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3199	dbpedia	0	3	https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/97LQ-GMS/james-donald-1829-1899	en	FamilySearch.org	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png	[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.	en	https://edge.fscdn.org/a…o_favicon_sq.png		null
3199	dbpedia	3	8	https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/51655%257C77592/James-Donald	en	Not Available	https://prod-images.tcm.…are-1200x630.jpg	https://prod-images.tcm.…are-1200x630.jpg	[ "https://prod-images.tcm.com/img/global/logo-WatchTCM-animated-singleplay.gif", "https://prod-images.tcm.com/img/global/logo-TCM_white.png", "https://www.tcm.com/themes/custom/bacall/img/global/watch-tcm-transparent.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Turner Classic Movies presents the greatest classic films of all time from one of the largest film libraries in the world. Find extensive video, photos, articles, forums, and archival content from some of the best movies ever made only at TCM.com.	en	/themes/custom/bogart/favicon.ico	Watch TCM	https://www.tcm.com/unavailable	Welcome, DISH customer! Please note that we cannot save your viewing history due to an arrangement with DISH. Watchlist and resume progress features have been disabled. ACCEPT
3199	dbpedia	2	27	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/James_IV_of_Scotland	en	Dictionary of National Biography, 1885	https://en.wikisource.org/static/favicon/wikisource.ico	https://en.wikisource.org/static/favicon/wikisource.ico	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/18px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikisource.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikisource.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2009-11-06T08:44:55+00:00		en	/static/favicon/wikisource.ico		https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/James_IV_of_Scotland	JAMES IV (1473–1513), king of Scotland, eldest son of James III [q. v.] and Margaret, daughter of Christian I of Denmark, was born on 17 March 1473. His betrothal at Edinburgh on 18 Oct. 1474 to the Princess Cecilia [q. v.], third daughter of Edward IV, and a proposal in 1487 for his marriage to a sister-in-law of Henry VII, both came to nothing. The prince was placed at the head of the rebels at Sauchieburn, where his father was killed (11 June 1488). He was crowned at Scone in the last week of June. A chaplain at Cambuskenneth was paid to say masses for his father's soul. James performed the somewhat ostentatious penance of wearing an iron belt, if we may credit his portraits, outside his doublet, and never forgave himself for his father's death. The leaders of what could no longer be called a rebellion succeeded to the great offices of state. The Earl of Argyll became again chancellor; Alexander, master of Home [q. v.], replaced David, earl of Crawford [q. v.], as chamberlain; Knollis, preceptor of Torphichen, succeeded the abbot of Arbroath as treasurer; Lords Lyle [q. v.] and Glamis were appointed justiciars south and north of the Forth. The Earl of Angus [q. v.] as guardian of the king, Home, who soon became warden of the east marches, and Patrick Hepburn, lord Hailes [q. v.], warden of the middle and west marches, created earl of Bothwell and high admiral, were the nobles in whose hands the chief power rested. Before parliament met two staunch adherents of the late king, the Earl of Crawford and Sir Andrew Wood, were conciliated by a pardon and regrant of their estates. After his coronation James came on 26 June from Perth to Stirling, attended his father's obsequies at Cambuskenneth, and after presiding over the audit of exchequer on 7 July, went to Edinburgh. On 3 Aug. he was at Leith to see the Danish ships which had brought his uncle, Junker Gerhard, count of Oldenburg, who was hospitably entertained till the end of the year. On 5 Aug. he went to Linlithgow, where the players acted before him, and next week to Stirling, on his way to a hunt in Glenfinlas, from which he returned to the justice ayre at Lanark on 21 Aug. On the 14th he went to Perth, from which he returned next day to Edinburgh to prepare for the meeting of parliament. In this parliament, which met on 6 Oct., all grants by James III prior to 2 Feb. 1488 were rescinded, and several of the late king's supporters were forfeited; but the Earl of Buchan was pardoned, and a declaration made that the sons of those who fell on the side of James III at Sauchie should succeed to their estates as if their ancestors had died in the king's peace. A singular debate, the first distinctly recorded in a Scottish parliament, is entered in the minutes as ‘The Debate and Cause of the Field of Stirling,’ ending with a declaration of the three estates, which laid the whole blame for the slaughter at the battle upon James III and his ‘perverse council.’ Embassies were to be sent to the pope, and to the kings of France, Spain, and Denmark, with a copy of the Act of Indemnity under the great seal, and were at the same time to search for a wife for the new king. James, although only fifteen, began at once to attend audits of exchequer and circuits of justiciary, as well as to preside in parliament. Pitscottie gives a graphic account of the trial of Lord Lindsay of the Byres before the king in person. James kept Yule at Linlithgow, returning to Edinburgh before 14 Jan. 1489, when an adjourned session of parliament met. During the next two months he went on circuit, both in the south and north, returning on 1 April to Edinburgh, where he kept Palm Sunday, but came to Linlithgow for Easter. He took part from May to July, and again in October, in the suppression of a rebellion headed by the Earl of Lennox and Lord Lyle in the west, and by Lord Forbes [q. v.] in the north, who carried the bloody shirt of James III as his standard. The insurrection was not crushed till December. But on 28 July James had returned to Edinburgh to meet the Spanish ambassadors. He received them at Linlithgow in the middle of August, and they presented him with a sword and dagger, probably those afterwards taken at Flodden, and still preserved in the English Heralds' College. They received in return six hundred crowns. The object of the embassy, which had already negotiated a marriage between Arthur, the eldest son of Henry VII, and the Princess Katherine, was by a similar offer to detach Scotland from the French alliance; but De Puebla, its chief, exceeded his instructions, offering James the hand of an infanta instead of an illegitimate daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon, for which he was reprimanded, yet told to ‘put off the Scotch king with false hopes’ lest he should renew the French alliance. James kept his Yule in 1489 at Edinburgh. By a prudent policy the leaders of the recent rebellion, Lennox, Huntly, the Earl-Marischal, Lyle, and Forbes, were pardoned. During the same year his attention was directed to the defence of the east coast from the attacks of English pirates, and found in Andrew Wood [q. v.] of Largo, who became one of his chief counsellors, an admiral able to cope with the marauders. The king saw the political importance of the navy, and throughout his reign the equipment of vessels of war and the encouragement of trading and fishing craft were kept steadily in view. On 3 Feb. 1490 parliament met at Edinburgh, by which the principal rebels were forfeited, though afterwards pardoned. A mutilated document in the English records of that year casts light on a plot otherwise unknown for the delivery of the persons of ‘James, king of Scotland, now reigning, and his brother, at least the king,’ to Henry VII. The parties to this plot, which was in the shape of a bond for payment of 266l. 13s. 4d., were Sir John Ramsay, Patrick Hepburn, Lord Bothwell [q. v.], and Sir Thomas Todd, a Scottish knight. In the parliament which met on 28 April 1491 important acts were passed for ‘wapenschaws,’ or musters of the forces, in each shire, the practice of archery, the holding of justice ayres, and the reform of civil and criminal procedure. But the king's marriage chiefly interested the parliament. Embassies were despatched to find a wife in France, Spain, or any other part. The envoys paid repeated visits to France without result, and subsequently the Emperor Maximilian was requested to bestow on James his daughter Margaret, but as the lady was already betrothed to the infant of Spain, that negotiation failed. James was, perhaps, not so eager for a marriage as his advisers. His illegitimate connections were numerous. His intrigue with Marion Boyd, daughter of Archibald Boyd of Bonshaw, commenced soon after his accession, for its result was the birth, at least as early as 1495, of Alexander Stewart, afterwards archbishop of St. Andrews, as well as of a daughter, Catherine. Marion Boyd appears to have been succeeded as royal mistress-in-chief by Janet, daughter of John, lord Kennedy, and a former mistress of Archibald Douglas, fifth earl of Angus [q. v.], who became, by the king, the mother of James, born in 1499, and created earl of Moray on 20 June 1501. This connection lasted at least till 1 June 1501, when the castle and forest of Darnaway were granted to her for life, under certain conditions. She received grants from the king down to 1505 (Exchequer Rolls, pp. xii, xliii). In February 1510 she surrendered lands conveyed to her in 1498 by her earlier lover Angus, receiving in exchange all the lands of Bothwell under a decree arbitral confirmed by the king (ib. p. xlviii). This transaction perhaps gave rise to the assertion, which appears scarcely credible, that she married Angus after being discarded by the king. The best beloved of the king's mistresses was Margaret, daughter of Lord Drummond, who was high in his favour from May 1496 to 1501, the date of her death [see Drummond, Margaret]. In 1497 her only child, Lady Margaret Stewart, was born. The poem of ‘Tayis Banks,’ if the work of her royal lover, is proof of James's affection. Masses were at the king's cost sung for her soul at Cambuskenneth and other places till the close of the reign. A fifth lady of noble birth, Isabel Stewart, daughter of Lord Buchan, is mentioned as the mother of a daughter, Jean, by James, while Dunbar, who entreated the king to release himself by marriage from such entanglements, hints at more vulgar and forgotten amours. In the autumn of 1493 James visited the Western Isles and received the homage of the chiefs, whose head, John, lord of the Isles, had been forfeited in the parliament which met in May of that year. He was at Dunstaffnage in August, and on his return south made the pilgrimage to Whithern in Galloway, which became an annual custom. In October he paid his first visit to St. Duthac's at Tain, which divided with Whithorn the honour of being the principal resort of the royal pilgrim. His frequent pilgrimages to these and other shrines, as well as his external devotion to the offices of religion, have been cited as proof that he was a good catholic. Like the penance of the iron belt, his admission to the offices of a lay canon of the cathedral of Glasgow, and a lay brother of the Friars Observant at Stirling, and his benefactions to these friars, from whom he chose his confessor, are evidence of intervals of penitence, intermingled with acts of sin, which indicate a singularly unstable character. In May 1494 he again paid a short visit to the Isles, and returned to Glasgow in July. Probably it was on the occasion of this visit that the prosecution of the lollards of Kyle in Ayrshire, before the king and his council at the instance of Robert Blacader [q. v.], the archbishop, took place, of which Knox has preserved a graphic account in his ‘History.’ If the trial was really allowed to end by a series of jocular answers to the inquisitor, James cannot have been a virulent persecutor of heretics; there were no martyrs in his reign. At Glasgow he raised an expedition, which met him at Tarbert in Kintyre on 24 July; he repaired the castle of Tarbert and took the castle of Dunaverty, which he garrisoned. But as soon as he left it was recaptured by John of Isla, and its captain hung in sight of the royal fleet. John Mackian of Ardnamurchan recovered Dunaverty in September, and John of Isla and four of his sons were sent to Edinburgh and executed. In 1495 he prepared a new expedition to the still disturbed Western Isles. At Easter he was in Stirling, busy with preparations for his personal equipment, and on 5 May, along with the lords of the west, east, and south, he came to Dumbarton. Embarking at Newark Castle, on the Ayrshire coast, he sailed to Ardnamurchan, where, at the castle of Mingary, he received the submission of some of the island chiefs. Before the end of June he returned to Glasgow, where O'Donnel, chief of Tyrconnel in Ulster, visited him and renewed an old league. The adroit monarchs of Castile and Aragon kept dangling before the eyes of James the hope of a Spanish match, and the negotiations for this purpose form a considerable part of the external affairs of Scotland during the next three years. On 20 Nov. 1495 Perkin Warbeck [q. v.] came to Stirling. His claim to be the Duke of York, son of Edward IV, first put forward in 1491, was useful to James, now at enmity with Henry VII. James knew nothing of his real antecedents, but Warbeck brought strong credentials, and as early as March 1492 James had heard of him from the Earls of Desmond and Kildare, who forwarded letters from Perkin himself (Treasurer's Accounts, i. 190). James allowed him 1,200l. a year, for which a special tax was levied, introduced him to the principal nobility, and soon after gave him the hand of Lady Katharine Gordon, daughter of the Earl of Huntly, granddaughter of James I, and one of the beauties of the Scottish court, in marriage. The marriage, which took place with much ceremony in January, appears proof that James at this time believed in Perkin's pretensions. Preparations were at once made for a war to assist his claims, and Perkin remained in constant attendance at the royal court. James had kept Yule (1495) at Linlithgow, and two days before had received at Stirling the Spanish ambassadors, Martin de Torre and Garcia de Herrera, who had come with instructions to detach James from Perkin and secure his alliance with Henry VII, to whose eldest son, Arthur, the infanta of Spain had been already contracted in marriage. Unfortunately the astute monarchs of Spain outwitted themselves by instructing their ambassadors to keep James in play by offering him an infanta as a bride, an offer they never intended to fulfil. Their letters disclosing this duplicity fell into his hands before their arrival, and they were naturally received with coolness. He waived their proposals, but agreed to send to Spain the Archbishop of Glasgow, with one of the Spanish ambassadors, and if a marriage could be concluded to consent to peace with England. In March 1496 he went his usual pilgrimage to St. Duthac's, but returned to spend Easter at Stirling, where Perkin was still in his company. In June or July 1496 another ambassador of Spain, Don Pedro de Ayala, arrived at Stirling, where he was hospitably received. He described James as a most accomplished sovereign, knowing all the languages of Europe, Spanish included, which seems little likely; a devoted son of the church, attending all its services, confessing to the Friars Observant, and full of warlike spirit, only too rash in exposing his own person; a wise administrator, taking counsel from others, but in the end acting on his own opinion. Ayala gives contradictory accounts as to James's disposition to marry. The Spanish monarchs, unable to fulfil the hope they had held out of an infanta, now suggested that Henry VII should offer James his own daughter, and this device was first broached by Richard Foxe [q. v.], bishop of Durham, who was sent to Scotland early in September 1496, but failed to persuade James of the sincerity of the offer or to abandon Perkin. On 2 Sept. 1496 Ramsay, a spy in the English interest, was present at a council of the Scottish king, when Perkin agreed that on obtaining the English throne he would restore Berwick and other northern districts (the seven sheriffdoms) to Scotland, as well as pay fifty thousand marks. Ramsay notes the extent of the preparations for the war, and alleges that it was opposed by the leading nobles and the king's brother, the Duke of Ross. Ramsay was also present at the reception of Monipenny, Sieur de Concressault, with letters from France, and of Roderic de Lalain from Flanders, with two small ships and six score men. The French king is said by Ramsay to have offered a hundred thousand crowns for the surrender of Perkin, and Lalain to have refused to speak to the adventurer, saying his embassy was only to the king. But a spy wishing to please his employer is a bad authority. Meanwhile James was eager to set out, and after summoning his troops to meet him at Ellem Kirk on the borders on 15 Sept., and reviewing his artillery at Restalrig on the 12th and 14th, when he made offerings at Holyrood and ordered masses to be sung at Restalrig Church, he marched, with Perkin, to Haddington on the 14th, and from that across the Lammermuir to Ellem Kirk, which he reached on the 19th. A proclamation issued in the name of Richard IV, king of England, met, to James's disappointment, with no response from the English borderers, and Perkin, pretending that he disliked to shed the blood of his own subjects, recrossed the Tweed to Coldstream. After a raid on the Northumbrian border and a fruitless siege of the house of Heiton, James himself tired of the expedition and returned to Edinburgh by 8 Oct. After spending some time in sport, he again came south to Home Castle on the east marches, where he conferred on 21 Nov. with Hans, his master-gunner, probably the Fleming much employed by the monarchs of that age in casting guns. Henry VII had, in a council at Westminster, received a subsidy for war with the Scots, and James was preparing for defence and retaliation. In the middle of December he was at Dunglas, another castle of Lord Home's, on the confines of Haddington and the Merse. His Yule was kept at Melrose. In preparation for the renewal of war with England, wapenschaws were held in January and February 1497, the artillery repaired, Dunbar fortified, and Sir Andrew Wood appointed its captain. On 14 Feb. James sent letters to the sheriffs ordaining a muster of the lieges for forty days from 6 April. Before Easter he had returned to Stirling, where he received the Spanish ambassadors, who tried in vain to induce him to give up Perkin and desist from the English war. On 23 May he visited Dunbar to inspect the fortifications. His visit was marked as usual by gifts to churches. The English, encouraged by the delay, commenced hostilities, but were defeated by the Master of Home at Duns early in June. On 12 June James was at Melrose, where his artillery and feudal levy met him, apparently not in sufficient number, for another summons was issued for Lauder on the 26th. But neither monarch was ready for a campaign. The defence of the English border was left to the energetic Bishop of Durham, who was able to ward off an assault by James on his castle of Norham, and summoning Thomas Howard, second duke of Norfolk [q. v.], then Earl of Surrey, a retaliatory raid was made on Ayton Castle, which was taken. James, according to the English historians, though in sight of the smoke of the English guns, declined a general engagement or a single combat with Surrey, who retreated across the border before the end of August. Foxe had indeed received on 12 July from his sovereign instructions which show through their diplomatic verbiage how anxious Henry was for peace. Foxe was in the first place to demand Perkin's surrender, and to represent that the terms offered by the Earl of Angus and Lord Home at Jenninghaugh, a short time before, could not be entertained; but if this was declined he was to propose a meeting between the two kings at Newcastle. A duplicate, and no doubt secret, copy of the instructions provided that, if the meeting was refused, Foxe was to be content with the offers made at Jenninghaugh, as the English army was not sufficiently prepared to march north (Gairdner, Letters of Richard III and Henry VII, i. 110). Meantime Perkin with his wife had gone by way of Ireland to Cornwall, and he was captured at Exeter on 5 Oct. The return to Scotland of the Spanish ambassador, Ayala, seems to have converted James to the side of peace, and he consented to close the enmity between the two nations by marrying Henry VII's daughter Margaret. Henry persuaded his council to consent to the alliance by the argument that, if a union followed, the lesser would be subordinate to the greater kingdom, citing the precedent of Normandy and England. Foxe, a good diplomatist, arranged the treaty of Ayton, which provided for a truce of seven years, from 30 Sept. 1497. The truce was threatened almost as soon as made by a quarrel over a game between some Scottish and English youths at Norham, but on 5 Dec. Ayala, who had gone to London, negotiated with William Warham its conversion into a peace for the joint lives of the two monarchs; it was ratified by James at St. Andrews on 10 Feb. 1498. On 21 Feb. 1498 he started from Stirling on an expedition to the still unsettled Western Isles. He passed through Glasgow to Duchal, where his mistress, Marion Boyd, and her son, the future archbishop, resided, and thence to Ayr, whence he sailed to Campbelton, a new castle on the shores of Loch Kilkerran, now called the Bay of Campbelton. He received there the homage of Alexander Macleod of Dunvegan and Torquil Macleod of the Lews, and attempted to suppress the feud between the Clan Huistean of Sleat and the Clanranald of Moydart. Remaining only a week in Kintyre, he returned to Duchal, where on 16 March, having now completed his twenty-fifth year, he executed a revocation of all grants in his minority. In April 1499 he made Archibald Campbell, second earl of Argyll [q. v.], lieutenant of the Isles, and gave various grants to him and other chiefs who had been serviceable, and thus strengthened the royal authority in the outlying parts of the highlands and isles. In 1499 a plague, still more fatal during 1500, caused a suspension of the royal activity. On 28 July 1500 Henry obtained a papal dispensation for James's marriage with Margaret. James and Margaret Tudor were related only in the fourth degree through the marriage of James I with Joan Beaufort, the great-grandmother of James, whose brother John, duke of Somerset, was the great-grandfather of Margaret. In October 1501 plenipotentiaries went to England to conclude the marriage, and on 24 Jan. 1502 the treaty was agreed to at Richmond. When it was confirmed by James by oath on the evangels and the mass on 10 Dec. the title of king of France had been entered in the titles of Henry; but James on the same day executed a notarial instrument declaring that this was ‘by inadvertence,’ and signed a copy in which the objectionable title was cancelled. Margaret, attended by the Earl of Surrey and a large suite, left Richmond on 27 June 1503, and reached the border before the end of July. On 3 Aug. James met her at Dalkeith. Next day he paid a private visit, and found Margaret at cards. She left her game, and to show her accomplishments danced a bass dance with Lady Surrey while James played on the harpsichord and lute. At leaving, to show his agility, he leapt on his horse without a stirrup. On the 7th she made her entry into Edinburgh, and the marriage was celebrated at Holyrood on the 8th. It was accompanied and followed by festivities of all kinds, but the English visitors reported that they admired the manhood more than the manners of the Scots. The ‘Controller's Accounts’ show an expenditure of more than 6,000l. It was, perhaps, in honour of the marriage that a new order of knighthood, which took its pattern from the round table of Arthur with the thistle as its symbol, was instituted. Though this cannot be proved from records, it is certain that the national symbol then first began to be common in connection with the royal arms. The windows at Holyrood were painted with the device of the union of the English flower with the Scottish wild plant, and Dunbar wrote, as poet of the court, ‘The Thistle and the Rose.’ Amid all the festivities, the bride, not yet fourteen, was sad, homesick, and petulant. Soon after the wedding James visited Elgin, Inverness, and Dingwall. About this time the Western Isles once more broke out into open revolt under Donald Dubh (the Black), an illegitimate son of Angus, and grandson of John, lord of the Isles. The royal forces under Huntly having proved insufficient, James in person, with his whole southern levy, took the field and crushed the rebellion. The parliament of 1504 introduced royal law by justiciars or sheriffs for the north and south isles, the former at Inverness or Dingwall, and the latter at Loch Kilkerran or Tarbert, and provided that the western highlands of the mainland were to attend the ayres of Perth and Inverness, and for the appointment of sheriffs of Ross and Caithness. Such important steps towards the civilisation of these districts were supplemented by further expeditions in April 1504. During summer and early autumn James made a raid in Eskdale, reducing the Armstrongs, Jardines, and other border clans, and after returning to Stirling in the end of September went his usual progress to the autumn ayres in the north, as far as Forres and Elgin. In 1505 he was again in the Western Isles; the McLeans of Mull and other minor chiefs of Mull and Skye submitted. Next year Stornoway Castle, the fort of Torquil Macleod of the Lews, was taken. The Earls of Argyll and Arran, Macleod of Harris, and Y or Odo Mackay of Strathnaver had all along supported the king. A poem of Dunbar blames James for sparing the life of the agile highlander, Donald Dubh, who was captured in 1506. Measures were taken in 1505 and 1506 to bring the isles south of Ardnamurchan, as well as Trotternish in Skye, into subjection by leases for short terms to the occupiers or others, on condition of their becoming loyal subjects. But well devised as these plans were, the chronic rebellion of the Western Isles was not overcome. James began, however, to introduce law and order among the islanders, whose language, it is worthy of notice, he is said to have spoken. The important parliament of Edinburgh, on 4 June 1504, sat by continuation on 3 Oct. and 31 Dec. A daily council was instituted to meet in Edinburgh instead of the movable sessions. This was the first attempt to constitute a central fixed royal court for civil causes, a blow to the arbitrary justice of the feudal barons, and a further step towards confirming Edinburgh in the position of capital, which it had begun to assume since the death of James I. Other statutes dealt with the administration of criminal law. The privileges of the burghs were confirmed, and provision made for yearly election of magistrates from those who traded within the burghs. No begging was to be tolerated except by sick or impotent folk. All freeholders with land of one hundred merks value were to appear in parliament personally or by procurators. The most important statutes, all of which show James as a legislator at his best, related to the tenure of feu farm. This tenure, known from early times in reference to church lands, had been regulated by statute in 1457. But it was now expressly provided by one act that the king might let his whole lands annexed or unannexed in feu to any person, and that the feu should ‘stand perpetually to his heirs,’ and by another that every man, both of the spiritual and temporal estate, might do the same. Fixity of tenure was thus secured. The general revocation which closed the acts of this parliament included not only all acts prejudicial to the crown, but also to the catholic church. James was a devoted son of the church, and deserved the hat and sword with gold hilt and scabbard which Julius II sent him as a special mark of favour in 1507. The peace with England and the suppression of rebellion gave more prominence to James's relations with foreign powers, with all of whom he desired to be on pacific terms. With Denmark his connection, owing to his near kinship, was intimate. Between August 1501 and August 1502 James sent two ships of war to aid his uncle, Hans of Denmark, against Swedish rebels. In 1507 and 1508 James again assisted Hans in his contest with Lübeck and the Hanseatic League, and in April of the latter year, in response to an embassy of Tycho Vincent, dean of Copenhagen, he despatched Andrew Barton [q. v.] with a ship to the Danish king, which, however, Barton appropriated to himself. When James prepared for the English war at the close of his reign he urgently, but in vain, solicited the aid of his uncle of Denmark, but succeeded in making him at least the nominal ally of France. His amicable relations with the Emperor Maximilian, Louis XII of France, and Henry VII enabled him to intercede effectually on behalf of Charles, duke of Gueldres, when threatened by Philip, archduke of Austria, and entitled him to remonstrate warmly with the archduke when he showed signs of being inclined to receive with favour Edmund de la Pole, earl of Suffolk. In 1506 he sent an embassy to Louis XII of France, and from both Dantzic and France he procured supplies of wood when his ship-building had exhausted the Scotch forests. On 21 Dec. an ambassador from James presented a letter of credence to the Venetian signory stating James's intention to visit Jerusalem, and requesting galleys or artificers to build them from the Venetian republic—a request willingly granted. He also asked the pope to excuse him from visiting Rome on his way. But the remonstrances of the king of Denmark and the state of his own kingdom prevented James's project from being realised. Two years later Blacader, archbishop of Glasgow, actually started for the Holy Land, perhaps as the deputy of James, but died on the way. With Spain he continued on good terms, and he remonstrated with King Emmanuel of Portugal against the piracy practised by the Portuguese, though he found the granting of letters of reprisal to the Bartons more effectual. The year 1507 and the first half of 1508 were the most brilliant period of his reign. He was courted by foreign princes, on friendly terms with his father-in-law, blessed by the pope, and at peace with his own subjects. The last five years are a period of decline, due partly to external causes, but still more to his own defects of character. At the end of 1507 the Earl of Arran and his brother, Sir Patrick Hamilton, passed through England to France without a safe-conduct, and on their return in January 1508 they were detained as prisoners, though treated civilly. In March, Wolsey (as Mr. Gairdner thinks, and not West as Pinkerton and Tytler supposed) was sent to Scotland to receive James's remonstrances against Arran's detention. His letter to Henry VII in April contains his view of the character of James. When the English envoy reached Edinburgh the king was so much occupied in making gunpowder that he could not be received till 2 April, after which he had daily audiences till the 10th; but such was ‘the inconstancy’ of James that the envoy did not know what report to send. His chief object was to prevent the renewal of the old league between Scotland and France, which James promised to suspend so long as Henry continued to be ‘his loving father.’ The whole nation, commons as well as nobles, were in favour of the renewal; the king, the queen, and the Bishop of Moray were the only exceptions. Bernard Stewart, lord d'Aubigny, was on his way from France, and James promised that after he had heard his proposals the Bishop of Moray should be sent to Henry with a secret letter. James was willing to meet Henry on the borders. On 21 May D'Aubigny and Sellat, the president of the parliament of Paris, arrived. Their object was to enlist James in the alliance made by the treaty of Cambrai, between the pope, the emperor, and France against Venice, and to consult as to the marriage of the daughter of Louis XII, whose hand was sought by Charles of Castile, and also by Francis de Valois, dauphin of Vienne. James advised the latter. He delayed entering into the treaty, and D'Aubigny's death, a month after his arrival, interrupted negotiations. The death of Henry VII on 22 April 1509 altered for the worse the relations of the two kingdoms. James had now to deal with an ambitious brother-in-law as eager for the honours of war as himself. Though a formal embassy under Bishop Forman congratulated the new monarch, trifling disputes continued, and finally led to war. Quarrels on the border were incessant. Henry VIII detained, in spite of repeated demands, the jewels left to his sister by her father's will. He also aided the Duchess of Savoy against the Duke of Gueldres, kinsman and ally of James. In July 1511 Andrew Barton was defeated and slain. Both monarchs now began to prepare for war. The chief object of Henry was the invasion of France; that of James, of England. James's relations with Louis XII had now become intimate. He had done his best to reconcile the French king with the pope and the emperor by twice sending the Duke of Albany, his uncle, and the Bishop of Moray to the pope to mediate in the quarrel, which threatened to involve all Europe, but without result. He also implored by more than one envoy the assistance of Denmark, but the king was engaged with his own internal troubles. When the pope formed the Holy league against France in October 1511 Scotland was France's only ally. James was energetically making ready for war during the whole of 1511, and completed the building, though not the outfit, of the Great Michael, which took a year and day to build, and carried, he boasted, as many cannon as the French king had ever brought to a siege. The preliminaries of his league with France were signed by him at Edinburgh on 6 March, and the treaty itself on 12 July 1512. By the former he engaged to make no treaty with England unless France was included; and by the latter none without the consent of France. Henry vainly sent Lord Dacre and West on 15 April to Edinburgh to prevent the completion of the league, but early next year James, with characteristic inconstancy, sent Lord Drummond to Henry to offer terms, which the English king refused. Leo X issued an excommunication or interdict against James in 1513, and immediately afterwards James heard that war was finally resolved on in the English parliament against both France and Scotland. Still, it was Henry's obvious policy to keep peace if possible with Scotland while he invaded France; and West was again in Edinburgh in March, when James promised to abstain from hostilities for the present, but would write no letter which would ‘lose the French king,’ though he ‘cared not to keep him’ if Henry would make an equal promise. West left it to the judgment of Henry whether ‘there was craft in the demeanour and answer’ of James. He reported that he saw on all sides building and equipping of ships at Leith and Newhaven, and the preparation of artillery and fortifications. When dismissed after some angry passages with James he carried with him a letter from Margaret, indignant at the detention of her jewels. The single request of Henry, which James granted, was the appointment of a commission to treat of the border grievances in June, but when it met it adjourned. No sooner had West left than De la Motte, the French ambassador to Scotland, arrived from France. He brought four ships with provisions, fourteen thousand gold crowns of the Sun, and, besides his master's letters, one from Anne of Brittany, sending a ring and appealing to James, as her knight, to succour the French kingdom and queen in their hour of need. The Bishop of Moray, James's envoy in France, to whom Louis had given the rich bishopric of Bourges, about the same time, sent a letter to James, assuring him that his honour was lost if he did not assist France. Despite the protest of Bishop Elphinstone and ‘the smaller but better part of the nobles,’ it was determined to declare war with England unless Henry refrained from attacking France. A letter, not so imperative in its terms as might have been expected, but asking Henry whether he would enter into the truce which Louis and Ferdinand of Aragon had agreed to for a year from 1 April, was despatched by Lord Drummond on 24 May (Ellis, Orig. Letters, i. 1, 76). On 30 June Henry, instead of entering into the truce, sailed for France and began active hostilities. James at once sent his fleet under Huntly and Arran to aid the French on 26 July, and on the same day despatched the Lyon king to Henry before Terouenne had arrived, with a letter which, after recounting all the Scottish grievances, ended by peremptorily requiring Henry to desist from the French war under the penalty of an alliance between James and the French. Henry gave a contemptuous refusal. Meantime hostilities had begun on the border by the ‘Ill Raid’ of Lord Home, the chamberlain, who was defeated by Sir W. Bulmer at Broomridge, near Millfield. Before leaving England, Henry had sent Surrey from Dover to defend the borders, and James had summoned his feudal array to meet him at the Borough Muir of Edinburgh. Before leaving Linlithgow he had been warned against the war by one of the best attested apparitions in history. Sir David Lindsay, who was present, told the story to George Buchanan. A version, enlarged after the event in the prose of Pitscottie, and turned into poetry by Scott in ‘Marmion,’ describes how a bald-headed old man, in blue gown, with ‘brotikins’ on his feet, and belted with a linen girdle, suddenly appeared at the king's desk while he prayed, and prophesied his defeat and death. In Edinburgh another apparition at the Cross summoned by name the citizens on the way to the muster to the tribunal of Plotcock (Pluto or the devil), and one only, who protested, escaped that fatal summons. James nevertheless advanced with haste to Norham at the head of eighty thousand men, according to the English reports, certainly with as large a force as any Scottish king had brought into the field, and with artillery hitherto unequalled. He took Norham on 28 Aug., after a six days' siege, during which he held a parliament or council at Twiselhaugh, and seized the smaller castles of Wark, Etal, and Ford within a few days. At Ford he met the wife of its owner, still a prisoner in Scotland, and, according to an early tradition (which Pitscottie first put into history, and Buchanan adopted), he was himself taken captive by the beauty of its mistress, and wasted in a criminal intrigue the precious days which allowed Surrey to advance to the border. Surrey was at Newcastle on the 30th ‘to give an example to those that should follow.’ On Sunday, 4 Sept., he sent from Alnwick a herald proposing battle on Friday, the 9th. James detained the English herald, Rouge Croix, and sent his own, accepting the challenge. Surrey advanced to Woolerhaugh, within three miles of the Scottish camp, which was on the side of Flodden, a ridge of the Cheviots. He then made a feint march, as if about to attack the Scots on the flank, and posted his force under Barmoorwood, only two miles distant. On Friday he approached Flodden, and James, fearing that the enemy would march to Scotland, left his strong position on the hill, setting fire to the litter of his camp. The smoke impeded the view, and the two armies were within a mile before they could see each other. They met at the foot of Brankston Hill, the Scots keeping the higher ground to the south, the English on the east and west with their backs to the north. The artillery began the battle. James advanced with his main body in five or six divisions, but two formed the reserve and did not engage. It was met by the English in the same order. The king himself fought on foot in the third division. He fell within a spear's length from Surrey. Only two commanders in his division, Sir William Scot and Sir John Forman, escaped death, and they were taken prisoners. The defeat was total except on the left wing, where Lord Home and Huntly had for a time the advantage. The Scots' loss was reckoned at ten thousand by the English. Among the slain were the king's son the archbishop, the Bishop of the Isles and two abbots, twelve earls, thirteen lords, and fifty heads of families only less than noble. Every part of the country felt the blow. James is said to have clad several men in the same dress as himself that he might not be known, and might take the place of an ordinary combatant. It was variously rumoured in Scotland that he survived, that he had been treacherously slain after the battle, and that he had gone to the Holy Land. But his body was recognised, and the sword, dagger, and ring in the Heralds' College attest his death. His corpse lay unburied till Henry VIII in mockery got leave from his ally, the pope, to commit the corpse of one excommunicated to consecrated ground; but, according to Stow, it was still left, lapped in lead, in a waste room in the Carthusian monastery of Sheen till Young, the master-glazier of Queen Elizabeth, gave it an ignoble burial with the bones from the charnel-house in the church of St. Michael's. James left only one legitimate child, his successor, James V. Five other children of Queen Margaret, whose second husband was Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of Angus [q. v.], had died infants. His illegitimate children by Marion Boyd were Alexander Stewart [q. v.], archbishop of St. Andrews; James, to whom there is a solitary reference in a letter printed by Ruddiman as a possible candidate, when only eight years old, for the abbacy of Dunfermline; and Catherine, who married James, earl of Morton; James Stewart, earl of Moray (1499–1544) [q. v.], by Janet Kennedy; Margaret, who married John, lord Gordon, by Margaret Drummond; and Jean, who married Malcolm, lord Fleming, by Isabel Stewart, daughter of the Earl of Buchan; and probably Henry, called Wemyss, bishop of Galloway (Keith, Scottish Bishops, p. 278), by a lady of that name. Several authentic portraits of James IV have been preserved. One, in the diptych, now at Holyrood, represents him as a boy praying by the side of his father; and another, with a falcon on his wrist, formerly in the royal English collection, is at Keir. A third, attributed to Holbein, is in the possession of the Marquis of Lothian; it represents James holding a Marguerite daisy in his right hand. A fourth painting of 1507, and supposed to represent James IV, is the property of the Hon. Mrs. Maxwell-Scott. No copy of the medal he struck just before Flodden is now known to exist. Flodden is a deeper stain than Sauchieburn on the memory of James. He was the chief author of the defeat, which his country never recovered till the union of the crowns of England and Scotland in the person of his great-grandson. A large share of the misery of Scotland during the interval must be attributed to his decision to side with France against England, and to his incompetence as a general. Yet he had the chivalry of a knight-errant and the courage of a soldier. He was a wise legislator, an energetic administrator, and no unskilful diplomatist, a patron of learning, the church, and the poor. Scotland under him advanced in civilisation, and became from a second- almost a first-class power. The elegant latinity of James's diplomatic letters (Letters of Richard III and Henry VII), of which many are still in manuscript in the Advocates' Library and British Museum, is probably due to the scholarship of Patrick Panther, royal secretary during the greater part of the reign, and not to James, who cannot himself, as Mr. Brewer surmises (Henry VIII, i. 28), have been a pupil of Erasmus, though he entrusted the education of his bastard son Alexander, the archbishop, to the great humanist. But at no period was the Scottish court more friendly to literature and education. The chief authors were Henry the Minstrel [q. v.], Robert Henryson [q. v.], William Dunbar [q. v.], and Gavin Douglas [q. v.], besides a crowd of minor minstrels, one of whom, ‘Great Kennedy,’ was apparently counted the equal of Dunbar. History, as distinguished from mere chronicles, was beginning [cf. Boece, Hector; Hay, Sir Gilbert; and Major, John]. The statute of 1504, which required all barons and freeholders to send their sons to grammar schools till they had perfect Latin, and then to the university, marks the royal interest in education. William Elphinstone [q. v.], bishop of Aberdeen, founded the university in his town, and James gave his name to King's College. James's personal prediction was perhaps more for science than literature. He amused himself with the astrology and practised the imperfect surgery then in vogue. A professorship of medicine was instituted at Aberdeen, and more than one surgeon was in the royal pay. His dabbling in the black arts unfortunately made him a prey to impostors, one of whom, Damian, the abbot of Tungland, who pretended to fly, and obtained large sums to experiment on the quintessence, has been pilloried in Dunbar's verse. Another of the king's favourite pursuits was the tournament, already passing out of fashion in England, but never celebrated with more pomp in Scotland than at James IV's marriage, that of Perkin Warbeck, and the reception of D'Aubigny. The morality of James's court was as low as that of the Tudor kings, and its coarseness was less veiled. James's personal faults infected his regal virtues. Inconstancy rendered him infirm as a general. Extravagance impoverished the exchequer. Obstinacy deprived him of wise counsellors, and pride exposed him, though not to the same extent as his father, to flatterers. His superstition placed him too much in the hands of a bad class of ecclesiastics. But with all these faults, he continued popular with the commons. The nobles were his natural enemies, as of all the Stewarts, but he controlled them better than any of his house, as the death-roll of Flodden proves. Dunbar, though he obtained no preferment and his satires had no effect, remained his friend. Sir David Lindsay observed him with the closeness of a courtier, and although himself a reformer, speaks of him, like Erasmus and Ayala, in terms of panegyric. The Treasurer's Accounts, Exchequer Rolls, and Acts of Parliament, the letters of James IV in Ruddiman's Epistolæ Regum Scotorum, supplemented by Mr. Gairdner's additions in the Letters of Richard III and Henry VII, the documents printed in Pinkerton's Appendix, and the poems of William Dunbar (Scottish Text Soc. ed.) are the original authorities. Major is a contemporary, but tantalisingly meagre. Buchanan, Leslie, and Lindsay of Pitscottie are separated only by one generation.]
3199	dbpedia	2	70	https://www.academia.edu/38053025/THE_DEMONOLOGY_OF_KING_JAMES_I	en	THE DEMONOLOGY OF KING JAMES I	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif	[ "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe.icon.svg", "https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58077806/mini_magick20181228-17354-16en1zt.png?1546026586", "https://0.academia-photos.com/63590281/16507393/21040966/s65_beverly.bristol.jpg", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png", "https://a.academia-assets.com/images/loswp/related-pdf-icon.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Beverly Bristol", "independent.academia.edu" ]	2018-12-28T00:00:00	THE DEMONOLOGY OF KING JAMES I				https://www.academia.edu/38053025/THE_DEMONOLOGY_OF_KING_JAMES_I	This thesis examines the connection between the personal and political ideologies of King James VI of Scotland, his involvement in the two mass witch panics which took place during 1590-1 and 1597, and the writing of his treatise, Daemonologie, all of which occurred at a time of religious, social and political turmoil during the late sixteenth century. King James believed in the theory of divine right, and that he was accountable only to God. This belief led to conflict between James and his Kirk, with the Presbyterian ministers overtly questioning his ability to rule effectively. The witch-hunts which occurred in 1590-1 reflect James’ reaction to this conflict, and illustrate his ability to manipulate the existing events in order to further his own aims; namely to reinforce his divine right to rule, as well as assert the legitimacy of his throne. James’ treatise, Daemonologie, which is unique in that it is the only work of its kind written by an early modern European monarch, reflects both his involvement in the witch trials, as well as his views regarding kingship. Ultimately, James’ involvement in the trials and the writing of Daemonologie served to affirm his authority by underlining his belief in his God-given right to rule, and legitimized his unstable regime by reinforcing his authority over both the Kirk and his government. During the course of this research, numerous sixteenth-century documents, including personal correspondence, trial records and contemporary accounts were examined in order to determine the many intricacies connecting James, the witch trials, and Daemonologie, as well as the complex nature of their relationship. This thesis is organized chronologically, with individual sections highlighting the events which gave rise to the witch panics, the political climate at the time, the trials, and Daemonologie itself. A few months ago, a witchmark was found in the rafters of Knole House in Kent. It was put there by workers in 1606, just after the Gunpowder Plot, to protect the King James from witchcraft during his visit to the house. My paper investigates the complex intersection between witchcraft, drama, and politics that this witchmark represents. I start by briefly charting the history of magic and witchcraft in Early Modern plays, starting with the first generation of the professional playwrights in the 1580s, through its flowering in the first decade of the 17th Century and its decline in the 1620s and 1630s. I argue that with the ascension of James in 1603, who becomes king already freighted with a long association with witchcraft, there is palpable shift in the content of such plays from fantastic magic to specifically demonic witchcraft, specifically looking at Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus and Shakespeare’s Macbeth as examples of the change. I tie the performance of witches on Early Modern stage into James’ marriage to Anne of Denmark, his activity in the witch trials that resulted from that marriage, and his own performance of heterosexuality and fitness for the English throne. I continue by evaluating each of these social forces according to the definition of performativity provided by Richard Schechner and using Victor Tuner’s ides of Deep Play, focusing particularly on his notions of restored actions, self-conscious activities and play. The purpose of this paper is to inquire into the common strand linking these two tragedies together, namely witchcraft as it was perceived in the early seventeenth century, in an attempt to gain some measure of insight into the then-conflicting Catholic and Protestant conceptions of evil and its degree of dominion in the world. As both poets wrote their tragedies under the reign of King James I (formerly King James VI of Scotland), a monarch renowned both for his erudition and his obsession with witchcraft, it seems likely that both would have made themselves familiar with James's 1597 tract Daemonologie, and drawn upon it to some extent for their own excursions into the realm of the diabolical. For this reason, our examination of Macbeth and Faustus will be made in close alignment with the King's treatise, in order to provide us with some sense of the presiding religious atmosphere under which they were composed. Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus powerfully epitomises the uncertainties and contradictions of the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century. While obsession with the Devil reached a high-water mark with the large-scale witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth century, representatives of the Radical Reformation, such as Anabaptists, Libertines, or the Family of Love, began to question the existence of the Devil as part of a rigorous rejection of idolatry. Elizabethan drama in general, and Doctor Faustus in particular, likewise entertained a fraught relationship with its own, visual mode of representation which was not free from contemporary anxieties about visual representation. This paper argues that by putting devils center stage, Marlowe exposes them to widespread anxieties concerning the visual representation of the supernatural, which further highlights the play’s heterodox, spiritualising tendencies. However, while the devils’ role in Faustus’s downfall is constantly undermined in the A-text, the B-text is at pains to restore their credibility. Finally, such a revision of demonic agency in the play also holds important clues for a new assessment of the play’s treatment of predestination and how it relates to contemporary orthodoxy. This article compares and contrasts England’s first three Witchcraft Acts (1542, 1563, and 1604) with demonological treatises published by English theologians and clerics between 1580 and 1627 with the intention of highlighting the different ways both types of texts defined witches and their actions. This research focuses on cunning folk as healers to emphasize the disparity of interests and aims that underpinned the representation of witchcraft in civil law and religious treatises concerning that issue. I suggest that during Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, discussions about the definition of witchcraft became one of the battlefields where those who thought the English Reformation had achieved its ends and those who propelled a more thorough disciplining of the population to create a godly society collided. I argue that demonological works served, among other purposes, to express grievances about the official religious policy
3199	dbpedia	0	86	https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/category/lawyer/	en	Lawyer – Glasgow Museums Art Donors Group	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/robert-donald.jpg?w=449", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/image-1.png?w=273", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ellen-donald.jpg?w=332", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/20220204_114608-window1.jpg?w=418", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/20220204_114528-window2.jpg?w=434", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/20220204_114510-window-text.jpg?w=1024", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/four-siblings.jpg?w=791", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/donalds-at-auchterarder-1892.jpg?w=1024", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/thomas-f-donald.jpg?w=715", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/2954-matriculation-album.jpg?w=1024", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/twd-in-his-prime.jpg?w=882", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/merchants-house-pages.jpg?w=1024", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/twd-at-chess.jpg?w=1024", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/mountblow-house.jpg?w=400", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/catherine-kate-donald.jpg?w=732", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/donor-3.jpg", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/donor-4.jpg", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/donor-5.jpg", "https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/sanderson-by-foggie.jpg?w=194", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2022-08-15T06:45:00+00:00	Posts about Lawyer written by almacdonald5	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Glasgow Museums Art Donors Group	https://glasgowmuseumsartdonors.co.uk/category/lawyer/	On 21 November 1944, an oil painting of Provost Robert Donald by an unknown artist was presented to Glasgow Corporation by Mr T. W. Donald, 172 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. C.2. (Thomas Walter Donald was the 3x great grandnephew of Robert Donald). There was submitted a letter from Mr T.W. Donald, Writer, 172 St. Vincent Street, offering to present to the Corporation a portrait of Robert Donald, who was provost of Glasgow from 1776 to 1777, and the committee, after hearing a report from the Director, agreed that the gift be accepted and that a letter of thanks be sent to the donor.1 Thomas Walter Donald was born on 5 January 1878 at The Baths, Helensburgh. (This was an extension of the Baths’ Hotel – later the Queen`s Hotel – built for Henry Bell who ferried customers from Glasgow in his steamship The Comet to the hotel). His parents were Ellen Mary Jane Brown and Colin Dunlop Donald jr., a writer in the family firm of McGrigor, Donald & Co., (later C.D. Donald & Sons) of 172 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. Colin`s address at the time was North Cottage, Wemyss Bay. Colin and Ellen had married on 16 January 1877 in Helensburgh and Thomas was their first child. 2 Thomas` brother, Colin Dunlop Donald was born on 11 September 1879. 3 In the 1881 census, the family was at 72 East Clyde Street, Helensburgh.4 This was the home of Thomas`s great grandfather Walter Buchanan of Shandon who had been an MP for Glasgow between 1857 and 1865. A third brother, William Frances Maxwell Donald (Frank) was born on 3 June 1881, and a sister Helen (Nelly) on 16 July 1882. Thomas later wrote a memoir of his childhood in Helensburgh recalling some of his earliest memories.5 Thomas`s mother died suddenly of a chill on 20 August 1882 shortly after the birth of her daughter. A memorial window to her was placed in St. Michaels`s Church in Helensburgh in 1889. 6 In the year following Ellen Donald’s death, the family left Helensburgh and moved to Glasgow, first to Westbourne Gardens where they remained for a year, and then to 14 Huntly Gardens, Hillhead. 7,8 The boys were later sent to boarding schools in England. In the 1891 Census, Thomas, aged 13, was a pupil at Bilton Grange School in Warwickshire. 9 In January of the following year he entered Rugby School boarding at Michell House. At Rugby he seems to have kept a low profile as there is no record of him participating in any of the school teams or winning any major prizes. 10 He left in the summer of 1895 to go to Glasgow University. (His two younger brothers also attended Rugby School. Both boarded at Mitchell; Colin Dunlop Donald from 1893-1895 and William Francis Maxwell Donald from 1895-1898.11 William later studied engineering at Glasgow University). Thomas`s father, Colin Dunlop Donald III wrote articles on archaeology and a history of The Board of Green Cloth which provided ‘a social history of Glasgow at the turn of the nineteenth century’. He was Hon. Secretary of the Regality Club which published books on the buildings of Glasgow. These were illustrated by etchings by D. Y. Cameron who used to call at 14 Huntly Gardens with the proofs.12 (These etchings were left to Thomas and subsequently passed to his grandson Frank Donald who donated them to Glasgow. These are catalogued as PR.2004.5). When their father died suddenly (of a chill) in 1895, Thomas`s unmarried uncle Thomas F. Donald (TFD) took over the care of the four orphans. (Thomas F. Donald was an accountant and stockbroker. As a young apprentice his firm had been engaged by one of the Directors of the City of Glasgow Bank to see if he had any defence after the bank failed in 1878. TFD saw the balance sheet which had been presented to a meeting of the board, and when he examined the same balance sheet afterwards it had fictitious amendments in red ink! TFD was secretary of the Royal Northern Yacht Club in Rhu for 24 years and was presented with 200 guineas when he retired in 1910. He was also a donor to Glasgow gifting The Clyde from Dalnottar by John Knox in 1921. This is displayed in the Kelvingrove Art Galleries and Museum). At university Thomas Walter Donald continued the study of Latin and Greek which he had begun at school. He also attended classes in Mathematics, English, Logic and Roman Law for fees of £5.5.0 per year. He graduated MA on 3 November 1898. Thereafter, he began a course leading to the degree of LLB. He gained a ‘Highly Distinguished’ award in History in 1898-99. In 1899-1900 he studied Scots Law under Professor Alexander Moody Stuart and was awarded a prize for ‘Eminence in Class Examinations’. He matriculated as ‘Thomas Walter Donald MA’ for session 1900-1901 taking classes in Jurisprudence, and Constitutional Law and History. In the latter class he was awarded first prize and he graduated LLB in 1901.13 In the 1901 Census, Thomas was a ‘lawyer`s apprentice’, aged 23, living with his uncle, Thomas F. Donald, 47, at 14 Huntly Gardens, Glasgow. His brothers, Colin aged 21 and William, 19, were also living there.14 After serving an apprenticeship with the Glasgow legal firm of Maclay, Murray and Spens, Thomas was admitted a solicitor in 1902. On 20 September 1902, Thomas married Sarah Gertrude Newstead, at St. Mary’s Church, Bryanston Square, Westminster, London.15 She was 28, the daughter of a retired surgeon from Bristol. The couple moved to Glasgow to a flat at 8 Clarence Drive, Hillhead, where their son Colin George Walter Donald was born on 7July 1904. 16,17 Soon after the birth they moved to Grendon Lodge in Helensburgh. 18 It was here that their daughters Monica Mary Louise (1910) and Barbara Gertrude (1912) were born.19 Apparently, the children later became close friends of the Blackie children who lived in the ‘Hill House’. Barbara later reported that ‘while the window seats in the Hill House were great fun, the famous Charles Rennie Mackintosh chairs were terribly uncomfortable’. 20 About 1905, Thomas joined McGrigor, Donald and Co., Glasgow a law firm which had been part founded by his great-grandfather, Colin Dunlop Donald.21 He remained with this firm for the rest of his life eventually becoming senior partner. He also became the senior member of the Royal Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow. He seems to have specialized in lawsuits involving shipping and shipwrecks and often acted on behalf of the Board of Trade at which time, ‘all other work in the office ceased!’ The firm also acted for the family of Madeleine Smith.22 Thomas had a keen interest in his family history and outlined some of its main points in a letter to the Glasgow Herald in 1909 23. This was in response to a previous letter requesting information about the father, grandfather and great grandfather of Robert Donald – the subject of the donated portrait. (Appendix 1) Due to a pre-existing medical condition, Thomas was not required to do active service in WW1. However, he did undertake a course of training in the Glasgow Citizen Training force which he completed in 1915 before transferring to the corresponding company in Helensburgh. (In WW2 his duties involved a stint of fire watching at 172 St Vincent Street). After living for eighteen years in Helensburgh the family moved to Stirling in 1922, to a house at 9 Snowdon Place which they also named Grendon. 24 (This is still called Grendon House but has been converted to flats) Thomas and his brother Colin Dunlop Donald became members of the Merchants’ House of Glasgow in 1928. 25 (The page shows, Matriculation Number; Date, 13th Sept. 1928; Name; Occupation; Address of Firm; Father`s Name and Designation; Entry Fee (21 guineas) and date when paid). Thomas was fond of ‘cruising in other peoples’ yachts’ but he also undertook some more far-flung voyages. On 19 June 1931, he arrived in London via Plymouth from Bombay, India. He was 53 and had travelled on the P & O ship ‘Malwa’. On 21 February 1938 he arrived at Bristol from Kingston, Jamaica following a visit to his son and daughter-in-law.26 Gertrude Donald died from cancer at 9 Snowdon Place, Stirling on 13 April 1942. She was 68.27 In 1952 Thomas moved to 44 Kelvin Court on Great Western Road, Glasgow. In 1969 he gave an interview to Jack Webster of the Scottish Daily Express in which he talks about his connection with the West India Association.28 This had been set up in 1807 to facilitate trade with the West Indies. He had become treasurer of the association in the 1930s and had presided over their last meeting in 1969. (Appendix) Thomas Walter Donald died on 23December 1970 at 44 Kelvin Court, Glasgow. He was 92. The cause of death was hypostatic pneumonia and myocardial degeneration. The death was registered by his nephew Colin Dunlop Donald.29 According to the writer of his obituary, Thomas Walter Donald ‘was a man of great charm and wide culture, and in his extensive legal practice his humanity found full scope’. He played his part in public work as a director of the Merchants` House and the Elder Hospital, and as representative of the Glasgow Faculty on the Joint Committee of Legal Societies from which the Law Society of Scotland developed. He was a director of the British Linen Bank and the Scottish Provident Institution.30 He was also a Trustee of Provands Lordship. Thomas`s daughter-in-law was Russian and a good friend of the painter Eric Prehn and his wife Irina, whom she had known in Riga. When Eric and Irina moved to Edinburgh Thomas used to stay with them when he attended British Linen Bank board meetings. As a result of their friendship Thomas was encouraged to take up painting himself. Unfortunately, not much of his work has survived. Thomas does not appear to have been a collector of art but owned the following paintings which have family connections. Portrait of Robert Donald, Provost of Glasgow 1776-7. Donated to Glasgow. Portrait of Colin Dunlop of Carmyle, Provost of Glasgow and one of the founders of the ‘Ship Bank’. This was donated to the British Linen Bank to celebrate the bicentenary of the Ship Bank. It passed to the Bank of Scotland and was subsequently returned to the family. Portrait of Kathrine Donald, wife of Robert. This remains in the family. Portrait of James Donald painted in1757. This remains in the family. It was shown as part of the Old Glasgow Exhibition. The Sitter Robert Donald (1724 – 1803) Robert Donald was a ‘Virginia Merchant’ – one of the Glasgow ‘Tobacco Lords’ – and a Provost of the City. He was born in 1724 the fourth son of Thomas Donald of Lyleston (also a tobacco merchant) and Janet Cumming of Baremann. 31 He formed a partnership with his older brother James. (James Donald, also a tobacco merchant, acquired the lands of Geilston in Cardross in 1757 and was subsequently styled, James Donald of Geilston). Robert married his first cousin Katherine Donald, daughter of Robert Donald of Greenock. When James Donald died in 1760 his estate passed to his eldest son Thomas who maintained the partnership with his uncle Robert, and they traded as Robert Donald and Co. They had their own fleet of ships which they operated in conjunction with their cousins in Greenock. They maintained a network of Company Stores in the back country of Virginia and dealt with the small tobacco growers. Both Robert and James appear to have spent time in Virginia, and had a house in Pages a township in Hanover County where they were visited by George Washington in 1752. Robert left America to return to Scotland in 1758. Robert became a Burgess of Glasgow (by right of his wife) in 1759. He was elected a Baillie in 1765 and 1773. In 1767, he feued the 24-acre Mountblow estate near Clydebank from George Buchanan of Auchentoshan and built Mountblow House on this estate. He was elected Provost of Glasgow on 1 October 1776 and retained that position until 30September 1777. In 1778 he took an active part in raising a regiment to serve against the Americans in the War of Independence. However, he later lost most of his fortune when Thomas Donald & Son became bankrupt in 1787. (Presumably Thomas was now senior partner hence the name change.) Robert remained at Mountblow and, until 1798, was employed by the city to supervise the deepening of the River Clyde at a salary of £50 per annum later increased to £60. On 6 June 1793, Robert wrote a letter from Mountblow to George Washington asking him to look favourably on the bearer who was his nephew. Katherine Donald died in 1798 and five years later, on 22 February 1803 Robert Donald died at Mountblow. 32 He was buried in the Ramshorn Churchyard in Glasgow. Having no children of his own he seems to have left the bulk of his estate to his nephew Alexander Donald. The Mountblow estate was acquired by Henry Bowie and then by William Dunn of Duntocher (1770-1849). It was inherited by Dunn’s nephew, the Advocate Alexander Dunn Pattison. He sold it to Glasgow Corporation in 1877 and they in turn rented it to James Rodger Thomson of the Clydebank Shipyard until 1893 when it was leased to the Seamen’s Orphans’ Institute. It became Mountblow Children’s Home in 1922.33 The house probably suffered damage in the Clydebank Blitz of 1941 although was not hit directly by bombs. The remains were demolished to make way for housing after the war. The Painting The painting was completed in London in 1762 when Robert Donald was 38. The artist is unknown. The painting did not remain in the family and may have been sold either when Robert`s business collapsed or when he died. In 1868, the portrait was on loan at an Exhibition of Portraits held in the New Galleries of Art in Sauchiehall Street. It was lent by Thomas Carlisle Esq.* It was loaned to the ‘Old Glasgow Exhibition’ held under the auspices of the Glasgow Institute for Fine Arts in 1894. This time the lender was a Miss Carlisle. Thomas Carlisle was a manufacturing chemist and a partner in the firm of Stevenson, Carlisle and Co. with works at Millburn Street, Townhead, Glasgow and an office at 23 West Nile Street. He had a house at 2 Lancaster Terrace, Great Western Road. He died in 1917. It seems he was also in possession of a portrait of Katherine Donald, wife of Robert at the time of the 1868 exhibition. Perhaps Thomas Walter Donald purchased both portraits from the Carlisles? Appendix An article written by Jack Webster which appeared in the Scottish Daily Express. ‘When the tax on rum was a farthing a gallon’ Thomas Walter Donald nods towards a portrait above his lounge mantelpiece and tell you that the robust gentleman in question, his great-great-grandfather, was born in 1745 and became one of Glasgow`s tobacco lords trading with the American colonies. But Mr. Donald, quiet and cultured, does not require a portrait to give his visitor a sense of history. For he himself has lived through 92 years in which he has been, and remains, an active city lawyer. He was a trustee of the estate of Mr. Smith of Blythswood Square, father of Madeleine Smith, the Glasgow girl accused in 1857 of poisoning her secret French lover, a charge which was found “not proven”. The other day, Mr. Donald brought another reminder of an age that is all but forgotten when he called a rather special meeting of the West India Association. The association was founded in 1807 to help those eager businessmen who were trading with the West Indies during last century to bring home the rum, sugar and tobacco. “My family has turned from trading to law, however”, says Mr. Donald, “and I was never a trader myself. I merely became treasurer of the West India Association in the 1930s, by which time there was not much business being done”. “The emancipation of the slaves had knocked a considerable hole in the profits. But there was a time in the heyday of these tobacco, rum and sugar lords when the association was very active. In 1840 for example, it appointed a delegation to go to Parliament to protest against an increase on the duty on rum from ¼ d to ½ d per gallon. Glasgow was doing a tremendous overseas trade at that time. By the time the Second World War came, more and more trade was being done from London”. “Those in Glasgow still interested began to die off and the association became moribund. We met again in 1946 – but not again until 1969, when I thought it was perhaps about time that we had another meeting”. “This time it was to see about disposing of stock and cash totaling around £730 – and eight remaining members of a once flourishing organisation agreed that the remaining surplus funds will be handed over to “the West India Committee” in London. This is a non-profit making body founded in 1750, which promotes Commonwealth, Caribbean/UK trade and stimulates investment in the Commonwealth and Caribbean and the improvement of the standard of living there”. In his luxury flat in Glasgow`s west end, Mr. Donald showed me the massive tomes of minutes stretching back to 1807 – which are now being handed over to the Mitchell Library. He had known nearly half of that period from his own experience. To talk to him was to absorb history itself. At 92, he is still senior partner in one of the Scotland`s biggest legal practices. He pops down to the Western Club in the city centre, or off on a cruise to Madeira. Jack Webster References Glasgow Corporation, Minutes of Art Galleries and Museums Committee, 21 November 1944, page 165. Held in The Mitchell Library, Glasgow Scotland`s People, Birth Certificate ibid ancestry.co.uk, 1881 Census, Scotland Memoir written by T.W. Donald. Excerpts from this memoir were supplied by Frank Donald, grandson of the donor. I am most grateful to Frank and his cousins Colin and James Donald for supplying photographs and information contained in this report. Any un-attributed material in this report is due to them. Stained Glass Window in St. Michael`s Church, Helensburgh. Made by Charles Eamer Kempe, 1889. (Mary Magdalene anointing the feet of Christ), St Michael’s Church — a short history Penny Johnston, 30 March 2010, Helensburgh Heritage T. W. Donald Memoir Glasgow Post Office Directory, 1884-5 Ancestry.co.uk, 1891 Census for England Information from Rusty MacLean, archivist, Rugby School ibid T.W. Donald Memoir Archives of the University of Glasgow Ancestry.co.uk, 1901 Census, Scotland Ancestry.com, London Marriages Glasgow Post Office Directories for 1903-4, 1904-5 and 1905-6 Scotland`s People, Birth Certificate Scotland`s People, Census 1911 Scotland’s People, Birth Certificates T.W. Donald Memoir Glasgow Post Office Directories for 1903-4, 1904-5 and 1905-6 Glasgow Herald, 25 December 1970, page 11. Letter initialed “T. W. D.”, Glasgow Herald, 16 April 1909, page 14 Post Office Directory, Stirling, 1922 Merchants` House of Glasgow Archive, Mitchell Library, Glasgow Ancestry.com, UK Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960 Scotland`s People, Death Certificate Scottish Daily Express, 31 July 1969 Scotland`s People, Death Certificate Glasgow Herald, 25 December 1970, page 11 Marwick, J.D. ed., Provosts of Glasgow, in Charters and Documents Relating To the City of Glasgow 1175-1649 Part 1, Glasgow, 1897 The Scots Magazine, Vol 65, 1803, (‘At Mountblow, in the 79th year of his age, Robert D(onald) Mountblow, Esq formerly Lord Provost’) Glasgow University Library, Special Collections, Dougan Add. 73 On 29 December 1943, a bequest from Kenneth Sanderson, Esq., W.S., Edinburgh, of a portrait in oil of George Murdoch (2352) by David Martin was received. “There was submitted a letter from Wishart & Sanderson, solicitors, Edinburgh, intimating that the late Mr. Kenneth Sanderson, W.S., had bequeathed to the Corporation the portrait of George Murdoch, Lord Provost of Glasgow, 1766, by David Martin. The committee, after hearing a report by the Director, agreed that the bequest be accepted”.1 (Accepted 29th December 1943). Kenneth Sanderson was born on the 1st of July 1868 at Knowe Park, Galashiels. 2 He was the fourth of eight sons born to Robert Sanderson a woollen manufacturer and his wife Elizabeth Cochrane whom he had married on the 22nd of September 1859. The eldest child of the family was a daughter, Jane, born in 1860. 3 Sanderson was educated at the Edinburgh Institute (now Stewart`s Melville College) which he attended from 1882 to 1885. The following lists some of his achievements during and after his time at school 4:- “SANDERSON, Kenneth, 5, Northumberland Street. Particulars at School – 1st XV, 1884-85. After Leaving School – W.S., 23, Rutland Street, Edinburgh; Chairman, Edinburgh Public Library; Lawn Tennis: Scotland v Belgium, 1914; 1914-18, Assistant in Law Department of Board of Trade; Fellow of the Society of Antiquities of Scotland; Director, Scottish Power Company” After leaving school in 1885, he attended Edinburgh University. At the same time, he was serving his apprenticeship as a Writer to the Signet which he began on the 2nd of November 1885.5 From the census of 1891, he was at his parents` home with four of his brothers. His occupation was “apprentice law clerk”.6 Having studied Civil Law and Conveyancing, he completed his apprenticeship in the office of Messrs. Bruce and Kerr, W.S. on the 13th of July 1891 when he became a member of the W.S. Society. 7 The following year, along with Andrew Wishart W. S., he formed the firm of Wishart and Sanderson where he remained a senior partner throughout his life. The firm built up a considerable practice both in Edinburgh and the Borders.8 In 1897 he wrote a letter to the Scotsman from 65, Castle Street, Edinburgh supporting the idea that “Scottish bills …. could fittingly be dealt with by a tribunal sitting in Scotland”.9 In both the 1901 and 1911 censuses he was living at 5, Abercromby Place and employing two servants. His profession was “W.S. and N.P.” 10 Kenneth Sanderson was a talented lawn tennis player. In 1887 he competed in tournaments in Galashiels and Melrose and in 1888, he entered the Scottish Championships, reaching the semi-finals. He competed in the Queen`s Challenge Cup in 1890 and reached the final of the Scottish Border Championships in 1903. In 1904 another entry into the Scottish Championships ended when he lost in round one. He also competed in tournaments on the Continent, South of France (quarter-finals in 1905) and Cannes (semi-finals in 1905) and again in 1909. He again reached the semi-finals of the Scottish Championships in 1908 and played in the South of Scotland Tennis Championships at Moffat as current North of Scotland Champion. He reached the men`s singles final and played in the mixed doubles.11 In April 1914 he toured Belgium with the Scottish Lawn Tennis Team and represented Scotland against Belgium in the first international match in which a Scottish team was involved. (He won two and lost two matches). (The team attributed its relatively poor form to having to play the match so soon after arriving in Belgium!)12 He wrote a critique of Scottish Tennis comparing the standard of play now and 40 years previously. In it he mentions some of the prominent players and tournaments.13 This was republished, (unaltered because of its historical interest), in 1927. 14 In other arenas, he was an expert angler (“a passionate sport from boyhood on Ettrick and Tweed”) and a fine golfer becoming a member of the Royal Burgess Golfing Society. He was also elected a council member of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1907. When the Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club was established in 1893, Sanderson was a founder member and was elected to the post of Honorary Secretary. The First Annual Meeting and Dinner of the club was held on the 7th November 1894. “The Secretary (Mr. KENNETH SANDERSON, W.S.) read the Minute of the Meeting constituting the Club, which was held on 13th June last, and the same was approved of. He reported that the membership to date numbered 496”. 15 His address at this time was 15, York Place. The following year he attended the meeting of the Club in the Synod Hall, Edinburgh where the Rev. John Watson (a.k.a. Ian Maclaren) was the speaker. The speaker commented that even then Scott was “not read”. 16 The 7th Annual Dinner of the Club was held at the Royal Hotel, with Sanderson as Hon. Sec. 17 In this capacity, he wrote to Sir Donald MacAlister in 1909 inviting him to be President of the Club for the following year. Sir Donald was then Principal of Glasgow University and the letter is preserved in the archives of the University. 18 The invitation was accepted. On the 8th of April 1910 he wrote to Lord Crewe possibly with a similar invitation. 19 After 27 years as Hon. Sec. of the Club, he indicated his intention to resign that position on 31st October 1921 and his resignation was accepted at the AGM and Dinner on the 17th of December that year.20 Presumably this prompted a presentation to him of “the Bracket Clock by Joseph Kniff, given to me by the Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club” which is mentioned in his will and which was left to his nephew Robert Kenneth Sanderson. He retained a connection with the club and attended its Thirtieth Annual Dinner in 1930 at the North British Hotel, with the Rt. Hon. Stanley Baldwin presiding. He was no longer an office bearer.21 In 1932 he wrote authoritative articles in the Scotsman describing exhibits (for example “The Engraved Portraits” of Scott) on display at the Scott Centenary Exhibition in the National Galleries of Scotland.22 The Old Edinburgh Club was founded in 1908 with Sanderson a founding member.23 Kenneth Sanderson`s main interests outside of his law practice were Scottish Art, Prints and Engravings, and libraries. He was regarded: “as one of the finest art connoisseurs in Scotland; he had not only one of the largest private collections of pictures and prints, but an intimate knowledge of the work of each of the great painters and engravers, particularly of the 18th century. His favourite portrait painter was probably David Martin, the master of Sir Henry Raeburn, though he had an affection for Allan Ramsay and Andrew Geddes”. 24 His “intimate knowledge” is exemplified in a letter of 1917 on the subject of “Sir Henry Raeburn`s “Glengarry””25. He was instrumental in the foundation of the Scottish Print and Fine Arts Club which held exhibitions in Edinburgh, Glasgow and Aberdeen and he contributed regularly to “The Print Collector`s Quarterly”. For example, he wrote an article on “Engravings after Raeburn” for one of the 1925 editions.26 In 1928 he became Curator of the Signet Library a post which he held for the rest of his life.27 He was Chairman of the Edinburgh Library Committee from 1930. 28 In a letter of that year he requested donations of local materials to be housed in a new library being built in Leith.29 In 1934 he presided over a meeting of the General Committee of the Edinburgh Public Library and announced that he was giving two pencil drawings by Henry Gastineau and a letter of James Gordon dated 1680, to the Edinburgh Room.30 This was followed in 1935 by his gift of two watercolour drawings to Edinburgh Central Library; “The Edinburgh Tollbooth, 1829” and “View of Portobello, 1838”.31 He was also chairman of the Library Committee of Edinburgh University.32 He was passionate about “the extensions and welfare of the Public Library – which he regarded as his chief life`s work”.33 In 1936 he was appointed to the Board of Trustees of the National Galleries of Scotland (NGS). He subsequently served as the National Galleries of Scotland Accounting Officer.34 In 1938 in his capacity as Trustee he was a member of the Executive Committee set up in Edinburgh in connection with “the most comprehensive exhibition of Scottish Art which has ever been undertaken”. The exhibition was to be held at the Royal Academy, Burlington House, London in 1939. Other members of the committee were Sir James L. Caw, Sir D. Y. Cameron, Mr. Stanley Cursiter and Mr J. R. Blyth, Chairman of the Kirkcaldy Art Gallery Committee.35 John Lavery and Sir Muirhead Bone were involved in the London committee. In connection with this exhibition he gave a series of weekly lectures on Scottish painters featuring, for example, the work of Wilkie and Geddes.36 He also lent the portrait of George Murdoch (subsequently donated to Glasgow) to be exhibited at the Royal Academy. Sanderson visited many of the galleries in Europe the last being those in Copenhagen and Stockholm in the year before the war.37 In 1941 he represented the Trustees of NGS at an exhibition of “Inter-Allied Art” which was opened by Tom Johnston Secretary of State.38 He was reappointed to the Board of Trustees in 1942 (along with Sir William Burrell and Sir D. Y. Cameron). “Interested in the development of electrical supply in the South of Scotland, he became a director of the Scottish Power Company and the various electrical supply companies associated with it”. 39 Kenneth Sanderson never married. He died aged 75 on the 16th October 1943 at his home, 5, Northumberland Street, Edinburgh. “An Appreciation” appeared in the Scotsman; “His bright, engaging and energetic personality endeared him not only to friends in the Parliament House and in other legal quarters, but in several artistic, literary and other societies. His zest, wide knowledge, sincerity and sound judgement were characteristics which won the admiration of all whom he came in contact with.” 40 The Edinburgh Evening News of 18th October 1943 contained a brief obituary and according to the Weekly Scotsman, his estate was valued at £26,503. 41 Among other bequests he left £1000 to the City of Edinburgh Council of Social Service, £500 to the Kirk Session of St. Cuthbert`s Parish Church – of which he had been an elder – (“for behoof of the Choir Endowment Fund”) and £200 to the Scottish Modern Arts Association. He also bequeathed a print showing the opening of the Scott Monument to Edinburgh Central Library. The National Galleries of Scotland have a large collection of prints and drawings from the Kenneth Sanderson bequest of 1944. In addition, the Fine Arts Library in Edinburgh Central Library has a collection of artists` autographs and letters also from the bequest. References Glasgow Corporation Minutes, 16th November 1943, Committee on Art Galleries and Museums. (Mitchell Library) Scotland`s People, Birth Certificate ancestry.co.uk Edinburgh Institution, 1832 – 1932, J.R.S. Young, George Waterston & Sons Ltd., 1933 Information and photograph of Sanderson from, James Hamilton, Research Principal, The WS Society, The Signet Library, Edinburgh Scotland`s People, Census, 1891 Scots Law Reporter, 1943, p191 Information from Andrew Wishart, grandson of Kenneth Sanderson`s partner; He also provided the information that a walnut tallboy was bequeathed to the Royal Scottish Museum and is on display there; The Scotsman, 13th April 1897, p9 Scotland`s People, Censuses, 1901 and 1911 tennisarchives.com/player.php?playerid=9422 and The Scotsman, 7th August 1909 p13 “Fifty Years of Lawn Tennis in Scotland”, 1914, Wallace MacGregor, editor and publisher “Aspects Of Scottish Lawn Tennis”, Being A Series Of Articles By J. Patten Macdougall, C.B., A. Wallace Mcgregor, A. Morrice Mackay, Edinburgh, 1st Jan 1910 “Fifty Years of Lawn Tennis in Scotland”, Wallace MacGregor, publisher. 1927 Minutes of the Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club,7th November 1894, reprinted 9th March 2009 The Scotsman, 26th Nov 1895. p9 The Scotsman, 10th January 1901, p9 Glasgow University Archives, MS Gen 544/42 Cambridge University Archives, Crewe C.14.1.24 From the Minutes of the Edinburgh Sir Walter Scott Club, courtesy of Lee Simpson, Hon. Treasurer The Scotsman, 17th January 1930, p10 The Scotsman, 1st and 2nd July 1932, p12 Information from, James Hamilton, Research Principal, The WS Society, The Signet Library, Edinburgh The Scotsman, 19th October 1943, p4; 18th October 1943. Notice of his death and an obituary The Scotsman, 24th July 1917, p6 The Print Collector`s Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1925 Information from, James Hamilton, Research Principal, The WS Society, The Signet Library, Edinburgh The Scotsman, 22nd January 1930; The Scotsman, 24th January 1930 p7 The Scotsman, 31st July 1934, p7 The Scotsman 1st October 1935, p13 The Scots Law Times, 6th November 1943, pp 47,48 “A Friend`s Tribute”, The Scotsman, 21st October 1943 I am grateful to Kerry Eldon, Librarian, Scottish National Gallery, for information and for allowing access to its collection of Sanderson papers. The Scotsman, 4th June 1938, p17 The Scotsman 28th January 1939, p15 “A Friend`s Tribute”, The Scotsman, 21st October 1943 Glasgow Herald, 31st May 1941 Edinburgh Evening Dispatch, 18th October, 1943 The Scotsman, 19th Oct 1943 The Weekly Scotsman, 3rd Jan 1944, p3 The Painting The portrait was painted by David Martin (1737 – 1797) in 1793. It is signed “Martin, P.W.P pinxit 1793”. It was a family commission and remained in the family till 1931. It was exhibited in Glasgow in 1868 (with the attribution that it was by Raeburn) and in 1894 at an exhibition of “Old Glasgow Art”, lent by Andrew B. Yuille. It was sold at Christie’s in London on July 10, 1931 from the property of C.T. Murdoch, Esq., M.P.** It was bought by Leggatt for £105 and sold on to Kenneth Sanderson. In 1937 it was loaned by Kenneth Sanderson to The Scottish Fine Arts and Print Club Loan Exhibition and again in 1939 to the Exhibition of Scottish Art at the R.A., London. P.W.P. = Painter to the Prince of Wales * Charles Townshend Murdoch (27 May 1837 — 8 July 1898) was a banker and Conservative politican who sat in the House of Commons between 1885 and 1898. The Sitter George Murdoch was admitted a burgess of Glasgow on 26th September 1737, “by right of his father”. He was Dean of Guild in 1751 and 1752. He was elected Provost of Glasgow from 1754-1755 and again from 1766-1767. He was a merchant primarily trading in wines from Madeira, but became involved in related enterprises such as becoming a partner in a glass bottle works in 1742, and forming Murdoch & Warroch to build and operate the famous Anderston Brewery. George Murdoch was thrice married. His first wife was Margaret Leitch, daughter of a Glasgow merchant whom he married about 1740 and had a family of five sons and three (four?) daughters. His subsequent marriages (to Janet Bogle and Amelia Campbell) produced no further children. One of his sons, James, went to work in Madeira at the age of thirteen and another, George, ended up in Grenada. In 1767, while in his second term as Provost, Murdoch laid the foundation stone for the new Jamaica Street Bridge. A mason, in 1769 he became “Provincial Grand Master over the Counties of Lenrick (Lanark?), Renfrew, Air, Dumbarton and Argyle”. George Murdoch died at Frisky Hall, Dunbartonshire on 19th September 1795 and was buried in Blackfriars Churchyard. He was survived by his third wife. The information about the painting and the sitter comes from the object files at Glasgow Museums Resource Centre.
