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1 June News
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A comprehensive annotation and differential expression analysis of short and long non-coding RNAs in 16 bat genomes
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Although bats are increasingly becoming the focus of scientific studies due to their unique properties, these exceptional animals are still among the least studied mammals. Assembly quality and completeness of bat genomes vary a lot and especially non-coding RNA (ncRNA) annotations are incomplete or simply missing. Accordingly, standard bioinformatics pipelines for gene expression analysis often ignore ncRNAs such as microRNAs or long antisense RNAs. The main cause of this problem is the use of incomplete genome annotations. We present a complete screening for ncRNAs within 16 bat genomes. NcRNAs affect a remarkable variety of vital biological functions, including gene expression regulation, RNA processing, RNA interference and, as recently described, regulatory processes in viral infections. Within all investigated bat assemblies, we annotated 667 ncRNA families including 162 snoRNAs and 193 miRNAs as well as rRNAs, tRNAs, several snRNAs and lncRNAs, and other structural ncRNA elements. We validated our ncRNA candidates by six RNA-Seq data sets and show significant expression patterns that have never been described before in a bat species on such a large scale. Our annotations will be usable as a resource (rna.uni-jena.de/supplements/bats) for deeper studying of bat evolution, ncRNAs repertoire, gene expression and regulation, ecology and important host–virus interactions.
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5,502 |
15 November News
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5,503 |
Imported Infectious Diseases: The Impact in Developed Countries
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5,504 |
In the Literature
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5,505 |
Viruses and the Lung: Infections and Non-Infectious Viral-Linked Lung Disorders
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5,506 |
15 August News
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5,507 |
Emerging Infectious Diseases: Clinical Case Studies
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5,508 |
15 November News
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5,509 |
1 January News
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5,510 |
1 April News
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5,511 |
1 August News
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5,512 |
15 December News
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5,513 |
Genetics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases
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5,514 |
News
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5,515 |
ACCENT® Continuing Education Credit for Readers of Clinical Chemistry
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5,516 |
In the Literature
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5,517 |
Correction
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5,518 |
How viruses use cells
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5,519 |
Molecular diagnostic techniques
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Clinical microbiology laboratories increasingly rely on molecular diagnostic techniques. The various formats of nucleic acid amplification are the most frequently used molecular tests in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. In many clinical settings, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is clearly the method of choice due to its exquisite sensitivity and specificity. Today, many conventional PCR methods are being replaced by real-time PCR, which allows more rapid detection and quantification of the PCR product, as well as detection of different strains of the pathogen by melting curve analysis. The ability to measure the quantity of microbe by quantitative PCR has become increasingly important, providing information on the progression and prognosis of disease, and effectiveness of treatment. Other widely used molecular diagnostic techniques are isothermal amplification methods and nucleic acid hybridization techniques. Microarray is a technique which holds promise and has an exceptional sensitivity and the capacity to detect several pathogens simultaneously. However, microarrays are currently too expensive to be adapted for routine diagnostics, and their diagnostic use requires broad-based nucleic acid amplification prior to analysis which is not well established. Several molecular methods can be used for genotyping, which allows the identification of different subtypes of the pathogen; genotyping plays a role in the risk assessment and management of infections. Clinicians need to recognize the enhanced accuracy and speed of the molecular diagnostic techniques for the diagnosis of infections, but also to understand their limitations. Laboratory results should always be interpreted in the context of the clinical presentation of the patient, and appropriate site, quality, and timing of specimen collection are required for reliable test results.
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5,520 |
Invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation
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Early recognition of patients who might potentially require ventilatory support is a key goal of critical care outreach programmes and an important skill for all hospital medical staff. Decisions about the initiation and timing of invasive ventilation can be difficult, and early discussion with critical care colleagues is essential. Appropriateness of invasive ventilatory support can also require advanced discussion with patients and families. In the past 10–15 years, the role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has expanded, not least in an attempt to minimize the complications inherent in invasive ventilation. Indeed, NIV is now considered first-line therapy in some conditions (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary oedema, mild to moderate hypoxaemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients), and a ‘trial of NIV’ is often considered in respiratory failure resulting from an increasingly wide range of causes. With NIV, the importance of the environment (setting, monitoring, experience of staff) and forward planning cannot be overemphasized. When used for other than the standard indications, NIV should be employed in a high-dependency or intensive care setting in patients for whom invasive ventilation would be considered.
