since 1988, and started producing video in 1992. Her work often features elements of comedy and dead-pan humor. She has stated that she consciously evades genre. Pearlstein's art draws inspiration from Post-Minimal, structuralist film, postmodern dance, and Conceptual artists such as Dan Graham, particularly looking at the use of space in film and video. In many of her works, Pearlstein gives unscripted, mise-en-scène instructions to performers, resulting in long, suspenseful shots. She received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists award (2011).
Select solo exhibitions
The King, the Mice and the Cheese, List Visual Arts Center (2006)
After the Fall, The Kitchen (2007-2008)
One Side of Two Women 2, The Kitchen (2007-2008)
Goldrush, Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis (2009)
The Park, DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park (2014)
The Shining, Art Basel Miami Beach (2014)
GRASS, University of Kentucky Art Museum (2018)
Select group exhibitions
Mediated Presence: 3 Decades of Video from EAI, Dia Art Foundation (1997)
Regarding Beauty, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden (1999)
Drama Queens: Women Behind the Camera, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (2001)
Artists' Film International, Whitechapel Gallery (2013)
Histories of Sexuality, The New Museum (2015)
Front International, Cleveland Triennial for Contemporary Art (2018)
Louder than Words, Zuckerman Museum of Art (2019)
Public collections
Pearlstein's work can be found in a number of public institutions, including:
Museum of Modern Art
References
Living people
1962 births
American women video artists
American video artists
Cornell University alumni
State University of New York at Purchase alumni
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardhaman%20%28disambiguation%29
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Bardhaman (disambiguation)
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Bardhaman is a city in West Bengal.
Bardhaman or Burdwan or Barddhaman may also refer to:
Burdwan division, West Bengal
Bardhaman district, West Bengal
Bardhaman Sadar North subdivision, West Bengal
Bardhaman Sadar South subdivision, West Bengal
Burdwan I, community development block, West Bengal
Burdwan II, community development block, West Bengal
Bardhamanbhukti, an ancient and medieval region/ territory
Bardhaman Raj, a zamindari estate that flourished from about 1657 to 1955
Bardhaman-Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency), West Bengal
Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency), in West Bengal
Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency), West Bengal, defunct from 2009
Bardhaman Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) (earlier called Burdwan North), West Bengal
Bardhaman Dakshin (Vidhan Sabha constituency) (earlier called Burdwan South), West Bengal
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6122365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%20Pavilion%20at%20Epcot
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Japan Pavilion at Epcot
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The Japan Pavilion is a Japanese-themed pavilion that is part of the World Showcase, within Epcot at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, United States. Its location is between The American Adventure and Morocco Pavilions.
History
The Japan Pavilion is one of the original World Showcase pavilions and had been in planning since the late 1970s. Many attractions have been proposed for the pavilion and one show building was built, but left unused. Meet the World was one planned attraction and was a clone of the attraction Meet the World that was once at Tokyo Disneyland. However, management thought that the Japanese film's omission of World War II might upset many Veterans, it was dropped. The show was so close to opening that the show building and rotating platform was built, but not used.
Planned attractions
Numerous attractions were planned and purposed. Only one (Meet the World) was constructed.
For years, Imagineers have considered building an indoor roller coaster attraction based on Japan's Mount Fuji. The attraction would have been designed similarly to Matterhorn Bobsleds from Disneyland. The coaster would have been housed inside a replica of Mount Fuji. At one point, Godzilla or a large lizard attacking guests in their cars was considered. Fujifilm originally wanted to sponsor the ride in the early 1990s, but Kodak, a major Epcot sponsor, convinced Disney to decline the sponsorship. Luckily, the Matterhorn derived design elements survived to be incorporated into Expedition Everest at Disney's Animal Kingdom Park.
Another proposed attraction was a walk-through version of "Circle-Vision", in which guests would board and walk through a Shinkansen (bullet train) and look through windows (actually film screens) that showcase Japan's changing landscapes. The train would have shaken and moved like a train traveling through the countryside.
Meet the World (from Tokyo Disneyland) was planned for the pavilion. Unlike the other attractions that did not make it past the planning stages, Meet the World's show building was constructed with the theater going to be on the second floor. However, due to miscalculations made in the building's design, the rotating theater put a lot of stress on the support beams. For the attraction to be able to function safely, the show building would have to have major rework done. As Epcot's construction was behind schedule, it was decided to move forward without the attraction. Today, the current space is used for rehearsals and storage.
Layout
The Japan Pavilion is made up of buildings surrounding a courtyard. The entrance to the courtyard features a Japanese Pagoda. A torii gate decorates the water in front of the pavilion. The area is filled with Japanese pools and gardens. At the end of the courtyard is the gate to a Japanese castle, including a moat, which leads into a display of Japanese culture.
Attractions and services
Attraction
Bijutsu-kan – An exhibition gallery hosting long-term exhibits on Japanese art and culture. Its current presentation, "Kawaii Life", features a look at Japan's "Culture of Cute."
Future attraction
DuckTales World Showcase Adventure
Former attractions
Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure (January 28, 2009 – May 18, 2012)
Agent P's World Showcase Adventure (June 23, 2012 – February 17, 2020)
Dining
Teppan Edo is a teppanyaki-style restaurant, meaning the food is cooked right in front of you at the table. The restaurant is directly above, and connected to, the Mitsukoshi department store. The decor and theming is intended to reflect the "vivaciousness" of the Edo period. Foods that are cooked on the table are steaks, chicken, shrimps, scallops, and Vegetables. Select sushi rolls, miso soup, edamame, and tempura is offered as an appetizer, and various ice cream flavors, as well as mousses are options for dessert. Kids meal are served in monorail-shaped boxes.
Tokyo Dining: Originally occupied by two separate restaurants, Tempura Kiku and the Matsu No Ma lounge, Tokyo Dining is now a sushi restaurant. They serve sushi, tempura and some other grilled items (such as steak, grilled chicken and so on).
Katsura Grill: A counter-service restaurant located on a hill adjacent to the pagoda.
Kabuki Cafe: Kaki-gori
Garden House: Sake
Takumi Tei
Shopping
Mitsukoshi Department Store: The store is separated into four zones: Festivity, Silence, Harmony, and Interest, and sells many Japanese items, including clothing, jewelry, books, manga, anime items (such as posters), and toys. It has been expanded in recent years to include a far greater variety of items than before. More specifically, a greater portion of the store sells Japanese pop culture related items, presumably to take advantage of the growing interest in these types of products in America. To date, this is the only remaining branch of Mitsukoshi located in North America following the closure of Mitsukoshi's New York City location.
Entertainment
Matsuriza
Matsuriza are traditional Taiko drummers and a Japanese Storytellers located at the base of the pagoda.
References
External links
Walt Disney World Resort – Japan Pavilion
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Epcot
World Showcase
Japanese-American culture in Florida
1982 establishments in Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Aro%20War
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Anglo-Aro War
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The Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) was a conflict between the Aro Confederacy in present-day Eastern Nigeria, and the British Empire. The war began after increasing tension between Aro leaders and the British after years of failed negotiations.
Cause of the war
The Aro Confederacy, whose powers extended across Eastern Nigeria and beyond, was challenged in the last decades of the 19th century by increasing British colonial penetration of the hinterland. The Aro people and their allies resisted the British penetration due to a combination of factors, included economic, political and religious concerns.
Reasons for the war advanced by Sir Ralph Moor, the British High Commissioner of the Nigerian Coast Protectorate, included:
According to American scholar Jeffrey Ian Ross, the Aro peoples usage of divinatory practices in shrines dedicated to the god Ibin Ukpabi was a critical element in their slavery practises, which was one of the factors that led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Aro War.
Aro Opposition
The Aros had long opposed British colonial penetration in the hinterland, with such opposition being motivated in part by economic concern. They also opposed the efforts of British missionaries to introduce Christianity, which threatened their religious influence through their oracle Ibini Ukpabi. The Aro led raids and invasions on communities were conducted in order to undermine British colonial penetration since the 1890s. While the British prepared for the invasion of Arochukwu in November 1901, the Aro launched their last major offensive before the Aro Expedition by British forces. Aro forces led by Okoro Toti sacked Obegu (a British ally) which resulted in 400 people dying. This attack quickened British preparation for their offensive.
Aro Expedition
Sir Ralph Moor and the Royal Niger Company had planned the attack on the Aros and the Ibini Ukpabi oracle since September 1899 but due to lack of necessary manpower, it was delayed until November 1901. On November 28, Lt. Col. Arthur Forbes Montanaro led 87 officers, 1,550 soldiers and 2,100 carriers in four axes of advance to Arochukwu from Oguta, Akwete, Unwana and Itu on a counter-insurgency campaign. As expected, Aro forces resisted all axes strongly, although they lacked modern weapons. However, Arochukwu was captured on December 28 after four days of fierce battles in and around the city. As a result, the Ibini Ukpabi shrine was allegedly blown up. Battles between British and Aro forces continued throughout the region until spring 1902 when Aro forces were defeated in the last major battle at Bende. The Aro Expedition ended three weeks later.
Result of the war
Some of the Aro leaders, like Okoro Toti, were arrested, tried by tribunals, and hanged. The power hitherto held by the Aro Confederacy quickly evaporated and Eze Kanu Okoro (king of Arochukwu), went into hiding but was later arrested. Although Aro dominance crumbled in March 1902, many Aros took part in guerilla campaigns against the British in the region such as in Afikpo (1902–1903), Ezza (1905), and other areas where the Aro had a particularly significant presence. The defeat of the Aro did help the British to open up the interior, but serious opposition to British colonial penetration in Igboland clearly did not end with the Anglo-Aro War. In the years that followed, the British had to deal with many other conflicts and wars in various parts of Igboland such as the Nri Conflict (1905–1911), Ekumeku War (1883–1914), Igbo Women's War (1929), etc.
Major battles
Battles in the Oguta/Owerri area (November 1901)
Battles of Esu Itu (December 1901)
Battles of Arochukwu (December 1901)
Battle of Edimma (January 1902)
Battle of Ikotobo (January 1902)
Battle of Ikorodaka (February 1902)
Battle of Bende (March 1902)
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060216042659/http://www.aronetwork.org/
https://web.archive.org/web/20120728080216/http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/aro1901.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20120722180453/http://www.britishcolonialafrica.com/PDFS/1_A_Falkland_Islander_DSO.pdf
https://books.google.com/books?id=WNwgU_0wQukC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-Jp1t2n4sC&pg=PT32&lpg=PT32&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false
https://web.archive.org/web/20110610131138/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/DLCD-DCSFT/pubs/bushwarfare/BushWarFare.pdf
Conflicts in 1901
Conflicts in 1902
Wars involving the Aro Confederacy
Wars involving Igboland
Aros
Military history of the British Empire
History of Nigeria
Wars involving the United Kingdom
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
Colonial Nigeria
1901 in Africa
1902 in Africa
1900s in Nigeria
1901 in Nigeria
1902 in Nigeria
African resistance to colonialism
Abolitionism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naharudin%20Mahayudin
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Naharudin Mahayudin
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Naharudin Bin Mahayudin (born ) is a Malaysian male weightlifter, competing in the 62 kg category and representing Malaysia at international competitions. He competed at world championships, most recently at the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships.
Major results
References
1984 births
Living people
Malaysian male weightlifters
Place of birth missing (living people)
Weightlifters at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Weightlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Malaysia
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39205163
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Kong%20People%27s%20Association
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Hong Kong People's Association
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The Hong Kong People's Association () was a middle-class and professional oriented political organisation formed on 18 November 1984. Along with the Association for Democracy and Justice, it was established in response to the signage of the Sino-British Joint Declaration and then British Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe's visit in April 1984.
It was one of the many political groups formed during the Sino-British negotiations on the sovereignty of Hong Kong in the early 80s and demanded democratic reform during the transition period, the others being notably the Meeting Point and Hong Kong Affairs Society. It participated in the district board elections in 1985.
The Association aimed at upholding the high autonomy status under the framework of "one country, two systems" as laid by the Sino-British Joint Declaration.
During the discussion on the drafting of the Hong Kong Basic Law and the electoral reform for the 1988 Legislative Council election, it took a relatively moderate stance, supporting the "Consensus model" of the future structure of the SAR and a slower and stabler pace of democratisation.
Notable members included Michael Luk Yan-lung, Lee Ming-kwan, Wong Siu-lun, Margaret Ng Ngoi-yee, Jack So Chak-kwong, Lo King-man and Ronald Leung Ding-bong.
See also
List of political parties in Hong Kong
References
Political organisations based in Hong Kong
1984 establishments in Hong Kong
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12527653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Tatomir
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Wally Tatomir
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Wally Tatomir was an equipment manager for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League. He holds four patents on ice hockey equipment. He announced his retirement on June 6, 2012.
Hockey career
Tatomir worked with ice hockey equipment for over 30 years. He spent many years in the Ontario Hockey League with the Windsor Spitfires and the Detroit Junior Red Wings. He was the head equipment manager for the Canadian National Junior Team at the infamous 1987 World Championship. In the NHL, he previously worked as an equipment consultant for the Los Angeles Kings and the Detroit Red Wings. He joined the Carolina Hurricanes (the then Hartford Whalers in 1994. He won the Stanley Cup with the Hurricanes as head equipment manager for the 2005–06 NHL season.
Patents
Tatomir has four patents, of which all but one deal with skates. Two pieces of equipment help precisely sharpen skates. They measure the angle of deviation for skate blades. He also invented a tool that eliminates scratches, bumps, and holes in the blade which may affect player performance. His last patent on a piece traded as "Eze-Out". It is an extractor tool which helps removes broken stick blades from non-wooden shafts, which include aluminium, graphite, kevlar and composite shafts. He has also founded a company which deals with this tool.
Personal life
Tatomir was born in Leamington, Ontario. He currently lives in Raleigh, North Carolina with his wife Constance.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Carolina Hurricanes personnel
Detroit Red Wings personnel
Hartford Whalers
Los Angeles Kings personnel
People from Leamington, Ontario
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7536842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche%20of%20England
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Blanche of England
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Blanche of England, LG (spring 1392 – 22 May 1409), also known as Blanche of Lancaster, was a member of the House of Lancaster, the daughter of King Henry IV of England by his first wife Mary de Bohun.
Family
Born at Peterborough Castle (now in Cambridgeshire), Blanche was the sixth of the seven children born during the marriage of Henry of Lancaster and his wife Mary de Bohun. At the time of her birth, Henry was only Earl of Derby and, thanks to his marriage, Earl of Northampton and Earl of Hereford; as the only surviving son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster, he was the heir of the Duchy of Lancaster. Blanche was named after her paternal grandmother.
Blanche's mother died on 4 June 1394 in Peterborough Castle after giving birth to her last child, Philippa. Five years later, on 30 September 1399, Blanche's father deposed his cousin Richard II and usurped the throne. Three years later in 1402, her father was remarried, to Joanna, daughter of King Charles II of Navarre and widow of Duke John V of Brittany. There were no children of this marriage.
Marriage
After his accession to the English throne, King Henry IV wanted to make important alliances in order to maintain and legitimise his rule. One needed ally was King Rupert of Germany, who had also ascended following his predecessor's deposition: a marriage between Rupert's eldest surviving son Louis and Henry IV's eldest daughter Blanche was soon arranged.
The marriage contract was signed on 7 March 1401 in London; the bride's dowry was fixed in the amount of 40,000 Nobeln (over 300 kg of gold). The formal marriage between Blanche and Louis took place one year later, on 6 July 1402 at Cologne Cathedral, Germany. Blanche's dowry included the oldest surviving royal crown known to have been in England. Despite its political nature, the marriage was said to be happy. Four years later, on 22 June 1406 in Heidelberg, Blanche gave birth to a son, called Rupert after his paternal grandfather.
In 1408 Blanche was made Lady of the Garter. One year later, pregnant with her second child, she died of fever in Haguenau, Alsace and was buried in the Church of St. Mary (today St. Aegidius) in Neustadt in the Palatinate.
Her widower became Elector Palatine as Louis III in 1410 after the death of his father King Rupert and in 1417 married Matilda, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea, member of the House of Savoy, who bore him six children. Blanche's son Rupert (nicknamed the English) died aged nineteen in 1426, unmarried and without issue.
Ancestry
References
Sources
Walther Holtzmann: Die englische Heirat Pfalzgraf Ludwigs III., in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins No 43 (1930), pp. 1–22.
The English Marriage of Elector Palatine Louis III (dead link)
The Crown of Princess Blanka in the Munich Treasury Residence
1392 births
1409 deaths
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
English princesses
House of Lancaster
14th-century English women
15th-century English women
Daughters of kings
Children of Henry IV of England
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7744397
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Sight%20Fax
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4-Sight Fax
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4-Sight Fax is a fax server program for Apple Macintosh computer systems, produced by Soft Solutions Inc., USA.
Now on its 7th version, the server can handle an unlimited number of users, and may be accessed by a variety of means, including a virtual printer and supplied client software. It can run on Mac OS X and Mac OS 9 systems.
The supplied client software allows the server to be configured on a per-user basis, with settings for junk handling, archiving, and receipt confirmation, among other features. It is available in versions for Mac OS X, Mac OS 9, and Windows.
See also
Fax server
Footnotes
External links
4-Sight Fax website
Fax software
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48700155
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantha%20%28film%29
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Kantha (film)
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Kantha is a 2013 Tamil drama film directed by Babu Viswanath. It stars Karan and Mithra Kurian in the lead roles. The film was released after a five-year delay, in March 2013.