3199	dbpedia	0	69	https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/UlZTzD4OZw2yuCeeSPXtl0L_WzM/appointments	en	James Donald THOMSON personal appointments	https://d32x3rupd7ojqn.c…ngraph-image.jpg	https://d32x3rupd7ojqn.c…ngraph-image.jpg	[ "https://matomo.companieshouse.gov.uk//piwik.php?idsite=2" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return, officers, charges, business activity	en	//d32x3rupd7ojqn.cloudfront.net/images/govuk-frontend/v3.5.0/images/favicon.ico		null	We use some essential cookies to make our services work. We'd also like to use analytics cookies so we can understand how you use our services and to make improvements.
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3199	dbpedia	1	24	https://www.alamy.com/james-donald-scottish-actor-and-film-star-1951-artist-unknown-image60247425.html	en	James Donald, Scottish actor and film star, 1951. Artist: Unknown Stock Photo	https://c7.alamy.com/com…known-DE0E5N.jpg	https://c7.alamy.com/com…known-DE0E5N.jpg	[ "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg", "https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "1950s", "20th century", "acting", "actress", "arts", "b/w", "black and white", "britain", "british", "celebrity" ]	null	[ "Alamy Limited" ]	null	Download this stock image: James Donald, Scottish actor and film star, 1951. Artist: Unknown - DE0E5N from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.	en	https://s.alamy.com/logo…avicon-16x16.png		https://www.alamy.com/james-donald-scottish-actor-and-film-star-1951-artist-unknown-image60247425.html	This image could have imperfections as it’s either historical or reportage. James Donald, Scottish actor and film star, 1951. Donald (1917-1993) starring as Neil Marriner in the film 'White Corridors', directed by Pat Jackson.
3199	dbpedia	2	26	https://lithub.com/the-yinzers-of-glasgow-on-the-scottish-origins-of-pittsburghs-unique-dialect/	en	The Yinzers of Glasgow: On the Scottish Origins of Pittsburgh’s Unique Dialect	https://s26162.pcdn.co/w…4/05/YINZERS.jpg	https://s26162.pcdn.co/w…4/05/YINZERS.jpg	[ "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/themes/rigel/images/social_logo.png", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/YINZERS.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/001-1240x816.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/002.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/003.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/004-1.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/005.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/006.jpg", "https://images-us.bookshop.org/ingram/9781467157315.jpg?height=500&v=v2-9b80fc8c8ea3ea12d9be388391aec2d5", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Picture1-100x100.jpg", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Screen-Shot-2024-05-15-at-6.40.05-AM-300x300.png", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-sPcTBQa5YQLu3.gif", "https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/plugins/lithub-subscriber-drive/img/donate-the-tote3.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2024-05-15T10:38:25+00:00	The city center of Glasgow, Scotland—that iron-and-glass-forged, cobblestoned fortress of a hilly, rainy, foggy metropolis—is bisected by the dueling high streets of Buchanan and Sauchiehall. There…	en	https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/favicon.ico	Literary Hub	https://lithub.com/the-yinzers-of-glasgow-on-the-scottish-origins-of-pittsburghs-unique-dialect/	The city center of Glasgow, Scotland—that iron-and-glass-forged, cobblestoned fortress of a hilly, rainy, foggy metropolis—is bisected by the dueling high streets of Buchanan and Sauchiehall. There are any number of landmarks to draw your attention if ambling down either of these bustling thoroughfares as the last squibs of Caledonian light fight their losing battle of attrition during a brisk November afternoon. For six months in 2006, Glasgow was my home across the Atlantic, and I often spent those glum Scottish afternoons in precisely this sort of aimless wandering, past the Victorian magnificence of the exposed-girder Queen Street rail station and the imposing, imperial grandeur of St. George’s Square; the smooth, modernist sandstone edifice of the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall with its green-patina statue of the slightly depressed-looking Scottish first minister Donald Dewar and the Palladian, neoclassical granite of the Gallery of Modern Art with its equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington in front, inevitably vandalized again each night in the exact same way, with some waggish Glaswegian placing an orange traffic cone upon that esteemed head. Glasgow, that city of some six hundred thousand people on the River Clyde, once Great Britain’s veritable second city, despite its reputation for filth and grime grew rich in the nineteenth century on coal mining and iron forging, textiles and food canning and most of all shipbuilding but saw a precipitous decline in both esteem and population with the disastrous neoliberal economic reforms of a generation ago. As a Pittsburgher, this was a narrative I already knew. Because it has always been a place strung between capital and labor, the wealthy and the workers, Glasgow long ago developed a widespread, irreverent radicalism, as evidenced by the conical crown atop the fussy English Duke of Wellington—a perspective about injustice and absurdity that wasn’t unfamiliar to me either. Listening to punk at that incomparable dive King Tut’s Wah Wah Hut or enjoying an Irish ceilidh at Failte Pub, pounding a pint of Guinness at Waxy O’Connor’s or Tennant’s at the Old Toll, getting a curry from Karahi Palace or a late-night doner at the appropriately named Best Kebab, grabbing an Irn-Bru to cure a hangover at Boots the Chemist or devouring a Cornish pasty purchased from Greg’s—it all felt strangely similar even if so obviously different, as if looking at your own reflection through a slightly opaque bubble-glass window at any one of the pubs lining Buchanan and Sauchiehall. There is more than a spiritual congruence between Glasgow and Pittsburgh, as Kelman’s “yins” would indicate, the s that ends that word so perilously close a sibilant to the z in yinz and the words so nearly used identically. Glasgow, I thought, is kind of like Pittsburgh. And then, walking through Glasgow again, I hear it: “There was a couple other of yins as well.” What? First, a confession—I never heard that exact sentence, though I heard many similar ones with that particular second-person plural in evidence. This example is from the Scottish author James Kelman’s 1994 controversial stream-of-consciousness, Booker Prize-winning, working-class classic “grit lit” novel How Late It Was, How Late, penned in often indecipherable phonetic Glaswegian. Incidentally, variations on the word yin or yins appear sixty-seven times in Kelman’s novel, a tough, bruising, obscene and profane account of a shoplifting, alcoholic ex-con navigating the absurdities of Scotland’s largest city. Despite the anger from many among the English literati at this first Scottish book to win a Booker, How Late It Was, How Late is written in the sort of dialect that can only really be heard by people from “Used to Be Important” places, from the cauldrons of industry and the forges of labor, from the cities that built the world but were then abandoned when factories closed and mills shuttered, only to have to reinvent themselves over and over. “Folk take a battering but, they do; they get born and they get brought up and they get fuckt,” writes Kelman. “That’s the story; the cot to the fucking funeral pyre.” There is more than a spiritual congruence between Glasgow and Pittsburgh, as Kelman’s “yins” would indicate, the s that ends that word so perilously close a sibilant to the z in yinz and the words so nearly used identically. For those unfamiliar with yinz—though I imagine if you’re currently reading this book, you most likely know what it means, albeit it’s becoming increasingly rare in usage—it’s simply the Western Pennsylvania second-person plural, the Pittsburgh equivalent of y’all down South or youse in Jersey and New York. It is, admittedly to many outside the region (and to some within it), a strange-sounding word. Where there is a certain sense in how you and all can be smoosh-mouthed over time into that aouthern all-purpose word, yinz has a slightly alien quality about it, a combination of sounds that don’t quite make sense, a shibboleth of identity to those who live in Pittsburgh and, apparently, Glasgow. Because Kelman’s “yins” and the “yinz” you hear at Ritter’s Diner in Bloomfield, Gough’s Tavern in Greenfield, Gene’s Place in South Oakland or the Squirrel Hill Café literally have the same origin. As any good Glaswegian would tell you, yin simply means “one,” but though obscure, it’s actually the same with Pittsburgh’s most distinctive linguistic attribute. Just as “y’all” is a compression of two other words, so does “yinz” come from you ones. That phrase is a direct translation of the Gallic Scots, where the second-person plural is perfectly grammatically correct. Calling it the “most salient morphosyntactic feature of local speech,” Carnegie Mellon University rhetoric professor Barbara Johnson explains in her study Speaking Pittsburghese: The Story of a Dialect (published as part of the prestigious Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics series) that “‘yinz’ was brought to America by Scotch-Irish immigrants… the descendants of Protestant people from Scotland and northern England.” From the shores of the Clyde then to the Monongahela, Allegheny and Ohio, it seems that my ears on Sauchiehall and Buchanan weren’t in error. Because I’ve occasionally fooled myself into pretending that education can easily obscure markers of regional identity and class, I never hear my own Pittsburgh accent when I’m actually in the city, and by no means would mine sound particularly thick to any born Yinzer. Yet when I’m somewhere else, particularly in the Acela Corridor of the Northeast, I apparently sound like I’m sitting on a frayed red canvas stool at Chandos in Homestead drinking an Iron City (note that the first word is pronounced exactly like the prefix in Irn-Bru, the Scottish pop I mentioned earlier). I’ve never uttered “yinz” in any way other than ironically, but if vocabulary can be a choice, pronunciation is destiny. To wit, words like cot and caught sound identical when I speak them—a characteristic of Pittsburgh English; when tired, I pronounce the “vowel in words that rhyme without as a monophthong rather than a diphthong” as Johnson writes, which is to say that down becomes “dahn,” town becomes “tahn,” field becomes “filled,” steel becomes “still,” and so on. Other markers are sprinkled in as well; I’ve got the tendency to convert declarative sentences into what sounds like an interrogative, and dropping the words to be from a sentence (as in “The car needs washed”) sounds completely grammatically correct to me, even though I have a PhD in English. Finally, there is the telltale vocabulary, the more conscious aspects of dialect that in Pittsburgh can include everything from calling a vacuum cleaner a sweeper to saying that a nosy person is being nebby, telling people that a room that needs to be cleaned has to be red-up or describing a disagreeable person as a jagoff. The latter is supposedly from the burr-like thorns of the English and Scottish Midlands jagger-bush, but everybody in Pittsburgh knows that the insult is just as obscene as it sounds and references exactly what you think it does, even if until 2016 it could still be published sans censor marks in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. This is the lexicography of a thousand black-and-gold novelty T-shirts sold from sidewalk stalls on Saturdays in the Strip District or proudly worn at a Steelers tailgate. “To outsiders, the Pittsburgh dialect may sound odd,” notes Andy Masich, director of the Senator John Heinz III Regional History Museum in his foreword to Pittsburghese: From Ahrn to Yinz. “Even Pittsburghers argue whether jagoff can be uttered in polite society.” Because there are few famous examples of a Pittsburgh dialect—Michael Keaton speaks with a wonderful accent, especially as the character Beetlejuice, and outsider Nick Kroll does a fairly good imitation in the skit “Pawnsylvania” from his national sketch comedy show—it tends to confuse people. When entering a hardware store in the small Massachusetts town that I lived in for two years, there was simply incredulity and incomprehension at how I was speaking (though perhaps that was just Boston friendliness). They had none of the r’s, and I had all of them. They thought that I was a pirate. Pittsburghese, Western Pennsylvania English or, technically, the North American North Midland dialect—however you choose to identify the accent, what’s unassailable is that such a way of speaking is strongly identified with the archetypal figure of the Yinzer. As an accent, Pittsburgh English may be centered in the city, but today it’s more likely to be heard in the outer counties of Western Pennsylvania. Linguistically it’s clearly a variation on northern Appalachian English; yinz or some permutation is frequently heard in western Maryland, eastern Ohio and the West Virginia panhandle. Within Pittsburgh, the accent has a curious aspect to it: that vaguely twangy Appalachian pronunciation with all those loan words from Polish, Neapolitan and Yiddish, making the dialect sound a bit like if somebody from Brooklyn was doing a really poor imitation of somebody from Kentucky, an urban Deadwood kind of talk. Pittsburghese, Western Pennsylvania English or, technically, the North American North Midland dialect—however you choose to identify the accent, what’s unassailable is that such a way of speaking is strongly identified with the archetypal figure of the Yinzer. As a Townie or a Southie is to Boston, so is the Yinzer to Pittsburgh. Inextricably bound with issues of class and race, a Yinzer embodies the stereotypes associated with White blue-collar Pittsburghers. If someone’s voice evidences that “vowel in words that rhyme without as a monophthong rather than a diphthong” as Johnson put it, then certain assumptions are made. In popular culture, rightly or wrongly, a Yinzer is understood as somebody for whom nostalgia is a birthright (often focused around 1974, when the Steelers first won the Super Bowl). Their wardrobe consists of only black and gold; the needle on their car’s radio never wavers from 96.9, the home for classic rock; and the men sport goatees or beards, maybe a mullet (true for the women as well). If responsible for shoveling the filthy, black, exhaust-stained snow to make a parking spot on a narrow cobblestoned street in front of their rowhouse in the depths of February, a Yinzer will most definitely mark their territory with a flimsy folding chair that best not be moved by an interloper. A Yinzer subsists on a diet of kielbasa and pierogis, salads and sandwiches heaped high with French fries and draft after draft of Iron City Beer (maybe Rolling Rock). In the stereotype, and perhaps the reality, Yinzers manifest a strange fusion of friendliness and toughness, an erratic personality that can seemingly swing between Brooklyn crankiness and Peoria pleasant, an extroverted, gregarious people whose conversation can sound like screaming. Yinzers are kitsch made manifest. More than anything, in a metropolitan area that finally sees its population growing again after decades of decline, a Yinzer is somebody whose roots have been here for generations. Like any broad portrait, there are things recognizable in such descriptions and there are things that are cartoonish. Certainly, a generation or two ago—when the word yinz was heard far more frequently—the self-designation Yinzer would have been anathema. Now, however, there is an entire cottage industry of Yinzerhood, from the (excellent) T-shirts at Commonwealth Print Shop to the Yinz Coffee chain. Stereotypes about Pittsburgh are celebrated on hats, beer koozies, coasters, mugs, scarves, jackets and a truly horrifying doll called the Debbie Yappin’ Yinzer Talking Plush. Despite the preponderance of genuine Pittsburgh accents, from the much-missed and now departed Steelers radio broadcaster Myron “Yoi and Double Yoi” Cope to the beloved 1980s rock musician Donnie “Dahnnie” Iris, the current most famous Yinzer is Greensburg native Curt Wootton of the contemporary web series Pittsburgh Dad. Premiering in 2011 and quickly gaining viral popularity throughout the metropolitan region, Pittsburgh Dad is a sort of meta-comedy deconstruction of the sitcom, featuring only Wootton facing the camera, often in a stereotypical “Pittsburgh Room” (a sort of faux wood–lined basement man cave filled with sports paraphernalia) speaking in an exaggerated accent and namechecking any number of references from Eat ’n Park to Giant Eagle to Kennywood, with his monologue punctuated by an almost mocking laugh track. Wearing a pair of what can only be described as fantastically unhip glasses and a polo shirt with the IBEW Local logo, Pittsburgh Dad is often drunk, frequently screaming at his children, a superstitious if poorly catechized Catholic and disturbingly obsessed with the Steelers and Penguins. Total views of Pittsburgh Dad’s videos are at an astounding seventy-seven million. Like a lot of Yinzer humor, there is a spirit of affection when the Pittsburgh Dad videos are shared among locals. With Yinzer jokes more generally, however, there is the threat that loving caricature can veer into some sort of working-class minstrel show, not to mention when Yinzerhood becomes a means of separating out “Real Pittsburghers,” a way of excluding recent transplants or minorities whose roots in the region can go back just as far as those of anyone with the accent (there is, notably, a seeming contradiction in the idea of there being Black Yinzers). That’s not to say that Pittsburgh Dad isn’t funny—it often is, though I imagine the humor doesn’t translate well to those who aren’t already in on the jokes. More importantly, it’s not to say that Pittsburgh Dad doesn’t have a bit of subversive bite to it as well—it does. A particularly funny episode contrasts Pittsburgh’s burgeoning reputation as a weird hipster Mecca in the mold of Portland with the folksy provincialism of the past when Wootton accidentally takes his children to Anthrocon, the annual convention of the plush animal-dressed fetishists known as furries, having perilously and accidentally assumed that it was a gathering of sports mascots. Pittsburgh Dad deftly interlaces the warm and the cynical with an almost Glaswegian proficiency, as when Wootton recounts the mythic tale of the suburban Century III Mall’s genesis, claiming that the steel mills would transport their toxic waste by train to a little slice of heaven in West Mifflin called Brown’s Dump.…Then they’d slowly spill out that glowing, molten toxic waste onto the hillside, into the environment, and it was no big deal….In a few months, up sprouted the best one million square foot of commerce the Western world had ever seen! Delivered in the accent or not—maybe especially because it is—the monologue has a bit more fang than might first be assumed. Pittsburgh Dad isn’t exactly How Late It Was, How Late, but it’s not entirely perpendicular to it either. There’s a reason for the popularity of Pittsburgh Dad, as well as, more broadly, the niche of Yinzer branding. Australian urban theorist Laura Crommelin writes in the journal Place Branding and Public Diplomacy that such representations of “yinzer culture…function as both DIY urban branding and as a reflection of local reactions to Pittsburgh’s economic, social and brand transition.” Of all the major metropolitan regions to be cratered out by the neoliberal industrial collapse of the late 1980s—Cleveland, Detroit, Flint—Pittsburgh has by far had the most successful resurgence, bolstered by the tremendous Gilded Age wealth that still powered deep-pocketed nonprofit foundations within the city, as well as the transition to a medicaland technology-based economy. In such a context, the proud embrace of Yinzerdom is a type of resistance against new economic forces that threaten to transform the region, the same sorts of economic forces that every native Pittsburgher knows once demolished it. Yinz has moved from the realm of actual conversation and into the hipster domain of ironic reclamation, of screen printed T-shirts with Pittsburgh lingo on them or handmade cross-stitches that say things like “Red Up Dis Room,” “J’eet Yet?, n’at,” though as Johnson said in an interview with the Pittsburgh City Paper’s Chris Potter, “People can do this lovingly, and I think a lot of the hipster stuff is kind of loving.” Like any nostalgia kick, there are dangers to such representations, though. Yinzer discourse can solidify a genuine division, especially between those of us who have been here forever and those just now discovering the beauty of Pittsburgh. It can confirm the suspicions about the city being backward, provincial and insular. Even more insidiously, there is a way in which it bolsters some truly noxious understandings of who belongs and who doesn’t. You’ll note that while a Yinzer can be many things—Scots-Irish and CarpathoRusyn, Czech and Slovak, Greek and Italian, Polish and Ukrainian, German and Irish Catholic—hardly ever is the Yinzer envisioned as Black (or Asian, or Hispanic). As Damon Young accurately half-jokes in his book What Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Blacker: A Memoir in Essays, “Pittsburgh itself is so segregated that any place within a ten-mile radius of the city with more than seven black people there at one time feels like the Essence Festival.” Then there are the complexities surrounding the self-designation of the term Yinzer: the way in which, despite how affectionately such portrayals may be intended, there is still something a bit insulting about the whole thing. When I was speaking about my previous book on the city, An Alternative History of Pittsburgh, I was at a loss following one audience member’s question about what my intent had been in writing the title. Fumbling through various inchoate justifications for why I’d written it, explaining how my goal had been to express an aspect of the city that was complicated, nuanced, sophisticated and not always adoringly positive, I may have said that I wanted to “avoid writing a particular type of book.” The woman who’d asked the question clarified my meaning: “A Yinzer book?” That was exactly it—I didn’t want to write a Yinzer book. I wanted to give a sense of my love for Pittsburgh while avoiding halcyon and corny expressions of mindless civic boosterism; it was my intent to try and express a bit of the grit and determination of the city, but I was loathe to have anything too Yinzer-y about the whole thing (that particular second-person plural appears only once in the entire book). Why the chagrin? Why my own Pittsburgh cringe? “Sometimes we’re so afraid of what others think, we’re afraid to declare who we are,” writes former Pittsburgh Post-Gazette columnist Brian O’Neill in his seminal collection The Paris of Appalachia: Pittsburgh in the Twenty-First Century. “It’s not East Coast. It’s just Pittsburgh, and there’s no place like it. That’s both its blessing and its curse.” O’Neill’s book went a long way toward popularizing that particular nickname, which I’ve also always been ambivalent about. From a geographic perspective, the placement of Pittsburgh in that mythologized mountain range is unassailable. Allegheny County is unequivocally the most populous in the entirety of the Appalachians. When Kelman won the Booker Prize in 1994, the British press was outraged that a book written in what was such a supposedly low dialect was given those laurels, offended that the author had the audacity to hear anything beautiful in Glaswegian. Yet the connotations of “Appalachian” are what they are, so that I—along with many people in the region—have historically avoided it. A bit like the accent, there’s a sense in which the associations reflect something derogatory about how others see us rather than a reality that we know to be true. And yet, despite its complexities, despite what’s admittedly problematic about it, why avoid speaking in the dialect, why obscure the Pittsburgh in our own voice? The accent hasn’t endeared us to many. In 2014, Pittsburgh beat out my wife’s native Rhode Island in a Gawker magazine sweet sixteen–style competition to find the nation’s ugliest accent, much to the delight of local news media, for the city’s honor would have been besmirched had it been decided that ours was only the second-worst accent in the United States. To be sure, there is a cankered kind of pride at such national scorn, an estimably admirable combination of confidence and humility that knows precisely what such rejections and mockery are worth. There is something also kind of incredible in the circuitous route by which yinz became so intrinsic to the Pittsburgh identity, this linguistic coelacanth hidden on the hills and in the valleys of Western Pennsylvania. From Ulster and Derry, Birmingham and Manchester, Edinburgh and Scotland, yinz was carried into the frontiers of Western Pennsylvania, now spoken by those who’ve never seen Midlothian or the Clyde—now it is rather the grandchildren of Krakow and Warsaw, Hamburg and Frankfurt, Dublin and Kerry, Prague and Budapest, Charleston and Richmond, Naples and Pescara who speak this venerable Scottish word. Few of us are directly descended from the Caledonian hills anymore, but like any example of glorious hybridized culture, we took some of that language and mixed it with a million different things. It’s true that there can be a sense in which the barrier to entry is high in Pittsburgh, but I’ve often joked that membership can be more affordable than you might expect, for if you like us and you’re willing to wear black and gold, you’re given a ticket. There was an exceedingly friendly gentleman whom I knew from the Pacific Northwest who moved here and full-throatedly embraced the poetic necessity of the word yinz, that great gender-neutral pronoun. Despite not being the fourth generation to live in his family’s house in Greenfield or Brookline, there was something of the spiritual Yinzer about him. All of which reminds me of a strange and beautiful column published in 1914 by James G. Connell Jr., an executive at the West Penn Paper Company of all things, that was titled “The Pittsburgh Creed.” Connell wrote, I believe in Pittsburgh the powerful—the progressive….I believe in Pittsburgh of the present, and her people—possessing the virtue of all nations—fused through the melting pot to a greater potency for good.…I believe that those who know Pittsburgh love her, “her rocks and rills, and templed hills.” I believe that Pittsburgh’s mighty forces are reproduced in a mighty people, stanch like the hills,—true like steel. Nothing is backward, provincial or insular about that. And I think of all of us, this diversity of peoples, maybe first from Scotland and England but joined by immigrants from Germany and Ireland, Italy and Poland, Black Americans coming north from Dixie and Jews fleeing eastern European pogroms and now arrivals from China and India, Ethiopia and Nepal, and the glorious strangeness and beauty and absurdity that we can all make this culture of Pittsburgh our own, and change it a bit, and make it better. What shame is there in being a Yinzer, whence the “Pittsburgh Creed” was derived? When Kelman won the Booker Prize in 1994, the British press was outraged that a book written in what was such a supposedly low dialect was given those laurels, offended that the author had the audacity to hear anything beautiful in Glaswegian. He answered such objections in his acceptance speech, saying, “[My] culture and my language have the right to exist, and no one has the authority to dismiss that.” What do yinz think of that? ______________________________
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https://images.plex.tv/photo?size=large-1280&scale=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmetadata-static.plex.tv%2F3%2Fgracenote%2F364db0834879981c6377cd4d6c4c9819.jpg 1280w, https://images.plex.tv/photo?size=large-720&scale=2&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmetadata-static.plex.tv%2F3%2Fgracenote%2F364db0834879981c6377cd4d6c4c9819.jpg 1440w, https://images.plex.tv/photo?size=large-1920&scale=1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmetadata-static.plex.tv%2F3%2Fgracenote%2F364db0834879981c6377cd4d6c4c9819.jpg 1920w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Watch more of your favorite James Donald movies and TV shows on Plex.	en	/icons/favicon.ico		null
3199	dbpedia	0	91	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland	en	James V of Scotland	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/James_V_of_Scotland2.jpg/180px-James_V_of_Scotland2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/James_V_groat_1526_1704.jpg/300px-James_V_groat_1526_1704.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG/180px-Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG/180px-Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG/250px-Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG/250px-Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/James5-2.jpg/250px-James5-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/James5-2.jpg/250px-James5-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/12?cb=20131229045133", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old. James was son of King James...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland	James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old. Early life[] James was son of King James IV of Scotland and his queen Margaret Tudor, a daughter of Henry VII of England, and was the only legitimate child of James IV to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512, at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire and christened the next day, receiving the titles Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[1] He became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513. James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on 21 September 1513. During his childhood, the country was ruled by regents, first by his mother, until she remarried the following year, and then by John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, who was next in line to the throne after James and his younger brother, the posthumously-born Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross. Other regents included Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, a member of the Council of Regency who was also bestowed as Regent of Arran, the largest island in the Firth of Clyde. In February 1517, James came from Stirling to Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, but during an outbreak of plague in the city he was moved to the care of Antoine d'Arces at nearby rural Craigmillar Castle.[2] At Stirling, the 10-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, "by secret and in right fair and soft wedder (weather)," six horsemen would scour the countryside two miles roundabout for intruders.[3] Poets wrote his own nursery rhymes, advising him on royal behaviour. William Stewart in his Princelie Majestie counselled against ice-skating: To princes als it is ane vyce, To ryd or run over rakleslie, Or aventure to go on yce, Accordis nocht to thy majestie.[4] In the autumn of 1524 James dismissed his Regents and was proclaimed an adult ruler by his mother. Several new court servants were appointed including a trumpeter, Henry Rudeman.[5] The English diplomat, Thomas Magnus gave an impression of the new Scottish court at Holyroodhouse on All Saints' Day 1524; "trumpets and shamulles did sounde and blewe up mooste pleasauntely." Magnus saw the young king singing, with his horses, and playing with a spear at Leith, and was given the impression that he preferred English manners over French fashions.[6] In 1525, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, the young king's stepfather, took custody of James and held him as a virtual prisoner for three years, exercising power on his behalf. There were several attempts made to free the young King - one was made by Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, who ambushed the King's forces on 25 July 1526 at the battle of Melrose, and was routed off the field. Another attempt later that year, on 4 Sept at the battle of Linlithgow Bridge, failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus. When James and his mother came to Edinburgh on 20 November 1526, she stayed in the chambers at Holyroodhouse which Albany had used, and James used the rooms above.[7] In February 1527, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, gave James twenty hunting hounds and a huntsman. Magnus thought the Scottish servant sent to Sheriff Hutton Castle for the dogs was intended to note the form and fashion of the Duke's household, for emulation in Scotland.[8] James finally escaped from Angus's care in 1528 and assumed the reins of government himself. Reign and Religion[] His first action as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at Tantallon. He then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the Western Isles. As well as taking advice from his nobility and using the services of the Duke of Albany in France and at Rome, James had a team of professional lawyers and diplomats, including Adam Otterburn and Thomas Erskine of Haltoun. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, John Tennent of Listonschiels was sent on an errand to England, though he got a frosty reception.[9] James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building work at Stirling Castle, Falkland Palace, Linlithgow Palace and Holyrood and built up a collection of tapestries from those inherited from his father.[10] James sailed to France for his first marriage and built up the royal fleet. In 1540 he sailed to Kirkwall in Orkney, then Lewis, in his ship the Salamander, first making a will in Leith, knowing this to be, "uncertane aventuris." The purpose of this voyage was to show the royal presence and hold regional courts, called "justice ayres."[11] Domestic and international policy was affected by the Reformation, especially after Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church. James V did not tolerate heresy and during his reign, a number of outspoken Protestants were persecuted. The most famous of these was Patrick Hamilton, who was burned at the stake as a heretic at St Andrews in 1528. Later in the reign, the English ambassador Ralph Sadler tried to encourage James to close the monasteries and take their revenue, so that he would not have to keep sheep like a mean subject. James replied that he had no sheep, he could depend on his god-father the King of France, and it was against reason to close the abbeys which, "stand these many years, and God's service maintained and kept in the same, and I might have anything I require of them."[12] (Sadler knew that James did farm sheep on his estates.)[13] James recovered money from the church by getting Pope Clement VII to allow him to tax monastic incomes.[14] He sent £50 to Johann Cochlaeus, a German opponent of Martin Luther, after receiving one of his books in 1534.[15] On 19 January 1537 Pope Paul III sent James a blessed sword and hat symbolising his prayers that James would be strengthened against heresies from across the border.[16] These gifts were delivered by the Pope's messenger while James was at Compiègne in France on 25 February 1537.[17] According to 16th-century writers, his treasurer James Kirkcaldy of Grange tried to persuade him against the persecution of Protestants and to meet Henry VIII at York.[18] Although Henry VIII sent his tapestries to York in September 1541 ahead of a meeting, James did not come. The lack of commitment to this meeting was regarded by English observers as a sign that Scotland was firmly allied to France and Catholicism, particularly by the influence of Cardinal Beaton, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and a cause for war.[19] Marriages[] As early as August 1517, a clause of the Treaty of Rouen provided that if the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland was maintained, James should have a French royal bride. Yet the daughters of Francis I of France were promised elsewhere or sickly.[20] Perhaps to remind Francis of his obligations, James's envoys began negotiations for his marriage elsewhere from the summer of 1529, both to Catherine de'Medici, the Duchess of Urbino, and Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary, the sister of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. But plans changed. In February 1533, two French ambassadors, Guillaume du Bellay, sieur de Langes, and Etienne de Laigue, sieur de Beauvais, who had just been in Scotland, told the Venetian ambassador in London that James was thinking of marrying Christina of Denmark.[21] Francis I insisted that his daughter Madeleine's health was too poor for marriage. Eventually, on 6 March 1536, a contract was made for James V to marry Mary of Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Vendôme. She would have a dowry as if she were a French Princess. James decided to visit France in person. He sailed from Kirkcaldy on 1 September 1536, with the Earl of Argyll, the Earl of Rothes, Lord Fleming, David Beaton, the Prior of Pittenweem, the Laird of Drumlanrig and 500 others, using the Mary Willoughby as his flagship.[22] First he visited Mary of Bourbon at St. Quentin in Picardy, but then went south to meet King Francis I.[23] During his stay in France, in October 1536, James went boar-hunting at Loches with Francis, his son the Dauphin, the King of Navarre and Ippolito II d'Este.[24] James renewed the Auld Alliance and fulfilled the 1517 Treaty of Rouen on 1 January 1537 by marrying Madeleine of Valois, the king's daughter, in Notre Dame de Paris. The wedding was a great event: Francis I made a contract with six painters for the splendid decorations, and there were days of jousting at the Château du Louvre.[25] At his entry to Paris, James wore a coat described as "sad cramasy velvet slashed all over with gold cut out on plain cloth of gold fringed with gold and all cut out, knit with horns and lined with red taffeta."[26] James V so liked red clothing that, during the wedding festivities, he upset the city dignitaries who had sole right to wear that colour in processions. They noted he could not speak a word of French.[27] James and Madeleine returned from France on 19 May 1537, arriving at Leith, the king's Scottish fleet accompanied with ten great French ships.[28] As the couple sailed northwards, some Englishmen had come aboard off Bridlington and Scarborough. While the fleet was off Bamburgh on 15 May, three English fishing boats supplied fish, and the King's butcher landed in Northumbria to buy meat.[29] The English border authorities were dismayed by this activity.[30] Madeleine did not enjoy good health. In fact, she was consumptive and died soon after arrival in Scotland in July 1537. Spies told Thomas Clifford, the Captain of Berwick, that James omitted "all manner of pastime and pleasure," but continually oversaw the maintenance of his guns, going twice a week secretly to Dunbar Castle with six companions.[31] James then proceeded to marry Mary of Guise, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and widow of Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, by proxy on 12 June 1538. Mary already had two sons from her first marriage, and the union produced two sons. However, both died in April 1541, just eight days after baby Robert was baptised. Their daughter and James's only surviving legitimate child, Mary, was born in 1542 at Linlithgow Palace. Outside interests[] According to legend, James was nicknamed "King of the Commons" as he would sometimes travel around Scotland disguised as a common man, describing himself as the "Gudeman of Ballengeich" ('Gudeman' means 'landlord' or 'farmer', and 'Ballengeich' was the nickname of a road next to Stirling Castle – meaning 'windy pass' in Gaelic[32]). James was also a keen lute player.[33] In 1562 Sir Thomas Wood reported that James had "a singular good ear and could sing that he had never seen before" (sight-read), but his voice was "rawky" and "harske." At court, James maintained a band of Italian musicians who adopted the name Drummond. These were joined for the winter of 1529/30 by a musician and diplomat sent by the Duke of Milan, Thomas de Averencia de Brescia, probably a lutenist.[34] The historian Andrea Thomas makes a useful distinction between the loud music provided at ceremonies and processionals and instruments employed for more private occasions or worship; the music fyne described by Helena Mennie Shire. This quieter music included a consort of viols played by four Frenchmen led by Jacques Columbell.[35] It seems certain that David Peebles wrote music for James V and probable that the Scottish composer Robert Carver was in royal employ, though evidence is lacking.[36] As a patron of poets and authors James supported William Stewart and John Bellenden the son of his nurse, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece into verse and prose.[37] Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, the Lord Lyon, head of the Lyon Court and diplomat, was a prolific poet. He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540. James also attracted the attention of international authors. The French poet Pierre de Ronsard, who had been a page of Madeleine of Valois, offered unqualified praise; "Son port estoit royal, son regard vigoureux De vertus, et de l'honneur, et guerre amoureux La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage" His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.[38][39] James was poet himself including "The Gaberlunzieman" and "The Jolly Beggar"[40] When he married Mary of Guise, Giovanni Ferrerio, an Italian scholar who had been at Kinloss Abbey in Scotland, dedicated to the couple a new edition of his work, On the true significance of comets against the vanity of astrologers.[41] Like Henry VIII, James employed many foreign artisans and craftsmen in order to enhance the prestige of his renaissance court.[42] Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie listed their professions; he plenished the country with all kind of craftsmen out of other countries, as French-men, Spaniards, Dutch men, and Englishmen, which were all cunning craftsmen, every man for his own hand. Some were gunners, wrights, carvers, painters, masons, smiths, harness-makers (armourers), tapesters, broudsters, taylors, cunning chirugeons, apothecaries, with all other kind of craftsmen to apparel his palaces.[43] One technological initiative was a special mill for polishing armour at Holyroodhouse next to his mint. The mill had a pole drive 32 feet long powered by horses.[44] Mary of Guise's mother Antoinette of Bourbon sent him an armourer. The armourer made steel plates for his jousting saddles in October 1538, and delivered a skirt of plate armour in February 1540. In the same year, for his wife's coronation, the treasurer's accounts record that James personally devised fireworks made by his master gunners.[45] When James took steps to suppress the circulation of slanderous ballads and rhymes against Henry VIII, Henry sent Fulke ap Powell, Lancaster Herald, to give thanks and to make arrangements for the present of a lion for James's menagerie of exotic pets.[46] War with England[] REDIRECT Template:Infobox British Royalty styles The death of James's mother in 1541 removed any incentive for peace with England, and war broke out. Initially the Scots won a victory at the Battle of Haddon Rig in August 1542. The Imperial ambassador in London, Eustace Chapuys, wrote on 2 October that the Scottish ambassadors ruled out a conciliatory meeting between James and Henry VIII in England until the pregnant Mary of Guise delivered her child. Henry would not accept this condition and mobilised his army against Scotland.[47] James was with his army at Lauder on 31 October 1542. Although he hoped to invade England, his nobles were reluctant.[48] He returned to Edinburgh on the way writing a letter in French to his wife from Falahill mentioning he had three days of illness.[49] Next month his army suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. He took ill shortly after this, on 6 December; by some accounts this was a nervous collapse caused by the defeat, although some historians consider that it may just have been an ordinary fever. John Knox later described his final movements in Fife.[50] Whatever the cause of his illness, he was on his deathbed at Falkland Palace when his only surviving legitimate child, a girl, was born. Sir George Douglas of Pittendreich brought the news of the king's death to Berwick. He said James died at midnight on Thursday 15 December; the king was talking but delirious and spoke no "wise words." According to George Douglas in his delirium James lamented the capture of his banner and Oliver Sinclair at Solway Moss more than his other losses.[51] An English chronicler suggested another cause of the king's grief was his discomfort on hearing of the murder of the English Somerset Herald, Thomas Trahern, at Dunbar.[52] James was buried at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh. Before he died, he is reported to have said, "it came wi a lass, it'll gang wi a lass" (meaning "It began with a girl and it will end with a girl"). This was either a reference to the Stewart dynasty's accession to the throne through Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce or to the medieval origin myth of the Scots nation, recorded in the Scotichronicon in which the Scots people are descended from the Princess Scota. Aftermath[] James was succeeded by his infant daughter Mary. He was buried at Holyrood Abbey alongside his first wife Madeleine and his two sons in January 1543. David Lindsay supervised the construction of his tomb. One of his French artists, Andrew Mansioun, carved a lion and an inscription in Roman letters measuring eighteen feet. The tomb was destroyed in the sixteenth-century, according to William Drummond of Hawthornden as early as 1544, by the English during the burning of Edinburgh.[53] Scotland was ruled by Regent Arran and was soon drawn into the war of the Rough Wooing. Issue[] By Madeleine of Valois no issue By Mary of Guise James, Duke of Rothesay (22 May 1540 - 21 April 1541) Arthur or Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (born April 1541 at Falkland Palace; died 8 days later and buried in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh)[54] Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 - 8 February 1587; had issue) Additionally, James V had nine known illegitimate children, at least three of whom were fathered before the age of 20.[55] The young King was said to have been encouraged in his amorous affairs by the Angus regime to keep him distracted from politics.[56] In addition to these aristocratic liaisons, David Lindsay described the king's other affairs in his poem, The Answer to the Kingis Flyting; 'ye be now strang lyke ane elephand, And in till Venus werkis maist vailyeand.'[57] Many of the sons of his aristocratic mistresses entered ecclesiastical careers. Pope Clement VII sent a dispensation to James V dated 30 August 1534, allowing four of the children to take holy orders when they came of age. The document stated that James elder was in his fifth year, James younger and John in their third year, and Robert in his first year.[58] Adam Stewart (d. 20 June 1575), son of Lady Elizabeth Stewart (daughter of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox.) Prior of Charterhouse, Perth. Buried at St. Magnus, Kirkwall, Orkney; tombstone survives.[59] James Stewart, son of Christine Barclay Jean Stewart (d. 7 January 1588), daughter of Elizabeth Bethune. Married Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll in 1553, divorced in 1573 due to desertion. James Stewart (c. 1529–57), son of Elizabeth Shaw. Commendator of Kelso and Melrose. Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney (b.1533), son of Euphame Elphinstone Prior and Commendator of Holyrood Abbey. John Stewart, Lord Darnley and Prior of Coldingham, (c. 1531 – November 1563), son of Elizabeth Carmichael (1514-1550) who later married John Somerville of Cambusnethan.[60] He married Jean (or Jane) Hepburn, sister and heiress of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, their son Francis Stewart became Earl of Bothwell and a daughter Christine Stewart was appointed to rock the cradle of Prince James in March 1567. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, son of Margaret Erskine, James's favourite mistress. Prior of St Andrews, Advisor and rival to his half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots and regent for his nephew, James VI. Robert Stewart, junior, (d. 1581), mother unknown. Prior of Whithorn.[61] Margaret Stewart, mother unknown. Titles, styles, honours, and arms[] 10 April 1512 – 9 September 1513: The Duke of Rothesay 9 September 1513 – 14 December 1542: His Grace The King[citation needed] James's full style prior to acceding the throne was Prince James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Lord Renfrew, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland Fictional portrayals[] James V has been depicted in historical novels, poems and short stories. They include:[62] Scott, Sir Walter, The Lady of the Lake, a Romantic narrative poem published in 1810 set in the Trossachs. He appears in disguise. The poem was tremendously influential in the nineteenth century, and inspired the Highland Revival. Scott, Sir Walter, "Johnnie Armstrong", a ballad relating the story of Scottish raider and folk-hero Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie, who was captured and hanged by King James V in 1530. Gibbon, Charles (1881). "The Braes of Yarrow". . The novels features Scotland in the aftermath of the Battle of Flodden, covering events to 1514. Margaret Tudor, "Boy-King" James V, and Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus are prominently featured.[63] Barr, Robert (1902). "A Prince of Good Fellows". . James is the titular Prince and the main character. He is depicted as an "adventure-loving persona".[62] Gunn, John. "The Fight at Summerdale". . The novel depicts Orkney, Edinburgh and Normandy in the 16th century. James V "appears more than once" in the various chapters.[62] Knipe, John (1921). "The Hour Before the Dawn". . Depicts events "just before" and "after" the death of James V. James V, Mary of Guise and David Beaton are prominently depicted.[62] Ancestors[] References[] Sources[] Nield, Jonathan (1968). "A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales". Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=904G29jMdzIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Further reading[] Bingham, Caroline (1971). "James V King of Scots". London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211390-2. Cameron, Jamie (1998). "James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542". In Macdougall, Norman. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-015-4. Dawson, Jane (2007). "Scotland Reformed 1488–1587". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1455-4. Donaldson, Gordon (1965). "Scotland: James V to James VII". Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. ISBN 978-0-901824-85-1. Dunbar, John (1999). Scottish Royal Palaces. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-86232-042-X. Ellis, Henry, 'A Household book of James V', in Archaeologia, vol. 22, (1829), 1-12 Thomas, Andrea (2005). "Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland". Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-611-X. Williams, Janet Hadley (1996). "Stewart Style 1513-1542". Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-898410-82-8. Williams, Janet Hadley (2000). "Sir David Lyndsay, Selected Poems". Glasgow: ASLS. ISBN 0-948877-46-4. Wormald, Jenny (1981). "Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470–1625". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0276-3. [] James V of Scotland House of Stewart Born: 10 April 1512 Died: 14 December 1542 Regnal titles Preceded by James IV King of Scots 9 September 1513 – 14 December 1542 Succeeded by Mary I
3199	dbpedia	2	67	https://www.facebook.com/groups/1456643194619329/	en	Facebook	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico	[ "https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Sieh dir auf Facebook Beiträge, Fotos und vieles mehr an.	de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico		https://www.facebook.com/login/
3199	dbpedia	3	50	https://www.dailypress.net/obituaries/2024/07/james-donald-charlebois/	en	James Donald Charlebois	https://ogden_images.s3.…-pic-420x500.jpg	https://ogden_images.s3.…-pic-420x500.jpg	[ "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/website_logo.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/search_icon_black.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/website_logo.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/facebook_article_icon.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/twitter_article_icon.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/email_icon.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/print_icon.png", "https://ogden_images.s3.amazonaws.com/www.dailypress.net/images/2024/07/17155851/Obit-Charlebois-w-pic.jpg", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/website_logo.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/twitter_footer.png", "https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/images/facebook_footer.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Obituaries", "James Donald Charlebois" ]	null	[]	2024-07-18T00:00:00	CHATHAM— James Donald Charlebois, age 79, passed away peacefully in his home in Chatham on Monday, July 15, 2024. He was born in Chatham on June 27, 1945 to A	en	https://www.dailypress.net/wp-content/themes/coreV2/favicon.ico	TheDailyPress	https://www.dailypress.net/obituaries/2024/07/james-donald-charlebois/	Jim began working at a young age with his dad and older brother Larry in the woods. He worked multiple jobs before hiring on with the Alger County Road Commission. After 40 years of dedicated work, he was able to retire. Jim instilled his strong work ethic in his children and grandchildren. In 1966, Jim married Gloria Tyner and together they raised their four children. They were married for 34 years before she passed away in the spring of 2000. Jim enjoyed working with his “spoiled” draft horses. He loved watching the horse pulls in Champion and Escanaba. He was always happy to talk about horses. Jim didn’t pay much attention to new shiny things, but a rusty horsedrawn plow behind an old barn always caught his eye. He really enjoyed spending time with Joe Zimmerman talking about mules and horses. Another great joy he had from a young age was motorcycles. He rode many miles with his great friend Terry Nolan. He also enjoyed riding and spending time with his cousin Pat Milligan and wife Deb. Jim passed down his love of bikes to his sons and they enjoyed many trips together. Some of his other hobbies were spearing pike in the ice shack with his boys and often nephews. He also loved to deer hunt at his camp and in the later years in the blind behind his house. Jim loved his dog Augie. He was always by his side. Jim enjoyed taking Augie to Akerman Lake where they often met new friends. They put many miles on the road in the truck. Above all, Jim loved his family. He cherished Sunday dinner with his children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Jim travelled with his daughters to San Diego to see his grandson. A few years later he travelled with his family to Maine and was happy to have seen both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans in his lifetime. Every Friday Jim looked forward to a lunch date and scenic drive with his daughter Carol “Boots”. During the week (he perhaps didn’t look forward to) his daughter Bonnie “Punk” was at his home lovingly nagging him to do this or that. Jim was always eager to help his sons Dan and Steve with whatever projects they had going on or just to have a cup of coffee on their back porch. Jim’s greatest pride was the family he raised with Gloria. Providing a good home and instilling values were very important to him. His children could attest, “We couldn’t have had it any better. He was a great father, Papa, and friend.” Jim is survived by his children, Carol (Jeff) Seger, Bonnie (Tom) Johnson, and Steve (Kristi) Charlebois; daughter-in-law, Julie Begovac; 13 grandchildren, Chase and Grace Seger, Brittany (Keith) Maki, Jacques (Molly), Cole, and Charlotte Charlebois, Gloria, Ruth, and Marlene Johnson, Stella, Jacob, Andrew, and Sam Charlebois; six great-grandchildren, Myron and Hesper Maki, Heidi and Iver Charlebois, and Gracelynn and Danielle LaBreck; sisters, Mary Charlebois, Janet Beauleau and Franny Hakkola. He was preceded in death by his wife, Gloria Charlebois; son, Dan Charlebois; brother, Larry Charlebois; and sister, Joyce Newton. A gathering for friends and family to celebrate Jim’s life will take place on Friday, July 19, at Jim’s home beginning at 5 p.m.
3199	dbpedia	0	52	https://prabook.com/web/james_donald.greig/3554426	en	James Donald Greig			[ "https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=954281624993604&ev=PageView &noscript=1", "https://prabook.com/web/img/banner_top_green.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/veterans/veterans-logo.png", "https://prabook.com/web/assets/ajax-loader.gif", "https://prabook.com/web/img/map-stock.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Donald Greig profile Dundee", "Tayside", "Scotland Surgeon" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald Greig, British Surgeon. Accreditate general surgery. Travel scholar Royal College Physicians and Surgeons Glasgow, China, 1993, Cruden medical research scholar Scottish Hospitals Endowment Research Institute, 1988; Turi Josefsen continuing medical education travel fellow, 1997. Fellow Royal College Surgeons Edinburgh (examiner since 1997), Royal College Surgeons Glasgow, Hong Kong College Surgeons, Hong Kong Academy Medicine.	en			https://prabook.com/web/james_donald.greig/3554426	Background Greig, James Donald was born on December 11, 1959 in Dundee, Tayside, Scotland. Son of James Donald and Phyllis Hunter Greig. Education Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery with honors, U. Aberdeen, Scotland, 1982; Doctor of Medicine, U. Aberdeen, Scotland, 1994.
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U.S.C.G. Vet Jan 1987-89. Occupations in Construction, Events, Beverage Serving, and Actor. Acting Training by Gary Grubs Acting for Stage & Camera, Cher Foley Casting The Coast in Background,Camera Effects & Auditioning Coaching James Donald is also A Film Festival Host and Hosted the Sun And Sand Film Festival in Biloxi, Ms 2016.
3199	dbpedia	0	13	https://elcinema.com/en/person/2087005/	en	Actor Filmography، photos، Video	https://media0052.elcine…b5f4a658de69.jpg	https://media0052.elcine…b5f4a658de69.jpg	[ "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/elCinema_logo-be1ed6273cf8fae2f6f2f9b250964c19ed6d3aebcf87dabf30d040347f7046eb.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/ar-d321ac7ddc111e2f72f5cc32dcf48240639d8d72f1b93b58e4d3f19553c456b1.png", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_42a5c37ae9acc389d21c6e4ec779c112e1e38c203ba4c29a361fb5f4a658de69.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_3b9aa9086f79861eaaf4bc3b7f5990bce27a9a9a833b5361aab46a42b1ad9159.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_e205bc26d46b0f12aae6188d03bd87ac1e3a2227b7bc5dbb1c85a91b3a981433.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_a05a0bd3555c6465fbc946be475017f83845510cd4f194e12ff67e1b13470c31.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_464528f40a6d7688555bc1569639087d596470f187426495e28c6fd652c3a641.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_6fe0ba7b5fbe16f2002bebcb79163def8e5b4af1e4bc88c5cdaee8d9dfedfda5.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_8598459a4c80662d19487a791fef16022626ac06fe848bad12cf2bf122af09f5.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_a758d7c5a68a107fa73db829f943bed96ea45b96aab89ff477f93958b1713b35.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_c09d6eb4bd9afa035f3e2724a77736c78138c61af04d22c5af5aa9b6c19f7b84.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_6fe0ba7b5fbe16f2002bebcb79163def8e5b4af1e4bc88c5cdaee8d9dfedfda5.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_8598459a4c80662d19487a791fef16022626ac06fe848bad12cf2bf122af09f5.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_a05a0bd3555c6465fbc946be475017f83845510cd4f194e12ff67e1b13470c31.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_e205bc26d46b0f12aae6188d03bd87ac1e3a2227b7bc5dbb1c85a91b3a981433.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_7b1a6be6ab7bc9f04658cba322381c5ce72f98e86136ec36cdb0849382f7fc37.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_09df943b811ab3f6e627987bff38a76157eecbd90b3ba8dd1504ad43b0773d4e.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_42a5c37ae9acc389d21c6e4ec779c112e1e38c203ba4c29a361fb5f4a658de69.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_3430cab81d0f418e94f287fb87e051aedd0229ddb94109d128bfa8d20e4fe412.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/blank_photos/315x420.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_c0cc5999cf5331ed342877c20a2a3679623ad13538c2121f144d7e54d0decc34.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_1752e640dc2a155f4e2452876d59ff5ff1ad2c6f9632792ef7a88878c3af5507.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_12b3f44ba6744307b6b397ba5b78bf4a5039d15f66670cb8bc729a9ec84e5f65.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_ab10ef1375dbff7c9e562a1c7d5edea5d4917d4c6972b9980ebd399932d78d96.jpg", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/imax-5bc9af8014187b22d73aebf32766c84d556905ba6c53283997d6652f5201f958.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/point90-3500f39d720caf60a9ccef2ccf83d7c226c1bfcfecb2fe579f4c342bb1785e38.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/plaza-a5cef1478c7ed9bc27fe965c1a719c89342b780f319d1dc5ab1c9bada8486029.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/elcinema-fca17c1d54bb1b93eedc0a92818163a4c95ac5fb75bf21157e6a5b4a3f988f65.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/damlag-af562c23a102809e3206d4b616b26b671d56d2b1d1f1504e368f99c7f7706f40.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald - Actor Filmography، photos، Video	en	//cdn.elcinema.com/assets/favicon-511d0dcfc22f2a4cc8ba8554d540168445db4cdc6e50c4eadd2488f976e4e526.ico	elCinema.com	https://elcinema.com/en/person/2087005/	Biography British actor, born as James Robert MacGeorge Donald in Scotland, United Kingdom on May 18, 1917. He got married to Ann and had a child with her. He worked at an early age in the English theater, and achieved some stardom in the late thirties, but he achieved his real stardom in...Read more 1943 in the play "Present Laughter". Among his notable works: Lust for Life (1956), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), and The Great Escape (1963). He died on August 3, 1993 in England, of stomach cancer.
3199	dbpedia	0	64	https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/our-fallen/our-fallen-ww1/d/james-davidson.html	en	NatWest Group Remembers	https://www.natwestgroup…bers-og-logo.png	https://www.natwestgroup…bers-og-logo.png	[ "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/content/dam/championlogos/NWG_Remembers_Stacked_NEG_.svg", "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/content/dam/championlogos/NWG_Remembers_Stacked_NEG_.svg", "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/etc.clientlibs/responsive/components/foundation/iaglobalsearch/clientlibs/clientlib_ia_global_search_champion/resources/images/search_icon.svg", "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/etc.clientlibs/responsive/components/foundation/iaglobalsearch/clientlibs/clientlib_ia_global_search_champion/resources/images/search_icon.svg", "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/etc.clientlibs/responsive/components/foundation/iaglobalsearch/clientlibs/clientlib_ia_global_search_champion/resources/images/searchicon_mob.svg", "https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/content/dam/natwestgroupremembers_com/test-only/image.dim.180.envelope.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Davidson worked for National Bank of Scotland and died in the First World War.	en	/apps/settings/wcm/designs/responsive_champion/clientlibs/resources/responsive_natwest_group_favicon.ico		https://www.natwestgroupremembers.com/our-fallen/our-fallen-ww1/d/james-davidson.html	Bank: National Bank of Scotland Place of work: Kirkwall branch Died: 18 May 1915 James Donald Davidson was born on 10 November 1889, the only son of Donald and Emily Davidson. In February 1907, when he was 17 years old, he went to work for National Bank of Scotland as an apprentice at its Inverness branch. He became a clerk there in February 1910, and in July 1914 transferred to Kirkwall branch. During the First World War Davidson joined the army, serving as a Private in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. He was killed in action at Festubert, France on 18 May 1915. He was 25 years old.