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5,521 |
Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: treatment and prevention
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An acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is sustained worsening of dyspnoea and sputum production in patients with COPD. They may be managed in the community with oral steroids and antibiotics but hospital referral is required where there is doubt about the diagnosis or if there are features of severity such as confusion, respiratory distress or haemodynamic instability. Regular review is required as failure to improve should prompt consideration of another diagnosis. In the emergency department, nebulized β(2)–agonists and anticholinergic bronchodilators should be given and arterial blood gases assessed. Patients with an arterial pH of 7.35 or less should be assessed for non-invasive ventilation. Patients who are stable and are not in type 2 respiratory failure should be considered for discharge if there is adequate home support. Warded patients should be discharged if they are stable for 24 hours and if both patient and doctor are confident that they can manage at home with outpatient follow-up at 4 to 6 weeks. About 25% of COPD patients may not have recovered to baseline lung function at this time.
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5,522 |
Invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation
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Early recognition of patients who might potentially require ventilatory support is a key goal of critical care outreach programs and an important skill for all hospital medical staff. Decisions about the initiation and timing of invasive ventilation can be difficult and early discussion with critical care colleagues is essential. Appropriateness of invasive ventilatory support may also be an issue requiring advanced discussion with patients and their families. In the past 10–15 years, the role of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has expanded, not least in an attempt to minimize the complications inherent with invasive ventilation. As such, NIV is now considered first-line therapy in some conditions (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary oedema, mild-to-moderate hypoxaemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients), and a ‘trial of NIV’ is often considered in respiratory failure resulting from an increasingly wide range of causes. When using NIV, the importance of the environment (setting, monitoring and experience of staff) and forward planning cannot be overemphasized. When used for other than the standard indications, NIV should be employed in a high-dependency/intensive care setting only in patients for whom invasive ventilation would be considered.
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5,523 |
Methods in Molecular Medicine: Microarrays in Clinical Diagnostics. Thomas O. Joos and Paolo Fortina, editors. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005, 288 pp., $121.50, hardcover. ISBN 1-58829-394-7.
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5,524 |
The next pandemic: on the front lines against humankind's gravest dangers
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5,525 |
Program and Abstracts for the 2007 Meeting of the Society for Glycobiology
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5,526 |
China vs the WHO: a behavioural norm conflict in the SARS crisis
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This article studies a conflict over two competing norms in which the actors demonstrated incompatible positions not through arguments, but through actions. During the SARS crisis, China and the World Health Organization (WHO) entered a norm conflict over the precedence of sovereignty or global health security. Both resorted to behavioural, not discursive contestation: while the WHO practically but not rhetorically challenged the sovereignty norm by acting according to the norm of global health security, China—without openly acknowledging it—contravened the basic principles of global health security by acting according to the overlapping sovereignty norm. Why and with what consequences do actors choose to contest norms through actions rather than words? The article accounts for the resort to behavioural contestation by pointing to the strategic advantages it offers for furthering a contentious norm understanding without facing the social costs of making it explicit. It furthermore highlights that behavioural contestation may feed back into and change the odds of discursive contestation as its practical effects provide rhetorical resources to (de-)legitimate one or the other position. The propositions are illustrated in the interactions of China and the WHO during the SARS crisis and the subsequent norm development. This article forms part of the special section of the May 2019 issue of International Affairs on ‘The dynamics of dissent’, guest-edited by Anette Stimmer and Lea Wisken.