Cast
Karan as Kantha
Mithra Kurian
Rajesh
Vivek as Thangamagan
Riyaz Khan
Dhandapani
Sathyan
Aarthi
Cell Murugan
Production
Viswanath, who had earlier worked as an assistant to director Saran in the films Jay Jay, Attagasam and Vasool Raja MBBS, announced that he would make a film featuring actor Karan and Shakti R. Selva, a keyboard player with A. R. Rahman, made his debut as a music director through the film. Production began in mid 2008 and the team initially announced a release in January 2009, but this was not met. The film was entirely shot in Thanjavur, with scenes shot at the bus stand and at SB Nagar Grounds.
In March 2012, a City Civil Court suspended the release of the film after a dispute arose of money transaction between the producer and a financier. Petitioner Mohan Kumar, the financier had lent Rs. 25 lakh to assist the producer, Pazhanivel, in the production of the film with a promise that the money should be paid within the stipulated time mentioned in the agreement. But, the producers did not pay the amount in cash instead they produced two cheque leaves to the financier that bounced at the bank for lack of funds in the account. As Mohan Kumar could not get the amount from the producers, he approached the court to stop the film release till the producers pay him the amount. The film faced further troubles when actor Karan complained of non-payment of his salary and when Babu Vishwanath walked out of the film to direct another venture titled Theradi Veethi. The film was later released in March 2013 on a small scale, almost five years after production had begun.
References
2013 films
Indian films
2010s Tamil-language films
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22443720
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollright%20Halt%20railway%20station
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Rollright Halt railway station
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Rollright Halt railway station served the village of Great Rollright in Oxfordshire, England.
History
The station was built by the Great Western Railway. Local residents had campaigned for a station to serve Great Rollright since 1875. When Britain's railways were nationalised in 1948 the B&CDR became part of the Western Region of British Railways. In 1951 British Railways withdrew passenger services from the line through Rollright Halt. In 1962 BR closed the railway to freight traffic and some time thereafter the line was dismantled.
Rollright Siding
On 1 January 1909 a goods siding was opened 200 yards east of the passenger halt. A small platform and corrugated iron goods shed were provided. Incoming traffic was mostly coal for the local merchant James Taplin and also for Nash's of Long Compton. Outgoing traffic included pheasants and sugar beet. In April 1958 the line was blocked by a landslide between Rollright and Hook Norton, after this the siding was served from Chipping Norton only until closure in 1962. The final train ran on 30 November 1962 when BR standard class 2 number 78001 removed the remaining wagons from the siding. Official closure came a few days later on 3 December 1962.
Route
Notes
References
Disused railway stations in Oxfordshire
Former Great Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Cross
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Katherine Cross
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Katherine Cross (March 13, 1899 – October 10, 1917) was a young Oklahoma woman whose headstone epitaph, "Murdered by human wolves", was a source of local legend. Her grave (the headstone has been stolen as of July 2016) is located in Konawa Cemetery in Konawa, Oklahoma.
Cross may have been the victim of a botched abortion. A fictionalized account of her death appears in the novella "Murdered by Human Wolves", by Steven E. Wedel.
Life and legend
Cross was born March 13, 1899, to J.T. and M.K. Cross. She died at the age of 18 on October 10, 1917. The cause of her death was not commonly known, leading her grave to become a popular "ghost story" setting and source of legend. Many modern legends pertaining to the unusual epitaph, "Murdered by human wolves", claim that her body was found shredded to pieces, that she was killed by werewolves, or that she was killed by the Ku Klux Klan.
According to the October 25, 1917 Seminole County News, however, Cross died while under the care of Dr. A.H. Yates and Fredrick O'Neal, a schoolteacher from Konawa who was acting as his assistant. Her death certificate lists the cause of death as a "criminal operation" and many feel because to the time period and the location that this refers to a botched abortion.
This, according to the news article, was the "Second Charge" against Yates and O'Neal. They were held in county jail for the death of 18-year-old Elise Stone. Stone was admitted to Dr. Yates' office on August 15, 1917, and remained there for four days, after which she was taken home and died there. According to Dr. Yates, her death was the result of a "congestive chill". Although most of Konawa was satisfied with Dr. Yates' explanation, the few who were suspicious contacted County Attorney A.G. Nichols. Nichols and the county physician, with an order from M.L. Rascoe, Justice of the Peace, exhumed her body to perform an autopsy and the findings also listed the cause of her death as a "criminal operation".
In fiction
A fictionalized account of Cross's death appears in a 2004 novella by Steven Wedel, "Murdered by Human Wolves". In the story, a family of werewolves, along with the town doctor, kill Cross. The novella comes with a nonfiction account of the author's interview with Mary Franklin, a paranormal researcher who has studied Cross's life.
References
External links
1899 births
1917 deaths
Oklahoma folklore
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52557274
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus%20van%20Orley
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Hieronymus van Orley
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Hieronymus van Orley (active c. 1612) was a Franciscan painter in the Spanish Netherlands.
Van Orley was born in Brussels in 1590 and learnt the art of painting from Antonie Drua in Mechelen around 1612. Maria de Taye, abbess of Forest Abbey outside Brussels, commissioned paintings from him for the abbey church. A number of his portraits were engraved by Richard Collin and were reproduced in Jean François Foppens, Bibliotheca belgica (2 vols., Brussels, 1739).
References
1590 births
Artists from Brussels
Belgian Franciscans
Flemish Baroque painters
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40343080
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Asian%20Athletics%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20decathlon
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2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's decathlon
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The men's decathlon at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships was held at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex on July 3–4.
Results
References
Results
Decathlon
Combined events at the Asian Athletics Championships
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64014135
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie%20Anton
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Carrie Anton
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Carrie Anton (born 8 October 1969) is a retired Canadian goalball player who competed in international level events. She is a national goalball coach in Edmonton.
References
1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Regina, Saskatchewan
Paralympic goalball players of Canada
Goalball players at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in goalball
Paralympic gold medalists for Canada
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5979157
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny%20Bartram
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Kenny Bartram
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Kenny Bartram (born August 23, 1978) is an American professional freestyle motocross rider. He is from Stillwater, Oklahoma, hence his nickname "The Cowboy" (Oklahoma State University is located in Stillwater, their mascot is the cowboy and their colors are also orange, which Bartram usually wears). Before his career in FMX, he won many Oklahoma State Series MX Races. Out of all other riders, he currently has the most wins, 57 in all.
Bartam has suffered plenty of injuries, including 22 broken bones, 7 knocked out teeth, a steel plate in the jaw, and a damaged blood vessel in the brain (according to himself on an interview on the podcast, "M80" on FuelTV).
In 2009, Bartram signed with KTM.
Other championships
2002 WFA Freestyle in Cleveland, Ohio - 1st place
7 World Championships
2002 & 2003 IFMA Freestyle Motocross Champ
2002 Vans Triple Crown Champ
2003 Red Bull X-Fighters Champ
2005 Dew Tour Freestyle Moto X Champ
10-time X Games and Gravity Games Medalist
Other appearances
Bartram features as a playable character in the video game Crusty Demons. He also appeared in the MTX Nitro Circus and Rally Car Racing.
External links
Bartram's bike brand
1978 births
Living people
People from Stillwater, Oklahoma
Freestyle motocross riders
American motorcycle racers
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20238168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20Dalai%20Lama
|
14th Dalai Lama
|
The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso; né Lhamo Thondup), known as Gyalwa Rinpoche to the Tibetan people, is the current Dalai Lama, the highest spiritual leader and former head of state of Tibet. Born on 6 July 1935, or in the Tibetan calendar, in the Wood-Pig Year, 5th month, 5th day, he is considered a living Bodhisattva; specifically, an emanation of Avalokiteśvara. He is also the leader of the Gelug school, the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet, the Ganden Phodrang, invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959. On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government in exile in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie, which then moved in May 1960 to Dharamshala, where he resides. He retired as political head in 2011 to make way for a democratic government, the Central Tibetan Administration.
The 14th Dalai Lama was born to a farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo (administratively Qinghai Province, Republic of China). He was selected as the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937 and formally recognized as the 14th Dalai Lama in a public declaration near the town of Bumchen in 1939. As with the recognition process for his predecessor, a Golden Urn selection process was not used. His enthronement ceremony was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940 and he eventually assumed full temporal (political) duties on 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, after the People's Republic of China's occupation of Tibet. The Tibetan government administered the historic Tibetan regions of Ü-Tsang, Kham and Amdo.
During the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama escaped to India, where he currently lives in exile while remaining the most important spiritual leader of Tibet. The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans while continuing to call for the Middle Way Approach to negotiations with China for the autonomy of the nation and the protection of its culture, including for the religious rights of Tibetans.
The Dalai Lama also meets with other world leaders, religious leaders, philosophers and scientists, and travels worldwide giving Tibetan Buddhist teachings. His work includes focus on the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism and science, cognitive neuroscience, reproductive health and sexuality.
Along with his teachings on Tibetan Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the Dalai Lama's Kalachakra teachings and initiations are international events.
He is the chief Patron of the Maha Bodhi Society of India, conferred upon him at the 2008 Annual General Meeting of the Maha Bodhi Society of India.
The Dalai Lama was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989, and the US Congressional Gold Medal in 2006. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama one of the "Children of Mahatma Gandhi" and Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence.
Early life and background
Lhamo Thondup was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trading family in the small hamlet of Taktser, or Chija Tagtser (), at the edge of the traditional Tibetan region of Amdo in Qinghai Province.
He was one of seven siblings to survive childhood and one of the three reincarnated Rinpoches in the same family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was sixteen years his senior and was midwife to his mother at his birth. She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Children's Villages. His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at the age of three by the 13th Dalai Lama as the reincarnation of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche. His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the 16th Ngari Rinpoche. His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her adult life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project. The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language", a form of Central Plains Mandarin, and his family speak neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan.
After the demise of the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Temple Management () was published by the Central Government. In 1936, the Method of Reincarnation of Lamas () was published by the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, including the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the Commission, soul boys should be located and checked by the Commission, and a lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Urn system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should invite officials from the Central Government to take care of the sitting-in-the-bed ceremony. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from current lama families. Article 7 echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in The Discourse of Lama to eliminate greedy families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas. Based on custom and regulation, the regent was actively involved in the search for the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama.
Following reported signs and visions, three search teams were sent out to the north-east, the east, and the south-east to locate the new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old. Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lhasa in 1936, related his account of the north-eastern team to Sir Charles Alfred Bell, former British resident in Lhasa and friend of the 13th Dalai Lama. Amongst other omens, the head of the embalmed body of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, at first facing south-east, had turned to face the north-east, indicating, it was interpreted, the direction in which his successor would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a vision at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. This vision was also interpreted to refer to a large monastery with a gilded roof and turquoise tiles, and a twisting path from there to a hill to the east, opposite which stood a small house with distinctive eaves. The team, led by Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to meet the Panchen Lama, who had been stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham. The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the area ever since the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified as candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of his three candidates were crossed off the list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was from Taktser village, which, as in the vision, was on a hill, at the end of a trail leading to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roof. There they found a house, as interpreted from the vision—the house where Lhamo Dhondup lived.
The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, the village of Taktser stood right on the "real border" between the region of Amdo and China. According to the search lore, when the team visited, posing as pilgrims, its leader, a Sera Lama, pretended to be the servant and sat separately in the kitchen. He held an old mala that had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama, and the boy Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached and asked for it. The monk said "if you know who I am, you can have it." The child said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" and spoke with him in a Lhasa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The next time the party returned to the house, they revealed their real purpose and asked permission to subject the boy to certain tests. One test consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which had belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. In every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected the others.
From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the nominal authority of the Republic of China central government. According to an interview with the 14th Dalai Lama, in the 1930s, Ma Bufang had seized this north-east corner of Amdo in the name of Chiang Kai-shek's weak government and incorporated it into the Chinese province of Qinghai. Before going to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone to Ma Bufang to pay his respects. When Ma Bufang heard a candidate had been found in Taktser, he had the family brought to him in Xining. He first demanded proof that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, though informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to say he had to go to Lhasa for further tests with other candidates. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist on sending a large army escort with him, which would then stay in Lhasa and refuse to budge. Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, but withdrew this demand in return for 100,000 Chinese dollars ransom in silver to be shared amongst them, to let them go to Lhasa. Kewtsang managed to raise this, but the family was only allowed to move from Xining to Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: one hundred thousand each for government officials, the commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; twenty thousand for the escort; and only ten thousand for Ma Bufang himself, he said.
Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed before it was accepted by Lhasa that the ransom had to be paid to avoid the Chinese getting involved and escorting him to Lhasa with a large army. Meanwhile, the boy was kept at Kumbum where two of his brothers were already studying as monks and recognised incarnate lamas. The payment of 300,000 silver dollars was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in a large caravan via Lhasa. They paid Ma Bufang on behalf of the Tibetan government against promissory notes to be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa. The 20,000-dollar fee for an escort was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their caravan for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them and was paid from both sides since the Chinese government granted him another 50,000 dollars for the expenses of the journey. Furthermore, the Indian government helped the Tibetans raise the ransom funds by affording them import concessions.
Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the party travelled across Tibet on a journey to Lhasa in the large Muslim caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now 4 years old, riding with his brother Lobsang in a special palanquin carried by two mules, two years after being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's area, he was officially declared to be the 14th Dalai Lama by the Central Government of Tibet, and after ten weeks of travel he arrived in Lhasa on 8 October 1939. The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic name of Tenzin Gyatso were handled by Reting Rinpoche. There was very limited Chinese involvement at this time. The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the highest stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy and acquired land and serf holdings, as with the families of previous Dalai Lamas.
Tibetan Buddhists normally refer to him as Yishin Norbu (Wish-Fulfilling Gem), Kyabgon (Saviour), or just Kundun (Presence). His devotees, as well as much of the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the style employed on the Dalai Lama's website. According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor when he was nineteen. At the age of 11 he met the Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who became his videographer and tutor about the world outside Lhasa. The two remained friends until Harrer's death in 2006.
In 1959, at the age of 23, he took his final examination at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during the annual Monlam or Prayer Festival. He passed with honours and was awarded the Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe degree, roughly equivalent to a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy.
Life as the Dalai Lama
Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political and religious leadership over Tibet from Lhasa with varying degrees of influence depending on the regions of Tibet and periods of history. This began with the 5th Dalai Lama's rule in 1642 and lasted until the 1950s (except for 1705–1750), during which period the Dalai Lamas headed the Tibetan government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Tibet, their rule was generally subject to patronage and protection of firstly Mongol kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720–1912).
During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Goldstein writes:
Afterwards in 1939, at the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a procession of lamas to Lhasa. The traditional ceremony enthroning the 14th Dalai Lama was attended by observing foreign dignitaries after a traditional Tibetan recognition processes. Sir Basil Gould, the British representative of the Government of India, has left a highly detailed account of the ceremonies surrounding the enthronement of the 14th Dalai Lama in Chapter 16 of his memoir, The Jewel in the Lotus. Despite historical records of eyewitness accounts, China's Kuomintang government later presented false claims to have ratified the Dalai Lama, and that a Kuomintang representative, General Wu Zhongxin, presided over the ceremony.
Gould disputes the Chinese claim to have presided over it. He criticised the Chinese account as follows:
Tibetan scholar Nyima Gyaincain wrote that based on Tibetan tradition, there was no such thing as presiding over an event, and wrote that the word "主持 (preside or organize)" was used in many places in communication documents. The meaning of the word was different than what we understand today. He added that Wu Zhongxin spent a lot of time and energy on the event, his effect of presiding over or organizing the event was very obvious.
After his enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Palace and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO World Heritage sites.
Chiang Kai Shek ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942. Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet. Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aerial bombardment if they worked with the Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941. He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.
In October 1950 the army of the People's Republic of China marched to the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation after defeating a legion of the Tibetan army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age of 15, the 14th Dalai Lama assumed full temporal (political) power as ruler of Tibet.
Cooperation and conflicts with the People's Republic of China
The Panchen Lama and Dalai Lama had many conflicts throughout Tibetan history. Dalai Lama's formal rule was brief. He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet. He would later claim that the delegation did so without his authorization. The Seventeen Point Agreement recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, but China allowed the Dalai Lama to continue to rule Tibet internally, and it allowed the system of feudal peasantry to persist. The Dalai Lama worked with the Chinese government: in September 1954, together with the 10th Panchen Lama he went to the Chinese capital to meet Mao Zedong and attend the first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution. On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected as a Vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, a post he officially held until 1964.
In 1956, on a trip to India to celebrate the Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama asked the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose to stay. Nehru discouraged this as a provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist stance agreed upon with its 1954 treaty with China.
Long called a "splitist" and "traitor" by China, the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China. In 2019, after the United States passed a law requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge of implementing policies that restrict foreign access to Tibet, the US Ambassador to China "encouraged the Chinese government to engage in substantive dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives, without preconditions, to seek a settlement that resolves differences".
The Chinese Foreign Ministry has warned the US and other countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses trade negotiations and human rights talks as an incentive to do so. China sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for owning photos of him in Tibet. Tibet Autonomous Region government job candidates must strongly denounce the Dalai Lama, as announced on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform, "Support the (Communist) Party’s leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party’s line, line of approach, policies, and the guiding ideology of Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in action with the Party Central Committee; oppose any splittist tendencies; expose and criticize the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unity of the motherland and ethnic unity and take a firm stand on political issues, taking a clear and distinct stand".
The Dalai Lama is a target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of official Chinese government involvement" since economic information is the primary goal of private Chinese hackers. In 2009 the personal office of the Dalai Lama asked researchers at the Munk Center for International Studies at the University of Toronto to check its computers for malicious software. This led to uncovering GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying operation which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, foreign ministries, other government offices, and organizations affiliated with the Dalai Lama in India, Brussels, London and New York, and believed to be focusing on the governments of South and Southeast Asia. A second cyberspy network, Shadow Network, was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included a years worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government material relating to Indian, West Africa, the Russian Federation, the Middle East, and NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked to universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement. Chinese hackers posing as The New York Times, Amnesty International and other organization's reporters targeted the private office of the Dalai Lama, Tibetan Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organizations, among others, in 2019.