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]	null	[]	null	Horoscope and natal chart of James Donald, born on 1917/05/18: you will find in this page an excerpt of the astrological portrait and the interpration of the planetary dominants.	en	https://cdn.astrotheme.c…e-touch-icon.png		https://www.astrotheme.com/astrology/James_Donald	Horoscope and chart of James Donald (Placidus system) * A planet less than 1° from the next House cusp is considered to be posited in the said House. 2° when the AS and the MC are involved Astrological portrait of James Donald (excerpt) Disclaimer: these short excerpts of astrological charts are computer processed. They are, by no means, of a personal nature. This principle is valid for the 68,562 celebrities included in our database. These texts provide the meanings of planets, or combination of planets, in signs and in houses, as well as the interpretations of planetary dominants in line with modern Western astrology rules. Moreover, since Astrotheme is not a polemic website, no negative aspect which may damage the good reputation of a celebrity is posted here, unlike in the comprehensive astrological portrait. Introduction Here are some character traits from James Donald's birth chart. This description is far from being comprehensive but it can shed light on his/her personality, which is still interesting for professional astrologers or astrology lovers. In a matter of minutes, you can get at your email address your astrological portrait (approximately 32 pages), a much more comprehensive report than this portrait of James Donald. The dominant planets of James Donald When interpreting a natal chart, the best method is to start gradually from general features to specific ones. Thus, there is usually a plan to be followed, from the overall analysis of the chart and its structure, to the description of its different character traits. In the first part, an overall analysis of the chart enables us to figure out the personality's main features and to emphasize several points that are confirmed or not in the detailed analysis: in any case, those general traits are taken into account. Human personality is an infinitely intricate entity and describing it is a complex task. Claiming to rapidly summarize it is illusory, although it does not mean that it is an impossible challenge. It is essential to read a natal chart several times in order to absorb all its different meanings and to grasp all this complexity. But the exercise is worthwhile. In brief, a natal chart is composed of ten planets: two luminaries, the Sun and the Moon, three fast-moving or individual planets, Mercury, Venus and Mars, two slow-moving planets, Jupiter and Saturn, and three very slow-moving planets, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Additional secondary elements are: the Lunar Nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, Chiron and other minor objects. They are all posited on the Zodiac wheel consisting of twelve signs, from Aries to Pisces, and divided into twelve astrological houses. The first step is to evaluate the importance of each planet. This is what we call identifying the dominant planets. This process obeys rules that depend on the astrologer's sensitivity and experience but it also has precise and steady bases: thus, we can take into account the parameters of a planet's activity (the number of active aspects a planet forms, the importance of each aspect according to its nature and its exactness), angularity parameters; (proximity to the four angles, Ascendant, Midheaven, Descendant and Imum Coeli or Nadir, all of them being evaluated numerically, according to the kind of angle and the planet-angle distance) and quality parameters (rulership, exaltation, exile and fall). Finally, other criteria such as the rulership of the Ascendant and the Midheaven etc. are important. These different criteria allow a planet to be highlighted and lead to useful conclusions when interpreting the chart. The overall chart analysis begins with the observation of three sorts of planetary distributions in the chart: Eastern or Western hemisphere, Northern or Southern hemisphere, and quadrants (North-eastern, North-western, South-eastern and South-western). These three distributions give a general tone in terms of introversion and extraversion, willpower, sociability, and behavioural predispositions. Then, there are three additional distributions: elements (called triplicity since there are three groups of signs for each one) - Fire, Air, Earth and Water - corresponding to a character typology, modality (or quadruplicity with four groups of signs for each one) - Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable - and polarity (Yin and Yang). There are three types of dominants: dominant planets, dominant signs and dominant houses. The novice thinks astrology means only "to be Aries" or sometimes, for example, "to be Aries Ascendant Virgo". It is actually far more complex. Although the Sun and the Ascendant alone may reveal a large part of the character - approximately a third or a half of your psychological signature, a person is neither "just the Sun" (called the sign) nor just "the first house" (the Ascendant). Thus, a particular planet's influence may be significantly increased; a particular sign or house may contain a group of planets that will bring nuances and sometimes weaken the role of the Ascendant, of the Sun sign etc. Lastly, there are two other criteria: accentuations (angular, succedent and cadent) which are a classification of astrological houses and types of decanates that are occupied (each sign is divided into three decanates of ten degrees each). They provide some additional informations. These general character traits must not be taken literally; they are, somehow, preparing for the chart reading. They allow to understand the second part of the analysis, which is more detailed and precise. It focuses on every area of the personality and provides a synthesis of all the above-mentioned parameters according to sound hierarchical rules. Astrological Quadrants for James Donald Each quadrant is a combination of the four hemispheres of your birth chart and relates to a character typology. The Southern hemisphere the top of your chart, around the Midheaven is associated with extraversion, action, and public life, whereas the Northern hemisphere prompts to introversion, reflexion, and private life. The Eastern hemisphere the left part, around the Ascendant is linked to your ego and your willpower, whereas the Western hemisphere indicates how other people influence you, and how flexible you are when you make a decision. James Donald, the nocturnal North-western quadrant, consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours creativity, conception and some sort of specialization or training, with helpfulness and relations as strong components. You need others' cooperation in order to work properly, although you are not very expansive: creating, innovating and thinking are what matter most to you because this self-expression enriches you and totally satisfies you. Elements, Modes and House Accentuations for James Donald James Donald, here are the graphs of your Elements and Modes, based on planets' position and angles in the twelve signs: Like the majority of Earth signs, James Donald, you are efficient, concrete and not too emotional. What matters to you is what you see: you judge the tree by its fruits. Your ideas keep changing, words disappear, but actions and their consequences are visible and remain. Express your sensitivity, even if it means revealing your vulnerability. Emotions, energy and communication must not be neglected; concrete action is meaningless if it is not justified by your heart, your intellect or your enthusiasm. James Donald, Fire is dominant in your natal chart and endows you with intuition, energy, courage, self-confidence, and enthusiasm! You are inclined to be passionate, you assert your willpower, you move forward, and come hell or high water, you achieve your dreams and your goals. The relative weakness of this element is the difficulty to step back or a kind of boldness that may prompt you to do foolish things. The twelve zodiacal signs are split up into three groups or modes, called quadruplicities, a learned word meaning only that these three groups include four signs. The Cardinal, Fixed and Mutable modes are more or less represented in your natal chart, depending on planets' positions and importance, and on angles in the twelve signs. The Fixed mode corresponds to a majority of elements in your chart, James Donald, and represents the desire for security and durability: you are able to concretely appreciate a situation and its stability. You definitely prefer to play the role of a loyal, obstinate and hard-working person, rather than to try new and risky experiences - beware, however, not to confuse obstinacy with intransigence. You structure, cement, and strengthen everything you find on your way: it is your nature, although you are not especially interested in swiftness: slow and steady... Houses are split up into three groups: angular, succedent and cadent. The first ones are the most important ones, the most "noticeable" and energetic houses. They are the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses. Their cuspides correspond to four famous angles: Ascendant for the 1st house, Imum Coeli for the 4th house, Descendant, opposite the Ascendant, for the 7th house and Midheaven for the 10th house, opposite the Imum Coeli. Planets are evaluated according to a whole set of criteria that includes comprehensive Western astrology rules. At their turn, planets emphasize specific types of houses, signs, repartitions etc., as previously explained. Your angular houses, namely, the 1st, 4th, 7th and 10th houses, are very emphasized in your chart, James Donald: according to the Tradition, they are the strongest and most dynamic houses. Should the rest of your chart concur, angular houses suggest that you are an enterprising, energetic and assertive man. Indeed, angular houses are said to generate impulsions and to give a powerful and domineering personality. Unusual fates are often linked to a predominance of angular houses, but this is only a partial indication... N.B.: this dominant is a minor one. Dominants: Planets, Signs and Houses for James Donald The issue of dominant planets has existed since the mists of time in astrology: how nice it would be if a person could be described with a few words and one or several planets that would represent their character, without having to analyse such elements as rulerships, angularities, houses, etc! The ten planets - the Sun throughout Pluto - are a bit like ten characters in a role-play, each one has its own personality, its own way of acting, its own strengths and weaknesses. They actually represent a classification into ten distinct personalities, and astrologers have always tried to associate one or several dominant planets to a natal chart as well as dominant signs and houses. Indeed, it is quite the same situation with signs and houses. If planets symbolize characters, signs represent hues - the mental, emotional and physical structures of an individual. The sign in which a planet is posited is like a character whose features are modified according to the place where he lives. In a chart, there are usually one, two or three highlighted signs that allow to rapidly describe its owner. Regarding astrological houses, the principle is even simpler: the twelve houses correspond to twelve fields of life, and planets tenanting any given house increase that house's importance and highlight all relevant life departments: it may be marriage, work, friendship etc. In your natal chart, James Donald, the ten main planets are distributed as follows: The three most important planets in your chart are the Moon, Jupiter and Neptune. The Moon is one of the most important planets in your chart and endows you with a receptive, emotive, and imaginative nature. You have an innate ability to instinctively absorb atmospheres and impressions that nurture you, and as a result, you are often dreaming your life away rather than actually living it. One of the consequences of your spontaneity may turn into popularity, or even fame: the crowd is a living and complex entity, and it always appreciates truth and sincerity rather than calculation and total self-control. As a Lunar character, you find it difficult to control yourself, you have to deal with your moods, and you must be careful not to stay passive in front of events: nothing is handed on a plate, and although your sensitivity is rich, even richer than most people's, you must make a move and spare some of your energy for... action! Jupiter, the planet of expansion, organization, power and benevolence, is quite emphasized in your chart. Like any Jupiterian, you are warm, open, sociable, consensual, active and optimistic. You can use your self-confidence to erase differences of opinion, and you leave the task of analyzing and perfecting things to specialists. Your role, and you know it since you were young, is to gather, to demonstrate your synthesizing and conciliatory mind, and to naturally reap its fruits - power. You appreciate legality, social order but also order in general. With you as a leader, every plan or human entity can be organized and structured. You excel at supervising. The Jupiterian type is indeed the politician par excellence, and a positive Jupiter in your chart is synonymous with good integration into society, whatever the chosen path. Is this idyllic picture really perfect? Certainly not: each planet's typology has its own weaknesses. One of yours is pride, like the Solarian, but your will of expansion at all costs may generate a form of exaggeration in everything, endless pleasure, inappropriate self-confidence that could lead you to rough materialism and the thirst for absurd material comfort - in the worst cases, of course. With Neptune as one of your three dominant planets, you are a secretive and ambiguous person, often confused or unclear about your own motivations! Indeed, you are endowed with unlimited imagination and inspiration, as well as with an extreme sensibility that may turn you into a psychic or a clairvoyant. On the other hand, your impressionability is such that you may have difficulties in separating what is concrete and solid from illusions or dreams. A mystic, a visionary or a poet, you daydream, like any Neptunian, and you see what few people only can see, all of this being shrouded in aesthetic mists when you are fired with enthusiasm. A boundless, infinity-loving man like you is inevitably likely to be more vulnerable and easily hurt because of your acute perception of events. In such cases, you are hit full in the face, and you may sink into gloomy daydreamings and dark melancholy. That said, this mysterious aura definitely gives you an indefinable charm in the eyes of your close friends who are often fascinated by your unique ability to feel and to see what ordinary people can never see! In your natal chart, the three most important signs - according to criteria mentioned above - are in decreasing order of strength Taurus, Sagittarius and Cancer. In general, these signs are important because your Ascendant or your Sun is located there. But this is not always the case: there may be a cluster of planets, or a planet may be near an angle other than the Midheaven or Ascendant. It may also be because two or three planets are considered to be very active because they form numerous aspects from these signs. Thus, you display some of the three signs' characteristics, a bit like a superposition of features on the rest of your chart, and it is all the more so if the sign is emphasized. With the Taurus sign so important in your chart, you are constructive, stable, and sensual. Good taste, sense of beauty, manners, and unfailing good sense - all these qualities contribute to your charm and seductive power. Furthermore, if some people criticize your slow pace and your stubbornness, you rightly reply that this is the price for your security, and that you like the way it is - slow and steady.... Sagittarius, an adventurous and conquering fire sign, is dominant in your chart: you are enthusiastic, enterprising, optimistic, very sociable, and mobile - you have itchy feet, both physically and mentally. Nobody gets bored with you because you are always planning things and suggesting excursions, at least... when you are around and not already gone on a trip! Obviously, so many movements for one man may scare people off, and some of them may even criticize your brutality or your tendency to loose your temper, but you are so warm and genuine, so expansive, isn't this a good thing? And all the more so, since your sense of humour is overwhelming... Cancer is one of your dominant signs and endows you with imagination and exceptionally shrewd sensitivity. Although suspicious at first sight - and even at second...- as soon as you get familiar with people and let them win your confidence, your golden heart eventually shows up, despite your discretion and your desire for security that make you return into your shell at the slightest alert! Actually, you are a poet and if you are sometimes blamed for your nostalgia and your laziness, it is because your intense inner life is at full throttle... The 5th, 4th and 3rd houses are the most prominent ones in your birth chart. From the analysis of the most tenanted houses, the astrologer identifies your most significant fields or spheres of activity. They deal with what you are experiencing - or what you will be brought to experience one day - or they deal with your inner motivations. The 5th house is one of your dominant houses: hobbies, love life, sports, and games, including speculation and all kinds of entertainment, are fields that you actually take seriously! On a more subtle level, artistic creation as well as other forms of creation - including begetting children - could be one of your assets. You gain from taking part in leisure associations and various activity clubs in which a catchword resounds more than for most people: pleasure. With an important 4th house in your chart, your private life, your intimacy, as well as your family and home, play a fundamental role. Your security and your family unit, the one you come from, but also the one you set up when you get married and start a family - or even as a bachelor living alone in your sweet home - are necessary for you to blossom. According to the Tradition, your father may play an important role in your life. As the 3rd house is one of the most important houses in your chart, communication plays a major role in your life or in your deep motivations: frequent short trips, open-mindedness - which may offset a lack of mutable signs for instance - listening, discussion, interest in learning, knowledge accumulation or long-term studies, etc., are all areas that greatly appeal to you and are part of your daily life. After this paragraph about dominant planets, of James Donald, here are the character traits that you must read more carefully than the previous texts since they are very specific: the texts about dominant planets only give background information about the personality and remain quite general: they emphasize or, on the contrary, mitigate different particularities or facets of a personality. A human being is a complex whole and only bodies of texts can attempt to successfully figure out all the finer points. The Moon in Taurus and in House 3: his sensitivity You love nature as much as your comfort, James Donald, you are an Epicurean willing to enjoy life's beautiful and good things within the family clan or with friends who value your conviviality and your kindness. You are faithful, stable, with your feet rooted in the ground and you are reliable in all circumstances. You are attached to your affective and material security. You tend to be jealous and possessive and, although your nature is quite slow, you may be short-tempered and aggressive when you feel threatened. In such cases, you display an exceptional stubbornness and fury and it becomes impossible to make you change your mind. Although you are aware that your behaviour is wrong, you stick to your line and your grudge is persistent. However, you are so sensitive to tenderness and to concrete gestures of affection that a few presents or a few caresses are enough to make you see life through rose-coloured glasses again... Lively, even restless sometimes, James Donald, your thoughts are roaming, prolific, fluctuating: you are interested in many things and your Jack of all trades side is part of your charm, even if you have difficulties in concentrating and completing what you start. Your emotions are particularly active during... (excerpt) Mercury in Taurus and in House 5: his intellect and social life Your mind is calm and balanced; even though you assimilate slowly, your memory is remarkable. Your judgment is based on reflection and reason and draws on past experiences. James Donald, you are a good adviser, a reliable person whom people can confide in discreetly. You are full of good sense, cautious, methodical and disciplined and you are able to carry many good projects to a successful conclusion. You are very opinionated and determined in your actions. However, your tendency for intolerance and prejudices may offend your entourage. They wish that you exercised more flexibility instead of systematically refusing what cannot be immediately checked. You usually express yourself with a lot of charm and this is what allows you to get people to better accept your well-established habits. Your thoughts, James Donald, are irresistibly attracted to hobbies and entertainments, or you may be particularly oriented towards creation if you are dealing with something amusing. Your way of communicating is often pleasant, charming, you are the type who blends humour and charm in your speeches and who... (excerpt) Venus in Gemini and in House 5, and the Sun in Taurus: his affectivity and seductiveness In your chart, the Sun is in Taurus and Venus, in Gemini. Two signs may follow each other and be quite different: Taurus' essential and fragile desire for balance opposes Gemini's will to discover, to experiment, to increase the variety of emotions and encounters (Venus). These two signs are definitely complementary. The Sun in Taurus facilitates the establishment of long-lasting affective adventures and therefore, it achieves fulfilment. Venus in Gemini hates to lock up the couple in a routine inevitably detrimental to the spontaneity and the plenitude of feelings. However, perfect balance can be achieved only when both tendencies are expressed although they are antinomical in many regards. Selecting your partner, understanding and evolving abilities are decisive here. You must satisfy your solar sign's thirst for tranquillity and Venus' needs for novelty, alternately. You must meet the urges for intimacy, stability and the pressing necessity to fuel your passion, over and over again. As paradoxical as it may seem, you love only that very person who sometimes upsets Taurus' quietness and who challenges the serenity you dream of. Because passion is priceless. This is the price you have to pay for it. What is it, that really appeals to you, James Donald, to love or to please? You have so much charm and so much volubility that you easily manage to be what is known as a lady-killer. Feelings and intellect are so tightly mingled that you may not know any more whether you are really in love or whether you are acting. You have a taste for flirt and variety, and you appreciate very much complicated situations where no one knows where the truth lies any more. You shift from one game to another. To you, everything can be an agent for seduction, be it your attitudes, your words or the way you dress. You do not separate your actions from your desire to please. People who do not understand this are in trouble because, if they take your sweet and well-phrased speeches too literally, they are likely to undergo cruel disappointments: for you, it is only a matter of living in the moment and you never commit yourself because, above all, you loathe confinement, even just its thought. James Donald, your Venus has a natural affinity with this house. She feels very comfortable and she gives her best in terms of intensity of feelings, artistic creativity, inclination for leisure, entertainment, fine arts and music gifts and even, the capacity to easily communicate with children. With... (excerpt) The Ascendant is in Sagittarius and the ruler of the Ascendant is Jupiter, in Taurus: his behaviour Psychologically speaking, your nature is extroverted and independent, oriented towards expansion and sociability. You have the soul of a leader, energetic and active. Your charisma and your drive are fully integrated into the collective life. Indeed, as an action-oriented fire sign, you challenge yourself and you succeed in accomplishing the task straight away. Sagittarius is hard to follow because his spirit and his independent mind constantly prompt him to go further and higher. As you are born under this sign, you are charismatic, fiery, energetic, likeable, benevolent, tidy, jovial, optimistic, extroverted, amusing, straightforward, demonstrative, charming, independent, adventurous, straightforward, bold, exuberant, freedom-loving. But you may also be irascible, selfish, authoritarian, inconsistent, unfaithful, brutal, unreliable, reckless, tactless or unpleasant. In love, Sir, you are the mobile fire that consumes everything in your way. You are constantly in love, you are passionate and your energy and your extroversion create a love life that could fit a serialized novel: mobile and changing, you are not the man of a single woman, at least until you find the person who resists you and who arouses a love powerful enough to tame you. Your need for freedom and independence is so strong that it is difficult for you to settle down. Many break-ups are caused by a feeling of smothering, when your love of the moment becomes too demanding. However, since you are also unstable, you often patch up as if nothing had happened and you will be forgiven: this paradox comes from your explosive mixture comprising ardour, energy, benevolence and fickleness. Similarly to the way in which you run your business, you will settle down when you reach your forties or your fifties. You become a good husband and a good father, well acquainted with the rules of your society, full of contentment and joy. Your home will provide the room you need so that you do not feel imprisoned. The ruler of the Ascendant, also referred to as the chart ruler, brings a few interesting nuances to the meanings provided by the Sun and the Ascendant. The sign in which the ruler of the Ascendant is posited fine-tunes the style of personality described by the Sun and the Ascendant. It may strengthen it if the sign is identical to either of them. The ruler of your Ascendant is in the same sign as your Sun. This specific feature means that the Sun's characteristics in sign previously delineated are strengthened. The Sun in Taurus and in House 5: his will and inner motivations Peace, joy of life and sensuality are essential to you: You have a simple and quiet nature. You easily find happiness because you are not competitive. In addition, your relaxed attitude and your common sense always take you to places where you are happy, even though you are not the number one, even though you do not move in haste. The important thing for you is to construct, with patience and persistence. These two qualities yield strong, steadfast, and sustainable efforts that can withstand any pitfalls. You are gentle, with a slow thinking process, but once you have opted for an orientation, nothing, no one, can make you change your mind. You loathe changes in general, and once you have taken the few major unavoidable decisions in the course of your life, you are on track! As you are born under this sign, you are loyal, steadfast, strong, patient, enduring, persistent, attached, sensual, realistic, constructive, tenacious, with a strong need for security. But you may also be stubborn, rigid, possessive, materialistic, static and slow. In love, Sir, more often than not, your passions are strong. It may take you some time to be moved, but once you choice is made, it is a lasting one and you are particularly endearing and loyal. You are not interested in infidelity or in having numerous partners. Your love emerges slowly but it grows in depth, like a root which solidifies with time. You are not too romantic because you are so practical and conventional but your style and your sexiness compensate for your lack of idealism. You tend to associate the concept of marriage with that of lifestyle or of the benefits that come with it. Your physical urges are pressing; you are sensual and pleasure takes an important place in your life. You appreciate partners who cook like a cordon-bleu and who may cause a few gastronomic excesses, but you readily accept them. James Donald, your main motivations and your will lead you towards activities related to creation or to the outwards expression of yourself. It may take the form of the mobilization of your energy aiming at artistic, literary or technical creations and works, innovative projects design, or symbolically,... (excerpt) Mars in Taurus and in House 4: his ability to take action James Donald, the way you take action gains in power and in precision what it loses in rapidity and spontaneity. You are slow, certainly. But when you get started, you put all your ingenuity and your persistence into it and you love to see a job well done. At the end of the day, owing to your ways, you are the winner. In your sex life, similarly, you are generous and instinctive and your slowness is not an obstacle. It may even bring fulfilment to you, but above all, to your partner! In love, as well as in your exchanges in general, you tend to keep your worries to yourself because you are extremely patient; you don't say anything, you stand all the hits and one day, you explode into outbursts of anger that are as violent as they are rare, thanks God. It is in the private sphere that your capacities for action are felt, James Donald. When you are outside, at work or elsewhere, you do not like to show your true self. But as soon as you are at home, no doubt, you almost shift identity. You become... (excerpt) Conclusion This text is only an excerpt from of James Donald's portrait. If you want to get your own astrological portrait, much more comprehensive that this present excerpt, you can order it at this page. Do you belong to the Jupiterian type, benevolent and generous? The Martian type, active and a go-getter? The Venusian type, charming and seductive? The Lunar type, imaginative and sensitive? The Solar type, noble and charismatic? The Uranian type, original, uncompromising and a freedom-lover? The Plutonian type, domineering and secretive? The Mercurian type, cerebral, inquiring and quick? The Neptunian type, visionary, capable of empathy and impressionable? The Saturnian type, profound, persevering and responsible? Are you more of the Fire type, energetic and intuitive? The Water type, sentimental and receptive? The Earth type, realistic and efficient? Or the Air type, gifted in communication and highly intellectual? 11 planetary dominants and 57 characteristics are reviewed, quantified, and interpreted; then, your psychological portrait is described in detail, in a comprehensive document of approximately 32-36 pages, full of engrossing and original pieces of information about yourself. Astrological reports describe many of the character traits and they sometimes go deeper into the understanding of a personality. Please, always keep in mind that human beings are continuously evolving and that many parts of our psychological structures are likely to be expressed later, after having undergone significant life's experiences. It is advised to read a portrait with hindsight in order to appreciate its astrological content. Under this condition, you will be able to take full advantage of this type of study. The analysis of an astrological portrait consists in understanding four types of elements which interact with one another: ten planets, twelve zodiacal signs, twelve houses, and what are called aspects between planets (the 11 aspects most commonly used are: conjunction, opposition, square, trine, sextile, quincunx, semi-sextile, sesqui-quadrate, quintile and bi-quintile. The first 5 aspects enumerated are called major aspects). Planets represent typologies of our human psychology: sensitivity, affectivity, ability to undertake, will-power, mental process, aptitude, and taste for communication etc., all independent character facets are divided here for practical reasons. The twelve signs forming the space where planets move will "colour", so to speak, these typologies with each planet being located in its particular sign. They will then enrich the quality of these typologies, as expressed by the planets. The Zodiac is also divided into twelve astrological houses. This makes sense only if the birth time is known because within a few minutes, the twelve houses (including the 1st one, the Ascendant) change significantly. They correspond to twelve specific spheres of life: external behaviour, material, social and family life, relationship, home, love life, daily work, partnership, etc. Each planet located in any given house will then act according to the meaning of its house, and a second colouration again enriches those active forces that the planets symbolize. Finally, relations will settle among planets, creating a third structure, which completes the planets' basic meanings. A set of ancient rules, which has stood the test of experience over hundreds of years (although astrology is in evolution, only reliable elements are integrated into classical studies), are applied to organize the whole chart into a hierarchy and to allow your personality to be interpreted by texts. The planets usually analysed are the Sun, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, which means two luminaries (the Sun and the Moon) and 8 planets, a total of 10 planets. Additional secondary elements may be taken into account, such as asteroids Chiron, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres (especially Chiron, more well-known), the Lunar nodes, the Dark Moon or Lilith, and even other bodies: astrology is a discipline on the move. Astrological studies, including astrological portrait, compatibility of couples, predictive work, and horoscopes evolve and become more accurate or deeper, as time goes by. Precision: concerning the horoscopes with a known time of birth, according to the Tradition, we consider that a planet near the beginning (called cuspide) of the next house (less than 2 degrees for the Ascendant and the Midheaven, and less than 1 degree for all other houses) belongs to this house: our texts and dominants take this rule into account. You can also choose not to take this shift into account in the form, and also tick the option Koch or Equal houses system instead of Placidus, the default houses system. Warning: In order to avoid any confusion and any possible controversy, we want to draw your attention upon the fact that this sample of celebrities is very complete and therefore, it also includes undesirable people, since every category is represented: beside artists, musicians, politicians, lawyers, professional soldiers, poets, writers, singers, explorers, scientists, academics, religious figures, saints, philosophers, sages, astrologers, mediums, sportsmen, chess champions, famous victims, historical characters, members of royal families, models, painters, sculptors, and comics authors or other actual celebrities, there are also famous murderers, tyrants and dictators, serial-killers, or other characters whose image is very negative, often rightly so. Regarding the latter, it must be remembered that even a monster or at least a person who perpetrated odious crimes, has some human qualities, often noticed by his/her close entourage: these excerpts come from computer programmes devoid of polemical intentions and may seem too soft or lenient. The positive side of each personality is deliberately stressed. Negative sides have been erased here - it is not the same in our comprehensive reports on sale - because it could hurt the families of such people. We are hoping that it will not rebound on the victims' side. Numerology: Birth Path of James Donald Testimonies to numerology are found in the most ancient civilizations and show that numerology pre-dates astrology. This discipline considers the name, the surname, and the date of birth, and ascribes a meaning to alphabetic letters according to the numbers which symbolise them. The path of life, based on the date of birth, provides indications on the kind of destiny which one is meant to experience. It is one of the elements that must reckoned with, along with the expression number, the active number, the intimacy number, the achievement number, the hereditary number, the dominant numbers or the lacking numbers, or also the area of expression, etc. Your Life Path is influenced by the number 5, James, which indicates changing and off the beaten track destinies. Your activities are varied and placed under the sign of adaptability, and multiplication of resources. More than anyone else, you need to enhance your learning capacities and the broad-mindedness. You must cope as well as you can with changes and transformation occurring in your life. Indeed, Life Path 5 brings about destinies which are prone to twists and turns, as well as to upheavals. Therefore, your life's main orientation may vary considerably at certain stages, and if your destiny is that of adventurers whose course is fraught with obstacles, it may also turn you into an exceedingly unstable person through lack of nuance. You accumulate experiences and enrich your know-how with each crucial period. Your adaptation skills enable you to go through all the successive stages of your life without ever being destabilised by new situations. James Donald was born under the sign of the Snake, element Fire Chinese astrology is brought to us as a legacy of age-old wisdom and invites us to develop an awareness of our inner potential. It is believed that the wise man is not subjected to stellar influences. However, we must gain the lucidity and the distance without which we remain locked up in an implacable destiny. According to the legend of the Circle of Animals, Buddha summoned all the animals to bid them farewell before he left our world. Only twelve species answered Buddha's call. They form the Chinese Zodiac and symbolize the twelve paths of wisdom that are still valid nowadays. The Asian wise man considers that a path is neither good nor bad. One can and must develop one's potentialities. The first step is to thoroughly know oneself. In China, the Snake is associated with wisdom. You belong to the category of people who would not let life ensnare them and prefer to carefully ponder over their decisions. You are stable and level-headed, you try to qualify your judgments and review problems thoroughly. Lucidity is certainly one of your prevailing qualities and it will be difficult to take you for a ride, all the more so since you don't like situations where your feelings are manipulated! The people who would strive to thwart your plans would run the risk of a merciless retaliation. Snakes are cold-blooded: you remain in control of your actions, even and especially when you are in a difficult situation. Therefore, in case of crisis, you become a talented and particularly tenacious schemer who is to be dreaded. You may indulge in some sort of Machiavellism, influencing in the dark your close friends' behaviour. Behind the scenes actions is your speciality. You manage to keep your distances in all circumstances, and this is probably the source of the charm that everybody agrees to credit you with. Better than anyone else, you can get whatever you fancy, at your own pace, with your own methods. Some people consider this ability as a gift to bewitch one's entourage. In any case, it is undeniable that you have a remarkable knack for playing with your entourage's emotions and affects. Chinese astrology has five elements, which are referred to as agents: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water. You have a deep affinity with the agent Fire. In China, this element corresponds to the planet Mars, the red colour and the number 7. Fire implies dynamism and contagious warmth. You are a passionate person who gives a touch of intensity and unrelenting tension to every element of your life. One can only praise your energy and notice your presence. . You belong to the category of people who never give up when they are facing hurdles. On the contrary, challenges stimulate you. You are particularly exhilarated whenever a new element emerges or when you are dealing with an unprecedented context. Obviously, the danger is that you may rush headlong against a wall of insurmountable difficulties and act impulsively or thoughtlessly. It is important that you moderate your natural impetuosity as often as possible. Beware of untimely fits of anger! However, your undeniable frankness prevails and your straightforward and honest character appeals to a good many interlocutors. N. B.: when the birth time is unknown, (12:00 PM (unknown)), these portrait excerpts do not take into account the parameters derived from the time, which means, the domification (Ascendant, astrological houses, etc.). Nonetheless, these analyses remain accurate in any case. Regarding the sources of the birth data in our possession, kindly note that the pages we publish constitute a starting point for more detailed research, even though they seem useful to us. When the sources are contradictory, which occurs rarely, after having analysed them, we choose the most reliable one. Sometimes, we publish a birth date just because it is made available, but we do not claim that is it the best one, by no means.
3199	dbpedia	3	89	https://www.watson-kingfuneralhome.com/tributes/James-Jenkins	en	Tribute for James Donald Jenkins	https://s3.amazonaws.com…2afa509bcd8..jpg	https://s3.amazonaws.com…2afa509bcd8..jpg	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/csvweb/obitv3/obitbanners/Art-Creative/photography.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Watson-King Funeral Home" ]	2020-08-05T10:28:27-04:00	Tribute for James Donald Jenkins \| James Donald Jenkins, 83, of Hamlet, passed away Wednesday, August 5, 2020 at Richmond County Hospice in Rockingham.Donald was born in Cleveland County, NC, on November 17, 1936, a son of...	en		Tribute for James Donald Jenkins \| Watson-King Funeral Home	https://www.watson-kingfuneralhome.com/tributes/James-Jenkins	Coping with Grief We would like to offer our sincere support to anyone coping with grief. Enter your email below for our complimentary daily grief messages. Messages run for up to one year and you can stop at any time. Your email will not be used for any other purpose.
3199	dbpedia	3	70	https://fortune.com/2024/07/26/jd-vance-name-change-history-spelling-james-donald-bowman-james-david-hamel-trump-vp/	en	JD Vance’s name has changed multiple times. 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https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=480&q=75 480w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=576&q=75 576w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=768&q=75 768w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=1024&q=75 1024w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=1280&q=75 1280w, https://fortune.com/img-assets/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/GettyImages-72955624.jpg?w=1440&q=75 1440w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Julie Carr Smyth", "The Associated Press", "Eleanor Pringle", "Shawn Tully", "Amanda Loudin", "Lindsey Leake", "Alena Botros", "Chloe Berger", "Geoff Colvin" ]	2024-07-26T00:00:00	Over the course of his 39 years, Vance's first, middle and last names have all been altered in one way or another.	en	/icons/favicons/favicon.ico	Fortune	https://fortune.com/2024/07/26/jd-vance-name-change-history-spelling-james-donald-bowman-james-david-hamel-trump-vp/	The senator from Ohio introduced himself to the world in 2016 when he published his bestselling memoir, “Hillbilly Elegy,” under the name J.D. Vance — “like jay-dot-dee-dot,” he wrote, short for James David. In the book, he explained that this was not the first iteration of his name. Nor would it be the last. Over the course of his 39 years, Vance’s first, middle and last names have all been altered in one way or another. As Vance is being introduced to voters across the country as Donald Trump’s new running mate, his name has been the source of both curiosity and questions — including why he no longer uses periods in JD. He was born James Donald Bowman in Middletown, Ohio, on Aug. 2, 1984, his middle and last names the same as his biological father, Donald Bowman. His parents split up “around the time I started walking,” he writes. When he was about 6, his mother, Beverly, married for the third time. He was adopted by his new stepfather, Robert Hamel, and his mother renamed him James David Hamel. When his mother erased Donald Bowman from his and her lives, the adoption process also erased the name James Donald Bowman from the public record. The only birth certificate for Vance on file at Ohio’s vital statistics office reads James David Hamel, according to information provided by the state. Beverly kept the boy’s initials the same, since he went universally by J.D., Vance explains in the book. He didn’t buy his mother’s story that he was named for his uncle David, though. “Any old D name would have done, so long as it wasn’t Donald,” he wrote. Vance spent more than two decades as James David “J.D.” Hamel. It’s the name by which he graduated from Middletown High School, served in Iraq as a U.S. Marine (officially, Cpl. James D. Hamel), earned a political science degree at The Ohio State University and blogged his ruminations as a 26-year-old student at Yale Law School. Those facts are borne out in documentation provided by those entities upon request, or otherwise publicly available, and were confirmed by campaign spokesperson Taylor Van Kirk. But the situation gnawed at him, particularly after his mother and adoptive father divorced. “I shared a name with no one I really cared about (which bothered me already), and with Bob gone, explaining why my name was J.D. Hamel would require a few additional awkward moments,” he writes in “Hillbilly Elegy.” “Yeah, my legal father’s last name is Hamel. You haven’t met him because I don’t see him. No, I don’t know why I don’t see him. Of all the things that I hated about my childhood, nothing compared to the revolving door of father figures.” So he decided to change his name again, to Vance — the last name of his beloved Mamaw, the grandmother who raised him. It didn’t happen on his wedding day in 2014, as the book implies, but in April 2013, as he was about to graduate from Yale, Van Kirk said. It felt right to take the name of the woman who raised him before dying in 2005, as he was putting the struggles of his early life behind him and launching into this new phase. “Throughout his tumultuous childhood, Mamaw — or Bonnie Blanton Vance — raised JD and was always his north star,” Van Kirk said in a statement. “It only felt right to him to take Vance as his last name.” Claiming the Vance name also served to tie JD more clearly to what he writes was “hillbilly royalty” on his grandfather’s side not long before he would release a book opining on hillbilly culture. A distant cousin to his Papaw, also named James Vance, married into the McCoy-hating Hatfield family and committed a murder that “kicked off one of the most famous family feuds in American history,” Vance wrote in his book. Vance achieved a clean slate of sorts with his new name, just as he was entering his career as a lawyer and author. Besides being the name on his book, it’s the name he used to register for the bar, to marry, to enter the world of venture capital in the Silicon Valley and as he became a father. But there was one more name alteration to come. When Vance jumped into politics in July 2021, he had removed the periods from J.D. He’d often used this shorthand, JD, over his lifetime. Asked by The Associated Press at the time if this was a formal change, or merely stylistic, his campaign said it was how Vance preferred to be referred to in print. He has maintained the usage as a U.S. senator, referring to himself as JD Vance on his Senate website, in press releases and in certain campaign and business filings. The nominee’s legal name today is James David Vance. The AP, whose industry-standard AP Stylebook advises to generally call people by the name they prefer, honors his request to go by JD with no periods.
3199	dbpedia	1	69	https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/2RG4iLPZZaRaawSzNbxdTOym9I8/appointments	en	Anthony James DONALD personal appointments	https://d1w2pgd9x0c3ql.c…ngraph-image.jpg	https://d1w2pgd9x0c3ql.c…ngraph-image.jpg	[ "https://matomo.companieshouse.gov.uk//piwik.php?idsite=2" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Free company information from Companies House including registered office address, filing history, accounts, annual return, officers, charges, business activity	en	//d1w2pgd9x0c3ql.cloudfront.net/images/govuk-frontend/v3.5.0/images/favicon.ico		null	We use some essential cookies to make our services work. We'd also like to use analytics cookies so we can understand how you use our services and to make improvements.
3199	dbpedia	0	72	https://issuu.com/jamesiandonald/docs/alexanderdonalddraft10/6	en	Alexander Donald, 1745-1808	https://image.isu.pub/10…age_6_social.jpg	https://image.isu.pub/10…age_6_social.jpg	[ "https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/31d186ba39f38e8c4fac.png", "https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.3042/icons/gradient/icon-canva-gradient.svg", "https://static.isu.pub/fe/product-header-frontend/781e53c/1e794a8c4ec65e549678.png", "https://photo.isu.pub/jamesiandonald/photo_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/180508151629-832b1ee309424fa9dbe79df903f79e68/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/120705210457-6769fce4fbdd42469f4d72d022b5a098/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/120610214432-d153920f951648c5bd709ccf8f34f10b/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/120522111026-cd1229bb61c147cda5a94319ac1bfcd8/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/111031111003-24e859767df24f99961e68224bded12d/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/100309162923-03d9419ab93e4473a7a369a03aecba97/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/100112171820-2a3d3661578b42219685293911a354a6/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://image.isu.pub/100107161030-ad306d61c0db40ca9b22453a7020d79a/jpg/page_1_thumb_large.jpg", "https://static.issuu.com/fe/silkscreen/0.0.2541/icons/gradient/icon-instagram-gradient.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "James Follow this publisher" ]	2010-03-18T00:00:00+00:00	Life and letters of Alexander Donald	en	/favicon.ico	Issuu	https://issuu.com/jamesiandonald/docs/alexanderdonalddraft10	Welcome to Issuu’s blog: home to product news, tips, resources, interviews (and more) related to content marketing and publishing. Here you'll find an answer to your question.
3199	dbpedia	1	45	https://21stbattalion.ca/tributedg/donald_james-59266.html	en	James Donald	http://21stbattalion.ca/ships/Metagama-01.jpg		[ "http://21stbattalion.ca/photosdg/donald_james-2.jpg", "http://21stbattalion.ca/ships/Metagama-01.jpg", "http://21stbattalion.ca/ships/St_Seiriol.jpg", "http://21stbattalion.ca/ships/Brighton-13.jpg", "http://21stbattalion.ca/ships/Belgic-01.jpg", "http://21stbattalion.ca/photosdg/donald_jim.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "WW1", "21st Battalion", "trench warfare", "" ]	null	[]	null	A tribute to the 21st Battalion CEF				null	Attested into the 21st Battalion in Kingston, Ontario ØNumber 59266 (temporary number 494) ØNext of kin given as Mrs. Georgina Donald, mother 12 Murray Place, St. Andrews, Scotland ØPrevious occupation given as Photographer ØPrevious military experience given as 59th Stormont and Glengarry Regiment, Canadian Militia and the 1st Aberdeen Royal Engineers Volunteers ØReligion given as Presbyterian ØPosted to 11 Platoon “E” Company oThis was later reorganized into 11 Platoon “C” Company The 21st Battalion trained in the Kingston, Ontario area through the winter of 1914-15. While in billets in the “B” Camp at La Clytte, Belgium, Corporal James Donald was in charge of a carrying party moving supplies on a hand powered narrow-gauge railway, the overloaded car overturned and fell on him. When the car was lifted from him, he had a badly injured left knee and multiple cuts and bruises. He was evacuated to the No. 10 CCS (Casualty Clearing Station) for first aid. Invalided to England aboard the Hospital Ship Brighton On arrival in England he was admitted to the De Walden Court Hospital in Eastbourne Transferred to the CCAC (Canadian Casualty Assembly Centre) for pay purposes while in hospital Discharged from the CEF in Ottawa, Ontario ØRank on discharge Acting Sergeant ØWar Service Badge Class “A” issued number 382006 ØProposed residence on discharge Cornwall, Ontario Following his discharge, the 1914-15 Star, British War Medal and Victory Medals were sent to him at Box 89, Cornwall, Ontario James Donald later moved to South Porcupine, Ontario and opened a Photography business
3199	dbpedia	2	10	https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/the-estate/trumps-scottish-ancestry	en	Trump International Estate	https://www.trumpgolfsco…gif?ID=100001239	https://www.trumpgolfsco…gif?ID=100001239	[ "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000731", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100224", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100229", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100218", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100223", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000627", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100225", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001485", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001323", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001322", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001614", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100221", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000623", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001839", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001723", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001720", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001721", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001395", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000819", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100001219", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000628", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100237", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000631", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100000808", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/images/dynamic/getImage.gif?ID=100251", "https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/Images/foot-trump-card.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Trump Golf Scotland", "Trump International Golf Links Scotland", "Macleod House", "Links Course Aberdeen", "Links Golf Scotland", "Scottish Links Course" ]	null	[]	null	Learn more about Trump’s Scottish Ancestry, including the family history of Mary Anne MacLeod, the mother of Donald J. Trump.		https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/favicon.ico		https://www.trumpgolfscotland.com/	The Family History of Mary Anne MacLeod, the Mother of Donald J. Trump by Tony Reid Genealogy Mary Anne was born on 10th May 1912 at 5 Tong, Stornoway to Malcolm MacLeod and his wife Mary Smith. The family lived at Tong, a small fishing/crofting township lying 3-4 miles from Stornoway, the only town on the Isle of Lewis. The parents married in 1891 within the Free Church of Scotland, Tong. Malcolm was a local fisherman/crofter, the son of Alexander MacLeod and Annie MacLeod. At the time of the 1901 Census, Malcolm and Mary already had six children. Alexander, also a crofter/fisherman, would have been born in about 1832. He married Ann MacLeod, also a Tong resident, in 1853 and died in Tong in 1900. According to his son Malcolm, who was the informant of his father’s death, Alexander was the son of William MacLeod, a crofter, and Catherine MacLeod. William died at nearby Vatisker in 1869 and, according to his son Alexander; he was the son of Kenneth MacLeod and Catherine McIver. No trace could be found of wills or testaments in respect of Alexander or William MacLeod. The book “Tong: The Story of a Lewis village”, (Tong Historical Society, 1984) provides some family trees and photographs of several MacLeod’s. Further research would be required to clarify the relationships of these people to Mary Anne Geography Lewis and Harris make up the largest and northern-most island of the Outer Hebrides (or Western Isles). It is separated from the Scottish mainland by the Minch. It comprises a northern part, Lewis and a smaller but more mountainous southern part, Harris. The only town is Stornoway. Administratively, Lewis formed part of Ross-shire whilst Harris belonged to Inverness-shire. The Parish of Stornoway comprises about 100 square miles. It is generally flat countryside with a coastline which, in places, is extremely rocky. The principal bay is Broad Bay on which Aird of Tong and Tong lie. These are two coastal “settlements” lying about a mile apart. Tong is often still referred to by its Gaelic name Druim-beag. Broad Bay was considered to be unsafe for non-local vessels because of a sunken reef projecting from Aird of Tong. The village now comprises a mix of local authority and modern private housing, a primary school and community centre. There is a post office, a small church (the former post office) used by the Scottish Episcopal Church, but no shops. Many residents commute to Stornoway but crofting is still the principal local activity. Social History The following notes are based, for the most part, on the Old (1791-1799) and the New (1834-1845) Statistical Accounts of Scotland, and on the book “Tong: The Story of a Lewis Village” published by the Stornoway Gazette for Tong Historical Society (1984). Although the first Manse (Presbyterian Minister’s house) for Stornoway Parish was situated in Tong, in 1758, it wasn’t really until the 1820s that Tong, Aird Tong, and other areas around Broad Bay became the focus for settlers from other Hebridean localities. The impetus came from local landlords who recognised the potential of the Bay as a source of fish including cod, ling, flounder, herring and shellfish. The catches were sold to the landlords or tacksmen who owned the curing facilities. The landlords also divided up some farms into small lots which they let to the fishermen thus enabling them to grow potatoes and keep a cow for example. Because of the arduous nature of fishing, it was often the case that work on the crofts had to be done by the wives and children. The boats themselves were usually part-owned by several men. Many residents also engaged in “kelping” which involved collecting seaweed from the shore to be used as a fertilizer. Housing in the 19th Century was basic in the extreme, partly because of a lack of indigenous raw materials especially timber. One observer described the properties as “sordid huts – in general indescribably filthy with doors so low it is necessary to crawl in and out”. The so-called “black houses” were made from turf, they had no windows or chimneys and housed the livestock as well as the people. The staple diet of the inhabitants comprised gruel (a form of liquid porridge) and potatoes, plus some beef and, of course, fish. According to the 1891 Census Returns, Alexander and his extended family, all spoke Gaelic. With the exception of his wife Ann, they also spoke English. The fact that Alexander used an X mark when acting as informant of his children’s births suggests that he was illiterate, as was Malcolm’s wife Mary Smith. Because the only church in the Parish was in Stornoway Burgh, the local people living in and around Tong had no “seat” and according to the Minister, the Rev John Cameron, were “destitute of any place of worship” in the mid 19th Century. This probably explains why no records of baptisms of Mary Anne MacLeod’s ancestors have been found. The first school in Tong was opened in 1879 with 85 children enrolled. The common spoken language was Gaelic although all official documents were in English. This explains the many forename variants for the same person e.g. Kirsty, Christina, Christian. In terms of public health, the Rev John Cameron makes the following statement “there is one peculiar distemper prevalent in this island, which seizes infants about the fifth night after their birth, and carries them off in convulsive fits”. The local surgeon believed that this was due to the excessive humidity of the region. This may be an explanation why so many Stornoway births in the 1855 registers do not give a forename. Perhaps the children died before they were baptized. For centuries the Isle of Lewis was owned by the landed MacKenzie (Seaforths) family. When they became bankrupt it was purchased in 1844 by James Matheson, a partner in the firm of Jardine Matheson of Hong Kong. Matheson was a rich and generous benefactor who did much to protect the crofting communities on the Island. This did not prevent subsequent unrest among the local crofting community on such heated topics as rights of tenure. This led to an ever-increasing level of emigration from Lewis, especially to North America. The disproportionate level of Highland casualties in the First World War added to the shortage of able-bodied males on the Island. Lord Leverhulme, the founder of the Lever soap business bought Lewis in 1918 with the philanthropic objective of using modern business practices to solve the Islands’ problems. His grandiose plans failed which resulted in the continuation of emigration over subsequent decades. The MacLeod Clan
3199	dbpedia	1	12	https://friendsofglasgowmuseums.org/join-the-march-lecture-on-james-donald-by-dr-andrew-watson-2/	en	Join the March Lecture on James Donald by Dr Andrew Watson – Friends of Glasgow Museums	https://friendsofglasgow…Colour-32x32.png	https://friendsofglasgow…Colour-32x32.png	[ "https://friendsofglasgowmuseums.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-Artboard-8.png", "https://friendsofglasgowmuseums.org/wp-content/uploads/elementor/thumbs/a-girl-asleep-q3um9l0hhe9uy3le10z2wsgvvndgv3f708zj7pvwy0.jpg", "https://friendsofglasgowmuseums.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Artboard-8-1024x302.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://friendsofglasgow…Colour-32x32.png		https://friendsofglasgowmuseums.org/join-the-march-lecture-on-james-donald-by-dr-andrew-watson-2/	James Donald (1830-1905): a notable Scottish Collector and Patron of the Arts Drawing on new research, this talk will show how the Bothwell-born manufacturing chemist, James Donald, became one of the most important art collectors and patrons of his generation. The formation of his art collection will be discussed, revealing him as a supporter of living artists and client of the most notable French, Dutch, and Scottish dealers of the period. An extremely public-minded individual, Donald generously lent his pictures to the RSA, Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts and to the international exhibitions organised in Edinburgh and Glasgow in 1886 and 1888 respectively. A significant part of Donald’s collection was bequeathed to the Kelvingrove in 1905, including ceramics, old masters, British and 19th-century European works. We will discover why his pictures by Camille Corot, Charles François Daubigny, Diaz de la Pena, Jules Dupré, Jean François Millet and Théodore Rousseau and the work he commissioned in the 1880s and 1890s from the renowned Scottish stained-glass designer, Daniel Cottier, and from his principal architect, Frederick Vincent Hart, were especially important, creating a legacy for us to enjoy today. Dr Andrew Watson is an art historian specialising in 19th-century British collecting of French art. He has written and lectured widely, with publications for the Louvre, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and The Burlington Magazine, and talks for the Burrell and Wallace collections, the Kelvingrove Museum, National Gallery of Scotland, and Brussels National Museum. February’s edition of the Burlington features an article Andrew wrote on the provenance of Vermeer’s important early work, A Maid Asleep (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), which coincides with the opening of the Vermeer exhibition at the Rijksmuseum. In 2024 Andrew will publish an article on Donald in Charles Sebag Montefiore’s Dictionary of British Art Collectors: 1600-1939, an important online publication hosted by the National Gallery, London. Andrew is an Associate Lecturer with the Open University.
3199	dbpedia	1	7	https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/James_Donald	en	The Alfred Hitchcock Wiki			[ "https://the.hitchcock.zone/files/mediawiki/d/d7/JamesDonald.jpg", "https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_GB/i/btn/btn_donate_LG.gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "Alfred Hitchcock Presents - Poison", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents - The Crystal Trench" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald	en	/favicon.ico		null	Biography James Donald was a Scottish actor. He specialized in playing authority figures such as military officers, doctors, or scientists. Filmography Alfred Hitchcock Presents... Alfred Hitchcock Presents - Poison (05/Oct/1958) — cast: Harry Pope Alfred Hitchcock Presents - The Crystal Trench (04/Oct/1959) — cast: Mark Cavendidge Radio Adaptations The Lady Vanishes (BBC Radio, 19/Jun/1943) — cast Internet Movie Database Wikipedia born 18/May/1917 Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, UK died 03/Aug/1993 Wiltshire, England, UK
3199	dbpedia	2	51	https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/merchant-seamen-serving-since-1918/	en	Merchant Navy seamen in service since 1918	https://www.nationalarch…ages/favicon.png	https://www.nationalarch…ages/favicon.png	[ "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/logo-white.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/global/icon-128-email.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/tna-square-white-logo.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/twitter.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/youtube-play.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/flickr.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/facebook.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/instagram.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/social/rss.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/global/logo-ogl.png", "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/wp-content/themes/tna/images/global/gov-uk.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "crew lists", "merchant navy", "second world war", "second world war personnel", "world war two" ]	null	[ "The National Archives" ]	2015-03-20T17:08:40+00:00	This is a guide to locating records of merchant seamen in service since the end of the First World War, including records from the Second World War, and up to the last decades of the 20th century. These are...	en	/wp-content/themes/tna/images/favicon.png	The National Archives	https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/merchant-seamen-serving-since-1918/	The records with the most detail There are three principal sources of service details for merchant seamen up to 1972 (from 1972 go to the Maritime and Coastguard Agency). They are: Central Index Register, 1918-1941 (also known as the Fourth Register of Seamen) Central Register of Seamen, 1941-1972 (also known as the Fifth Register of Seamen) Seamen’s Pouches, 1940-1972 (created primarily as files for paperwork supporting applications for discharge – files can contain paperwork from both the Fourth and Fifth Registers) If the seaman was only employed temporarily, or was an apprentice, he may not have been issued with a discharge ‘A’ number or a British Seaman’s Identity Card in which case he is unlikely to appear in the registers. Access to full details of seamen born less than 100 years ago may be restricted. How to trace a ship Sometimes the only way to track down a record of a seaman is to trace the records of the ships he served on. You can use the CLIP (Crew List Index Project) website to trace a ship by the: ship’s name ship’s port of registration ship’s official number How to interpret abbreviations in the records See our guide to Abbreviations in merchant seamen records for further help interpreting information in these records. To access these records you will either need to visit us, pay for research (£) or, where you can identify a specific record reference, order a copy (£). Central Register of Seamen (aka Fifth Register of Seamen), 1941-1972 Browse the catalogue descriptions of records from the Central Register of Seamen 1941-1972 in BT 382 (the records themselves were known as CRS 10 forms). Our catalogue descriptions are arranged alphabetically in ranges of surnames. The registers are filed in eight parts according to the nationality or ‘origin’ of the seamen and other criteria (each part has been assigned its own subseries in BT 382). Select from one of the eight subseries of the register to target your browsing of the series more efficiently (for seamen of European origin you should look for records in both Part 1 and Part 2). These CRS 10 forms are often referred to as seamen’s docket books and can include the following details (for the full list of possible details see the series description of BT 382): date of birth place of birth rank or rating a list of ships and their official numbers with date and place of engagement F or H (for Foreign or Home trade voyage) date and place of discharge from the ship Seamen’s pouches, issued 1940-1972 but covering service 1913-1972 Merchant seamen who were discharged from the navy between 1940 and 1972 had their records filed in what became known as ‘seamen’s pouches’. Some of the seamen discharged during this period had been in service as far back as 1913 and the records reflect this. Use the box below to search our catalogue, by name in BT 372 and BT 391 to see if a seaman’s pouch survives. Not every pouch survives and many were destroyed before any were transferred to The National Archives. Surname and year of birth Details provided may include: surname and initials place of birth date of birth ships a seaman served on For more details see the series descriptions for BT 372 and BT 391. In a third series, BT 390, you can browse references to seamen’s pouches for service in the Second World War. They are arranged in alphabetical ranges, though a few describe individual seamen. You can try a search with a specific name and learn something about what the records contains from the BT 390 series description. Agreements and crew lists, 1861-1994 The National Archives holds the following proportions of agreements and crew lists after 1861: 1861-1938: 10% 1939-1950: 100% 1951-1994: 10% Use the box below to search for these agreements and crew lists by ship’s official number in BT 99, BT 380, BT 381 and BT 100. For the more celebrated and famous ships you can also search by ship’s name. Discover a ship’s official number at the Crew List Index Project website (CLIP) or the Miramar Ship Index (£). Ship's official number Not all agreements and crew lists are searchable on our catalogue by ship’s number. You may need to browse catalogue descriptions for records from 1951 onwards in BT 99 as the ships’ numbers are not itemised and are, instead, displayed in ranges. For more information read Crew lists, agreements and log books of merchant ships after 1861. Merchant Navy apprentices Browse the indexes of apprentices registered in the merchant navy in BT 150. Please note the indexes for 1824-1910 are available online; indexes up to 1953 are on microfilm. Surviving apprentices’ indentures are in BT 151, 1845-1962, and BT 152, indentures for fishing, 1895-1935. Please note only a sample of the indentures was preserved, a two-month sample for every five years except 1960-1962, for which years the sample covers the entire year. Browse BT 151 and BT 152 by date in Discovery to find your microfilm number. Merchant Navy gallantry awards for the Second World War, 1939-1947 Search our catalogue by name of person or ship in T 335 to find what the award was, the person’s rank at the time, and the ship they were serving on. Narrow your search by using double quotation marks to find a ships’s or person’s full name, such as “Sydney Star” or “John Williams”. Name of person or ship You can find out more about what these records tell us in the T 335 series description.
3199	dbpedia	3	65	https://www.mccammonammonsclick.com/obituaries/james-donald-pierce-sr	en	James Donald Pierce, Sr. Obituary 2011	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/965dbe32-d4ea-4c8f-9036-3fea0da6882f/819681d4315230d3fddcc36f3deb9b93_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/965dbe32-d4ea-4c8f-9036-3fea0da6882f/819681d4315230d3fddcc36f3deb9b93_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089	[ "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_cover/lg/e5dde6f8-1cdf-481a-b968-b6905002b337", "https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/mmO8NFTPQ8aFDCxjyHRQ", "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_profile_photo/md/120e5278-acef-43a9-b073-0bc0a37b5f88", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/gift-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "McCammon Ammons Click Funeral Home, INC" ]	2024-05-01T15:56:28	James Donald (Don) Pierce, Sr. passed away at Blount Memorial Hospital on July 5. He was born to Arthur and Dolly Jones Pierce on March 7, 1933. He graduated from Friendsville H...	en	https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/YFUi8ymbS5GX2M2sE3Sw	McCammon Ammons Click Funeral Home, INC.	https://www.mccammonammonsclick.com/obituaries/james-donald-pierce-sr	James Donald (Don) Pierce, Sr. passed away at Blount Memorial Hospital on July 5. He was born to Arthur and Dolly Jones Pierce on March 7, 1933. He graduated from Friendsville High School and the University of Tennessee, where he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity. Don was a Navy veteran. He worked for Defense Contract Audit Agency from its inception in 1965. He was proud of the many audits he was responsible for and the money that was saved for the taxpayers from these audits. He was stationed at Charlottesville, VA as an auditor for 3 years. He was then assigned to Alexandria Branch Office as Assistant Manager for 3 years. He was then assigned to Honolulu Branch Office as Branch Manager for 3 years. A 5-year assignment followed in West Palm Beach at the Pratt and Whitney facility as Manager of that DCAA office. He then was sent to Defense Contract Audit Headquarters in Alexandria, where he traveled all over the United States on problem audit cases. He was Branch Manager at the Fairfax Branch for several years. He established the Nashville Branch Office as Manager in 1984 where he retired in 1990. He was preceded in death by his parents; brothers, Charles (Buster), and Lynn F. (Driftpin) Pierce; his father-in-law and mother-in-law, Robert and Lela Stinnett Nelson. He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Linda Nelson Pierce; his son and daughter-in-law, Don and Karen Pierce, Alexandria, VA; his daughter and son-in-law, Mindy and Mike Barrett of Powell. The loves of his life, his granddaughters, Savannah and Peyton Barrett; special cousins, Jane Carpenter Chadwick (James) and Frank Pierce (Betty June). Also surviving is his sisters-in-law, Juanita Pierce, Betty Jo Pierce, Nancy Luckett (Mike); his nephew, Jim Pierce (Linda) and his nieces, Wanda Pierce Hayes (Jerry) and Beckie Pierce Ellis (Frank) also survive along with several great nephews and nieces and great great nephews and nieces. Don attended Fairview United Methodist Church and was a member of the Sparkplug Sunday School Class. The family will receive friends from 2-4:00 p.m. Friday at McCammon-Ammons-Click Funeral Home with funeral following with the Rev. John Wilson and the Rev. Doug Hayes conducting. Family and friends will meet at 11:00 a.m. Saturday at Big Springs Cemetery for the interment service. In lieu of flowers, please donate in Donâ€™s memory to St. Judeâ€™s Hospital, P. O. Box 1818, Memphis, TN 38101 or to the Sparkplug Class at Fairview United Methodist Church, 2508 Old Niles Ferry Road, Maryville, TN 37803. McCammon-Ammons-Click Funeral Home, Maryville 982-6812 www.mccammonammonsclick.com
3199	dbpedia	2	29	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland	en	James V of Scotland	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ucp-internal-test-starter-commons/images/a/aa/FandomFireLogo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713142711	[ "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/James_V_of_Scotland2.jpg/180px-James_V_of_Scotland2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/James_V_groat_1526_1704.jpg/300px-James_V_groat_1526_1704.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG/180px-Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG/180px-Falkland_Palace%2C_East_Range.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_James_V_of_Scotland_%281512_-_1542%29.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG/250px-Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG/250px-Sculpture_Stirling_2012.JPG", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/James5-2.jpg/250px-James5-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/James5-2.jpg/250px-James5-2.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg/180px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Scotland.svg.png", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/12?cb=20131229045133", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/military/images/b/bb/Commons-Logo.svg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/30?cb=20131022191840", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Military Wiki" ]	2024-07-29T22:27:06+00:00	James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old. James was son of King James...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Military Wiki	https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland	James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old. Early life[] James was son of King James IV of Scotland and his queen Margaret Tudor, a daughter of Henry VII of England, and was the only legitimate child of James IV to survive infancy. He was born on 10 April 1512, at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire and christened the next day, receiving the titles Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[1] He became king at just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513. James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on 21 September 1513. During his childhood, the country was ruled by regents, first by his mother, until she remarried the following year, and then by John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, who was next in line to the throne after James and his younger brother, the posthumously-born Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross. Other regents included Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, a member of the Council of Regency who was also bestowed as Regent of Arran, the largest island in the Firth of Clyde. In February 1517, James came from Stirling to Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, but during an outbreak of plague in the city he was moved to the care of Antoine d'Arces at nearby rural Craigmillar Castle.[2] At Stirling, the 10-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, "by secret and in right fair and soft wedder (weather)," six horsemen would scour the countryside two miles roundabout for intruders.[3] Poets wrote his own nursery rhymes, advising him on royal behaviour. William Stewart in his Princelie Majestie counselled against ice-skating: To princes als it is ane vyce, To ryd or run over rakleslie, Or aventure to go on yce, Accordis nocht to thy majestie.[4] In the autumn of 1524 James dismissed his Regents and was proclaimed an adult ruler by his mother. Several new court servants were appointed including a trumpeter, Henry Rudeman.[5] The English diplomat, Thomas Magnus gave an impression of the new Scottish court at Holyroodhouse on All Saints' Day 1524; "trumpets and shamulles did sounde and blewe up mooste pleasauntely." Magnus saw the young king singing, with his horses, and playing with a spear at Leith, and was given the impression that he preferred English manners over French fashions.[6] In 1525, Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, the young king's stepfather, took custody of James and held him as a virtual prisoner for three years, exercising power on his behalf. There were several attempts made to free the young King - one was made by Walter Scott of Branxholme and Buccleuch, who ambushed the King's forces on 25 July 1526 at the battle of Melrose, and was routed off the field. Another attempt later that year, on 4 Sept at the battle of Linlithgow Bridge, failed again to relieve the King from the clutches of Angus. When James and his mother came to Edinburgh on 20 November 1526, she stayed in the chambers at Holyroodhouse which Albany had used, and James used the rooms above.[7] In February 1527, Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, gave James twenty hunting hounds and a huntsman. Magnus thought the Scottish servant sent to Sheriff Hutton Castle for the dogs was intended to note the form and fashion of the Duke's household, for emulation in Scotland.[8] James finally escaped from Angus's care in 1528 and assumed the reins of government himself. Reign and Religion[] His first action as king was to remove Angus from the scene. The Douglas family were forced into exile and James besieged their castle at Tantallon. He then subdued the Border rebels and the chiefs of the Western Isles. As well as taking advice from his nobility and using the services of the Duke of Albany in France and at Rome, James had a team of professional lawyers and diplomats, including Adam Otterburn and Thomas Erskine of Haltoun. Even his pursemaster and yeoman of the wardrobe, John Tennent of Listonschiels was sent on an errand to England, though he got a frosty reception.[9] James increased his income by tightening control over royal estates and from the profits of justice, customs and feudal rights. He also gave his illegitimate sons lucrative benefices, diverting substantial church wealth into his coffers. James spent a large amount of his wealth on building work at Stirling Castle, Falkland Palace, Linlithgow Palace and Holyrood and built up a collection of tapestries from those inherited from his father.[10] James sailed to France for his first marriage and built up the royal fleet. In 1540 he sailed to Kirkwall in Orkney, then Lewis, in his ship the Salamander, first making a will in Leith, knowing this to be, "uncertane aventuris." The purpose of this voyage was to show the royal presence and hold regional courts, called "justice ayres."[11] Domestic and international policy was affected by the Reformation, especially after Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church. James V did not tolerate heresy and during his reign, a number of outspoken Protestants were persecuted. The most famous of these was Patrick Hamilton, who was burned at the stake as a heretic at St Andrews in 1528. Later in the reign, the English ambassador Ralph Sadler tried to encourage James to close the monasteries and take their revenue, so that he would not have to keep sheep like a mean subject. James replied that he had no sheep, he could depend on his god-father the King of France, and it was against reason to close the abbeys which, "stand these many years, and God's service maintained and kept in the same, and I might have anything I require of them."[12] (Sadler knew that James did farm sheep on his estates.)[13] James recovered money from the church by getting Pope Clement VII to allow him to tax monastic incomes.[14] He sent £50 to Johann Cochlaeus, a German opponent of Martin Luther, after receiving one of his books in 1534.[15] On 19 January 1537 Pope Paul III sent James a blessed sword and hat symbolising his prayers that James would be strengthened against heresies from across the border.[16] These gifts were delivered by the Pope's messenger while James was at Compiègne in France on 25 February 1537.[17] According to 16th-century writers, his treasurer James Kirkcaldy of Grange tried to persuade him against the persecution of Protestants and to meet Henry VIII at York.[18] Although Henry VIII sent his tapestries to York in September 1541 ahead of a meeting, James did not come. The lack of commitment to this meeting was regarded by English observers as a sign that Scotland was firmly allied to France and Catholicism, particularly by the influence of Cardinal Beaton, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and a cause for war.[19] Marriages[] As early as August 1517, a clause of the Treaty of Rouen provided that if the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland was maintained, James should have a French royal bride. Yet the daughters of Francis I of France were promised elsewhere or sickly.[20] Perhaps to remind Francis of his obligations, James's envoys began negotiations for his marriage elsewhere from the summer of 1529, both to Catherine de'Medici, the Duchess of Urbino, and Mary of Austria, Queen of Hungary, the sister of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. But plans changed. In February 1533, two French ambassadors, Guillaume du Bellay, sieur de Langes, and Etienne de Laigue, sieur de Beauvais, who had just been in Scotland, told the Venetian ambassador in London that James was thinking of marrying Christina of Denmark.[21] Francis I insisted that his daughter Madeleine's health was too poor for marriage. Eventually, on 6 March 1536, a contract was made for James V to marry Mary of Bourbon, daughter of the Duke of Vendôme. She would have a dowry as if she were a French Princess. James decided to visit France in person. He sailed from Kirkcaldy on 1 September 1536, with the Earl of Argyll, the Earl of Rothes, Lord Fleming, David Beaton, the Prior of Pittenweem, the Laird of Drumlanrig and 500 others, using the Mary Willoughby as his flagship.[22] First he visited Mary of Bourbon at St. Quentin in Picardy, but then went south to meet King Francis I.[23] During his stay in France, in October 1536, James went boar-hunting at Loches with Francis, his son the Dauphin, the King of Navarre and Ippolito II d'Este.[24] James renewed the Auld Alliance and fulfilled the 1517 Treaty of Rouen on 1 January 1537 by marrying Madeleine of Valois, the king's daughter, in Notre Dame de Paris. The wedding was a great event: Francis I made a contract with six painters for the splendid decorations, and there were days of jousting at the Château du Louvre.[25] At his entry to Paris, James wore a coat described as "sad cramasy velvet slashed all over with gold cut out on plain cloth of gold fringed with gold and all cut out, knit with horns and lined with red taffeta."[26] James V so liked red clothing that, during the wedding festivities, he upset the city dignitaries who had sole right to wear that colour in processions. They noted he could not speak a word of French.[27] James and Madeleine returned from France on 19 May 1537, arriving at Leith, the king's Scottish fleet accompanied with ten great French ships.[28] As the couple sailed northwards, some Englishmen had come aboard off Bridlington and Scarborough. While the fleet was off Bamburgh on 15 May, three English fishing boats supplied fish, and the King's butcher landed in Northumbria to buy meat.[29] The English border authorities were dismayed by this activity.[30] Madeleine did not enjoy good health. In fact, she was consumptive and died soon after arrival in Scotland in July 1537. Spies told Thomas Clifford, the Captain of Berwick, that James omitted "all manner of pastime and pleasure," but continually oversaw the maintenance of his guns, going twice a week secretly to Dunbar Castle with six companions.[31] James then proceeded to marry Mary of Guise, daughter of Claude, Duke of Guise, and widow of Louis II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, by proxy on 12 June 1538. Mary already had two sons from her first marriage, and the union produced two sons. However, both died in April 1541, just eight days after baby Robert was baptised. Their daughter and James's only surviving legitimate child, Mary, was born in 1542 at Linlithgow Palace. Outside interests[] According to legend, James was nicknamed "King of the Commons" as he would sometimes travel around Scotland disguised as a common man, describing himself as the "Gudeman of Ballengeich" ('Gudeman' means 'landlord' or 'farmer', and 'Ballengeich' was the nickname of a road next to Stirling Castle – meaning 'windy pass' in Gaelic[32]). James was also a keen lute player.[33] In 1562 Sir Thomas Wood reported that James had "a singular good ear and could sing that he had never seen before" (sight-read), but his voice was "rawky" and "harske." At court, James maintained a band of Italian musicians who adopted the name Drummond. These were joined for the winter of 1529/30 by a musician and diplomat sent by the Duke of Milan, Thomas de Averencia de Brescia, probably a lutenist.[34] The historian Andrea Thomas makes a useful distinction between the loud music provided at ceremonies and processionals and instruments employed for more private occasions or worship; the music fyne described by Helena Mennie Shire. This quieter music included a consort of viols played by four Frenchmen led by Jacques Columbell.[35] It seems certain that David Peebles wrote music for James V and probable that the Scottish composer Robert Carver was in royal employ, though evidence is lacking.[36] As a patron of poets and authors James supported William Stewart and John Bellenden the son of his nurse, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece into verse and prose.[37] Sir David Lindsay of the Mount, the Lord Lyon, head of the Lyon Court and diplomat, was a prolific poet. He produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540. James also attracted the attention of international authors. The French poet Pierre de Ronsard, who had been a page of Madeleine of Valois, offered unqualified praise; "Son port estoit royal, son regard vigoureux De vertus, et de l'honneur, et guerre amoureux La douceur et la force illustroient son visage Si que Venus et Mars en avoient fait partage" His royal bearing, and vigorous pursuit of virtue, of honour, and love's war, this sweetness and strength illuminate his face, as if he were the child of Venus and Mars.[38][39] James was poet himself including "The Gaberlunzieman" and "The Jolly Beggar"[40] When he married Mary of Guise, Giovanni Ferrerio, an Italian scholar who had been at Kinloss Abbey in Scotland, dedicated to the couple a new edition of his work, On the true significance of comets against the vanity of astrologers.[41] Like Henry VIII, James employed many foreign artisans and craftsmen in order to enhance the prestige of his renaissance court.[42] Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie listed their professions; he plenished the country with all kind of craftsmen out of other countries, as French-men, Spaniards, Dutch men, and Englishmen, which were all cunning craftsmen, every man for his own hand. Some were gunners, wrights, carvers, painters, masons, smiths, harness-makers (armourers), tapesters, broudsters, taylors, cunning chirugeons, apothecaries, with all other kind of craftsmen to apparel his palaces.[43] One technological initiative was a special mill for polishing armour at Holyroodhouse next to his mint. The mill had a pole drive 32 feet long powered by horses.[44] Mary of Guise's mother Antoinette of Bourbon sent him an armourer. The armourer made steel plates for his jousting saddles in October 1538, and delivered a skirt of plate armour in February 1540. In the same year, for his wife's coronation, the treasurer's accounts record that James personally devised fireworks made by his master gunners.[45] When James took steps to suppress the circulation of slanderous ballads and rhymes against Henry VIII, Henry sent Fulke ap Powell, Lancaster Herald, to give thanks and to make arrangements for the present of a lion for James's menagerie of exotic pets.[46] War with England[] REDIRECT Template:Infobox British Royalty styles The death of James's mother in 1541 removed any incentive for peace with England, and war broke out. Initially the Scots won a victory at the Battle of Haddon Rig in August 1542. The Imperial ambassador in London, Eustace Chapuys, wrote on 2 October that the Scottish ambassadors ruled out a conciliatory meeting between James and Henry VIII in England until the pregnant Mary of Guise delivered her child. Henry would not accept this condition and mobilised his army against Scotland.[47] James was with his army at Lauder on 31 October 1542. Although he hoped to invade England, his nobles were reluctant.[48] He returned to Edinburgh on the way writing a letter in French to his wife from Falahill mentioning he had three days of illness.[49] Next month his army suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. He took ill shortly after this, on 6 December; by some accounts this was a nervous collapse caused by the defeat, although some historians consider that it may just have been an ordinary fever. John Knox later described his final movements in Fife.[50] Whatever the cause of his illness, he was on his deathbed at Falkland Palace when his only surviving legitimate child, a girl, was born. Sir George Douglas of Pittendreich brought the news of the king's death to Berwick. He said James died at midnight on Thursday 15 December; the king was talking but delirious and spoke no "wise words." According to George Douglas in his delirium James lamented the capture of his banner and Oliver Sinclair at Solway Moss more than his other losses.[51] An English chronicler suggested another cause of the king's grief was his discomfort on hearing of the murder of the English Somerset Herald, Thomas Trahern, at Dunbar.[52] James was buried at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh. Before he died, he is reported to have said, "it came wi a lass, it'll gang wi a lass" (meaning "It began with a girl and it will end with a girl"). This was either a reference to the Stewart dynasty's accession to the throne through Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce or to the medieval origin myth of the Scots nation, recorded in the Scotichronicon in which the Scots people are descended from the Princess Scota. Aftermath[] James was succeeded by his infant daughter Mary. He was buried at Holyrood Abbey alongside his first wife Madeleine and his two sons in January 1543. David Lindsay supervised the construction of his tomb. One of his French artists, Andrew Mansioun, carved a lion and an inscription in Roman letters measuring eighteen feet. The tomb was destroyed in the sixteenth-century, according to William Drummond of Hawthornden as early as 1544, by the English during the burning of Edinburgh.[53] Scotland was ruled by Regent Arran and was soon drawn into the war of the Rough Wooing. Issue[] By Madeleine of Valois no issue By Mary of Guise James, Duke of Rothesay (22 May 1540 - 21 April 1541) Arthur or Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany (born April 1541 at Falkland Palace; died 8 days later and buried in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh)[54] Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 - 8 February 1587; had issue) Additionally, James V had nine known illegitimate children, at least three of whom were fathered before the age of 20.[55] The young King was said to have been encouraged in his amorous affairs by the Angus regime to keep him distracted from politics.[56] In addition to these aristocratic liaisons, David Lindsay described the king's other affairs in his poem, The Answer to the Kingis Flyting; 'ye be now strang lyke ane elephand, And in till Venus werkis maist vailyeand.'[57] Many of the sons of his aristocratic mistresses entered ecclesiastical careers. Pope Clement VII sent a dispensation to James V dated 30 August 1534, allowing four of the children to take holy orders when they came of age. The document stated that James elder was in his fifth year, James younger and John in their third year, and Robert in his first year.[58] Adam Stewart (d. 20 June 1575), son of Lady Elizabeth Stewart (daughter of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox.) Prior of Charterhouse, Perth. Buried at St. Magnus, Kirkwall, Orkney; tombstone survives.[59] James Stewart, son of Christine Barclay Jean Stewart (d. 7 January 1588), daughter of Elizabeth Bethune. Married Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of Argyll in 1553, divorced in 1573 due to desertion. James Stewart (c. 1529–57), son of Elizabeth Shaw. Commendator of Kelso and Melrose. Robert Stewart, 1st Earl of Orkney (b.1533), son of Euphame Elphinstone Prior and Commendator of Holyrood Abbey. John Stewart, Lord Darnley and Prior of Coldingham, (c. 1531 – November 1563), son of Elizabeth Carmichael (1514-1550) who later married John Somerville of Cambusnethan.[60] He married Jean (or Jane) Hepburn, sister and heiress of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, their son Francis Stewart became Earl of Bothwell and a daughter Christine Stewart was appointed to rock the cradle of Prince James in March 1567. James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, son of Margaret Erskine, James's favourite mistress. Prior of St Andrews, Advisor and rival to his half-sister, Mary, Queen of Scots and regent for his nephew, James VI. Robert Stewart, junior, (d. 1581), mother unknown. Prior of Whithorn.[61] Margaret Stewart, mother unknown. Titles, styles, honours, and arms[] 10 April 1512 – 9 September 1513: The Duke of Rothesay 9 September 1513 – 14 December 1542: His Grace The King[citation needed] James's full style prior to acceding the throne was Prince James Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Lord Renfrew, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland Fictional portrayals[] James V has been depicted in historical novels, poems and short stories. They include:[62] Scott, Sir Walter, The Lady of the Lake, a Romantic narrative poem published in 1810 set in the Trossachs. He appears in disguise. The poem was tremendously influential in the nineteenth century, and inspired the Highland Revival. Scott, Sir Walter, "Johnnie Armstrong", a ballad relating the story of Scottish raider and folk-hero Johnnie Armstrong of Gilnockie, who was captured and hanged by King James V in 1530. Gibbon, Charles (1881). "The Braes of Yarrow". . The novels features Scotland in the aftermath of the Battle of Flodden, covering events to 1514. Margaret Tudor, "Boy-King" James V, and Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus are prominently featured.[63] Barr, Robert (1902). "A Prince of Good Fellows". . James is the titular Prince and the main character. He is depicted as an "adventure-loving persona".[62] Gunn, John. "The Fight at Summerdale". . The novel depicts Orkney, Edinburgh and Normandy in the 16th century. James V "appears more than once" in the various chapters.[62] Knipe, John (1921). "The Hour Before the Dawn". . Depicts events "just before" and "after" the death of James V. James V, Mary of Guise and David Beaton are prominently depicted.[62] Ancestors[] References[] Sources[] Nield, Jonathan (1968). "A Guide to the Best Historical Novels and Tales". Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8337-2509-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=904G29jMdzIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Further reading[] Bingham, Caroline (1971). "James V King of Scots". London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-211390-2. Cameron, Jamie (1998). "James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542". In Macdougall, Norman. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 978-1-86232-015-4. Dawson, Jane (2007). "Scotland Reformed 1488–1587". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1455-4. Donaldson, Gordon (1965). "Scotland: James V to James VII". Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. ISBN 978-0-901824-85-1. Dunbar, John (1999). Scottish Royal Palaces. Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-86232-042-X. Ellis, Henry, 'A Household book of James V', in Archaeologia, vol. 22, (1829), 1-12 Thomas, Andrea (2005). "Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland". Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-611-X. Williams, Janet Hadley (1996). "Stewart Style 1513-1542". Edinburgh: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-898410-82-8. Williams, Janet Hadley (2000). "Sir David Lyndsay, Selected Poems". Glasgow: ASLS. ISBN 0-948877-46-4. Wormald, Jenny (1981). "Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland 1470–1625". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0276-3. [] James V of Scotland House of Stewart Born: 10 April 1512 Died: 14 December 1542 Regnal titles Preceded by James IV King of Scots 9 September 1513 – 14 December 1542 Succeeded by Mary I
3199	dbpedia	0	71	https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/42997	en	Legacies of British Slavery			[ "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/images/lbs-new-logo-small.png", "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/media-new/individuals/42997.jpg?3741", "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/media-new/thumb/Windsor p8.jpg", "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/images/ahrc_logo.jpg", "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/images/esrc.png", "https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/images/hutchins_center_logo.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/lbs/images/favicon/favicon.ico		null	Born in Glasgow, the son of a tobacco merchant, Donald attended Glasgow Grammar School before being legally trained in Edinburgh. He returned to Glasgow where he switched from law to calico printing. He was from 1810 to around 1820 he was secretary of the Board of Green Cloth, a Glasgow businessmen's club. For more than 40 years (1817 to 1858, when he was succeeded by his son Thomas), he was the Commissary Clerk of Lanarkshire. A confirmed Tory, his dislike of change led him to spurn gas and use only candles in his office throughout his life. In 1811 he married Marianne Stirling, with whom he had a large family. He died on 18 September 1859. The following is taken from James MacLehose, Memoirs and portraits of one hundred Glasgow men who have died during the last thirty years and in their lives did much to make the city what it now is (Glasgow, James MacLehose & Sons, 1886), pp. 108-10: THIS fine specimen of a Glasgow Writer of the old school was born in March, 1777, in a house on the west side of the Stockwellgate, which had previously been the town house of the Stuarts of Castlemilk. His father, Thomas Donald of Geilston, was a Virginia Merchant or Tobacco Lord; and his mother was Janet, daughter of Provost Colin Dunlop, of Carmyle, from whom he got his name. Like all Glasgow boys of that day, he was sent to the Grammar School, and entered Mr. John Dow's class of 1784-85. He early showed the stuff that was in him, being dux of his class in 1785, 1786, and 1788. In 1787 he was beaten by a young Nova Scotian, Thomas Wallace, much, no doubt, to his own disgust, for he was of a masterful temper. For some reason or another he received his legal training in Edinburgh, chiefly in the office of James Dundas, Clerk to the Signet, founder of the great firm of Dundas & Wilson. It was a convivial place and a convivial time. Mr. Donald used to tell how one night dining with Mr. Dundas need for more wine arose. The steps to the cellar were awkward, the sederunt had been long, and no one but Mr. Dundas knew where the wine wanted lay. At last the difficulty was solved. The apprentice took the master on his back down to the cellar. The latter pointed out the wine to be taken up, and then the modern pious Aeneas returned with his double burden. After completing his professional education in Edinburgh, Mr. Donald returned to Glasgow and early in the century began business on his own account. At this time John Maxwell of Dargavel was carrying on the writer's business founded in 1769 by his father, known as John Maxwell, junior, to distinguish him from John Maxwell of Fingalton. Mr. Maxwell gave up business shortly after Mr. Donald's return to Glasgow, and handed over to him as much of his business as he could. For a short time the late John Park Fleming was his partner, and, afterwards, the late John George Hamilton, before he gave up the arid pursuit of the law for the primrose path of calico printing. Mr. Donald had no partner from 1824, when Mr. Hamilton retired, till 1842, when he assumed into the business his eldest son Thomas, now Commissary Clerk of Lanarkshire; and his third son, Colin Dunlop, now of the firm of McGrigor Donald & Co., and Dean of the Faculty of Procurators in Glasgow. After the two sons were assumed the business was carried on under the firm of C. D. Donald & Sons till 1871, when it amalgamated with Messrs. McGrigor, Stevenson & Fleming, under the firm of McGrigor Donald & Co. For more than forty years the late Mr. Donald was Commissary Clerk of Lanarkshire, having been appointed to that office in 1817, and held it till 1858, when he was succeeded by his son Thomas. In 1811 Mr. Donald married Marianne Stirling, youngest daughter of John Stirling of Tullichewan, and head of the firm of William Stirling & Sons, of Cordale and Dalquhurn. He long survived his wife, by whom he had a large family, and died on 18th September, 1859. He was a good type of the men who stood with their backs to the wall through the long struggle with Napoleon, and won at last; to the end a tall, handsome old man, unbent by the weight of years. A Tory of the Tories, he carried his hatred of change so far as to spurn gas and stick to candles in his room in the office to the last. [page 108] Probably his most marked characteristic was his individuality. Much of this no doubt was natural, but it was also fostered by the state of society in Glasgow at the end of last century and beginning of this, which was then different in almost every point from what it is now. In the first place, it was not then the chief duty of man to resemble every one else; on the contrary, character was allowed full swing, and took it. The Cross was still the centre of the town, which was, speaking comparatively, a small place. A few adventurous spirits had gone so far west as Buchanan Street; but the better class houses were mainly in Queen Street, Miller Street, Virginia Street, Dunlop Street, George Square, and St. Enoch Square. West of Buchanan Street were a few market gardens and suburban villas, and then the country. Indeed Mr. Donald remembered, as a lad, shooting hares where St. Vincent Place now is, and where the Western Club now stands; and his brother-in-law, George Stirling, who only died twenty years ago, had gone partridge shooting over what is now Blythswood Square. There is now no burgher aristocracy. The place is too big and the men are too new. Then there was a small exclusive clique who knew each other well and no one else at all. There were no railways, no steamboats, no daily newspapers, no telegraph, no penny post. One stage-coach a day, which was three or four days on the way, left for London. The Continent was closed, and the Highlands had not yet been called into being by Sir Walter. In consequence men were both in mind and body confined to Glasgow, and sought and found their pleasures and interests there to an infinitely greater extent than they do now. There still lingered some of the blessed leisure of the eighteenth century. The easy day's work was generally over at four o'clock, leaving men plenty of energy to engage vigorously in talk and conviviality. All these causes contributed to the abundance of clubs, which was one of the most distinctive features of the social life of Glasgow of that day. These clubs had nothing in common with the palatial buildings of to-day where men gather to scowl at each other, abuse the cook, and grumble at the committee. In the strictest sense, they answered to Dr. Johnson's definition of a club - "An assembly of good fellows meeting under certain conditions." They consisted, as a rule, of a knot of friends who met at stated intervals in a room of a tavern in the Saltmarket, the Trongate, or the Stockwell for good fellowship and conviviality. Some of these clubs owed their origin to mere chance, like the "Hodge Podge," still green and flourishing in the hundred and thirty-third year of its existence. Some, like the "Gaelic" Club, which has passed its century, formed a rallying point for Highlanders in Glasgow. Others, like the "Camperdown" Club, took their name from a band of thirsty patriots assembling to celebrate some victory, or, like the "Medical" Club, from the pursuits of the members. Except the Hodge Podge and the Gaelic they are all dead - unless, indeed, the suspended animation of the "Jumble" may be regarded as a sort of life. They met at various hours from five to seven. After a reasonable quantity of rum-punch or whisky-toddy had been consumed, supper of welsh rabbits, Finnan haddies, or tripe, etc., was brought in, and after that, what, to modern ideas, would seem an unreasonable quantity of rum-punch or whisky-toddy. The frequenters of these clubs were, it must be remembered, not only the gay young men of the town, but also respectable middle-aged merchants and manufacturers with wives and families. As was natural, each set or clique in Glasgow had its club, and the club of the Glasgow burgher aristocracy in the end of last century and beginning of this was the "Board of Green Cloth." This club was founded probably between 1780 and 1790, and lasted down to about 1820. For the last ten years or so of its existence, Mr. Donald was its secretary. [page 109] Among its members were Thomas Donald, his father; Robert Houston, of the great house of Alexander Houston & Co., afterwards Robert Houston Rae, of Little Govan, who owned an estate out of a small part of which the Dixons made their fortune. Two other partners of the same firm were members of the club - William McDowall, of Castle Semple, Member for Renfrewshire from 1783 to 1810, Lord Lieutenant of the County; and James McDowall, his brother, Provost of Glasgow; Provost John Campbell, brother of Sir Ilay; John Dunlop of Rosebank - "plump John Dunlop with his belly so round," - poet and wit, another provost, uncle to Mr. Donald; Peter Blackburn, who with dauntless breast vindicated the right of walking on Sunday; and John his son, afterwards of Killearn; John Wallace of Kelly, a noted merchant, father of Robert Wallace, M.P., and of an undoubted centenarian in the person of Miss Ann Wallace; James Dennistoun of Colgrain, whose family have the proud boast of "kings from us, not we from kings," a merchant in Glasgow, another uncle of Mr. Donald's; James Dennistoun, his son, father of James Dennistoun, scholar and antiquarian, the last of Colgrain; Lawrence Craigie, twice Provost, one of the handsomest men of his time; Kirkman Finlay, prince of Glasgow merchants; "Brave Provost Monteith;" Archibald Campbell of Blythswood, Lord-Lieutenant of Renfrewshire, and M.P. for the Glasgow district of Burghs; James Monteith, afterwards of Stonebyres, brother to "the Major"; Samuel Hunter, the witty, wise, and genial editor of the Herald; William and George Stirling, heirs of a long line of Glasgow merchants, with many other names full of Glasgow memories - Bogle, Corbet, Dunlop, Dunmore, Cross, Hamilton, Douglas, Connell, Oswald, etc., etc. The club, as its name implied, was a whist club, and met every Tuesday from the first Tuesday of November to the first Tuesday of May. Tremendous sederunts they must have had. Rule III. is - "The time of meeting to be at or as soon after five o'clock as convenient, and supper to be on the table at a quarter past ten o'clock; no new rubber to be begun after ten o'clock;" and Rule V., "The bill to be called at or before twelve o'clock." What a whist glutton he must have been who, after five hours of long whist, would propose a fresh rubber! Every member who did not attend was fined a shilling, or if he committed the baseness of deserting good company by going away after the sitting had commenced, three shillings. The preses for non-attendance was fined five shillings. He was to be "at some pains to get the members to meet early in the evening and stay supper"; and he had it in his power "to admit one or two strangers to the club, but no townsman can be admitted." The preses was also bound to have the club minute-book at the meeting before seven o'clock under the penalty of a bottle of rum. Nor was this a brutum fulmen. On 20th June, 1809, there is the entry - "Mr. J. Graham is fined in a bottle of rum for not sending the book when preses." After the whist was over, there must have been grand arguments and hot debates. The minute-book is filled with records of bets, principally of bottles of rum, but occasionally of a guinea, or five, or even ten guineas "dry." As was natural, the war gave rise to many bets. "10th July, 1809. - Mr. Dunlop bets with Mr. Leckie that Sir Arthur Wellesley is a Marshal, a bottle of rum." "8th August, 1809. - Mr. Blackburn bets versus Mr. Middleton a bottle rum and a guinea dry, that Lord Cochrane, in his evidence in Lord Gambier's trial, said that his Lordship made the signal that two line-of-battle ships were sufficient to destroy the enemy." "20th Feb., 1810. - Mr. Carnegie bets a bottle of rum and a guinea dry with Mr. Middleton that the French are in possession of Cadiz on or before the 1st of April next." "6th March,1810. - Mr. Blackburn bets a bottle of rum with Collector Corbet that General Graham, who has lately sailed, the object of his voyage is Cadiz." "Nov. 23, 1813. - Mr. W. Stirling bets a bottle of rum and twenty guineas that Dantzic holds out till the 1st day of January. Mr. Samuel Hunter bets it does not hold out." [page 110] Some of the members had apparently gloomy views on the American war, amply justified by the disastrous defeat at New Orleans in January, 1815. On this subject we find the following bet:- "1814, Jan. 11. - Mr. H Monteith bets a guinea and a bottle of rum with Mr. John Douglas that the Americans are not in possession of Montreal in six months. Mr. Douglas bets that they are." The domestic, and especially the matrimonial, affairs of their neighbours were discussed with great keenness and freedom, and many were the bets to which they gave rise, all of which, with a grave official entry as to the loser and winner, are duly posted in the minute book. Politics ran too high in the small years of the century to make discussion desirable or safe, but still there seem to have been a few political disputes. For instance:- "10th Oct., 1809. - Mr. Wm. McDowall bets a bottle of rum with Mr. S. Hunter that Mr. Perceval is First Lord of the Treasury this day four months." "14th May, 1811. - Mr. Hunter bets a bottle of rum with Mr. James Monteath that his Majesty will never resume the Royal functions. Mr. Monteath bets that he will resume the Royal functions." "22nd Dec., 1812. - Mr. Stirling bets five guineas to one against Mr. Connell that Major Cartwright shall not be taken up upon a warrant for a supposed offence against the State on or before the 1st of February." They seem to have discussed everything, and to have been always ready to support an opinion or a statement by a bet. The system had one great advantage. After a bet was made the most pertinacious arguer would have to cease from troubling. We find:- "13th Feb., 1810. - Mr. H. Monteith bets with Mr. Colquhoun a bottle of rum that the Glasgow Jail is not thirty feet wide over the walls." "20th Feb., 1810. - Mr. H. Monteith bets a bottle of rum with Mr. J. Hamilton that Mr. Blackburn will be found ultimately liable to pay the poor-rates to the City of Glasgow, in the action brought against him before the Town Court." "June, 1810. - Mr. H. Monteith lost a bottle of rum on a bet with Mr. P. Carnegie respecting a quarter of lamb." "19th Feb., 1811. - Mr. J. Graham has lost a bottle of rum to Mr. J. Maxwell about the latitude of New Holland." "14th Jan., 1812. - Mr. H. Monteith asserts that the Magistrate sitting in the Police Office can legally fine without any of the Town Clerks being present. Mr. Hunter denies that he can - a bottle of rum. Mr. Reddie to decide." "17th Nov., 1812 - Mr. William Stirling bets a bottle of rum and ten guineas with Mr. James Monteath that Mr. John Douglas does not charge anything for his trouble as agent for Mr. Finlay in the late election. Mr. Monteath bets that he does make a charge." Good hearty fun they must have had, too:- "13th Oct., 1812. - Mr. William Stirling has lost a bottle of rum to the Club relative to the kind of fish at supper." "13th Dec., 1814. - Mr. Hunter has lost a bottle of rum to Mr. Monteith about a substance found in the toasted cheese." "3rd March, 1812. - Mr. Connel bets against Mr. Finlay a bottle of rum that Mr. Jas. Dennistoun will rout as a cow louder and better than Mr. Henry Monteith."