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5,527 |
The New Global Threat. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Its Impacts. Tommy Koh, Aileen Plant, Eng Hin Lee. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 2004, pp. 356, $17.00 (PB) ISBN: 9812386688
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5,528 |
IN THIS ISSUE
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5,529 |
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Outbreak and National and Hospital Response in Korea
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5,530 |
171 Molecular breeding value prediction of pregnancy rate in Holstein dairy cows managed in a heat-stressed environment using candidate gene SNP
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Reproductive performance in Holstein dairy cattle managed during summer in southern Sonora is a challenge because of high ambient temperature and relative humidity. Both of these factors contribute to heat stress, which influences cow behavior. The physiological response of cows to heat stress is one component of a system-wide gene network. Within this environment, a superior cow's ability to get pregnant early during postpartum is favorable as to reduce the trait days open and to increase productive life. Recently, many reproductive specialists have recommended using pregnancy rate as a measure of reproductive success, after converting this trait into a quantitative value using a linear formula. In comparison to the traditional measure of days open, pregnancy rate calculation includes more easily cows that do not become pregnant; furthermore, the output variable indicates that larger values are more desirable, and therefore, more understandable by dairy producers. The objective herein was to predict pregnancy rate in lactating Holstein cows using molecular markers associated with fertility in Holstein cows under a heat-stressed environment. This study included 500 cows from three dairy herds located in the Yaqui Valley of Sonora. A blood sample was collected from every cow and spotted onto FTA cards. The DNA was extracted from each card and used to genotype 179 tag SNP within 43 genes in the prolactin and GH-IGF1 pathways. Five SNP within the genes IGFBP7, IGFBP2, PAPPA1, SSTR2, and STAT6 were associated with pregnancy rate using a mixed effects model. The genotype term was later included in this model to calculate allele substitution effects. Molecular breeding values of the individual cows were calculated by summing the additive genotype effect for each SNP that showed a significant independent association with pregnancy rate, and the average MBV was 0.46 ± 0.01%. Two statistical regression models were used to predict the variable pregnancy rate: a full model that included effects of days and number of lactations, contemporary group (e.g., farm management group), health status, and MBV and a reduced model that only included MBV. Coefficients of determination were 37.61% and 3.07% for full and reduced models, respectively (P < 0.01). These results indicate that five SNP explained only a small proportion of the additive genetic variance for pregnancy rate. Additional research is needed to understand if these results are due to low heritability/repeatability of a fertility and (or) if these results are also influenced by heat stress.
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5,531 |
0177 Bovine macrophage phenotype influences inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide
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Severe inflammation during gram negative bacterial disease is common in periparturient dairy cows and increases the severity of diseases such as Escherichia coli mastitis. Tissue inflammation is partly orchestrated by macrophage responses to bacterial infection. Studies in monogastric species showed classical phenotype macrophages have proinflammatory responses and alternative phenotype macrophages have protective and restorative responses during disease. However, responses of diverse bovine macrophage phenotypes to lipopolysaccharide are unclear. The objective of this research was to compare the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in several phenotypes of bovine primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood using Ficoll (n = 8 cows). Monocytes were identified using mouse anti-bovine CD172α monoclonal antibody and separated from lymphocytes using magnetic assisted cell sorting. Monocytes were cultured with interferon-γ or interleukins (IL) 4 and 13 to induce a classical or alternative macrophage phenotype, respectively, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Macrophage mRNA was quantified in adipose using qPCR. Fold changes in mRNA concentration were calculated by 2(-ΔΔCt), using the untreated cells as calibrator and three endogenous control mRNA. Treatment differences in mRNA expression were identified using Fisher pairwise comparisons and ANOVA (P ≤ 0.05). Flow cytometry showed magnetic assisted cell sorting increased CD172α(+) cells from 22.3 ± 1.9 to 81.6 ± 2.8%. After 48 h in vitro, CD68 expression increased and CD172α(+) was 95.2 ± 0.4%. Lipopolysaccharide increased IL6, IL10, TNF, and CCL2 expression. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated IL6 and IL10 expression was decreased in alternative macrophages, whereas lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF expression was increased in classical macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated CCL2 expression was not different between macrophage types. Together these results show an exacerbated proinflammatory cytokine profile in a model of classical bovine macrophages during gram negative bacterial disease. Results suggest that macrophage phenotype could be involved with severe inflammatory responses seen during dairy cow periparturient periods characterized by prolonged and exacerbated lipolysis and increased disease susceptibility. Ongoing research will describe macrophage phenotype during bovine disease and identify factors contributing to phenotype change. Such factors could ultimately be manipulated to control the bovine macrophage inflammatory response.
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5,532 |
Lessons from lesions: the effects of olfactory bulbectomy
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Olfactory bulb removal has been used to examine a wide-ranging number of topics. The present review outlines the categories of studies employing the technique, discusses some problems with the methodology and with previous interpretations of observed results, and suggests some potential avenues of investigation.
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5,533 |
SARS Bulletin from Hong Kong: What Might We Have Done Better?