Exile to India
At the outset of the 1959 Tibetan uprising, fearing for his life, the Dalai Lama and his retinue fled Tibet with the help of the CIA's Special Activities Division, crossing into India on 30 March 1959, reaching Tezpur in Assam on 18 April. Some time later he set up the Government of Tibet in Exile in Dharamshala, India, which is often referred to as "Little Lhasa". After the founding of the government in exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him into exile in agricultural settlements. He created a Tibetan educational system in order to teach the Tibetan children the language, history, religion, and culture. The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts was established in 1959 and the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies became the primary university for Tibetans in India in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries in an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhist teachings and the Tibetan way of life.
The Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations on the rights of Tibetans. This appeal resulted in three resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965, all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations. The resolutions called on China to respect the human rights of Tibetans. In 1963, he promulgated a democratic constitution which is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an administration to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and important knowledge resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world.
In 2016, there were demands from Indian citizens and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama the prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian honour of India, which has only been awarded to a non-Indian citizen twice in its history.
In 2021, it was revealed that the Dalai Lama’s inner circle were listed in the Pegasus project data as having been targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.
International advocacy
At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus in 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining his ideas for the future status of Tibet. The plan called for Tibet to become a democratic "zone of peace" without nuclear weapons, and with support for human rights. The plan would come to be known as the "Strasbourg proposal", because the Dalai Lama expanded on the plan at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation of a self-governing Tibet "in association with the People's Republic of China." This would have been pursued by negotiations with the PRC government, but the plan was rejected by the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in 1991. The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes to return to Tibet only if the People's Republic of China agrees not to make any precondition for his return. In the 1970s, the Paramount leader Deng Xiaoping set China's sole return requirement to the Dalai Lama as that he "must [come back] as a Chinese citizen ... that is, patriotism".
The Dalai Lama celebrated his seventieth birthday on 6 July 2005. About 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and foreign tourists gathered outside his home. Patriarch Alexius II of the Russian Orthodox Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Russian state prevented the Dalai Lama from fulfilling an invitation to the traditionally Buddhist republic of Kalmykia. The President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei. In October 2008 in Japan, the Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Tibetan violence that had erupted and that the Chinese government accused him of fomenting. He responded that he had "lost faith" in efforts to negotiate with the Chinese government, and that it was "up to the Tibetan people" to decide what to do.
Thirty Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama during his visit to Taiwan after Typhoon Morakot and denounced it as politically motivated.
The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a world free of nuclear weapons, and currently serves on the Advisory Council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
The Dalai Lama has voiced his support for the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.
Teaching activities, public talks
Despite becoming 80 years old in 2015, he maintains a busy international lecture and teaching schedule. His public talks and teachings are usually webcast live in multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his past teaching videos can be viewed there, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions.
The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject is the Kalachakra tantra which, as of 2014, he had conferred a total of 33 times, most often in India's upper Himalayan regions but also in the Western world. The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one of the most complex teachings of Buddhism, sometimes taking two weeks to confer, and he often confers it on very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.
The Dalai Lama is the author of numerous books on Buddhism, many of them on general Buddhist subjects but also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen, a Nyingma practice.
In his essay "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses his belief that if we only reserve compassion for those that we love, we are ignoring the responsibility of sharing these characteristics of respect and empathy with those we do not have relationships with, which cannot allow us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing that although it takes time to develop a higher level of compassion, eventually we will recognize that the quality of empathy will become a part of life and promote our quality as humans and inner strength.
He frequently accepts requests from students to visit various countries worldwide in order to give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based on classical Buddhist texts and commentaries, and most often those written by the 17 pandits or great masters of the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna, Kamalashila, Shantideva, Atisha, Aryadeva and so on.
The Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of these Nalanda masters, in fact he often asserts that 'Tibetan Buddhism' is based on the Buddhist tradition of Nalanda monastery in ancient India, since the texts written by those 17 Nalanda pandits or masters, to whom he has composed a poem of invocation, were brought to Tibet and translated into Tibetan when Buddhism was first established there and have remained central to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism ever since.
As examples of other teachings, in London in 1984 he was invited to give teachings on the Twelve Links of Dependent Arising, and on Dzogchen, which he gave at Camden Town Hall; in 1988 he was in London once more to give a series of lectures on Tibetan Buddhism in general, called 'A Survey of the Paths of Tibetan Buddhism'. Again in London in 1996 he taught the Four Noble Truths, the basis and foundation of Buddhism accepted by all Buddhists, at the combined invitation of 27 different Buddhist organisations of all schools and traditions belonging to the Network of Buddhist Organisations UK.
In India, the Dalai Lama gives religious teachings and talks in Dharamsala and numerous other locations including the monasteries in the Tibetan refugee settlements, in response to specific requests from Tibetan monastic institutions, Indian academic, religious and business associations, groups of students and individual/private/lay devotees. In India, no fees are charged to attend these teachings since costs are covered by requesting sponsors. When he travels abroad to give teachings there is usually a ticket fee calculated by the inviting organization to cover the costs involved and any surplus is normally to be donated to recognised charities.
He has frequently visited and lectured at colleges and universities, some of which have conferred honorary degrees upon him.
Dozens of videos of recorded webcasts of the Dalai Lama's public talks on general subjects for non-Buddhists like peace, happiness and compassion, modern ethics, the environment, economic and social issues, gender, the empowerment of women and so forth can be viewed in his office's archive.
Interfaith dialogue
The Dalai Lama met Pope Paul VI at the Vatican in 1973. He met Pope John Paul II in 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1990, and 2003. In 1990, he met a delegation of Jewish teachers in Dharamshala for an extensive interfaith dialogue. He has since visited Israel three times, and in 2006 met the Chief Rabbi of Israel. In 2006, he met Pope Benedict XVI privately. He has met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie, and other leaders of the Anglican Church in London, Gordon B. Hinckley, who at the time was the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as senior Eastern Orthodox Church, Muslim, Hindu, Jewish, and Sikh officials.
The Dalai Lama is also currently a member of the Board of World Religious Leaders as part of The Elijah Interfaith Institute and participated in the Third Meeting of the Board of World Religious Leaders in Amritsar, India, on 26 November 2007 to discuss the topic of Love and Forgiveness.
In 2009, the Dalai Lama inaugurated an interfaith "World Religions-Dialogue and Symphony" conference at Gujarat's Mahuva religions, according to Morari Bapu.
In 2010, the Dalai Lama, joined by a panel of scholars, launched the Common Ground Project, in Bloomington, Indiana (USA), which was planned by himself and Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad of Jordan during several years of personal conversations. The project is based on the book Common Ground between Islam and Buddhism.
In 2019, the Dalai Lama fully-sponsored the first-ever 'Celebrating Diversity in the Muslim World' conference in New Delhi on behalf of the Muslims of Ladakh.
Interest in science, and Mind and Life Institute
The Dalai Lama's lifelong interest in science and technology dates from his childhood in Lhasa, Tibet, when he was fascinated by mechanical objects like clocks, watches, telescopes, film projectors, clockwork soldiers and motor cars, and loved to repair, disassemble and reassemble them. Once, observing the Moon through a telescope as a child, he realised it was a crater-pocked lump of rock and not a heavenly body emitting its own light as Tibetan cosmologists had taught him. He has also said that had he not been brought up as a monk he would probably have been an engineer. On his first trip to the west in 1973 he asked to visit Cambridge University's astrophysics department in the UK and he sought out renowned scientists such as Sir Karl Popper, David Bohm and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, who taught him the basics of science.
The Dalai Lama sees important common ground between science and Buddhism in having the same approach to challenge dogma on the basis of empirical evidence that comes from observation and analysis of phenomena.
His growing wish to develop meaningful scientific dialogue to explore the Buddhism and science interface led to invitations for him to attend relevant conferences on his visits to the west, including the Alpbach Symposia on Consciousness in 1983 where he met and had discussions with the late Chilean neuroscientist Francisco J. Varela. Also in 1983, the American social entrepreneur and innovator R. Adam Engle, who had become aware of the Dalai Lama's deep interest in science, was already considering the idea of facilitating for him a serious dialogue with a selection of appropriate scientists. In 1984 Engle formally offered to the Dalai Lama's office to organise a week-long, formal dialogue for him with a suitable team of scientists, provided that the Dalai Lama would wish to fully participate in such a dialogue. Within 48 hours the Dalai Lama confirmed to Engle that he was "truly interested in participating in something substantial about science" so Engle proceeded with launching the project. Francisco Varela, having heard about Engle's proposal, then called him to tell him of his earlier discussions with the Dalai Lama and to offer his scientific collaboration to the project. Engle accepted, and Varela assisted him to assemble his team of six specialist scientists for the first 'Mind and Life' dialogue on the cognitive sciences, which was eventually held with the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamsala in 1987. This five-day event was so successful that at the end the Dalai Lama told Engle he would very much like to repeat it again in the future. Engle then started work on arranging a second dialogue, this time with neuroscientists in California, and the discussions from the first event were edited and published as Mind and Life's first book, "Gentle Bridges: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on the Sciences of Mind".
As Mind and Life Institute's remit expanded, Engle formalised the organisation as a non-profit foundation after the third dialogue, held in 1990, which initiated the undertaking of neurobiological research programmes in the United States under scientific conditions. Over the following decades, as of 2014 at least 28 dialogues between the Dalai Lama and panels of various world-renowned scientists have followed, held in various countries and covering diverse themes, from the nature of consciousness to cosmology and from quantum mechanics to the neuroplasticity of the brain. Sponsors and partners in these dialogues have included the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins University, the Mayo Clinic, and Zurich University.
Apart from time spent teaching Buddhism and fulfilling responsibilities to his Tibetan followers, the Dalai Lama has probably spent, and continues to spend, more of his time and resources investigating the interface between Buddhism and science through the ongoing series of Mind and Life dialogues and its spin-offs than on any other single activity. As the institute's Cofounder and the Honorary chairman he has personally presided over and participated in all its dialogues, which continue to expand worldwide.
These activities have given rise to dozens of DVD sets of the dialogues and books he has authored on them such as Ethics for the New Millennium and The Universe in a Single Atom, as well as scientific papers and university research programmes. On the Tibetan and Buddhist side, science subjects have been added to the curriculum for Tibetan monastic educational institutions and scholarship. On the Western side, university and research programmes initiated by these dialogues and funded with millions of dollars in grants from the Dalai Lama Trust include the Emory-Tibet Partnership, Stanford School of Medicine's Centre for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education (CCARES) and the Centre for Investigating Healthy Minds, amongst others.
In 2019, Emory University's Center for Contemplative Sciences and Compassion-Based Ethics, in partnership with The Dalai Lama Trust and the Vana Foundation of India, launched an international SEE Learning (Social, Emotional and Ethical Learning) program in New Delhi, India, a school curriculum for all classes from kindergarten to Std XII that builds on psychologist Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence in the early 1990s. SEE learning focuses on developing critical thinking, ethical reasoning and compassion and stresses on commonalities rather than on the differences.
In particular, the Mind and Life Education Humanities & Social Sciences initiatives have been instrumental in developing the emerging field of Contemplative Science, by researching, for example, the effects of contemplative practice on the human brain, behaviour and biology.
In his 2005 book The Universe in a Single Atom and elsewhere, and to mark his commitment to scientific truth and its ultimate ascendancy over religious belief, unusually for a major religious leader the Dalai Lama advises his Buddhist followers: "If scientific analysis were conclusively to demonstrate certain claims in Buddhism to be false, then we must accept the findings of science and abandon those claims." He has also cited examples of archaic Buddhist ideas he has abandoned himself on this basis.
These activities have even had an impact in the Chinese capital. In 2013 an 'academic dialogue' with a Chinese scientist, a Tibetan 'living Buddha' and a Professor of Religion took place in Beijing. Entitled "High-end dialogue: ancient Buddhism and modern science" it addressed the same considerations that interest the Dalai Lama, described as 'discussing about the similarities between Buddhism and modern science'.
Personal meditation practice
The Dalai Lama uses various meditation techniques, including analytic meditation. He has said that the aim of meditation is "to maintain a very full state of alertness and mindfulness, and then try to see the natural state of your consciousness."
Social stances
Tibetan independence
Despite initially advocating for Tibetan independence from 1961 to 1974, the Dalai Lama no longer supports it. Instead he advocates for more meaningful autonomy for Tibetans within the People's Republic of China. This approach is known as the "Middle Way". In a speech at Kolkata in 2017, the Dalai Lama stated that Tibetans wanted to stay with China and they did not desire independence. He said that he believed that China after opening up, had changed 40 to 50 percent of what it was earlier, and that Tibetans wanted to get more development from China. In October 2020, the Dalai Lama stated that he did not support Tibetan independence and hoped to visit China as a Nobel Prize winner. He said "I prefer the concept of a 'republic' in the People's Republic of China. In the concept of republic, ethnic minorities are like Tibetans, The Mongols, Manchus, and Xinjiang Uyghurs, we can live in harmony".
Abortion
The Dalai Lama has said that, from the perspective of the Buddhist precepts, abortion is an act of killing. He has also clarified that in certain cases abortion could be considered ethically acceptable "if the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for the parent", which could only be determined on a case-by-case basis.
Death penalty
The Dalai Lama has repeatedly expressed his opposition to the death penalty, saying that it contradicts the Buddhist philosophy of non-violence and that it expresses anger, not compassion. During a 2005 visit to Japan, a country which has the death penalty, the Dalai Lama called for the abolition of the death penalty and said in his address, "Criminals, people who commit crimes, usually society rejects these people. They are also part of society. Give them some form of punishment to say they were wrong, but show them they are part of society and can change. Show them compassion." The Dalai Lama has also praised U.S. states that have abolished the death penalty.
Democracy, nonviolence, religious harmony, and Tibet's relationship with India
The Dalai Lama says that he is active in spreading India's message of nonviolence and religious harmony throughout the world. "I am the messenger of India's ancient thoughts the world over." He has said that democracy has deep roots in India. He says he considers India the master and Tibet its disciple, as great scholars went from India to Tibet to teach Buddhism. He has noted that millions of people lost their lives in violence and the economies of many countries were ruined due to conflicts in the 20th century. "Let the 21st century be a century of tolerance and dialogue."
The Dalai Lama has also critiqued proselytization and certain types of conversion, believing the practices to be contrary to the fundamental ideas of religious harmony and spiritual practice. He has stated that "It's very important that our religious traditions live in harmony with one another and I don't think proselytizing contributes to this. Just as fighting and killing in the name of religion are very sad, it's not appropriate to use religion as a ground or a means for defeating others." In particular, he has critiqued Christian approaches to conversion in Asia, stating that he has "come across situations where serving the people is a cover for proselytization." The Dalai Lama has labeled such practices counter to the "message of Christ" and has emphasized that such individuals "practice conversion like a kind of war against peoples and cultures." In a statement with Hindu religious leaders, he expressed that he opposes "conversions by any religious tradition using various methods of enticement."
In 1993, the Dalai Lama attended the World Conference on Human Rights and made a speech titled "Human Rights and Universal Responsibility".
In 2001, in response to a question from a Seattle schoolgirl, the Dalai Lama said that it is permissible to shoot someone in self-defense (if the person was "trying to kill you") and he emphasized that the shot should not be fatal.
In 2013, the Dalai Lama criticised Buddhist monks' attacks on Muslims in Myanmar and rejected violence by Buddhists, saying: "Buddha always teaches us about forgiveness, tolerance, compassion. If from one corner of your mind, some emotion makes you want to hit, or want to kill, then please remember Buddha's faith. ... All problems must be solved through dialogue, through talk. The use of violence is outdated, and never solves problems." In May 2013, he said "Really, killing people in the name of religion is unthinkable, very sad." In May 2015, the Dalai Lama called on Myanmar's Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi to do more to help the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, said that he had urged Suu Kyi to address the Rohingyas' plight in two previous private meetings and had been rebuffed.
In 2017, after Chinese dissident and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Liu Xiaobo died of organ failure while in Chinese government custody, the Dalai Lama said he was "deeply saddened" and that he believed that Liu's "unceasing efforts in the cause of freedom will bear fruit before long."
Diet and animal welfare
The Dalai Lama advocates compassion for animals and frequently urges people to try vegetarianism or at least reduce their consumption of meat. In Tibet, where historically meat was the most common food, most monks historically have been omnivores, including the Dalai Lamas. The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was raised in a meat-eating family but converted to vegetarianism after arriving in India, where vegetables are much more easily available and vegetarianism is widespread. He spent many years as a vegetarian, but after contracting hepatitis in India and suffering from weakness, his doctors told him to return to eating meat which he now does twice a week. This attracted public attention when, during a visit to the White House, he was offered a vegetarian menu but declined by replying, as he is known to do on occasion when dining in the company of non-vegetarians, "I'm a Tibetan monk, not a vegetarian". His own home kitchen, however, is completely vegetarian.
In 2009, the English singer Paul McCartney wrote a letter to the Dalai Lama inquiring why he was not a vegetarian. As McCartney later told The Guardian, "He wrote back very kindly, saying, 'my doctors tell me that I must eat meat'. And I wrote back again, saying, you know, I don't think that's right. [...] I think now he's vegetarian most of the time. I think he's now being told, the more he meets doctors from the west, that he can get his protein somewhere else. [...] It just doesn't seem right – the Dalai Lama, on the one hand, saying, 'Hey guys, don't harm sentient beings... Oh, and by the way, I'm having a steak.'"
Economics and political stance
The Dalai Lama has referred to himself as a Marxist and has articulated criticisms of capitalism.