3199	dbpedia	2	68	https://www.kirkland.com/lawyers/s/sprayregen-james-hm-pc	en	James H.M. Sprayregen, P.C.	https://www.kirkland.com…8c08f464d767d345	https://www.kirkland.com…8c08f464d767d345	[ "https://www.kirkland.com/assets/public/images/logo-white.svg", "https://www.kirkland.com/assets/public/images/logo.svg", "https://www.kirkland.com/assets/public/images/logo.svg", "https://www.kirkland.com/-/media/professionals/s/sprayregen-james-hm-pc.jpg?rev=c6a6649b392642418c08f464d767d345", "https://www.kirkland.com/-/media/professionals/s/sprayregen-james-hm-pc.jpg?rev=c6a6649b392642418c08f464d767d345", "https://www.kirkland.com/assets/public/images/logo-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png		https://www.kirkland.com/lawyers/s/sprayregen-james-hm-pc	Publications "Bankruptcy Reform in Saudi Arabia: Bridging Islamic Law and Modern Bankruptcy?" The Bankruptcy Strategist, December 2016 (co-author). “Arcapita and the Need for Mideast Restructuring Regimes,” INSOL World - The Quarterly Journal of INSOL International, Fourth Quarter 2014 (co-author). "Leveraging Litigation to Drive a Deal and Establishing § 524(g) Trusts,” American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, November 2014 (co-author). “Recent Lessons on Management Compensation at Various States of the Chapter 11,” Harvard Law School Bankruptcy Roundtable, April 22, 2014 (co-author). "In Memoriam: Bankruptcy Judge Burton Lifland,” Law360, February 19, 2014 (co-author). "Need for Speed: Utilizing Hybrid Solicitation Strategies to Shorten Ch. 11 Cases," BNA's Bankruptcy Law Reporter, October 2012 (co-author). "Uncertainty In Complex Real Estate Restructurings," Law360, March 23, 2012 (co-author). "Bankruptcy Court Rules CMBS Certificateholder Does Not Have Standing to Appear in Chapter 11 Case" Bloomberg Law Reports, February 13, 2012 (co-author). "Unfunded retirement liabilities in Europe and the US: can lessons be learned from corporate America?" Financier Worldwide Magazine, January 2012 (co-author). "Too Much Discretion Exacerbates 'Too Big To Fail,'" Who's Who Legal, July 2011 (co-author). "Orderly Liquidation Authority Under the Dodd-Frank Act: The United States Congress's Misdirected Attempt to Ban Wall Street Bailouts," INSOL World - The Quarterly Journal of INSOL International, Third Quarter 2010 (co-author). "The Race to the Starting Line: Developing Prepackaged and Prenegotiated Reorganization Plans to Maximize Value," Navigating Today's Environment, The Directors' and Officers' Guide to Restructuring, 2010 (co-author). "Third Circuit Overrules Long-Criticized Frenville Decision; Redefines When "Claim" Accrues for Future Claimants," Pratt's Journal of Bankruptcy Law, July/August 2010 (co-author). "Failing to Be Too Big to Fail," The Daily Deal, May 21, 2010 (co-author). "Markets Party Like It's… 2007?" Financier Worldwide, March 2010 (co-author). "Recent Bankruptcy Court Decision Reconciles Central Tenets of Commercial Real Estate Financing and Bankruptcy Law," Real Estate Finance Journal, Winter 2010, (co-author). "Crossing Borders: International Reorganizations," Daily Bankruptcy Review, February 2010, (co-author). "Credit (Bid) Where Credit's Due - Part Two," The Bankruptcy Strategist, February 2010, (co-author). "Credit (Bid) Where Credit's Due - Part One," The Bankruptcy Strategist, January 2010, (co-author). "The Financial System Meltdown of 2008 - A Year Unlike Any Other (Hopefully)," INSOL World - The Quarterly Journal of INSOL International, First Quarter 2009, (co-author). "Rights Offerings Attracting Investors, Providing Cash for Turnarounds," Turnaround Management Association Journal of Corporate Renewal, November 2007, (co-author). "Learning from the United Airlines Deal," Financial Executive, June 2006, (co-author). "The Sum and Substance of Substantive Consolidation," Annual Survey of Bankruptcy Law, 2005, (co-author). "Chapter 11 - Not Perfect, But Better Than the Alternatives," Journal of Bankruptcy Law and Practice, December 2005, (co-author). "Deal Doing For Restructuring Professionals," The Bankruptcy Strategist, November 2005, (co-author). "Country Q&A: United States," Global Counsel Restructuring and Insolvency Handbook, May 2005, (co-author). "Bankruptcy Law Reform - New KERP Payment Restrictions Show Democrats' Influence," Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2005, (co-author). "Bankruptcy Law Reform - Amended Code Demands More Cash From Debtors In Ch. 11," Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2005, (co-author). "Bankruptcy Law Reform - Congress Tells Bankruptcy Participants: 'We Don't Trust You,'" Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2005, (co-author). "Bankruptcy Law Reform - Code Revisions Of 'Special' Interest To Businesses," Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2005, (co-author). "Bankruptcy Law Reform - The New Bankruptcy Code - A Solution In Search Of A Problem?" Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2005, (co-author). "The Middle Kingdom's Chapter 11? China's New Bankruptcy Law Comes into Sight," American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, January 2005, (co-author). "A Look Back And A Look Ahead: Relax, Rest And Get Ready," Daily Bankruptcy Review, December 2004, (co-author). "Investment Opportunities in China's Out-of-Court Restructurings," Financier Worldwide 2004 Asia Pacific Restructuring & Insolvency Review, June 2004, (co-author). "Non-performing Loans in China: A Potential Win-Win Opportunity for Foreign Investors and China's Economy," Financier Worldwide Global Restructuring & Insolvency Review, June 2004, (co-author). "Five Rules For The (Restructuring) Road," Daily Bankruptcy Review, April 2004, (co-author). "Vulture Investors Heed Caution: Creditors Committees and Trading May Be a Dangerous Combination," Financier Worldwide, April 2004, (co-author). "Looking Forward to 2004 and Beyond," Daily Bankruptcy Review, January 2004, (co-author). "Recharacterization from Debt to Equity: Lenders Beware," American Bankruptcy Institute Journal, November 2003, (co-author). "Corporate Stewardship in the New Millennium," Financier Worldwide 2003 Global Restructuring & Insolvency Review, October 2003, (co-author). "EC Regulations: Innovations in Restructuring," Financier Worldwide 2003 Global Restructuring & Insolvency Review, October 2003, (co-author). "Country Q&A: United States," Global Counsel Restructuring and Insolvency Handbook, May 2003, (co-author). "Cross-border Bond Restructurings," Global Counsel Restructuring and Insolvency Handbook, May 2003, (co-author). "Doubledowning: Avoid Double Trouble - Structuring Alternatives for Additional Rounds in Troubled Portfolio Companies," The Journal of Private Equity, Fall 2002, (co-author). "First Things First — A Primer of How to Obtain Appropriate 'First Day' Relief in Chapter 11 Cases," Journal of Bankruptcy Law & Practice, November 2002, (co-author). "High Yield Bond Restructuring - Comfort or Caution from the Use of the US Model in Europe," INSOL World, September 2002, (co-author). "Country Q&A: United States," Global Counsel Restructuring and Insolvency Handbook, April 2002, (co-author). "The Legal Considerations of Acquiring Distressed Businesses: A Primer," Journal of Bankruptcy Law and Practice [Vol 11], March 2002 (co-author). "Recharacterization From Debt to Equity: Do Bankruptcy Courts Have the Power?," The Bankruptcy Strategist, March 2002, (co-author). "Fees in Chapter 11 Cases," 1992 Illinois Institute of Continuing Legal Education On Bankruptcy. "The Applicability of the Automatic Stay to OTS Actions," Norton Bankruptcy Law Adviser, No. 10, Oct. 1991. "Dischargeability of Taxes in Bankruptcy," American Bankruptcy Law Journal, Vol. 64 No. 2, Spring 1990, pp. 209–227. "Workers' Compensation In Bankruptcy, How Do The Parties Fare?," Tort and Insurance Practice Law Journal, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, Spring 1989, (co-author). "Comparison of Japanese and American Bankruptcy Law," Michigan Yearbook of International Legal Studies, 1988 Vol. IX, (contributor). "Conflicting Claims To Collateral," American Enterprise Institute, 1987 (co-author). "1984 Bankruptcy Code Amendments — Fresh From the Anvil," 89 Comm. L.J. 317 (1984). Seminars “State of the Market on Cross-Border Recognition,” American Bankruptcy Institute 2023 International Insolvency and Restructuring Symposium, November 2, 2023, Lisbon, Portugal. “Keynote Presentation: International Restructuring and Insolvency Regimes Through Covid-19 - A Continuing Evolution?” AIRA Annual Bankruptcy and Restructuring Conference, June 9, 2022, Cleveland, OH. “The Role of Commercial Courts in Cross-Border Insolvency Disputes,” Singapore International Commercial Court Virtual Symposium, March 10, 2021. “Pre-Arranged Insolvency Proceedings in India: Lessons Learned from USA and UK,” International Insolvency Institute Webinar, February 17, 2021. “Navigating Distressed Investing in the Pandemic Era,” INSOL Virtual Program, September 17, 2020. “Crossing Borders, Pushing Boundaries: Creativity in Chapter 15 Insolvency Proceedings,” International Insolvency Institute USA/Canada/Caribbean and Latin America Regional Program, January 15, 2020, Miami, Florida. “Recent Developments in Retail Restructurings,” National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 31, 2019, Washington, D.C. “Fiduciary Duties,” INSOL PRC Seminar, October 16, 2019, Beijing, China. “Nothing Up My Sleeve,” American College of Bankruptcy Seventh Circuit Education Committee Seminar, September 27, 2019, Chicago, Illinois. “Hot Topics in Valuation,” AIRA Annual Bankruptcy and Restructuring Conference, June 7, 2019, Boston, Massachusetts. “Regional Update,” INSOL International PRC Half Day Seminars, October 30, 2018 & November 1, 2018, Beijing & Shanghai, China. “Asset Tracing in International Insolvencies,” American Bankruptcy Institute International Insolvency & Restructuring Symposium, October 17, 2018, Milan, Italy. “Comparative Restructuring Laws as Value-Drivers,” American Bankruptcy Institute VALCON 2018, May 16, 2018, Las Vegas, Nevada. “The Next Wave,” Southern District of Texas Bankruptcy Bench Bar Conference, May 10, 2018, Corpus Christi, Texas. “The Empire Strikes Back - European Jurisdictions on Their Way to Modernize Their Insolvency Regime,” INSOL International Americas Conference, April 30, 2018, New York, New York. “Keynote Speaker,” INSOL International Americas Conference Offshore Program, April 29, 2018, New York, New York. “Supreme Court Recurring Issues,” American College of Bankruptcy & Boston College Law School Bankruptcy Symposium, March 23, 2018, Boston, Massachusetts. “Interview with Keynote Speaker Glenn Tilton, Former CEO of United Airlines,” The Chicago Booth School 13th Annual Credit, Restructuring, Distressed Investing & Turnaround (CREDIT) Conference, March 2, 2018, Chicago, Illinois. “The Future of Corporate Restructuring & Distressed Investing,” 24th Annual Distressed Investing Conference, November 27, 2017, New York, New York. “Distressed Investing,” University of Michigan Undergraduate Investment Conference, October 20, 2018, Ann Arbor, Michigan. “Brazilian Bankruptcy Regime - How Chinese Investments Have Been Affected by Brazilian Distressed Companies,” INSOL International PRC Half Day Seminars on Cross-Border Insolvency and Restructuring, September 28, 2017, Shanghai, China. “Pre-Packs: The Missing Player in the Game,” INSOL India Insolvency Summit 2017, September 23, 2017, Mumbai, India. “Advanced Planning and Coordination Across Jurisdictions for Multinationals” INSOL International and INSOL Europe Tel Aviv One Day Joint Seminar, June 27, 2017, Tel Aviv, Israel. “How Europe is Perceived,” Turnaround Management Association Europe Annual Conference, June 16, 2017, London, United Kingdom. “Keynote Speaker,” American Law Institute Young Scholars Medal Conference: Law and Corporate Finance: Credit Markets and Corporate Reorganization, April 4, 2017, New York, New York. “Minimizing Personal Liability of Directors and Officers of Insolvent Corporations,” PENews Conference Call, February 15, 2017, Chicago, Illinois. “Bankruptcy Morning Edition from Broken Bench Radio,” The National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges’ 90th Annual Conference, October 27, 2016, San Francisco, California. “Effective Coordinating Committees,” INSOL International PRC Half Day Seminars, September 20, 2016 & September 22, 2016, Beijing & Shanghai, China. “What’s Mine Is Yours, and What’s Yours Is Mine,” American College of Bankruptcy Seventh Circuit Education Committee Seminar, September 16, 2016, Chicago, Illinois. “Retention and Compensation,” National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, September 29, 2015, Miami, Florida. “ABI Reform Commission,” Distressed Investment Summit, April 23, 2015, Chicago, Illinois. “Distressed Investing Opportunities and Dangers in the North American Oil and Gas Sector,” Grant’s Interest Rate Observer Spring Conference, April 7, 2015, New York, New York. “Looking in – Foreign Perspectives on Canadian Restructurings,” INSOL One Day Seminar, November 17, 2014, Toronto, Canada. "Born in The USA: Grown Abroad – How Different Foreign Jurisdictions Restructure Major Corporate Groups," 87th Annual National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 9, 2014, Chicago, Illinois. "The Case for Business Bankruptcy Reform in the U.S. -- A Report on the Commission to Reform Chapter 11," International Association of Insolvency Regulators Annual Conference, September 10, 2014, Washington, D.C. "Business Debate," American Bankruptcy Institute's 22nd Annual Southwest Bankruptcy Conference, September 5, 2014, Las Vegas, Nevada. "Labor and Employment Issues in Cross-Border Cases," American Bankruptcy Institute's 32nd Annual Spring Meeting, April 25, 2014, Washington, D.C. "Honourable Donald Brenner Memorial Keynote Address," National Centre for Business Law's 11th Annual Review of Insolvency Law Conference, February 21, 2014, Vancouver, Canada. "Asset sales in corporate restructurings and liquidations," Fifth Annual Turnaround Management Association Brazil Congress, November 25, 2013, Sao Paulo, Brazil. "Role of Professional Turnaround Manager," INSOL International Tokyo, Japan One Day Seminar, November 21, 2013, Tokyo, Japan. "Municipal Bankruptcies," Chicago Bar Association's Headline Topics in Commercial Bankruptcy, November 12, 2013, Chicago, Illinois. "Cross border operations: realising assets across borders and the problems caused by lack of harmonisation," International Association of Insolvency Regulators Conference and Annual General Meeting, September 24, 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland. "Investing in distressed and restructuring assets," Eighth Annual Oxford Private Equity Forum, March 5, 2013, Oxford, England. "Discussion of Current Key Legal Issues in Restructuring and Bankruptcy," J.P.Morgan High Yield & Leveraged Finance Conference, February 26, 2013, Miami, Florida. "Distressed Hedge Funds," Wharton Restructuring and Distressed Investing Conference, February 22, 2013, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "Regulation and Remuneration of Insolvency Professionals: A Comparative Study," American Bankruptcy Institute International Insolvency & Restructuring Symposium, October 18, 2012, Rome, Italy. "Fiduciary Duty," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges 86th Annual Conference, October 26, 2012, San Diego, California. "The Ethics of Organizers - Ethical Challenges in Forming Official and Unofficial Committees," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges 86th Annual Conference, October 25, 2012, San Diego, California "Coping with Dodd-Frank Reforms and New Regulations During Turnarounds," Kellogg Turnaround Management Conference, May 2, 2012, Chicago, Illinois. "A Discussion of Stern v. Marshall and What it Means to You — Ten Months Later," American College of Bankruptcy Fifth Circuit Fellows' Bankruptcy Jurisdiction - It is Not a Joking Matter, April 28, 2012, San Antonio, Texas. "Judicial Panel," Turnaround Management Association's 2012 Spring Conference, April 5, 2012, Atlanta, Georgia. "Judicial Panel," American Bankruptcy Institute VALCON 2012, February 23, 2012, Las Vegas, Nevada. "Confirmation Issues: Settlements, Releases, Gifting, Death-Traps and More," American Bankruptcy Institute Delaware Views from the Bench, November 21, 2011, Wilmington, Delaware. "North American Idol - Insights from Leading Turnaround Specialists," American Bankruptcy Institute 2011 Canadian-American Cross-Border Insolvency Symposium, November 7, 2011, Toronto, Ontario. "Confirmation: Hot Cases Roundtable," American Bankruptcy Institute and Georgetown Law CLE's Bankruptcy 2011 Views from the Bench, September 16, 2011, Washington, D.C. "Effective Business Development Techniques: What Works? What Doesn't?," International Women's Insolvency & Restructuring Confederation Chicago's Fall Educational Event - Effective Business Development Techniques, September 12, 2011, Chicago, Illinois. "Valuation: Issues in a Restructuring Context," M&A Network's Distressed M&A Forum, June 16, 2011, Chicago, Illinois. "White Elephants in the Caribbean – How to Realize Value from Distressed Property Developments," INSOL International British Virgin Islands One Day Seminar, May 19, 2011, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. "CEO Panel," Moderator, Turnaround Management Association's 2011 Spring Conference, April 27, 2011, Chicago, Illinois. "Update on Bankruptcy Filings and the Credit Market in the U.S." Dubai International Financial Centre Program (DIFC) on Insolvency in the UAE and Across the World, February 28, 2011, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. "The Return of Special Dividends: Fraudulent Conveyance Or A Brighter Future?" 7th Annual Wharton Restructuring and Turnaround Conference, February 18, 2011, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "The Impact of Long-Arm Legislation on Canadian Restructurings," 8th Annual Review of Insolvency Law Conference, February 4, 2011, Toronto, Ontario. "Important Cross-border Developments Impacting your Canadian Practice," The Canadian Institute's 11th Annual Forum on Advanced Commercial Insolvency & Restructuring, January 19, 2011, Toronto, Ontario. Keynote Speaker, ABI International Insolvency & Restructuring Symposium, October 29, 2010, London, England. "How Do I Advance At My Firm And Within My Profession," ABI Professional Development Program, October 28, 2010, New York, New York. "Deal or No Deal - Hard Choices for Troubled Businesses," International Bar Association Annual Conference, October 5, 2010, Vancouver, British Columbia. "Lucrative Opportunities Investing in Distressed Debt," Distressed Investing Experts Forum, September 21, 2010, New York, New York. "Labor Issues," ABI Annual Spring Meeting, May 1, 2010, Washington, D.C. "Legal Panel," University of Chicago Booth School of Business 5th Annual Distressed Investing & Restructuring Conference, April 16, 2010, Chicago, Illinois. "Workouts: Keeping the Borrower on the Hook," USC Law School Conference, April 14, 2010, Los Angeles, California. "Real Estate in Distress: Bankruptcy and Restructuring Cases," INSOL International Annual Regional Conference, February 23, 2010, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. "GM/Chrysler Cases," ABI Rocky Mountain Bankruptcy Conference, January 22, 2010, Denver, Colorado. "Financial Institution Recovery and the New Era in Banking and Finance," Renaissance American Management's 16th Annual Distressed Investing Conference, November 30, 2009, New York, New York. "Bankruptcy - Unprecedented Times: What Does it Mean for Current and Future Transactions?" KMPG & University of Chicago M&A Forum, October 22, 2009, Chicago, Illinois. "Aviation Industry in Distress," INSOL Europe Annual Congress, October 3, 2009, Stockholm, Sweden. "New Dilemmas in DIP Financing," ABI Views from the Bench, October 2, 2009, Washington, D.C. "Options in a Limited Credit Environment," Northwestern 48th Annual Corporate Counsel Institute, October 1, 2009, Chicago, Illinois. "Lions of Investing," Turnaround Management Association Breakfast Program, September 18, 2009, Chicago, Illinois. "Target in Sight: Gaining Influence or Control," YPO Business and Personal Development Seminar, September 16, 2009, Chicago, Illinois. "Keynote Address - First Anniversary of the Financial Crisis and Latin America - Recent Complex Corporate Restructuring Cases," International Insolvency Conference, September 15, 2009, Buenos Aires, Argentina. "Hot Topics," Eighth World INSOL International Quadrennial Congress, June 24, 2009, Vancouver, British Columbia. "How do I Advance at my Firm and Within my Profession?" ABI Professional Development Program, May 28, 2009, Chicago, Illinois. "The Opportunities of Distress Real Estate Investing: A Distressed Acquisition Primer," 2009 International Council of Shopping Centers RECON Conference, May 19, 2009, Las Vegas, Nevada. "DIP Financing," INSOL International Rio de Janeiro One Day Seminar, April 2, 2009, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. "International Keynote Address - Managing Insolvencies and Corporate Restructurings after the Global Credit Crisis" and "Panel Presentation - What Caused the Global Credit Crisis and Future Predictions," Corporate Insolvency Conference, March 13, 2009, Auckland, New Zealand. "Keynote Address - Essential Industry Update: Examining The Current Investing Landscape," Distressed Investing Forum, February 23, 2009, New York, New York. "Bankruptcy Considerations for Creditors in Difficult Financing Markets," JP Morgan Annual High Yield Conference, February 2, 2009, Miami, Florida. "Investment Bankers' Roundtable: Restoring Order," Renaissance American Management's 15th Annual Distressed Investing Conference, November 17, 2008, New York, New York. "America Now," American Bankruptcy Institute International Insolvency Symposium, October 31, 2008, Frankfurt, Germany. "Distressed Investing: How to Make Money in 2009," Turnaround Management Association Annual Convention, October 28, 2008, New Orleans, Louisiana. "The Intersection of the Credit Markets and Insolvency," IBA 2008 Annual Conference, October 14, 2008, Buenos Aires, Argentina. "Bankruptcy 101 Workshop," ILPA Conference, October 2, 2008, San Diego, California. "The Big Picture — What's the Fate of Leveraged Deals?" New York Institute of Credit Summer Master Forum, July 16, 2008, New York, New York. Keynote Speaker, Turnaround Management Association Holding Court 2008: A Bankruptcy Judges' Forum, May 29, 2008, Chicago, Illinois. "Global Views of Restructuring," IPAA Journal and Conference, May 22, 2008, Sydney, Australia. "Subprime Panel," 10th Annual New York City Bankruptcy Conference, May 12, 2008, New York, New York. "Balancing Interests: Insolvency Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region (Part 1)," 18th IPBA Annual Meeting and Conference, April 29, 2008, Los Angeles, California. "Keynote Address: The Ever Changing Nature of Distressed Debt Investing," Global Distressed Debt West Coast Investor Forum, April 1, 2008, Los Angeles, California. Keynote Speaker, Wharton Restructuring Conference, February 22, 2008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. "The U.S.-Based Multinational Corporation," The 2008 Global Distressed Investing Summit, January 29, 2008, New York, New York. "Successful Strategies for Your Position in the Capital Structure," Renaissance American Management Distressed Investing Conference, November 26, 2007, New York, New York. "Comparative Provisions & Implications of U.S. and China Bankruptcy Codes: Moving Towards Common Ground," AIRA China Restructuring & Investing Conference, October 21, 2007, Shanghai, China. "New Corporate Raiders - The Role of Hedge Funds in Financial Restructuring," IBA Annual Conference, October 16, 2007, Singapore. "The Ethical Issues When Hedge Funds and Distressed Debt Holders are Calling the Shots," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 11, 2007, Orlando, Florida. "Early Experiences with Financial Restructuring: Successes and Lessons Learned," Automotive Industry Restructuring Finance Summit, September 19, 2007, Detroit, Michigan. Keynote Speaker, Financial Research Associates 2007 Distressed Debt Summit, May 30, 2007, New York, New York. Keynote Speaker, Turnaround Management Association 6th Annual Great Lakes Regional Conference, May 17, 2007, Concord, Ohio. "Collapse of Multinational Corporate Groups: Lessons to be Learned," INSOL International Turnaround & Reorganization Ancillary, March 20, 2007, Cape Town, South Africa. "The Changing Lender Constituency in Second Lien, Third Lien and Mezzanine," Institutional Investor 2007 Turnaround Management & Distressed Investing Forum, February 6, 2007, New York, New York. "Keynote Roundtable Discussion: State of the Market," Turnaround Management Association Distressed Investing Conference, January 18, 2007, Las Vegas, Nevada. "Social Claims and Priorities in Reorganizations," International Insolvency Institute Sixth Annual International Insolvency Conference, June 13, 2006, New York, New York. "The New Code's Impact on Chapter 11," ABI Delaware Views from the Bankruptcy Bench and Bar, June 9, 2006, Wilmington, Delaware. "The Automotive Industry," INSOL 2006 World Conference, May 23, 2006, Scottsdale, Arizona. "The Future of the Worldwide Airline Industry," INSOL 2006 World Conference, May 21, 2006, Scottsdale, Arizona. "U.S. Chapter 11: A model for the Asia & Asia Pacific Countries?" Inter-Pacific Bar Association Annual Conference, May 2, 2006, Sydney, Australia. "Social Protection: Priorities, Pensions and Other Strategies for Protecting Employees in the Context of Insolvency," Forum on Asian Insolvency Reform 2006, April 27, 2006, Beijing, China. "Is the Substantive Consolidation Party Over?" ABA Spring Meeting, April 6, 2006, Tampa Bay, Florida. "Vanishing Pensions and Shrinking Retirement Benefits: Does Chapter 11 Allow a Company to Take Away with One Hand What it Gave with the Other?" ABI 14th Annual Bankruptcy Battleground West Conference, March 10, 2006, Los Angeles, California. "Anatomy of a Bankruptcy: United Airlines," Harvard Business School Turnaround Symposium, February 23, 2006, Boston, Massachusetts. "What United Has Taught Us - Part II," JP Morgan Airline, Aerospace, and Airfreight Conference, February 22, 2006, New York, New York. "Dealing with Multi-National Insolvencies on Both Sides of the Border: Strategies for Success," Canadian Institute Insolvency Program, January, 19, 2006, Toronto, Canada. "International Panel - Managing Multi-Jurisdictional Insolvencies," International Corporate Renewal Forum, December 5, 2005, Sao Paulo, Brazil. "The Effect on Investors of the New Bankruptcy Code," Distressed Investing Conference, November 29, 2005, New York, New York. "The New Bankruptcy Code - A Solution In Search of a Problem," Navigant Consulting Legal Roundtable, November 18, 2005, Chicago, Illinois. "The Purpose, Role & Importance of Restructurings in Corporate America," Cardozo School of Law Fall Symposium: Perspectives on Corporate Restructurings, November 14, 2005, New York, New York. "Restructuring - Roulette, Rule Regulation, and Roughhousing - The Purpose, Role and Importance of Restructurings in Corporate America," Seventh Annual Distressed Debt West Conference, November 8, 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada. "Jurisdictional Issues - Comparing the US and EU," ABI International Insolvency Symposium, September 23, 2005, London, England. "Chapter 11 - Operations During the Case (Advanced Issues)," National Association of Attorneys General Bankruptcy Seminar, September 13, 2005, Denver, Colorado. "Bankruptcy Experts Panel," JP Morgan Auto Conference, August 2, 2005, Dearborn, Michigan. "Why is This Case There and Not Here, Venue Selection - A Practitioner's View," BBK Educational Forum, June 30, 2005, Detroit, Michigan. "Crisis Management and Balance Sheet Restructuring in Today's Market Environment," Distressed Debt Investing Forum, June 30, 2005, New York, New York. "Forum Shopping - Taylor Corporation United States," INSOL 2005 World Conference, March 15, 2005, Sydney, Australia. "United Airlines: Labor and Cost Restructuring Update," JP Morgan Airline Conference, February 17, 2005, New York, New York. "Ancillary Proceedings - Should the Tail Wag the Dog?" ABI American-Canadian Symposium, February 11, 2005, Toronto, Canada. "When a Contract is Not a Contract: Bankruptcy Courts' Choice of Reason over Rigidity," Distressed Investing Conference, November 29, 2004, New York, New York. "Chapter 11 Reorganization: Any Way to Reorganize an Industry?," ABA Air & Space Law Forum, October 29, 2004, Santa Monica, California. "Priority Schemes in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 12, 2004, Nashville, Tennessee. "What United has Taught us about Airline Restructuring," American Conference Institute Airline Conference, October 1, 2004, New York, New York. Panelist, Vail Leadership Institute, Changing the Game Forum 2004, June 11, 2004, Vail, Colorado. "Section 1110 and Public Aircraft Debt," JP Morgan, 2004 Airline Conference, March 2, 2004, New York, New York. "Early Considerations to the Chapter 11 Filing of a Distressed Business," University of Chicago Graduate Studies Class, February 28, 2004, Chicago, Illinois. "Cross Border Insolvencies - Does the Undefended Border Need Defending?," Turnaround Management Association, 6th Annual Symposium, February 26, 2004, Toronto, Canada. "Commercial Loan Workouts," American Conference Institute, 3rd Annual Forum on Commercial Loan Workouts, February 2, 2004, New York, New York. "Early Considerations Relating to a Distressed Businesses' Chapter 11 Filing," University of Michigan Law School, Advanced Bankruptcy Seminar, January 14–15, 2004, Ann Arbor, Michigan. "Bridging the Gap: Resolving Valuation Disputes in Chapter 11 Plan Negotiations," American College of Bankruptcy, 2003 Conference, March 29, 2003, Washington, D.C. "The Airline Industry: Soft Landing or Crash Landing?," Distressed Debt Investing Forum, December 5, 2002, Chicago, Illinois. "Comparing & Contrasting Market Trends and Practices in the US and Europe," IIR Conference, Debt Restructuring in Europe, November 11, 2002, London, England. "Current Issues in Debtor in Possession Financing," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 2, 2002, Chicago, Illinois. "The Art of Bankruptcy Financing: When Does a Pig Become a Hog?," National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges, October 2, 2002, Chicago, Illinois. "International Issues: Are You Ready for the New European Union Regulations?," American Bankruptcy Institute, 20th Annual Spring Meeting, April 20, 2002, Washington, D.C. "Shareholder Rights and Fiduciary Duties of Directors of Insolvent or Near-Insolvent Companies," CLE International, Program on Counseling Distressed Businesses, November 11, 2001, San Francisco, California. "Cash Collateral and DIP Financing," American Bankruptcy Institute, Hawaiian Bankruptcy Workshop, June 28, 2001, Maui, Hawaii. "Acquiring an Insolvent Business in Bankruptcy or Outside of Bankruptcy: A Primer for Transactional Attorneys," Chicago Bar Association, February 16, 1999, Chicago, Illinois. "Turning Sour Grapes into Fine Wine: Resolving Israeli-American Disputes Through Litigation and Arbitration," American Bankruptcy Institute, February 8–11, 1999, Cross-Border Program in Israel. "Defending Against the Vultures - Equity's Perspective" Corporate Reorganization, June 11–12, 1998, Chicago, Illinois. "Fool Me Once, Shame on You; Fool Me Twice . . ." Price Waterhouse, L.L.P., 1997 Corporate Recovery Symposium, February 8–11, 1997. Mr. Sprayregen has lectured at The London Business School, The University of Chicago Business School, The University of Illinois College of Law, The University of Michigan Law School, Yale Law School, and The University of Michigan Liberal Arts College.
3199	dbpedia	1	11	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/james_donald	en	James Donald	https://images.fandango.…--newsletter.png		[ "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/rtlogo.9b892cff3fd.png", "https://resizing.flixster.com/hjdr39li3kRBfT9IgT20KGKTyEI=/218x280/v2/https://resizing.flixster.com/-XZAfHZM39UwaGJIFWKAE8fS0ak=/v3/t/assets/219319_v9_ba.jpg", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Explore the filmography of James Donald on Rotten Tomatoes! Discover ratings, reviews, and more. Click for details!	en	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/favicon.ico	Rotten Tomatoes	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/james_donald	The film career of Scotsman James Donald began in earnest with the role of Theo Van Gogh, opposite Kirk Douglas as Vincent, in the 1956 biopic "Lust for Life." Two years later, he had another one of his more famous film opportunities alongside Douglas once again, this time as a manly rather than a sensitive sibling in the 1958 adventure "The Vikings." But it was the movie that Donald made in between, David Lean's timeless wartime drama "Bridge on the River Kwai," that forever stamped the Scot in the cinematic consciousness. At the end of epic battle between the characters played by Alec Guinness and William Holden, it was Donald as Major Clipton who got to utter the famous final line of dialogue, "Madness. Madness!" In 1963, Donald was part of another one of the great World War II movies of all-time, "The Great Escape," starring as Group Captain Ramsey, the senior British officer interned in the German POW camp at the center of the fact-inspired Steve McQueen classic. Some of the actor's other performances of note include yet another World War II POW film, 1965's "King Rat," set in Singapore, and the co-starring role of Nathaniel Winkle in a 1952 version of Charles Dickens' "The Pickwick Papers."
3199	dbpedia	2	44	https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/the-mind-of-donald-trump/480771/	en	A Psychologist Analyzes Donald Trump’s Personality	https://cdn.theatlantic.…_32/original.jpg	https://cdn.theatlantic.…_32/original.jpg	[ "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/_next/static/images/nav-archive-promo-5541b02ae92f1a9276249e1c6c2534ee.png", "https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/images/current-issue.large.jpg", "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/img/specialreports/lead/2020/10/14/Thumbnail.jpg", "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/assets/media/files/nav-crossword.png", "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/files/archive-thumbnail.png", "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/media/files/YourSubscription_300x300.jpg", "https://cdn.theatlantic.com/thumbor/w7IwSgt6rTwnhc4SwM1qdpz1BbA=/0x0:2362x3150/96x128/media/img/issues/2016/05/16/0616_Cover_RGB_nopgno/original.jpg, 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"president of the United States", "impressions of others", "Andrew Jackson", "higher scores", "George W. Bush", "Barack Obama", "brainy social animals", "public role of Donald Trump", "fields of personality", "profile of Trump", "own books", "political violence", "social groups", "greater happiness", "psychological portrait of the man", "people’s temperament", "recent years", "much fun", "Trump", "deal makers", "body of research", "Good news", "presidential candidate", "campaign season", "phone calls", "political leaders", "famous story", "Michael D’Antonio", "personality traits", "time of this writing", "Mr. Trump", "ancient fear of contagion", "leading candidate", "human beings", "rank Richard Nixon", "world events", "self-conceptions", "strong suit", "Mark Singer", "fundamental features of human personality", "ultimate evolutionary aim", "beloved father", "research associates", "risk factor", "personal fortune", "mind work", "Fred Trump’s greatest achievement" ]	null	[ "Dan P. McAdams" ]	2016-05-17T00:00:13+00:00	Narcissism, disagreeableness, grandiosity—a psychologist investigates how Trump’s extraordinary personality might shape his possible presidency.	en	https://cdn.theatlantic.com/_next/static/images/favicon-3888b0e329526a975703e3059a02b92d.ico	The Atlantic	https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/06/the-mind-of-donald-trump/480771/	In 2006, Donald Trump made plans to purchase the Menie Estate, near Aberdeen, Scotland, aiming to convert the dunes and grassland into a luxury golf resort. He and the estate’s owner, Tom Griffin, sat down to discuss the transaction at the Cock & Bull restaurant. Griffin recalls that Trump was a hard-nosed negotiator, reluctant to give in on even the tiniest details. But, as Michael D’Antonio writes in his recent biography of Trump, Never Enough, Griffin’s most vivid recollection of the evening pertains to the theatrics. It was as if the golden-haired guest sitting across the table were an actor playing a part on the London stage. “It was Donald Trump playing Donald Trump,” Griffin observed. There was something unreal about it. The same feeling perplexed Mark Singer in the late 1990s when he was working on a profile of Trump for The New Yorker. Singer wondered what went through his mind when he was not playing the public role of Donald Trump. What are you thinking about, Singer asked him, when you are shaving in front of the mirror in the morning? Trump, Singer writes, appeared baffled. Hoping to uncover the man behind the actor’s mask, Singer tried a different tack: “O.K., I guess I’m asking, do you consider yourself ideal company?” “You really want to know what I consider ideal company?,” Trump replied. “A total piece of ass.” I might have phrased Singer’s question this way: Who are you, Mr. Trump, when you are alone? Singer never got an answer, leaving him to conclude that the real-estate mogul who would become a reality-TV star and, after that, a leading candidate for president of the United States had managed to achieve something remarkable: “an existence unmolested by the rumbling of a soul.” Is Singer’s assessment too harsh? Perhaps it is, in at least one sense. As brainy social animals, human beings evolved to be consummate actors whose survival and ability to reproduce depend on the quality of our performances. We enter the world prepared to perform roles and manage the impressions of others, with the ultimate evolutionary aim of getting along and getting ahead in the social groups that define who we are. More than even Ronald Reagan, Trump seems supremely cognizant of the fact that he is always acting. He moves through life like a man who knows he is always being observed. If all human beings are, by their very nature, social actors, then Donald Trump seems to be more so—superhuman, in this one primal sense. Many questions have arisen about Trump during this campaign season—about his platform, his knowledge of issues, his inflammatory language, his level of comfort with political violence. This article touches on some of that. But its central aim is to create a psychological portrait of the man. Who is he, really? How does his mind work? How might he go about making decisions in office, were he to become president? And what does all that suggest about the sort of president he’d be? In creating this portrait, I will draw from well-validated concepts in the fields of personality, developmental, and social psychology. Ever since Sigmund Freud analyzed the life and art of Leonardo da Vinci, in 1910, scholars have applied psychological lenses to the lives of famous people. Many early efforts relied upon untested, nonscientific ideas. In recent years, however, psychologists have increasingly used the tools and concepts of psychological science to shed light on notable lives, as I did in a 2011 book on George W. Bush. A large and rapidly growing body of research shows that people’s temperament, their characteristic motivations and goals, and their internal conceptions of themselves are powerful predictors of what they will feel, think, and do in the future, and powerful aids in explaining why. In the realm of politics, psychologists have recently demonstrated how fundamental features of human personality—such as extroversion and narcissism—shaped the distinctive leadership styles of past U. S. presidents, and the decisions they made. While a range of factors, such as world events and political realities, determine what political leaders can and will do in office, foundational tendencies in human personality, which differ dramatically from one leader to the next, are among them. Trump’s personality is certainly extreme by any standard, and particularly rare for a presidential candidate; many people who encounter the man—in negotiations or in interviews or on a debate stage or watching that debate on television—seem to find him flummoxing. In this essay, I will seek to uncover the key dispositions, cognitive styles, motivations, and self-conceptions that together comprise his unique psychological makeup. Trump declined to be interviewed for this story, but his life history has been well documented in his own books and speeches, in biographical sources, and in the press. My aim is to develop a dispassionate and analytical perspective on Trump, drawing upon some of the most important ideas and research findings in psychological science today. I. His Disposition Fifty years of empirical research in personality psychology have resulted in a scientific consensus regarding the most basic dimensions of human variability. There are countless ways to differentiate one person from the next, but psychological scientists have settled on a relatively simple taxonomy, known widely as the Big Five: Most people score near the middle on any given dimension, but some score toward one pole or the other. Research decisively shows that higher scores on extroversion are associated with greater happiness and broader social connections, higher scores on conscientiousness predict greater success in school and at work, and higher scores on agreeableness are associated with deeper relationships. By contrast, higher scores on neuroticism are always bad, having proved to be a risk factor for unhappiness, dysfunctional relationships, and mental-health problems. From adolescence through midlife, many people tend to become more conscientious and agreeable, and less neurotic, but these changes are typically slight: The Big Five personality traits are pretty stable across a person’s lifetime. The psychologists Steven J. Rubenzer and Thomas R. Faschingbauer, in conjunction with about 120 historians and other experts, have rated all the former U.S. presidents, going back to George Washington, on all five of the trait dimensions. George W. Bush comes out as especially high on extroversion and low on openness to experience—a highly enthusiastic and outgoing social actor who tends to be incurious and intellectually rigid. Barack Obama is relatively introverted, at least for a politician, and almost preternaturally low on neuroticism—emotionally calm and dispassionate, perhaps to a fault. Across his lifetime, Donald Trump has exhibited a trait profile that you would not expect of a U.S. president: sky-high extroversion combined with off-the-chart low agreeableness. This is my own judgment, of course, but I believe that a great majority of people who observe Trump would agree. There is nothing especially subtle about trait attributions. We are not talking here about deep, unconscious processes or clinical diagnoses. As social actors, our performances are out there for everyone to see. Like George W. Bush and Bill Clinton (and Teddy Roosevelt, who tops the presidential extroversion list), Trump plays his role in an outgoing, exuberant, and socially dominant manner. He is a dynamo—driven, restless, unable to keep still. He gets by with very little sleep. In his 1987 book, The Art of the Deal, Trump described his days as stuffed with meetings and phone calls. Some 30 years later, he is still constantly interacting with other people—at rallies, in interviews, on social media. Presidential candidates on the campaign trail are studies in perpetual motion. But nobody else seems to embrace the campaign with the gusto of Trump. And no other candidate seems to have so much fun. A sampling of his tweets at the time of this writing: A cardinal feature of high extroversion is relentless reward-seeking. Prompted by the activity of dopamine circuits in the brain, highly extroverted actors are driven to pursue positive emotional experiences, whether they come in the form of social approval, fame, or wealth. Indeed, it is the pursuit itself, more so even than the actual attainment of the goal, that extroverts find so gratifying. When Barbara Walters asked Trump in 1987 whether he would like to be appointed president of the United States, rather than having to run for the job, Trump said no: “It’s the hunt that I believe I love.” Trump’s agreeableness seems even more extreme than his extroversion, but in the opposite direction. Arguably the most highly valued human trait the world over, agreeableness pertains to the extent to which a person appears to be caring, loving, affectionate, polite, and kind. Trump loves his family, for sure. He is reported to be a generous and fair-minded boss. There is even a famous story about his meeting with a boy who was dying of cancer. A fan of The Apprentice, the young boy simply wanted Trump to tell him, “You’re fired!” Trump could not bring himself to do it, but instead wrote the boy a check for several thousand dollars and told him, “Go and have the time of your life.” But like extroversion and the other Big Five traits, agreeableness is about an overall style of relating to others and to the world, and these noteworthy exceptions run against the broad social reputation Trump has garnered as a remarkably disagreeable person, based upon a lifetime of widely observed interactions. People low in agreeableness are described as callous, rude, arrogant, and lacking in empathy. If Donald Trump does not score low on this personality dimension, then probably nobody does. Researchers rank Richard Nixon as the nation’s most disagreeable president. But he was sweetness and light compared with the man who once sent The New York Times’ Gail Collins a copy of her own column with her photo circled and the words “The Face of a Dog!” scrawled on it. Complaining in Never Enough about “some nasty shit” that Cher, the singer and actress, once said about him, Trump bragged: “I knocked the shit out of her” on Twitter, “and she never said a thing about me after that.” At campaign rallies, Trump has encouraged his supporters to rough up protesters. “Get ’em out of here!” he yells. “I’d like to punch him in the face.” From unsympathetic journalists to political rivals, Trump calls his opponents “disgusting” and writes them off as “losers.” By the standards of reality TV, Trump’s disagreeableness may not be so shocking. But political candidates who want people to vote for them rarely behave like this. Trump’s tendencies toward social ambition and aggressiveness were evident very early in his life, as we will see later. (By his own account, he once punched his second-grade music teacher, giving him a black eye.) According to Barbara Res, who in the early 1980s served as vice president in charge of construction of Trump Tower in Manhattan, the emotional core around which Donald Trump’s personality constellates is anger: “As far as the anger is concerned, that’s real for sure. He’s not faking it,” she told The Daily Beast in February. “The fact that he gets mad, that’s his personality.” Indeed, anger may be the operative emotion behind Trump’s high extroversion as well as his low agreeableness. Anger can fuel malice, but it can also motivate social dominance, stoking a desire to win the adoration of others. Combined with a considerable gift for humor (which may also be aggressive), anger lies at the heart of Trump’s charisma. And anger permeates his political rhetoric. Imagine Donald Trump in the White House. What kind of decision maker might he be? It is very difficult to predict the actions a president will take. When the dust settled after the 2000 election, did anybody foresee that George W. Bush would someday launch a preemptive invasion of Iraq? If so, I haven’t read about it. Bush probably would never have gone after Saddam Hussein if 9/11 had not happened. But world events invariably hijack a presidency. Obama inherited a devastating recession, and after the 2010 midterm elections, he struggled with a recalcitrant Republican Congress. What kinds of decisions might he have made had these events not occurred? We will never know. Still, dispositional personality traits may provide clues to a president’s decision-making style. Research suggests that extroverts tend to take high-stakes risks and that people with low levels of openness rarely question their deepest convictions. Entering office with high levels of extroversion and very low openness, Bush was predisposed to make bold decisions aimed at achieving big rewards, and to make them with the assurance that he could not be wrong. As I argued in my psychological biography of Bush, the game-changing decision to invade Iraq was the kind of decision he was likely to make. As world events transpired to open up an opportunity for the invasion, Bush found additional psychological affirmation both in his lifelong desire—pursued again and again before he ever became president—to defend his beloved father from enemies (think: Saddam Hussein) and in his own life story, wherein the hero liberates himself from oppressive forces (think: sin, alcohol) to restore peace and freedom. Like Bush, a President Trump might try to swing for the fences in an effort to deliver big payoffs—to make America great again, as his campaign slogan says. As a real-estate developer, he has certainly taken big risks, although he has become a more conservative businessman following setbacks in the 1990s. As a result of the risks he has taken, Trump can (and does) point to luxurious urban towers, lavish golf courses, and a personal fortune that is, by some estimates, in the billions, all of which clearly bring him big psychic rewards. Risky decisions have also resulted in four Chapter 11 business bankruptcies involving some of his casinos and resorts. Because he is not burdened with Bush’s low level of openness (psychologists have rated Bush at the bottom of the list on this trait), Trump may be a more flexible and pragmatic decision maker, more like Bill Clinton than Bush: He may look longer and harder than Bush did before he leaps. And because he is viewed as markedly less ideological than most presidential candidates (political observers note that on some issues he seems conservative, on others liberal, and on still others nonclassifiable), Trump may be able to switch positions easily, leaving room to maneuver in negotiations with Congress and foreign leaders. But on balance, he’s unlikely to shy away from risky decisions that, should they work out, could burnish his legacy and provide him an emotional payoff. The real psychological wild card, however, is Trump’s agreeableness—or lack thereof. There has probably never been a U.S. president as consistently and overtly disagreeable on the public stage as Donald Trump is. If Nixon comes closest, we might predict that Trump’s style of decision making would look like the hard-nosed realpolitik that Nixon and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, displayed in international affairs during the early 1970s, along with its bare-knuckled domestic analog. That may not be all bad, depending on one’s perspective. Not readily swayed by warm sentiments or humanitarian impulses, decision makers who, like Nixon, are dispositionally low on agreeableness might hold certain advantages when it comes to balancing competing interests or bargaining with adversaries, such as China in Nixon’s time. In international affairs, Nixon was tough, pragmatic, and coolly rational. Trump seems capable of a similar toughness and strategic pragmatism, although the cool rationality does not always seem to fit, probably because Trump’s disagreeableness appears so strongly motivated by anger. In domestic politics, Nixon was widely recognized to be cunning, callous, cynical, and Machiavellian, even by the standards of American politicians. Empathy was not his strong suit. This sounds a lot like Donald Trump, too—except you have to add the ebullient extroversion, the relentless showmanship, and the larger-than-life celebrity. Nixon could never fill a room the way Trump can. Research shows that people low in agreeableness are typically viewed as untrustworthy. Dishonesty and deceit brought down Nixon and damaged the institution of the presidency. It is generally believed today that all politicians lie, or at least dissemble, but Trump appears extreme in this regard. Assessing the truthfulness of the 2016 candidates’ campaign statements, PolitiFact recently calculated that only 2 percent of the claims made by Trump are true, 7 percent are mostly true, 15 percent are half true, 15 percent are mostly false, 42 percent are false, and 18 percent are “pants on fire.” Adding up the last three numbers (from mostly false to flagrantly so), Trump scores 75 percent. The corresponding figures for Ted Cruz, John Kasich, Bernie Sanders, and Hillary Clinton, respectively, are 66, 32, 31, and 29 percent. In sum, Donald Trump’s basic personality traits suggest a presidency that could be highly combustible. One possible yield is an energetic, activist president who has a less than cordial relationship with the truth. He could be a daring and ruthlessly aggressive decision maker who desperately desires to create the strongest, tallest, shiniest, and most awesome result—and who never thinks twice about the collateral damage he will leave behind. Tough. Bellicose. Threatening. Explosive. In the presidential contest of 1824, Andrew Jackson won the most electoral votes, edging out John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford. Because Jackson did not have a majority, however, the election was decided in the House of Representatives, where Adams prevailed. Adams subsequently chose Clay as his secretary of state. Jackson’s supporters were infuriated by what they described as a “corrupt bargain” between Adams and Clay. The Washington establishment had defied the will of the people, they believed. Jackson rode the wave of public resentment to victory four years later, marking a dramatic turning point in American politics. A beloved hero of western farmers and frontiersmen, Jackson was the first nonaristocrat to become president. He was the first president to invite everyday folk to the inaugural reception. To the horror of the political elite, throngs tracked mud through the White House and broke dishes and decorative objects. Washington insiders reviled Jackson. They saw him as intemperate, vulgar, and stupid. Opponents called him a jackass—the origin of the donkey symbol for the Democratic Party. In a conversation with Daniel Webster in 1824, Thomas Jefferson described Jackson as “one of the most unfit men I know of” to become president of the United States, “a dangerous man” who cannot speak in a civilized manner because he “choke[s] with rage,” a man whose “passions are terrible.” Jefferson feared that the slightest insult from a foreign leader could impel Jackson to declare war. Even Jackson’s friends and admiring colleagues feared his volcanic temper. Jackson fought at least 14 duels in his life, leaving him with bullet fragments lodged throughout his body. On the last day of his presidency, he admitted to only two regrets: that he was never able to shoot Henry Clay or hang John C. Calhoun. The similarities between Andrew Jackson and Donald Trump do not end with their aggressive temperaments and their respective positions as Washington outsiders. The similarities extend to the dynamic created between these dominant social actors and their adoring audiences—or, to be fairer to Jackson, what Jackson’s political opponents consistently feared that dynamic to be. They named Jackson “King Mob” for what they perceived as his demagoguery. Jackson was an angry populist, they believed—a wild-haired mountain man who channeled the crude sensibilities of the masses. More than 100 years before social scientists would invent the concept of the authoritarian personality to explain the people who are drawn to autocratic leaders, Jackson’s detractors feared what a popular strongman might do when encouraged by an angry mob. During and after World War II, psychologists conceived of the authoritarian personality as a pattern of attitudes and values revolving around adherence to society’s traditional norms, submission to authorities who personify or reinforce those norms, and antipathy—to the point of hatred and aggression—toward those who either challenge in-group norms or lie outside their orbit. Among white Americans, high scores on measures of authoritarianism today tend to be associated with prejudice against a wide range of “out-groups,” including homosexuals, African Americans, immigrants, and Muslims. Authoritarianism is also associated with suspiciousness of the humanities and the arts, and with cognitive rigidity, militaristic sentiments, and Christian fundamentalism. When individuals with authoritarian proclivities fear that their way of life is being threatened, they may turn to strong leaders who promise to keep them safe—leaders like Donald Trump. In a national poll conducted recently by the political scientist Matthew MacWilliams, high levels of authoritarianism emerged as the single strongest predictor of expressing political support for Donald Trump. Trump’s promise to build a wall on the Mexican border to keep illegal immigrants out and his railing against Muslims and other outsiders have presumably fed that dynamic. As the social psychologist Jesse Graham has noted, Trump appeals to an ancient fear of contagion, which analogizes out-groups to parasites, poisons, and other impurities. In this regard, it is perhaps no psychological accident that Trump displays a phobia of germs, and seems repulsed by bodily fluids, especially women’s. He famously remarked that Megyn Kelly of Fox News had “blood coming out of her wherever,” and he repeatedly characterized Hillary Clinton’s bathroom break during a Democratic debate as “disgusting.” Disgust is a primal response to impurity. On a daily basis, Trump seems to experience more disgust, or at least to say he does, than most people do. The authoritarian mandate is to ensure the security, purity, and goodness of the in-group—to keep the good stuff in and the bad stuff out. In the 1820s, white settlers in Georgia and other frontier areas lived in constant fear of American Indian tribes. They resented the federal government for not keeping them safe from what they perceived to be a mortal threat and a corrupting contagion. Responding to these fears, President Jackson pushed hard for the passage of the Indian Removal Act, which eventually led to the forced relocation of 45,000 American Indians. At least 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears, which ran from Georgia to the Oklahoma territory. An American strand of authoritarianism may help explain why the thrice-married, foul-mouthed Donald Trump should prove to be so attractive to white Christian evangelicals. As Jerry Falwell Jr. told The New York Times in February, “All the social issues—traditional family values, abortion—are moot if isis blows up some of our cities or if the borders are not fortified.” Rank-and-file evangelicals “are trying to save the country,” Falwell said. Being “saved” has a special resonance among evangelicals—saved from sin and damnation, of course, but also saved from the threats and impurities of a corrupt and dangerous world. When my research associates and I once asked politically conservative Christians scoring high on authoritarianism to imagine what their life (and their world) might have been like had they never found religious faith, many described utter chaos—families torn apart, rampant infidelity and hate, cities on fire, the inner rings of hell. By contrast, equally devout politically liberal Christians who scored low on authoritarianism described a barren world depleted of all resources, joyless and bleak, like the arid surface of the moon. For authoritarian Christians, a strong faith—like a strong leader—saves them from chaos and tamps down fears and conflicts. Donald Trump is a savior, even if he preens and swears, and waffles on the issue of abortion. In December, on the campaign trail in Raleigh, North Carolina, Trump stoked fears in his audience by repeatedly saying that “something bad is happening” and “something really dangerous is going on.” He was asked by a 12-year-old girl from Virginia, “I’m scared—what are you going to do to protect this country?” Trump responded: “You know what, darling? You’re not going to be scared anymore. They’re going to be scared.” II. His Mental Habits In The Art of the Deal, Trump counsels executives, CEOs, and other deal makers to “think big,” “use your leverage,” and always “fight back.” When you go into a negotiation, you must begin from a position of unassailable strength. You must project bigness. “I aim very high, and then I just keep pushing and pushing and pushing to get what I’m after,” he writes. For Trump, the concept of “the deal” represents what psychologists call a personal schema—a way of knowing the world that permeates his thoughts. Cognitive-science research suggests that people rely on personal schemata to process new social information efficiently and effectively. By their very nature, however, schemata narrow a person’s focus to a few well-worn approaches that may have worked in the past, but may not necessarily bend to accommodate changing circumstances. A key to successful decision making is knowing what your schemata are, so that you can change them when you need to. In the negotiations for the Menie Estate in Scotland, Trump wore Tom Griffin down by making one outlandish demand after another and bargaining hard on even the most trivial issues of disagreement. He never quit fighting. “Sometimes, part of making a deal is denigrating your competition,” Trump writes. When local residents refused to sell properties that Trump needed in order to finish the golf resort, he ridiculed them on the Late Show With David Letterman and in newspapers, describing the locals as rubes who lived in “disgusting” ramshackle hovels. As D’Antonio recounts in Never Enough, Trump’s attacks incurred the enmity of millions in the British Isles, inspired an award-winning documentary highly critical of Trump (You’ve Been Trumped), and transformed a local farmer and part-time fisherman named Michael Forbes into a national hero. After painting the words no golf course on his barn and telling Trump he could “take his money and shove it up his arse,” Forbes received the 2012 Top Scot honor at the Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards. (That same year, Trump’s golf course was completed nonetheless. He promised that its construction would create 1,200 permanent jobs in the Aberdeen area, but to date, only about 200 have been documented.) Trump’s recommendations for successful deal making include less antagonistic strategies: “protect the downside” (anticipate what can go wrong), “maximize your options,” “know your market,” “get the word out,” and “have fun.” As president, Trump would negotiate better trade deals with China, he says, guarantee a better health-care system by making deals with pharmaceutical companies and hospitals, and force Mexico to agree to a deal whereby it would pay for a border wall. On the campaign trail, he has often said that he would simply pick up the phone and call people—say, a CEO wishing to move his company to Mexico—in order to make propitious deals for the American people. Trump’s focus on personal relationships and one-on-one negotiating pays respect to a venerable political tradition. For example, a contributor to Lyndon B. Johnson’s success in pushing through civil-rights legislation and other social programs in the 1960s was his unparalleled expertise in cajoling lawmakers. Obama, by contrast, has been accused of failing to put in the personal effort needed to forge close and productive relationships with individual members of Congress. Having said that, deal making is an apt description for only some presidential activities, and the modern presidency is too complex to rely mainly on personal relationships. Presidents work within institutional frameworks that transcend the idiosyncratic relationships between specific people, be they heads of state, Cabinet secretaries, or members of Congress. The most-effective leaders are able to maintain some measure of distance from the social and emotional fray of everyday politics. Keeping the big picture in mind and balancing a myriad of competing interests, they cannot afford to invest too heavily in any particular relationship. For U.S. presidents, the political is not merely personal. It has to be much more. Trump has hinted at other means through which he might address the kind of complex, long-standing problems that presidents face. “Here’s the way I work,” he writes in Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again, the campaign manifesto he published late last year. “I find the people who are the best in the world at what needs to be done, then I hire them to do it, and then I let them do it … but I always watch over them.” And Trump knows that he cannot do it alone: Amid the polarized political rhetoric of 2016, it is refreshing to hear a candidate invoke the concept of compromise and acknowledge that different voices need to be heard. Still, Trump’s image of a bunch of people in a room hashing things out connotes a neater and more self-contained process than political reality affords. It is possible that Trump could prove to be adept as the helmsman of an unwieldy government whose operation involves much more than striking deals—but that would require a set of schemata and skills that appear to lie outside his accustomed way of solving problems. III. His Motivations For psychologists, it is almost impossible to talk about Donald Trump without using the word narcissism. Asked to sum up Trump’s personality for an article in Vanity Fair, Howard Gardner, a psychologist at Harvard, responded, “Remarkably narcissistic.” George Simon, a clinical psychologist who conducts seminars on manipulative behavior, says Trump is “so classic that I’m archiving video clips of him to use in workshops because there’s no better example” of narcissism. “Otherwise I would have had to hire actors and write vignettes. He’s like a dream come true.” When I walk north on Michigan Avenue in Chicago, where I live, I often stop to admire the sleek tower that Trump built on the Chicago River. But why did he have to stencil his name in 20‑foot letters across the front? As nearly everybody knows, Trump has attached his name to pretty much everything he has ever touched—from casinos to steaks to a so-called university that promised to teach students how to become rich. Self-references pervade Trump’s speeches and conversations, too. When, in the summer of 1999, he stood up to offer remarks at his father’s funeral, Trump spoke mainly about himself. It was the toughest day of his own life, Trump began. He went on to talk about Fred Trump’s greatest achievement: raising a brilliant and renowned son. As Gwenda Blair writes in her three-generation biography of the Trump family, The Trumps, “the first-person singular pronouns, the I and me and my, eclipsed the he and his. Where others spoke of their memories of Fred Trump, [Donald] spoke of Fred Trump’s endorsement.” In the ancient Greek legend, the beautiful boy Narcissus falls so completely in love with the reflection of himself in a pool that he plunges into the water and drowns. The story provides the mythical source for the modern concept of narcissism, which is conceived as excessive self-love and the attendant qualities of grandiosity and a sense of entitlement. Highly narcissistic people are always trying to draw attention to themselves. Repeated and inordinate self-reference is a distinguishing feature of their personality. To consider the role of narcissism in Donald Trump’s life is to go beyond the dispositional traits of the social actor—beyond the high extroversion and low agreeableness, beyond his personal schemata for decision making—to try to figure out what motivates the man. What does Donald Trump really want? What are his most valued life goals? Narcissus wanted, more than anything else, to love himself. People with strong narcissistic needs want to love themselves, and they desperately want others to love them too—or at least admire them, see them as brilliant and powerful and beautiful, even just see them, period. The fundamental life goal is to promote the greatness of the self, for all to see. “I’m the king of Palm Beach,” Trump told the journalist Timothy O’Brien for his 2005 book, TrumpNation. Celebrities and rich people “all come over” to Mar-a-Lago, Trump’s exclusive Palm Beach estate. “They all eat, they all love me, they all kiss my ass. And then they all leave and say, ‘Isn’t he horrible.’ But I’m the king.” The renowned psychoanalytic theorist Heinz Kohut argued that narcissism stems from a deficiency in early-life mirroring: The parents fail to lovingly reflect back the young boy’s (or girl’s) own budding grandiosity, leaving the child in desperate need of affirmation from others. Accordingly, some experts insist that narcissistic motivations cover up an underlying insecurity. But others argue that there is nothing necessarily compensatory, or even immature, about certain forms of narcissism. Consistent with this view, I can find no evidence in the biographical record to suggest that Donald Trump experienced anything but a loving relationship with his mother and father. Narcissistic people like Trump may seek glorification over and over, but not necessarily because they suffered from negative family dynamics as children. Rather, they simply cannot get enough. The parental praise and strong encouragement that might reinforce a sense of security for most boys and young men may instead have added rocket fuel to Donald Trump’s hot ambitions. Ever since grade school, Trump has wanted to be No. 1. Attending New York Military Academy for high school, he was relatively popular among his peers and with the faculty, but he did not have any close confidants. As both a coach and an admiring classmate recall in The Trumps, Donald stood out for being the most competitive young man in a very competitive environment. His need to excel—to be the best athlete in school, for example, and to chart out the most ambitious future career—may have crowded out intense friendships by making it impossible for him to show the kind of weakness and vulnerability that true intimacy typically requires. Whereas you might think that narcissism would be part of the job description for anybody aspiring to become the chief executive of the United States, American presidents appear to have varied widely on this psychological construct. In a 2013 Psychological Science research article, behavioral scientists ranked U.S. presidents on characteristics of what the authors called “grandiose narcissism.” Lyndon Johnson scored the highest, followed closely by Teddy Roosevelt and Andrew Jackson. Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Nixon, and Clinton were next. Millard Fillmore ranked the lowest. Correlating these ranks with objective indices of presidential performance, the researchers found that narcissism in presidents is something of a double-edged sword. On the positive side, grandiose narcissism is associated with initiating legislation, public persuasiveness, agenda setting, and historians’ ratings of “greatness.” On the negative side, it is also associated with unethical behavior and congressional impeachment resolutions. In business, government, sports, and many other arenas, people will put up with a great deal of self-serving and obnoxious behavior on the part of narcissists as long as the narcissists continually perform at high levels. Steve Jobs was, in my opinion, every bit Trump’s equal when it comes to grandiose narcissism. He heaped abuse on colleagues, subordinates, and friends; cried, at age 27, when he learned that Time magazine had not chosen him to be Man of the Year; and got upset when he received a congratulatory phone call, following the iPad’s introduction in 2010, from President Obama’s chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, rather than the president himself. Unlike Trump, he basically ignored his kids, to the point of refusing to acknowledge for some time that one of them was his. Psychological research demonstrates that many narcissists come across as charming, witty, and charismatic upon initial acquaintance. They can attain high levels of popularity and esteem in the short term. As long as they prove to be successful and brilliant—like Steve Jobs—they may be able to weather criticism and retain their exalted status. But more often than not, narcissists wear out their welcome. Over time, people become annoyed, if not infuriated, by their self-centeredness. When narcissists begin to disappoint those whom they once dazzled, their descent can be especially precipitous. There is still truth today in the ancient proverb: Pride goeth before the fall. IV. His Self-Conception The president of the United States is more than a chief executive. He (or she) is also a symbol, for the nation and for the world, of what it means to be an American. Much of the president’s power to represent and to inspire comes from narrative. It is largely through the stories he tells or personifies, and through the stories told about him, that a president exerts moral force and fashions a nation-defining legacy. Like all of us, presidents create in their minds personal life stories—or what psychologists call narrative identities—to explain how they came to be who they are. This process is often unconscious, involving the selective reinterpretation of the past and imagination of the future. A growing body of research in personality, developmental, and social psychology demonstrates that a life story provides adults with a sense of coherence, purpose, and continuity over time. Presidents’ narratives about themselves can also color their view of national identity, and influence their understanding of national priorities and progress. In middle age, George W. Bush formulated a life story that traced the transformation of a drunken ne’er-do-well into a self-regulated man of God. Key events in the story were his decision to marry a steady librarian at age 31, his conversion to evangelical Christianity in his late 30s, and his giving up alcohol forever the day after his 40th birthday party. By atoning for his sins and breaking his addiction, Bush was able to recover the feeling of control and freedom that he had enjoyed as a young boy growing up in Midland, Texas. Extending his narrative to the story of his country, Bush believed that American society could recapture the wholesome family values and small-town decency of yesteryear, by embracing a brand of compassionate conservatism. On the international front, he believed that oppressed people everywhere could enjoy the same kind of God-given rights—self-determination and freedom—if they could be emancipated from their oppressors. His redemptive story helped him justify, for better and for worse, a foreign war aimed at overthrowing a tyrant. In Dreams From My Father, Barack Obama told his own redemptive life story, tracking a move from enslavement to liberation. Obama, of course, did not directly experience the horrors of slavery or the indignities of Jim Crow discrimination. But he imagined himself as the heir to that legacy, the Joshua to the Moses of Martin Luther King Jr. and other past advocates for human rights who had cleared a path for him. His story was a progressive narrative of ascent that mirrored the nation’s march toward equality and freedom—the long arc of history that bends toward justice, as King described it. Obama had already identified himself as a protagonist in this grand narrative by the time he married Michelle Robinson, at age 31. What about Donald Trump? What is the narrative he has constructed in his own mind about how he came to be the person he is today? And can we find inspiration there for a compelling American story? Our narrative identities typically begin with our earliest memories of childhood. Rather than faithful reenactments of the past as it actually was, these distant memories are more like mythic renderings of what we imagine the world to have been. Bush’s earliest recollections were about innocence, freedom, and good times growing up on the West Texas plains. For Obama, there is a sense of wonder but also confusion about his place in the world. Donald Trump grew up in a wealthy 1950s family with a mother who was devoted to the children and a father who was devoted to work. Parked in front of their mansion in Jamaica Estates, Queens, was a Cadillac for him and a Rolls-Royce for her. All five Trump children—Donald was the fourth—enjoyed a family environment in which their parents loved them and loved each other. And yet the first chapter in Donald Trump’s story, as he tells it today, expresses nothing like Bush’s gentle nostalgia or Obama’s curiosity. Instead, it is saturated with a sense of danger and a need for toughness: The world cannot be trusted. Fred Trump made a fortune building, owning, and managing apartment complexes in Queens and Brooklyn. On weekends, he would occasionally take one or two of his children along to inspect buildings. “He would drag me around with him while he collected small rents in tough sections of Brooklyn,” Donald recalls in Crippled America. “It’s not fun being a landlord. You have to be tough.” On one such trip, Donald asked Fred why he always stood to the side of the tenant’s door after ringing the bell. “Because sometimes they shoot right through the door,” his father replied. While Fred’s response may have been an exaggeration, it reflected his worldview. He trained his sons to be tough competitors, because his own experience taught him that if you were not vigilant and fierce, you would never survive in business. His lessons in toughness dovetailed with Donald’s inborn aggressive temperament. “Growing up in Queens, I was a pretty tough kid,” Trump writes. “I wanted to be the toughest kid in the neighborhood.” Fred applauded Donald’s toughness and encouraged him to be a “killer,” but he was not too keen about the prospects of juvenile delinquency. His decision to send his 13-year-old son off to military school, so as to alloy aggression with discipline, followed Donald’s trip on the subway into Manhattan, with a friend, to purchase switchblades. As Trump tells it decades later, New York Military Academy was “a tough, tough place. There were ex–drill sergeants all over the place.” The instructors “used to beat the shit out of you; those guys were rough.” Military school reinforced the strong work ethic and sense of discipline Trump had learned from his father. And it taught him how to deal with aggressive men, like his intimidating baseball coach, Theodore Dobias: Trump has never forgotten the lesson he learned from his father and from his teachers at the academy: The world is a dangerous place. You have to be ready to fight. The same lesson was reinforced in the greatest tragedy that Trump has heretofore known—the death of his older brother at age 43. Freddy Trump was never able to thrive in the competitive environment that his father created. Described by Blair in The Trumps as “too much the sweet lightweight, a mawkish but lovable loser,” Freddy failed to impress his father in the family business and eventually became an airline pilot. Alcoholism contributed to his early death. Donald, who doesn’t drink, loved his brother and grieved when he died. “Freddy just wasn’t a killer,” he concluded. In Trump’s own words from a 1981 People interview, the fundamental backdrop for his life narrative is this: “Man is the most vicious of all animals, and life is a series of battles ending in victory or defeat.” The protagonist of this story is akin to what the great 20th-century scholar and psychoanalyst Carl Jung identified in myth and folklore as the archetypal warrior. According to Jung, the warrior’s greatest gifts are courage, discipline, and skill; his central life task is to fight for what matters; his typical response to a problem is to slay it or otherwise defeat it; his greatest fear is weakness or impotence. The greatest risk for the warrior is that he incites gratuitous violence in others, and brings it upon himself. Trump loves boxing and football, and once owned a professional football team. In the opening segment of The Apprentice, he welcomes the television audience to a brutal Darwinian world: The story here is not so much about making money. As Trump has written, “money was never a big motivation for me, except as a way to keep score.” The story instead is about coming out on top. As president, Donald Trump promises, he would make America great again. In Crippled America, he says that a first step toward victory is building up the armed forces: “Everything begins with a strong military. Everything.” The enemies facing the United States are more terrifying than those the hero has confronted in Queens and Manhattan. “There has never been a more dangerous time,” Trump says. Members of isis “are medieval barbarians” who must be pursued “relentlessly wherever they are, without stopping, until every one of them is dead.” Less frightening but no less belligerent are our economic competitors, like the Chinese. They keep beating us. We have to beat them. Economic victory is one thing; starting and winning real wars is quite another. In some ways, Trump appears to be less prone to military action than certain other candidates. He has strongly criticized George W. Bush’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003, and has cautioned against sending American troops to Syria. That said, I believe there is good reason to fear Trump’s incendiary language regarding America’s enemies. David Winter, a psychologist at the University of Michigan, analyzed U.S. presidential inaugural addresses and found that those presidents who laced their speeches with power-oriented, aggressive imagery were more likely than those who didn’t to lead the country into war. The rhetoric that Trump uses to characterize both his own life story and his attitudes toward America’s foes is certainly aggressive. And, as noted, his extroversion and narcissism suggest a willingness to take big risks—actions that history will remember. Tough talk can sometimes prevent armed conflict, as when a potential adversary steps down in fear. But belligerent language may also incite nationalistic anger among Trump’s supporters, and provoke the rival nations at whom Trump takes aim. Across the world’s cultures, warrior narratives have traditionally been about and for young men. But Trump has kept this same kind of story going throughout his life. Even now, as he approaches the age of 70, he is still the warrior. Going back to ancient times, victorious young combatants enjoyed the spoils of war—material bounty, beautiful women. Trump has always been a big winner there. His life story in full tracks his strategic maneuvering in the 1970s, his spectacular victories (the Grand Hyatt Hotel, Trump Tower) in the 1980s, his defeats in the early 1990s, his comeback later in that same decade, and the expansion of his brand and celebrity ever since. Throughout it all, he has remained the ferocious combatant who fights to win. But what broader purpose does winning the battle serve? What higher prize will victory secure? Here the story seems to go mute. You can listen all day to footage of Donald Trump on the campaign trail, you can read his books, you can watch his interviews—and you will rarely, if ever, witness his stepping back from the fray, coming home from the battlefront, to reflect upon the purpose of fighting to win—whether it is winning in his own life, or winning for America. Trump’s persona as a warrior may inspire some Americans to believe that he will indeed be able to make America great again, whatever that may mean. But his narrative seems thematically underdeveloped compared with those lived and projected by previous presidents, and by his competitors. Although his candidacy never caught fire, Marco Rubio told an inspiring story of upward mobility in the context of immigration and ethnic pluralism. Ted Cruz boasts his own Horatio Alger narrative, ideologically grounded in a profoundly conservative vision for America. The story of Hillary Clinton’s life journey, from Goldwater girl to secretary of state, speaks to women’s progress—her election as president would be historic. Bernie Sanders channels a narrative of progressive liberal politics that Democrats trace back to the 1960s, reflected both in his biography and in his policy positions. To be sure, all of these candidates are fighters who want to win, and all want to make America great (again). But their life stories tell Americans what they may be fighting for, and what winning might mean. Victories have given Trump’s life clarity and purpose. And he must relish the prospect of another big win, as the potential GOP nominee. But what principles for governing can be drawn from a narrative such as his? What guidance can such a story provide after the election, once the more nebulous challenge of actually being the president of the United States begins? Donald Trump’s story—of himself and of America—tells us very little about what he might do as president, what philosophy of governing he might follow, what agenda he might lay out for the nation and the world, where he might direct his energy and anger. More important, Donald Trump’s story tells him very little about these same things. Nearly two centuries ago, President Andrew Jackson displayed many of the same psychological characteristics we see in Donald Trump—the extroversion and social dominance, the volatile temper, the shades of narcissism, the populist authoritarian appeal. Jackson was, and remains, a controversial figure in American history. Nonetheless, it appears that Thomas Jefferson had it wrong when he characterized Jackson as completely unfit to be president, a dangerous man who choked on his own rage. In fact, Jackson’s considerable success in dramatically expanding the power of the presidency lay partly in his ability to regulate his anger and use it strategically to promote his agenda. What’s more, Jackson personified a narrative that inspired large parts of America and informed his presidential agenda. His life story appealed to the common man because Jackson himself was a common man—one who rose from abject poverty and privation to the most exalted political position in the land. Amid the early rumblings of Southern secession, Jackson mobilized Americans to believe in and work hard for the Union. The populism that his detractors feared would lead to mob rule instead connected common Americans to a higher calling—a sovereign unity of states committed to democracy. The Frenchman Michel Chevalier, a witness to American life in the 1830s, wrote that the throngs of everyday people who admired Jackson and found sustenance and substance for their own life story in his “belong to history, they partake of the grand; they are the episodes of a wondrous epic which will bequeath a lasting memory to posterity, that of the coming of democracy.” Who, really, is Donald Trump? What’s behind the actor’s mask? I can discern little more than narcissistic motivations and a complementary personal narrative about winning at any cost. It is as if Trump has invested so much of himself in developing and refining his socially dominant role that he has nothing left over to create a meaningful story for his life, or for the nation. It is always Donald Trump playing Donald Trump, fighting to win, but never knowing why. Related Video