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5,534 |
Reply to van der Hoek and Berkhout
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5,535 |
Workshop on Coronaviruses
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5,536 |
Reply to Tso et al
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5,537 |
SARS Bulletin from Hong Kong
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5,538 |
SARS Bulletin from Hong Kong: 30 March—4 April 2003
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5,539 |
Infectious Diseases Subdue Serengeti Lions
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5,540 |
Verification of a Novel Multiplex PCR Respiratory Virus Panel in a US Biocontainment Unit
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Emerging infectious diseases carry unique logistical, financial, and clinical ramifications. Rapid diagnostic testing methods can alleviate some of these challenges by providing definitive diagnoses earlier in the clinical course, leading to appropriate targeted therapy, cost savings, and improved patient outcomes. The BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel 2 plus (RP2plus; bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) is a multiplexed nucleic acid test for detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and 14 common viral and 4 bacterial respiratory pathogens in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from those meeting MERS-CoV epidemiological criteria. The aim of this study was to verify the FilmArray RP2plus for use in our biocontainment unit. Of note, the RP2plus is FDA approved but not currently available for sale in the United States. Eight patient samples were tested with known results (GenMark Respiratory Virus Panel [RVP] or Cepheid Xpert Flu/RSV). We had concordant results between the platforms for samples containing influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus 2, rhinovirus, and a negative sample. We evaluated two influenza B samples from two different patients. The FilmArray RP2plus did not detect influenza B in one of the patient samples. The sample was exhausted and repeat testing could not be performed. A second rhinovirus sample was not detected by the RP2plus, but Coronavirus 229E was detected in this sample, a virus not detected by the RVP. The sample was repeated and again did not detect rhinovirus. Further investigation into this discrepancy revealed that rhinovirus was originally detected by RVP at a signal of 34.4 nA (repeat of 46.9 nA). The concordant rhinovirus sample had a signal of 226.7 nA by RVP, which was much higher than the discrepant sample. Because of the low signal by RVP in the discrepant sample, perhaps the viral load was below the limit of detection of the RP2plus. All other quality control sample pools passed verification testing, including day-to-day and operator variance. It is not uncommon for a person under investigation (PUI) for a highly communicable disease to be evaluated in our facility. The performance of the RP2plus test on clinical samples showed acceptable concordance with our current means of testing for respiratory pathogens. The RP2plus will eliminate challenges implicated in storing and transporting specimens to an off-site lab, facilitate quicker turnaround time, and streamline the often cumbersome, complex protocols and practices required to work up a serious communicable disease.
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5,541 |
Conservation Medicine on the Galápagos Islands: Partnerships Among Behavioral, Population, and Veterinary Scientists
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5,542 |
Animal Reservoirs: Harboring the Next Pandemic
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Recent studies of emerging infectious diseases show most are zoonoses transmitted to humans from domesticated animals and wildlife.
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5,543 |
Abstracts from the 45(th) Annual Meeting of Japanese Association for the Stusy of Taste and Smell (JASTS 2011), Kanazawa, Japan, October 5-7(th), 2011 (The president of the meeting was Dr. Takaki Miwa, Kanazawa Medical University)
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5,544 |
NOTICES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS
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5,545 |
0175 The effect of various parameters measured at farrowing on subsequent pig performance
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The objective of this study was to evaluate birth weight, gender, stall conditions at birth, umbilical diameter, ratio of umbilical diameter to birth weight (as a potential indicator of placental efficiency), and umbilical antiseptic treatment as predictors of pre-weaning mortality, incidence of umbilical hernias, and 150 d weight of pigs in a commercial facility. A total of 466 mixed gender commercial piglets from a breed-to-wean sow farm were enrolled. Piglets were alternately assigned by birth order within a litter to four umbilical treatment groups; iodine (2%), Zurex umbilical dip, a dry dip created using an antibacterial peptide (nisin) mixed with talc (formulation concentration = 3.105 g nisin/100 g talc on a wt/wt basis), and no treatment. At birth, stall conditions (wet/dry and clean/dirty) were evaluated on a 3 point scale (3 = most dirty or most wet and 1 = dry or clean). Before treatment, diameter of the umbilical cords were determined using digital calipers. All data were analyzed using mixed model methods. Models included the fixed effects of birth weight, umbilical diameter at birth, gender, stall conditions and treatment. Pre-weaning mortality was significantly affected by umbilical treatment (p < 0.05) and by ratio of umbilical diameter to birth weight (p < 0.001). Piglets treated with 2% iodine had a higher mortality rate than piglets treated with other antiseptics or those that were untreated. Piglets with the lowest umbilical cord diameter to birth weight ratio had the highest survival rate. Stall conditions at birth (p < 0.005) and the ratio of umbilical diameter to birth weight (p < 0.05) affected the incidence of umbilical hernias. Piglets born in wet stall conditions or those with a high umbilical cord to birth weight ratio had a higher incidence of umbilical hernias in the growing phase. Final 150 d weight of pigs was affected by the ratio of umbilical diameter to birth weight (p < 0.0001) and gender (p < 0.0001), and tended to be affected by stall conditions at birth (p = 0.06). Male pigs weighed 93.5 kg, while female pigs weighed 86.5 kg. Piglets with the highest ratio of umbilical cord diameter to birth weight and those born in wet stall conditions weighed less. In conclusion, measuring the umbilical cord to birth weight ratio was a much better predictor of pre-weaning mortality, incidence of umbilical hernias, and 150 d weight than birth weight alone.