He reports hearing of communism when he was very young, but only in the context of the destruction of Communist Mongolia. It was only when he went on his trip to Beijing that he learned about Marxist theory from his interpreter Baba Phuntsog Wangyal. At that time, he reports, "I was so attracted to Marxism, I even expressed my wish to become a Communist Party member", citing his favorite concepts of self-sufficiency and equal distribution of wealth. He does not believe that China implemented "true Marxist policy", and thinks the historical communist states such as the Soviet Union "were far more concerned with their narrow national interests than with the Workers' International". Moreover, he believes one flaw of historically "Marxist regimes" is that they place too much emphasis on destroying the ruling class, and not enough on compassion. He finds Marxism superior to capitalism, believing the latter is only concerned with "how to make profits", whereas the former has "moral ethics". Stating in 1993:
Environment
The Dalai Lama is outspoken in his concerns about environmental problems, frequently giving public talks on themes related to the environment. He has pointed out that many rivers in Asia originate in Tibet, and that the melting of Himalayan glaciers could affect the countries in which the rivers flow. He acknowledged official Chinese laws against deforestation in Tibet, but lamented they can be ignored due to possible corruption. He was quoted as saying "ecology should be part of our daily life"; personally, he takes showers instead of baths, and turns lights off when he leaves a room. Around 2005, he started campaigning for wildlife conservation, including by issuing a religious ruling against wearing tiger and leopard skins as garments. The Dalai Lama supports the anti-whaling position in the whaling controversy, but has criticized the activities of groups such as the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (which carries out acts of what it calls aggressive nonviolence against property). Before the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, he urged national leaders to put aside domestic concerns and take collective action against climate change.
Sexuality
The Dalai Lama's stances on topics of sexuality have changed over time.
A monk since childhood, the Dalai Lama has said that sex offers fleeting satisfaction and leads to trouble later, while chastity offers a better life and "more independence, more freedom". He has said that problems arising from conjugal life sometimes even lead to suicide or murder. He has asserted that all religions have the same view about adultery.
In his discussions of the traditional Buddhist view on appropriate sexual behavior, he explains the concept of "right organ in the right object at the right time", which historically has been interpreted as indicating that oral, manual and anal sex (both homosexual and heterosexual) are not appropriate in Buddhism or for Buddhists. However, he also says that in modern times all common, consensual sexual practices that do not cause harm to others are ethically acceptable and that society should accept and respect people who are gay or transgender from a secular point of view. In a 1994 interview with OUT Magazine, the Dalai Lama clarified his personal opinion on the matter by saying, "If someone comes to me and asks whether homosexuality is okay or not, I will ask 'What is your companion's opinion?' If you both agree, then I think I would say, 'If two males or two females voluntarily agree to have mutual satisfaction without further implication of harming others, then it is okay.'" However, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on CBC News: Sunday about whether homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct".
In his 1996 book Beyond Dogma, he described a traditional Buddhist definition of an appropriate sexual act as follows: "A sexual act is deemed proper when the couples use the organs intended for sexual intercourse and nothing else ... Homosexuality, whether it is between men or between women, is not improper in itself. What is improper is the use of organs already defined as inappropriate for sexual contact." He elaborated in 1997, conceding that the basis of that teaching was unknown to him. He also conveyed his own "willingness to consider the possibility that some of the teachings may be specific to a particular cultural and historic context".
In 2006, the Dalai Lama has expressed concern at "reports of violence and discrimination against" LGBT people and urged "respect, tolerance and the full recognition of human rights for all".
Women's rights
In 2007, he said that the next Dalai Lama could possibly be a woman: "If a woman reveals herself as more useful the lama could very well be reincarnated in this form."
In 2009, on gender equality and sexism, the Dalai Lama proclaimed at the National Civil Rights Museum in Memphis, Tennessee: "I call myself a feminist. Isn't that what you call someone who fights for women's rights?" He also said that by nature, women are more compassionate "based on their biology and ability to nurture and birth children". He called on women to "lead and create a more compassionate world", citing the good works of nurses and mothers.
At a 2014 appearance at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Mumbai, the Dalai Lama said, "Since women have been shown to be more sensitive to others' suffering, their leadership may be more effective."
In 2015, he said in a BBC interview that if a female succeeded him, "that female must be attractive, otherwise it is not much use," and when asked if he was joking, replied, "No. True!" He followed with a joke about his current success being due to his own appearance.
Health
In 2013, at the Culture of Compassion event in Derry, Northern Ireland, the Dalai Lama said that "Warm-heartedness is a key factor for healthy individuals, healthy families and healthy communities."
Response to COVID-19
In a 2020 statement in Time magazine on the COVID-19 pandemic, the Dalai Lama said that the pandemic must be combated with compassion, empirical science, prayer, and the courage of healthcare workers. He emphasized "emotional disarmament" (seeing things with a clear and realistic perspective, without fear or rage) and wrote: "The outbreak of this terrible coronavirus has shown that what happens to one person can soon affect every other being. But it also reminds us that a compassionate or constructive act – whether working in hospitals or just observing social distancing – has the potential to help many."
Immigration
In September 2018, speaking at a conference in Malmö, Sweden home to a large immigrant population, the Dalai Lama said "I think Europe belongs to the Europeans", but also that Europe was "morally responsible" for helping "a refugee really facing danger against their life". He stated that Europe has a responsibility to refugees to "receive them, help them, educate them", but that they should aim to return to their places of origin and that "they ultimately should rebuild their own country".
Speaking to German reporters in 2016, the Dalai Lama said there are "too many" refugees in Europe, adding that "Europe, for example Germany, cannot become an Arab country." He also said that "Germany is Germany".
Retirement and succession plans
In May 2011, the Dalai Lama retired from the Central Tibetan Administration.
In September 2011, the Dalai Lama issued the following statement concerning his succession and reincarnation:
When I am about ninety I will consult the high Lamas of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, the Tibetan public, and other concerned people who follow Tibetan Buddhism, and re-evaluate whether the institution of the Dalai Lama should continue or not. On that basis we will take a decision. If it is decided that the reincarnation of the Dalai Lama should continue and there is a need for the Fifteenth Dalai Lama to be recognized, responsibility for doing so will primarily rest on the concerned officers of the Dalai Lama's Gaden Phodrang Trust. They should consult the various heads of the Tibetan Buddhist traditions and the reliable oath-bound Dharma Protectors who are linked inseparably to the lineage of the Dalai Lamas. They should seek advice and direction from these concerned beings and carry out the procedures of search and recognition in accordance with past tradition. I shall leave clear written instructions about this. Bear in mind that, apart from the reincarnation recognized through such legitimate methods, no recognition or acceptance should be given to a candidate chosen for political ends by anyone, including those in the People's Republic of China.
In October 2011, the Dalai Lama repeated his statement in an interview with Canadian CTV News. He added that Chinese laws banning the selection of successors based on reincarnation will not impact his decisions. "Naturally my next life is entirely up to me. No one else. And also this is not a political matter", he said in the interview. The Dalai Lama also added that he has not decided on whether he would reincarnate or be the last Dalai Lama.
In an interview with the German newspaper Welt am Sonntag published on 7 September 2014 the Dalai Lama stated "the institution of the Dalai Lama has served its purpose", and that "We had a Dalai Lama for almost five centuries. The 14th Dalai Lama now is very popular. Let us then finish with a popular Dalai Lama."
Gyatso has also expressed fear that the Chinese government would manipulate any reincarnation selection in order to choose a successor that would go along with their political goals. In response the Chinese government implied that it would select another Dalai Lama regardless of his decision.
CIA Tibetan program
In October 1998, the Dalai Lama's administration acknowledged that it received $1.7 million a year in the 1960s from the U.S. government through a Central Intelligence Agency program. When asked by CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus in 1995 to comment on the CIA Tibetan program, the Dalai Lama replied that though it helped the morale of those resisting the Chinese, "thousands of lives were lost in the resistance" and further, that "the U.S. Government had involved itself in his country's affairs not to help Tibet but only as a Cold War tactic to challenge the Chinese."
His administration's reception of CIA funding has become one of the grounds for some state-run Chinese newspapers to discredit him along with the Tibetan independence movement.
In his autobiography Freedom in Exile, the Dalai Lama criticized the CIA again for supporting the Tibetan independence movement "not because they (the CIA) cared about Tibetan independence, but as part of their worldwide efforts to destabilize all communist governments".
In 1999, the Dalai Lama said that the CIA Tibetan program had been harmful for Tibet because it was primarily aimed at serving American interests, and "once the American policy toward China changed, they stopped their help."
Criticism
Ties to India
The Chinese press has criticized the Dalai Lama for his close ties with India. His 2010 remarks at the International Buddhist Conference in Gujarat saying that he was "Tibetan in appearance, but an Indian in spirituality" and referral to himself as a "son of India" in particular led the People's Daily to opine, "Since the Dalai Lama deems himself an Indian rather than Chinese, then why is he entitled to represent the voice of the Tibetan people?" Dhundup Gyalpo of the Tibet Sun replied that Tibetan religion could be traced back to Nalanda in India, and that Tibetans have no connection to Chinese "apart ... from a handful of culinary dishes". The People's Daily stressed the links between Chinese Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism had accused the Dalai Lama of "betraying southern Tibet to India". In 2008, the Dalai Lama said for the first time that the territory India claims and administers as part of Arunachal Pradesh is part of India, citing the disputed 1914 Simla Accord.
Shugden controversy
The Dorje Shugden Controversy reappeared in the Gelug school by the publication of the Yellow Book in 1976, containing stories about wrathful acts of Dorje Shugden against Gelugpas who also practiced Nyingma teachings. In response, the 14th Dalai Lama, a Gelugpa himself and advocate of an "inclusive" approach to the teachings of Tibetan Buddhism, started to speak out against the practice of Dorje Shugden in 1978.
The controversy has attracted attention in the West because of demonstrations held in 2008 and 2014 by Dorje Shugden practitioners. A 2015 Reuters investigation determined "that the religious sect behind the protests has the backing of the Communist Party" and that the "group has emerged as an instrument in Beijing's long campaign to undermine support for the Dalai Lama". After the Reuters investigation revealed that China backs it, the Shugden group halted operations and disbanded.
Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
In April 2018, the Dalai Lama confirmed the official Chinese claims about Gedhun Choekyi Nyima by saying that he knew from "reliable sources" that the Panchen Lama he had recognized was alive and receiving normal education. He said he hoped that the Chinese-recognised Panchen Lama (Gyaincain Norbu) studied well under the guidance of a good teacher, adding that there were instances in Tibetan Buddhist tradition, of a reincarnated lama taking more than one manifestation.
Public image
The Dalai Lama places highly in global surveys of the world's most admired men, ranking with Pope Francis as among the world's religious leaders cited as the most admired.
The Dalai Lama's appeal is variously ascribed to his charismatic personality, international fascination with Buddhism, his universalist values, and international sympathy for the Tibetans. In the 1990s, many films were released by the American film industry about Tibet, including biopics of the Dalai Lama. This is attributed to both the Dalai Lama's 1989 Nobel Peace Prize as well as to the euphoria following the Fall of Communism. The most notable films, Kundun and Seven Years in Tibet (both released in 1997), portrayed "an idyllic pre-1950 Tibet, with a smiling, soft-spoken Dalai Lama at the helm – a Dalai Lama sworn to non-violence": portrayals the Chinese government decried as ahistorical.
The Dalai Lama has his own pages on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
The Dalai Lama has tried to mobilize international support for Tibetan activities. The Dalai Lama has been successful in gaining Western support for himself and the cause of greater Tibetan autonomy, including vocal support from numerous Hollywood celebrities, most notably the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal, as well as lawmakers from several major countries. Photos of the Dalai Lama were banned after March 1959 Lhasa protests until after the end of the Cultural Revolution in 1976. In 1996 the Chinese Communist Party once again reinstated the total prohibition of any photo of the 14th Dalai Lama. According to the Tibet Information Network, "authorities in Tibet have begun banning photographs of the exiled Dalai Lama in monasteries and public places, according to reports from a monitoring group and a Tibetan newspaper. Plainclothes police went to hotels and restaurants in Lhasa, the Tibetan capital, on 22 and 23 April and ordered Tibetans to remove pictures of the Dalai Lama..." The ban continues in many locations throughout Tibet today.
In the media
The 14th Dalai Lama has appeared in several non-fiction films including:
10 Questions for the Dalai Lama (2006, documentary)
Dalai Lama Renaissance (2007, documentary)
The Sun Behind the Clouds (2010)
Bringing Tibet Home (2013)
Monk with a Camera (2014, documentary)
Dalai Lama Awakening (2014)
Compassion in Action (2014)
He has been depicted as a character in various other movies and television programs including:
Kundun, 1997 film directed by Martin Scorsese
Seven Years in Tibet, 1997 film starring Brad Pitt and David Thewlis
Klovn "Dalai Lama" Season 1, Episode 4 (2005)
Red Dwarf episode "Meltdown" (1991)
Song of Tibet, 2000 film directed by Xie Fei.
The Great Escape "14th Dalai Lama" (2018) on Epic
"Dalai Lama", episode of the Indian television series Mega Icons (2019–20) on National Geographic.
The Dalai Lama was featured on 5 March 2017, episode of the HBO late-night talk show Last Week Tonight, in which host John Oliver conducted a comedic interview with the Dalai Lama, focusing on the topics of Tibetan sovereignty, Tibetan self-immolations, and his succession plans.
A biographical graphic novel, Man of Peace, also envisaging the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet, was published by Tibet House US. The Extraordinary Life of His Holiness the Fourteenth Dalai Lama: An Illuminated Journey, illustrations and text by artist Rima Fujita, narrated by the Dalai Lama, was published by Simon and Schuster in 2021.
Awards and honours
The Dalai Lama has received numerous awards and honors worldwide over his spiritual and political career. For a more complete list see Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama.
After the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the Norwegian Nobel Committee awarded him the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. The Committee officially gave the prize to the Dalai Lama for "the struggle of the liberation of Tibet and the efforts for a peaceful resolution" and "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".
He has also been awarded the:
1959 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership;
1994 Freedom Medal from the Roosevelt Institute;
2005 Christmas Humphreys Award from the Buddhist Society in the United Kingdom;
2007 Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by the American Congress and President. The Chinese government declared this would have "an extremely serious impact" on relations with the United States;
2006 Order of the White Lotus by the Republic of Kalmykia for outstanding services and significant contribution to the spiritual revival and prosperity of the republic.
2007 Ahimsa Award from the Institute of Jainology in recognition of individuals who embody and promote the principles of Ahimsa (Non-violence); and in
2012, Order of the Republic of Tuva by the Tuvan Republic in recognition of the contribution to the upbringing of high spiritual and cultural tolerance, strengthening interreligious and interethnic harmony.
2012, the Templeton Prize. He donated the prize money to the charity Save the Children.
In 2006, he became one of only six people ever to be granted Honorary Citizenship of Canada. In 2007 he was named Presidential Distinguished Professor at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, the first time he accepted a university appointment.
Publications
My Land and My People: The Autobiography of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Ed. David Howarth. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.
Deity Yoga: In Action and Performance Tantras. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987.
Tantra in Tibet. Co-authored with Tsong-kha-pa, Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1987.
The Dalai Lama at Harvard. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins. Snow Lion, 1988.
Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, London: Little, Brown and Co., 1990,
My Tibet, co-authored with photographer Galen Rowell, 1990,
The Path to Enlightenment. Ed. and trans. Glenn H. Mullin. Snow Lion, 1994.
Essential Teachings, North Atlantic Books, 1995,
The World of Tibetan Buddhism, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, foreword by Richard Gere, Wisdom Publications, 1995,
Tibetan Portrait: The Power of Compassion, photographs by Phil Borges with sayings by Tenzin Gyatso, 1996,
Healing Anger: The Power of Patience from a Buddhist Perspective. Trans. Thupten Jinpa. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion, 1997,
The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra, co-authored with Alexander Berzin. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997,
The Art of Happiness, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead Books, 1998,
The Good Heart: A Buddhist Perspective on the Teachings of Jesus, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 1998,
Kalachakra Tantra: Rite of Initiation, edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 1999,
MindScience: An East–West Dialogue, with contributions by Herbert Benson, Daniel Goleman, Robert Thurman, and Howard Gardner, Wisdom Publications, 1999,
The Power of Buddhism, co-authored with Jean-Claude Carrière, 1999,
Opening the Eye of New Awareness, Translated by Donald S. Lopez, Jr., Wisdom Publications, 1999,
Ethics for the New Millennium, Riverhead Books, 1999,
Consciousness at the Crossroads. Ed. Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, B. Alan Wallace. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, B. Alan Wallace. Snow Lion, 1999.
Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium, Little, Brown/Abacus Press, 2000,
Dzogchen: Heart Essence of the Great Perfection, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa and Richard Barron, Snow Lion Publications, 2000,
The Meaning of Life: Buddhist Perspectives on Cause and Effect, Translated by Jeffrey Hopkins, Wisdom Publications, 2000,
Answers: Discussions with Western Buddhists. Ed. and trans. Jose Cabezon. Snow Lion, 2001.
The Compassionate Life, Wisdom Publications, 2001,
Violence and Compassion: Dialogues on Life Today, with Jean-Claude Carriere, Doubleday, 2001,
Imagine All the People: A Conversation with the Dalai Lama on Money, Politics, and Life as it Could Be, Coauthored with Fabien Ouaki, Wisdom Publications, 2001,
An Open Heart, edited by Nicholas Vreeland; Little, Brown; 2001,
The Heart of Compassion: A Practical Approach to a Meaningful Life, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin: Lotus Press, 2002,
Sleeping, Dreaming, and Dying, edited by Francisco Varela, Wisdom Publications, 2002,
Essence of the Heart Sutra: The Dalai Lama's Heart of Wisdom Teachings, edited by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2002,
The Pocket Dalai Lama. Ed. Mary Craig. Shambhala Pocket Classics, 2002.