3199	dbpedia	2	72	https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/scotland-on-the-trail-of-clan-donald/TU6RIDI7BUQ7B5SULGEYQZPAAE/	en	Scotland: On the trail of Clan Donald	https://www.nzherald.co.…ty=70&smart=true	https://www.nzherald.co.…ty=70&smart=true	[ "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/pf/resources/logos/default.svg?d=805", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/SJGSCHUICQAQ2TTMEZZ7C57ZMU.jpg?auth=ed797c781618e4735dea8b4919a0338d7d6313c6a70619e7ef2f84c8e55a6560&width=16&height=19&quality=70&smart=true", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/BQKOLO7XW2ZH7Y6G2GDJ2LYJRY.jpg?auth=3bda7558b0034b40945693d25efdaf0c7d43f7d9ed7fcc5c1599a530bb147e61&width=16&height=12&quality=70&smart=true", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/53FZX6HKAMZWECWDIDCM2V7GCE.jpg?auth=8c05d07c642f168d7695ac8434ae8c96f758d607bbf7d18127f98e11d41ec212&width=16&height=19&quality=70&smart=true", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/OQUKXIA4YFY4K24SOFE46GMKXU.jpg?auth=8857463c3990c316b50faa564563407050cbba2b7d912f7aa60a809ea8b4d706&width=16&height=11&quality=70&smart=true", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/LURHMYUNRNE6NIA75G4RXUJL4M.jpg?auth=0c5cd75fcf5ee13fc5b15c01be8d7bed83bca93a63096da123d14a7970634b83&width=300&height=169&quality=70&smart=true 320w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/LURHMYUNRNE6NIA75G4RXUJL4M.jpg?auth=0c5cd75fcf5ee13fc5b15c01be8d7bed83bca93a63096da123d14a7970634b83&width=576&height=324&quality=70&smart=true 576w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/LURHMYUNRNE6NIA75G4RXUJL4M.jpg?auth=0c5cd75fcf5ee13fc5b15c01be8d7bed83bca93a63096da123d14a7970634b83&width=620&height=349&quality=70&smart=true 768w", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/5J5G2OKAIJDLDHNQQLOY3G53RU.jpg?auth=f56730de409403accce99c961979deecd1872865c01362d2fb8da42d1ea8c559&width=300&height=169&quality=70&smart=true 320w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/5J5G2OKAIJDLDHNQQLOY3G53RU.jpg?auth=f56730de409403accce99c961979deecd1872865c01362d2fb8da42d1ea8c559&width=576&height=324&quality=70&smart=true 576w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/5J5G2OKAIJDLDHNQQLOY3G53RU.jpg?auth=f56730de409403accce99c961979deecd1872865c01362d2fb8da42d1ea8c559&width=620&height=349&quality=70&smart=true 768w", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/R7WBYUAPLNHVTJUYZE5KYBJ4FA.jpeg?auth=46807341d87f7441ebf651d1e534fdd12dd32f3199c6559658f5af4a20261850&width=300&height=169&quality=70&smart=true 320w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/R7WBYUAPLNHVTJUYZE5KYBJ4FA.jpeg?auth=46807341d87f7441ebf651d1e534fdd12dd32f3199c6559658f5af4a20261850&width=576&height=324&quality=70&smart=true 576w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/R7WBYUAPLNHVTJUYZE5KYBJ4FA.jpeg?auth=46807341d87f7441ebf651d1e534fdd12dd32f3199c6559658f5af4a20261850&width=620&height=349&quality=70&smart=true 768w", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/HZPCGXWPB5GL3J7UTCHWCWCVRM.jpg?auth=fde52cd780dfa67d7638d97ca59e423f4e65d425ecf12535263349314ac4e3ef&width=300&height=169&quality=70&focal=2595%2C1620&smart=false 320w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/HZPCGXWPB5GL3J7UTCHWCWCVRM.jpg?auth=fde52cd780dfa67d7638d97ca59e423f4e65d425ecf12535263349314ac4e3ef&width=576&height=324&quality=70&focal=2595%2C1620&smart=false 576w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/HZPCGXWPB5GL3J7UTCHWCWCVRM.jpg?auth=fde52cd780dfa67d7638d97ca59e423f4e65d425ecf12535263349314ac4e3ef&width=620&height=349&quality=70&focal=2595%2C1620&smart=false 768w", "https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/BPX4VND6ZBACFFOVII4KHI2G3Y.png?auth=2bda08d851890af19d9b508de01391602fa93ee1028df04d8c10a23695505cad&width=300&height=169&quality=70&focal=677%2C482&smart=false 320w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/BPX4VND6ZBACFFOVII4KHI2G3Y.png?auth=2bda08d851890af19d9b508de01391602fa93ee1028df04d8c10a23695505cad&width=576&height=324&quality=70&focal=677%2C482&smart=false 576w,https://www.nzherald.co.nz/resizer/v2/BPX4VND6ZBACFFOVII4KHI2G3Y.png?auth=2bda08d851890af19d9b508de01391602fa93ee1028df04d8c10a23695505cad&width=620&height=349&quality=70&focal=677%2C482&smart=false 768w" ]	[]	[]	[ "scotland", "on", "the", "trail", "of", "clan", "donald", "fifthgeneration", "kiwi", "family", "carries", "name", "scotlands", "greatest", "generations", "exiles", "clue", "handwritten", "line", "bible", "where", "greatgreat", "grandfather", "came", "from", "what", "story", "was" ]	null	[]	2014-09-15T22:30:00+00:00	I'm a fifth-generation Kiwi. My family carries the name of Scotland's greatest clan. But no one in generations of exiles has a clue - bar one handwritten...	en	/pf/resources/images/favicons/favicon.ico?d=805	NZ Herald	https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/scotland-on-the-trail-of-clan-donald/TU6RIDI7BUQ7B5SULGEYQZPAAE/	Two hundred and five years after the man who gave me my surname may have been born in Scotland, I land in Glasgow. I'm a poster-child for Homecoming 2014, where VisitScotland encourages those of Caledonian descent to come "home" and try to find their relatives, see where the family lived. My first port of call is The Mitchell Library, a gracious relic above an unlovely motorway, where an archivist shows me to a computer and gives some lessons in searching the records. I tell him who I'm looking for. "Oh dear," he sighs. "You couldn't have chosen a less common name and given us a few more details?" "It wasn't up to me," I tell him. Two hours later I've narrowed the search: 10 James McDonald births were registered across Scotland in 1809. If I check those against the death records, knock out any who died in Scotland, I can go to the Australian immigration records and look for the men left standing. If Alister McDermott did not exist it would have been necessary for the Scottish Tourist Board to invent him. Nearing 6ft in every direction, wearing kilt and hose and jacket and hat, he will be my guide and chauffeur for a crash tour of my name. The Adams Dome in Register House home of the National Records Office for Scotland in Edinburgh. Photo / Supplied We drive into the mists around Loch Lomond, climb into mountain passes, below glowering peaks. Alister gestures towards a one-lane road and summons Highland mythology of ages past: "That's where they filmed the last James Bond movie. Skyfall is just down there in the glen." We enter a snow-laden, ice-bound, slate-grey, sky-black gash in the earth. "This is where it happened," he gestures. "They woke in the morning, the signal was given, and the soldiers fell upon the men, women, children. It was Friday the 13th of February, 1692. You are here just a few days after the commemoration so this was the weather, those are the sheer granite cliffs where the clansmen ran to get away from the redcoats, and they followed them and cut them down. Not one was to be allowed to live. The clan was to be extirpated - to be wiped out." This is Glencoe: the valley of weeping. Where the Crown decided every man, woman, child, baby should be butchered; their crime was their name. McDonald. Next morning Alister drives me to the home peat of Clan Donald: the Isle of Skye. It is not the clan's historical stronghold; that was offshore islands, Jura and Islay and other great distilleries, the steep glens and lochs of western Scotland, and Ulster. Miles through bracken, stunted heather, windswept shores, beneath the jagged Cuillin mountains, we park in a manicured Victorian estate and walk to a 21st century, interactive sound and light and touchscreen facility, the Museum of the Isles. Maggie McDonald, the archivist, picks up the email I'd sent from New Zealand and smiles, wistfully. "We tried but there's just not enough information. If only you had a mother's name, or a place of birth ..." "So this is where the trail goes cold?" I say, casting an eye over a thousand volumes of McDonald history, emigration, parish records, poetry, myth. Maggie nods. She explains that tracing family history is not quite as simple as genealogy websites make out. You have to assume the parishes - Catholic or Protestant - were assiduous about keeping records. That parishioners could be bothered to go to the local clerk, maybe a 10-mile walk, and pay the half-crown which might have fed the family for six months, to register a birth. You have to expect that the big old parchment books weren't lost in a flood or fire. That the birth was legitimate. In prim copperplate handwriting in The Mitchell Library I have seen the entries: "Katherine, legitimate daughter of ..." There are no illegitimate sons or daughters of. Scottish elevenses: Highland cheeses, oat cakes and single malt on the Isle of Skye. Photo / Ewan McDonald And then there is ... "Have you heard of handfasting?" asks Maggie. "No," I nod. "That was legal in Scotland at the time. A young man went to a young woman's father and made an arrangement to handfast his daughter. It was a form of trial marriage that lasted one year and a day. At the end of that, he could return the woman to her father, no questions asked. "And of course, if there were any children born or on the way ..." And there was no official Hatched Matched and Dispatched in Scotland until 1855. By then, James had christened the last of his five children in Victoria. I make a joke to lighten the disappointment. Maggie brightens. "You're on to something there ..." There is, however, a family connection for Alister. Maggie produces the museum's latest acquisition, a 2m musket known as Gunna Breac, the Speckled Gun, after its chestnut stock. It's held that Alister McDonald, leading the clan at Culloden, gave it to his gillie for safekeeping before charging the enemy lines; he died moments later and was Alister McDermott's five-times great-grandfather. Alister McDermott and Clan Donald archivist Maggie Macdonald on the Isle of Skye, with the gun that belonged to McDermott's five-times great-grandfather, Alister McDonald. Photo / Ewan McDonald Continuing the McDonald trail we drive to Inverness. We stand on a rough, boggy, undulating plain. "Don't let anyone call this Culloden Moor," grumps Alister, who grew up here and played in what was once forest. "It's Drumossie Moor." Culloden. The bloody, misguided 40 minutes that ended 1000 years of the clan way of life, ultimately dispersed its children from Nova Scotia to Invercargill. The romantic myth and disastrous legacy of Prince Charles Edward Stuart. "I've heard a story," I say as we walk past stones that purport to mark the graves of clans slaughtered here, though many are simply notional. Alister nods. "The McDonalds had the right, granted by Robert the Bruce, of standing in the position of honour on the battlefield, at the right hand of the king. But at Culloden they were sent to the far left of the ranks. They would have had to run a mile, across bogs and hillocks, carrying all their gear, to charge the English. They were not happy. They arrived a little late for the action. They spat the dummy, and the Scottish cause was lost." A marker at the Culloden battlefield. Photo / Creative Commons image by Flickr user James Carter Edinburgh. Under its 27m-high dome, the New Register Office's 6.5km of shelving contains half a million volumes recording all the births, deaths and marriages in Scotland since 1855, census records from 1841 to 1901, parish records, one dating from 1553. Many hundreds of visitors will come this year, drawn by the Homecoming 2014 events. Some will crack the mystery of their forebears or five-times grandparents. I play with those 10 names from Glasgow but know I will never find James McDonald. Maybe he was a convict, freed, married an Irishwoman. Or a sailor who jumped ship. Maybe he wasn't James McDonald; he was someone who wanted or needed to change his name. He was 33 when Robert was born; perhaps there was another, earlier family. I recall the conversation with Maggie McDonald on Skye, and my off-hand remark: "I suppose that if I want to find out if I'm a real McDonald, the only way would be to have a DNA test." Her reply: "The American branch of Clan Donald is carrying out an experiment using DNA samples which has been going on for several years and is producing remarkable results. "There are six chiefs of the branches of the clan and every one carries a result that positively traces them back to the legendary founder of the McDonalds, Somerled." It costs US$300 ($366) to be tested and have your DNA logged on the database. Might do it. I have nothing to lose but my name. More articles on travelling to do genealogical research A family history, stitch by stitch A family gathering in Dublin In the footsteps of my ancestors Dreams of kilted grandeur The Shetland connection Tale of Oma and Opa bridges generation gap Return to the Eagles' nest A picturesque beginning in Eling CHECKLIST Getting there: Emirates flies daily from Auckland to Dubai and on to Scotland. Further information: It's a big year for Scotland: the vote on independence, Glasgow Commonwealth Games, Ryder Cup golf and Homecoming 2014, a year's events and activities in food & drink, the outdoors, arts, cultural and ancestral heritage. See VisitScotland for more details. See also: glasgowlife.org.uk, scotlandspeoplehub.gov.uk and clandonald.com.
3199	dbpedia	0	84	https://www.houseofnames.com/donald-family-crest	en	Donald Name Meaning, Family History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms	https://www.houseofnames…coat-of-arms.png	https://www.houseofnames…coat-of-arms.png	[ "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/logo/logo.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/logo/logo.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/contents.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/scottish.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/irish.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/DONALD/SC/Donald/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/rating4_5.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/irish.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/us.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/ca.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/oc.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/img/flags/nz.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/facebook-likes.webp", "https://www.houseofnames.com/dpreview/DONALD/SC/Donald/family-crest-coat-of-arms.png", "https://www.houseofnames.com/cdn/webp/i/rating4_5.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	View the Donald surname, family crest and coat of arms. Discover the Donald family history for the Scottish Origin. What is the origin of the name Donald?	en	/cdn/img/apple-touch-icon.png	HouseOfNames	https://www.houseofnames.com/donald-family-crest	Donald History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms Origins Available: Scotland Ireland The Donald family history stretches back to the clans of the Dalriadan kingdom on the sea-swept Hebrides islands and mountainous western coast of Scotland. The name Donald is derived from a powerful ruler. The name Donald is derived from the Gaelic name Domhnull, or MacDhomhnuill, and the Celtic name Dubnovalos, all of which mean "world ruler" or "world-mighty". The name ranks second only to John in its popularity as a personal name in Scotland. Loading... Early Origins of the Donald family The surname Donald was first found in Galloway (Gaelic: Gall-ghaidhealaibh), an area of southwestern Scotland, now part of the Council Area of Dumfries and Galloway, that formerly consisted of the counties of Wigtown (West Galloway) and Kirkcudbright (East Galloway), where they held a family seat from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066 A.D. Loading... Early History of the Donald family This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Donald research. Another 167 words (12 lines of text) covering the years 1575, 1620, 1703, 1713, 1780 and 1890 are included under the topic Early Donald History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Loading... Donald Spelling Variations Spelling in the medieval era was a highly imprecise process. Translation, particularly from Gaelic to English, was little better. For these reasons, early Scottish names are rife with spelling variations. In various documents Donald has been spelled Donald, Donaldson, Doneld, Donnald, Donnaldson and others. Loading... Early Notables of the Donald family Notable amongst the Clan from early times was Adam Donald (1703-1780), called 'the prophet of Bethelnie,' born at the hamlet of that name, twenty miles north of Aberdeen, in 1703. " Notwithstanding his extraordinary stature and build, which cause... James Donaldson (fl. 1713), was a Scottish miscellaneous writer, a native of Scotland, was a gentleman in straitened circumstances who sought to obtain patronage by the publication of various pieces i... Walter Donaldson (fl. 1620), was a Scottish philosophical writer, a native of Aberdeen, born about 1575. His father, Alexander Donaldson, is described as an esquire; his mother was Elizabeth, the daug... Donald World Ranking In the United States, the name Donald is the 2,477th most popular surname with an estimated 12,435 people with that name. 1 However, in Australia, the name Donald is ranked the 898th most popular surname with an estimated 4,369 people with that name. 2 And in New Zealand, the name Donald is the 379th popular surname with an estimated 1,697 people with that name. 3 The United Kingdom ranks Donald as 919th with 7,498 people. 4 Migration of the Donald family to Ireland Some of the Donald family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 90 words (6 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Loading... Donald migration to the United States + Settlers from Scotland put down roots in communities all along the east coast of North America. Some moved north from the American colonies to Canada as United Empire Loyalists during the American War of Independence. As Clan societies and highland games started in North America in the 20th century many Scots rediscovered parts of their heritage. Early North American records indicate many people bearing the name Donald were among those contributors: Donald Settlers in United States in the 18th Century Mary Donald, who settled in Pennsylvania in 1773 along with David, and Nash Alexander Donald, aged 37, who landed in New York in 1775 5 Alexander Donald who settled in Georgia in 1775 Robert Donald, who arrived in Virginia in 1775 5 Cornelius Donald, who settled in Maryland in 1776 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Donald Settlers in United States in the 19th Century James Donald, who arrived in New York, NY in 1803 5 Nash Donald, aged 26, who arrived in Delaware in 1803 5 Michael Donald, who arrived in New York, NY in 1811 5 Barney Donald, who landed in New York, NY in 1811 5 Eleanor Donald, who arrived in New York, NY in 1811 5 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Donald migration to Canada + Some of the first settlers of this family name were: Donald Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century Miss. Elizabeth Donalds U.E. who settled in St. John River, New Brunswick c. 1784 listed as a passenger aboard the ship "Cyrus", picked up on August 21, 1783 at New York was a child but more than 10 years of age 6 Mr. John Donalds U.E. who settled in St. John River, New Brunswick c. 1784 listed as a passenger aboard the ship "Cyrus", picked up on August 21, 1783 at New York was a child but more than 10 years of age 6 Donald Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century Thomas Donald, aged 19, a labourer, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Ambassador" in 1834 Miss. Mary Donald, aged 2 who was emigrating through Grosse Isle Quarantine Station, Quebec aboard the ship "Sarah" departing 29th May 1847 from Liverpool, England; the ship arrived on 19th July 1847 but she died on board 7 Miss. Mary Donald, aged 8 who was emigrating through Grosse Isle Quarantine Station, Quebec aboard the ship "Eliza Caroline" departing 3rd May 1847 from Liverpool, England; the ship arrived on 14th June 1847 but she died on board 7 Donald migration to Australia + Emigration to Australia followed the First Fleets of convicts, tradespeople and early settlers. Early immigrants include: Donald Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century Mr. William Donald, English convict who was convicted in Surrey, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Fanny" on 25th August 1815, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 8 James Donald, a stone-mason, who arrived in New South Wales, Australia sometime between 1825 and 1832 Mr. Alexander Donald, Scottish convict who was convicted in Glasgow, Scotland for 14 years, transported aboard the "Exmouth" on 3rd March 1831, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 9 Mr. Edward Donald, English convict who was convicted in London, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Egyptian" on 5th April 1839, arriving in Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) 10 Miss Janet Donald, (McKechnie) who was convicted in Glasgow, Scotland for 7 years, transported aboard the "Cadet" on 4th September 1847, arriving in Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) 11 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Donald migration to New Zealand + Emigration to New Zealand followed in the footsteps of the European explorers, such as Captain Cook (1769-70): first came sealers, whalers, missionaries, and traders. By 1838, the British New Zealand Company had begun buying land from the Maori tribes, and selling it to settlers, and, after the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, many British families set out on the arduous six month journey from Britain to Aotearoa to start a new life. Early immigrants include: Donald Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century Robert Donald, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1840 William Donald, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1840 William Hodgson Donald, who landed in Manaia, New Zealand in 1842 aboard the ship "George Fife" S Donald, who landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1842 Mr. Donald, British settler travelling from London aboard the ship "George Fyffe" arriving in Wellington, New Zealand on 7th November 1842 12 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Contemporary Notables of the name Donald (post 1700) + William Alexander "Willie" Donald (1953-2022), Scottish cricketer and administrator who played for the Scotland national cricket team in 8 first-class and 32 List A matches, President of Aberdeenshire Cricket Club from 2019 James Donald (1917-1993), Scottish actor Ian Donald (1910-1987), Scottish physician who pioneered the use of diagnostic ultrasound in medicine Aaron Charles Donald (b. 1991), American football defensive tackle for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League Mrs. Patricia Louise Donald M.B.E., British chairperson of South West Age Partnership (SWAP), was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire on 29th December 2018 for services to Older People in Northern Ireland 13 Haddon Vivian Donald DSO, MC, ED (1917-2018), New Zealand soldier, businessman and politician, at the time of his death, was the highest-ranking New Zealand army officer of World War II living Chris Donald (b. 1960), founder of the British comic magazine Viz Warren Donald (b. 1964), English-born footballer Mitchell Donald (b. 1988), Dutch footballer Jason Thomas Donald (b. 1984), Olympian for the United States and a Major League Baseball shortstop ... (Another 4 notables are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Historic Events for the Donald family + HMS Hood Mr. James H Donald (b. 1923), Scottish Boy 1st Class serving for the Royal Navy from Dundee, Angus, Scotland, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 14 RMS Lusitania Mr. Archibald Douglas Donald, Canadian 2nd Class passenger residing in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, who sailed aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and survived the sinking by escaping in a collapsible 15 USS Indianapolis Lyle Herbert Donald, American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he was one of the many who were killed in the sinking due to exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning and shark attacks 16 Related Stories + The Donald Motto + The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto. Motto: Per mare, per terras Motto Translation: By sea, by land. Citations + "What are the 5,000 Most Common Last Names in the U.S.?". NameCensus.com, https://namecensus.com/last-names/ "Most Common Last Names in Australia." Forebears, https://forebears.io/australia/surnames "Most Common Last Names in New Zealand." Forebears, https://forebears.io/new-zealand/surnames "UK surname ranking." UK Surname map, https://www.surnamemap.eu/unitedkingdom/surnames_ranking.php?p=10 Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8) Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X Charbonneau, André, and Doris Drolet-Dubé. A Register of Deceased Persons at Sea and on Grosse Île in 1847. The Minister of Canadian Heritage, 1997. ISBN: 0-660-198/1-1997E (p. 73) Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 28th September 2022). https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/fairlie Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 25th May 2022). https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/exmouth Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 26th January 2022). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/egyptian Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 17th November 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/cadet/ New Zealand Yesteryears Passenger Lists 1800 to 1900 (Retrieved 17th October 2018). Retrieved from http://www.yesteryears.co.nz/shipping/passlist.html "Birthday and New Year Honours Lists (1940 to 2019)." Issue 62507, 28 December 2018 \| London Gazette, The Gazette, Dec. 2018, www.thegazette.co.uk/honours-lists H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Rolls of Honour, Men Lost in the Sinking of H.M.S. Hood, 24th May 1941. (Retrieved 2016, July 15) . Retrieved from http://www.hmshood.com/crew/memorial/roh_24may41.htm Lusitania Passenger List - The Lusitania Resource. (Retrieved 2014, March 7) . Retrieved from http://www.rmslusitania.info/lusitania-passenger-list/ Final Crew List, retrieved 2021, October 30th Retrieved from https://www.ussindianapolis.com/final-crew
3199	dbpedia	1	27	https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/james-donald-104994	en	James Donald – Broadway Cast & Staff	https://s.ibdb.com/favicon.ico	https://s.ibdb.com/favicon.ico	[ "https://s.ibdb.com/Images/ibdb_logo_full.png", "https://s.ibdb.com/Images/ibdb_logo_white.png", "https://s.ibdb.com/Images/stub/people.svg", "https://s.ibdb.com/Images/ibdb_logo_full.png", "https://s.ibdb.com/Images/logo-league.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "The Broadway League" ]	null	James Donald is credited as Performer.	en	https://s.ibdb.com/favicon.ico		null
3199	dbpedia	2	25	https://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/dobie-james-donald-don-18343	en	James Donald (Don) Dobie			[ "https://oa.anu.edu.au/uploads/obituaries/18343/thumbs/dobie_246x550.gif", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/site/pa/siteIcon.jpg", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/site/adb/siteIcon.jpg", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/site/oa/siteIcon.jpg", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/site/adb/siteIcon.jpg", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/uploads/obituaries/18343/thumbs/dobie_246x550.gif", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/down_arrow.png", "https://oa.anu.edu.au/images/down_arrow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/images/site/oa/favicon.ico		null	condolence motion I move: That the House expresses its deep regret at the death on Monday, 25 November 1996 of the Hon. James Donald (Don) Mathieson Dobie, a member of this House for the division of Hughes from 1966 to 1969, and for the division of Cook from 1969 to 1972 and 1975 to 1996, Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister from 1971 to 1972, Deputy Chairman of Committees from 1970 to 1971, 1979 to 1983 and 1987 to 1994 and member of the Speaker's Panel from 1994 to 1996 and places on record its appreciation of his long and meritorious service and its profound sadness at his passing. Mr Speaker, Don Dobie was born on 28 July 1927 at Glasgow in Scotland. He was educated at Brisbane Grammar School and went on to complete a Bachelor of Commerce degree at Melbourne University and a Master of Business Administration degree at Columbia University in New York. Before entering federal politics, Don worked for the old Bank of New South Wales from 1943 to 1966. He also served with the 2nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery (Citizen Military Forces) with the rank of gunner between 1951 and 1952. He became a member of the House of Representatives in 1966. I recall having served on his preselection committee, and I can honestly say that I voted for him in the preselection ballot. Mr Melham—Did you show it to anyone? Mr Howard—No, there were no deals involved. He won the New South Wales seat of Hughes, defeating the former member for that seat, Les Johnson, who subsequently, I think, returned to parliament. In his maiden speech in this House in February 1967, he placed on record his total commitment to the welfare of his constituents and spoke on a range of issues, including housing finance for young Australians, education and the need to ensure quality of teaching, services for the disabled, and the importance of international trade for Australia's economic future. Don Dobie was Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister, Mr Bill McMahon, from 1971 to 1972. He was Deputy Chairman of Committees from 1970 to 1971 and 1979 to 1983, Chief Opposition Whip from 1983 to 1985 and a member of the Speaker's Panel from 1994 to 1996. During his long service in this parliament, Don also contributed greatly to the work of House of Representatives committees, including the Committee on the Environment, Recreation and the Arts, the House Committee, the Privileges Committee, the Long Term Strategies Committee, the Community Affairs Committee and the Members' Interests Committee. He also served on a number of joint committees, including Foreign Affairs and Defence, the Australian Capital Territory, the New Parliament House, the Parliamentary Zone, and Public Accounts. When a member dies who has recently been with us and therefore was personally known to a large number of people in this House, it is always a little bit different from when one dies who left the parliament a long time ago and may not be personally known to many people. I knew Don for a very long period. As I say, I sat on his preselection committee as the then Liberal Party state executive member representing the St George and Cronulla area of Sydney. I went to his original campaign launch in 1966, which, of course, was the election when Harold Holt led the coalition parties to victory over the Labor Party led for the last time by Arthur Calwell. Don was a great local member. He had a special affinity with the surf lifesaving movement. He had a very deep connection with the Cronulla Leagues Club. I know many people in that part of Sydney who were very respecting of his work as a local member. He was one of the most unfailingly conscientious local members that you could ever find. No matter what was happening in the electorate of Cook, which he was later to represent, Don would know about it and he would be there. He became a legend so far as local representation was concerned. I think it is fair to say that, although some of the demographic changes in that part of Sydney would have aided the Liberal Party side of politics, it is also fair to say that Don did build up a significant personal following. All of us are prone to exaggerate the extent of our personal followings and we can all produce some statistics to prove that somehow or other, if it had not been for our outstandingly stunning personalities, there would have been a 10 per cent swing in favour of the other side and the seat would have been lost years ago and, if it was not for a brilliant understanding of the electorate, then it would have been a Labor Party stronghold. Many of those stories, of course, are entirely without any merit and completely fallacious on both sides of politics. When a huge swing comes along, it sweeps out the good with the bad and the indifferent. Many people on our side of politics discovered that in 1983 and many on the other side discovered that only seven or eight months ago. Don Dobie did have a following. He had a following because he identified himself with the electorate. Cronulla causes were Dobie causes, and I think he was in that sense a quintessential local member. I know there are many people in the Liberal Party who will want to say something about Don's contribution not only to the Liberal Party but also to the parliament. Don was one of those characters who lost their seats in 1972 when Gough Whitlam was elected. He was defeated by Ray Thorburn in 1972. I scrutineered the very close count and watched with dismay as Don's tenuous overnight lead of about 45 slipped away and Ray ended up having a win which, if not huge, was comfortable enough. Don then came back in 1975 and remained a member right through. He survived the swing against the Liberal Party in 1983 which elected the Hawke government and he con tinued to hold his seat with significantly increased majorities in 1987 and 1990. The result he achieved in 1990 was probably, in relative terms, the best result achieved by any Liberal member in New South Wales in what was for us not a particularly good election—we lost; those elections are never particularly good. Don had many friends, not only in the parliamentary party. In different guises, he and I shared membership of the New South Wales executive of the party over a very long period of time—Don as a parliamentary representative, me as a regional president before I entered parliament in 1974; he as an elected member from the convention of the New South Wales party subsequently and me as party leader and, ultimately, as Prime Minister. Together we attended a couple of meetings of the New South Wales executive subsequent to the election. I will miss Don. I regret very much that, because of the government's program this morning, I was not able to attend his state funeral at the Cronulla Presbyterian Church. I was represented by my colleague Philip Ruddock. I know that many of Don's former colleagues were there. He was a cheerful soul. He was a good parliamentarian. He was a good Presbyterian. He retained a lot of that stoicism of his Scottish birthplace. I know he was very devoted to his late mother, whom I had the pleasure of meeting on many occasions. I remember very vividly greeting Don by accident at Sydney airport during the 1984 election campaign. He was hurrying off to, I think, the Gold Coast where his mother lived at the time. He had just received news of her death. Not surprisingly, he was very greatly distressed. His mother was a very active member of the Liberal Party in Queensland. So for all of those reasons and many others, he will be very greatly missed. I thank him for his service to the people of Hughes and Cook, his service to the Liberal Party and, most importantly, his service to Australia as a member of the national parliament.
3199	dbpedia	1	70	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/dr-james-donald-robertson	en	Dr James Donald Robertson	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo.svg", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo.svg", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/team_member/public/2019-09/LOTF-Robertson.png?h=038a9462&itok=4xCYTHJ2", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of Dr James Donald Robertson	en	/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	The Royal College of Anaesthetists	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/dr-james-donald-robertson	Education and qualifications Professional life and career Postgraduate career After qualifying JDR was house physician and surgeon at Edinburgh’s Royal Hospital for Sick Children before serving with the RAMC as a specialist anaesthetist in West Africa, the Middle East and Europe, ending the war as a Major. Demobilised, he was sequentially (1946-52) resident anaesthetist, medical registrar and senior registrar in anaesthetics in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, before obtaining an MRC research fellowship to work in the University physiology department (1952-4). Appointed a consultant in the Royal in 1955, he became director of the department in succession to Dr John Gillies in 1960, was awarded a personal Chair in 1968, and retired in 1982 as Professor Emeritus. Professional interests and activities His early physiological research was on CVS effects of anaesthetics, more specifically the action on baroreceptor function; subsequently he was involved with the major MRC report on the then new agent, halothane. Clinically, he was associated with the pioneer vascular and renal transplant surgeon, Sir Michael Woodruff, and anaesthesia for these procedures became a major interest. At the time that he became head of department, anaesthetists were increasingly involved in managing patients receiving artificial ventilation on general wards, but managing two (or more) patients in different parts of the hospital was stretching resources. Discovering that the small ward for students was empty, JDR ‘annexed’ it, ultimately to create an ICU administered by anaesthetists, an extension in their responsibilities that he guarded zealously. However, his later interest in studying the so-called basal anaesthetic, gamma-OH, puzzles his former trainees still! Possibly his greatest contribution was to education and training. He set up in-service courses and through much diplomacy arranged that most of the registrar posts in Edinburgh were included in a rotation of three month blocks to ensure comprehensive exposure to all sub-specialty practice. The first-time pass rates of Edinburgh trainees proved the worth of these measures, and he spread the word in lecture tours to many parts of the World. Such activities led inevitably to membership of the Board of Faculty (1961-82) and service as a Fellowship examiner (1963-82). He was Vice-Dean of the Faculty (1969-71) and would almost certainly have been elected Dean if ill-health had not intervened. Many honours came his way, notably FRCSEd ad eundam (1964), Scottish Society presidency (1964-5) & Gillies Lecture (1981), Faculty of Anaesthetists Hewitt Lecture (1969) & Gold Medal (1981), and AAGBI Pask Award (1971). In 1989 the Edinburgh & East of Scotland Society established an annual lecture in his memory. Other biographical information War service included landing in Normandy on D-Day plus 10 (in the same Casualty Clearing Station team as his future wife, an RAMC nurse) and entering Belsen concentration camp shortly after its liberation, experiences with a profound effect. He married Evelyn Patricia (Pat) McNaughton in 1945, and they had five sons: Peter (engineer), Iain (prof of architecture), Graeme (particle physicist), Roy (prof of addiction medicine) and Neil (lawyer). They were generous hosts, the annual departmental cocktail party being a tour de force, and he was a formidable competitor on the golf course. Author and Sources Author: Prof Roy Robertson (son)
3199	dbpedia	3	69	https://www.columbiamortuary.com/tributes/James-Roth	en	Tribute for James Donald Roth	https://s3.amazonaws.com…90d1f252dd7..jpg	https://s3.amazonaws.com…90d1f252dd7..jpg	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/csvweb/obitv3/obitbanners/nature/clouds.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Columbia Mortuary" ]	2023-06-19T18:08:50-04:00	Tribute for James Donald Roth \| James “Jim” Donald Roth, age 77, of Columbia Falls, MT passed away June 13, 2023. He was born November 5, 1945, in Milwaukee, WI to the late Donald Louis Roth and Helen Mary Hale. Jim was...	en	//s3.amazonaws.com/csvweb/favicons/10248-favicon.ico	Tribute for James Donald Roth \| Columbia Mortuary	https://www.columbiamortuary.com/tributes/James-Roth	Coping with Grief We would like to offer our sincere support to anyone coping with grief. Enter your email below for our complimentary daily grief messages. Messages run for up to one year and you can stop at any time. Your email will not be used for any other purpose.
3199	dbpedia	2	33	https://www.oldscottish.com/blog/hundreds-of-family-histories-for-free	en	Scottish Genealogy and Family History Research	http://www.oldscottish.com/uploads/1/7/9/5/17958291/9020577.jpg?174	http://www.oldscottish.com/uploads/1/7/9/5/17958291/9020577.jpg?174	[ "https://www.oldscottish.com/uploads/1/7/9/5/17958291/1448577700.png", "https://www.oldscottish.com/uploads/1/7/9/5/17958291/9020577.jpg?174", "https://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif", "https://www.oldscottish.com/uploads/1/7/9/5/17958291/1705636.jpg?111" ]	[]	[]	[ "Scottish genealogy records", "Scottish Genealogist", "Genealogists in Scotland", "Scotland", "Perthshire", "Perth Genealogist", "Genealogist in Scotland", "Ancestors in Scotland", "Scottish Ancestor", "Scottish family tree", "genealogy", "family history", "scots ancestor. scottish" ]	null	[]	null	Find local and family history records here	en		Genealogy and Family History in Scotland	http://www.oldscottish.com/1/post/2016/05/hundreds-of-family-histories-for-free.html	Family history books from the National Library of Scotland Family Title, author and publisher Year View on NLS Aboyne Earls of Aboyne Down to the present Marquis of Huntly. By John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm Dunbar, Joseph, -1937 1908 View book Agnew Agnews of Lochnaw A history of the hereditary sheriffs of Galloway, with contemporary anecdotes, traditions, and genealogical notices of old families of the sheriffdom, 1330 to 1747. With plates. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1864. Agnew, Andrew, Sir, 1818-1892 Adam and Charles Black (Firm) 1864 View book Aiton Inquiry into the origin, pedigree, & history of the family, or clan, of Aitons in Scotland Collected from various sources of information By William Aiton. Hamilton: A. Miller, 1830. Aiton, William, ex-Sheriff Substitute of Hamilton MacCalla & Co 1830 View book Albany Dukes of Albany and their Castle of Doune By William Fraser. Edinburgh: [Publisher not identified], 1881. "Reprinted from The red book of Menteith by William Fraser, Edinburgh, 1880." Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1881 View book Alexander Narrative of the oppressive law proceedings, and other measures, resorted to by the British Government ... to overpower the Earl of Stirling, and subvert his lawful rights Written by himself. Also A genealogical account of the Family of Alexander, Earls of Stirling ...: followed by An historical view of their hereditary possessions in Nova Scotia, Canada, &c. (and account of the grants of those territories ... in favour of Sir William Alexander, Earl of Stirling) by E. Lockhart, etc. Edinburgh: [ ], 1836. 3 parts in 1. Alexander, Alexander, 1783-1859 1836 View book Alexander Record of the descendants of John Alexander of Lanarkshire, Scotland, and his wife, Margaret Glasson, who emigrated from County Armagh, Ireland, to Chester County, Pennsylvania, A.D. 1736. By the Reverend John Alexander. Philadelphia: Printed by A. Martien, 1878. Alexander, J. E. (John Edminston), 1815-1901 1878 View book Alexander and Currie Passages in the lives of Helen Alexander and James Currie of Pentland, and other papers Printed for family use, from original manuscripts and papers in the possession of Francis Umpherston, Esq., Elmswood, Loanhead. With a genealogical table. Currie, Helen Alexander, 1654-1729 1869 View book Alpin Major Alpin's ancestors and descendants P.J. Anderson. 1904 View book Archer Memorials of families of the surname of Archer By J.H.L. Archer. London: With genealogical tables. Earlier edition has title: Brief memorials of English families of the name of Archer. Lawrence-Archer, J. H. (James Henry), 1823-1889 1861 View book Argyll House of Argyll and the collateral branches of the Clan Campbell, from the year 420 to the present time With a portrait and a genealogical table. Tweed, John, -1886 1871 View book Argyll Some account of John Duke of Argyll and his family By his great-niece Lady Louisa Stuart. London : Printed by W. Clowes, 1863. With a genealogical table. 'For private circulation'. Stuart, Louisa, Lady, 1757-1851 William Clowes and Sons 1863 View book Atholl Comitatus de Atholia The earldom of Atholl : its boundaries stated, also, the extent therein of the possessions of the family of De Atholia, and their descendants, the Robertsons : with proofs and map. By J.A. Robertson. [Edinburgh]: Printed for private circulation [by Murray and Gibb], 1860. Robertson, James A. (James Alexander), -1874 Murray & Gibb 1860 View book Atholl and Tullibardine Chronicles of the Atholl and Tullibardine families Collected and arranged by John, seventh Duke of Atholl. In 5 volumes. View book Atholl, Strathearn and Menteith Three Celtic earldoms Atholl, Strathearn, Menteith (critical and historical recital so far as known) By Samuel Cowan. Cowan, Samuel, 1835-1914 Norman MacLeod (Firm) 1909 View book Baillie Lives of the Baillies By James William Baillie. Edinburgh : Edmonston and Douglas, 1872. Baillie, James William Edmonston & Douglas 1872 View book Baillie Memoirs of the lives and characters of the Right Honourable George Baillie of Jerviswood, and of Lady Grisell Baillie By their daughter, Lady Murray of Stanhope. Edinburgh : [Printed by John Pillans], 1822. Murray, Grisell Baillie, Lady, 1693-1759 1822 View book Baird Account of the surname of Baird Particularly of the families of Auchmedden, Newbyth, and Sauchtonhall Edited by William N. Fraser .... Baird, William, 1700 or 1701-1777 Stevenson, Thomas George 1857 View book Baird Genealogical collections concerning the sir-name of Baird, and the families of Auchmedden, Newbyth, and Sauchton Hall in particular With copies of old letters and papers worth preserving, and account of several transactions in this country during the last two centuries Reprinted from the original MS. of William Baird, Esq. (last of the family), of Auchmedden ... ; with notes, and an appendix containing a deduction of the family of Ordinhnivas to the present day. Baird, William, 1700 or 1701-1777 Hotten, John Camden, 1832-1873 1870 View book Baird Bairds of Auchmedden and Strichen, Aberdeenshire By John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm Buchan Club 1934 View book Baird Last Baird Laird of Auchmedden and Strichen The case of Mr. Abington [i.e. George Alexander Baird]. Aberdeen: Printed by Henry Munro, Ltd., 1934. [Printer from colophon.] Bulloch, John Malcolm Henry Munro, Ltd. 1934 View book Baird Bairds of Gartsherrie Some notices of their origin and history. Prefatory note signed by the compiler: A.M., i.e. Andrew Macgeorge. With plates, including portraits, and a genealogical table. Macgeorge, Andrew, 1810-1891 Glasgow University Press 1875 View book Balfour Record of family grace By James Balfour, W.S. Edinburgh: Printed at the Edinburgh Press, 1891. Printed for ciculation in the family. With plates. Balfour, James, 1815-1898 Edinburgh Press 1891 View book Balliol Heirs of the Royal House of Baliol By Alexander Sinclair. [Edinburgh] : [Printed for private circulation by C. Gibson], [1870?]. Missing the title page. Baliol family Gibson, C. 1870 View book Balliol Remarks on the tables of the heirs of the Royal House of Baliol By Alexander Sinclair. Edinburgh: C. Gibson, [1870?]. [Bound together with: Huntly and Gordon families : a genealogical discussion (NE.26.d.2(2)); Chronological abstract of the charters of Huntly (NE.26.d.2(3)); and Harvest (NE.26.d.2(4)) ] Sinclair, Alexander, 1794-1877 MacCalla & Co 1870 View book Barclay Genealogical account of the Barclays of Urie London: Printed for the Editor, by John Herbert, 1812. "The Memoirs were written about the year 1740 by Robert Barclay, the son of the Apologist ..."--Preface. Preface signed by Henry Mill. Barclay, Robert, 1672-1747 Herbert, John (Printer of London) 1812 View book Barclay Barclays of New York Who they are and who they are not, and some other Barclays. Moffat, R. Burnham, 1861- 1904 View book Beatson Genealogical account of the family of Beatson With a facsimile. By Alexander J. Beatson. Beatson family 1860 View book Bell Memorial of the Clan of the Bells More particularly of the Bells of Kirkconnell & Bells of Blackethouse, chiefs of the name. [By C.D. Bell.] Capetown: Saul Solomon & Co., Printers, MDCCLXIV [1864]. "printed privately and only for a few friends". Consisting of Rammerscales manuscript, written 1692 (pages 5 through 12) and notes. Bell family Saul Solomon & Co. 1864 View book Bethune Historical and genealogical account of the Bethunes of the Island of Sky Attributed to the Rev. Thomas Whyte. Cf. "Note" signed: Alfred A. Bethune-Baker. London : [printed by] A. Chilver, 1893. Reprint of: Edinburgh : Printed by Neill and Company, MDCCLXXVIII [1778]. 1893 View book Birnie and Hamilton Account of the families of Birnie and Hamilton of Broomhill By John Birnie. Edited by W.B.D.D. Turnbull. Birnie, John, 1674- Edinburgh Print Co. 1838 View book Black Melodies and memories With a history of the Blacks of Breich Water District By John Black. Black, John, 1849- A. McLaren & Son 1909 View book Blackadder Select passages from the diary and letters of the late John Blackader, Esq. Written chiefly during the most interesting scenes and engagements of the war in Flanders and Germany, conducted by John Duke of Marlborough. ... To which is prefixed, An account of the life and parentage of the writer. With a preface, by John Newton. Edinburgh printed by J. Ritchie. Sold for the benefit of the Edinburgh Magdalene Asylum. 1806 Blackadder, John, 1615-1685 Ritchie, James 1806 View book Blackadder Life and diary of Lieut. Col. J. Blackader Of the Cameronian regiment, and Deputy Governor of Stirling Castle; who served with distinguished honour in the wars under King William and the Duke of Marlborough, and afterwards in the rebellion of 1715 in Scotland. By Andrew Crichton, author of The memoirs of the Rev. John Blackader. Edinburgh: H.S. Baynes, 1824. Crichton, Andrew, 1790-1855 Baynes, H. S. (Henry Samuel) 1824 View book Blackie Sketch of the origin and progress of the firm of Blackie & Son, Publishers, Glasgow, from its foundation in 1809 to the decease of its founder in 1874 With appended notices of John Blackie, Senior, and of his sons, John Blackie, Junior and Robert Blackie. Collected and arranged by W.G. Blackie. [With plates, including portraits.]. "Appendix 1., being a chronological list of the chief publications of the firm from 1809-1874": p. [109]-123. Printed for private circulation. Blackie, W. G. (Walter Graham), 1816-1906 1897 View book Bowes Account of the families of Boase or Bowes Originally residing at Paul and Madron in Cornwall; and of other families connected with them by marriage, etc. Compiled by Charles W., George C. and Frederic Boase. Exeter : Privately printed for C. William, G. Clement, and F. Boase by W. Pollard, 1876. Boase, C. W. (Charles William), 1804-1872 Pollard, William, 1823- 1876 View book Brisbane Reminiscences of General Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane Edinburgh : Printed by T. Constable, 1860. Printed for private circulation. Brisbane, Thomas Makdougall, Sir, 1773-1860 Constable, Thomas, 1812-1881 1860 View book Brown Memorials of the Browns of Fordell, Finmount and Vicarsgrange By Robert Riddle Stodart. Edinburgh : Privately printed by T. & A. Constable, 1887. With plates. Stodart, Robert Riddle T. and A. Constable 1887 View book Bruce Notice ge?ne?alogique sur la maison de Bruce en Angleterre, en Ecosse et en France Dressee sur documents historiques at sur titres et pieÌces authentiques par M. Borel d'Hauterive. Paris : J. Claye,1865. Borel d'Hauterive, M., 1812-1896 Claye, Jules, 1806-1886 1865 View book Bruce and Cumyn Family records of the Bruces and the Cumyns With an historical introduction and appendix, from authentic public and private documents; by M.E. Cumming Bruce. Edinburgh : W. Blackwood and Sons, 1870. Bruce, Mary Elizabeth Cumming William Blackwood and Sons 1870 View book Buchanan Historical and genealogical essay upon the family and surname of Buchanan By William Buchanan of Auchmar. Glasgow: Reprinted for J. Wylie & Co. by Robert Chapman, 1820. First published in the year 1723. Buchanan, William, -1747 John Wylie & Co. 1820 View book Buchanan Claim of Dr. Francis Hamilton Buchanan of Spittal A statement of the claim of the family of Buchanan of Spittal to be considered the chief of the name. Edinburgh : Printed by James Clarke & Co., 1826. Hamilton, Francis, 1762-1829 James Clarke & Co. 1826 View book Burnes Notes on his name and family By James Burnes. Includes Memoir of Sir Alexander Burnes, C.B., by G. Buist, and Memoir of James Burnes, K.H., F.R.S., by W.A. Laurie. Burnes, James, 1801-1862 1851 View book Burns Genealogical memoirs of the family of Robert Burns and of the Scottish house of Burnes By Charles Rogers. Edinburgh : W. Paterson, 1877. Rogers, Charles, 1825-1890 Paterson, W., of Edinburgh 1877 View book Campbell Lady Victoria Campbell A memoir By Lady Frances Balfour. Balfour, Frances, Lady, 1858-1931 Hodder and Stoughton 1910 View book Campbell Lady Victoria Campbell A memoir. With illustrations. Balfour, Frances, Lady, 1858-1931 1911 View book Campbell Account of the depredations committed on the clan Campbell and their followers, during the years 1685 and 1686, by the troops of the Duke of Gordon, Marquis of Athol, Lord Strathnaver, and others When the Earl of Argyle rose in arms to oppose the tyranny of James VII, with an estimate of the losses sustained, and the names of the sufferers, from an original manuscript written at the time, and lately discovered. Edinburgh : Printed by Charles Stewart for Alexander Kincaid, 1816. Campbell family Stewart, Charles, -1823 1816 View book Campbell Stamtavler over Familien Campbell i Norge Samt Slaegterne Megeland, Sebben, Harrje, Haltaus og Kling m. fl. Samlede og udgivne af J.H.S. Campbell. Bergen: J.W. Eide forlag, 1887. Campbell, Johan Henrik Sebben J.W. Eide forlag 1877 View book Campbell Campbell of Kiltearn With sketches of Dr. Macdonald, Flyter of Alness, M'Alister of Nigg, Nobel of Poolewe, Macleod of Lochbroom. By the Rev. Duncan MacGregor. Edinburgh : Maclaren & Macniven, 1875. MacGregor, Duncan, 1824-1891 Maclaren & Macniven 1874 View book Campbell Statement of the Breadalbane case With reference to the claim of Donald Campbell. Sinclair, Alexander, 1794-1877 1866 View book Campbell and Macdonald Argyll's Highlands, or, MacCailein Mor and the Lords of Lorne With traditionary tales and legends of the County of Argyll and the Campbells and Macdonalds By Cuthbert Bede ; edited by John Mackay. Bede, Cuthbert, 1827-1889 Mackay, John, 1865?-1909 1902 View book Campbell, Gordon, Irvine, Wimberley Memorials of four old families Viz.: Campbell of Kilmartin, Gordon of Lesmoir, Irvine of Drum, Wimberley of South Witham & Beechfield, with pedigrees and a few illustrations. By Douglas Wimberley. Inverness : Printed for the author by Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing, 1894. 4 volumes in 1. Wimberley, Douglas, 1828-1912 Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing 1893-1894 View book Carlile History of the Carlile family Paisley branch. By some of its members. J.W. Carlile ... et al. Winchester : Printed by Warren and Son, for private circulation, 1909. Biographical notices, pp.17-122, has portrait photographs. Warren and Son 1909 View book Carnegie History of the Carnegies, Earls of Southesk, and of their kindred By William Fraser. Edinburgh : T. Constable, 1867. 2 volumes. With plates, including a portrait and a facsimile, a map and genealogical tables. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 Constable, Thomas, 1812-1881 1867 View book Carrick Some account of the ancient Earldom of Carric By Andrew Carrick.To which are prefixed, notices of the Earldom after it came into the families of De Bruce and Stewart, by James Maidment. Edinburgh : T. G. Stevenson, 1857. Carrick, Andrew, 1773-1831 Stevenson, Thomas George 1857 View book Cassells Records of the family of Cassels and connexions Dedication signed: Robert Cassels. [Edinburgh : Printed by T. and A. Constable for A. Elliot], 1870. Cassels, Robert T. and A. Constable 1870 View book Cassillis Cassillis peerage, 1760-4 [Great Britain : Publisher not identified, between ca. 1850-1884]. The case of Sir Thomas Kennedy, claiming the title of Earl of Cassillis and the unsuccessfull challenge of William, Earl of Ruthglen and March (afterwards Duke of Queensbury). MacCalla & Co 1850-1884 View book Cassillis, Sutherland, Spynie, and Glencairn Reports of claims preferred to the House of Lords in the cases of the Cassillis, Sutherland, Spynie, and Glencairn peerages With appendixes of illustrative documents. By James Maidment. Edinburgh : [Edinburgh Printing Company], M.DCCC.XL [1840]. Contents: I. Earldom of Cassillis, 1760-1764 -- II. Earldom of Sutherland, 1771 -- III. Barony of Spynie, 1785 -- IV. Earldom of Glencairn, 1797. Maidment, James, 1793-1879 1840 View book Chisholm Memoir of the Chisholm Late M.P. for Inverness-shire. By the Reverend James S.M. Anderson. London: Printed [by Gilbert & Rivington] for J. G. F. & J. Rivington, 1842. Anderson, James S. M. (James Stuart Murray), 1800-1869 Gilbert & Rivington 1842 View book Chisholm History of the Chisholms With genealogies of the principal families of that name. By Alexander Mackenzie. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie, 1891. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1891 View book Christie Genealogical memoirs of the Scottish House of Christie Compiled from family papers and the public records by Charles Rogers. Royal Historical Society (Great Britain) 1878 View book Clan Chattan Manuscripts in the Charter Chest at Cluny Castle Inverness-Shire Relating to the Clan Chattan and the Cluny of 1745. 1879 View book Clan Chattan Account of the confederation of Clan Chattan Prepared at the request of the Clan Association in Glasgow by Charles Fraser-Mackintosh. With plates and illustrations, including portraits and facsimiles. Glasgow : J. Mackay,1898. Fraser Mackintosh, Charles, 1828-1901 1898 View book Clan Chattan Chiefship of Clan Chattan A lecture delivered to the Inverness Field Club, in November, 1895, by Alexander MacBain. Macbain, Alexander, 1855-1907 1896 View book Cochran-Inglis Cochran-Inglis family of Halifax By Arthur Wentworth Hamilton Eaton. Halifax, N.S. : C.H. Ruggles, 1899. Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, 1849-1937 C.H. Ruggles & Co. 1899 View book Coghill Family of Coghill, 1377 to 1879 With some sketches of their maternal ancestors, the Slingsbys of Scriven Hall, 1135 to 1879. Coghill, James Henry, 1817- 1879 View book Colquhoun Chiefs of Colquhoun and their country By William Fraser. Edinburgh : [Printed by T. and A. Constable], 1869. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. 2 volumes. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1869 View book Coulthart Genealogical and heraldic account of the Coultharts of Coulthart and Collyn, etc. By George Parker Knowles. London : Printed by Harrison and Sons, 1855. Bound together with :'Genealogical account of the Rosses of Dalton in the county of Dumfries'; 'Coulthart of Coulthart, Collyn, and Ashton-under-Lyne' (a broadside pedigree); and' Coultharts of Coulthart' (a review article). Knowles, George Parker, 1797- Harrison and Sons Ltd 1855 View book Coutts Genealogical memoirs of the families of Colt and Coutts By the Rev. Charles Rogers. London : Printed for the Cottonian Society, 1879. Rogers, Charles, 1825-1890 McFarlane & Erskine 1879 View book Craven Genealogical collections relating to the family of Cravie or Craven in Scotland With notes and documents illustrative of their family connections. By the Reverend J.B. Craven. Kirkwall : Privately printed, 1910. Craven, J. B. (James Brown), 1850-1924 1910 View book Crawfurd Examination of the claim of John Lindsay Crawfurd To the titles and estates of Crawfurd and Lindsay; containing an exposure of the forgeries on which that claim is founded, and a refutation of the statements in the book entitled "The Crawfurd peerage," and in other publications on his case. Dobie, Jas. (James) 1831 View book Cromartie Earls of Cromartie Their kindred, country, and correspondence. By William Fraser. Edinburgh: Printed by Thomas and Archibald Constable, 1876. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. 2 volumes: I. History of the earls of Cromartie. Cromartie correspondence, 1662-1705.--II. Cromartie correspondence, 1706-1774. The Cromartie charters, 1257-1499. The Cromartie patents of honour, etc., 1685-1861. Narrative by John, lord Macleod ... Of the insurrection in Scotland in the years 1745-6 ... Narrative by John, lord Macleod of his campaign in the seven years' war in Germany, 1757.--The Grandvale and Cromartie branch. The Royston branch. Baronies and castles inherited and acquired by George, first earl of Cromartie, 1654-1714. History of the family of Mackenzie, by Sir George Mackenzie, first earl of Cromartie. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1876 View book Dalmahoy Family of Dalmahoy of Dalmahoy, Ratho, County of Edinburgh By Thomas Falconer. London : Printed by C.W. Reynell, 1870. Privately printed. Falconer, Thomas, 1805-1882 Reynell, Charles Weatherby 1867 View book Dalrymple Dalyrymples of Langlands By John Shaw. Bath: Printed at the Gazette Office, 1881. Privately printed. Shaw, John, compiler of The Dalrymples of Langlands 1881 View book De Vaux Short account of the family of De Vaux, Vaus, or Vans - Latine De Vallibus - of Barnbarroch By Henry S. Vans Agnew. Vans Agnew, Henry S. 1832 View book Dennistoun Some account of the family of Dennistoun of Colgrain Signed: James Dennistoun. With genealogical tables. Dennistoun, James, 1803-1855 1859 View book Dennistoun Some account of the family of Dennistoun of Dennistoun and Colgrain Glasgow : Printed for private circulation by J. MacLehose, 1906. Dennistoun, James, 1803-1855 James MacLehose & Sons 1906 View book Dick Antiquity of the family of Dick Extracted from Playfair's British antiquity, illustrative of the origin and progress of the rank, honours, and personal merit of the nobility of the United Kingdom. Playfair, William, 1759-1823 1826 View book Don Memoirs of the Don family in Angus With a general survey of the etymology of the name, and of the Scottish family, also, some archaeological appendices. Don, William Gerard 1897 View book Donaldson History of the Donaldson family and its connections By Alex. Donaldson. Pittsburgh : Press of J. M'Millin, 1878. Donaldson, Alexander, 1808-1889 1878 View book Douglas History of the family of Douglass of Tilwhilly, or Tilliqhuilly By James Home. Bath: Printed at the Gazette Office, [18--?]. Cover title: Douglas of Tilwhilly. Probable date printed: 1800-1874 View book Douglas Pedigree of Douglas of Tilquhilly or Tilwhilly, co. Kincardine From a genealogical account originally compiled ... by John Douglas ... circ. 1771 - corrected and continued, 1881, etc. (Pedigree of Anderson and Timins. Douglas family 1881 View book Douglas Lady Jean The romance of the great Douglas cause. By Percy Fitzgerald. London : T.F. Unwin, 1904. Fitzgerald, Percy Hetherington, 1834-1925 T. Fisher Unwin (Firm) 1904 View book Douglas Douglas book By William Fraser. Edinburgh : Printed by T. and A. Constable, at the Edinburgh University Press, 1885. With plates, including portraits, facsimiles and genealogical tables. 4 volumes: I. Douglas memoirs.--II. Angus memoirs.--III. Charters.--IV. Correspondence. Based on the Douglas and Angus muniments in the possession of the Earl of Home. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1885 View book Douglas Letter to a noble lord: or, a faithful representation of the Douglas cause; AND Second letter to a noble Lord, or, The speeches of the Lord Chancellor, and of Lord Mansfield on the Douglas cause Containing many curious and essential anecdotes: among which, the rise of the family of Douglas; and a true character of the late Duke of that name. Anonymous. By Andrew Henderson. London : Printed for A. Henderson in Westminster-Hall; and sold at his House in College-Street, Westminster, 1769. Two items, catalogued separately. [Second item is at Bib ID 3086025.] Henderson, Andrew, active 1734-1775 1769 View book Douglas Heraldry of the Douglases With notes on all the males of the family, descriptions of the arms, plates and pedigrees By G. Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1907 View book Douglas Broken cross, a legend of Douglas With chronicles of the Black Douglases as an appendix. L., R. 1859 View book Douglas Drumlanrig Castle and the Douglases With the early history and ancient remains of Durisdeer, Closeburn, and Morton. Ramage, Craufurd Tait, 1803-1878 J. Anderson & Son 1876 View book Douglas and Angus History of the house and race of Douglas and Angus By David Hume, esq. London : [L. Hunter] printed for Mortimer and M'Leod, Aberdeen, 1820. Publisher's preface signed: L. Hunter. This edition contains the history of the House of Douglas only. Hume, David, 1560?-1630? Hunter, Lachlan, -1770? 1820 View book Douglas and Robertson Genealogy of the families of Douglas of Mulderg and Robertson of Kindeace With their descendants.Dingwall : A.M. Ross and Company, 1895. Douglas family A. M. Ross & Co. 1895 View book Drummond Interesting statement of the claims of Thomas Drummond, of New Penshaw ... in the County of Durham, to the ancient honours & entailed estates of the Earldom of Perth Interspersed with copious memoirs of the ... House of Drummond, etc. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Printed by Mackenzie and Dent, 1830. [Also contains: Sequel of the statement of the claims of Thomas Drummond (Yule.84(2)).] Drummond, Thomas 1830 View book Drummond Genealogical memoir of the most noble and ancient house of Drummond By David Malcolm. Edinburgh : Printed for G. Maxwell, and A. Constable & Co. by Mundell, Doig, & Stevenson,1808. Malcolm, David, LL.D 1808 View book Drummond Historical facts and explanations regarding the succession to the lordships, baronies and free regality of Drummond and Earldom of Perth Paris : E. BrieÌre,1866. Perth, George Drummond, Earl of, 1807-1902 Imprimerie de E. BrieÌre 1866 View book Drummond Ge?ne?alogie historique des branches aine?es de l'ancienne et illustre maison de Drummond Extraite du XIXe tome du Nobiliaire universel de France. With a plate and a genealogical table. Par M. de Saint-Allais. Paris: Chez l'auteur [Imprimerie de A. Guyot], 1840. Saint-Allais, M. de (Nicolas Viton), 1773-1842 1840 View book Drummond Genealogy of the most noble and ancient House of Drummond Edinburgh: Printed by A. Balfour and Co., 1831. Contains a reproduction of the title-page of the 1681 edition. Appendix: no. 1. Historie of the familie of Perth by William Drummond of Hawthornden ... no. 2. Notes on Lord Strathallan's genealogie of the house of Drummond. Strathallan, William Drummond, Viscount, 1617?-1688 A. Balfour and Co. 1831 View book Drummond Genealogy of the most noble and ancient House of Drummond By the Honourable William Drummond, afterwards first Viscount of Strathallan, M.DC.LXXXI [1681]. With plates, including a portrait. Glasgow : Privately printed [by T. and A. Constable], M.DCCC.XXXI [1889]. Facsimile reprint of Dr. David Laing's edition of 1831. Strathallan, William Drummond, Viscount, 1617?-1688 T. and A. Constable 1889 View book Duff Genealogical memoirs of the Duffs 'The author of this manuscript was William Baird, Esq. of Auchmeddan' -- Preface. Aberdeen : D. Wyllie & Son, 1869. Baird, William, 1700 or 1701-1777 D. Wylie & Son 1869 View book Dundas Arniston memoirs Three centuries of a Scottish house [i.e. Dundas of Arniston], 1571-1838. Edited from the family papers by George W.T. Omond. [With illustrations, including portraits and facsimiles.]. Edinburgh: D. Douglas, 1887. Omond, George W. T. (George William Thomson), 1846-1929 1887 View book Eaton-Sutherland Families of Eaton-Sutherland, Layton-Hill By Arthur Wentworth Hamilton Eaton. New York : Privately printed, Press of T. A. Wright, 1899. Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, 1849-1937 Press of T. A. Wright 1899 View book Edgar Account of the sirname Edgar And particularly of the family of Wedderlie in Berwickshire. With plates. Archer, James Henry Lawrence 1873 View book Edmonstone Genealogical account of the family of Edmonstone of Duntreath By Sir Archibald Edmonstone of Duntreath. Edinburgh : Privately printed [by T. and A. Constable], 1875. Edmonstone, Archibald, Sir, 1795-1871 T. and A. Constable 1875 View book Eglinton and Winton Historical memoir of the family of Eglinton and Winton By John Fullarton. Ardrossan : Arthur Guthrie, 1864. Fullarton, John, Esq. Mundell, Doig & Stevenson 1864 View book Ellis Notices of the Ellises of England, Scotland, and Ireland, from the conquest to the present time Including the families of Alis, Fitz-Elys, Helles, &c. With supplements. By William Smith Ellis. London : Privately printed, 1857-1866. Ellis, William Smith, 1817-1890 1857-1866 View book Elphinstone Elphinstone family book of the Lords Elphinstone, Balmerino and Coupar By Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh : Printed by T. and A. Constable at the Edinburgh University Press, 1897. With plates, including portraits, facsimiles, and genealogical tables. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1897 View book Erne Genealogy of the earls of Erne Compiled 1889-1904 by John Haughton Steele. Steele, John Haughton, 1850-1920 T. and A. Constable 1910 View book Erskine Life of John Erskine, Baron of Dun Containing remarks upon the religious and political affairs of Scotland during the sixteenth century. By James Bowick. Edinburgh : William Oliphant, 1828. Bowick, James 1828 View book Erskine Erskine of Linlathen Selections and biography. Henderson, Henry F, (Henry Fotheringham), -1939 1899 View book Erskine Erskines By A.R. MacEwen. Edinburgh : Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, [1900]. Famous Scots series ; 34. MacEwen, A. R. (Alexander Robertson), 1851-1916 Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier 1900 View book Erskine and Halcro Erskine Halcro genealogy A genealogical study of the ancestors, kindred, and descendants of the Rev. Henry Erskine, of Chirnside, Berwickshire, 1624-1696, and his wife, Margaret Halcro of Orkney, 1647-1725, and their children, the Rev. Ebenezer Erskine of Stirling, 1680-1754, and the Rev. Ralph Erskine of Dumfermline, 1685-1752, and their descendants : contained in five tables, with explanatory notes to each By Ebenezer Erskine Scott. Scott, Ebenezer Erskine, 1816- Bell, George, 1814-1890 1890 View book Erskine and Halcro Erskine-Halcro genealogy The ancestors and descendants of Henry Erskine ... his wife, Margaret Halcro of Orkney, and their sons. Scott, Ebenezer Erskine, 1816- Johnston, George P. 1895 View book Fairweather Memorandum regarding the Fairweathers of Menmuir Parish, Forfarshire, and others of the surname Edited, with notes, additions and corrections, by William Gerard Don, M.D. Fairweather, Alexander, -1886 1898 View book Ferguson Records of the clan and name of Fergusson, Ferguson and Fergus Edited for the clan Fergus(s)on Society by James Ferguson and Robert Menzies Fergusson. Edinburgh : D. Douglas, 1895. Clan Fergusson Society Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1895-1899 View book Ferguson Records of the clan and name of Fergusson, Ferguson and Fergus. Supplement Edited for the Clan Fergus(s)on Society by James Ferguson and Robert Menzies Fergusson. Edinburgh : [Printed by T. and A. Constable for] David Douglas, 1899. Bibliography of the family: p. [162]-169. "Fergusons in the United States of America" : p. 131-161. Clan Fergusson Society Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1895-1899 View book Ferguson Clan and name of Ferguson An address, delivered by James Ferguson, Esq., Yr. of Kinmundy. Ferguson, James, 1857-1917 1892 View book Fergusson Genealogical memoranda relating to the families of Fergusson and Colyer-Fergusson [Place of publication not identified] : Privately printed,1897. 