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5,546 |
0106 Evaluating preweaned calf housing and its impact on calf respiratory parameters on New York dairy farms
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The objectives of this project were to (1) evaluate environmental and air quality parameters across different types of calf housing facilities; (2) evaluate rates of respiratory illness in preweaned calves; and (3) determine the impact of environmental factors, air quality, and housing type on calf health. This was an observational study in which calf facilities were evaluated on a single visit during June 2015. Housing included hutches (n = 9), individual pens in a barn (n = 11), and group pens in a barn (n = 9). Facility and calf pen evaluations included wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, heat stress index, bedding type, bedding composite sample for bacteria counts, nesting score of calf pens, calf health scoring, and airborne bacteria. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 to determine the impact of housing type, environmental, and air quality variables on calf respiratory score. A total of 29 facilities and 437 preweaned calves were evaluated. Calf facility temperature averaged 24.2°C (range 15.5 to 30.6°C) with a relative humidity of 21.5% (range 10 to 78%) and a heat index of 21.5°C (range 6 to 30.9°C). Temperature and airborne bacterial counts were greater in hutches as compared with individual and group pens (P < 0.01). Humidity was similar for hutches and group pens, but greater than individual pens. Gram negative airborne bacterial counts were lowest in individual pens. No difference in heat index was observed across housing type. Mean calf respiratory scores was 2.5 (range of 0 to 9) on a 12 point scale; 13.33% of calves evaluated scored greater than 5, indicating a respiratory challenge. Prevalence of respiratory illness in preweaned calves ranged from 0 to 50% of calves on a per farm basis (mean = 11.05% of calves/farm), with 44.82% of farms having no respiratory illness and 10.32% of farms having 30 to 50% of evaluated calves exhibiting signs of respiratory illness. There was a negative correlation between respiratory score and pen temperature (R(2) = 0.90). There was no influence on respiratory score by housing system, bedding type, ventilation system, relative humidity, airflow, or airborne bacterial counts. Data collected from this study suggests that respiratory illness continues to be a challenge, even when weather is temperate. Additional research is needed to evaluate rates of respiratory illness during cold stress and transitional weather, as well as to evaluate management factors that increase the risk of infection.
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5,547 |
Deadly Outbreaks
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5,548 |
Hepatitis Workshops of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
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5,549 |
0105 Serum and colostrum antibody titers in Holstein cows, and the relationship between these titers and serum antibody titers in their calves
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Vaccination of cows in late gestation is sometimes used to improve maternal antibody titers in their calves. However, scant published research has reported the relationship between serum antibody titers to specific infectious agents in vaccinated cows, the colostrum of these cows, and the serum of calves consuming their colostrum. As part of a larger study, the relationship between cow serum and colostrum antibody titers and calf titers was evaluated. Fifty-four multiparous Jersey and Jersey-cross cows were vaccinated between dry-off and calving with commercially available vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli J-5, and Salmonella siderophore receptor and porin (SRP); blood was collected at dry off, mid-dry, and at calving. Calves born to enrolled cows were fed colostrum from only their dams; calf serum was collected at 7 and 30 d of life. Antibody titers against agents in the vaccine were measured in serum and colostrum of cows by standard neutralizing techniques or ELISA, and correlations between cow serum antibodies at 30 d before calving, cow colostrum, and calf serum antibodies at 7 d of life were evaluated. Correlations between cow serum antibodies and colostrum antibodies for different agents were significant (P < 0.05) but only moderately strong (Pearson correlation coefficient [PCC] range: 0.32–0.7), and varied for different agents. Similarly, correlations between cow colostrum antibodies and calf serum antibodies were usually significant, but only moderate (PCC range: 0.36–0.77). The R(2) value for the correlation between colostrum antibodies and calf antibodies ranged from 0.11–0.59, indicating that for most agents, the colostrum antibody titer to a given agent did not explain a majority of variation in the calf serum antibody titer to that agent. Antibody titers to specific agents in cows are significantly, but not strongly, correlated with their colostrum antibody titers, and colostrum antibody titers are significantly but not strongly, related to antibody titers in calves. These data suggest that, in addition to maternal antibody concentration, other factors have an important impact on serum antibody titers to specific infectious agents in young dairy calves.