The Buddhism of Tibet. Ed. and trans. Jeffrey Hopkins, Anne C. Klein. Snow Lion, 2002.
The Art of Happiness at Work, co-authored with Howard C. Cutler, M.D., Riverhead, 2003,
Stages of Meditation (commentary on the Bhāvanākrama). Trans. Ven. Geshe Lobsang Jordhen, Losang Choephel Ganchenpa, Jeremy Russell. Snow Lion, 2003.
Der Weg des Herzens. Gewaltlosigkeit und Dialog zwischen den Religionen (The Path of the Heart: Non-violence and the Dialogue among Religions), co-authored with Eugen Drewermann, PhD, Patmos Verlag, 2003,
The Path to Bliss. Ed. and trans. Thupten Jinpa, Christine Cox. Snow Lion, 2003.
How to Practice: The Way to a Meaningful Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2003,
The Wisdom of Forgiveness: Intimate Conversations and Journeys, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverbed Books, 2004,
The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama, edited by Arthur Zajonc, with contributions by David Finkelstein, George Greenstein, Piet Hut, Tu Wei-ming, Anton Zeilinger, B. Alan Wallace and Thupten Jinpa, Oxford University Press, 2004,
Dzogchen: The Heart Essence of the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Thupten Jinpa, Richard Barron (Chokyi Nyima). Snow Lion, 2004.
Practicing Wisdom: The Perfection of Shantideva's Bodhisattva Way, translated by Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Wisdom Publications, 2004,
Lighting the Way. Snow Lion, 2005.
The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality, Morgan Road Books, 2005,
How to Expand Love: Widening the Circle of Loving Relationships, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, Atria Books, 2005,
Living Wisdom with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, with Don Farber, Sounds True, 2006,
Mind in Comfort and Ease: The Vision of Enlightenment in the Great Perfection. Ed. Patrick Gaffney. Trans. Matthieu Ricard, Richard Barron and Adam Pearcey. Wisdom Publications, 2007,
How to See Yourself as You Really Are, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins, 2007,
The Leader's Way, co-authored with Laurens van den Muyzenberg, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2008,
My Spiritual Autobiography compiled by from speeches and interviews of the 14th Dalai Lama, 2009,
Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World, Mariner Books, 2012,
The Wisdom of Compassion: Stories of Remarkable Encounters and Timeless Insights, coauthored with Victor Chan, Riverhead Books, 2012,
My Appeal to the World, presented by Sofia Stril-Rever, translated from the French by Sebastian Houssiaux, Tibet House US, 2015,
The Book of Joy: Lasting Happiness in a Changing World, coauthored by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 2016,
Behind the Smile: The Hidden Side of the Dalai Lama, by Maxime Vivas (author), translated from the French book Not So Zen, Long River Press 2013,
Discography
Inner World (2020)
See also
Awards and honors presented to the 14th Dalai Lama
List of organizations of Tibetans in exile
Chinese intelligence activity abroad#Modes of operation
Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education
Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
History of Tibet (1950–present)
Human rights in Tibet
Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950
Sinicization of Tibet
List of overseas visits by Tenzin Gyatso the 14th Dalai Lama outside India
List of peace activists
List of Nobel laureates
List of refugees
Templeton Prize lauretes
List of rulers of Tibet
Religious persecution
Freedom of religion in China#Buddhism
Tibet Fund
Tibet House
Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
Tibetan art
Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy
Tibetan culture
Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts
Notes
Reference
Citations
Sources
Craig, Mary. Kundun: A Biography of the Family of the Dalai Lama (1997) Counterpoint. Calcutta. .
Bell, Sir Charles (1946). Portrait of the Dalai Lama Wm. Collins, London, 1st edition. (1987) Wisdom Publications, London. .
Iyer, Pico. The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama (2008) Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
Knaus, Robert Kenneth. Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (1999) PublicAffairs. .
Mullin, Glenn H. (2001). The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation, pp. 452–515. Clear Light Publishers. Santa Fe, New Mexico. .
Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). Tibet & Its History. 1st edition 1962. 2nd edition, Revised and Updated. Shambhala Publications, Boston. (pbk).
Shakya, Tsering. The Dragon in the Land of Snows (1999) Columbia University Press. .
United States. Congressional-Executive Commission on China. The Dalai Lama: What He Means for Tibetans Today: Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, 13 July 2011. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
External links
Teachings by the Dalai Lama
Photographs of the Dalai Lama's visit to UC Santa Cruz, October 1979 from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
Quotes by the Dalai Lama
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A4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20compositions%20by%20Alexander%20Glazunov
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List of compositions by Alexander Glazunov
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This is a list of compositions by Alexander Glazunov (1865–1936).
By genre
Stage
Op. 57: Raymonda, ballet in three acts (1898)
Op. 61: Les Ruses d'Amour (The Ruses of Love), also known as The Trial of Damis or Lady Soubrette, ballet in one act (1900)
Op. 67: The Seasons, ballet in one act (1900)
Op. 95: Music for the drama The King of the Jews after K. K. Romanov (1913)
Incidental music for Lermontov’s play Masquerade (1912-13)
Orchestral
Symphonies
Op. 5: Symphony No. 1 in E major "Slavonian Symphony" (1881-1884)
Op. 16: Symphony No. 2 in F minor "To the Memory of Liszt" (1886)
Op. 33: Symphony No. 3 in D major (1890)
Op. 48: Symphony No. 4 in E major (1893)
Op. 55: Symphony No. 5 in B major (1895)
Op. 58: Symphony No. 6 in C minor (1896)
Op. 77: Symphony No. 7 in F major "Pastorale" (1902-1903)
Op. 83: Symphony No. 8 in E major (1905-1906)
Symphony No. 9 in D minor (1910), first movement (incomplete; orchestrated by Gavril Yudin)
Op. 3: Overture No. 1 in G minor for orchestra "On Greek Themes" (1882)
Op. 6: Overture No. 2 in D major for orchestra (1883)
Op. 7: Serenade No. 1 in A major for orchestra (1882)
Op. 8: To the Memory of a Hero, elegy for orchestra (1885)
Op. 9: Suite Charactéristique in D major for orchestra (1884-1887)
Op. 11: Serenade No. 2 in F major for small orchestra (1884)
Op. 12: Poème Lyrique in D major for orchestra (1884-1887)
Op. 13: Stenka Razin, symphonic poem in B minor (1885)
Op. 14: Two Pieces for orchestra (1886-1887)
Op. 18: Mazurka in G major for orchestra (1888)
Op. 19: The Forest, fantasy in C minor for orchestra (1887)
Op. 21: Wedding March in E major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 26A: Slavonian Feast, symphonic sketches (1888)
Op. 28: The Sea, fantasy in E major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 29: Oriental Rhapsody in G major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 30: The Kremlin, symphonic picture in three parts (1890)
Op. 34: The Spring, symphonic picture in D major (1891)
Op. 45: Carnaval, overture for large orchestra and organ in F major (1892)
Op. 46: Chopiniana, suite for orchestra after piano pieces by Chopin (1893)
Op. 47: Concert Waltz No. 1 in D major for orchestra (1893)
Op. 50: Cortège Solennel in D major for orchestra (1894)
Op. 51: Concert Waltz No. 2 in F major for orchestra (1894)
Op. 52: Scènes de Ballet, suite, not intended as dance piece (1894)
Op. 53: Fantasy From Dark into Light for orchestra (1894)
Op. 68: "Pas de Caractère" from Raymonda in G major for orchestra (1899)
Op. 69: Intermezzo Romantica in D major for orchestra (1900)
Op. 73: Solemn Overture for orchestra (1900)
Op. 76: March on a Russian Theme in E major (1901)
Op. 78: Ballade in F major for orchestra (1902)
Op. 79: From the Middle Ages, suite in E major for orchestra (1902)
Op. 81: Dance-Scene in A major for orchestra (1904)
Op. 84: The Song of Destiny, dramatic overture in D minor for orchestra (1908)
Op. 85: Two Preludes for orchestra (1908)
Op. 86: Russian Fantasy in A major for balalaika-orchestra (1906)
Op. 87: To the Memory of Gogol, symphonic prologue in C major (1909)
Op. 88: Finnish Fantasy in C major for orchestra (1909)
Op. 89: Finnish Sketches in E major for orchestra (1912)
Op. 90: Introduction and Dance of Salomé, to the drama of Oscar Wilde (1908)
Op. 91: "Cortège Solennel" in B major for orchestra (1910)
Op. 96: Paraphrase on the Hymn of the Allies for orchestra (1914-1915)
Op. 99: Karelian Legend in A minor for orchestra (1916)
Op. 102: Romance of Nina from the play "Masquerada" (1918)
Poème épique in A minor for orchestra (1933-34)
Concertante
Op. 20: Two Pieces for cello and orchestra (1887–1888)
Op. 32: Méditation in D major for violin and orchestra or piano (1891)
Op. 82: Concerto in A minor for violin and orchestra (1904)
Op. 92: Concerto No. 1 in F minor for piano and orchestra (1910–1911)
Op. 100: Concerto No. 2 in B major for piano and orchestra (1917)
Op. 100A/B: Mazurka Oberek for violin and orchestra or piano (1917)
Op. 108: Concert Ballade in C major for cello and orchestra (1931)
Op. 109: Concerto for Alto Saxophone and String Orchestra in E major (1934) (same opus number as Saxophone Quartet, but different work )
In 1896 he arranged Tchaikovsky's violin and piano piece Souvenir d'un lieu cher for violin and orchestra.
Choral with orchestra
Op. 40: Triumph March for large orchestra and chorus (1892)
Op. 56: Coronation Cantata for four soloists, chorus and orchestra (1895)
Op. 65: Cantata after Pushkin for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1899)
Op. 97: Song of the Volga-skippers for chorus and orchestra (1918)
Chamber
String Quartets
Op. 1: String Quartet No. 1 in D major (1881-1882)
Op. 10: String Quartet No. 2 in F major (1884)
Op. 26: String Quartet No. 3 in G major "Quatuor Slave" (1886-1888)
Op. 64: String Quartet No. 4 in A minor (1894)
Op. 70: String Quartet No. 5 in D minor (1898)
Op. 106: String Quartet No. 6 in B major (1920-1921)
Op. 107: String Quartet No. 7 in C major "Hommage au passé" (1930)
Op. 14: Oriental Reverie for clarinet and string quartet (original version of 2 Pieces for Orchestra) (1886)
Op. 15: Five Novelettes for String Quartet (1886)
Op. 35: Suite in C major for string quartet (1887-1891)
Op. 38: In Modo Religioso, quartet for trumpet, horn and two trombones (1892)
Op. 39: String Quintet in A major for string quartet and cello (1891-1892)
Op. 105: Elegy in D minor for string quartet in memory of M. P. Belaieff (1928)
Op. 109: Saxophone Quartet in B major (1932)
Instrumental
Op. 17: Elegy in D major for cello and piano (1888)
Op. 24: Rêverie in D major for horn and piano (1890)
Op. 32A: Meditation in D major for violin and piano (1891)
Op. 44: Elegy in G minor for viola and piano (1893)
Op. 71: Chant du Ménestrel for cello and piano (1900) (a version exists for cello and orchestra)
Op. 93: Preludium and Fugue No. 1 in D major for organ (1906-1907)
Op. 98: Preludium and Fugue No. 2 in D minor for organ (1914)
Op. 110: Fantasy in G minor for organ (1934-1935)
Albumblatt for trumpet and piano (1899)
10 Duets for Two Clarinets
Piano
Op. 2: Suite on the Theme "S-A-C-H-A" for Piano (1883)
Op. 22: Two Pieces for Piano (1889)
Op. 23: Waltzes on the name S-A-B-E-L-A for piano (1890)
Op. 25: Preludium and Two Mazurkas for piano (1888)
Op. 31: Three Études for piano (1891)
Op. 36: Small Waltz in D major for piano (1892)
Op. 37: Nocturne in D major for piano (1889)
Op. 41: Grand Concert Waltz in E major for piano (1893)
Op. 42: Three Miniatures for piano (1893)
Op. 43: Salon Waltz in C major for piano (1893)
Op. 49: Three Pieces for piano (1894)
Op. 54: Two Impromptus for piano (1895)
Op. 62: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, for piano (1899)
Op. 72: Theme and Variations in F minor for piano (1900)
Op. 74: Piano Sonata No. 1 in B minor (1901)
Op. 75: Piano Sonata No. 2 in E minor (1901)
Op. 101: Four Preludes and Fugues for piano (1918-1923)
Op. 103: Idylle in F major for piano (1926)
Op. 104: Fantasy in F minor for two pianos (1919-1920)
arr. of Liszt Sposalizio, S161/1 for 2 pianos (date?) [on IMSLP]
Vocal/Choral
Op. 4: Five Romances, songs (1882-1885)
Op. 27: Two Songs after Pushkin (1887-1890)
Op. 59: Six Songs for middle voice (1898)
Op. 60: Six songs (romances to poetry of Aleksandr Pushkin and Apollon Maikov) for high voice (1897-1898) ()
Op. 63: Festive Cantata for solo-voices, women's chorus and two pianos eight hands (1898)
Op. 65: Commemorative Cantata for the Centenary of the Birth of Pushkin for mezzo-soprano, tenor, mixed choir and piano (1899)
Op. 80: Chant Sans Bornes for soprano and alto with piano accompaniment (1900)
Op. 94: Love after Shukovsky for mixed chorus a cappella (1907)
By opus number
Op. 1: String Quartet No. 1 in D major (1881-1882)
Op. 2: Suite on the Theme "S-A-C-H-A" for Piano (1883)
Op. 3: Overture No. 1 in G minor for orchestra "On Greek Themes" (1882)
Op. 4: Five Romances, songs (1882-1885)
Op. 5: Symphony No. 1 in E major "Slavonian Symphony" (1881-1884)
Op. 6: Overture No. 2 in D major for orchestra (1883)
Op. 7: Serenade No. 1 in A major for orchestra (1882)
Op. 8: To the Memory of a Hero, elegy for orchestra (1885)
Op. 9: Suite Charactéristique in D major for orchestra (1884-1887)
Op. 10: String Quartet No. 2 in F major (1884)
Op. 11: Serenade No. 2 in F major for small orchestra (1884)
Op. 12: Poème Lyrique in D major for orchestra (1884-1887)
Op. 13: Stenka Razin, symphonic poem in B minor (1885)
Op. 14: Two Pieces for orchestra (1886-1887)
Op. 15: Five Novelettes for String Quartet (1886)
Op. 16: Symphony No. 2 in F minor "To the Memory of Liszt" (1886)
Op. 17: Elegy in D major for cello and piano (1888)
Op. 18: Mazurka in G major for orchestra (1888)
Op. 19: The Forest, Fantasy in C minor for orchestra (1887)
Op. 20: Two Pieces for cello and orchestra (1887-1888)
Op. 21: Wedding March in E major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 22: Two Pieces for Piano (1889)
Op. 23: Waltzes on the name S-A-B-E-L-A for piano (1890)
Op. 24: Rêverie in D major for horn and piano (1890)
Op. 25: Preludium and Two Mazurkas for piano (1888)
Op. 26: String Quartet No. 3 in G major "Quatuor Slave" (1886-1888)
Op. 26A: Slavonian Feast, symphonic sketches (1888)
Op. 27: Two Songs after Pushkin (1887-1890)
Op. 28: The Sea, fantasy in E major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 29: Oriental Rhapsody in G major for orchestra (1889)
Op. 30: The Kremlin, symphonic picture in three parts (1890)
Op. 31: Three Études for piano (1891)
Op. 32: Meditation in D major for violin and orchestra (1891)
Op. 32A: Meditation in D major for violin and piano (1891)
Op. 33: Symphony No. 3 in D major (1890)
Op. 34: The Spring, symphonic picture in D major (1891)
Op. 35: Suite in C major for string quartet (1887-1891)
Op. 36: Small Waltz in D major for piano (1892)
Op. 37: Nocturne in D major for piano (1889)
Op. 38: In Modo Religioso, quartet for trumpet, horn and two trombones (1892)
Op. 39: String Quintet in A major for string quartet and cello (1891-1892)
Op. 40: Triumph March for large orchestra and chorus (1892)
Op. 41: Large Concert Waltz in E major for piano (1893)
Op. 42: Three Miniatures for piano (1893)
Op. 43: Salon Waltz in C major for piano (1893)
Op. 44: Elegy for viola and piano (1893)
Op. 45: Carnaval, overture for large orchestra and organ in F major (1892)
Op. 46: Chopiniana, suite for orchestra after piano pieces by Chopin (1893)
Op. 47: Concert Waltz No. 1 in D major for orchestra (1893)
Op. 48: Symphony No. 4 in E major (1893)
Op. 49: Three Pieces for piano (1894)
Op. 50: Cortège Solennel in D major for orchestra (1894)
Op. 51: Concert Waltz No. 2 in F major for orchestra (1894)
Op. 52: Scènes de Ballet, suite, not intended as dance piece (1894)
Op. 53: Fantasy From Dark into Light for orchestra (1894)
Op. 54: Two Impromptus for piano (1895)
Op. 55: Symphony No. 5 in B major (1895)
Op. 56: Coronation Cantata for four soloists, chorus and orchestra (1895)
Op. 57: Raymonda, ballet in three acts (1898)
Op. 58: Symphony No. 6 in C minor (1896)
Op. 59: Six Songs for middle voice (1898)
Op. 60: Six songs (romances to poetry of Aleksandr Pushkin and Apollon Maikov) for high voice (1897-1898) ()
Op. 61: Les Ruses d'Amour (The Ruses of Love), also known as The Trial of Damis or Lady Soubrette, ballet in one act (1900)
Op. 62: Prelude and Fugue in D minor, for piano (1899)
Op. 63: Festive Cantata for solo-voices, women's chorus and two pianos eight hands (1898)
Op. 64: String Quartet No. 4 in A minor (1894)
Op. 65: Commemorative Cantata for the Centenary of the Birth of Pushkin for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1899)
Op. 66: Hymn after Pushkin for women's chorus and piano (1899)
Op. 67: The Seasons, ballet in one act (1900)
Op. 68: "Pas de Caractère" from Raymonda in G major for orchestra (1899)
Op. 69: Intermezzo Romantica in D major for orchestra (1900)
Op. 70: String Quartet No. 5 in D minor (1898)
Op. 71: Chant du Ménestrel for cello and piano (1900) (a version exists for cello and orchestra)
Op. 72: Theme and Variations in F minor for piano (1900)
Op. 73: Solemn Overture for orchestra (1900)
Op. 74: Piano Sonata No. 1 in B minor (1901)
Op. 75: Piano Sonata No. 2 in E minor (1901)
Op. 76: March on a Russian Theme in E major (1901)
Op. 77: Symphony No. 7 "Pastorale" in F major (1902-1903)
Op. 78: Ballade in F major for orchestra (1902)
Op. 79: From the Middle Ages, suite in E major for orchestra (1902)
Op. 80: Chant Sans Bornes for soprano and alto with piano accompaniment (1900)
Op. 81: Dance-Scene in A major for orchestra (1904)
Op. 82: Concerto in A minor for violin and orchestra (1904)
Op. 83: Symphony No. 8 in E major (1905-1906)
Op. 84: The Song of Destiny, dramatic overture in D minor for orchestra (1908)
Op. 85: Two Preludes for orchestra (1906)
Op. 86: Russian Fantasy in A major for balalaika-orchestra (1906)
Op. 87: To the Memory of Gogol, symphonic prologue in C major (1909)
Op. 88: Finnish Fantasy in C major for orchestra (1909)
Op. 89: Finnish Sketches in E major for orchestra (1912)
Op. 90: Introduction and Dance of Salomé, to the drama of Oscar Wilde (1908)
Op. 91: Cortège Solennel in B major for orchestra (1910)
Op. 92: Concerto No. 1 in F minor for piano and orchestra (1910-1911)
Op. 93: Preludium and Fugue No. 1 in D major for organ (1906-1907)
Op. 94: Love after Shukovsky for mixed chorus a cappella (1907)
Op. 95: Music to the drama The King of the Jews after K. K. Romanov (1913)
Op. 96: Paraphrase on the Hymn of the Allies for orchestra (1914-1915)
Op. 97: Song of the Volga-skippers for chorus and orchestra (1918)
Op. 98: Preludium and Fugue No. 2 in D minor for organ (1914)
Op. 99: Karelian Legend in A minor for orchestra (1916)
Op. 100: Concerto No. 2 in B major for piano and orchestra (1917)
Op. 100A/B: Mazurka Oberek (1917) for violin and orchestra or piano (1917)
Op. 101: Four Preludes and Fugues for piano (1918-1923)
Op. 102: Romance of Nina from the play "Masquerada" (1918)
Op. 103: Idylle in F major for piano (1926)
Op. 104: Fantasy in F minor for two pianos (1919-1920)
Op. 105: Elegy in D minor for string quartet in memory of M. P. Belyayev (1928)
Op. 106: String Quartet No. 6 in B major (1920-1921) (Listings with details about opp. 105 and 106)
Op. 107: String Quartet No. 7 in C major "Hommage au passé" (1930)
Op. 108: Concert Ballade in C major for cello and orchestra (1931)
Op. 109: Saxophone Quartet in B major (1932)
Op. 109: Concerto for Alto Saxophone and String Orchestra in E major (1934) (same opus number as quartet, but different work )
Op. 110: Fantasy in G minor for organ (1934-1935)
Works without opus number:
Albumblatt for trumpet and piano (1899)
Symphony No. 9 in D minor (1910)
First movement (incomplete)
Reverie Orientale for Clarinet and String Quartet (1886)
10 Duets for Two Clarinets
Poème épique in A minor for orchestra (1933-34)
Incidental music for Lermontov’s play Masquerade (1912-13)
Prelude and Fugue in E minor for piano [Published by Muzgiz]
References
Glazunov, Alexander
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33237195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren%20Harry
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Darren Harry
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Darren Harry, OAM (born 11 November 1975 in Wonthaggi, Victoria) is an Australian Paralympic tandem cycling pilot. He won a gold medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in the men's tandem sprint open event with Paul Clohessy, for which he received a Medal of the Order of Australia.