1897 View book Fleming Biggar and the House of Fleming 'An account of the Biggar district, archaeological, historical, and biographical'. By William Hunter. 2nd edition. Edinburgh: William Paterson, 1867. Hunter, William, F.S.A. Scot. Turnbull & Spears 1867 View book Forbes Memorials of the family of Forbes of Forbesfield With notes on connected Morgans, Duncans and Fergusons By Alexander Forbes. Aberdeen: The King's printers,1905. [Colophon: Printed by Taylor & Henderson Adelphi Press Aberdeen.] Forbes, Alexander, 1835- Taylor & Henderson, Adelphi Press 1905 View book Forbes Memoranda relating to the family of Forbes of Waterton From a MS. of the deceased John Forbes ... now printed solely for the use of members of the family. [With plates and tables.] Forbes, John, 1754-1838 1857 View book Forbes Memoirs of a banking-house By the late Sir William Forbes of Pitsligo. London: W. and R. Chambers, 1860. The "banking-house" is that of Sir William Forbes, James Hunter & co., of Edinburgh, formerly John Coutts & co., since 1843 merged with the Union bank of Scotland, of Glasgow and Edinburgh. Forbes, William, Sir, 1739-1806 W. & R. Chambers Ltd. 1860 View book Forbes Narrative of the last sickness and death of Dame Christian Forbes By her son Sir William Forbes, sixth Baronet of Monymusk and Pitsligo, 1789. Forbes, William, Sir, 1739-1806 1875 View book Forbes Genealogy of the family of Forbes From the account of Mr. Mathew Lumsden of Tulliekerne, written in 1580. &c. &c. &c. Lumsden, Mathew 1819 View book Fraser Historical account of the family of Frisel or Fraser, particularly Fraser of Lovat Embracing various notices, illustrative of national customs and manners, with original correspondence of Simon, Lord Lovat. By John Anderson. Edinburgh : W. Blackwood, 1825. Anderson, John, 1798-1839 1825 View book Fraser Annals of such patriots of the distinguished family of Fraser, Frysell, Sim-son, or Fitz-Simon, as have signalised themselves in the public service of Scotland Edinburgh : First printed in 1795; Reprinted by James Ballantyne, 1805. Caption title of preface: Gillespie Mac-Shimi XXXVIII to kinsmen and friends. Gillespie Mac-Shimi XXXVIII: Archibald Campbell Fraser. Fraser, A. (Archibald), 1736-1815 James Ballantyne and Co. 1805 View book Fraser Clan Fraser in Canada Souvenir of the first annual gathering, Toronto, May 5th, 1894. By Alexander Fraser. Toronto : Mail Job Printing Company, 1895. With illustrations, including portraits and musical notes. Fraser, Alexander, 1860-1936 1895 View book Fraser Chronicles of the Frasers The Wardlaw manuscript entitled 'Polichronicon seu Policratica temporum, or, the true genealogy of the Frasers', 916-1674 By James Fraser ; edited from the original manuscript with notes and introduction, by William Mackay. Edinburgh : Printed at the University Press by T. & A. Constable for the Scottish History Society, 1905. Fraser, James, 1634-1709 Scottish History Society 1905 View book Fraser History of the Frasers of Lovat With genealogies of the principal families of that name: to which is added those of Dunballoch and Phopachy. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1896 View book Fraser Frasers of Philorth By Alexander Fraser of Philorth, seventeenth Lord Saltoun. Edinburgh : Printed for private circulation, 1879. 3 volumes. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. Saltoun, Alexander Fraser, Lord, 1820-1886 1879 View book French Notes on the surnames of Francus, Franceis, French, etc. in Scotland With an account of the Frenches of Thornydykes. By A.D. Weld French. Boston: Privately printed, 1893. French, A. D. Weld (Aaron Davis Weld), 1835-1896 1893 View book Fulton Memoirs of the Fultons of Lisburn Compiled by Sir Theodore C. Hope ... Printed for private circulation. Hope, Theodore Cracraft, Sir, 1831-1915 MacCalla & Co 1903 View book Garioch Inverurie and the Earldom of the Garioch A topographical and historical account of the Garioch from the earliest times to the revolution settlement with a genealogical appendix of Garioch families flourishing at the period of the revolution settlement and still represented. Davidson, John, 1816-1892 1878 View book Geddes Memorials of John Geddes Being record of life in an upland glen, 1797-1881. With portraits and a genealogical table. Banff : Privately printed at the Banffshire Journal Office, 1899. Signed: W.D.G. Geddes, W. D. (William Duguid), 1828-1900 Banffshire Journal Office 1899 View book Gemmell Notes on the probable origin of the name Gemmill or Gemmell With a genealogical account of the family of Gemmill of Raithmuir, Fenwick, from (circa) 1518 By J. Leiper Gemmill. Gemmill, J. Leiper (John Leiper), 1857-1934 N. Adshead & Son 1909 View book Gemmell Note on the probable origin of the Scottish surname of Gemmill or Gemmell With a genealogical account of the family of Gemmill of Templehouse, Scotland. By J.A. Gemmill. Montreal: Printed for private circulation [by J. Lovell], 1898. Gemmill, John Alexander, 1847-1905 Lovell, John, 1810-1893 1898 View book Gib Life and times of Robert Gib Lord of Carriber, familiar servitor and master of the stables to King James V. of Scotland. ... By Sir George Duncan Gibb. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1874. With an appendix, chiefly compiled from the public records. London, 1874. 2 volumes. Gibb, G. Duncan (George Duncan), Sir, 1821-1876 Longmans, Green, and Co. 1874 View book Gillean Clan Gillean With plates, including portraits. Sinclair, Alexander Maclean, 1840-1924 Haszard and Moore 1899 View book Glen Memorials of the Scottish family of Glen By Charles Glen. Edinburgh : McFarlane & Erskine, 1888. Rogers, Charles, 1825-1890 McFarlane & Erskine 1888 View book Glendinning House of Glendinning Reprinted from the Eskdale and Liddesdale Advertiser. [Edinburgh, Çb T. and A. Constable, Çc 1879.] T. and A. Constable 1879 View book Gordon Gordon book Edited by John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm Bazaar of the Fochabers Reading Room 1902 View book Gordon Families of Gordon of Invergordon, Newhall, also Ardoch, Ross-shire, and Carroll, Sutherland By John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm Ross-shire Printing and Publishing 1906 View book Gordon Name of Gordon Patronymics which it has replaced or reinforced Collated by J.M. Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm Dunbar, Joseph, -1937 1906 View book Gordon Family of Gordon in Griamachary, in the parish of Kildonan By John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1907 View book Gordon Gordons in Sutherland, including the Embo family By John Malcolm Bulloch. Dingwall: Ross-shire journal, 1907. Bulloch, John Malcolm Ross-shire Journal 1907 View book Gordon 1st Duke of Gordon By John Malcolm Bulloch. Huntly: Joseph Dunbar, 1908. Bulloch, John Malcolm Dunbar, Joseph, -1937 1908 View book Gordon Gay Gordons Some strange adventures of a famous Scots family. By John Malcolm Bulloch. London : Chapman & Hall, 1908. With plates, including portraits. Bulloch, John Malcolm Chapman and Hall 1908 View book Gordon Lieutenant John Gordon of the Dundurcus family, massacred at Patna J.M. Bulloch, C.O. Skelton. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1908 View book Gordon Strange adventures of Lewis Gordon By J.M. Bulloch. [Elgin?: The Author?], 1908. Reprinted from the "Elgin Courant and Courier" 1908. Includes: The imprisonment of the Laird of Aikenhead, incorporating The case of Lewis Gordon, a transcription of the autobiography of Lewis Gordon, signed Lewis Gordon. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1908 View book Gordon Gordons in Forfarshire With the lairds of Ashludie, Donavourd, Tarvie, Threave, and Charleton By John Malcolm Bulloch. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1909 View book Gordon Gordons of Cairnfield And their hold on the lands of Echres, Auchinhalrig, Arneidlie, Cufurrach, Mayne, Myrieton, Coynach, Whitburn, Lunan, Briggs, Arradoul and Rosieburn. By J.M. Bulloch. Keith: Privately printed, 1910. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1910 View book Gordon Gordons of Salterhill and their Irish descendants By J.M. Bulloch. Keith : Privately printed,1910. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1910 View book Gordon 2nd Duke of Gordon and the part he played at the battle of Sheriffmuir By John Malcolm Bulloch. Huntly: Joseph Dunbar, 1911. Bulloch, John Malcolm Dunbar, Joseph, -1937 1911 View book Gordon Gordons of Cluny From the early years of the eighteenth century down to the present time. By John Malcolm Bulloch. Buckie: Privately printed [by W. F. Johnston & Sons], 1911. Bulloch, John Malcolm W. F. Johnston & Sons 1911 View book Gordon Strange adventures of the Reverend James Gordon, sensualist, spy, strategist (?), and soothsayer By J.M. Bulloch. Buckie : Privately printed [by the "Banffshire Advertiser"], 1911. Bulloch, John Malcolm Banffshire Advertiser 1911 View book Gordon Gordons of Nethermuir By John Malcolm Bulloch. Peterhead: Privately printed, 1913. Bulloch, John Malcolm 1913 View book Gordon Making of the West Indies The Gordons as colonists. By John Malcolm Bulloch. Buckie: Privately printed by W.F. Johnston & Sons, [1915?] Bulloch, John Malcolm W. F. Johnston & Sons 1915 View book Gordon Thomas Gordon, the "Independent whig" A biographical bibliography. By J.M. Bulloch. Aberdeen: University Press, 1918. Reprinted from the Aberdeen University Library Bulletin, vol. III, nos. 17, 18. Bulloch, John Malcolm Aberdeen University Press 1918 View book Gordon Bibliography of the Gordons By John Malcolm Bulloch, LL. D. Aberdeen: Printed at the University Press, 1924. Aberdeen University Studies: No. 94. "Section I." Only 150 copies printed, of which this is no. 59. Bulloch, John Malcolm Aberdeen University Press 1924 View book Gordon Gordons in Poland "Marquises of Huntly", with a line in Saxony. By John Malcolm Bulloch. Peterhead : Buchan Club, 1932. With portraits. Bulloch, John Malcolm Buchan Club 1932 View book Gordon Notes on the family of Gordon of Terpersie With a table of their descent. By Captain Douglas Wimberley. Inverness : Printed at the "Northern Chronicle" Office, 1900. Wimberley, Douglas, 1828-1912 1900 View book Gordon Genealogical account of the family of Gordon of Knockespock By Douglas Wimberley. Wimberley, Douglas, 1828-1912 Banffshire Journal Office 1903 View book Gordon Memorials of the family of Gordon of Craig Collected by Douglas Wimberley. Wimberley, Douglas, 1828-1912 Office of the Banffshire Journal 1904 View book Gordon Short family history of the later Gordons of Beldorney, and of Beldornie, Kildrummie, and Wardhouse By Douglas Wimberley. Wimberley, Douglas, 1828-1912 Banffshire Journal Office 1904 View book Gordon and Smith Gordons and Smiths at Minmore, Auchorachan, and Upper Drumin in Glenlivet John Malcolm Bulloch. Huntly: Privately printed [by Joseph Dunbar], 1910. Bulloch, John Malcolm Dunbar, Joseph, -1937 1910 View book Gowrie History of the life and death of John, Earl of Gowrie By the Rev. James Scott, vice-president of the Literary and Antiquarian Society of Perth, and late senior minister of that city. Edinburgh : Printed by Balfour & Clarke, and sold by William Blackwood, 1818. Scott, James, 1733-1818 William Blackwood and Sons 1818 View book Grant Chiefs of Grant By William Fraser. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. 3 volumes: I. Memoirs.--II. Correspondence.--III. Charters. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1883 View book Grant Grants of Corrimony By Francis J. Grant. Lerwick : Privately printed by T. & J. Manson, 1895. Grant, Francis J. (Francis James), Sir, 1863-1953 T. & J. Manson 1895 View book Grant Reminiscences, historical and traditional of the Grants of Glenmoriston With selections from the songs and elegies of their bards. By the Rev. A. Sinclair. Edinburgh : Maclachlan & Stewart, 1887. Sinclair, Allan MâLachlan and Stewart View book Grant Me?moires historiques, ge?ne?alogiques, politiques, militaires, &c. &c. de la Maison de Grant 'Divis en plusieurs branches, tant en osse qu'en Normandie, en Allemagne, en Suede, ... Extraits du Baronnage d'osse, du Dictionnaire de la noblesse de France'. By Charles Grant, Vicomte de Vaux.[London], 1796. Vaux, Charles Grant, vicomte de 1796 View book Gregory Records of the family of Gregory Preface signed: P.S. G., i.e. P.S. Gregory. With genealogical tables. London: Printed by Veale, Chifferiel & Co., 1886. Not published. Gregory, Philip Spencer, Sir, 1851-1918 1886 View book Haddington Memorials of the Earls of Haddington By Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh: Printed by T. and A. Constable, 1889. With plates, including portraits, facsimiles and genealogical tables. 2 volumes: v. 1. Memoirs -- v. 2. Correspondence & charters. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1889 View book Haldane Memoranda relating to the family of Haldane of Gleneagles Compiled by Alexander Haldane. Haldane family 1880 View book Haliburton Memorials of the Haliburtons By Sir Walter Scott. Halliburton family 1820 View book Hamilton Hamilton manuscripts Containing some account of the territories of the Upper Clandeboye, Great Ardes, and Dufferin, in the County of Down, by Sir James Hamilton ... With memoirs of him, and of his son and grandson, James, and Henry, the First and Second Earls of Clanbrassil. Printed from the original MSS., and edited by T.K. Lowry ... With appendices, etc. Archer & Son 1867 View book Hamilton Consultation pour James Hamilton, Marquis d'Abercorn Comte d'Abercorn, Vicomte d'Hamilton, de Strabane, etc. etc. etc. etc. etc., Pair d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse et d'Irlande, Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Jarretiere, Membre du Conseil prive de S.M. la Reine d'Angleterre : contre le Duc d'Hamilton. Maintien et confirmation du titre hereditaire de Duc de Chatellerault, concede a James Hamilton par Henri II, Roi de France, en 1548. Paris : Imprimerie de Cosse et J. Dumaine, 1865. Written by Treitt and Rogron. Spine title: Dukedom of Chatellerault. Abercorn, James Hamilton, Duke of, 1811-1885 Imprimerie de Cosse et Dumaine 1865 View book Hamilton Historical and genealogical memoirs of the House of Hamilton With genealogical memoirs of the several branches of the family. Anderson, John, 1789-1832 1825 View book Hamilton Lt.-Col. Otho Hamilton of Olivestob Lieutenant- governor of Placentia, lieutenant-colonel in the army, major of the 40th Regiment of Foot, member of the Nova Scotia council from 1731 to 1774 : his sons, Captain John and Lieutenant-Colonel Otho Hamilton, 2nd, and his grandson, Sir Ralph Hamilton, Kt. By Arthur Wentworth Hamilton Eaton. Halifax, N.S. : C.H. Ruggles, 1899. Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, 1849-1937 C.H. Ruggles & Co. 1899 View book Hamilton Heraldry of the Hamiltons With notes on all the males of the family, description of the arms, plates and pedigrees By G. Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1909 View book Hamilton and Kerr Memorie, historical and genealogical, of my mother's paternal lineage Namely, the Hamiltons of Innerwick; the Lothian Kerrs; and the Earls of Angus. By Mark Napier. Edinburgh: Printed for Private Circulation, 1872. Imperfect; wanting all after p. 182. The author's copy with corrections & variant titlepages in manuscript. Napier, Mark, 1798-1879 1872 View book Hay Historical account of the family of Hay of Leys Edinburgh : Printed by James Shaw, 1832. Shaw, James (Printer of Edinburgh) 1832 View book Hayes Genealogie of the Hayes of Tweeddale By Father Richard Augustin Hay, Prior of St. Pieremont, including memoirs of his own times. Edited by James Maidment. Edinburgh : T. G. Stevenson, 1835. Contents: Introductory notice by the editor; including a list of the mss. of Father Hay now in the Library of the Faculty of advocates.--Genealogie of the Hayes of Tweeddale.--Father Hay's memoirs of his own times.--Appendix: 1. Carta AdÃ¦ comitissÃ¦. 2. Ane epitome or abridgement of what past at the L(ord) B his arraignment criminall before the justice. 3. Ceremonial of burning the pope, 30th November 1689. 4. Account of John Chiesly of Dalry. 5. An account of the misfortunes of Mrs. Erskine of Grange, commonly known as Lady Grange. 6. elegy on the lamented death of Lord John Hay, marquis of Tweddel. Hay, Richard, 1661-1735 or 6 Stevenson, Thomas George 1835 View book Heriot Collections and notes historical and genealogical regarding the Heriots of Trabroun, Scotland Compiled from authentic sources by G.W.B. Ballingall, George Willis, 1809-1901 MacCalla & Co 1878 View book Heriot Supplement to third edition of History of George Heriot's Hospital And the Heriot Foundation schools By Frederick W. Bedford. Bedford, Frederick W. (Frederick William), 1824-1880 Bell & Bradfute 1878 View book Howie John Howie of Lochgoin His forebears and his works. By D. Hay Fleming. Reprint from: The Princeton theological review, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 1909. Fleming, David Hay, 1849-1931 MacCalla & Co 1909 View book Hutcheson Huchesonia Giving the story of Partick Castle, and an account of the founders of Hucheson's Hospital their parentage, family, & time, in letters to David Mackinlay, Esq., of Oswaldbank, preceptor of the hospital. By Laurence Hill. Hill, Laurence Constable, Thomas, 1812-1881 1855 View book Hutcheson History of the hospital and school in Glasgow founded by George and Thomas Hutcheson of Lambhill, A.D. 1639-41 With notices of the founders and of their family, properties and affairs. By William H. Hill. [With plates, including portraits, maps and a genealogical table.]. Hutchesons' Hospital 1881 View book Innes Chronicle of the family of Innes of Edingight By Thomas Innes of Learney. Aberdeen : Privately printed by Taylor & Henderson, 1898. Cover title: The chronicle of the family of Innes of Edingight and Balveny. Presentation copy from the author to the Advocates Library, with MS letter from Thomas Innes, dated 12 December 1898, bound in. Innes, Thomas, 1841-1912 Taylor & Henderson, Adelphi Press 1898 View book Irvine Brief account of the Irvine family, County Fermanagh With a genealogical table. Irvine, John, of Rockfield 1828 View book Irvine Irvines of Drum and collateral branches By Jonathan Forbes Leslie. Leslie, Jonathan Forbes, 1798-1877 Aberdeen Daily Journal 1909 View book Irvine Wyseby A legend of the first Irvings. Thom, Robert W. 1844 View book Jaffray Diary of Alexander Jaffray, provost of Aberdeen To which are added, particulars of his subsequent life, given in connexion with memoirs of the rise, progress, and persecutions of the people called Quakers, in the north of Scotland. By John Barclay. Jaffray, Alexander, 1614-1673 1833 View book Jaffray Diary of Alexander Jaffray To which are added particulars of his subsequent life, given in connexion with memoirs of the rise, progress, and persecutions, of the people called Quakers, in the north of Scotland; among whom he became one of the earliest members By John Barclay. Jaffray, Alexander, 1614-1673 Darton & Harvey (London, England) 1834 View book Jameson George Jamesone, the Scottish Vandyck By John Bulloch ; with two illustrations by George Reid. Edinburgh : David Douglas, 1885. With a genealogical table. Bulloch, John, 1837-1913 Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1885 View book Johnston Genealogical account of the family of Johnston of that Ilk, formerly of Caskieben, in the shire of Aberdeen, and of its principal branches Edinburgh : Printed by W. Burness, 1832. Johnston, Alexander, Writer to the Signet Burness, William, (Printer) 1832 View book Johnston Heraldry of the Johnstons With notes on the different families, their arms and pedigrees By G. Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1905 View book Johnstone Annandale family book of the Johnstones, Earls and Marquises of Annandale By Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh: [Publisher not identified], 1894. 2 volumes: v. 1. Memoirs and charters -- v. 2. Correspondence and index. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1894 View book Keir Sketch of the life of James Keir, Esq., F.R.S., with a selection from his correspondence With an introductory letter by Alexander Blair. Moilliet, Amelia Keir, 1780-1857 1859 View book Keith Historical and authentic account of the ancient and noble family of Keith, Earls Marichal of Scotland From their origin in Germany, down to 1778: including a narrative of the military atchievements of James Francis Edward Keith, Field-Marshal in Prussia, &c.; also, a full and circumstantial account of all the attainted Scottish noblemen, who lost their titles and estates in 1715 and 1745, for their adherence to the Stuart cause. Buchan, Peter, 1790-1854 Clark & Sangster 1820 View book Keith Memoir of Marshal Keith With a sketch of the Keith family. By 'a Peterheadian' [i.e. Norman N. Maclean]. Peterhead: D. Scott, 1869. Maclean, Norman N. Scott, D., of Peterhead 1869 View book Kennedy Historical account of the noble family of Kennedy, Marquess of Ailsa and Earl of Cassilis With notices of some of the principal cadets thereof. By David Cowan. Edinburgh: [Printed by] J. Brydone, 1849. Cowan, David, Historian Brydone, James, active 1836-1893 1849 View book Kennedy Historical and genealogical account of the principal families of the name of Kennedy With notes ... by Robert Pitcairn. Edinburgh : W. Tait & J. Stevenson, 1830. Pitcairn, Robert, 1793-1855 Stevenson, John, active 1824-1830 1830 View book Kennedy Kings of Carrick A historical romance of the Kennedys of Ayrshire. Robertson, William, 1848-1924 1890 View book Kirkaldy Memoirs and adventures of Sir William Kirkaldy of Grange By James Grant, of the 62nd Regiment. Kirkcaldy, William, Sir, -1573 William Blackwood and Sons 1849 View book Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick of Closeburn By Richard Godman Kirkpatrick. With a genealogical table. Kirkpatrick family 1858 View book Law Memoir of the life of John Law of Lauriston Including a detailed account of the rise, progress, and termination of the Mississippi system. By John Philip Wood. Edinburgh: Printed [by A. Balfour & Co.] for Adam Black, MDCCCXXIV [1824]. Wood, John Philip, -1838 Black, Adam, 1784-1874 1824 View book Lennox Lennox By William Fraser. Edinburgh: [T. & A. Constable], 1874. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. 2 volumes: v. 1. Memoirs.--v. 2. Muniments. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1874 View book Lennox Pedigree of Her Royal and most serene Highness the Duchess of Mantua, Montferrat, and Ferrara Nevers, ReÌthel, and AlencÌ§on; countess of Lennox, Fife, and Menteth; baroness of Tabago Compiled, from public and private documents, by the late John Riddell assisted by the Comte de Chambord, M. Berryer, junior, and J. Montgomery. The introduction signed: W.F. With plates, including portraits and genealogical tables. Riddell, John, 1785-1862 1885 View book Leslie Pedigree of the family of Leslie of Balquhain Extracted from public records, family charters, deeds, and other authentic documents, from 1067 to 1861. Bakewell : Printed for private use by J. Goodwin, 1861. Leslie, Charles Joseph, 1785-1870 Goodwin, J. (Printer of Bakewell) 1861 View book Lindsay Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the House of Crawford and Balcarres To which are added, extracts from the official correspondence of Alex. Sixth Earl of Balcarres, during the Maroon War together with personal narratives by his brothers, the Hon. Robert, Colin, James, John, and Hugh Lindsay. With a genealogical table. Wigan : Printed by C. S. Simms, 1840. Crawford, Alexander Crawford Lindsay, Earl of, 1812-1880 Simms, C. S. (Charles Samuel),1809-1872 1840 View book Lindsay Lives of the Lindsays, or, A memoir of the Houses of Crawford and Balcarres To which are added, extracts from the official correspondence of Alexander, sixth earl of Balcarres, during the Maroon War; together with personal narratives by his brothers, the Hon. Robert, Colin, James, John, and Hugh Lindsay; and by his sister, Lady Anne Barnard. By Lord Lindsay. London : J. Murray, 1858. With a facsimile and a genealogical tables. Second edition. In three volumes. Crawford, Alexander Crawford Lindsay, Earl of, 1812-1880 John Murray (Firm) 1858 View book Lindsay Lindsay record Being a handlist of books written by or relating to members of the clan Lindsay: preserved in the reference department of the Wigan Free Public Library. Folkard, Henry Tennyson, 1850-1916 1899 View book Lindsay History and traditions of the land of the Lindsays in Angus and Mearns By the late Andrew Jervise. Rewritten and corrected by James Gammack. Edinburgh : Sutherland & Knox, 1853. Jervise, Andrew, 1820-1878 Sutherland and Knox 1853 View book Lindsay History and traditions of the land of the Lindsays, in Angus and Mearns With notices of Alyth and Meigle. To which is added an appendix containing ... interesting documents. Rewritten and corrected by James Gammack ... [With plates, illustrations and a genealogical table.]. Jervise, Andrew, 1820-1878 Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1882 View book Lindsay Lindsays of America A genealogical narrative and family record, beginning with the family of the earliest settler in the mother state, Virginia, and including in an appendix all the Lindsays of America. By Margaret Isabella Lindsay. Lindsay, Margaret Isabella Joel Munsellâs Sons 1889 View book Lumsden Memorials of the families of Lumsdaine, Lumisden, or Lumsden By Lieut.-Col. H. W. Lumsden. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1889. Lumsden, Henry William Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1889 View book Lyon Lyons of Cossins and Wester Ogil Cadets of Glamis By Andrew Ross. Ross, Andrew, 1849-1925 George Waterston & Sons 1901 View book Macdonald Last Macdonalds of Islay Chiefly selected from original bonds and documents, sometime belonging to Sir James Macdonald, the last of his race, now in the possession of Charles Fraser-Mackintosh. Glasgow: Celtic Monthly Office, 1895. [Printed by Archiblad Sinclair, Celtic Press.] Fraser Mackintosh, Charles, 1828-1901 Sinclair, Archibald 1895 View book Macdonald Keppoch song A poem in five cantos: being the origin and history of the family, alias Donald, Lord of the Isles, carried down to its extinction, with a continuation of the family of Keppoch; the whole combined with the history of Scotland, with notes and references, and concluding with an analysis of the Scotch acts of Parliament, relative to the Douglas association; and an address to His Royal Highness the prince regent. By John Paul Macdonald. Montrose : Printed for the author by J. Watt, 1815. Macdonald, John Paul Watt, James, -1825 1815 View book Macdonald Life of Flora Macdonald and her adventures with Prince Charles By the Rev. Alexander MacGregor. With a life of the author, and an appendix giving the descendents of the famous heroine by Alexander Mackenzie, F.S.A. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie, 1882. MacGregor, Alexander, 1806-1881 1882 View book Macdonald Life of Flora Macdonald and her adventures with Prince Charles By the Rev. Alexander MacGregor. With a life of the author, and an appendix giving the descendents of the famous heroine by Alexander Mackenzie, F.S.A. 3rd edition. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie, 1896. MacGregor, Alexander, 1806-1881 1896 View book Macdonald History of the Macdonalds and Lords of the Isles With genealogies of the principal families of the name. By Alexander Mackenzie. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie, 1881. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1881 View book Macdonald Genealogical and historical account of the family of Macdonald of Sanda London: T. Davison, [1825?]. McDonald family 1825 View book Macdonnell Historical account of the Macdonnells of Antrim Including notices of some other septs Irish and Scotch. Hill, George, 1810-1900 1873 View book Macgregor Historical notices of the Clan Gregor, from authentic sources Collected and arranged by Donald Gregory. Gregory, Donald, -1836 1831 View book Macgregor Historical memoirs of Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor Including original notices of Lady Grange. With an introductory sketch illustrative of the condition of the Highlands prior to the year. Glasgow : D. Campbell, 1840. Macleay, K. (Kenneth), active 1819 1818 View book Macgregor Historical memoirs of Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor Including original notices of Lady Grange. With an introductory sketch illustrative of the condition of the Highlands prior to the year 1745. Glasgow : W. Turnbull, 1818. Macleay, K. (Kenneth), active 1819 1818 View book Macgregor Historical memoirs of Rob Roy and the Clan Macgregor Including original notices of Lady Grange. With an introductory sketch illustrative of the condition of the Highlands, prior to the year 1745. By K. Macleay With plates. Third edition. Edinburgh : W. Brown, 1881. Macleay, K. (Kenneth), active 1819 William Brown (Firm) 1881 View book MacIver Account of the Clan-Iver By Peter C. Campbell. McIver family Campbell, Peter Colin, 1810-1876 1873 View book Mackay Clan Mackay Society war memorial volume Being a list of those bearing the name of Mackay who were killed or who died of wounds in the Great European War, 1914-1918, and also a list of those bearing the name of Mackay upon whom honours were conferred. Clan Mackay Society 1924 View book Mackay Clan Mackay Society (Comunn Chlann Aoidh) Constitution, office-bearers, list of members, and Secretary's and Treasurer's Annual reports for the session ... Glasgow: The Society, [1888-?] Clan Mackay Society Probable date published: 1888-1939 View book Mackay Book of Mackay By Angus Mackay. Edinburgh : N. Macleod, 1906. Mackay, Angus, 1860-1911 Norman MacLeod (Firm) 1906 View book Mackay History of the house and clan of Mackay, containing, for connection and elucidation, besides accounts of many other Scottish families, a variety of historical notices, more particularly of those relating to the Northern division of Scotland during the most critical and interesting periods, with a genealogical table of the clan By Robert Mackay. Mackay, Robert, 1766-1847 Andrew Jack & Co. 1829 View book Mackenzie Ancient deeds and other writs in the Mackenzie-Wharncliffe charter-chest With short notices of Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh; the first earls of Cromarty; the right honourable James Stewart Mackenzie, Lord Privy Seal of Scotland; and others Prepared on the instructions of the right hon. Earl of Wharncliffe by J.W. Barty. Various pagings. Barty, J. W. (James Webster), 1841-1915 T. and A. Constable 1906 View book Mackenzie Genealogie of the Mackenzies, preceeding ye year M.DC.LXI Wreattin in ye year M.DC.LXIX by a persone of qualitie [i.e. George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie. Edited, with an appendix on the pedigree of the Geraldines, by John W. Mackenzie.]. Mackenzie family 1829 View book Mackenzie History of the Clan Mackenzie With genealogies of the principal families of the name. By Alexander Mackenzie. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie, 1879. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1879 View book Mackenzie History of the Mackenzies With genealogies of the principal families of the name. By Alexander Mackenzie. New revised and extended edition. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie, 1894. With plates, including a portrait. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1894 View book Mackintosh Dunachton, past and present Episodes in the history of the Mackintoshes. Inverness : Printed at the Advertiser office, 1866. 'Reprinted, with notes and additions, from the Inverness Advertiser, for private circulation'. Fraser Mackintosh, Charles, 1828-1901 1866 View book Maclean History of the Clan MacLean from its first settlement at Duard Castle, in the Isle of Mull, to the present period By J. P. MacLean. MacLean, J. P. (John Patterson), 1848-1939 1889 View book Maclean Examination into the evidences of the chiefship of Clann-Ghilleain By Professor J. P. Maclean. Glasgow: Maclure, Macdonald & Co., 1895. Cover title: Evidences of the chiefship of Clann-Ghilleain. MacLean, J. P. (John Patterson), 1848-1939 Maclure, MacDonald & Co. 1895 View book Maclean Renaissance of the Clan Maclean Comprising also a history of Dubhaird Caisteal and the Great Gathering on August 24, 1912. Together with an appendix, containing letters of Gen'l Allan Maclean, narrative of an American party, a MacLean bibliography. By J.P. MacLean. Columbus, Ohio : F.J. Heer Printing Co., 1913. With plates, including portraits. MacLean, J. P. (John Patterson), 1848-1939 F. J. Heer Printing Co. 1913 View book Maclean Breif By Alexander MacLean. With a genealogical table. McLean family William Blackwood and Sons 1872 View book Maclean Historical and genealogical account of the Clan Maclean From its first settlement at Castle Duart to the present period. By a Seneachie [i.e. John C. Sinclair]. With a genealogical table. London: Printed by A. Spottiswoode, 1838. Sinclair, John Campbell Spottiswoode, Andrew 1838 View book Macleod History of the Macleods With genealogies of the principal families of the name. By Alexander Mackenzie. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie,1889. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1889 View book Macrae History of the Clan Macrae With genealogies. With plates, including facsimiles and a map. Macrae, Alexander, 1852- A. M. Ross & Co. 1899 View book Maitland Genealogical and historical account of the Maitland family Compiled from charters, deeds, parish registers, wills, and other authentic evidences. By George Harrison Rogers-Harrison. London : Privately printed [by Taylor and Co.],1869. Harrison, George Harrison Rogers, 1806-1880 Taylor and Co. (London, England) 1869 View book Mar Earldom of Mar in sunshine and in shade during five hundred years By the late Alexander Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, Lord Lindsay. Edited by Margaret Lindsay, Countess of Crawford and Balcarres. Edinburgh : D. Douglas, 1882. 2 volumes. Crawford, Alexander Crawford Lindsay, Earl of, 1812-1880 1882 View book Mar Scottish or Lyon Office of Arms By Joseph Foster. Are there two Earls of Mar? by J.H. Round. Foster, Joseph, 1844-1905 Hazell, Watson & Viney 1883 View book Mar Paper on the Mar peerage New position of the old Earldom of Mar; and Proceedings in the case of the Earldom of Mar: 1867-1885. Contains 3 items: A paper on the Mar peerage read before the Alloa Society of Natural Science and Archaeology, on ... May 4th 1875 ... Together with the judgment of the committee of privileges, pedigrees, &c. [NLS shelf mark A.113.d.1(1)] ; 'New position of the old Earldom of Mar' by Alexander Sinclair. [NSL shelf mark A.113.d.1(2) [Place of publication not identified: Privately printed, 1875.] ; Proceedings in the case of the Earldom of Mar: 1867-1885. A reÌsumeÌ by R.B. Swinton. London: Harrison and Son, 1889. [NLS shelf mark A.113.d.1(3)] Hallen, Arthur Washington Cornelius Lothian, James, of Alloa 1875 View book Mar Ancient and modern A history of the earldom of Mar by the claimant John Francis Goodeve Erskine, together with a report of the judgement given in the House of Lords on 25th Feb. 1875 on the claim of Lord Kellie to the earldom, and extracts from Acts of Parliament, royal charters, and other official documents proving his position. "Printed for private circulation". Mar, John Francis Erskine Goodeve Erskine, Earl of, 1836-1930 1875 View book Mar Are there two Earls of Mar Anonymous. By John Round. London : Basil Montagu Pickering, 1876. Printed in Edinburgh by H & J Pillans. Round, John Horace, 1854-1928 Pickering, Basil Montagu, 1836-1878 1876 View book Mar Proceedings in the case of Earldom of Mar 1867-1885. A reÌsumeÌ by R.B. Swinton. London: Harrison and Sons, 1889. Swinton, R. B. (Robert Blair) Harrison & Sons 1889 View book Marchmont Selection from the papers of the Earls of Marchmont, in the possession of the Right Hon. Sir George Henry Rose Illustrative of events from 1685 to 1750. London ; J. Murray, 1831. In 3 volumes. Rose, G. H. (George Henry), 1771-1855 John Murray (Firm) 1831 View book Matheson History of the Mathesons With genealogies of the various branches. By Alexander Mackenzie. Inverness : A. & W. Mackenzie, 1882 Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 A. & W. MacKenzie (Firm) 1882 View book Matheson History of the Mathesons With genealogies of the various branches. By Alexander MacKenzie ; edited, largely re-written, and added to by Alexander Macbain. Stirling : Aeneas Mackay, 1900. [Printed by William Mackay, Inverness.] With plates, including a portrait, and illustrations. Mackenzie, Alexander, 1838-1898 Eneas Mackay (Firm) 1900 View book Maxwell Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok By William Fraser. Edinburgh : [Publisher not identified], 1863. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles and illustrations. Edinburgh: Privately printed, 1863. 2 volumes. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1863 View book Maxwell Book of Carlaverock Memoirs of the Maxwells, Earls of Nithsdale, Lords Maxwell & Herries. By William Fraser. Edinburgh : Privately printed for William Lord Herries, 1873.With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. Contents: Volume 1 Memoirs and plates - Volume 2 Correspondence and charters. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1873 View book Mcgregor Trials of James, Duncan, and Robert M'Gregor, three sons of the celebrated Rob Roy Before the High Court of Justiciary, in the years 1752, 1753, and 1754 for the abduction of Jean Key. To which is prefixed a memoir relating to the Highlands, with anecdotes of Rob Roy, etc. Edinburgh: Printed by J. Hay and Co., 1818. J. Hay and Co. 1818 View book Melville Melvilles, Earls of Melville, and the Leslies, Earls of Leven By Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh : [Publisher not identified], 1890. 3 volumes: v.1st. Memoirs -- v.2nd. Correspondence -- v.3rd. Charters. [Colophon to Volume 3: Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to Her Majesty, at the Edinburgh University Press.] Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1890 View book Menteith Red book of Menteith By William Fraser. Edinburgh: [Privately printed], 1880. With plates, including portraits, facsimiles and genealogical tables. Contents: I. Memoirs. II. Letters and charters. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1880 View book Menzies Red and white book of Menzies The history of Clan Menzies and its chiefs. Menzies, David Prentice, 1851- Banks & Co. 1894 View book Mercer Mercers of Innerpeffray and Inchbreakie, from 1400 to 1513 By Robert Scott Fittis. Perth: Printed at the Constitutional Office, 1877. Fittis, Robert Scott 1877 View book Mercer Mercer Chronicle By an Irish sennachy [i.e. Edward S. Mercer]. In verse. London : Printed by Woodfall and Kinder , 1866. For private circulation. Mercer, Edward Smyth Woodfall and Kinder 1866 View book Mercer Our seven centuries An account of the Mercers of Aldie and Meikleour, and their branches, from A.D. 1200, to the present time. [Title is misleading, as the account ends with the year 1383.] Mercer, Graeme Reid Sidey, C. G. 1868 View book Middleton Earls of Middleton, Lords of Clermont and of Fettercairn And the Middleton family. By A.C. Biscoe. London : Henry S. King & Co., 1876. Biscoe, A. C. (Anna Catherina) Henry S. King (Publisher) 1876 View book Montgomerie Memorials of the Montgomeries, Earls of Eglinton By William Fraser. Edinburgh : [Publisher not identified], 1859. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles, and genealogical tables. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1859 View book Montgomery Montgomery manuscripts Containing accounts of the colonization of the Ardes, in the County of Down, in the reigns of Elizabeth and James. Memoirs of the first, second, and third Viscounts Montgomery, and Captain George Montgomery; also a description of the Barony of Ards, with various local and historical facts connected with the colonization of Ulster. Also an appendix, containing Incidental remembrances of the two ancient families of the Savages, formerly the Lords of the Little Arden. Composed by William Montgomery, etc. Montgomery, William, 1633-1707 1830 View book Montgomery Montgomery manuscripts Compiled from family papers by William Montgomery and edited, with notes, by George Hill. Belfast: Archer and Sons, 1869. 'Volume 1' -- no more published. Montgomery, William, 1633-1707 1869 View book Moodie Moodie book Being an account of the families of Melsetter, Muir, Cocklaw, Blairhill, Bryanton, Gilchorn, Pitmuies, Arbekie, Masterton etc. By the Marquis of Ruvigny and Raineval. [London: Privately printed, 1906.] Ruvigny et Raineval, Melville Henry Massue, marquis de, 1868-1921 1906 View book Morgan Account of the Morgan Hospital With a sketch of the Morgans of Dundee [i.e. John and Thomas Morgan], the scheme for the erection and endowment of the hospital, and the regulations for its government. [Compiled by P.H. Thoms.]. Thoms, Patrick Hunter James P. Mathew & Co. 1870 View book Moutray Moutray of Seafield and Roscobie, now of Favour Royal, Co. Tyrone An historical and genealogical memoir of the family in Scotland, England, Ireland and America By the Marquis de Ruvigny and Raineval. Ruvigny et Raineval, Melville Henry Massue, marquis de, 1868-1921 Stock, Elliot 1902 View book Munro Sketch of the Munro Clan Also of William Munro who, deported from Scotland, settled in Lexington, Massachusetts, and of some of his posterity. Together with a letter from Sarah Munroe to Mary Mason, descriptive of the visit of President Washington to Lexington in 1789. By James Phinney Munroe. Boston: George H. Ellis, 1900. Letter from Sarah Munroe to Mary Mason: p. [55]-75. Munroe, James Phinney, 1862-1929 George H. Ellis (Firm) 1900 View book Mure Historie and descent of the House of Rowallane By Sir William Mure, Knight, of Rowallan. Written in, or prior to 1657. Glasgow: printed for Chalmers and Collins, 1825. Mure, William, Sir, 1594-1657 Chalmers and Collins 1825 View book Murray Heraldry of the Murrays With notes on all the males of the family, descriptions of the arms, plates and pedigrees By G. Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1910 View book Napier Genealogical notices of the Napiers of Kilmahew, in Dumbartonshire Glasgow : Printed for private circulation [by John Carfrae Malcolm], 1849. Kerr, Robert Malcolm, 1821-1902 Malcolm, John Carfrae 1849 View book Napier Memoirs of John Napier of Merchiston His lineage, life and times, with a history of the invention of logarithms. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles. By Mark Napier, esq. Edinburgh : W. Blackwood, 1834. Napier, Mark, 1798-1879 William Blackwood and Sons 1834 View book Nicol Genealogy of the Nicol family, Kincardineshire branch Preface signed: W.E. Nicol. London: Lamley & Co., 1909. Nicol, W. E, (William Edward), 1846- Lamley & Co. 1909 View book Ogston Supplement to the genealogical history of the families of Ogston With plates, maps and a genealogical table. Edinburgh: Privately printed [by T. and A. Constable], 1897. Ogston, Alexander, author of a genealogical history of the families of Ogston T. and A. Constable 1897 View book Oliphant Oliphants in Scotland With a selection of original documents from the charter chest at Gask. Edited by Joseph Anderson. Glasgow : Printed for T.L. Kington Oliphant by Robert Anderson, 1879. Based on materials collected by T.L. Kington Oliphant. With plates. Anderson, Joseph, 1832-1916 1879 View book Paterson Birthplace and parentage of William Paterson Founder of the Bank of England, and projector of the Darien scheme: with suggestions for improvements on the Scottish registers. By William Pagan. Edinburgh : W.P. Nimmo, 1865. Pagan, William, -1869 1865 View book Paul Some Pauls of Glasgow and their descendants The scanty record of an obscure family. Paul, James Balfour, 1846-1931 1912 View book Pitcairn History of the Fife Pitcairns With transcripts from old charters By Constance Pitcairn. Pitcairn, Constance, 1853-1916 William Blackwood and Sons 1905 View book Reed History of the Reed family in Europe and America By Jacob Whittemore Reed. Reed, Jacob Whittemore, 1805-1869 John Wilson and Son 1861 View book Reid and Robertson Barons Reid-Robertson of Straloch With appendix from other sources. By the Rev. James Robertson. Blairgowrie: Printed at the Advertiser office, 1887. Robertson, James, 1672-1748 Office of the "Blairgowrie Advertiser" 1887 View book Robertson Stemmata Robertson et Durdin Being tables comprising the known ancestors of the children of Herbert Robertson and his wife Helen Alexandrina Melian n Durdin. Compiled chiefly from printed authorities by Herbert Robertson. London : Mitchell and Hughes, 1893-1895. Robertson, Herbert Mitchell and Hughes 1893-1895 View book Roger Historical summary of the Roger Tenants of Coupar By James Cruikshank Roger. London : Henderson, Rait & Fenton, 1879. 1879 View book Ross Breve cronicle of the Earlis of Ross Including notices of the Abbots of Fearn, and of the family of Ross of Balnagown. Preface subscribed W.R. B[aillie]]. Edinburgh : T. Constable, printer to Her Majesty, 1850. Constable, Thomas, 1812-1881 1850 View book Row Memorials of the family of Row Edited by James Maidment. Edinburgh: [Publisher not identified], 1828. Contents: Introductory notice -- Commendatory verses prefixed to Mr. John Row's Hebrew grammar -- Memorials of the family of Row taken from a manuscript account written of his maternal ancestry / Robert Mylne jun. -- The Red-Shankes sermon : preached at Saint Giles church in Edenburgh, the last Sunday in April / a Highland minister -- Ierem 30 a reprint of the London edition in 1642 of the sermon called Pockmanty sermon / James Row -- A cupp of bon-accord, or, Preaching / Mr. James Row, sometyme minister at Strowan. Preached by him at Edenburgh, in Saint Geles church, the text. i. f Jeremiah, chap 30, verse 17 ... From an original manuscript in the Library of David Laing, esq., 1838. Rowe family 1828 View book Roxburghe Session papers in the claims to the title and estates of the Duke of Roxburghe Made by Sir James Norcliffe Innes, bart. and Brigadier-General Walter Ker of Littledean. 1806 View book Ruddiman Ruddimans in Scotland Their history and works By George Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1901 View book Rusky and Lennox Tracts, legal and historical With other antiquarian matter chiefly relative to Scotland. By John Riddell. Edinburgh : T. Clark, 1835. Contents: 1. Reply to Mr. Tytler's Historical remarks on the death of Richard II -- 2. Observations upon the representation of the Rusky and Lennox families, and other points in Mr. Napier's Memoirs of Merchiston -- 3. Remarks upon the law of legitimation per subsequens matrimonium, the nature of our ancient canons, and question of the legitimacy of the Stewarts. Riddell, John, 1785-1862 1835 View book Rutherfurd Rutherfurds of that Ilk, and their cadets Compiled from the public records and other authentic sources [by Thomas H. Cockburn-Hood. With plates and illustrations.] (Supplementary 16 pages to the Rutherfurds of that Ilk. Printed by Mr. Hood and not included in the volume issued by him.). Rutherfurd family 1884-1903 View book Ruthven Papers relating to William, first Earl of Gowrie, and Patrick Ruthven, his fifth and last surviving son London : J.E. Taylor, 1867. Reprinted from the Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries, 1849 and 1851; v. 33, p. 143-173; v. 34, p. 190-224. Observations on the trial and death of William, Earl of Gowrie, A.D. 1584, and on their connection with the Gowrie conspiracy. Bruce, John, 1802-1869 1867 View book Ruthven Ruthven family papers The Ruthven version of the conspiracy and assassination at Gowrie House, Perth, 5th August. Critically revised and edited by Samuel Cowan. Cowan, Samuel, 1835-1914 1912 View book Ruthven Memorial as to the Ruthven peerage By Sir William Fraser. [London: Heraldry Today, 1870]. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 Laurie, Thomas, educational publisher View book Ruthven Ruthven correspondence Letters and papers of Patrick Ruthven, Earl of Forth and Brentford, and of his family, A.D. 1615 - A.D. 1662. With an appendix of papers relating to Sir John Urry. Edited from the original MSS. by William Dunn Macray. Roxburghe Club 1868 View book Ruthven Ruthven of Freeland peerage and its critics By J.H. Stevenson. Stevenson, J. H, (John Horne), 1855-1939 James MacLehose & Sons 1905 View book Sandeman Sandeman genealogy Compiled by John Glas Sandeman from family notes, memoranda and the original manuscript by David Peat. Sandeman, John Glas, 1836-1911 1895 View book Scott Letters, hitherto unpublished, written by members of Sir Walter Scott's family to their old governess Edited, with an introduction and notes, by the Warden of Wadham College, Oxford [i.e. P.A. Wright-Henderson]. Richards, E. Grant 1905 View book Scott Scotts of Buccleuch By William Fraser. Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press, T. and A. Constable Printers to Her Majesty, 1878. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1878 View book Scott Two heiresses of Buccleuch Ladies Mary and Anna Scott and their husbands, Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras, and James, Duke of Buccleuch and Monmouth. 1647-1732. Reprinted from "The Scots of Buccleuch" by William Fraser. Edinburgh : [Publisher not identified],1880. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 1880 View book Scott True history of several honourable families of the Right Honourable name of Scot In the shires of Roxburgh and Selkirk, and others adjacent. ... By Captain Walter Scot. Hawick: Printed by George Caw, 1786. 3rd edition. 'With elucidations from the best historians and writers on heraldry'. Part 2 has separate title page (Satchels's post'ral, humbly presented to his noble and worthy friends of the names of Scot and Elliot, and others) and pagination. Scot, Walter, approximately 1614-approximately 1694 Malone, Alderman James 1786 View book Scott Pedigree of Scott, of Stokoe, in the parish of Symondburn, and County of Northumberland, And late of Toderick, Selkirkshire, North Britain. Compiled by William Scott, M.D. Edinburgh : Printed by Walker & Greig,1827. Scott, William, 1733?-1802 Walker and Greig 1827 View book Scott Two centuries of shipbuilding by the Scotts at Greenock Scotts' Shipbuilding & Engineering Company Ltd. London : Engineering, 1906. Partly reprinted from "Engineering". With plates, including portraits, and illustrations. Scotts' Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd. Offices of "Engineering" 1906 View book Scott Two centuries of shipbuilding by the Scotts at Greenock Second and revised edition. London : Offices of "Engineering," 35 and 36, Beford Street, W.C."., 1920. Partly reprinted from "Engineering'. Scotts' Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. Ltd. Offices of "Engineering" 1920 View book Seafield Right Honourable Caroline Countess of Seafield Born 30th June 1830, died 6th October 1911. (Reprinted from Banffshire journals of October 10 and 17, 1911.) [With a portrait.] Seafield, Caroline Stuart, Countess of, -1911 1911 View book Seton House of Seton A study of lost causes. By Sir Bruce Gordon Seton. Edinburgh : Lindsay and Macleod, 1939-1941. 2 volumes. Reproduced from typewriting. Seton, Bruce Gordon, 1868-1960 Lindsay and Macleod 1939-1941 View book Seton Memoir of Alexander Seton, Earl of Dunfermline, President of the Court of Session, and Chancellor of Scotland. With an appendix containing a list of the various Presidents of the Court and genealogical tables of the legal families of Erskine, Hope, Dalrymple, and Dundas. By George Seton. Edinburgh : W. Blackwood and Sons, 1882. Seton, George, 1822-1908 William Blackwood and Sons 1882 View book Seton History of the family of Seton during eight centuries By George Seton. Edinburgh : Privately printed by T. and A. Constable, 1896. With plates, including portraits, illustrations, facsimiles, a bibliography and genealogical tables. 2 volumes. Seton, George, 1822-1908 T. and A. Constable 1896 View book Seton Old family; or, The Setons of Scotland and America By Monsignor Seton. New York : Brentano's [Printed by J. J. Little & Co.], 1899. Seton, Robert, 1839-1927 Brentano's (Firm) 1899 View book Setoun Genealogy of the house and surname of Setoun With the chronicle of the house of Setoun, compiled in metre by John Kamington, alias Peter Manye. Edinburgh: [W. Aitken, printer], 1830. Maitland, Richard, Sir, 1496-1586 Tait, William, 1793-1864 1830 View book Shand Some notices of the surname of Shand, particularly of the County of Aberdeen The preface signed: G. S., i.e. George Shand. Shand, George Miller & Leavins 1877 View book Shaw Genealogical account of the Highland families of Shaw By Alexander Mackintosh Shaw. London : Privately printed by W.P. Griffith & Son,1877. Mackintosh, A. M. (Alexander Mackintosh), 1844-1932 W.P. Griffith & Sons 1877 View book Shaw Memorials of the Clan Shaw Dedication signed: WGS. Forfar : W. Shepherd, 1871. Printed for private circulation. Shaw, William George Shepherd, W. of Forfar 1871 View book Sinclair Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn By Father Richard Augustin Hay, prior of St. Pieremont, Including the chartulary of Rosslyn. Edinburgh: T. G. Stevenson, 1835. Edited by James Maidment. Hay, Richard, 1661-1735 or 6 Stevenson, Thomas George, 1809 or 10-1894 1835 View book Sinclair Sinclairs of England London : TruÌbner, 1887. Sinclair family TruÌbner & Co. 1887 View book Smith Heraldry of Smith Being a collection of the arms borne by, or attributed to, most families of that surname in Great Britain, Ireland and Germany. Compiled from the Harleian MSS. and other authentic sources by H. Sydney Grazebrook. [With illustrations.] Bound with: The heraldry of Smith in Scotland, with genealogical annotations: being a supplement to Grazebrook's "Heraldry of Smith" / [the preface signed: F.M. S. i.e. F.M. Smith.] Grazebrook, H. Sydney (Henry Sydney), 1836-1896 1870 View book Somerville Memorie of the House of Somerville Being a history of the baronial house of Somerville. By James, eleventh Lord Somerville. Edited by Sir Walter Scott. Edinburgh : A. Constable, 1815. Somerville, James Somerville, Baron, 1632-1690 Archibald Constable & Co. 1815 View book Stair Annals and correspondence of the Viscount and the first and second Earls of Stair By John Murray Graham. Edinburgh : W. Blackwood and Sons, 1875. 2 volumes. Graham, John Murray, 1809-1881 William Blackwood and Sons 1875 View book Stewart Essay on the origine of the royal family of Stewarts By Richard Hay of Drumboote. Edinburgh : Printed by William Adams, 1722. Reprinted by Stewart, Ruthven, & Co., 1793. Hay, Richard, 1661-1735 or 6 Stewart, Ruthven, and Co. 1793 View book Stewart Heraldry of the Stewarts With notes on all the males of the family, descriptions of the arms, plates and pedigrees By G. Harvey Johnston. Johnston, G. Harvey (George Harvey), 1860-1921 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1906 View book Stewart Stewartiana Containing the case of Robert II. and Elizabeth Mure, and question of the legitimacy of their issue, with incidental reply to Cosmo Innes ... new evidence conclusive upon the origin of the Stewarts, and other Stewart notices, &c. To which are added critical remarks upon Mr. Innes's prefaces to his recently edited chartularies, etc. By John Riddell. Edinburgh : T.G. Stevenson, 1843. With a supplementary chapter inserted. Riddell, John, 1785-1862 Stevenson, Thomas George 1843 View book Stewart Historic memorials of the Stewarts of Forthergill Perthshire, and their male descendants. With an appendix containing title-deeds and various documents of interest in the history of the family Edited by Charles Poyntz Stewart, M.A. Stewart, Charles Poyntz 1879 View book Stewart Story of the Stewarts By James King Stewart. Printed for the Stewart Society. Edinburgh: G. Stewart & Co., 1901. Stewart, James King, 1863-1938 G. Stewart & Co. 1901 View book Stirling Stirlings of Keir And their family papers. By William Fraser. Edinburgh: Privately prnted [by W.H. Lizars], 1858. With plates, including portraits and facsimiles. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 W.H. Lizars (Firm) 1858 View book Stirling Life of the last Earl of Stirling Gentleman, prisoner of war, Scottish peer, and exile : with extracts from his original manuscripts and sketches By Joseph Babington Macaulay. Macaulay, Joseph Babington, 1846-1909? W. A. Axworthy (Firm) 1906 View book Stirling Comments in refutation of pretensions advanced for the first time, and statements in a recent work "The Stirlings of Keir and their family papers" With an exposition of the right of the Stirlings of Drumpellier to the representation of the ancient Stirlings of Cadder; by John Riddell. Edinburgh : Printed for private circulation by W. Blackwood and Sons, 1860. Riddell, John, 1785-1862 William Blackwood and Sons 1860 View book Strathearn True relation of William Earle of Monteath's affair concerning the Earldome and title of Straitherne acted be Sir John Scot of Scotstarvet, in the reigne of King Charles the First, vindicating Sir John from the aspersions laid upon him by Mr. Sanderson, in his history of the life of the said king Scott, John, Sir, 1585-1670 1834 View book Strathearn, Monteith and Airth History of the earldoms of Strathern, Monteith, and Airth With a report of the proceedings before the House of Lords on the claim of Robert Barclay Allardice, Esq., to the earldom of Airth. By Sir Harris Nicolas. London: William Pickering, 1842. Nicolas, Nicholas Harris, Sir, 1799-1848 Pickering, William, 1796-1854 1842 View book Strathmore and Kinghorne Lyon, Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne Printed from the MS. originally prepared for the new 'Scots peerage' by Ross Herald [i.e. Andrew Ross]. Edinburgh: T. and A. Constable, 1911. Ross, Andrew, 1849-1925 T. and A. Constable 1911 View book Stuart Stuarts Being illustrations of the personal history of the family, illustrated from portraits, miniatures, &c. in the most celebrated collections. By J.J. Foster. London : Dickinsons, 1907. Foster, J. J. (Joshua James), 1847-1923 Dickinsons (Firm) 1907 View book Stuart Old Stuart genealogy A paper read before ye Sette of Odd Volumes February 5th, 1897. By Marcus B. Huish. London : Bedford Press, 1898. [Privately printed opuscula of ye Sette of Odd Volumes ; No. 44.] "The document ... purports to be 'the genealogy of Robert Steward, late Lord Prior but first Dean of Ely, taken from the Heralds office anno one thousand five hundred and twenty five." Huish, Marcus Bourne, 1845-1921 Bedford Press 1898 View book Stuart Lives of the last four princesses of the royal house of Stuart By Agnes Strickland. London : Bell and Daldy, 1872. Mary, Princess-Royal of Great Britain, eldest daughter of Charles I.--Princess Elizabeth, second daughter of Charles I.--Princess Henrietta Anne, youngest daughter of Charles I.--Louisa Maria, youngest daughter of James II. Strickland, Agnes, 1796-1874 Bell and Daldy 1872 View book Stuart Stuart dynasty Short studies of its rise, course, and early exile. The latter drawn from papers in Her Majesty's possession at Windsor Castle. Thornton, Percy Melville, 1841-1918 1890 View book Stuart Stuart dynasty Short studies of its rise, course, and early exile. The latter drawn from papers in Her Majesty's possession at Windsor Castle. By Percy M. Thornton. Second edition. London: William Ridgeway, 1891. Thornton, Percy Melville, 1841-1918 1891 View book Stuart Descendants of the Stuarts An unchronicled page in England's history. By William Townend. 2d edition, with additions. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1858. Townend, William Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts 1858 View book Stuart Descendants of the Stuarts An unchronicled page in England's history. By William Townend. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1858. Townend, William 1858 View book Stuart Memorials of the Stuart dynasty Including the constitutional and ecclesiastical history of England, from the decease of Elizabeth to the abdication of James II. By Robert Vaughan. London : Holdsworth and Ball, 1831. 2 volumes. Vaughan, Robert, 1795-1868 Holdsworth and Ball (London, England) 1831 View book Sutherland Sutherland book By Sir William Fraser. Edinburgh : Printed by T. and A. Constable, 1892. 3 volumes: v. 1. Memoirs -- v. 2. Correspondence -- v. 3. Charters. Fraser, William, Sir, 1816-1898 T. and A. Constable 1892 View book Sutherland Dates and documents relating to the family and property of Sutherland Extracted chiefly from the originals in the charter room at Dunrobin. By James Loch. Not published, 1859. Loch, James, 1780-1855 1859 View book Thurburn Thurburns By Lieut.-Col. F.A.V. Thurburn. London : R.K. Burt, 1864. Contains also the Anderson, Stevenson, Boyd and Cumming families. Thurburn, F. A. V. (Felix Augustus Victor) R. K. Burt & Co. 1864 View book Traill Frotoft branch of the Orkney Traills Their relations and connections ; with copious notes, genealogical and otherwise. By Thomas W. Traill. Traill, Thomas W. (Thomas William), 1829-1910 1902 View book Turing Lay of the Turings A sketch of the family history, feebly conceived and imperfectly executed [in verse] by H. By H. M'K [i.e. H. M'Kenzie]. At head of title: A.D. 1316-1849. Notes to the lay by R. F. T. [i.e. Robert Fraser Turing]. Mackenzie, Henry, 1808-1878 Savill and Edwards 1849-1850 View book Tweedie History of the Tweedie, or Tweedy, family A record of Scottish lowland life & character By Michael Forbes Tweedie. Tweedie, Michael Forbes, 1860-1938 W.P. Griffith & Sons 1902 View book Vance Account, historical and genealogical, from the earliest days till the present time, of the family of Vance in Ireland, Vans in Scotland, anciently Vaux in Scotland and England, and originally De Vaux in France, (Latin de Vallibus By William Balbirnie. In two parts, 2nd part has caption title: An historical and genealogical account of the family of Balbirnie, chiefly of the descendants of the Balbirnies of Inveryghty, in Forfarshire, (14 p. at end). Balbirnie, William J. W. Noblett (Firm) 1860 View book Vaux Sketch of a genealogical and historical account of the family of Vaux, Vans, or De Vallibus Now represented by that of Vans Agnew, of Barnbarrow, &c. In the County of Wigton, Scotland. Vans Agnew, Robert Wilmot, William Edwardes 1800 View book Wedderburn Wedderburn book A history of the Wedderburns in the counties of Berwick and Forfar, designed of Wedderburn, Kingennie, Easter Powrie, Blackness, Balindean and Gosford and their younger branches; together with some account of other families of the name,1296-1896. By Alexander Wedderburn. [N.P.] : Printed for private circulation, 1898. With plates, including portraits, facsimiles and genealogical tables. 2 volumes: I. The history.--II. The evidence. Wedderburn, Alexander D. O. (Alexander Dundas Ogilvy), 1854-1931 1898 View book Wilson Memoir of William Wilson of Crummock By James Dobie. With a prefatory notice of the author and addenda by John Shedden-Dobie. Edinburgh: Privately printed for the Editor [by David Douglas],1839. With portraits. Illustrations "in platinotype and autotype, by Messrs T. & R. Annan & Sons, of Glasgow." Contents: Mr. Wilson's parentage and birth -- Mr. Wilson's residence in Maryland, and his return to England -- Mr. Wilson's settlement in Canada, the failure of his prospects, and his return to Britain -- Mr. Wilson's going to India, his residence in Calcutta, business, and final return to Britain -- Mr. Wilson's settling in Crummock, his death, and character, &c. -- Addenda: Postscript to Memoirs. Simson of Willowyard, and Moore of Bruntwood. Montgomerie of Bogston. Shedden of Marsheland, of Roughwood, and of Morishill. Wilson of Boutrees. [Presentation copy from the editor, John Shedden-Dobie, to the Advocates Library.] Dobie, Jas. (James) Dobie, John Shedden, 1819-1903 1896 View book Wyld Memoir of James Wyld of Gilston, and his family Also of Robert Stodart of Kailzie and Ormiston Hill. Wyld, Robert Stodart, 1808-1893 Scott & Ferguson (Firm) 1889 View book Detection of infamy Earnestly recommended to the justice and deliberation of the imperial parliament of Great Britain By an unfortunate nobleman. London: H.K. Causton, 1816. Banks, T. C. (Thomas Christopher), 1765-1854 Causton H. K. (Henry Kent), active 1846-1856 1816 View book John Leech and other papers By John Brown. Edinburgh : [Printed by Thomas and Archibald Constable for] David Douglas, 1884. Fifth edition. [Horae subsecivae ; III]. Brown, John, 1810-1882 Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1884 View book Collections towards a history of the county of Clackmannan Compiled by William D. Bruce. No. I. Parish of Clackmannan. Alloa: [Publisher not identified], [1868?]. One of an edition of 25 copies. Bruce, William, D. 1868 View book Steam-boat companion betwixt Perth and Dundee By George Buist. Edinburgh : Fraser and Crawford, 1838. With genealogical table. Buist, George, 1805-1860 Fraser and Crawford (Edinburgh, Scotland) 1838 View book Lairds of Glenlyon Historical sketches relating to the districts of Appin, Glenlyon, and Breadalbane. [With special reference to Sir Donald Currie of Garth and Glenlyon.] By Duncan Campbell. Perth : [Printed by] S. Cowan & Co., 1886. A collection of the author's articles contributed to the âPerthshire Advertiserâ between August, 1855, and June, 1858, revised and republished for Sir Donald Currie. Printed for private circulation. Campbell, Duncan, 1827-1916 S. Cowan and Co. 1886 View book Scots worthies, 1560-1688 Thirty-five sketches. By J.B. Craven. Edinburgh : St. Giles' Printing Co, 1894. Craven, J. B. (James Brown), 1850-1924 St. Giles' Printing Company 1894 View book Perthshire in bygone days One hundred biographical essays. By P.R. Drummond. London : W.B. Whittingham & Co., 1879. Drummond, P. R. (Peter Robert), 1802-1879 W.B. Whittingham & Co. 1879 View book Brief notes on the Mary Queen of Scots cabinet from Castle Menzies, Perthshire By E. Gordon Duff. With plates. [London]: Privately printed [by His Majesty's Printer, Eyre & Spottiswoode], 1913. Duff, E. Gordon, (Edward Gordon), 1863-1924 Eyre & Spottiswoode 1913 View book Summer at the Lake of Monteith By P. Dun, Station Master, Port of Monteith. Glasgow : J. Hedderwick, 1866. Dun, P. J. Hedderwick & Co. 1866 View book Two Scottish soldiers A soldier of 1688 and Blenheim, a soldier of the American Revolution and a Jacobite laird and his forbears. By James Ferguson. Aberdeen,: D. Wyllie & Son, 1888. Ferguson, James, 1857-1917 D. Wylie & Son 1888 View book Memoirs of a banking house Edited by R. C., i.e. Robert Chambers. Forbes, William, Sir, 1739-1806 1860 View book Index armorial To an emblazoned manuscript of the surname of French, Franc, Francois, Frene and others, both British and foreign. By A.D. Weld French. Boston: Privately printed [by T.R. Marvin & Son], 1892. French, A. D. Weld (Aaron Davis Weld), 1835-1896 T.R. Marvin and Son 1892 View book Sutherland and the Reay country History, antiquities, folklore, topography, regiments, ecclesiastical records, poetry and music, etc. Edited by Rev. Adam Gunn, M.A., and John Mackay. Gunn, Adam 1897 View book Early records of an old Glasgow family The prefaratory note signed: W.H.H. Hill, William H, (William Henry), 1837- University Press (Glasgow, Scotland) 1902 View book Oor ain folk Being memories of manse life in the Mearns and a crack aboot auld times. By James Inglis. Inglis, James, 1845-1908 Douglas, David, 1823-1916 1894 View book Oor ain folk times Being memories of manse life in the Mearns and a crack aboot auld times, by James Inglis, 'Maori'. Edinburgh : D. Douglas, 1894. Inglis, James, 1845-1908 1894 View book Book of Dumbartonshire A history of the county, burghs, parishes, and lands, memoirs of families, and notices of industries carried on in the Lennox district. By Joseph Irving. Edinburgh : W. and A.K. Johnston, 1879. 3 volumes: v. 1. County.--v. 2. Parishes.--v. 3. Portraits and mansions. Irving, Joseph, 1830-1891 W. & A.K. Johnston Limited 1879 View
3199	dbpedia	3	90	https://www.collierfuneralhome.com/obituaries/James-Donald-Henson%3FobId%3D27094073	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://s3.amazonaws.com/fh-content/release/Content/Media/CollierFuneralHome/favicon.ico		https://www.collierfuneralhome.com:443/
3199	dbpedia	0	92	https://www.facebook.com/NethyBridge/posts/does-anyone-by-any-chance-have-a-memory-of-james-donald-grant-born-in-nethy-tull/1193984270620293/	en	Facebook			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		de	https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico		null
3199	dbpedia	2	48	https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54553132	en	Hunter Biden: What was he doing in China and Ukraine?	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…9_hunter_dnc.jpg	https://ichef.bbci.co.uk…9_hunter_dnc.jpg	[ "https://www.bbc.com/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png", "https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 240w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 320w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 480w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/640/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 640w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 800w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 1024w,https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1536/cpsprodpb/8662/production/_114920443_joe_hunter.jpg.webp 1536w", "https://www.bbc.com/bbcx/grey-placeholder.png", 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allegations made about China, Ukraine and the Bidens?	en	/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.bbc.com/news/world-54553132	Hunter Biden, second son of US President Joe Biden, is being investigated by the Justice Department over his finances including, according to US media reports, some of his business dealings in China. During the 2020 election campaign, he and his father were frequently accused by Donald Trump and his associates of wrongdoing in regards to China and Ukraine, allegations which they both denied. The New York Post reported on an alleged email in which an adviser from a Ukrainian energy company, Burisma, apparently thanked Hunter for inviting him to meet his father, Joe Biden. Asked about the allegations, Joe Biden told a reporter it was a "smear campaign". No criminal activity has been proven, and no evidence has emerged that Mr Biden did anything to intentionally benefit his son. In an interview with the BBC months after his father was sworn in as president, Hunter Biden defended his qualifications for the position at Burisma but added that, in retrospect, he had "missed... the perception that I would create". Claims of influence-peddling are common in Washington DC and Mr Trump's children have also been accused of conflicts of interest in lucrative business deals overseas. They, too, deny wrongdoing. What do we know about the federal investigation? The Justice Department is investigating Hunter Biden's finances including scrutinising some of his past Chinese business dealings and other transactions, a "person familiar with the matter" told The Associated Press in December. The tax investigation was launched in 2018 but Hunter Biden said he had learned about it for the first time in December 2020. Asked about the investigation by US broadcaster CBS this April, the president's son said: "I'm co-operating, completely. And I'm absolutely certain, 100% certain, that at the end of the investigation, that I will be cleared of any wrongdoing." What have the Bidens been accused of in China? The New York Post cited a purported email from Hunter Biden in August 2017 indicating he was receiving a $10m annual fee from a Chinese billionaire for "introductions alone", though it is unclear who was involved in the alleged introductions. Another purported email, which Fox News said it had confirmed, reportedly refers to a deal pursued by Hunter involving China's largest private energy firm. It is said to include a cryptic mention of "10 held by H for the big guy". Fox News cited unnamed sources as saying "the big guy" in the purported email was a reference to Joe Biden. This message is said to be from May 2017. Both emails would date from when the former US vice-president was a private citizen. A former business associate of Hunter Biden has come forward to say he can confirm the allegations. Tony Bobulinski told Fox News that, contrary to Joe Biden's statements that he had nothing to do with his son's business affairs, Hunter had "frequently referenced asking him for his sign-off or advice on various potential deals" in China. Mr Bobulinski, who is reportedly a US Navy veteran, separately told Fox News' Tucker Carlson that he had met on two occasions with Joe Biden to discuss business deals with China, the first time in May 2017 when Barack Obama's former vice-president was a private citizen. He says he asked Joe Biden's brother, James, whether the family was concerned about possible scrutiny of the former vice-president's involvement in a potential business deal with a Chinese entity. Mr Bobulinski told Fox News that James Biden had replied: "Plausible deniability." Mr Bobulinski was invited by Mr Trump to be his guest at the final presidential debate in Nashville, Tennessee on 22 October. What is known about Hunter's dealings in China? In 2013, Hunter flew aboard Air Force Two with his father, who was then vice-president, on an official visit to Beijing, where the younger Biden met investment banker Jonathan Li. Hunter told the New Yorker he had just met Mr Li for "a cup of coffee", but 12 days after the trip a private equity fund, BHR Partners, was approved by the Chinese authorities. Mr Li was chief executive and Hunter was a board member. He would hold a 10% stake. BHR is backed by some of China's largest state banks and by local governments, according to US media. Hunter Biden's lawyer said he had joined the board in an unpaid position "based on his interest in seeking ways to bring Chinese capital to international markets". His lawyer also said his client did not acquire his financial stake in BHR until 2017, after his father had left office in the US. Hunter resigned from the board of BHR in April 2020, but still held his 10% stake in BHR as of July this year, according to the company report. What did the New York Post say about Hunter Biden and Ukraine? The New York Post reported an email from April 2015, in which an adviser to Burisma, Vadym Pozharskyi, apparently thanked Hunter Biden for inviting him to meet his father in Washington. Hunter was a director on the board of Burisma - a Ukrainian-owned private energy company while his father was the Obama administration's pointman on US-Ukrainian relations. Hunter was one of several foreigners on its board. The New York Post article did not provide evidence that the meeting had ever taken place. The Biden election campaign said there was no record of any such meeting on the former vice-president's "official schedule" from the time. But in a statement to Politico, the campaign also acknowledged that Mr Biden could have had an "informal interaction" with the Burisma adviser that did not appear on his official schedule, though it said any such encounter would have been "cursory". "Investigations by the press, during impeachment, and even by two Republican-led Senate committees whose work was decried as 'not legitimate' and political by a GOP colleague, have all reached the same conclusion: that Joe Biden carried out official US policy toward Ukraine and engaged in no wrongdoing," said Andrew Bates, a spokesman for Mr Biden. Mr Biden's team has also decried the New York Post story as "Russian disinformation", though it did not say the emails were bogus. The New York Post article was shared by President Trump and his allies. Two of his former advisers, Steve Bannon and Rudy Giuliani, were involved in providing the story and the hard drive containing the alleged emails, to the newspaper. Mr Giuliani says the messages were found on a laptop that Hunter dropped off at a Delaware repair shop in April 2019. Sceptics have noted that Mr Giuliani travelled in December 2019 to Kyiv where he met Ukrainian lawmaker Andriy Derkach, whom the US Treasury has designated as a longtime Kremlin agent. Mr Giuliani has acknowledged trying dig up dirt on the Bidens in Ukraine. But the US Director of National Intelligence, John Ratcliffe, told Fox Business that the purported emails were not connected to a Russian disinformation effort. Other US media say they have been unable to verify the authenticity of the emails. Hunter has neither confirmed nor denied that he dropped off a laptop at the location. Hunter joined Burisma in 2014, and remained on the board until April 2019, when he decided to leave. Speaking to the BBC, he said Burisma had seen his name "as gold" and that it had played a large part in his appointment to the board. What are the Bidens accused of in Ukraine? Donald Trump and his allies accused Joe Biden of wrongdoing because he had pushed, while vice-president, for the Ukrainian government to fire its top prosecutor, who was investigating the company for which Hunter worked. In 2016, Joe Biden called for the dismissal of Ukrainian prosecutor Viktor Shokin, whose office had Burisma and other companies under investigation. However, other Western leaders and major bodies that give financial support to Ukraine also wanted the prosecutor dismissed because they believed he was not active enough in tackling corruption. What else has the Biden campaign said? Shortly before the final presidential debate last year, the Democrat's camp released a statement denying wrongdoing. "Joe Biden has never even considered being involved in business with his family, nor in any overseas business whatsoever," said the statement. "He has never held stock in any such business arrangements nor has any family member or any other person ever held stock for him. "What is true is that Tony Bobulinski admitted on the record to Breitbart that he is angry that he was not able to go into business with Hunter and James Biden [Joe Biden's brother]." What did this have to do with impeachment? In 2019, details emerged of a phone call Mr Trump, the then president, had made to the president of Ukraine, in which he had urged the Ukrainian leader to investigate the Bidens. This led to charges by the Democrats that Mr Trump was trying to illegally pressure Ukraine to help damage his election rival, resulting in impeachment by the House of Representatives. Has anything been proven against the Bidens? US Republican lawmakers launched an investigation and found last year that Hunter's work for the Ukrainian firm had been "problematic" - but there wasn't evidence that US foreign policy was influenced by it. No criminal charges were proven against Burisma either. The company issued a statement in 2017 saying "all legal proceedings and pending criminal allegations" against it were closed. Last year, Yuriy Lutsenko, the prosecutor in Ukraine who succeeded Viktor Shokin, told the BBC that there was no reason to investigate the Bidens under Ukrainian law. There is nothing illegal about sitting on a board of a company whilst family members serve in government. Hunter Biden's lawyers said in statement in October 2019 that he had undertaken "these business activities independently. He did not believe it appropriate to discuss them with his father, nor did he." Hunter told the New Yorker magazine that on the only occasion he had mentioned Burisma: "Dad said, 'I hope you know what you are doing.'" Amid all the scrutiny, Joe Biden promised last year that if he was elected president, no-one in his family would hold a job or have a business relationship with a foreign corporation or foreign government.