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5,550 |
0176 Environmental persistence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine delta corona virus, and transmissible gastroenteritis in feed ingredients
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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine delta corona virus (PDCoV), and transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) are major threats to swine production. Investigations of recent outbreaks confirmed that contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. This risk makes it necessary to evaluate the survival of such viruses in various feed ingredients. The objective of our experiment was to characterize the inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed and ingredient matrices. To determine differences in virus survival, 5-g samples of complete feed, spray-dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and low, medium, and high oil dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed into separate scintillation vials. These samples were inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV and incubated at room temperature for up to 56 d. At each time point, surviving virus was eluted and the supernatant was inoculated into vero-81 cells for PEDV, or swine testicular cells for PDCoV and TGEV. Cells were observed daily for 10 d for cytopathic effects, and this information was used to calculate a median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50)) using the Karber method. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model. A delta value was estimated from the model, indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. This delta value was then compared across ingredients using the mixed procedure of SAS, and correlations between ingredient proximate analysis data and delta values were determined. Results showed that soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 d) for PEDV compared with other ingredients (P < 0.06). Likewise, PDCoV (42.04 d) and TGEV (42.00 d) delta values were highest in soybean meal (P < 0.001). There was a moderate positive correlation between moisture and the delta value for PDCoV (r = 0.49, P = 0.01) and TGEV (r = 0.41, P = 0.02). There was also a moderate negative correlation between lipid content and the delta value for TGEV (r = −0.51, P = 0.01), suggesting that TGEV is less stable in ingredients with greater lipid content compared with ingredients with less lipid content. In conclusion, these results indicate that the first log reduction of PDCoV and TGEV takes the greatest amount of time in soybean meal and it appears to be the result of greater moisture content.
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5,551 |
Young Investigator Awards Program Abstracts
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5,552 |
1 December News
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5,553 |
News
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5,554 |
Reply to van der Hoek and Berkhout, Ebihara et al., and Belay et al
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5,555 |
15 July News
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5,556 |
15 June News
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5,557 |
Coronavirus Infection in Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Disease of Infants
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A serologic surveillance of lower respiratory tract disease in 417 hospitalized children under 18 months of age revealed infection with coronviruses (strains OC43 and/ or 229E) in 34 (8.2%). During the same interval, one of 13 control infants was infected. There were two distinct periods lasting six and 14 weeks, respectively, during which the incidence rose to as high as 18.9 % of patients with lower respiratory tract disease. The incidence of coronavirus infection in patients with pneumonia and bronchiolitis was higher than the incidences of adenoviruses, influenza, parainfluenza viruses types 1 and 2, and rhinoviruses, and lower only than the incidences of parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus. Coronoviruses serologically similar or identical to strain 229E were recovered from frozen nasal washes obtained during the acute phase of pneumonia in two children.
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5,558 |
170 Genetic parameters of incidence and timing of respiratory disease in cattle
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Respiratory disease is a complex phenotype and the diagnostic can be attributed to multiple causes including viral infection (e.g., respiratory coronavirus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus), bacterial infection (e.g., pneumonic spp.; lungworm), and vena caval thrombosis. Moreover, the impact of respiratory disease in cows varies with the stage of lactation when the disease is detected. In general, intense management practices facilitate the detection of respiratory disorders in dairy cattle herds relative to beef cattle herds. Thus, we propose that study of respiratory disease incidence in a large dairy cattle data set as paradigm to advance the knowledge on the factors influencing the incidence of this disease across cattle types. Respiratory disease information on 6,283 Holstein cows across four U.S. states and nine herds were evaluated. Two descriptors of respiratory disease were evaluated: days in milk to respiratory disease detection and the binary detection of respiratory disease. Survival analysis was used to study the days in milk-to-disease. The binary variable respiratory disease detection was analyzed using a binary logistic model. Lactation number, season, region, farm, body condition score, and milk yield level (3 levels) were included in the model as fixed explanatory effects whereas sire was considered a random effect. Incidence of respiratory disease was lower in summer relative to winter, and there was a nonsignificant trend on lactation number. Body condition score had a significant effect, with higher body condition score associated with lower incidence of respiratory disease. Farm, body condition score, and milk yield level had significant effect on the time when respiratory disease was identified. The heritability estimate for incidence of respiratory disease was 0.4, suggesting that despite the high number of potential causative agents, selection for less susceptible cattle can be an effective strategy to reduce the impact of this disease. The heritability estimate of the days in milk-to-disease was 0.13, showing that non-genetic components may play an important role on the stage of the lactation when the disease is detected. These findings contribute to an animal health project (USDA-NIFA-ILLU-538909) and a multistate project database (USDA-NIFA-AFRI-003542) for direct measures of health and fertility in cattle.