References
Paralympic cyclists of Australia
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Australia
Paralympic sighted guides
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Living people
Cyclists from Victoria (Australia)
1975 births
People from Wonthaggi
Australian male cyclists
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in cycling
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39076307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Andrzejczak
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Bob Andrzejczak
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Robert John "Bob" Andrzejczak (born May 1, 1986) is an American Democratic Party politician who represented the 1st Legislative District in the New Jersey State Senate from January 15, 2019, when he was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Jeff Van Drew, until December 5, 2019. Andrzejczak previously served in the New Jersey General Assembly from March 21, 2013, to January 14, 2019, when he was appointed to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Matthew W. Milam.
Early life
Andrzejczak was raised in the North Cape May section of Lower Township, New Jersey, and graduated from Lower Cape May Regional High School in 2004. He attended the Williamson College in Media, Pennsylvania, before joining the United States Army in 2005. Andrzejczak had served in the Iraq War as a sergeant in the Army's 25th Infantry Division until his discharge following an injury from a grenade explosion which led to the amputation of his left leg in 2009. As a result, he was awarded the Purple Heart and Bronze Star; his recovery was featured on a 2009 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show. Following his return from military service, Andrzejczak joined the Cape May Veterans of Foreign Wars where he became active in veterans' issues.
New Jersey Assembly
After Matthew W. Milam resigned from his seat in the Assembly on February 28, 2013, Andrzejczak was appointed to the Assembly after being selected by Democratic committee members from Atlantic, Cape May and Cumberland counties. He was sworn in on March 21, 2013, and subsequently won election to a full term in 2013. Andrzejczak is a resident of Middle Township. He is married to his wife Trisha, with whom he has two children. He resigned from the Assembly on January 14, 2019.
Committee assignments
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Military and Veteran Affairs
Intergovernmental Relations Commission
New Jersey Senate
On November 5, 2018, 1st District State Senator Jeff Van Drew won a seat to the United States House of Representatives, creating a vacancy for his state senate seat. On January 6, 2019, Van Drew formally nominated Bob Andrzejczak for his replacement, which the Democratic Committees of the 1st Legislative District approved unanimously. On January 15, the state senate formally swore in Andrzejczak as state senator.
Tenure
Andrzejczak has said he is opposed to the legalization of Marijuana in 2019. The Chairman of the Cumberland County GOP Mike Testa has announced he would challenge Andrzejczak in the 2019 special election. In the first quarter of 2019 Testa out-raised Andrzejczak 6 to 1. Testa went on to beat Andrzejczak in the November special election.
Committee assignments
Military and Veterans Affairs
Joint Committee on Public Schools
Budget and Appropriations
District 1
New Jersey's 1st Legislative District encompasses parts of Atlantic County, New Jersey, Cumberland County, New Jersey, and all of Cape May County, New Jersey. The current representatives from the 1st district to the 218th New Jersey Legislature are:
Senator Bob Andrzejczak (D)
Assemblyman Bruce Land (D)
Assemblyman Matthew Milam (D)
Electoral history
New Jersey Senate
New Jersey Assembly
References
External links
Assemblyman Andrzejczak's legislative web page, New Jersey Legislature
New Jersey Legislature financial disclosure forms
2016 2015 2014 2013 2012
1986 births
Living people
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
New Jersey state senators
New Jersey Democrats
People from Lower Township, New Jersey
People from Middle Township, New Jersey
United States Army non-commissioned officers
American amputees
21st-century American politicians
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41895218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Wahlberg
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Paul Wahlberg
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Paul Wahlberg (born March 20, 1964) is an American chef, actor and a reality TV star. With his brothers Mark and Donnie, he runs the dining burger restaurant and bar Wahlburgers and stars in the reality television show also titled Wahlburgers.
Background
Born in Boston to Alma and Donald Wahlberg, he is the fifth of nine children and the first of his siblings to graduate from high school.
As a child, he was interested in watching cooking shows like The Galloping Gourmet. He decided to become a chef when he was 17.
Career
Paul found a love for the culinary industry working for Joseph's catering, run by the Calapa family of Braintree, Massachusetts. After high school, he worked at several restaurants, including The Charles Hotel, The Four Seasons and Bridgeman's in Hull, Massachusetts, where he served as executive chef for nine years.
Personal life
Married, Wahlberg lives in Hingham, Massachusetts. He has two children.
References
1964 births
American restaurateurs
Living people
People from Dorchester, Massachusetts
Wahlberg family
People from Hingham, Massachusetts
American people of Swedish descent
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1154322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20trade%20mark%20law
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United Kingdom trade mark law
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United Kingdom trade mark law provides protection for the use of trade marks in the UK. A trade mark is a way for one party to distinguish themselves from another. In the business world, a trade mark provides a product or organisation with an identity which cannot be imitated by its competitors.
A trade mark can be a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, sound, shape, signature or any combination of these elements. In UK law, as in most common law countries other than the United States and Canada, the term is written as "trade mark" (as in the Trade Marks Act 1994), not "trademark".
Conferred rights
The owners of a trade mark can legally defend their mark against infringements. To do so, the trade mark must either be registered, or have been used for a period of time so that it has acquired local distinctiveness (Prior Rights).
The extent to which a trade mark is defendable depends upon the similarity of the trade marks involved, the similarity of the products or services involved and whether the trademark has acquired distinctiveness.
A registered trade mark is relatively simple to defend in a court of law. An unregistered trade mark relies on the law of passing off (where one party's goods or services are presented in a way that causes confusion between them and the goods or services of another party).
Rights have also been recently extended with regard to well-known trade marks.
The Trade Marks Act 1994 states that "a person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign which is identical with the trade mark in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which it is registered". A person may also infringe a registered trade mark where the sign is similar and the goods or services are similar to those for which the mark is registered and there is a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public as a result.
A person also infringes a registered trade mark where a sign is identical but the goods are dissimilar if the trade mark has a reputation in the UK and its use takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the mark's distinctive character or reputation.
Registering trade marks
The registration of trade marks in the UK is achieved through the UK Intellectual Property Office (UKIPO). If registration is accepted by the UKIPO, a number of exclusive rights are bestowed upon the trade mark owner. These rights allow the owner to prevent unauthorised use of the mark on products that are identical or similar to the registered mark.
When a trade mark application is made to the UKIPO, it examines the application to decide whether the trade mark that is being applied for is distinctive enough to be a trade mark. Registration usually takes about three and a half to four months. However, this time span can be greatly increased if any objections are raised to the mark's registration by owners of similar registered trade marks or by the UKIPO themselves. Once a trademark is registered, it is kept on the register for ten years, after which it needs to be renewed to preserve the owner's rights over it. It can also be allowed to lapse.
Trade marks are registered in one or more of 45 classes. There are 34 classes of goods and 11 for services. These classes group products that are deemed to be similar in function, and are identified by their number. For example, the registration of a trade mark for a range of gymnastic and sporting articles is classified by the trademark registry in "class 28".
Registrability of a trade mark
Some of the main objections that the UKIPO will make when trademarks are submitted for registration are usually related to the "distinctiveness" of the mark. An inherently distinctive mark is the easiest to register, as it has no prior meaning. These marks are not to be found in dictionaries. A good example of such a distinctive trademark is iPod.
Words that appear in the dictionary can still be registered. These arbitrary trademarks are meaningless in the context of their use. For example, Apple Computer, or Apple Corps.
Suggestive trade marks do not describe a characteristic of the product, but with some imagination, are identifiable with their connected product. For example, ColdSeal Windows.
Descriptive trade marks use words that appear in the dictionary that describe the product to which they relate. They are usually difficult to register, and the registrar needs to prove that the mark has become distinctive through its long term use. Descriptive marks can be made distinctive by the addition of other elements to the name or logo.
Acquired distinctiveness
A descriptive trade mark can only be registered if it has "acquired distinctiveness". This is achievable through its use, although proving that "acquired distinctiveness" has been achieved usually relies on sales figures and advertising budgets.
Registration exclusions
Most countries exclude certain terms and symbols from being registrable. These include emblems, flags, royal insignia, and the rings of the Olympic Games. In addition, marks that are deceptive as to the country of the product's origin and marks that are obscene are unregistrable.
Historical legislation
In 1862 the Merchandise Marks Act made it a criminal offence to imitate another's trade mark "with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud". In 1875, the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of trade marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark and registration of marks began on 1 January 1876. The first trade mark to be so registered was the red triangle of the Bass Brewery. The 1875 Act defined a registrable trade mark as "a device, or mark, or name of an individual or firm printed in some particular and distinctive manner; or a written signature or copy of a written signature of an individual or firm; or a distinctive label or ticket". However, any word or name that was in use as a trade mark before the passing of the Act (in August 1875) was entitled to registration, whether or not the mark fulfilled these criteria.
In 1883 the Patents and Trade Marks Act substantially revised trade mark law, reducing the cost of application, and included the facility to register "fancy words not in common use" and "brands" as new marks for the first time. Further major trademark acts were passed in 1888 and 1905 (which both further refined definitions of a trade mark), 1919 (which separated the trade mark register into Parts A and B, each of which had different registration criteria) and 1938, the last of which remained in force until it was superseded in 1994.
Recent legislation
The current UK Trade Mark legislation is the Trade Marks Act 1994, which implements the European Trade Marks Directive into national law.
The UK Intellectual Property Office radically altered the way UK national trade mark applications were examined in October 2007. Previously, UK national trade mark applications underwent a full examination both on absolute (distinctiveness) and relative (prior rights) grounds. In October 2007, the search which formed a part of the examination of applications on prior rights grounds became an advisory search in a similar fashion to the Community Trade Mark system, bringing into force Section 8 of the Trade Marks Act 1994. No longer will the UKIPO unilaterally be able to prevent the grant of a UK national trade mark application on the basis of an earlier pending application or prior registration for a conflicting mark. Instead, it will be up to the proprietor of that right to oppose the application when it advertised for opposition purposes, although the UKIPO will still advise owners of conflicting application where citations including their marks have been sent to the applicant to assist them in making an opposition.
A fast-track application process has also been available to applicants since 7 April 2008.
Aspects of UK common law also relate to trade marks, most notably the common law tort of passing off.
See also
Trade mark law of the European Union
Company Names Tribunal
References
External links
Trade mark law and how the UK Trade Marks Registry interprets it
The Trade Marks Act 1994
Trade mark law
Trademark law by jurisdiction
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15920340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignecourt
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Guignecourt
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Guignecourt () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Oise department
References
Communes of Oise
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23661405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barklya
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Barklya
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Barklya is a genus of Australian trees in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae. The sole species is Barklya syringifolia, commonly known as golden crown or golden glory. It grows in rainforest to 20 metres tall. Recorded from Queensland and New South Wales in rain forest. It is often used as an ornamental.
The genus and species was formally described in 1859 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller. Mueller's description was based on plant material collected by the superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Walter Hill, in the vicinity of Pine River to the north of Brisbane.
References
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Trees of Australia
Ornamental trees
Cercidoideae
Monotypic Fabaceae genera
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller
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10392722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant%20View%20Township%2C%20Macon%20County%2C%20Illinois
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Pleasant View Township, Macon County, Illinois
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Pleasant View Township is located in Macon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,481 and it contained 620 housing units.
Cities and towns
Blue Mound
Adjacent townships
Blue Mound Township (north)
South Macon Township (northeast and east)
Moweaqua Township, Shelby County (southeast)
Prairieton Township, Christian County (south)
Stonington Township, Christian County (southwest and west)
Mosquito Township, Christian County (west and northwest)
Geography
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
References
External links
US Census
City-data.com
Illinois State Archives
Townships in Macon County, Illinois
Townships in Illinois
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42099393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayawati%20Modi
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Dayawati Modi
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Dayawati Modi (1915–1994) was the wife of the founder of Modi Enterprises, Rai Bahadur Gujarmal Modi. People she helped due to her altruistic nature colloquially referred to her as Maji as a sign of respect and gratitude. Her contribution towards the development of society in Modinagar and elsewhere was underlined by her dedication towards uplifting the underprivileged and providing educational opportunities to women and children. She is the grandmother of Lalit Modi, the founder of the Indian Premier League (IPL).
Personal life
Dayawati Modi was born in Kasganj—a small town in Uttar Pradesh. Daughter of Chheda Lal, Dayawati lost her mother at the age of three. Although not formally educated, Dayawati Modi had a penchant for literature, which led to her reading many books stored in her uncle's attic. This was the beginning of her long and fulfilling tryst with philanthropy in the education sector. On 19 June 1932, Dayawati Modi married Gujarmal Modi at the age of seventeen. This was Gujarmal Modi's second marriage, after his first wife died due a prolonged illness. Dayawati lived with her father initially, as Gujarmal set about establishing his business in erstwhile Begumabad. Thereafter, the couple had eleven children— five boys and six girls. Children are K.K Modi, V.K Modi, S.K Modi, B.K Modi (Dr. M), U.K Modi.
Deeply religious, Dayawati Modi was bestowed with various awards in recognition of her societal contributions.
Awards and recognition
1982– Shiromani Award for Sikh Studies
1983– Kala Sangam Award
1986– Bharat Seva Ratna by World Religious Parliament
1978– Included by Cambridge University in their Who's Who of Intellectuals for the year.