3199	dbpedia	1	8	https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/p/james-donald	en	James Donald	https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/favicon.ico	https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/logo.png", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/subject_images/imageFile_imageFile__1ba907e1281470f2d39f429669cd_9DEa.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/item_image_images/jamesdonald-1_U31c.jpg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/item_image_images/imageFile_imageFile__24dd79f05bec68dc84e234596092_CwlH.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/item_image_images/imageFile_imageFile__45d59b94133fd2a509814b79561c_x54t.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/subject_images/imageFile_imageFile__d9f5899f29ae176da979e52432f1_6mAh.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/subject_images/imageFile_imageFile__5d27dea76867a9dcf360747a6775_BAzS.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/subject_images/imageFile_imageFile__48db6e9e059dc4f7ffb1655fad3b_4pHc.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/subject_images/imageFile_imageFile__d9b780040bca6e13230d54c18673_lAHd.jpeg", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/accreditation_images/UACC_7BDS_Wvb7.webp", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/accreditation_images/AFTAL_TplX_cB36.webp", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/payment_method_images/visa_9xCX_wMj0.webp", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/payment_method_images/mastercard_tSBj_lANO.webp", "https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/images/payment_method_images/paypal_IVqf_ovnz.webp" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	JAMES DONALD d1993. Scottish actor of the 1940-50s who specialised in playing authority figures. His best known films include ; The Pickwick Papers (1952) / Beau Brummell (1954) / Bridge on The River Kwai (1957) and as Gp Capt Ramsey in The Great Escape (1963). He died aged 76 on August 3rd 1993	en	/favicon.ico	Memorabilia UK	https://www.memorabilia-uk.co.uk/p/james-donald	JAMES DONALD d1993. Scottish actor of the 1940-50s who specialised in playing authority figures. His best known films include ; The Pickwick Papers (1952) / Beau Brummell (1954) / Bridge on The River Kwai (1957) and as Gp Capt Ramsey in The Great Escape (1963). He died aged 76 on August 3rd 1993
3199	dbpedia	0	10	https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/james-donald-don-24-8ddgt9	en	James Donald DON,, born 1874	https://www.ancestrycdn.…-hero-emily2.jpg	https://www.ancestrycdn.…-hero-emily2.jpg	[ "https://www.ancestrycdn.com/ui-static/i/logo/ancestry.svg", "https://www.ancestrycdn.com/astro-seolopp/images/treeGroup-5b239812.png", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/7db8267d-6ec5-4ae6-9b4f-269c9396bb99.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/845397c9-7d17-45c3-95c7-3b2bbad7bb3a.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/90b5fca5-8824-4049-8d9e-a5ee6c855113.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/9fddb833-fd0a-49ec-8ba9-075229959c5f.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/210c976f-1f42-49bd-9a72-fa51d0a8f64e.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/1fefc515-9b74-4735-aa5c-126502034ef4.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160", "https://mediasvc.ancestry.com/v2/image/namespaces/1093/media/483191a0-6d1e-4b34-871f-fd829d643134.jpg?Client=astro-seolopp&MaxSide=160" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald DON born 1874 in Dundee, Angus, Scotland genealogy record - Ancestry®.	en	https://www.ancestrycdn.com/astro-seolopp/assets/favicon-8bf6a704.ico		https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/results?firstName=james&lastName=don	Public Member Trees This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can be viewed by all Ancestry subscribers.These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. You can contact the owner of the tree to get more information. Private Member Trees This database contains family trees submitted to Ancestry by users who have indicated that their tree can only be viewed by Ancestry members to whom they have granted permission to see their tree.These trees can change over time as users edit, remove, or otherwise modify the data in their trees. If you would like to view one of these trees in its entirety, you can contact the owner of the tree to request permission to see the tree.
3199	dbpedia	2	3	https://ruralhill.net/heritage/	en	History of the Scots and Scots	https://ruralhill.net/wp…rent-150x150.png	https://ruralhill.net/wp…rent-150x150.png	[ "https://ruralhill.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Logo-Transparent.png", "http://ruralhill.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/PrintPDF.png", "https://ruralhill.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Logo-Transparent.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	https://ruralhill.net/wp…rent-150x150.png		https://ruralhill.net/heritage/	History of the Scots and Scots-Irish Great Scots Tartan Day: A Day of Scottish Pride Clans: A Brief History Genealogical Resources and Research The Scottish Cook: Recipies of the People WHY SCOTTISH HISTORY MATTERS “Human beings are the product and embodiment of their own past. It is only by contact with this past, in thinking and in relationships, that we exist…. For an individual the destruction of memory means the destruction of personality. The same is true for societies: their history is the main component of their present identity. It is history that makes each individual unique in their interpretation and response to current events. It is history that binds a cultural group together. The study of social and cultural history also provides useful lessons and warnings about the kind of mistakes societies are particularly prone to, but its main significance is in enabling us to know ourselves…. Learning and understanding more about cultural heritage allows people a richer fuller appreciation of their own lives and place in the community.” – Rosalind Mitchison The steady movement of peoples back and forth between Scotland and Ireland had been a common occurance since well before recorded history. A tribe of Scots coming from Ireland reached the west coast of what we recognize today as Scotland about 500 AD. Their descendants bear the names of the McDonalds, the MacNeils, the Fergusons and many others. Geographically, Scotland is divided into three distinct regions; the Highlands and Islands in the north and west, the fertile green central Lowlands along the east coast and the broad valleys and hills of the southern Uplands along the English border. The geographic conditions which defined these three regions of Scotland had a significant impact on the events that helped create the differences in culture, language and the economy which defined the regions. Due to the isolation imposed by the rough terrain and lack of transportation between the regions, the Highlanders and the Lowlanders didn’t know each other any better than they knew the border dwellers. For centuries the three societies and cultures grew independently; as a result they all looked upon each other with a certain amount of contempt. Several failed attempts to draw the Highlands and Borders into the central sphere of Lowland Scottish affairs only strengthened the regional identities of those involved. These efforts, directed from Edinburgh, not only involved military force, but political, religious and educational sanctions as well. These regional differences created different people; they need to be understood in order to understand the contributions of the Scots and Ulster Scots in America. King James VI of Scotland had been king since he was 13 months old, his mother Mary, Queen of Scots abdicating in his favor in 1567. Scotland was governed in his name by several regents until James gained full control in 1581. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I, James inherited the throne of England in 1603 as James I. He would rule England, Ireland, and Scotland for 22 years. King James VI & I ruled three very different countries. They all were burdened with ancient animosities both internal and toward each other. THE PLANTATION OF ULSTER The treaty of mellifont, signed in 1603, ended the Nine Years’ War between Irish Rebels and England. James I appointed government officials to pass new laws, demanding oaths of allegiance as well as recognition for the Church of England. The Treaty of Mellifort gave the “Irish Earls” an opportunity to leave Ireland (The flight of the Earls). This did not provide recognition for them, nor was James foolish enough to do anything favorable to Roman Catholics given the temper of the times For over 300 years, authorities in both Scotland and England had tried to deal with the lawlessness of the Scottish borders as well. James thought he could solve both problems. He sectioned off land in Northern Ireland and encouraged farmers from the Lowlands and Borders of Scotland to emigrat to the resulting “Plantations”. James thought he was securing a loyal following in the predominantly Catholic country by transplanting faithful Presbyterians along with some native English (most of whom soon went back to England). Living under virtual siege in the predominantly Catholic Ulster regions of Northern Ireland, the newly planted Scottish Presbyterians quickly turned towards a focus of family, business and their kirk (church). Their success in the textile trade was phenomenal. However, laws were soon passed to tax and limit their success. THE SCOTS-IRISH AND THE CAROLINAS During the 18th century many europeans set sail for america. Among them were between 145,000 and 250,000 Scottish and Scots-Irish seeking freedom and new opportunities. Many of them could not afford their passage; without any other options they were often forced to become what were known as indentured servants, bond servants, or redemptioners; a fate little better than slavery. Most of them came to the Southern colonies. By signing an agreement to work a number of years under an “owner” who had paid their passage, the servants were compelled to work at anything for any amount of time needed, often being poorly fed and beaten at the will of their master. Due to this harsh treatment, many attempted to flee their fate. Many Scottish emigrants to the Carolinas moved inland towards the “Backcountry”, as most of the coastal land was already occupied. Many of the Highland Scots were middle class land owners, spinners and weavers, and military pensioners. According the the author and historian Edward Tunis: These people were by temperament the utter antithesis of Quaker calm and of German thrift. They took the land they wanted and dared anybody to move them; seldom did anyone do so. They were fiercely independent and stubbornly belligerent. It is said that when the break came with England, there was not even one Tory to be found among the Scots-Irish. The last statement, while a slight exageration, could certainly be applied to the large Scots-Irish community of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Almost all of the signers of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence came from this group. The Mecklenburg Declaration was signed on May 20, 1775. This document was the first of its kind in Britain’s North American colonies – a fierce and defiant break-away from English rule. In 1775 it was judged as premature; it did give expression to timeless principles of freedom and liberty which appeared again in the national Declaration of Independence one year later. GREAT SCOTS SCOTTISH AMERICANS AND THEIR MANY ACHIEVEMENTS This is a short list of americans who were either born in Scotland or who are of Scottish and / or Scots – Irish descent. By just glancing over this impressive list, it is plain to see how each of these individuals has had a tremendous impact on the discovery and development of the United States. The great contributions by the Scots and Scots – Irish cannot be denied. AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR: The American Revolution pitted fellow Scotsmen against one another for numerous reasons. Many of them changed sides numerous times during the war depending who was winning at the time. However, in the end the Scottish people made a significant contribution in winning American Independence. George Washington was commander-in-chief of the American Army during the American Revolution and the first president of the United States of America. Thomas Jefferson, principle author of the Declaration of Independence and 3rd President of the United States. Two patriots of the American Revolution, Patrick Henry, a governor of Virginia, and General Hugh Mercer, a survivor of the battle of Culloden, were of Scottish lineage. The first time the American “Stars and Stripes” flag was recognized by a foreign power (France) was when John Paul Jones, a Scot, raised the flag on his ship, the U.S.S. Ranger. He would later be known as the father of the U. S. Navy. General William Lee Davidson: American patriot general who was killed in the Battle of Cowan’s Ford, Huntersville, NC, Feb. 1, 1781. Davidson College was named in his honor. Major John Davidson, officer in the American militia and signer of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. General Henry Knox, first Secretary of War of the United States. Light Horse Harry Lee, famous General. Anthony “Mad Anthony” Wayne, a well known patriot general. Our Declaration of Independence was modeled after the Declaration of Arbroath which was signed on April 6, 1320. More than half the signers of the Declaration of Independence were Scottish or of Scottish descent. Major Patrick Ferguson, commander of the British troops at the Battle of Kings Mountain where he was killed in battle. Ferguson invented the breech loading rifle. General Lachlan McIntosh, well respected American general, buried in Savannah, GA. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR: Thousands of Scots and Ulster Scots, both native born and immigrant, enlisted in both the Confederate and Union armies during America’s most tragic historic period. In this war Scots and Scots-Irish who had been neighbors in their homelands faced off against one another on such battlefields as Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Chancellorsville, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, and Chickamauga. Robert E. Lee, A descendant of Scottish immigrants, is one of the most famous of all Confederate officers in the American Civil War. He was the youngest son of Light Horse Harry Lee. Ulysses S. Grant, overall commander of the Union army, and later President of the United States. General Ambrose Burnside, commander of the Army of the Potomac, Union Army. Colonel Elmer Ellsworth was the first officer to be killed in the Civil War while trying to take down a Confederate flag flying over a building in Alexandria, VA. President Lincoln had his body brought to the White House where it lay in state. John Dempster received the Congressional Medal of Honor during the American Civil War. Born in Scotland he served as a Coxswain, on the U.S.S. New Ironsides. Sergeant David Dickie, 97th Illinois, Company A was a recipient of the Medal of Honor at the Battle of Vicksburg, MS. He was born in Scotland. General Jonathon “Stonewall” Jackson, was of Scots-Irish descent, and served in the Confederate army. He was married in Lincolnton, NC just 17 miles west of Rural Hill. General J.E.B. Stuart, was of Scots-Irish descent, and served in the Confederate army. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America, and Secretary of War for the United States. General Joseph Johnston, Commander of the Confederate Army of Tennessee, was of Scots descent. General John Brown Gordon, famous Confederate general and governor of Georgia, was of Scots descent. SPANISH AMERICAN WAR AND WORLD WAR I Sergeant Alvin York, marksman from Tennessee, was partially of Ulster Scot ancestry. WORLD WAR II General Douglas McArthur, commander of the American forces in the Pacific theater of operations. General George S. Patton, five star general known as “Blood and Guts”, a commander of the United States Army, was a descendant of Revolutionary War patriot, General Hugh Mercer on his mother’s side. General George C. Marshall, Army chief of staff during World War II; later, as Secretary of State, developed the Marshall plan which aided European nations in their recovery after the war. EXPLORERS, DISCOVERERS, INVENTORS A Scot named MacGregor was the navigator on Columbus’ voyage to the New World. •Davy Crockett, explorer and adventurer, representative from Tennessee, and killed at the Battle of the Alamo. Jim Bowie, explorer and adventurer, inventor of the Bowie knife, killed at the Battle of the Alamo Daniel Boone, explorer and adventurer. William Clark, exploration partner of Meriwether Lewis, was of Scottish descent. James Mackay of St. Charles, Louisiana a Scotsman, drew the map that was used by Lewis and Clark on their “Voyage of Discovery”. Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Samuel Morse, inventor of the telegraph. Andrew Carnegie built his fortune in the steel and railroad industry and was well known for his donations for building libraries across the United States and in Scotland. He was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. The first time the American flag was raised in outer space was by a Scots-American, Neil Armstrong (who also carried the Armstrong Tartan with him). Thomas Edison, inventor of the first incandescent lighting system in 1879 and motion pictures in 1894, was of Scottish descent through his mother, Mary Elliot. Stanford White along with William Rutherford Mead and Charles McKim formed New York’s McKim, Mead, and White, one of the most influential architectural firms in American history. The firm was responsible for the original Madison Square Garden, Columbia University Library, Pennsylvania Station, the Morgan Library and much more. The Washington Arch on Fifth Avenue in New York City was designed by White. White, perhaps America’s most famous architect, was shot to death in his own Madison Square Garden by Harry K. Thaw, who was jealous over White’s affair with Evelyn Nesbitt. James Naismith, inventor of American Basketball, born in Canada, but of Scottish descent. Donald Douglas, founder of Douglas aircraft. Elizabeth Wiley Corbet – first American female physician. John McIntosh, who discovered the first McIntosh apple tree on his farm in Ontario. POLITICIANS AND LAW ENFORCEMENT Wyatt Earp, well known U.S. Marshall in the West was of Scottish descent. Nine of the Governors of the original thirteen American colonies were of Scottish descent. Nearly one half of the Secretaries of Treasury of the United States were of Scottish descent. One-Third of all the U.S. Secretaries of State were of Scottish descent. Nearly ¾ of our U.S. Presidents are of Scottish descent. President Woodrow Wilson, who was of Scottish descent, once said, “Every line of strength in American history is a line colored with Scottish blood.” Daniel Webster was a U.S. Secretary of State and helped pave the way for the annexation of Hawaii. Sam Houston, helped Texas gain her independence from Mexico, first president of Texas. John Marshall, famous Supreme Court Justice, son of a Scottish minister. Many Nobel Prize winners are of Scottish descent. Thirty-five of the Supreme Court Justices of The United States were of Scottish descent. ENTERTAINERS AND ATHLETES Arnold Palmer, first professional golfer to win one million dollars, Scots-Irish descent. Robert Brown “Bobby” Thomson, born in Glasgow, and left for the U.S. to play Major League. Baseball. He earned the nickname, “the Staten Island Scot”. He played for 15 seasons playing for the Giants, Braves, Cubs, Red Sox, and Orioles. He retired in 1960. On October 3, 1951, in the third game of a three-game playoff against the Brooklyn Dodgers, New York Giant outfielder Bobby Thomson blasted the dramatic “shot heard ’round the world” when he homered off right-hander Ralph Branca. After all these years, Thomson’s one-out, three-run homer remains among the most famous home run hits in baseball history. James MacDonald, born in Dundee in 1906, was the voice for Walt Disney’s popular character, Mickey Mouse. He died in 1991. TARTAN DAY: A DAY OF SCOTTISH PRIDE “I send greetings to all those celebrating tartan day. On this day, we honor the proud heritage and many accomplishments of Scottish Americans. Scotland and the United States are intimately linked through deep historical and cultural ties. For generations, the sons and daughters of Scotland have come to America with a spirit of determination and optimism that has helped shape our Nation’s character and enriched our history. Many noteworthy Americans of Scottish descent have made significant contributions to our country, including inventor Alexander Graham Bell, pioneer Daniel Boone, revolutionary Patrick Henry, and Presidents Andrew Jackson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Ulysses S. Grant. Through hard work, firm values, and strong faith, Scottish Americans have made our country a better place. We are grateful for the role they have played in defending and renewing the ideals we cherish. Laura and I send our best wishes for a memorable Tartan Day.” (Signed: George W. Bush) In recognition of the contributions made by the Scots and the Scots-Irish to the development of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, the Mecklenburg Board of County Commissioners issued a resolution proclaiming April 6 as Tartan Day and April as Scottish Heritage Month in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The idea of a special day to honor early Scots and the Scotch-Irish settlers was first conceived in 1988 by the Federation of Scottish Clans in Nova Scotia, Canada. As in the United States, many Scots had come to Canada against their will and had gone on to become exemplary citizens. Many of the other provinces also felt that such a day of recognition was needed and passed Private Member’s Bills or Premier’s Proclamations in support of the resolution. Scots and their descendants were encouraged to wear tartan to their places of work, play or worship in honor of their forbears and in recognition of the hardships they endured. The date chosen, April 6th, has special significance. It is the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath, the Scottish Declaration of Independence. In 1320, the Scottish Barons, locked in a struggle with Edward I of England vowed that they would follow Robert the Bruce but, “it is not for riches, or honors, or glory that we fight, but for liberty alone, which no man loses save with his life.” and further more should the Bruce waver they would cast him out and make another king. It was appropriate that Mecklenburg County also chose this date to recognize its Scottish and Scots-Irish citizens. There are many signs of those early Scottish settlers still found in the metropolitan Charlotte area. The flag of the City of Charlotte is made up of the flag of Scotland, (known as a St. Andrew’s cross) with the City of Charlotte’s seal in the center. Even a brief study of area town and street names becomes a list of Scottish surnames and place names. In 1981, Michael MacDonald, F.S.T.S designed a Carolinas Tartan for the Scottish Tartan Society. This Carolinas Tartan had been adopted as the official tartan of Rural Hill. PLAID VS. TARTAN? Typically, A PLAIDE is a garment. Historically, it was a length of fabric wrapped around one’s body in lieu of having to carry it. The term PLAID is used to denote fabric of many colors, woven perpendicularly; that is, colors woven in the warp and the weft. It can be random or planned, even or uneven. A TARTAN is woven to a pattern, also called a thread count, and it is designated by a NAME. At one time the Lord Lyon, chief heraldic officer in Scotland, oversaw the registration of individual CLAN tartans. This responsibility, along with registration of all other named Tartans, has been transferred to the Scottish Tartans Authority (STA). The STA maintains the International Tartan Index. When ordering tartan for a kilt, it can be ordered by name and one knows what he is receiving. There are books for weavers of tartans which include a listing of descriptions of thread counts and colors. One must have an imagination, or know the tartan already. Please remember that TARTANS can be uneven patterns, which are not mirror-imaged. The most well-known one is Stewart Hunting. There are also Malcolm, Buchanan T Campbell of Argyll, Kilgour, Dress MacDonald, MacAlpine, and Maple Leaf. There may be others. There are plaids that are even mirror images or tartan look-alikes, but have not been officially recognized. In the trade these are known as “fashion plaids”. CLANS AND FAMILIES: A BRIEF HISTORY In terms of the Scottish Clans the word “clan” comes from the Gaelic language which means “family”. Originally families were comprised of the descendents of one man and his children. Clans consisted of a certain number of families of the same name, claiming a common ancestor, and governed by a descendant of that ancestor. The Clan names which are in use today have been passed down for centuries from the founders of the families of the Picts, the Scots, and the Vikings in the Highlands, as well as the noble families of the Britons, Flemish, Normans, Angles and Saxons in the Lowlands and Borders. The genealogical family tree has grown horizontally as well as vertically. While the king, queen, or heir apparent of a dynastic family was often married “across the water” to someone of comparable rank, and the heir to a noble title was married across “country” to insure peace or secure property, the other children in the family generally married locally. The surname of the dynastic family spread slowly but surely through intermarriage. Gradually everyone in the region was absorbed. It is this brotherhood, beyond rank, sex, religion, wealth or poverty, success or failure, that bonds the Scottish people. We are all one great interrelated family. The branches of the tree are the family names, clans, and septs. As a result, many bearers of Scottish names share in the proud rich pageantry and experiences of common ancestry. Today, the traditions still flourish through Clan Family Societies that are generally formed for educational, literary, historic preservation, and social purposes to further friendships and share the heritage of the clan family. In some cases, larger societies assist in the acquisition and maintenance of former clan homes and territories in Scotland or America. The Rural Hill Scottish Festival and Loch Norman Highland Games has brought together many clans and related organizations because of this common bond of Scottish heritage. Many lasting friendships have resulted from participation in made throughout the years of this event. There are so many clans, societies, and affiliated organizations which have attended the Loch Norman Highland Games at Rural Hill, but more importantly who have supported this event and our preservation efforts at Rural Hill, and we thank you. SPECIAL NOTE: If you are not among this list it is only an oversight on our part and we can certainly add you to the listing. We do request that you share with us the year (s) you have attended the Loch Norman Highland Games or the capacity you have helped support Rural Hill, Inc.. THE SCOTTISH CLANS & FAMILY SOCIETIES OF RURAL HILL The following list of Clans and Societies is intended to include all those who have attended the Loch Norman Highland Games and/or supported the development of Rural Hill. If your Clan or Society is not listed please share with us the year(s) you have attended the Loch Norman Highland Games or the capacity in which you have supported Rural Hill, Inc. Clan Donald, USA Clan MacIntyre Association Clan Morrison Society of North America Clan Anderson Society, Ltd. Armstrong Clan Society Clan Arthur House of Baillie, USA Clan Buchanan Society, International Clan Cameron of NA, Grandfather Mountain Branch The Clan Campbell Society of North America Clan Chattan Clan Chisholm Clan Colquhoun Society of North America Clan Crawford Clan Cunningham USA Clan Davidson Society USA Clan Donnachaidh, Carolinas Clan Douglas Society of North America Clan Dunbar Elliot Clan Society, USA Clan Ewen Society, USA Clan Forrester Society Clan Fraser Society of North America Clan Galbraith Association Clan Geddes House of Gordon Clan Graham Society Clan MacLennan Clan MacLeod Society, USA Clan MacMillan, Appalachian Branch Clan Macnachtan Association Clan Macneil Association of America Clan Macpherson Association Clan MacRae Society of North America Clan MacTavish Clan MacThomas The Clan Maxwell Society Menzies Clan Society of North America Clan Moffat Society of North America Clan Montgomery Society International Clan Morrison Society of North AmericaClan Grant Clan Gregor Society (Scotland) SE Chapter American Clan Gregor Society Clan Gunn Society of North America Clan Guthrie, USA Clan Hall Society Clan Hamilton Clan Hay Society Clan Henderson Society of the USA Innes Clan Society Clan Irwin Association Clan Keith Society, USA Kennedy Society of America Clan Kincaid Clan Lamont Society of North America Clan Leslie Society International Clan Lindsay Clan Little American Clan Lockhart Society House of Lumsden Clan MacBean in North America Clan MacCallum/Malcolm Society, USA Clan MacCord Society Clan MacDuff Clan MacFarlane Society Clan Mackenzie Society America Clan Mackintosh Society Clan MacLaren Clan MacLean International Clan Munro Association, USA Clan Pollock Clan Ramsay Association of North America Clan Ross Association, US Clan Scott Society Scottish District Families Association Clan Sinclair Clan Skene Association Clan Smith Clan Stewart Society of America Clan Sutherland Society of North America Turnbull Clan International Clan Wallace Society ClanYoung LOCAL SCOTTISH SOCIETIES & EVENTS Charleston Usquebae Society, Charleston, SC Charleston Scottish Games, Mount Pleasant, SC Montreat Scottish Society, Montreat, NC Robert Burns Society of the Midlands, Columbia, SC Scottish Cultural Organization of the Triangle, Cary, NC Scottish Foundation of the Virginia Highlands Scottish Society of the Waxhaws, Waxhaw, NC St. Andrew’s Society of North Carolina, Southern Pines, NC Scottish Heritage USA, Pineville, NC Greenville Scottish Games, Greenville, SC Mint Hill Scottish Games, Mint Hill, NC Tartan Museum, Franklin, NC Grandfather Mountain Highland Games, Linville, NC Triad Highland Games, Greensboro,NC Bethabara Park Highland Games, Winston Salem,NC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETIES Olde Mecklenburg Genealogical Society Hopewell Branch, Olde Mecklenburg Genealogical Society Ellen Payne Odom Genealogy Library, Moultrie, GA HISTORICAL AND REENACTMENT SOCIETIES S.A.M.S. (Scottish American Military Society) Post #1775 78th Fraser’s Highlanders Regiment of Foot, 2nd Battalion America North Carolina Highland Regiment American Long Rifle Association The Catawba Militia The Fishing Creek Refugees GENEALOGICAL RESOURCES AND RESEARCH There are numerous resources to begin your search for your ancestry. The obvious might be your hometown library if that is where your family roots begin. If not, begin your way back with your parents, then grandparents, and so on. Another great way to get started on discovering your family tree is coming to the Rural Hill Scottish Festival and Loch Norman Highland Games where there are at least 100 different clans, societies, and family organizations which may be able to help you get started or help you complete a link which may have you stumped. National Archives, Washington D.C. Ellis Island National Monument, New York Harbor, NY Ellis Island Foundation, New York Harbor, NY Electric Scotland, Scotland Olde Mecklenburg Genealogical Society, Charlotte, NC Scotland’s People-Official Government Source, Scotland Rampant Scotland, Scotland THE SCOTTISH COOK: RECIPES OF THE PEOPLE HAGGIS: Address to a Haggis by Robert Burns, 1786 Fair fa’ your honest, sonsie face, Great chieftain o the puddin’ race! Aboon them a’ ye tak your place, Painch, tripe, or thairm: Weel are ye wordy of a grace As lang’s my arm.The groaning trencher there ye fill, Your hurdies like a distant hill, Your pin wad help to mend a mill In time o need, While thro your pores the dews distil Like amber bead.His knife see rustic Labour dight, An cut you up wi ready slight, Trenching your gushing entrails bright, Like onie ditch; And then, O what a glorious sight, Warm – reekin, rich!Then, horn for horn, they stretch an strive: Deil tak the hindmost, on they drive, Till a’ their weel-swall’d kytes belyve Are bent like drums; The auld Guidman, maist like to rive, ‘Bethankit’ hums.Is there that owre his French ragout, Or olio that wad staw a sow, Or fricassee wad mak her spew Wi perfect sconner, Looks down wi sneering, scornfu view On sic a dinner?Poor devil! see him owre his trash, As feckless as a wither’d rash, His spindle shank a guid whip-lash, His nieve a nit: Thro bloody flood or field to dash, O how unfit!But mark the Rustic, haggis-fed, The trembling earth resounds his tread, Clap in his walie nieve a blade. He’ll make it whissle; An legs an arms, an heads will sned, Like taps o thrissle.Ye Pow`rs, wha mak mankind your care, And dish them out their bill o fare, Auld Scotland wants nae skinking ware That jaups in luggies: But, If ye wish her gratefu prayer, Gie her a Haggis! It is a shame that the “Address to a Haggis” should be regarded (by some) with such a mixture of horror and humour. The vision of sheep’s stomachs and other intestines seems to put some people off, but it has long been a traditional way of using up parts of the animal which otherwise might go to waste. Made properly, it is a tasty, wholesome dish, with every chef creating his or her own recipe to get the flavour and texture (dry or moist) that suits them. Many like haggis which is spicy from pepper and herbs, with a lingering flavour on the palate after it has been consumed. Finding a butcher who can supply sheep’s heart, lungs and liver may not be easy although today beef bung (intestine) is used instead of sheep’s stomach. Since this is used also to make European sausage, they are out there for other nationalities as well. If this is still hard to come by, these days haggis can even be ordered online. Ingredients: •Set of sheep’s heart, lungs and liver (cleaned by a butcher) •One beef bung •3 cups finely chopped suet •One cup medium ground oatmeal •Two medium onions, finely chopped •One cup beef stock •One teaspoon salt •½ teaspoon pepper •One teaspoon nutmeg •½ teaspoon mace Preparation: Trim off any excess fat and sinew from the sheep’s intestine and, if present, discard the windpipe. Place in a large pan, cover with water and bring to the boil. Reduce the heat and simmer for an hour or possibly longer to ensure that they are all tender. Drain and cool. Some chefs toast the oatmeal in an oven until it is thoroughly dried out (but not browned or burnt!) Finely chop the meat and combine in a large bowl with the suet, oatmeal, finely chopped onions, beef stock, salt, pepper, nutmeg and mace. Make sure the ingredients are mixed well. Stuff the meat and spices mixture into the beef bung which should be over half full. Then press out the air and tie the open ends tightly with string. Make sure that you leave room for the mixture to expand or else it may burst while cooking. If it looks as though it may do that, prick with a sharp needle to reduce the pressure. Place in a pot and cover with water. Bring to the boil and immediately reduce the heat and simmer, covered, for three hours. Avoid boiling vigorously to avoid bursting the skin. Serve hot with “champit tatties and bashit neeps” (mashed/creamed potato and turnip/swede). For added flavour, you can add some nutmeg to the potatoes and allspice to the turnip/swede. Some people like to pour a little whisky over their haggis – Drambuie is even better! Don’t go overboard on this or you’ll make the haggis cold. At Burns’ Suppers, the haggis is traditionally piped in and Burns’ “Address to the Haggis” is recited over the meal. SCOTCH EGGS Ingredients: 1lb sausage meat 5 hard boiled eggs, with shells removed 1 large raw egg 3oz approx of dry breadcrumbs Pinch of mace, salt, freshly ground pepper Small quantity of flour 1 tablespoon water Preparation: Dust the hard boiled eggs in a little flour. Mix the mace, salt and pepper with the sausage meat and divide into five equal portions. Place on a floured surface. Wrap/mould the sausage meat round the egg, making sure there are no gaps. Beat the egg and water together and coat the meat-covered egg with this and then breadcrumbs (you may have to press the crumbs onto the meat). Deep fry in hot oil (360F/185C)17 taking care as you put the eggs into the oil. Cook for about 5/6 minutes. If you don’t have a deep fat fryer, they can be cooked in oil in a frying pan, turning frequently to ensure the meat is fully cooked. Drain and serve hot or allow to cool and keep in a refrigerator for a cold snack later. BLACK BUN This is a traditional recipe for a treat which is often eaten at the end of the year at Hogmanay (Scottish New Year’s). But it needs to be made several weeks in advance so that it can mature. Indeed, it can be kept for up to six months if kept in an airtight container. Don’t be put off by the formidable list of ingredients. It is relatively easy to make and every cook has his or her own variations on the ingredients. Ingredients for Pastry Case: •12 oz plain flour (3 cups) •3 oz lard (6 tablespoons) •3 oz butter or margarine (6 tablespoons) (Note that if you don’t want to use lard, increase the butter/margarine by an equivalent amount) •Pinch of salt •Half teaspoon baking powder •Cold water Ingredients for Filling: •1 lb seedless raisins (2¾ cups) •1 lb cleaned currants (2¾ cups •2 oz chopped, blanched almonds (Third of a cup) •2 oz chopped mixed peel (¼ cup) • 6 oz plain flour (1½ cups) •3 oz soft brown sugar (Third of a cup) •One level teaspoon ground allspice •Half level teaspoon each of ground ginger, ground cinnamon, baking powder •Generous pinch of black pepper •One tablespoon brandy •One large, beaten egg •Milk to moisten Preparation: Grease an 8-inch loaf tin. Rub the fats into the flour and salt and then mix in enough cold water to make a stiff dough (remember, it is going to line the tin). Roll out the pastry and cut into six pieces, using the bottom, top and four sides of the tin as a rough guide. Press the bottom and four side pieces into the tin, pressing the overlaps to seal the pastry shell. Mix the raisins, currants, almonds, peel and sugar together. Sift in the flour, all the spices and baking powder and bind them together using the brandy and almost all the egg and add enough milk to moisten. Pack the filling into the lined tin and add the pastry lid, pinching the edges and using milk or egg to seal really well. Lightly prick the surface with a fork and make four holes to the bottom of the tin with a skewer. Depress the centre slightly (it will rise as it cooks). Brush the top with milk or the rest of the egg to create a glaze. Bake in a pre-heated oven at 325F/160C/Gas Mark 3 for 2½ to 3 hours. Test with a skewer which should come out clean; if not, continue cooking. An uncooked cake sizzles if you listen closely! Cool in the tin and then turn onto a wire rack. Cool thoroughly before storing until Hogmanay. SCOTTISH MEAT PIE Large numbers of Scotch Pies are sold in Scotland every day – they are an original “fast food” and are often sold at the half-time interval at football (soccer) matches. The pies are made in special straight-sided moulds, roughly 3-3½ inches (7.5-8.5cm) in diameter and about 1½ inches (4cm) deep. A pastry lid, inside the pie, covers the meat about ½ inch (1cm) below the rim. This leaves a space at the top of the pie which can be filled, if required – with hot gravy, baked beans, mashed (creamed) potatoes etc. The meat is usually mutton (sometimes of varying quality). Many bakers have their own recipes and add spices to give additional flavour – there is now an annual competition for the best pie. The quantities below should make roughly 8/10 pies. Ingredients for the Meat Filling: •1 pound (500g or two cups) lean lamb, minced (ground) •Pinch of mace or nutmeg •Salt and pepper •Quarter pint (150ml) gravy •Ingredients for the Hot Water Pastry: •1 pound (500g or four cups) plain flour •6 ounces (175g or ¾ cup) lard •6 fluid ounces (225ml or ¾ cup) approximately of water •Pinch of salt •Milk for glazing •You will also need glasses or jars, approximately 3-3½ inches (7.5-8.5cm) in diameter to shape the pie. Preparation: Create the filling by mixing the minced (ground) lamb, spice and seasoning. Make the pastry by sifting the flour and salt into a warm bowl. Make a well in the centre of the flour. Melt the lard in a scant measure of water and, when it is bubbling, add to the flour and mix thoroughly. Take a small amount (remember the mixture should make 8/10 pies, with their tops) and form into a ball and keep the rest warm while making each pastry case. This is done by rolling a suitable amount for each pie and shaping the crust round the base of a glass or jar approximately 3-3½ inches (7.5-8.5cm) in diameter. Make sure there are no cracks in the pastry – you can trim round the top of the case to make it even. As the pastry cools and gets cool, remove the glass and continue until you have about a quarter of the pastry left to make the lids. Fill the cases with the meat and add the gravy to make the meat moist. Roll the remaining pastry and use the glass to cut the lids. Wet the edges of the lids, place over the meat and press down lightly over the filling. Pinch the edges and trim. Cut a small hole or vent in the centre of the lid (to allow the steam to escape). Glaze with milk and bake for about 45 minutes at 275F/140C/Gas mark 1. If the pies are not eaten immediately, they can be stored in the ‘fridge but always ensure they are properly reheated before being eaten. WHITE ROLLS There are a number of special regional rolls (such as the Aberdeen morning rolls or “Rowies”) but this a recipe for plain white bread rolls. The finished rolls should be light and airy. Ingredients (makes 16 rolls): • 500g/1lb plain white flour •2 teaspoons salt •275ml/10oz warm water •2 teaspoons dried yeast •2 teaspoons brown sugar •2 teaspoons vegetable oil Preparation: Dissolve the yeast and sugar into about half the quantity of warm water in a jug and leave in a warm place with a cloth over the top. The yeast will begin to froth in about ten minutes. The flour should be in a large bowl with the salt added and mixed. The flour should preferably be slightly warm too. Pour the yeast mixture into the flour and knead, either by hand or with a mixer with a dough hook. Add more water to make the texture so that it does not stick to your hands but is moist. Once it is well kneaded, form it into a ball, cover the bowl with a cloth and leave in a warm place. When the mixture has risen to about double its original size, knead it again until it has returned to its original volume. The dough can then be divided into 16 and formed into individual balls. Pull the dough from the top to the bottom so that the top looks smooth. Place on lightly oiled oven trays, leaving space between each one, and cover with a cloth. Leave the rolls to rise again in a warm place, for about 30 minutes. Finally, bake in a hot oven, 200C/400F/Gas Mark 6 for about 20 minutes, until brown on top – some people prefer their rolls “lightly fired” while others prefer to bake them for longer and have a more burnt surface. PORRIDGE Oatmeal was once described as “the backbone of many a sturdy Scotsman”. Porridge was one of the main ways of eating oats, in days gone by. There is a lot of mystique about making porridge and many traditions associated with cooking and eating it. The important thing is to obtain good quality medium-ground oats (rather than rolled oats) and to keep stirring it to avoid solid lumps. Ingredients (sufficient for two people): •One pint (half litre) water; some people use half water and half milk •2.5 ounces (2.5 rounded tablespoons) medium-ground oats •Pinch of salt Preparation: Bring the water (or water and milk) to a good rolling boil, preferably in a non-stick pan. Slowly pour the oatmeal into the boiling liquid, stirring vigorously with a wooden spoon all the time. Keep stirring until it has returned to the boil again, reduce the heat, cover the pan and simmer very gently for 15 minutes, stirring frequently. Add the salt at this point and simmer and stir for a further 5/10 minutes (time depends on the quality of the oats). It should be a thick but pour able consistency. Serve hot in wooden bowls if you have them.
3199	dbpedia	3	13	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/james_donald	en	James Donald	https://images.fandango.…--newsletter.png		[ "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/97c33f00-313f-11ee-9aaf-6762c75465cf--newsletter.png", "https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/rtlogo.9b892cff3fd.png", "https://resizing.flixster.com/hjdr39li3kRBfT9IgT20KGKTyEI=/218x280/v2/https://resizing.flixster.com/-XZAfHZM39UwaGJIFWKAE8fS0ak=/v3/t/assets/219319_v9_ba.jpg", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg", "https://images.fandango.com/cms/assets/266533e0-7afb-11ed-83f2-4f600722b564--privacyoptions.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Explore the filmography of James Donald on Rotten Tomatoes! Discover ratings, reviews, and more. Click for details!	en	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/assets/pizza-pie/images/favicon.ico	Rotten Tomatoes	https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/james_donald	The film career of Scotsman James Donald began in earnest with the role of Theo Van Gogh, opposite Kirk Douglas as Vincent, in the 1956 biopic "Lust for Life." Two years later, he had another one of his more famous film opportunities alongside Douglas once again, this time as a manly rather than a sensitive sibling in the 1958 adventure "The Vikings." But it was the movie that Donald made in between, David Lean's timeless wartime drama "Bridge on the River Kwai," that forever stamped the Scot in the cinematic consciousness. At the end of epic battle between the characters played by Alec Guinness and William Holden, it was Donald as Major Clipton who got to utter the famous final line of dialogue, "Madness. Madness!" In 1963, Donald was part of another one of the great World War II movies of all-time, "The Great Escape," starring as Group Captain Ramsey, the senior British officer interned in the German POW camp at the center of the fact-inspired Steve McQueen classic. Some of the actor's other performances of note include yet another World War II POW film, 1965's "King Rat," set in Singapore, and the co-starring role of Nathaniel Winkle in a 1952 version of Charles Dickens' "The Pickwick Papers."
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Trump is one of five children born to Fred Trump and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. Here is everything to know about his parents, siblings, wives, children and grandchildren.	en	/favicon.ico	Peoplemag	https://people.com/all-about-donald-trump-family-tree-7567639	Donald Trump has made the Trump family name synonymous with real estate, reality television and politics. And with many of his children involved in the family business and his political runs, the Trump family is a complicated web of professional and personal connections. But understanding the Trump family tree goes far beyond looking at the Trump Organization company directory. The twice-impeached 2024 Republican presidential nominee is one of five children born to real estate developer Fred Trump and Scottish immigrant Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. His siblings include a former federal judge, an airline pilot and a banking executive; Donald and his late brother Robert worked together at the Trump Organization. Donald also has five children of his own with ex-wives Ivana Trump and Marla Maples and current wife Melania Trump. Ivana’s children — Don Jr., Eric and Ivanka — have all been involved with the Trump Organization in some capacity, while Maples’ daughter Tiffany is a lawyer. His and Melania’s son, Barron, graduated high school in May 2024. Donald also has 10 grandchildren. Since leaving office in 2017, Trump has been given four indictments and charged with 88 felony counts. One of those cases went to trial in the spring of 2024, and the former president was found guilty of all 34 felony counts of falsifying business records by a New York City juror. His sentencing was originally set for July 11 but has been postponed to Sept. 18. On July 14, one of Donald's criminal cases regarding classified federal documents was dismissed by a Florida judge. The ruling came two days after Donald survived an assassination attempt at a campaign rally in Pennsylvania. Here is everything to know about Donald Trump’s immediate and extended family. Donald Trump’s Parents Frederick Christ Trump Sr. Frederick Christ Trump Sr. was the patriarch of the Trump family. He and Mary Anne MacLeod, his wife of 63 years, had five children: Maryanne, Elizabeth, Fred Jr., Donald and Robert. Though Donald has claimed that his father was born in Germany, Fred Sr. was born in New York City in 1905. While he was still in high school, 15-year-old Fred started his own construction company — building garages for the newly popular automobiles — with his mother Elizabeth as his partner, according to The New York Times. Fred’s business was so successful that he was able to put his younger brother through college and two graduate programs. The bulk of Fred’s success and wealth came from building low- and moderate-income housing in Brooklyn and Queens after World War II. Throughout his real estate career, Fred built more than 27,000 apartments and row homes in the outer boroughs of N.Y.C. — and was worth an estimated $300 million by his death on June 25, 1999. “If I ever wanted to be known as more than Fred Trump’s son, I was eventually going to have to go out and make my own mark,” Donald once said about his father’s career. Fred married Mary Anne MacLeod in January 1936. The couple shared five children, whom they raised in Queens, and eight grandchildren — but the family patriarch was described as emotionally abusive in his granddaughter Mary L. Trump’s 2020 tell-all book Too Much and Never Enough. In her book, Mary alleged Fred was a “high-functioning sociopath” who was controlling, unrelenting and heartless to his children and grandchildren — an account that his children Donald and Robert have disputed. Mary Anne MacLeod Trump The matriarch of the Trump family was Mary Anne MacLeod Trump. A Scottish immigrant, Mary married Fred Sr. in 1936 and settled in Jamaica, Queens. Together, they had five children, eight grandchildren and — at the time of her death in 2000 — four great-grandchildren. The daughter of a fisherman, Mary was the youngest of 10 children and was born in May 1912 on a remote island in Scotland. She reportedly met Fred at a party in the 1930s. According to The New Yorker, the 1930 census listed her occupation as “maid” or “domestic” — but after marrying Fred in 1936, Mary turned her focus to raising their children, later with the help of a Scottish nanny. “She was a very traditional housewife, but she also had a sense of the world beyond her,” Donald wrote about his mother in his 1987 book The Art of the Deal. As the family’s wealth grew, Mary became an active philanthropist. She lent her time to several causes, including organizations for adults with intellectual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy, The New Yorker reported. She died in August 2000 at the age of 88. Donald Trump’s Siblings Maryanne Trump Barry Born in 1937, Maryanne Trump Barry was the eldest of Fred Sr. and Mary's five children. She was married to her first husband, David Desmond, from 1960 to 1980, and the couple had one child, a son named David William Desmond. In 1982, she wed lawyer John Joseph Barry. They remained together until John’s death in 2000. She was raised in Queens with her four siblings and became a lawyer later in life: Barry didn’t attend law school until her son David was in the sixth grade, according to The New York Times. After graduating from the Hofstra University School of Law, Barry had a decades-long career in law as a federal prosecutor and federal judge. In 1999, President Bill Clinton nominated Barry to the U.S. Court of Appeals, where she remained until she stopped hearing cases in 2017. In February 2019, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals launched an investigation into Barry for alleged judicial misconduct and tax evasion; Barry officially retired 10 days later, per The New York Times, effectively ending the investigation. Outside of her high-profile legal career, Barry avoided the spotlight. But in secretly recorded conversations from 2018 and 2019, Barry gave her unfiltered opinion on her younger brother and his presidency, calling him “cruel” and saying “he has no principles.” “You can’t trust him,” she said of Donald. On Nov. 13, 2023, Barry died at home in New York City. She was 86 years old. Frederick Christ “Freddy” Trump Jr. Frederick Christ “Freddy” Trump Jr. was born to Fred Sr. and Mary in 1938. He married Linda Clapp in 1962, and the couple had two children: Frederick III and Mary Trump, who would later write a book about her family in 2020. As the eldest son, Freddy was expected to take over his father’s real estate business. Instead, Freddy had ambitions to be a pilot — which led to tensions with both his father and his younger brother Donald. He developed alcoholism in the 1960s; in the 1970s, Freddy quit flying, got divorced and went back to living at his parents’ house in Queens, The New York Times reported. In September 1981, Freddy died from a heart attack linked to alcoholism. He was 42 years old. “He was a fantastic guy, but he got stuck on alcohol,” Donald told PEOPLE about his older brother in 2015. The former president also described Freddy’s death as having a “profound impact” on his life. Freddy’s contentious relationship with his father carried on to both of his children, Fred III and Mary — even after his death. According to The New York Times, Fred Sr. removed Fred Jr. and his descendants from his will, resulting in a lawsuit from Fred III and Mary. The suit was eventually settled — but not before Donald suspended medical benefits for Fred III and his family — including his infant son, who had cerebral palsy — out of anger. Mary, who wrote in Too Much and Never Enough that Fred Sr. destroyed her father, was also sued in June 2020 by her uncle Robert to prevent her from publishing the book. Elizabeth Trump Grau The middle of five children, Elizabeth Trump Grau was born in Queens in 1942 to Fred Sr. and Mary. Grau, whom Donald described as “bright but less ambitious” in The Art of the Deal, attended Southern Seminary College in Virginia before working as an administrative assistant at Chase Manhattan Bank in New York, according to The New York Times. She married TV and movie producer James Grau in March 1989; the couple, who have no children together, are retired and live in Florida. Grau leads a relatively private life but made headlines briefly in 2020 when Donald thanked his sister for supposedly joining X, formerly known as Twitter, to voice her support for overturning the 2020 election results. “Thank you Elizabeth,” Donald tweeted. “LOVE!” However, the account claiming to be Grau was actually run by a 22-year-old food delivery driver in Pennsylvania named Joshua Hall, who was later convicted of wire fraud and identity theft in relation to the social media scheme. Robert Stewart Trump Robert Stewart Trump is the youngest child born to Fred Sr. and Mary. He was married to Blaine Trump for 25 years and helped raise her son, Christopher Trump-Retchin, from a previous relationship. The couple did not have children together. After their divorce in 2008, he married Trump Organization employee Ann Marie Pallan in 2020. Robert was born in 1948 in Queens, where he grew up with his four older siblings. After attending Boston University, the youngest Trump sibling began a career on Wall Street before joining the family real estate business, according to The New York Times. Robert attempted to defend his family against his niece Mary’s memoir by suing her in June 2020, calling her decision to write the book “truly a disgrace.” “Her attempt to sensationalize and mischaracterize our family relationship after all of these years for her own financial gain is both a travesty and injustice to the memory of my late brother, Fred, and our beloved parents,” he said in a statement. Robert died two months later, on Aug. 15, 2020, at the age of 71 — after a summer of poor health and hospitalizations. His funeral service was held at the White House. “He was not just my brother, he was my best friend,” Donald said about his younger brother in a statement obtained by PEOPLE. “He will be greatly missed, but we will meet again. His memory will live on in my heart forever.” Donald Trump’s Wives Ivana Trump Donald’s first wife was Ivana Trump. They were married from 1977 to 1992 and had three children together: Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric. Prior to Donald, she was married to Austrian skier Alfred Winklmayr. They split two years later and she moved to Montreal to pursue modeling. Through her modeling career, she met Donald in 1976. The two were married nine months later and eventually welcomed three children together. During their 15-year marriage, Ivana helped Donald build his real estate empire — working closely with him on early projects, including Trump Tower in N.Y.C. and Trump Taj Mahal casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, The New York Times reported. She also went on to have a career in the fashion, jewelry and fragrance industries. Ivana and Donald's divorce was finalized in 1992, and she went on to marry two more times: to Italian businessman Riccardo Mazzucchelli from 1995 to 1997 and to Italian actor Rossano Rubicondi from 2008 to 2009 (though she and Rubicondi maintained an on-again, off-again relationship until his death in 2021). Ivana died after a fall in her Manhattan home on July 14, 2022, at 73 years old. “She was a wonderful, beautiful, and amazing woman, who led a great and inspirational life,” Donald wrote about Ivana on his social media site following her death. “Her pride and joy were her three children, Donald Jr., Ivanka, and Eric. She was so proud of them, as we were all so proud of her. Rest In Peace, Ivana!” Marla Maples Donald’s second marriage was to Georgia native Marla Maples. Born on Oct. 27, 1963, Maples was the only child born to Ann and Stanley Maples. She and Donald had one child, a daughter named Tiffany, and were married from 1993 until separating in 1997. Their divorce was finalized in 1999. Maples and Donald’s relationship began while he was still married to Ivana, though Maples “never considered herself a mistress.” Their love triangle came to a head in December 1989 when Donald entertained both Maples and Ivana at the same resort in Aspen, Colorado. There was an infamous ski slope confrontation between the two women — which ultimately led to Ivana and Donald’s split in 1990. Maples and Donald welcomed daughter Tiffany on Oct. 13, 1993, and married two months later in a lavish ceremony at the Plaza Hotel. Maples, an actress who appeared in film and on TV throughout the 1990s and 2000s, raised Tiffany as a single mother after her divorce from Donald in 1999. But Maples holds no ill will toward her ex. In a 2013 appearance on Oprah Winfrey’s Where Are They Now?, she said, “I still love Donald. I love Eric, Ivanka and Donnie so much.” The two even celebrated Easter together in April 2023. “What I’ve learned to do is to take responsibility for what’s happening in my life and not be a victim,” Maples told PEOPLE of being a single mom. Melania Trump Melania Trump, Donald’s third and current wife, was born in Yugoslavia on April 26, 1970. The Slovenian-American model married Donald on Jan. 22, 2005. They have one child, a son named Barron, who was born on March 20, 2006. Born Melania Knauss, she was raised by Viktor Knauss, a car dealer, and Amalija Knauss, a fashion designer, in present-day Slovenia, having witnessed the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1992. Melania briefly attended the University of Ljubljana to study design but left the school after one year to launch her modeling career, according to The New Yorker. “I traveled around the world and had a great modeling career,” Melania told PEOPLE. Melania modeled in Paris and Milan before moving to N.Y.C. in 1996, according to Vanity Fair. She met Donald at a Fashion Week party in September 1998, and the two began dating shortly after. In 2004, they were engaged, and in January 2005, they wed in a lavish celebration at Donald’s Mar-a-Lago resort. They welcomed their son Barron the following year. When Donald became president in 2017, Melania became the first foreign-born first lady since Louisa Adams, wife of John Quincy Adams. According to CNN reporter Kate Bennett’s unauthorized biography Free, Melania, the supermodel was the one who “pushed” him to run for president. As for her husband’s legal troubles since leaving office, Melania plans on staying “below the radar” and raising Barron, who is her “first priority.” Donald Trump’s Children Donald John Trump Jr. Born in N.Y.C. on Dec. 31, 1977, Donald John Trump Jr. is the eldest child of Donald Sr. and the late Ivana Trump. Don Jr. was married to Vanessa Haydon from 2005 to 2018, and the couple have five children: Kai, Donald III, Tristan, Spencer and Chloe. Donald Jr. is reportedly engaged to Kimberly Guilfoyle. Donald Jr. — who has had a turbulent relationship with his father over the years — attended the University of Pennsylvania, also Donald Sr.’s alma mater. But after graduating in 2000, Donald Jr. moved to Aspen. where he hunted, fished, camped and lived out of the back of a truck. After a year in Aspen, he joined the Trump Organization, where he is now an executive vice president. During his father’s 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Jr. served as a “close political adviser,” according to The New York Times, and oversaw the Trump Organization with his brother Eric during his father’s presidency. In June 2022, he was deposed by the New York State attorney general’s office over the Trump Organization’s business practices and finances. There was speculation that the eldest Trump son would consider a 2024 presidential run, but Donald Jr. said in July 2021 that he hadn’t “personally thought about” it. He’s been publicly supportive of his father since Donald announced his 2024 presidential campaign in November 2022. Ivana Marie “Ivanka” Trump Ivana Marie “Ivanka” Trump is the second child of Donald and his late first wife, Ivana. Born on Oct. 30, 1981, and raised in N.Y.C., she has been married to Jared Kushner since October 2009. The couple have three children together: Arabella, Joseph and Theodore. After attending Georgetown University and the University of Pennsylvania, Ivanka joined the family real estate business and forged her own career path. She worked alongside her father at the Trump Organization, served as a judge on his reality show The Apprentice and co-hosted the 1997 Miss Teen U.S.A. pageant with him. When her father became president, she and Jared served as top White House advisers. Ivanka also began modeling at the age of 15, according to The New York Times, and launched her own line of clothing, accessories, handbags and jewelry in 2014. “Ivanka had a really successful line of clothing. I mean, making a fortune. When I [became president], she was really — she closed it up,” Donald said about his daughter’s brand, which she shut down in 2018 after joining his administration. Ivanka’s close professional ties to her father didn’t just cost her her business, however. In April 2022, she testified before Congress for eight hours in relation to the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, and in June 2022, she and Don Jr. were deposed by the New York State attorney general’s office as part of a probe into the Trump Organization’s business practices. In recent years, Ivanka has distanced herself from her father’s business and political activities. She does not “plan to be involved in politics” any longer — even as her father prepares for his third presidential bid. After he lost the 2020 election, Ivanka, Jared and their three children moved to Miami, seeking a quieter life. “I am choosing to prioritize my young children and the private life we are creating as a family,” she said in a statement. Eric Frederick Trump Born on Jan. 6, 1984, in N.Y.C., Eric Frederick Trump is the third and youngest of Donald and Ivana’s children. He married Lara Yunaska, a TV producer and Fox News contributor, in November 2014, and the couple have two children: a son named Eric and a daughter named Carolina. Eric attended Georgetown University and, like his older siblings, joined the Trump Organization after graduating. When his father was president, Eric and his older brother Don Jr. ran the family business — and, as a result, have been the subject of a New York State probe into the company’s business practices. Eric was deposed in the case — which he called a “continued political vendetta” — in October 2020. Eric has also been a staunch defender of his father in the face of his recent legal troubles. (The former president was indicted on federal charges in June 2023 for his handling of classified documents after leaving the White House.) In a Fox News interview, Eric called the raid of his father’s home an “absolute coordinated attack” and claimed that “Joe Biden absolutely signed off on this.” Donald has been complimentary of his second-oldest son. “Eric, my son, is a fine boy,” he said on Fox News in June 2023. “You know him very well. He’s a fine young man. A good student, good everything.” Tiffany Ariana Trump Tiffany Ariana Trump is the fourth of Donald’s kids and his only child with Maples. She was born on Oct. 13, 1993, in West Palm Beach, Florida, and raised in California. Tiffany has been married to businessman Michael Boulos since November 2022. Maples raised Tiffany as a single mother following her divorce from Donald in 1999. After their public split, she moved to Calabasas, California, to keep Tiffany out of the public eye. “That was my choice, raising her outside of the spotlight,” Maples told PEOPLE in 2016. “Her daddy is a good provider with education and such, but as far as time, it was just me.” Tiffany went on to attend her father’s alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania, before graduating from Georgetown University Law Center in May 2020. Though she and her father reportedly have a “strained relationship,” the former president tweeted his congratulations to Tiffany for her accomplishment. “Just what I need is a lawyer in the family. Proud of you Tiff!” her father tweeted after her graduation. Unlike her older half-siblings, Tiffany does not work for the Trump Organization and had no role in her father’s White House administration. She did, however, make speeches at the Republican National Convention for her father’s 2016 and 2020 campaigns. Barron William Trump Barron William Trump is Donald’s youngest child and his only one with Melania. He was born in N.Y.C. on March 20, 2006. In June 2017, Barron became the first boy to live in the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr., according to Today. Since leaving the White House in 2020, Barron and Melania have taken up residence in Palm Beach, Florida, where Barron attends the private Oxbridge Academy. He is set to graduate in 2024. Since Donald’s federal indictment in June 2023, Melania has been “very protective” of Barron. “Barron has always been a first priority in [Melania’s] life,” a source told PEOPLE. “Of course she is worried and concerned about the legal issues but she has not done anything more to protect Barron now than she ever did. She has always put him first. She is a good mother.” Donald Trump’s Grandchildren Kai Madison Trump Kai Madison Trump is the eldest child of Donald Jr. and Vanessa. She is Donald Sr.’s first grandchild and was born on May 12, 2007. She has four younger siblings: Donald III, Tristan, Spencer and Chloe. Donald John Trump III Donald John Trump III is Donald Jr. and Vanessa’s first son and second child. He was born in N.Y.C. on Feb. 18, 2009. Arabella Rose Kushner Born on July 17, 2011, Arabella Rose Kushner is the first child of Ivanka and Jared Kushner. Arabella, who celebrated her bat mitzvah in June 2023, has two younger brothers, Joseph and Theodore. Tristan Milos Trump Born on Oct. 2, 2011, Tristan Milos Trump is the third child of Donald Jr. and Vanessa. Spencer Frederick Trump Spencer Frederick Trump is Donald Jr. and Vanessa’s fourth child. He was born on Oct. 21, 2012, just over a year after his older brother Tristan. Joseph Frederick Kushner Joseph Frederick Kushner is the second child of Ivanka and Jared. He was born in N.Y.C. on Oct. 14, 2013. Chloe Sophia Trump On June 16, 2014, Donald Jr. and Vanessa welcomed their fifth child and second daughter, Chloe Sophia Trump. Theodore James Kushner Theodore James Kushner was born on March 27, 2016. He is the third and youngest child of Ivanka and Jared. Eric Luke Trump Eric Luke Trump, who goes by his middle name, is Eric and Lara’s first child. He was born in N.Y.C. on Sept. 12, 2017, and has one younger sister, Carolina. Carolina Dorothy Trump
3199	dbpedia	0	50	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/dr-james-donald-robertson	en	Dr James Donald Robertson	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo.svg", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo.svg", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/team_member/public/2019-09/LOTF-Robertson.png?h=038a9462&itok=4xCYTHJ2", "https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/themes/custom/rcoa_base/images/rcoa-logo-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Biography of Dr James Donald Robertson	en	/themes/custom/rcoa_base/favicon.ico	The Royal College of Anaesthetists	https://www.rcoa.ac.uk/dr-james-donald-robertson	Education and qualifications Professional life and career Postgraduate career After qualifying JDR was house physician and surgeon at Edinburgh’s Royal Hospital for Sick Children before serving with the RAMC as a specialist anaesthetist in West Africa, the Middle East and Europe, ending the war as a Major. Demobilised, he was sequentially (1946-52) resident anaesthetist, medical registrar and senior registrar in anaesthetics in the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, before obtaining an MRC research fellowship to work in the University physiology department (1952-4). Appointed a consultant in the Royal in 1955, he became director of the department in succession to Dr John Gillies in 1960, was awarded a personal Chair in 1968, and retired in 1982 as Professor Emeritus. Professional interests and activities His early physiological research was on CVS effects of anaesthetics, more specifically the action on baroreceptor function; subsequently he was involved with the major MRC report on the then new agent, halothane. Clinically, he was associated with the pioneer vascular and renal transplant surgeon, Sir Michael Woodruff, and anaesthesia for these procedures became a major interest. At the time that he became head of department, anaesthetists were increasingly involved in managing patients receiving artificial ventilation on general wards, but managing two (or more) patients in different parts of the hospital was stretching resources. Discovering that the small ward for students was empty, JDR ‘annexed’ it, ultimately to create an ICU administered by anaesthetists, an extension in their responsibilities that he guarded zealously. However, his later interest in studying the so-called basal anaesthetic, gamma-OH, puzzles his former trainees still! Possibly his greatest contribution was to education and training. He set up in-service courses and through much diplomacy arranged that most of the registrar posts in Edinburgh were included in a rotation of three month blocks to ensure comprehensive exposure to all sub-specialty practice. The first-time pass rates of Edinburgh trainees proved the worth of these measures, and he spread the word in lecture tours to many parts of the World. Such activities led inevitably to membership of the Board of Faculty (1961-82) and service as a Fellowship examiner (1963-82). He was Vice-Dean of the Faculty (1969-71) and would almost certainly have been elected Dean if ill-health had not intervened. Many honours came his way, notably FRCSEd ad eundam (1964), Scottish Society presidency (1964-5) & Gillies Lecture (1981), Faculty of Anaesthetists Hewitt Lecture (1969) & Gold Medal (1981), and AAGBI Pask Award (1971). In 1989 the Edinburgh & East of Scotland Society established an annual lecture in his memory. Other biographical information War service included landing in Normandy on D-Day plus 10 (in the same Casualty Clearing Station team as his future wife, an RAMC nurse) and entering Belsen concentration camp shortly after its liberation, experiences with a profound effect. He married Evelyn Patricia (Pat) McNaughton in 1945, and they had five sons: Peter (engineer), Iain (prof of architecture), Graeme (particle physicist), Roy (prof of addiction medicine) and Neil (lawyer). They were generous hosts, the annual departmental cocktail party being a tour de force, and he was a formidable competitor on the golf course. Author and Sources Author: Prof Roy Robertson (son)
3199	dbpedia	1	30	https://ww2-movie-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Category:James_Donald	en	WW2 Movie Characters Wiki	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/6a/Clipton.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20190908092054	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/6a/Clipton.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20190908092054	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/6a/Clipton.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/160/height/120?cb=20190908092054", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/6a/Clipton.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20190908092054", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/6a/Clipton.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20190908092054", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/65/Doc_%28IWWS%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20210907115344", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/6/65/Doc_%28IWWS%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20210907115344", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/7/71/German_Corporal_%28James_Donald%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20230710103401", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/7/71/German_Corporal_%28James_Donald%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20230710103401", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/8/8b/Richard_Jennings.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20181206130030", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/8/8b/Richard_Jennings.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20181206130030", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/9/9e/Evan_Lloyd.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20190910082626", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/9/9e/Evan_Lloyd.jpg/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20190910082626", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/1/1c/Ramsey_%28TGE%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20220130144728", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ww2-movie-characters/images/1/1c/Ramsey_%28TGE%29.png/revision/latest/smart/width/40/height/30?cb=20220130144728", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/ff185fe4-8356-4b6b-ad48-621b95a82a1d", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f3fc9271-3d5e-4c73-9afc-e6a9f6154ff1", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to WW2 Movie Characters Wiki" ]	null		en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	WW2 Movie Characters Wiki	https://ww2-movie-characters.fandom.com/wiki/Category:James_Donald	Don't have an account? Register Sign In
3199	dbpedia	0	0	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Donald	en	James Donald	https://upload.wikimedia…James_Donald.jpg	https://upload.wikimedia…James_Donald.jpg	[ "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/Actor_James_Donald.jpg/220px-Actor_James_Donald.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png", "https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg", "https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Wikimedia projects" ]	2004-09-11T22:48:02+00:00		en	/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Donald	Scottish actor (1917–1993) For other people named James Donald, see James Donald (disambiguation). James Donald (18 May 1917 – 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor.[1] Tall and thin, he specialised in playing authority figures, particularly military doctors.[2] Early life [edit] Donald was born in Aberdeen, the fourth son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister. His mother died when he was 18 months old and his father remarried. Donald grew up in Galashiels and was educated at Rossall School on Lancashire's Fylde coast. He briefly attended McGill University in Montreal but, due to asthma, he transferred to the University of Edinburgh. Donald originally intended to be a teacher, but seeing Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Dame Edith Evans in The Late Christopher Bean made him decide to be an actor. He began seeing as many shows as possible and studied at the London Theatre Studio for two years. He made his stage debut in 1938 in The White Guard and he began to get work regularly on stage. He appeared in Twelfth Night with Michael Redgrave and understudied John Gielgud in King Lear. He toured the provinces in The Cherry Orchard. War service [edit] In 1939, Donald tried to enlist but a medical classified him as unfit for military service so he joined ENSA. He played minor roles in several war films, including Alibi (1942), In Which We Serve (1942), Went the Day Well? (1942), San Demetrio London (1943) and The Way Ahead (1944). He achieved fame on stage appearing in Present Laughter by Noël Coward. In 1943 he was signed by MGM. After The Way Ahead in 1944, the British Army reversed its earlier decision and called up Donald. He joined the RASC before being assigned to British Army Intelligence where he typed up decoded enemy messages.[3] Acting career [edit] After the war he resumed his acting career. On stage he was in The Eagle with Two Heads (1947) and You Never Can Tell (1948) In films, MGM loaned him to Gainsborough Studios for Broken Journey (1948). He was also in The Small Voice (1948) and MGM's Edward, My Son (1949). Donald had great success on stage in The Heiress (1949) with Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft and Donald Sinden. It led to Laurence Olivier's casting him in a production of Captain Caravallo (1950).[4] For films, he was Jean Kent's love interest in Trottie True (1949) and supported Jean Simmons in Cage of Gold (1950) and Googie Withers in White Corridors (1951). Donald had the lead in a comedy Brandy for the Parson (1952) and supported Trevor Howard and Richard Attenborough in Gift Horse (1952). He played Mr Winkle in the 1952 film version of The Pickwick Papers. He had the lead in The Net (1953) and was cast in his first Hollywood film in MGM's Beau Brummell (1954). The same studio hired him to play Theo Van Gogh in Lust for Life (1956). It was Donald's voice that read aloud the famous letters from the artist, played by Kirk Douglas, to his brother, which formed the narrative backbone of the film. International work [edit] He portrayed Major Clipton, the doctor who expresses grave doubts about the sanity of Colonel Nicholson's (Alec Guinness) efforts to build the bridge in order to show up his Japanese captors, in the war film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). He spoke the film's final words: "Madness! Madness!" Donald was in much demand to play supporting roles in action and prisoner-of-war films: The Vikings (1958); Third Man on the Mountain (1959); Group Captain Ramsey, the Senior British Officer in The Great Escape (1963); King Rat (1965), a doctor in a POW camp; and Cast a Giant Shadow (1966). He played a colonel in a comedy The Jokers (1967) and had a part as a heroic scientist in Quatermass and the Pit (1967).[5] Donald starred in a 1960 television adaptation of A. J. Cronin's The Citadel and appeared regularly in many other television dramas in the UK and US. He starred in two episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents directed by Hitchcock himself: "Poison" (from the story by Roald Dahl) and "The Crystal Trench" (based on the story by A.E.W. Mason). In 1961, he played Prince Albert opposite Julie Harris's Queen Victoria, in the Hallmark Hall of Fame production of Laurence Housman's play Victoria Regina, for which he received an Emmy nomination.[2] He performed Write Me a Murder (1961) on Broadway. Later life [edit] Later film roles included Hannibal Brooks (1969), The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), David Copperfield (1969), Conduct Unbecoming (1975) and The Big Sleep (1978). Death [edit] Donald retired from acting in part because of a lifelong asthmatic condition. He grew grapes and made wine on his farm in Hampshire. He died of stomach cancer on 3 August 1993 in West Tytherley, Hampshire.[5] He was survived by his wife Ann, and a stepson.[5][6] Filmography [edit] Film Year Title Role Notes 1942 The Missing Million 1942 One of Our Aircraft Is Missing Uncredited 1942 Alibi Barman Uncredited 1942 In Which We Serve Doc 1942 Went the Day Well? German Corporal Uncredited 1943 San Demetrio London Gunnery Control Officer 1944 The Way Ahead Private Evan Lloyd 1948 Broken Journey Bill Haverton 1948 The Small Voice Murray Byrne 1949 Edward, My Son Bronton 1949 Trottie True Lord Digby Landon 1950 Cage of Gold Alan 1951 White Corridors Neil Marriner 1952 Brandy for the Parson Bill Harper 1952 Gift Horse Lieutenant Richard Jennings, No. 1 1952 The Pickwick Papers Nathaniel Winkle 1953 The Net Professor Michael Heathley 1954 Beau Brummell Lord Edwin Mercer 1956 Lust for Life Theo Van Gogh 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai Major Clipton 1958 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Harry Pope Season 4 Episode 1: "Poison" 1958 The Vikings Egbert 1959 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Mark Cavendish Season 5 Episode 2: "The Crystal Trench" 1959 Third Man on the Mountain Franz Lerner 1961 Victoria Regina[7] Prince Albert 1963 The Great Escape Group Captain Ramsey "The SBO" 1965 King Rat Dr. Kennedy 1966 Cast a Giant Shadow Major Safir 1967 The Jokers Colonel Gurney-Simms 1967 Quatermass and the Pit Dr. Mathew Roney (Released as Five Million Years to Earth in the US) 1969 Hannibal Brooks Padre 1969 The Royal Hunt of the Sun King Carlos 1970 David Copperfield Mr. Murdstone TV movie 1975 Conduct Unbecoming The Doctor 1978 The Big Sleep Inspector Gregory (final film role) Theatre & stage [edit] "White Guard" (1938) "Swords About the Cross" (1938) "Weep for the Spring" (1939) "Twelfth Night" (1939) "King Lear" (1940) "Thunder Rock" (1943) "The Time of Your Life" (1943) "Present Laughter" (1943) "This Happy Breed" (1943) "The Brothers Karamazov" (1946) "The Eagle Has Two Heads" (1947) "The Cherry Orchard" (1948) "You Never Can Tell" (1948) "The Heriress" (1949) "Captain Carvallo" (1950) "Peter Pan" (1952) "Slightly Soiled" (1953) "The Dark is Light Enough" (1954) "The Gates of Summer"(1956) "Face of a Hero" (1960) "Write Me a Murder" (1961) The Wings of the Dove" (1963) "The Doctor's Dilemma" (1963) "School for Scandal" (1970) "The Marquise" (1971) "Emperor Henry IV" (1973) References [edit]
3199	dbpedia	0	93	https://www.vanemburghsneider.com/obituary/Ernest-MacKinnon	en	Ernest MacKinnon Obituary	https://s3.amazonaws.com…96ee9baad-sm.png	https://s3.amazonaws.com…96ee9baad-sm.png	[ "https://s3.amazonaws.com/CFSV2/obitv3/obitbanners/nature/sunset_surf.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "Van Emburgh-Sneider-Pernice Funeral Home", "funeral home", "funeral home in Ramsey NJ", "funeral services", "traditional funeral service", "cremation", "embalming", "caskets", "urns", "funeral flowers", "pre-need", "funeral arrangement", "funeral pre-arrangement", "funeral planning" ]	null	[ "Van Emburgh-Sneider-Pernice Funeral Home" ]	2024-08-07T11:46:54-04:00	Obituary for Ernest A. MacKinnon \| Ernest Alexander Howatt MacKinnon (98), after living a fulfilled life, passed peacefully on July 18, 2024 in New Smyrna Beach, FL. Affectionally known as Ernie, he was a pillar of stoicism and...	en		Ernest MacKinnon Obituary \| July 18, 2024 \| Ramsey, NJ	https://www.vanemburghsneider.com/obituary/Ernest-MacKinnon	Ernest Alexander Howatt MacKinnon (98), after living a fulfilled life, passed peacefully on July 18, 2024 in New Smyrna Beach, FL. Affectionally known as Ernie, he was a pillar of stoicism and strength to his family and to all those who knew him. Ernest was born January 23, 1926 in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada and grew up in Prince Edward Island, Canada. In his youth, he moved with his mother to New York and then returned to Canada to study engineering at the Mount Allison University in New Brunswick, Canada. He enlisted in the United States Army to serve in World War II in 1946. He was a proud member of the 11th Airborne Division stationed in Yamoto, Japan, and was in the parachute division that jumped out of C-47s. On his tours of Japan during rest, Ernest skied the mountains of Hokkaido. After honorable discharge from the Army in 1949, he returned to the US and held various jobs at Bulova Watch, Ford Instrument, Sperry Rand, and worked on the space program contracts for Northrup Grumman. Ernest founded his own business in the 1960s as a government engineering design and supplier. Ernest married the love of his life on June 24, 1960 and became a loving and doting father to Maureen and Kevin. Throughout their many years of marriage, Ernest and Marie traveled extensively throughout the US and Europe, and especially cherished visiting their extended relatives in Scotland. After living in New Windsor, NY, Ernest and Marie moved to New Smyrna Beach, FL and found the loving Sea Woods community. Throughout his remarkable journey, Ernest was an engaged and active leader in his community. He served as a Free Mason in Queens, NY. He was also a member of the US Ski Association, the Metropolitan Ski Council of New York, and served as President of the Sea Woods HOA in New Smyrna Beach, Fl. Favorite memories of Ernest include ski trips with his grandchildren, the many times Ernest and Marie welcomed family and neighbors into their Mineola, NY home, and how dashing he would look in his tartan kilt. He was especially gifted in his ability of humbly sharing stories of his life and work. Where Ernest really shined was on the dance floor dancing with Marie and family lovingly called them “Fred and Ginger”. The smooth eloquence in which Ernest danced, skied, and skated mirrored the way he lived his life. Ernest is survived by his beloved wife, Marie (Chaplain) MacKinnon, Maureen Gregory, daughter-in-law Gayle MacKinnon, his 6 grandchildren, Tracey and son-in-law Joe Lennon, Lisa MacKinnon, Amanda and son-in-law Nathan Carpenter, KG MacKinnon, Sara and son-in-law Steve Walling, James Gregory, his nine great-grandchildren, and extended family members. He is predeceased by his mother Evelyn Howatt and his father Ernest M. MacKinnon, his son, Kevin MacKinnon, and son-in-law Donald Gregory. To honor his life and legacy, family and friends are invited to his Celebration of Life on Friday, August 16, 2024 from 10:30 AM - 11:30 AM with a service beginning at 11:30 AM at Van Emburgh-Sneider-Pernice Funderal Home, 109 Darlington Ave, Ramsey, NJ.