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5,559 |
SARS Bulletin from Hong Kong: 30 March—4 April 2003
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5,560 |
The Cost of Growing Older: Challenges for European Pension Systems
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5,561 |
coronanieuws
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5,562 |
Parallel Session 28 – Infectious Diseases
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5,563 |
Fifth symposium on coronaviruses: Chantilly, France, 14–18 September 1992
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5,564 |
An improved method for the routine identification of faecal viruses using ammonium sulphate precipitation
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5,565 |
HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 Rates of Infection in Chicago: Winter 2011
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5,566 |
Molecular organization of positive-strand RNA viruses: 24-26 June, 1985 Cambridge, England
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5,567 |
Morphological and intracellular alterations induced by cytotoxin VT2y produced by Escherichia coli isolated from chickens with swollen head syndrome
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Recently, a novel verocytotoxin named VT2y was described which belongs to the STx family and is produced by Escherichia coli isolated from domestic poultry with swollen head syndrome (SHS). The VT2y toxin induced apoptosis in Vero, HeLa, CHO, CEF (primary chicken embryo fibroblast) and PCK (primary chicken kidney) cell lines. Morphological evidence (nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation and blebbing of the plasma membrane) of apoptosis could be distinguished in 15 min and was maximal at 1 h after treatment with VT2y. This was confirmed by the terminal dUTP nick-end-labeling (TUNEL) method.
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5,568 |
Foodborne viruses
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Foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. This increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. As a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. Although there are numerous fecal–orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with Norwalk-like caliciviruses (NLV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV), suggesting that these viruses are associated with the greatest risk of foodborne transmission. NLV and HAV can be transmitted from person to person, or indirectly via food, water, or fomites contaminated with virus-containing feces or vomit. People can be infected without showing symptoms. The high frequency of secondary cases of NLV illness and – to a lesser extent – of hepatitis A following a foodborne outbreak results in amplification of the problem. The burden of illness is highest in the elderly, and therefore is likely to increase due to the aging population. For HAV, the burden of illness may increase following hygienic control measures, due to a decreasing population of naturally immune individuals and a concurrent increase in the population at risk. Recent advances in the research of NLV and HAV have led to the development of molecular methods which can be used for molecular tracing of virus strains. These methods can be and have been used for the detection of common source outbreaks. While traditionally certain foods have been implicated in virus outbreaks, it is clear that almost any food item can be involved, provided it has been handled by an infected person. There are no established methods for detection of viruses in foods other than shellfish. Little information is available on disinfection and preventive measures specifically for these viruses. Studies addressing this issue are hampered by the lack of culture systems. As currently available routine monitoring systems exclusively focus on bacterial pathogens, efforts should be made to combine epidemiological and virological information for a combined laboratory-based rapid detection system for foodborne viruses. With better surveillance, including typing information, outbreaks of foodborne infections could be reported faster to prevent further spread.
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5,569 |
Preliminary studies on the isolation of coronavirus 229E nucleocapsids
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5,570 |
FEMS SYMPOSIA
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5,571 |
Structural studies on the Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 indicate that matrix proteins of enveloped RNA viruses are analogues but not homologues
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Matrix proteins are the driving force of assembly of enveloped viruses. Their main function is to interact with and polymerize at cellular membranes and link other viral components to the matrix–membrane complex resulting in individual particle shapes and ensuring the integrity of the viral particle. Although matrix proteins of different virus families show functional analogy, they share no sequence or structural homology. Their diversity is also evident in that they use a variety of late domain motifs to commit the cellular vacuolar protein sorting machinery to virus budding. Here, we discuss the structural and functional aspects of the filovirus matrix protein VP40 and compare them to other known matrix protein structures from vesicular stomatitis virus, influenza virus and retroviral matrix proteins.