Philanthropy
Apart from her massive contribution in the education sector, Dayawati Modi was instrumental in catering to women and children's issues in the mid-1950s. In 1954, she founded the Samaj Kalyan Parishad at Modinagar, which provided welfare services to women and children. The institution was at the forefront of uplifting the underprivileged by giving them access to education, vocational training and other allied support services. In honour of Dayawati Modi’s philanthropic contribution to society, her family instituted three awards: Dayawati Modi Kavi Shekhar Samman, the Dayawati Modi Award for Art, Culture and Education and the Dayawati Modi Stree Shakti Samman. High-profile recipients of the awards instituted by the Modi family since its inception include the Dalai Lama, Kent Walwin, and Amitabh Bachchan.
Since her death in 1994, the Dayawati Modi Foundation has carried on with the same altruistic principles, which governed Modi's life.
References
1915 births
1994 deaths
People from Kasganj
People from Modinagar
Dayawati
20th-century Indian philanthropists
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13508249
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannipar%20Kamnueng
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Pannipar Kamnueng
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Pannipar Kamnueng (, born January 22, 1976) is a Thai former football referee.
She first refereed internationally at the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship before going on to officiate at the 2005 East Asian Cup.
Kamnueng was chosen for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China and refereed Brazil's 5-0 win against New Zealand.
Early life
Kamnueng graduated with a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Education, Physical Education, Kasetsart University. She was a national hockey player once in her life, which was the 20th SEA Games in 1999 and received a bronze medal.
References
1976 births
Pannipar Kamnueng
Women association football referees
FIFA Women's World Cup referees
Living people
Pannipar Kamnueng
Pannipar Kamnueng
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4928230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikuzen-Tomiyama%20Station
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Rikuzen-Tomiyama Station
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is a railway station in the town of Matsushima, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Rikuzen-Tomiyama Station is served by the Senseki Line, and is located 28.6 kilometers from the terminus of the Senseki Line at Aoba-dōri Station.
Station layout
The station has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. The station is unattended.
History
The station opened on April 10, 1928, as on the Miyagi Electric Railway. The line was nationalized on May 1, 1944 and the station was renamed Rikuzen-Tomiyama at that time. The station was absorbed into the JR East network upon the privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.
The station was closed from March 11, 2011 due to damage to the line associated with the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and services replaced by a provisional bus rapid transit service. The station was reopened on 30 May 2015.
Surrounding area
Tomiyama Kannon
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
External links
Railway stations in Miyagi Prefecture
Senseki Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1928
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Matsushima, Miyagi
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57658460
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassar%20Nassar
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Nassar Nassar
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Nassar Mahmoud Nassar (, ; born 1 January 1992) is a Lebanese footballer who plays as a right-back for club Ansar and the Lebanon national team.
Club career
In summer 2016, Nassar joined Ansar. On 2 February 2019, his contract was renewed for three years. On 6 February, Nassar suffered an ACL injury during a match against Tripoli. He recovered in August.
On 14 August 2021, Ansar renewed his contract for three years.
International career
Nassar's first international game for Lebanon came as a starter against Equatorial Guinea on 11 October 2016, playing the whole 90 minutes in a 0–0 home draw. In December 2018, Nassar Nassar was called up for the preliminary squad in view of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup. However, he was forced to abandon the group early due to injury.
Personal life
Nassar's favourite club worldwide is Spanish side Real Madrid, while is favourite club in the Arab world is Jordanian club Al-Wehdat, due to being a fan of Jordanian coach Abdullah Abu Zema.
Career statistics
International
Honours
Ansar
Lebanese Premier League: 2020–21
Lebanese FA Cup: 2016–17, 2020–21
Lebanese Super Cup: 2021; runner-up: 2017
Lebanese Elite Cup runner-up: 2016
Individual
Lebanese Premier League Team of the Season: 2016–17
References
External links
1992 births
Living people
People from Tyre, Lebanon
Lebanese footballers
Association football fullbacks
Salam Sour SC players
Tadamon Sour SC players
Al Nabi Chit SC players
Al Ansar FC players
Lebanese Premier League players
Lebanon international footballers
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47174672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Montana%20Mauler
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Operation Montana Mauler
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Operation Montana Mauler was a United States Army and US Marine Corps operation that took place north of Firebase Fuller, Quảng Trị Province, lasting from 23 March to 3 April 1969.
Background
In mid-March U.S. intelligence learnt that the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 27th Regiment was moving south of the DMZ in an attempt to cut Route 9. A counter-infiltration operation was planned whereby the 3rd Squadron, 5th Armored Cavalry and the 1st Battalion, 11th Infantry Regiment would patrol the Khe Chua Valley north of Firebase Fuller.
Operation
The operation commenced on 23 March with the 3/5 Cavalry moving into the Khe Chua Valley meeting limited opposition. On the morning of 24 March the cavalry encountered an estimated battalion-size PAVN force in entrenched positions and pulled back to allow for artillery support; the cavalry called for reinforcements, and Company I, 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines was lifted by helicopter to the scene of the engagement. The following day the cavalry and marines continued patrolling westward into the valley, while Companies A and B, 1/11th Infantry, were deployed by helicopter in the north of the valley. At 03:00 the PAVN attacked the 1/11th Infantry night defensive positions, causing limited damage; at dawn the 1/11th Infantry assaulted in the direction of the PAVN attack, returning to their previous defensive positions at nightfall.
On 27 March the 1/11th Infantry resumed their attack supported by 3/9 Marines, the 1/11th Infantry engaged PAVN in bunkers and fell back to allow for artillery support and Company C, 1/11 Infantry was deployed by helicopter to form a blocking position. The 1/11th Infantry resumed their attack but were hit by PAVN mortar fire and counter-attacks and so withdrew to allow for further artillery and airstrikes before taking the PAVN positions. Total losses for the day were 120 PAVN killed for the loss of 13 U.S. killed, including all of Company B's officers.
On 29 March Company D, 1/11th Infantry overran a PAVN bunker complex, killing 5 PAVN. As Company A advanced west of Company D, it came under attack from an estimated company-size PAVN unit, the day-long battle that followed resulted in 30 PAVN killed.
The cavalry, infantry and marines continued patrolling the Khe Chua Valley for a further 4 days, meeting little resistance.
Aftermath
Operation Montana Mauler concluded on 3 April, with the US claiming the PAVN 27th Regiment had lost approximately 300 killed.
References
1969 in Vietnam
Battles involving the United States
Battles involving Vietnam
Montana Mauler
United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1969
History of Quảng Trị Province
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535877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altona%2C%20Hamburg
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Altona, Hamburg
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Altona () is the westernmost urban borough (Bezirk) of the German city state of Hamburg, on the right bank of the Elbe river. From 1640 to 1864 Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent city until 1937. In 2016 the population was 270,263.
History
Altona was founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in then Holstein-Pinneberg. In 1640, Altona came under Danish rule as part of Holstein-Glückstadt, and in 1664 received city rights from Danish King Frederik III, who then ruled in personal union as Duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbor towns. The railroad from Altona to Kiel, the Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway (), was opened in 1844.
Because of severe restrictions on the number of Jews allowed to live in Hamburg until 1864 (with the exception of 1811–1815), a major Jewish community developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg granted the first permanent residence permits to Ashkenazic Jews. Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the Nazi Holocaust during World War II are the Jewish cemeteries, but in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the community was a major center of Jewish life and scholarship. Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the government of Hamburg.
The wars between Denmark and the German Confederation—the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and the Second Schleswig War (February – October 1864)—and the Gastein Convention of 1864, led to Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussian administration and Lauenburg to Austrian administration. Along with all of Schleswig-Holstein, Altona became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1867.
In 1871 Altona became a part of the German Empire. In the same year the city was hit by cholera, with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona.
During the Weimar era following World War I, the city of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923 Max Brauer, the mayor of Altona, directed that city personnel be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as these coins did not lose value from inflation. The most notable event at this time is the Altona Bloody Sunday (German: Altonaer Blutsonntag) on 17 July 1932, when several persons were shot by the police force which was providing security for a demonstration of Nazi groups. After police raids and a special court, on 1 August 1933, Bruno Tesch and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe. In the 1990s, the Federal Republic of Germany reversed the convictions of Tesch and the other men who were put to death, clearing their names.
The Greater Hamburg Act removed Altona from the Free State of Prussia in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding cities) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg in 1938.
On 1 February 2007 the Ortsämter (precincts) in Hamburg were dissolved. In Altona the precincts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008 the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned across parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the Sternschanze quarter, the entirety of which is now in the Altona borough.
Geography
The border of Altona to the south is the River Elbe, and across the river the state Lower Saxony and the boroughs Harburg and Hamburg-Mitte. To the east is the borough Hamburg-Mitte and to the north is the borough Eimsbüttel. The western border is with the state of Schleswig-Holstein. According to the statistical office of Hamburg, the area of Altona is 77.5 km2 or 29.9 sq mi in 2006.
Quarters
Politically, the following quarters () are part of Altona borough:
Altona-Altstadt
Altona-Nord
Bahrenfeld
Ottensen
Othmarschen (including parts of Klein Flottbek)
Groß Flottbek
Osdorf
Lurup
Nienstedten (including parts of Klein Flottbek)
Blankenese
Iserbrook
Sülldorf
Rissen
Sternschanze
Demographics
In 2018 Altona had a population of 274,702 people. 18.0% are children under the age of 18 and 17.9% are 65 years of age or older. 16.2% are immigrants. 5.0% of people are registered as unemployed. In 2018 53,4% of all households are single-person households.
There are 195 kindergartens and 31 primary schools in Altona as well as 879 physicians in private practice, 254 dentists and 60 pharmacies.
Politics
Simultaneously with elections to the state parliament (Bürgerschaft), the Bezirksversammlung is elected as representatives of the citizens. It consists of 51 representatives.
Elections
Elections were held in Hamburg on 20 February 2011. The five parties having more than 5 percent in recent polls (minimum to qualify) are the centrist CDU, the social-democratic SPD, the ecologist Green Party (GAL), the left-wing Die Linke and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP).
Transport
Altona is the location of a major railway station, Hamburg-Altona, connecting the Hamburg S-Bahn with the regional railways and local bus lines.
The A 7 autobahn passes through Altona borough.
According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in Altona 87,131 private cars were registered (359 cars per 1000 people).
Notable people
Jean de Labadie (1610–1674), French Christian mystic who died in Altona.
Gluckel of Hameln (1646–1724)
Jonathan Eybeschutz (1690–1764), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who died in Altona.
Jacob Emden (1697–1776), was a Talmudist, Halachist, and Kabbalist who lived most his life in Altona.
Johann Friedrich Struensee (1737–1772), doctor of medicine, de facto ruler of Denmark
Jens Jacob Eschels (1757-1842), nautical captain, author of the oldest known captain's autobiography in Germany (Born in Nieblum, died in Altona).
Conrad Hinrich Donner (1774–1854), banker and philanthropist, of Donners Park, Altona
Johann Heinrich Wohlien (1779–1842), organ builder
Akiba Israel Wertheimer (1778–1835), was chief Rabbi in Altona from 1815–35
George Jarvis (Philhellene) (1797–1828), was the first of the American Philhellenes who took part in the Greek Revolution 1821–1829, general of Greek army, born in Altona.
Johannes Groenland (1824–1891), botanist and microscopist who worked for Louis de Vilmorin in Paris and was born in Altona.
Carl Reinecke (1824–1910), composer, conductor, and pianist was born in Altona
Carl Semper (1832-1893), German ethnologist and animal ecologist
Georg Semper (1837-1909), German entomologist
Sophie Wörishöffer (1838–1890), was a writer of adventure stories for young people who died in Altona.
Bernhard von Bülow (1849-1929), German politician and chancellor
Constantin Brunner (1862–1937), German philosopher, grandson of Akiba Israel Wertheimer, was born in Altona
Karl Yens (1868–1945), plein-air painter of Southern California, born in Altona.
Carl F. W. Borgward (1890-1963), German engineer, car designer and businessman
Johannes de Boer (1897–1986), Highly decorated Generalleutnant during World War II, was born in Altona.
Louise Schroeder (1887-1957), German politician (SPD)
Carl Theodor Sørensen, (1893–1979), Danish landscape architect was born in Altona
Fatih Akın, (born 1973), Turkish film director was raised in Altona
Eric Maxim Choupo-Moting, (born 1989), Cameroonian footballer was born in Altona
See also
Altonaer FC von 1893 Football club based in the area.
Hamburg Altona electoral district, covering the borough
Altona, Victoria, Australia – a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, named after Altona, Hamburg
Altoona, Pennsylvania – named after Altona, Hamburg
850 Altona, an asteroid named after Altona, Hamburg
Notes
References
Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website
Act of the areal organisation, July 6, 2006 Gesetz über die räumliche Gliederung der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (RäumGiG)
Stolpersteine Hamburg Stolpersteine in Hamburg
External links
altona.INFO newspaper with daily local information
The Jewish Community of Altona, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
Boroughs of Hamburg
Altona
Populated places established in 1535
1535 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
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22169278
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantargyris
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Constantargyris
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Constantargyris is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
References
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Noctuinae
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1196053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village%20Vanguard
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Village Vanguard
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The Village Vanguard is a jazz club at Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village, New York City. The club was opened on February 22, 1935, by Max Gordon. Originally, the club presented folk music and beat poetry, but it became primarily a jazz music venue in 1957. It has hosted many highly renowned jazz musicians since then, and today is the oldest operating jazz club in New York City.
History
Early years
Max Gordon opened the Village Vanguard in 1934 on Charles Street and Greenwich Avenue. He intended it to be a forum for poets and artists as well as a site for musical performances. Due to insufficient facilities, Gordon was refused a cabaret license from the police department and was unable to create the club that he envisioned. In his autobiography he wrote, "I knew if I was ever to get anywhere in the nightclub business, I'd have to find another place with two johns, two exits, two hundred feet away from a church or synagogue or school, and with the rent under $100 a month." In 1934, he moved his business and purchased the Golden Triangle, a speakeasy at 178 Seventh Avenue South.
The Golden Triangle opened its doors in 1935. The Golden Triangle's basement facility structure resembled that of an isosceles triangle. After purchasing the property, Gordon changed the name of the club to the Village Vanguard.
Like its prototype on Charles Street, the Vanguard was dedicated to poetry readings and folk music. During the 1930s and 1940s, visitors to the club heard poetry read by Maxwell Bodenheim and Harry Kemp, blues and folk music by Lead Belly, and Caribbean calypso by the Duke of Iron. Painters discussed the Spanish Civil War between walls dotted by political posters. Comedians such as Phil Leeds performed stand-up routines.
Jazz
Lorraine Gordon wrote, "The biggest reason my pals and I went to the Vanguard, though, was because there were jazz jam sessions in the afternoons on Sundays. You could go hear Lester Young, Ben Webster; all the greatest jazz musicians for fifty cents at the door, or something like that." Although jazz was not yet the main attraction at the club, the Vanguard was a haven for small, swing groups. In the 1930s and 1940s, Sidney Bechet, Una Mae Carlisle, Art Hodes, and Mary Lou Williams performed at the Vanguard. Lorraine Gordon, Max Gordon's wife, said, "in time, Max began to book acts, often three a night. Many proved to be high-caliber jazzmen." In 1940, Roy Eldridge performed at the Vanguard. His performance and his dedicated fans raised the possibility that jazz could be the main attraction. As modern jazz developed in the 1940s, small groups began to dominate the Vanguard. College students and artists in Greenwich Village took an interest in jazz. In 1940, a resident trio was formed by Eddie Heywood, Zutty Singleton, and Jimmy Hamilton.
By 1957, one commentator writes, "Gordon reversed his policy, putting jazz at the top of the bill and letting the folknicks…and the comics…fill it out. Thus the Vanguard booked Miles Davis, Horace Silver, Thelonious Monk, Gerry Mulligan, the Modern Jazz Quartet, Jimmy Giuffre, Sonny Rollins, Anita O'Day, Charlie Mingus, Bill Evans (a regular), Stan Getz, Carmen McRae." The booking of Thelonious Monk was a particularly interesting story that demonstrated the Vanguard's ability to take a relatively unknown musician and help launch his career. The story of Monk's introduction to the Vanguard began with the first ever encounter between Max and Lorraine. Max and Lorraine first met each other in the Bluebell Bakery, a "homey little Fire Island joint." After she walked in and spotted Max (who she knew to be the owner of the Village Vanguard), Lorraine proposed to him that he showcase Thelonious Monk at the club for a week. He agreed and on September 14, 1948, Monk opened for the Vanguard. The reception was not ideal. "[N]obody came. None of the so-called jazz critics. None of the so-called cognoscenti. Zilch." But Lorraine continued to sponsor Monk as a genius and through her persistence helped him grow into the pillar of jazz he is today. From the 1950s on, the Vanguard was the leading small venue for jazz, launching many celebrated careers and sustaining others that were already aloft. The Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Orchestra that eventually became the Vanguard Jazz Orchestra played from 1966 to 1990 on Monday nights.
In 1989, Max Gordon died. The day after, Lorraine Gordon closed the Vanguard. The following day, she reopened it and continued to run the place. On June 9, 2018, Lorraine Gordon died at the age of 95 from a stroke.
Recordings
The Vanguard helped start many careers and has hosted many recordings that are regarded as masterpieces in its basement, making it now a club of international renown. On 3 November 1957, during some of the first recording sessions at the club, Sonny Rollins, a tenor sax player, recorded three LPs. These recordings were at the forefront of the hard-bop movement. The LPs documented two different saxophone-bass-drums trios. Rollins had shown an interest in smaller ensembles as early as 1955; in Paradox, he exchanged four-measure phrases with drummer Max Roach, with no other instrument taking part. In the Vanguard recordings we hear similar styles in arrangements. In the song "Old Devil Moon", Rollins is accompanied only by a bassist and a drummer. Musically, this song set the standard for the piano-less trio. Following Rollins, recordings continued; The Gerry Mulligan Concert Jazz Band performed and recorded there in December 1960 after returning from a European Tour. Then there was John Coltrane's and Bill Evans's Vanguard titles, both from 1961 (Evans was extensively recorded at the Village Vanguard just three months before his death in 1980). Coltrane's album was five titles taken from 22 recorded songs over four nights at the Vanguard.
In 1962 The Cannonball Adderley Sextet in New York was released. The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra performed every Monday Night beginning in 1965, recording several times, and in 1976 hosted Dexter Gordon's "Homecoming" performance with Woody Shaw. Rahsaan Roland Kirk performed several shows at the Vanguard in May 1970 that were compiled for his album Rahsaan Rahsaan. During the same year and only four months apart, Pat Patrick and Thelonious Monk played together at the Village Vanguard.
Other recordings include Art Pepper's Thursday Night at the Village Vanguard (1977), Tommy Flanagan's Nights at the Vanguard (1986), and Wynton Marsalis's seven-disc Live at the Vanguard (1999). "The words 'Live at the Village Vanguard' do have a direct and positive influence on an album's sales", said Bruce Lundvall, president of Blue Note, a jazz label with more than a dozen "Live at the Vanguard" titles in its catalog.
In 2013, Ravi Coltrane, the son of John Coltrane, performed at the Village Vanguard.
Singer Cécile McLorin Salvant recorded many of the songs from her album Dreams and Daggers live at the Vanguard. The album won a Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Album in 2018.
See also
Live at the Village Vanguard
List of jazz clubs
References
External links
Official site
"A Room with a Life of Its Own"
"Live at the Village Vanguard"
Live Concerts from The Village Vanguard at NPR Music
Village Vanguard - Jazz Club in New York | Potrait
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Jazz clubs in New York City
Music venues in Manhattan
Nightclubs in Manhattan
Drinking establishments in Greenwich Village
Music venues completed in 1935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermopylae
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Thermopylae
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Thermopylae (; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: (Thermopylai) , Demotic Greek (Greek): , (Thermopyles) ; "hot gates") is a place in Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in antiquity. It derives its name from its hot sulphur springs. In Greek mythology the Hot Gates is one of the entrances to Hades.
Thermopylae is the site of a battle between the Greek forces (including Spartans, Thebans and Thespians) and the invading Persian forces, commemorated by Simonides of Ceos in the famous epitaph, "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, That here obedient to their laws we lie." Thermopylae is the only land route large enough to bear any significant traffic between Lokris and Thessaly. To go from north to south along the east coast of the Balkan peninsula requires use of the pass, and so Thermopylae has been the site of several battles.
In ancient times it was called Malis, named after the Malians (), a Greek tribe that lived near present-day Lamia at the delta of the river Spercheios in Greece. The Malian Gulf is also named after them. In the western valley of the Spercheios their land was adjacent to the Aenianes. Their main town was named Trachis. In the town of Anthela, the Malians had an important Temple of Demeter Amphictyonis, an early center of the Anthelan Amphictyony.
The land is dominated by the coastal floodplain of the Spercheios river and is surrounded by sloping forested limestone mountains. There is continuous deposition of sediment from the river and travertine deposits from the hot springs which has substantially altered the landscape during the past few thousand years. The land surface on which the famous Battle of Thermopylae was fought in 480 BC is now buried under of soil. The shoreline has also advanced over the centuries because of the sedimentary deposition. The level of the Malian Gulf was also significantly higher during prehistoric times, and the Spercheios River was significantly shorter. Its shoreline advanced by up to 2 kilometers between 2500 BC and 480 BC but has still left several narrow passages between the sea and the mountains. The narrowest point on the plain, where the battle was probably fought, would have been less than wide. Between 480 BC and the 21st century, the shoreline advanced by as much as in places, eliminating the narrowest points of the pass and considerably increasing the size of the plain around the outlet of the Spercheios.
A highway now splits the pass, with a modern-day monument to King Leonidas I of Sparta on the east side of the highway. It is directly across the road from the hill where Simonides' epitaph to the fallen is engraved in stone at the top. Thermopylae is part of the "horseshoe of Maliakos", also known as the "horseshoe of death": it is the narrowest part of the highway connecting the north and the south of Greece. It has many turns and has been the site of many vehicular accidents.
The hot springs from which the pass derives its name still exist close to the foot of the hill.
Origin
Thermopylae means "hot gates," in reference to the presence of the hot sulphur springs in the area. The cavernous entrance to Hades, the underworld of Greek mythology, was said to be at Thermopylae. In one variation of the story of the Labours of Heracles, it was said that the waters at Thermopylae became hot because the hero Heracles tried to cleanse himself of Hydra poison in them.
The first known Amphictyony, a group of religiously-associated ancient Greek tribes, was centered on the cult of Demeter at the city of Anthela, near Thermopylae. The delegates to this first Amphictyony were dubbed the Pylagorai ("gate-assemblers"); since Demeter had chthonic or underworld associations in many of her older cults, this may be a reference to the gates of Hades.
Battles
Greco-Persian Wars
Thermopylae is primarily known for the battle that took place there in 480 BC, in which an outnumbered Greek force probably of 7,000 (including 300 Spartans, 500 warriors from Tegea, 500 from Mantinea, 120 from Arcadian Orchomenos, 1,000 from the rest of Arcadia, 200 from Phlius, 80 from Mycenae, 400 Corinthians, 400 Thebans, 1,000 Phocians, 700 Thespians, and the Opuntian Locrians) held off a substantially larger force of Persians under Xerxes. Over 1,000 Greeks remained in the pass when most of the army retreated: the survivors from previous fighting of 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians, along with 400 Thebans whom the other Greeks forcibly held as hostages. Gaius Stern has argued that this force had already suffered casualties of over 100 in the previous fighting, so the true number might be closer to 1,250 than 1,400.
For three days they held a narrow route between hills and the sea against Xerxes' vast cavalry and infantry force, before being outflanked on the third day via an obscure goat path named the Anopaea Pass. According to the Greek legend, a traitor named Ephialtes of Trachis showed the path to the invaders. The following epitaph by Simonides was written on the monument: "Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by, that here obedient to their laws we lie." (Ὦ ξεῖν', ἀγγέλλειν Λακεδαιμονίοις ὅτι τῇδε κείμεθα, τοῖς κείνων ῥήμασι πειθόμενοι.)
Third Sacred War
In 353 BC/352 BC during the Third Sacred War, fought mainly between the forces of the Delphic Amphictyonic League, principally represented by Thebes, and latterly by Philip II of Macedon, and the Phocians. The war was caused by a large fine imposed on the Phocians in 357 BC for cultivating sacred land. The Spartans, who were also fined in that war, actually never fought in it as they were later pardoned.
Gallic invasion of the Balkans
In 279 BC a Gallic army led by Brennus initially engaged the Aetolians who were forced to make a tactical retreat and who were finally routed by the Thessalians and Malians by the river Spercheios.
Roman-Seleucid Wars
In 191 BC Antiochus III the Great of Syria attempted in vain to hold the pass against the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio.
Balkan invasion by the Heruli
At an uncertain date in the mid 3rd century AD, the Germanic tribe of Heruli were defeated by a Roman force sent to stop them.
Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars
In 997, the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel invaded Greece and advanced as far as the Peloponnese. On his return, he was met by a Byzantine army under Nikephoros Ouranos at Spercheios. As the river was flooded, both sides encamped on opposite sides without action. Confident that the Byzantines could not cross the river, the Bulgarians relaxed their guard and were taken by surprise when Byzantine scouts discovered a ford further upriver.
Greek War of Independence
In 1821, a force of Greek fighters led by Athanasios Diakos made a stand near the pass to stop a force of 8,000 Turks from marching down from Thessaly to put down revolts in Roumeli and the Peloponnese. Diakos, after making a last stand at the bridge of Alamana with 48 of his men, was captured and killed.
World War II
In 1941 during World War II the ANZAC forces delayed the invading Nazi forces in the area enough to allow the evacuation of the British expeditionary force to Crete. This conflict also became known as the Battle of Thermopylae. The sabotage of the Gorgopotamos bridge in 1942 was referred in German documents of the era as "the recent sabotage near Thermopylae".
See also
Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture
Amphictyonic League
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
Maps of Attica and Thermopylae
Google Earth view
Battle of Thermopylae
Hot springs of Greece
Mountain passes of Greece
Canyons and gorges of Greece
Landforms of Phthiotis
Landforms of Central Greece
Spa towns in Greece
Populated places in Phthiotis
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44983831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parhippopsicon%20albovittatum
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Parhippopsicon albovittatum
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Parhippopsicon albovittatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1978.
References
Agapanthiini
Beetles described in 1978
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68373714
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio%20Cantisani
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Antonio Cantisani
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Antonio Cantisani (2 November 1926 – 1 July 2021) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate. He served as the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rossano-Cariati from 18 November 1971 to 31 July 1980. He was the appointed the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Catanzaro from 1980 until his retirement in 2003.
Archbishop Emeritus Cantisani died in Catanzaro on 1 July 2021, at the age of 94. He was buried in the crypt of the Basilica dell'Immacolata in Catanzaro on 2 July 2021.
References
1926 births
2021 deaths
21st-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
People from Lauria
People from the Province of Potenza
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62718294
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20Guy%20%28film%29
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Smart Guy (film)
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Smart Guy is a 1943 American crime film directed by Lambert Hillyer and written by John W. Krafft and Charles R. Marion. The film stars Rick Vallin, Veda Ann Borg, Bobby Larson, Wanda McKay, Jack La Rue and Mary Gordon. The film was released on December 17, 1943, by Monogram Pictures.
Plot
Cast
Rick Vallin as Johnny Reagan
Veda Ann Borg as Lee
Bobby Larson as Bobby
Wanda McKay as Jean Wickers
Jack La Rue as Matt Taylor
Mary Gordon as Maggie
Paul McVey as Kilbourne
Addison Richards as Ben Carter
Roy Darmour as Kearns
John Dawson as Evans
Dan White as Sheriff
References
External links
1943 films
American films
English-language films
American crime films
1943 crime films
Monogram Pictures films
Films directed by Lambert Hillyer
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40741235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan%20Baghalachi
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Khan Baghalachi
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Khan Baghalachi (, also Romanized as Khān Baghalachī; also known as Khān Kandī) is a village in Chaldoran-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Chaldoran County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 241, in 50 families.
References
Populated places in Chaldoran County
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21683415
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III%20Corps%20%28South%20Vietnam%29
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III Corps (South Vietnam)
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III Corps () was a corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975. It was one of four corps in the ARVN, and oversaw the region of the country surrounding the capital Saigon.
III Corps was activated in September 1959 and controlled the country south of Phan Thiet excluding Saigon which was controlled by the Capital Military District. In 1962, President Ngô Đình Diệm decided to split the Corps into two, the former III Corps area being reduced in size to cover the area northeast of Saigon and the newly created IV Corps taking over the west and southwest.
The Fifth Division based in Bien Hoa on the northern outskirts of Saigon was a part of III Corps, and due to the division's close proximity to the capital was a key factor in the success or failure of the various coup attempts in the nation's history.
Divisions
References
Corps level formations of South Vietnam
Military units and formations established in 1955
Military units and formations disestablished in 1975
1955 establishments in South Vietnam
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30530028
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenanthos%20stictus
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Adenanthos stictus
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Adenanthos cuneatus is a shrub of the family Proteaceae, native to the south coast of Western Australia. It was described by Alex George in 1974.
References
stictus
Eudicots of Western Australia
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49617904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made%20in%20Argentina
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Made in Argentina
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Made in Argentina is a 1987 Argentine film directed by Juan José Jusid.
Cast
Luis Brandoni - Osvaldo
Marta Bianchi - Mabel
Leonor Manso - Yoli - cuñada
Patricio Contreras - El negro - cuñado
Hugo Arana
Mario Luciani
Alberto Busaid - Quique
Gabriela Flores
Alejo García Pintos
Frank Vincent
Jorge Rivera López
Marzenka Novak
External links
1987 comedy films
1987 films
Argentine films
Argentine comedy films
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60525839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhtang%20Natsvlishvili
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Vakhtang Natsvlishvili
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Vakhtang "Vato" Natsvlishvili. (Georgian:ვახტანგ "ვატო" ნაცვლიშვილი) (born January 28, 1976) is a retired Georgian professional basketball player.
He was the captain of Georgian National Basketball Team from 1997 till 2007
Career
Throughout his career, Vato Natsvlishvili has played in different European basketball clubs. He represented the Georgian national basketball team from 1994 to 2007 as well. Later in his career, Natsvlishvili played in Georgia.
best career game with NT vs Turkey in 3 December 1997. score 33 pt.8 rb.
https://popsport.com/article/23192-natsvlishvilis-33-kula-da-stepanias-ormagi-dubli-turkettan-1997
Personal life
Natsvilishvili is married to a model Nino Tskitishvili, a sister of basketball player Nika Tskitishvili. His daughter, Tako is a model as well.
References
http://gbf.ge/en/news/vakhtang-natsvlishvili-davith-berdzenishvili-da-irakli-baqradze-qarthuli-kalathburthis-gza-evrobasketamde
External links
Georgian Superleague profile
Eurobasket.com profile
Basketball-reference profile
Georgian Athletes Biographical Dictionary
1976 births
Living people
Bnei Hertzeliya basketball players
Expatriate basketball people from Georgia (country) in France
Expatriate basketball people in Portugal
JDA Dijon Basket players
Karşıyaka basketball players
Men's basketball players from Georgia (country)
Power forwards (basketball)
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2794900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Bement
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Linda Bement
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Linda Jeanne Bement (November 2, 1941 – March 19, 2018) was an American model and beauty queen who became the third Miss USA to be crowned Miss Universe. She died of natural causes on March 19, 2018, at her home in Salt Lake City.
Miss Universe 1960
A member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Bement was the second woman from Utah to be crowned Miss USA. She represented the United States in the Miss Universe 1960 pageant, broadcast from Miami Beach, Florida, where she was crowned the winner of the title by Miss Universe 1959, Akiko Kojima of Japan. The 1960 pageant was the first Miss Universe pageant to be televised nationwide.
Life after Miss Universe
In 1962 she married the Panamanian-born future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racing jockey, Manuel Ycaza. The couple had two children before they divorced in November 1969. Linda died of natural causes on March 19, 2018, at her home in Salt Lake City.
References
External links
Official Miss Universe website - Past titleholders
1941 births
2018 deaths
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Miss Universe 1960 contestants
Miss Universe winners
Miss USA 1960s delegates
Miss USA winners
People from Salt Lake City
20th-century American people
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59596974
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman%20Pulai%20Mutiara
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Taman Pulai Mutiara
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Taman Pulai Mutiara is a township in the Mukim Pulai, city of Iskandar Puteri, district of Johor Bahru, State of Johor Darul Ta'zim, Malaysia. The township is bordered by Pulai Indah and Laman Indah to the north, and Alam Jaya Business Park, Setia Business Park and Tropicana Upland to the south. The rest area on it perimeter is covered in green. This township is being developed since 2016, and ready for occupation from 2018 onward.
Development Phasing
The township is developed in two development.
1. Taman Pulai Mutiara
2. Taman Pulai Mutiara 2 (formerly known as Taman Scientex Amber Land)
Taman Pulai Mutiara
Taman Pulai Mutiara is the first development in the township, consisted of 8 precincts
Aster
Precinct 1 Aster opened in 2018 is made of 626 double storey link houses with perimeter fencing. This precinct cover 17 hactres area at the south west of the township.
Acacia
Precinct 2 Acacia is made of 585 unit of 2 and half storey terrace houses.
Jasmine
Precinct 5 Jasmine consisted of double storey terrace houses.
Camellia
Precinct 6 Camellia consisted of double storey terrace houses.
Lavender
Precinct 7 Lavender consisted of double storey cluster houses.
Apartments
Precinct 3 Apartment Type C
Precinct 8 Apartment Type B
Precinct 9 Apartment Type C
Commercial
Pulai Boulevard
Shopping Complex in planning
Taman Pulai Mutiara 2
Taman Pulai Mutiara 2 was developed in a joint venture agreement between Scientex and Amber Land. This development consist 3 precinct at the moment, that are under construction.
Dahlia
Cassia
Institutional
School in planning
Surau Al-Aqsa in Precinct 1 Aster Taman Pulai Mutiara
Masjid Taman Pulai Mutiara in planning
Community
Penghulu
List of Penghulu of Mukim Pulai
1. Tok Zainuddin
Councillor
List of Councillor of Zone 8 Iskandar Puteri:
1. Wan Nasrudin May 2018 - February 2020
2. Hafizee Adha Norzamri April 2020 - April 2021
3. Halim Hj Md Sohod April 2021 - now
Ketua Kampung
List of Chairman of MPKK Kangkar Pulai:
1. Hafizal Yusoff until February 2020
2. Hj Adnan bin Ladimin ''
Residents Association
Persatuan Penduduk Aster Taman Pulai Mutiara
Persatuan Penduduk Acacia Taman Pulai Mutiara
Persatuan Penduduk Jasmine Taman Pulai Mutiara
Kawasan Rukun Tetangga
KRT Aster 1 Taman Pulai Mutiara
KRT Aster 2 Taman Pulai Mutiara
Religious Society
Persatuan Kebajikan Penduduk Islam Taman Pulai Mutiara
See also
Iskandar Puteri
Pulai Indah, Johor
Pulai Hijauan, Johor
Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai
Kangkar Pulai
References
Iskandar Puteri
Townships in Johor
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