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5,572 |
Status report on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States
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On 16 May 2013, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories reported the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States for the first time. This virus causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in young pigs. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus does not infect humans and is not a food safety risk. This virus is already found in many countries around the world, and there is no US official regulation of the virus and no export restrictions to other countries.
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5,573 |
Fifth symposium on coronaviruses: Chantilly, France, 14–18 September 1992
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5,574 |
Mini-transposons in microbial ecology and environmental biotechnology
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Mini-transposon is the generic name given to the members of a collection of genetic assets derived from transposons Tn10 and Tn5, in which the naturally occurring functional segments of DNA have been rearranged artificially to originate shorter mobile elements. In the most widespread design (that known as the pUT system), any heterologous DNA segment can be conveniently cloned within the boundaries of a mini-Tn5 vector and finally inserted into the chromosome of target Gram-negative bacteria after a few simple genetic manipulations. The large variety of antibiotic, non-antibiotic and excisable selection markers available has been combined at ease with DNA fragments encoding one or more phenotypes of interest for ecological or biotechnological applications. These include the tagging of specific strains in a community with selectable and/or optical marker genes, the production of stable gene fusions for monitoring transcriptional regulation in single cells, the metabolic engineering of strains destined for bioremediation, the non-disruptive monitoring of gene transfer and the assembly of gene containment and strain containment circuits for genetically manipulated microorganisms.
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5,575 |
Characterisation of the bovine enteric calici-like virus, Newbury agent 1
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The bovine enteric calici-like virus, Newbury agent 1 (NA1) was characterised to determine if it is a member of the Caliciviridae and to establish its antigenic relationship to the established bovine enteric calicivirus Newbury agent 2 (NA2). Solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM) allowed quantification of NA1 virions and identification of faecal samples with optimal virus levels. NA1 particles were 36.6 nm in diameter, had an indefinite surface structure resembling that of human small round structured viruses (SRSVs), and a buoyant density of 1.34 g ml(−1). A single capsid protein of 49.4 kDa was detected by Western blotting in purified NA1 preparations prepared from post-infection but not pre-infection faecal samples and with post- but not pre-infection sera. NA1 was antigenically unrelated to the bovine enteric calicivirus NA2 by SPIEM. These properties were consistent with classification of NA1 within the Caliciviridae but demonstrated heterogeneity in the capsid composition of bovine enteric caliciviruses.
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5,576 |
Molecular biology of microbial pathogenicity: Adhesion, invasion and receptors: 17-20 June 1985 Umeå, Sweden
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5,577 |
Syncytium production by human coronavirus 229E group viruses
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5,578 |
Pertussis: 22-24 April 1985 Potsdam, GDR, Postponed
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5,579 |
Immune response of mice immunized with mouse hepatitis virus strain 3
| null |
5,580 |
Translation of infectious bronchitis virus RNA
| null |
5,581 |
Invasive Species: The Search for Solutions
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5,582 |
Global Zoonotic Disease Surveillance: An Emerging Public Health and Biosecurity Imperative
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5,583 |
Stressful Times
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5,584 |
News Briefs
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5,585 |
Earn valuable contact hours by attending education sessions and viewing posters at AORN Congress: Saturday, March 20, to Thursday, March 25, 2004
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5,586 |
News Briefs
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5,587 |
Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health
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5,588 |
Membrane Proteins - II
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5,589 |
The SARS-CoV Fusion Peptide Forms an Extended Bipartite Fusion Platform that Perturbs Membrane Order in a Calcium-Dependent Manner
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5,590 |
Opportunities From the Center for Perioperative Education
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5,591 |
Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting March 6-10, 1994 New Orleans Convention Center New Orleans, Louisiana. Wednesday Symposia and Posters, Part I
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5,592 |
Systematic Biophysical Insights into the Interaction of Anti MERS-CoV Drug Ribavirin with Major Transport Protein in Human Serum: In-Vitro Studies and Implications in Diabetes and Uremia
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5,593 |
Virus Structure & Assembly
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5,594 |
Structures, Dynamics, and Functions of Viral Membrane Proteins by NMR
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5,595 |
News Briefs
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5,596 |
SRAS – Syndrome Respiratoire Aigu Sévère
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5,597 |
Highlights from the Current Issue – Audiovisual Summary
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5,598 |
Foot & mouth disease
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5,599 |
Subject index volumes 251–350
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