3199	dbpedia	3	91	https://www.flintofts.com/obituaries/James-Donald-Whalon%3FobId%3D2007129	en	Flintoft's Funeral Home			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Flintoft's Funeral Home & Crematory, Located in Issaquah, WA. Highly Trained, Caring Professionals Here To Serve You In Your Time Of Need.	en	https://s3.amazonaws.com/fh-content/release/Content/Media/FlintoftsFuneralHomeandCrematory/favicon.ico		https://www.flintofts.com:443/
3199	dbpedia	2	32	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0232019/news/	en	James Donald	https://m.media-amazon.c…Mjpg_UX1000_.jpg	https://m.media-amazon.c…Mjpg_UX1000_.jpg	[ "https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/batch/1/OP/A1EVAM02EL8SFB:139-8068359-7465608:TTB4RK6PT0V1DAMV69GK$uedata=s:%2Fuedata%2Fuedata%3Fstaticb%26id%3DTTB4RK6PT0V1DAMV69GK:0", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTM5Mjc3OTYzMl5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwNTA0MTYxOA@@._V1_QL75_UY133_CR3,0,90,133_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BODM1ZTljMDItNjE3ZS00ZDRjLWFlMTctMTRlNDY3Y2MzOWM4XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UY281_CR0,0,500,281_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMzMxNjk3MTQtOGE5NS00NjhlLThhNmYtM2Q4NjMzYTJiMDk2XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UY207_CR0,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMzMxNjk3MTQtOGE5NS00NjhlLThhNmYtM2Q4NjMzYTJiMDk2XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UY207_CR0,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BOTFkZTUxZTktMjk2MC00YTIwLThiNjEtMDgzZjhiMzkxZmZjXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX500_CR0,26,500,281_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BN2MzMjljZDItNWI0OS00MjZiLTg4NGUtNjAzZjg5MTk2Nzg5XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BN2MzMjljZDItNWI0OS00MjZiLTg4NGUtNjAzZjg5MTk2Nzg5XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BM2VjZTM2YTItZDJjZi00NzlkLTg2YTctZWM4N2JjNDJjMDFmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BM2VjZTM2YTItZDJjZi00NzlkLTg2YTctZWM4N2JjNDJjMDFmXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BNjBjYjQ1ODUtNDdhZS00ODAwLWIxNzUtNTgwMjkzNGFkNDM0XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BNjBjYjQ1ODUtNDdhZS00ODAwLWIxNzUtNTgwMjkzNGFkNDM0XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,140_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BNjRlY2Q3YjgtODE4MC00M2YyLTliNDctOWYzNWY0NTg2ZjkzXkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMTE0MzQwMjgz._V1_QL75_UY281_CR874,0,500,281_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BN2YyZjQ0NTEtNzU5MS00NGZkLTg0MTEtYzJmMWY3MWRhZjM2XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMDA4NzMyOA@@._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BN2YyZjQ0NTEtNzU5MS00NGZkLTg0MTEtYzJmMWY3MWRhZjM2XkEyXkFqcGdeQXVyMDA4NzMyOA@@._V1_QL75_UX140_CR0,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQxMTc5NzMwNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNzAwNTQ2._V1_QL75_UY207_CR11,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQxMTc5NzMwNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNzAwNTQ2._V1_QL75_UY207_CR11,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQxMTc5NzMwNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNzAwNTQ2._V1_QL75_UY207_CR11,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/M/MV5BMTQxMTc5NzMwNV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTYwNzAwNTQ2._V1_QL75_UY207_CR11,0,140,207_.jpg", "https://m.media-amazon.com/images/G/01/IMDb/Mobile/DesktopQRCode-png.png", "https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/batch/1/OP/A1EVAM02EL8SFB:139-8068359-7465608:TTB4RK6PT0V1DAMV69GK$uedata=s:%2Fuedata%2Fuedata%3Fnoscript%26id%3DTTB4RK6PT0V1DAMV69GK:0" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Donald", "News", "News", "Reviews", "Showtimes", "Photos", "Message Boards", "User Ratings", "Synopsis", "Trailers", "Credits" ]	null	[ "IMDb" ]	null	James Donald - News - IMDb - Movies, TV, Celebs, and more...	en	https://m.media-amazon.c…B1582158068_.png	IMDb	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0232019/news/
3199	dbpedia	1	71	https://fr-ca.findagrave.com/memorial/258013254/james-donald-mcfadgen	en	1903) – Find a Grave Gedenkstätte	https://images.findagrav…02f33b55709.jpeg	https://images.findagrav…02f33b55709.jpeg	[ "https://fr-ca.findagrave.com/assets/images/logo-fff.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2024/35/258013254_4c6c44a2-3e62-483c-8ade-b02f33b55709.jpeg?size=photos250", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2013/212/76057207_137538580401.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2022/59/76057206_15981021-4e4b-433b-8a0c-8f7df55cda13.png?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2021/136/116697133_e365a22c-24b0-4171-bf05-cd751fdb7d88.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2024/169/74084485_d1e546b5-fb1a-4cde-bf7d-f6f849cb4c0b.jpeg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2015/201/76056715_1437533676.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2009/334/43136921_125971112638.jpg?size=photoThumbnails", "https://images.findagrave.com/default-image.png", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2024/35/258013254_4c6c44a2-3e62-483c-8ade-b02f33b55709.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2023/232/258013254_d9547952-57f5-4413-9db1-0d05d744cf30.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2023/232/258013254_984c15e8-fa94-4666-b9fc-5a1e9f91af6d.jpeg", "https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2023/229/258013254_75b6729a-518b-41a5-a1c9-e337d94b87e8.jpeg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald McFadgen was born in Isli, Scotland November 16, 1813. Here he grew to manhood and married Mary Shaw, also of Isli, who was born in 1819. The James McFadgen family migrated to Canada in 1852. With them came their five children, the eldest of which was Donald D. McFadgen. James Donald was a miller by trade...	de	/assets/images/fg-icon.svg		https://de.findagrave.com/memorial/258013254/james_donald-mcfadgen	Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave. Wir haben die Sicherheit auf der Seite aktualisiert. Sie müssen Ihr Passwort zurücksetzen. Ihr Konto wurde wegen zu vieler fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche für 30 Minuten gesperrt. Bitte kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave unter [email protected], wenn Sie Hilfe beim Zurücksetzen Ihres Passworts benötigen. Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] Dieses Konto wurde deaktiviert. Bei Fragen kontaktieren Sie bitte [email protected] E-Mail nicht gefunden. Bitte füllen Sie das Captcha aus, damit wir wissen, dass Sie eine echte Person sind. Mehr als einen Datensatz für eingegebene E-Mail gefunden. Wir haben Ihnen zur Aktivierung eine E-Mail geschickt. Sign in to your existing Find a Grave account. You’ll only have to do this once—after your accounts are connected, you can sign in using your Ancestry sign in or your Find a Grave sign in. We found an existing Find a Grave account associated with your email address. Sign in below with your Find a Grave credentials to link your Ancestry account. After your accounts are connected you can sign in using either account. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihr Passwort ein. Geben Sie zum Anmelden Ihre E-Mail-Adresse und Ihr Passwort ein. Es gibt ein Problem mit Ihrer E-Mail bzw. Ihrem Passwort. Es ist ein Systemfehler aufgetreten. Bitte versuchen Sie es später erneut. Eine E-Mail zum Zurücksetzen des Passworts wurde an Email-ID gesendet. Wenn Sie keine E-Mail erhalten haben, durchsuchen Sie bitte Ihren Spam-Ordner. Wir sind auf ein unbekanntes Problem gestoßen. Warten Sie einige Minuten und versuchen Sie es noch einmal. Wenn das Problem weiterhin besteht, kontaktieren Sie Find a Grave.
3199	dbpedia	3	68	https://www.hollypondfh.com/obituaries/james-walker-sr-1	en	James Donald Walker, Sr. Obituary 2021	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/3767f701-387c-4d28-877b-2178b569b38a/17781fd0b5840733ce63202e01e73e92_e312ea82d81a21087780bc3aeb30e8f5	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/3767f701-387c-4d28-877b-2178b569b38a/17781fd0b5840733ce63202e01e73e92_e312ea82d81a21087780bc3aeb30e8f5	[ "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_cover/lg/93191065-3027-47ea-aa81-b937185037c2", "https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/NsLKMhPkRQ6YXKM2PfHT", "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_profile_photo/md/913e60ea-baea-46a4-abb0-2933a5b37cf2", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.png", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.png", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/gift-cta.png", "https://www.hollypondfh.com/obituaries/provider_thumbnail", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Holly Pond Funeral Home" ]	2022-06-30T15:17:22	James Donald Walker, Sr., 83, of Holly Pond, Alabama, passed away on October 14, 2021. He was born August 23, 1938, in Cullman County, Alabama, to James Earnest and Izetta Rosal...	en	https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/ooKUg6ZXRDq6L1PUT3eU	Holly Pond Funeral Home	https://www.hollypondfh.com/obituaries/james-walker-sr-1	James Donald Walker, Sr., 83, of Holly Pond, Alabama, passed away on October 14, 2021. He was born August 23, 1938, in Cullman County, Alabama, to James Earnest and Izetta Rosaline Higgins Walker. Mr. Walker was a member of Madison Creek Baptist Church in Nashville, Tennessee. He had a servant heart, and he also enjoyed serving at Holly Pond United Methodist Church alongside his friends and neighbors. He worked in electrical maintenance for many years, and he also enjoyed raising cattle and poultry. Donald was a craftsman and enjoyed woodworking. He liked to sing and play the guitar and loved country music. He also enjoyed jelly art, and his art was displayed at the county fair. After his retirement, Donald enjoyed working with the Meals-on Wheels Organization, and he not only enjoyed time spent with those he took meals to, but also his fellow volunteers. Mr. Walker loved his wife, of sixty-two years as well as his children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. Donald loved many, and he will be missed by many. Mr. Walker is preceded in death by his parents and an infant brother, William Rubin Walker. He is survived by his loving wife, Betty Geroldine “Deanie” Towery Walker; sons, James Donald Walker, Jr. (Susan), Clayton Douglas Walker (Angela); daughters, Kristie Lynn Walker-Hays (Bill), Leigha Anjanette Ratliff (Matt); sister, Clara Graves (Bobby); sister-in-law, Ms. Carolyn B. Allen; and a host of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Funeral services for Mr. Walker are 11 a.m., Monday, October 18, 2021, at Holly Pond United Methodist Church, Dwight Kidd and Lisa Holmes officiating. Burial will follow in Brooklyn Cemetery. Mr. Walker will lie in state an hour prior to service time. Friends are invited to visit with the family on Sunday evening, October 17, 2021, at the church, from 5:30 p.m., until 8 p.m.
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Shortly after their wedding, the Wights moved from Brandling Street, Sunderland to Glasgow in Scotland, where James	en		James Herriot.org \| Making Flop-bott a Household Word Since 2002	https://www.jamesherriot.org/life-and-times/	Biography \|\| Timeline \|\| Family \|\| Friends \|\| Locations \|\| Back to Top Biography (from Wikipedia) James Alfred Wight was born on 3 October 1916, in Sunderland, County Durham, England to James (1890â€“1960) and Hannah Bell (1890â€“1980) Wight. Shortly after their wedding, the Wights moved from Brandling Street, Sunderland to Glasgow in Scotland, where James took work as both a ship plater and pianist for a local cinema, while Hannah was a singer as well as a dressmaker. For Alf’s birth, his mother returned to Sunderland, bringing him back to Glasgow when he was three weeks old. He attended Yoker Primary School and Hillhead High School. From his father he gained a passion for Sunderland Football Club and remained a lifelong fan. In 1992 he was named a Life President of the club. In 1939, at the age of 23, he qualified as a veterinary surgeon with Glasgow Veterinary College. In January 1940, he took a brief job at a veterinary practice in Sunderland, but moved in July to work in a rural practice based in the town of Thirsk, Yorkshire, close to the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors, where he was to remain for the rest of his life. On 5 November 1941, he married Joan Catherine Anderson Danbury. The couple had two children, James Alexander (Jim), born 1943, who also became a vet and was a partner in the practice, and Rosemary (Rosie), born 1947, who became a physician in general practice. Wight served in the Royal Air Force in 1942. His wife moved to her parents’ house during this time, and upon being discharged from the RAF as a Leading Aircraftman, Wight joined her. They lived there until 1946, at which point they moved back to 23 Kirkgate, staying until 1953. Later, he moved with his wife to a house on Topcliffe Road, Thirsk, opposite the secondary school. The original practice is now a museum, “The World of James Herriot”, while the Topcliffe Road house is in private ownership and not open to the public. He later moved with his family to the village of Thirlby, about four miles from Thirsk, where he resided until his death. Wight intended for years to write a book, but with most of his time consumed by veterinary practice and family, his writing ambition went nowhere. Challenged by his wife, in 1966 (at the age of 50), he began writing. After several rejected stories on other subjects like football, he turned to what he knew best. In 1969 Wight wrote If Only They Could Talk, the first of the now-famous series based on his life working as a vet and his training in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Owing in part to professional etiquette which at that time frowned on veterinary surgeons and other professionals from advertising their services, he took a pen name, choosing “James Herriot” after seeing the Scottish goalkeeper Jim Herriot play for Birmingham City F.C. in a televised game against Manchester United. If Only They Could Talk was published in the United Kingdom in 1970 by Michael Joseph Ltd, but sales were slow until Thomas McCormack, of St. Martin’s Press in New York City, received a copy and arranged to have the first two books published as a single volume in the United States. The resulting book, titled All Creatures Great and Small, was a huge success, spawning numerous sequels, movies and a successful television adaptation. Wight was found to have prostate cancer in 1991, and underwent treatment in the Lambert Memorial Hospital in Thirsk. He died on 23 February 1995, aged 78, at home in Thirlby. On 29 July 2009, UK-based open-access rail operator Grand Central Railway, which operate train services from Wight’s birthplace of Sunderland to London King’s Cross (calling at Thirsk), named Class 180 DMU No. 180112 (British Rail Class 180) “James Herriot” in his honour. The ceremony was carried out jointly by Alf Wight’s daughter Rosie and son Jim. Timeline James Herriot born James Alfred Wight in Sunderland England, October 3, 1916 Moved to Glasgow, Scotland as child, late October 1916 Attended Yoker Primary School, August 1921 – June 1928 Attended Hillhead High School, September 1928 – 30 June 1933 Contracts diptheria in 1932 Graduated Glasgow Veterinary College on Dec 14, 1939 Joined Yorkshire practice of J. Donald Sinclair in 1940 Married Joan Catherine Danbury, 5 November 1941 (see the church) RAF 1941-43 Son, James Alexander, born 13 February 1943 Daughter, Rosemary, born in 9 May 1947 Trip to USSR as sheep veterinarian, 28 October – 6 November 1961 Trip to Istanbul as cattle veterinarian, 8-10 August 1963 1966 begins writing using the pen name James Herriot 1972 ALL CREATURES GREAT AND SMALL 1974 ALL THINGS BRIGHT AND BEAUTIFUL Receives American Veterinary Medical Association’s Award of Appreciation, 4 February 1975 1977 ALL THINGS WISE AND WONDERFUL 1978 BBC TV Series begins Receives Order of the British Empire and honorary Litt.D. from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, 1979 1981 THE LORD GOD MADE THEM ALL Made fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1982 1983, receives honorary D.V.Sc. from Liverpool University 1992 EVERY LIVING THING 23 February 1995 Dies of cancer at home in Yorkshire Biography \|\| Timeline \|\| Family \|\| Friends \|\| Locations \|\| Back to Top Friends Donald Vaughan Sinclair a.k.a. Siegfried Farnon (22 April 1911 â€“ June 28, 1995) – Partner. Purchased veterinarian practice at 23 Kirkgate, Thirsk in 1939. Hired James Herriot in 1940 while he was in the Royal Air Force (RAF). He was only enlisted for a few months before he was sent home to continue being a veterinarian. He took his own life by an overdose of barbiturates two weeks after the death of his wife of fifty-three years, Audrey. Wallace Brian Vaughan Sinclair a.k.a. Tristan Farnon (27 September 1915 – 13 December 1988) – Donald’s younger brother, known as Brian. Worked as a student veterinarian for his older brother until graduating from Royal (Dick) Veterinary College in Edinburgh in 1943. Joined the Army Veterinary Corps. Later joined the Ministry of Agriculture’s Sterility Advisory unit, eventually becoming head of the Veterinary Investigation Centre in Leeds. Richard Carmody – Oliver Murphy Calum Buchanan – James Herriot’s assistant. Died in 1990. – Brian Nettleton John Crooks – James Herriot’s assistant from 1951-54. – John Crooks Frank Bingham – Sinclair’s first partner. Worked with Herriot his first months at the practice. Mrs. Marjorie Warner of Sowerby a.k.a. Mrs. Pumphrey – Owner of the obese Pekingese, Tricki Woo a.k.a. Bambi. Died in 1983. Denton Pette a.k.a. Granville Bennett – Fellow veterinarian who was very hospitable and could hold his liquor. Died in 1980’s. Eve Pette – Zoe Bennett Mrs Weatherill – Housekeeper – a.k.a. Mrs. Hall Caroline Farnon, nÃ©e Fisher – Audrey Sinclair, nÃ©e Adamson Miss Harbottle – Harold Wilson Mr Worley – Mrs Bush Ewan Ross – Frank Bingham Boardman – Wardman Lord Hulton – Sir Hugh Bell Dr Allinson – Dr Harry Addison Bob and Elizabeth Mollison – Douglas and Heulwen Campbell Phineas Calvert – â€œAtomâ€ Thompson Mr Handshaw – Billy Goodyear Joe Mulligan – Mr Thompson Sister Rose – Sister Ann Lilley Arnold Braithwaite – Harry Bulmer Biography \|\| Timeline \|\| Family \|\| Friends \|\| Locations \|\| Back to Top Family James Wight – Grandfather: ship plater Robert and Jane Bell. Robert was a senior printer. – Maternal grandparents James Henry Wight – Father: ship plater and musician – Died in 1960 Hannah Bell Wight – Mother: professional singer Joan Catherine Danbury Wight – Wife, Died 1999 – Helen Herriot, nÃ©e Alderson James Alexander Wight – Son born on 13 February 1943 – Currently a practicing veterinarian in Thirsk – Jimmy Herriot Rosemary Page – Daughter born on 9 May 1947. – Currently a physician practicing in Thirsk – Rosie Herriot Emma Page – Granddaughter Biography \|\| Timeline \|\| Family \|\| Friends \|\| Locations \|\| Back to Top Locations Darrowby – Thirsk Skeldale House – 23 Kirkgate, Thirsk Rowan Garth, Darrowby – Rowardennan, Topcliffe Road, Thirsk High Field House, Hannerly – Mirebeck, Thirlby
3199	dbpedia	1	26	https://movingimage.nls.uk/biography/10010	en	Moving Image Archive catalogue			[ "https://movingimage.nls.uk/assets_application/skins/ssa2015/graphics/library-logo-linear-medium-23-61.png", "https://movingimage.nls.uk/assets_application/skins/ssa2015/graphics/mia-logo-linear-medium-23-17.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en			null	Biography of 'DONALD, James' Cinema manager The Donald family played a prominent role in the cinema industry in Aberdeen. James F. Donald the founder of the family business was born in Newhills in 1870, and moved to Aberdeen as a young boy. He worked with John F. Clark coach-builders and the Great North of Scotland Railway Company before setting up his own electro-plating and cycle business in Rosemount. A keen cyclist and dancer, and an active member of the Temperance Movement, he soon began to take an interest in the cinema. After managing to acquire some projection equipment, he entered the cinema business in November 1915 with West End. It was poorly heated – there was a dairy below it – and was affectionately known as the ‘tuppenny freezer’. Donald’s lease for the cinema expired in September 1920, and Aberdeen Picture Palaces became the new proprietors. In 1924, however, Donald acquired the lease for another cinema in the city, the Picturedrome. He changed the name to Cinema House and eventually became the owner of the premises, after buying them outright. By this time, Donald also owned other cinemas in the city, and controlled his business interests through his own company. James Donald died on Sunday 4 March 1934, at his home in North Silver Street in Aberdeen, as a result of a serious illness. Subsequently, the task of managing his company, "James F. Donald (Aberdeen Cinemas) Limited", was passed to his sons, James R. Donald, Peter J. P. Donald, Richard M. Donald and Herbert M. Donald. Richard already had experience of the cinema business, having been appointed to the position of manager at the Grand Central in 1926, at the age of only fifteen. The Donald brothers were responsible for a number of significant developments in the company. Land was purchased for the construction of a new cinema, the Kingsway, and the company gained control of the Majestic and Belmont cinemas after it purchased over half the shares of its owner, Caledonian Theatres. Messrs Donald also gained control of their rival company, Aberdeen Picture Palaces in 1941. The Beach Pavilion closed in 1954 because of financial difficulties, and the summer variety shows that were held were transferred to the Capitol. The Kingsway ceased to be used as a cinema after February 1963, although it was still used as a bingo hall. Herbert W. G. Donald – the eldest son of Herbert M. Donald – joined the firm in a managerial capacity in 1977, shortly before his father retired. This biographical account was compiled with reference to: Thomson, Michael Silver Screen in the Silver City: A History of the Cinemas in Aberdeen 1896-1987 Aberdeen University Press, 1988. Researcher: Richard Fry Films associated with 'COCOZZA, Enrico'
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Trump rose to fame as a billionaire real estate mogul and reality TV personality. He served one term as the 45th president of the United States.	en	/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico	Biography	https://www.biography.com/political-figures/donald-trump	1946– Who Is Donald Trump? Donald Trump was the 45th president of the United States, serving one term from 2017 to 2021, and is currently running for president again in the 2024 election. Before his political career, Donald Trump was known as a real estate mogul and a former reality TV star. In 1980, he opened the Grand Hyatt New York, which made him the city’s best-known developer. In 2004, Trump began starring in the hit NBC reality series The Apprentice. Turning his attention to politics, in 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for president of the United States on the Republican ticket. Trump became the official Republican nominee on July 19, 2016, and upset Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton on November 8, 2016, to become the nation’s 45th president. Four years later, Trump lost his bid for reelection to former vice president Joe Biden. The subject of numerous scandals, Trump became the first former president to be indicted on criminal charges in March 2023. Quick Facts FULL NAME: Donald John Trump BORN: June 14, 1946 BIRTHPLACE: Queens, New York SPOUSES: Ivana Trump (1977–1992), Marla Maples (1993–1999), and Melania Trump (2005–) CHILDREN: Donald Jr., Ivanka, Eric, Tiffany, and Baron PARENTS: Frederick and Mary Trump ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Gemini Early Life and Education Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in Queens, New York. He was the fourth of five children to parents Frederick, a real estate developer, and Mary Trump, a New York socialite and philanthropist. Donald was an energetic, assertive child. In the 1950s, the Trumps’ wealth increased with the postwar real estate boom. Trump was raised Presbyterian by his mother, and today, he identifies as a mainline Protestant. At age 13, Trump’s parents sent him to the New York Military Academy, hoping the discipline of the school would channel his energy in a positive manner. He did well at the academy, both socially and academically, rising to become a star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964. Trump entered Fordham University in 1964. He transferred to the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania two years later and graduated in 1968 with a degree in economics. During his years at college, Trump worked at his father’s real estate business during the summer. He also secured education deferments for the draft for the Vietnam War and ultimately a 1-Y medical deferment after he graduated. Parents and Siblings Father Donald Trump and his father, Fred, at the opening of Wollman Rink in 1987 Frederick Trump was a builder and real estate developer who specialized in constructing and operating middle-income apartments in Queens, Staten Island and Brooklyn. He died in 1999. Mother Mary Anne MacLeod immigrated from Tong, Scotland, in 1929 at the age of 17. She and Fred Trump married in 1936. The couple settled in Jamaica, Queens, a neighborhood that was, at the time, filled with Western European immigrants. As the family’s wealth increased, Mary became a New York socialite and philanthropist. Mary died in 2000. Siblings Trump is the fourth of five children. Maryanne Trump Barry was a senior judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit but took an inactive status soon after her brother became president. She retired from the bench in February 2019. Fred Trump Jr. worked briefly with his father and then became a pilot. He struggled with alcohol and died in 1981 at the age of 43, prompting Donald to announce that he never drinks alcohol or take drugs. “He had a profound impact on my life, because you never know where you’re going to end up,” Trump said. Elizabeth Trump Grau is a retired banker who is married to film producer James Grau. Robert Trump was Donald’s younger brother who spent much of his career working for the family company. He died in 2020, aged 71. Wives Ivana Trump In 1977, Trump married his first wife Ivana Trump, (née Zelnickova Winklmayr), a New York fashion model who had been an alternate on the 1972 Czech Olympic Ski Team. She was named vice president in charge of design in the Trump Organization and played a major role in supervising the renovation of the Commodore and the Plaza Hotel. The couple had three children together: Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka and Eric. They went through a highly publicized divorce that was finalized in 1992. Marla Maples In 1993 Trump married his second wife, Marla Maples, an actress with whom he had been involved for some time and already had a daughter, Tiffany. Trump would ultimately file for a highly publicized divorce from Maples in 1997, which became final in June 1999. A prenuptial agreement allotted $2 million to Maples. Melania Trump Trump is currently married to former Slovenian model Melania Trump (née Knauss), who is more than 23 years his junior. In January 2005, the couple married in a highly-publicized and lavish wedding. Among the many celebrity guests at the wedding were Hillary Clinton and former President Bill Clinton. Children Ivana Trump, Eric Trump, Donald Trump, and Ivanka Trump sit at a table at Mar-a-Lago in 1998. Trump has five children. He and his first wife, Ivana Trump, had three children together: Donald Trump Jr., born in 1977; Ivanka Trump, born in 1981; and Eric Trump, born in 1984. Trump and his second wife, Marla Maples, had daughter Tiffany Trump in 1993. And current wife Melania Trump gave birth to Trump’s youngest child, Barron Trump, in March 2006. Trump’s sons Donald Jr. and Eric work as executive vice presidents for The Trump Organization. They took over the family business while their father serves as president. Trump’s daughter Ivanka was also an executive vice president of The Trump Organization. She left the business and her own fashion label to join her father’s administration and become an unpaid assistant to the president. Her husband, Jared Kushner, is also a senior adviser to President Trump. Trump’s Real Estate and Businesses Trump followed his father into a career in real estate development, bringing his grander ambitions to the family business. Trump’s business ventures include The Trump Organization, Trump Tower, casinos in Atlantic City and television franchises like The Apprentice and Miss Universe. Trump has business deals with the Javits Center and the Grand Hyatt New York, as well as other real estate ventures in New York City, Florida and Los Angeles. Federal income disclosure forms Trump filed in 2017 list Trump's golf courses, including Trump National Doral and Mar-a-Lago in Florida, as earning about half of his income. Other financial ventures include aircraft, merchandise and royalties from his two books, The Art of the Deal and Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again. The Art of the Deal In 1987, Trump published the book The Art of the Deal, co-authored with Tony Schwartz. In the book, Trump describes how he successfully makes business deals. “I DON’T do it for the money. I’ve got enough, much more than I’ll ever need. I do it to do it. Deals are my art form,” Trump wrote. The book made the New York Times best-seller list, although the number of copies sold has been debated; sales have been estimated at between 1 to 4 million copies to-date. Schwartz later became an outspoken critic of the book and of Trump, saying he felt remorseful for helping make the president “more appealing than he is.” Wealth Over the years, Trump’s net worth have been a subject of public debate. Because Trump has not publicly released his tax returns, it’s not possible to definitively determine his wealth in the past or today. However, Trump valued his businesses at least $1.37 billion on his 2017 federal financial disclosure form, published by the Office of Government Ethics. Trump’s 2018 disclosure form put his revenue for the year at a minimum of $434 million from all sources. In 1990, Trump asserted his own net worth in the neighborhood of $1.5 billion. At the time, the real estate market was in decline, reducing the value of and income from Trump's empire. The Trump Organization required a massive infusion of loans to keep it from collapsing, a situation that raised questions as to whether the corporation could survive bankruptcy. Some observers saw Trump's decline as symbolic of many of the business, economic and social excesses that had arisen in the 1980s. A May 2019 of 10 years of Trump’s tax information found that between 1985 and 1994, his businesses lost money every year. The newspaper calculated that Trump’s businesses suffered $1.17 billion in losses over the decade. Trump later , calling the Times’ report “a highly inaccurate Fake News hit job!” He tweeted that he reported “losses for tax purposes,” and that doing so was a “sport” among real estate developers. Tax Returns Trump’s net worth was questioned over the course of his 2016 presidential run, and he courted controversy after repeatedly refusing to release his tax returns while they were being audited by the Internal Revenue Service. He did not release his tax returns during the election, and he has not to date. It was the first time a major party candidate had not released such information to the public before a presidential election since Richard Nixon in 1972. After Democrats regained control of the House with the 2018 elections, Trump again faced calls to release his tax returns. In April 2019, Congressman Richard Neal, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, requested six years' worth of the president's personal and business tax returns from the IRS. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin rejected the request, as well as Neal's follow-up subpoena for the documents. In May the New York State Assembly passed legislation that authorized tax officials to release the president's state returns to the chairmen of the House Ways and Means Committee, the Senate Finance Committee and the Joint Committee on Taxation for any "specified and legitimate legislative purpose." With New York City serving as the home base for the Trump Organization, it was believed that the state returns would contain much of the same information as the president's federal returns. In September 2019, Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. subpoenaed the accounting firm Mazars USA for Trump's personal and corporate tax returns dating back to 2011, prompting a challenge from the president's lawyers. A Manhattan federal district judge dismissed Trump's lawsuit in October, though the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit agreed to temporarily delay enforcement of the subpoena while considering arguments in the case. A few days later, that same appeals court rejected Trump's bid to block another subpoena issued to Mazars USA, this one from the House Committee on Oversight and Reform. After the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear arguments over whether the president could block the disclosure of his financial information to congressional committees and the Manhattan district attorney in December 2019, the cases were presented to the Court the following May. In September 2020, reported that Trump paid just $750 in federal income taxes in 2016 and 2017, and paid nothing in income taxes in 10 of the previous 15 years. A lawyer for the Trump Organization replied that "most, if not all, of the facts appear to be inaccurate" in the Times report. Lawsuits and Investigations Fair Housing Act Discrimination Trial In 1973, the federal government filed a complaint against Trump, his father and their company alleging that they had discriminated against tenants and potential tenants based on their race, a violation of the Fair Housing Act, which is part of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. After a lengthy legal battle, the case was settled in 1975. As part of the agreement, the Trump company had to train employees about the Fair Housing Act and inform the community about its fair housing practices. Trump wrote about the resolution of the case in his 1987 memoir Art of the Deal: "In the end, the government couldn’t prove its case, and we ended up taking a minor settlement without admitting any guilt." Trump University In 2005, Trump launched his for-profit Trump University, offering classes in real estate and acquiring and managing wealth. The venture had been under scrutiny almost since its inception and at the time of his 2015 presidential bid, it remained the subject of multiple lawsuits. In the cases, claimants accused Trump of fraud, false advertising and breach of contract. Controversy about the suits made headlines when Trump suggested that U.S. District Court Judge Gonzalo Curiel could not be impartial in overseeing two class action cases because of his Mexican heritage. On November 18, 2016, Trump, who had previously vowed to take the matter to trial, settled three of the lawsuits for $25 million without admission of liability. In a statement from New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman, he called the settlement, “a stunning reversal by Trump and a major victory for the over 6,000 victims of his fraudulent university.” Donald J. Trump Foundation Later, in a separate incident related to Trump University, it was reported that Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi decided not to join the existing New York fraud lawsuit. This came just days after she had received a sizable campaign donation from the Donald J. Trump Foundation, which was founded in 1988 as a private charity organization designed to make donations to nonprofit groups. In November 2016, it was reported that Bondi's name was on Trump's list as a possible U.S. Attorney General contender. As a result of the improper donation to Bondi's campaign, Trump was required to pay the IRS a penalty and his foundation came under scrutiny about the use of its funds for non-charitable activities. According to tax records, The Trump Foundation itself was found to have received no charitable gifts from Trump since 2008, and that all donations since that time had come from outside contributors. In fall 2019, after Trump admitted to misusing money raised by his foundation to promote his presidential campaign and settle debts, he was ordered to pay $2 million in damages, and the foundation was forced to shutter its doors. Political Party Trump is currently registered as a Republican. He has switched parties several times in the past three decades. In 1987, Trump registered as a Republican; two years later, in 1989, he registered as an Independent. In 2000, Trump ran for president for the first time on the Reform platform. In 2001, he registered as a Democrat. By 2009, Trump had switched back to the Republican party, although he registered as an Independent in 2011 to allow for a potential run in the following year’s presidential election. He finally returned to the Republican party to endorse Mitt Romney’s 2012 presidential run and has remained a Republican since. Hillary Clinton speaks as Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump listens during the Presidential Debate at Hofstra University on September 26, 2016, in Hempstead, New York. 2016 Presidential Campaign vs. Clinton Trump became the official Republican nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election against Democrat Clinton. Defying polls and media projections, he won the majority of electoral college votes in a stunning victory on November 8, 2016. Despite losing the popular vote to Hillary Clinton by almost 2.9 million votes, Trump's electoral win — 306 electoral college votes to Clinton's 232 — clinched his victory as the 45th president of the United States. After one of the most contentious presidential races in U.S. history, Trump's rise to the office of president was considered a resounding rejection of establishment politics by blue-collar and working-class Americans. In his victory speech, Trump said: “I pledge to every citizen of our land that I will be president for all Americans." About his supporters, he said: "As I’ve said from the beginning, ours was not a campaign, but rather an incredible and great movement made up of millions of hard-working men and women who love their country and want a better, brighter future for themselves and for their families.” Election Platforms On July 21, 2016, Trump accepted the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland. In his speech, he outlined the issues he would tackle as president, including violence in America, the economy, immigration, trade, terrorism, and the appointment of Supreme Court justices. On immigration, he said: “We are going to build a great border wall to stop illegal immigration, to stop the gangs and the violence, and to stop the drugs from pouring into our communities.” He also promised supporters that he would renegotiate trade deals, reduce taxes and government regulations, repeal the Affordable Care Act (otherwise known as Obamacare), defend Second Amendment gun rights, and “rebuild our depleted military,” asking the countries the U.S. is protecting "to pay their fair share." Inauguration On January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in as the 45th president of the United States by Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts. Trump took the oath of office placing his hand on the Bible that was used at Abraham Lincoln's inauguration and his own family Bible, which was presented to him by his mother in 1955 when he graduated from Sunday school at his family's Presbyterian church. In his inaugural speech on January 20th, Trump sent a populist message that he would put the American people above politics. “What truly matters is not which party controls our government, but whether our government is controlled by the people,” he said. “January 20, 2017, will be remembered as the day the people became the rulers of this nation again.” He went on to paint a bleak picture of an America that had failed many of its citizens, describing families trapped in poverty, an ineffective education system, and crime, drugs and gangs. “This American carnage stops right here and stops right now," he said. The day after Trump's inauguration, millions of protesters demonstrated across the United States and around the world. The Women's March on Washington drew over half a million people to protest Trump's stance on a variety of issues ranging from immigration to environmental protection. Donald Trump dances with wife Melania Trump at the Liberty Inaugural Ball on January 20, 2017, in Washington, D.C. First 100 Days The first 100 days of Trump’s presidency lasted from January 20, 2017, until April 29, 2017. In the first days of his presidency, Trump issued a number of back-to-back executive orders to make good on some of his campaign promises, as well as several orders aimed at rolling back policies and regulations that were put into place during the Obama administration. Several of Trump’s key policies that got rolling during Trump’s first 100 days in office included his first Supreme Court nomination; steps toward building a wall on the Mexico border; a travel ban for several predominantly Muslim countries; the first moves to dismantle the Affordable Care Act; and the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Climate Agreement. In addition, Trump signed orders to implement a federal hiring freeze, withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and reinstate the Mexico City policy that bans federal funding of nongovernmental organizations abroad that promote or perform abortions. He signed an order to scale back financial regulation under the Dodd-Frank Act, created by the Obama administration and passed by Congress after the financial crisis of 2008. And he called for a lifetime foreign-lobbying ban for members of his administration and a five-year ban for all other lobbyings. On March 16, 2017, the president released his proposed budget. The budget outlined his plans for increased spending for the military, veterans affairs and national security, including building a wall on the border with Mexico. It also made drastic cuts to many government agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency and the State Department, as well as the elimination of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and the Community Development Block Grant program which supports Meals on Wheels. These cuts proved controversial, however, and much of this funding was restored. Trump's Supreme Court Nominations Trump has nominated three Supreme Court Justices: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett. Neil Gorsuch On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Judge Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. The 49-year-old conservative judge was appointed by President George W. Bush to the United States Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit in Denver. Judge Gorsuch was educated at Columbia, Harvard and Oxford and clerked for Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy. The nomination came after Merrick Garland, President Obama's nominee to replace the late Antonin Scalia, was denied a confirmation hearing by Senate Republicans. As Gorsuch's legal philosophy was considered to be similar to Scalia's, the choice drew strong praise from the conservative side of the aisle. "Millions of voters said this was the single most important issue for them when they voted for me for president," Trump said. "I am a man of my word. Today I am keeping another promise to the American people by nominating Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court." After Gorsuch gave three days of testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee in March, the Senate convened on April 6 to advance his nomination. Democrats mostly held firm to deny the 60 votes necessary to proceed, resulting in the first successful partisan filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. But Republicans quickly countered with another historic move, invoking the "nuclear option" to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority of 50. On April 7, Gorsuch was confirmed by the Senate to become the 113th justice of the Supreme Court. Brett Kavanaugh On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Kavanaugh following the retirement of Justice Kennedy. A textualist and originalist in the mold of Scalia, the nomination continued the rightward push of the Supreme Court. Democrats vowed to fight the nomination, and Kavanaugh was nearly derailed by accusations of sexual assault. He earned confirmation in a close vote that October. Amy Coney Barrett Following the death of liberal favorite Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Trump nominated conservative Judge Barrett, from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, on September 26, 2020. Climate Change During the 2016 presidential election, Trump called climate change a “hoax.” He later recanted, saying, "I don't think it's a hoax, I think there's probably a difference." However, in an October 2018 interview on Fox News, Trump accused climate scientists of having a “political agenda” and said that he was unconvinced that humans were responsible for rising temperatures. In November 2018, The Fourth National Climate Assessment, compiled by 13 federal agencies including the EPA and Department of Energy, found that, left unchecked, climate change would be catastrophic for the U.S. economy. Trump told reporters, "I don't believe it." In June 2019, Trump met with Prince Charles and reportedly discussed climate change at length. In an interview with British TV host Piers Morgan, Trump said "I believe that there is a change in weather and I think it changes both ways...It used to be called global warming, that wasn't working, then it was called climate change and now actually it is called extreme weather." Trump later told ITV’s Good Morning Britain that he pushed back Prince Charles’ suggestions that the United States do more to combat climate change, saying that the U.S. “now has among the cleanest climates there are based on all statistics.” Paris Climate Agreement On June 1, 2017, Trump withdrew from the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, which President Obama had joined along with the leaders of 195 other countries. The accord requires all participating nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to curb climate change over the ensuing century and also to allocate resources for the research and development of alternative energy sources. With Trump’s decision, the United States joined Syria and Nicaragua as the only three countries to reject the accord. However, Nicaragua eventually joined the Paris Climate Agreement months later. Oil Extraction Soon after taking office, Trump revived the controversial Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines to transfer oil extracted in Canada and North Dakota. The pipelines had been halted by President Obama following protests from environmental and Native American groups. Trump owned shares of Energy Transfer Partners, the company in charge of construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline, but sold his stake in the company in December 2016. Energy Transfer Partners CEO Kelcy Warren also contributed to Trump’s presidential campaign, raising concerns over conflict of interest. Coal Mining On March 28, 2017, the president, surrounded by American coal miners, signed the "Energy Independence" executive order, calling for the Environmental Protection Agency to roll back Obama's Clean Power Plan, curb climate and carbon emissions regulations and to rescind a moratorium on coal mining on U.S. federal lands. Endangered Species Act In August 2019, the Trump administration announced it was overhauling the Endangered Species Act. This included changes to legislation that gave the government increased discretion over matters of climate change and economic cost when determining whether a species should be protected. President Donald Trump addressing a crowd Health Care One of Trump’s first executive orders in office was calling on federal agencies to "waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay" aspects of the Affordable Care Act to minimize financial burden on states, insurers and individuals. On March 7, 2017, House Republicans, led by Speaker Paul Ryan, introduced the American Health Care Act, a plan to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA). However, the controversial bill ultimately didn't have enough Republican votes and was withdrawn a few weeks later, representing a major legislative setback for Speaker Ryan and Trump. After intense negotiations among party factions, a new Republican health care plan was brought to a vote in the House of Representatives on May 4, 2017, and passed by a slim margin of 217 to 213. That passed the buck to the Senate. Almost immediately after a draft was unveiled on June 22, conservative senators such as Ted Cruz declared they could not support the bill's failure to significantly lower premiums, while moderates like Susan Collins voiced concerns over its steep cuts to Medicaid. On June 27, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell elected to delay his planned vote for the bill. When the third, so-called “skinny repeal,” bill finally went to a vote on in the Senate July 28, it failed by three votes. In September, a new bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act was put forth by Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Senator Bill Cassidy of Louisiana. However, on September 26, Senate Republicans announced they would not move forward with the current plan, as they were short of the required votes. “We are disappointed in certain so-called Republicans,” Trump responded. On October 12, 2017 Trump signed an executive order in a move that could dismantle the ACA without Congress’s approval, expanding health insurance products — mostly less comprehensive plans through associations of small employers and more short-term medical coverage. He also announced that he would get rid of health insurance subsidies. Known as cost-sharing reduction payments, which lower the cost of deductibles for low-income Americans, they were expected to cost $9 billion in 2018 and $100 billion over the next decade. Birth Control Mandate On October 6, 2017, the Trump administration announced a rollback of the birth control mandate put in place by the Obama administration’s Affordable Care Act, which required insurers to cover birth control at no cost without copayments as a preventive service. For years, the mandate was threatened by lawsuits from conservative and religious groups. The Trump administration said the new exemption applied to any employer that objects to covering contraception services on the basis of “sincerely held religious beliefs or moral convictions.” The change is in line with Trump’s promises as a candidate to ensure that religious groups “are not bullied by the federal government because of their religious beliefs.” Opponents of the measure said that it could potentially affect hundreds of thousands of women and that access to affordable contraception in the mandate provided prevents unintended pregnancies and saves women’s lives. Abortion As president, Trump has said that he is “strongly pro-life” and wants to ban all abortions except in cases of rape, incest or when a woman’s life is in danger. He has supported bans on abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy and has cited his appointments of conservative Supreme Court judges Gorsuch and Kavanaugh as helping to make abortion laws in some states more restrictive. Trump changed his beliefs on abortion from pro-choice to anti-abortion in 1999. In 2016, he said that he supported “some form of punishment” for women who undergo abortions; he later released a statement saying he only thought practitioners should be punished for performing abortions, not women for having them. In January 2020, after his administration threatened to cut federal funds to California over a mandate that the state's health insurance plans cover abortion, Trump became the first sitting president to address the annual March for Life rally in Washington, D.C. Tax Plan On April 26, 2017, Trump announced his tax plan in a one-page outline that would dramatically change tax codes. The plan called for streamlining seven income tax brackets to three — 10, 25 and 35 percent. The initial outline did not specify which income ranges would fall under those brackets. The plan also proposed to lower the corporate tax rate from 35 to 15 percent, eliminate the alternative minimum tax and estate tax, and simplify the process for filing tax returns. The proposal did not address how the tax cuts might reduce federal revenue and increase debt. On December 2, 2017, Trump achieved the first major legislative victory of his administration when the Senate passed a sweeping tax reform bill. Approved along party lines by a 51-49 vote, the bill drew criticism for extensive last-minute rewrites, with frustrated Democrats posting photos of pages filled with crossed-out text and handwriting crammed into the margins. Among other measures, the Senate bill called for the slashing of the corporate tax rate from 35 to 20 percent, doubling personal deductions and ending the Obamacare mandate. It also included a controversial provision that allowed for "unborn children" to be named as beneficiaries of college savings accounts, which critics called an attempt to support the pro-life movement. Despite estimates by the Congressional Budget Office that the bill would cost $1.5 trillion over a decade, GOP senators insisted that charges would be offset by a growing economy. After the bill's passage, Trump tweeted: “Biggest Tax Bill and Tax Cuts in history just passed in the Senate. Now, these great Republicans will be going for final passage. Thank you to House and Senate Republicans for your hard work and commitment!” On December 20, the final tax bill formally passed both chambers of Congress. Following partisan battles over a spending bill in early 2018, which resulted in a brief government shutdown and stopgap measures, Trump threatened to torpedo a $1.3 trillion spending bill with a last-minute veto. Reportedly angry that the bill did not fully fund his long-promised Mexican border wall, he nevertheless signed the bill into law on March 23, hours before another government shutdown would have gone into effect. Transgender Rights On February 22, 2017, the Trump administration rolled back federal protection for transgender students to use bathrooms that correspond to their gender identity, allowing states and school districts to interpret federal anti-discrimination law. On March 27, 2017, Trump signed several measures under the Congressional Review Act to reverse regulations related to education, land use and a "blacklisting rule" requiring federal contractors to disclose violations of federal labor, wage and workplace safety laws. Later that year, the president tweeted that he would enact a ban on transgender people from serving in the military. The official policy went into effect the following March with the statement that "transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria — individuals who the policies state may require substantial medical treatment, including medications and surgery — are disqualified from military service except under certain limited circumstances." Following a legal challenge, the Supreme Court allowed the ban to go into effect in January 2019, while allowing lower courts to hear additional arguments. Gun Control Trump has vowed to defend the Second Amendment and gun ownership since taking office. He spoke at the National Rifle Association’s annual convention in 2019, and he promised to veto a measure passed in February 2019 by House Democrats to strengthen background checks. However, Trump has also at times said he would be willing to consider a range of measures to restrict gun access. His administration also banned bump stocks in October 2017 after a mass shooting at a Las Vegas music festival left 58 people dead. The Valentine's Day 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, which left a total of 17 students and faculty dead, sparked a strong response from Trump. He ordered the Justice Department to issue regulations banning bump stocks and suggested he was willing to consider a range of measures, from strengthening background checks to raising the minimum age for buying rifles. He also backed an NRA-fueled proposal for arming teachers, which drew backlash from many in the profession. The president remained invested in the issue even as the usual cycle of outrage began diminishing: In a televised February 28 meeting with lawmakers, he called for gun control legislation that would expand background checks to gun shows and internet transactions, secure schools and restrict sales for some young adults. At one point he called out Pennsylvania Senator Pat Toomey for being "afraid of the NRA," and at another, he suggested that authorities should seize guns from mentally ill or other potentially dangerous people without first going to court. "I like taking the guns early," he said. "Take the guns first, go through due process second." His stances seemingly stunned the Republican lawmakers at the meeting, as well as the NRA, which previously considered the president as a strong supporter. Within a few days, Trump was walking back his proposal to raise the age limit and mainly pushing for arming select teachers. In June 2019, Trump said he would “think about” a ban on gun silencers following the deaths of a dozen people, who were killed by a gunman at the Virginia Beach Municipal Center. Two months later, after back-to-back mass shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, the president suggested tying expanded background checks to immigration reform legislation. Donald Trump gives two thumbs up to the crowd on the fourth day of the Republican National Convention on July 21, 2016, at the Quicken Loans Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. Trump and Mexico Border Wall Trump issued an executive order to build a wall at the United States’ border with Mexico. In his first televised interview as president, Trump said the initial construction of the wall would be funded by U.S. taxpayer dollars, but that Mexico would reimburse the U.S. “100 percent” in a plan to be negotiated and might include a suggested import tax on Mexican goods. In response to the new administration's stance on a border wall, Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto canceled a planned visit to meet with Trump. "Mexico does not believe in walls," the Mexican president said in a video statement. "I've said time again; Mexico will not pay for any wall." After funding for the wall failed to materialize, from either Mexico or Congress, Trump in April 2018 announced that he would reinforce security along the U.S. border with Mexico by using American troops because of the "horrible, unsafe laws" that left the country vulnerable. The following day, the president signed a proclamation that directed National Guard troops to the U.S.-Mexico border. The Department of Homeland Security said that the deployment would be in coordination with governors, that the troops would "support federal law enforcement personnel, including [Customs and Border Protection]," and that federal immigration authorities would "direct enforcement efforts." In December 2018, shortly before a newly elected Democratic majority was set to take control of the House, Trump announced he would not sign a bill to fund the government unless Congress allocated $5.7 billion toward building his long-promised border wall. With Democrats refusing to give in to his demand, a partial government shutdown ensued for a record 35 days, until all sides agreed to another attempt at striking a compromise. On February 14, 2019, one day before the deadline, Congress passed a $333 billion spending package that allocated $1.375 billion for 55 miles of steel-post fencing. After indicating that he would sign the bill, the President made good on his threat to declare a national emergency the following day, enabling him to funnel $3.6 billion slated for military construction projects toward building the wall. In response, a coalition of 16 states filed a lawsuit that challenged Trump's power to circumvent Congress on this issue. "Contrary to the will of Congress, the president has used the pretext of a manufactured 'crisis' of unlawful immigration to declare a national emergency and redirect federal dollars appropriated for drug interdiction, military construction and law enforcement initiatives toward building a wall on the United States-Mexico border," the lawsuit said. After the House voted for a resolution to overturn the national emergency declaration in late February, the Senate followed suit on March 14 when 12 Republican senators joined a united Democratic side to vote for the resolution. Trump promptly issued the first veto of his presidency the following day, calling the resolution a "vote against reality." In late July 2019, the Supreme Court overturned an appellate decision and ruled that the Trump administration could begin using Pentagon money for construction during the ongoing litigation over the issue. Border Separation Policy As part of attempts to seal the U.S. border with Mexico, the Trump administration in 2018 began following through on a "zero-tolerance" policy to prosecute anybody found to have crossed the border illegally. As children were legally not allowed to be detained with their parents, this meant that they were to be held separately as family cases wound through immigration courts. A furor ensued after reports surfaced that nearly 2,000 children had been separated from their parents over a six-week period that ended in May 2018, compounded by photos of toddlers crying in cages. Trump initially deflected blame for the situation, insisting it resulted from the efforts of predecessors and political opponents. "The Democrats are forcing the breakup of families at the Border with their horrible and cruel legislative agenda," he tweeted. The president ultimately caved to pressure from the bad PR, and on June 20 he signed an executive order that directed the Department of Homeland Security to keep families together. "I didn’t like the sight or the feeling of families being separated," he said, adding that it remained important to have "zero tolerance for people that enter our country illegally" and for Congress to find a permanent solution to the problem. In the meantime, the DHS essentially revived the "catch-and-release" system that the zero-tolerance policy was meant to eradicate while dealing with the logistics of reuniting families. Travel Ban President Trump signed one of his most controversial executive orders on January 27, 2017, calling for "extreme vetting" to "keep radical Islamic terrorists out of the United States of America." The president's executive order was put into effect immediately, and refugees and immigrants from seven predominantly Muslim countries traveling to the U.S. were detained at U.S. airports. The order called for a ban on immigrants from Iraq, Syria, Iran, Sudan, Libya, Somalia and Yemen for at least 90 days, temporarily suspended the entry of refugees for 120 days and barred Syrian refugees indefinitely. In an interview with the Christian Broadcasting Network, Trump also said he would give priority to Christian refugees trying to gain entry into the United States. After facing multiple legal hurdles, Trump signed a revised executive order on March 6, 2017, calling for a 90-day ban on travelers from six predominantly Muslim countries including Sudan, Syria, Iran, Libya, Somalia and Yemen. Iraq, which was included in the original executive order, was removed from the list. Travelers from the six listed countries, who hold green cards or have valid visas as of the signing of the order, will not be affected. Religious minorities would not get special preference, as was outlined in the original order, and an indefinite ban on Syrian refugees was reduced to 120 days. On March 15, just hours before the revised ban was going to be put into effect, Derrick Watson, a federal judge in Hawaii, issued a temporary nationwide restraining order in a ruling that stated the executive order did not prove that a ban would protect the country from terrorism and that it was “issued with a purpose to disfavor a particular religion, in spite of its stated, religiously neutral purpose.” At a rally in Nashville, Trump responded to the ruling, saying: "This is, in the opinion of many, an unprecedented judicial overreach.” Judge Theodore D. Chuang of Maryland also blocked the ban the following day, and in subsequent months, the ban was impeded in decisions handed down by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Richmond, Virginia, and the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals once again. However, on June 26, 2017, Trump won a partial victory when the Supreme Court announced it was allowing the controversial ban to go into effect for foreign nationals who lacked a "bona fide relationship with any person or entity in the United States." The court agreed to hear oral arguments for the case in October, but with the 90-to-120-day timeline in place for the administration to conduct its reviews, it was believed the case would be rendered moot by that point. On September 24, 2017, Trump issued a new presidential proclamation, which permanently bans travel to the United States for most citizens from seven countries. Most were on the original list, including Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, while the new order included Chad, North Korea and some citizens of Venezuela (certain government officials and their families). The tweak did little to pacify critics, who argued that the order was still heavily biased toward Islam. “The fact that Trump has added North Korea — with few visitors to the U.S. — and a few government officials from Venezuela doesn’t obfuscate the real fact that the administration’s order is still a Muslim ban,” said Anthony D. Romero, the executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union. On October 10, the Supreme Court canceled a planned hearing on an appeal of the original travel ban. On October 17, the day before the order was to take effect, Judge Watson of Hawaii issued a nationwide order freezing the Trump administration’s new travel ban, writing that the order was a “poor fit for the issues regarding the sharing of ‘public-safety and terrorism-related information that the president identifies.” On December 4, 2017, the Supreme Court allowed the third version of the Trump administration’s travel ban to go into effect despite the ongoing legal challenges. The court’s orders urged appeals courts to determine as quickly as possible whether the ban was lawful. Under the ruling, the administration could fully enforce its new restrictions on travel from eight nations, six of them predominantly Muslim. Citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea, along with some groups of people from Venezuela, would be unable to emigrate to the United States permanently, with many barred from also working, studying or vacationing in the country. On June 26, 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the president's travel ban by a 5-4 vote. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice John Roberts said that Trump had the executive authority to make national security judgments in the realm of immigration, regardless of his previous statements about Islam. In a sharply worded dissent, Justice Sonia Sotomayor said that the outcome was equivalent to that of Korematsu v. United States, which permitted the detention of Japanese-Americans during World War II. 'Public Charge' Rule In August 2019, the Trump administration unveiled a new regulation designed to weed out immigrants who would potentially require government assistance. Known as the "public charge" rule, for people who are dependent on Medicaid, food stamps and other benefits, the policy tightened requirements for legal immigrants seeking to become permanent residents by focusing on factors like education, assets, resources and financial status. Trump and North Korea Nuclear Weapons and Economic Sanctions In early August 2017, intelligence experts confirmed that North Korea successfully produced a miniaturized nuclear warhead that fits inside its missiles, putting it one step closer to becoming a nuclear power. Around the same time, the North Korean state news agency said they were "examining the operational plan" to strike areas around the U.S. territory of Guam with medium-to-long-range strategic ballistic missiles. U.S. experts estimated North Korea’s nuclear warheads at 60 and that the country could soon have an intercontinental ballistic missile capable of reaching the United States. Trump responded that North Korea would be met with “fire and fury” if the threats continued and that the U.S. military was “locked and loaded.” On August 15, Korean leader Kim Jong-un said he’d "watch a little more the foolish and stupid conduct of the Yankees," which Trump tweeted was “a very wise and well reasoned decision.” However on August 20, North Korea warned that the U.S. was risking an "uncontrollable phase of a nuclear war" by following through with military drills with South Korea. On August 28, North Korea launched a missile over Japan. The following day, Trump said “all options were on the table.” At the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, Trump pejoratively called Kim Jong-un “Rocketman” and said he would “totally destroy” North Korea if it threatened the United States or its allies, hours after the group voted to enact additional sanctions against the country. Two days later, Trump widened American economic sanctions; three days later North Korea threatened to shoot down American airplanes even if they were not in its airspace, calling Trump’s comments “a declaration of war.” A week later, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said the U.S. and North Korea were in “direct communication” and looking for a non-militarized path forward. On October 20, CIA Director Mike Pompeo warned that North Korea was in the "final step" of being able to strike mainland America with nuclear warheads and the U.S. should react accordingly. Some foreign policy experts were concerned that war between the U.S. and North Korea was increasingly possible. Summits With Kim Jong-un Following the 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea, during which North Korea made a show of unity with the host country, its officials also relayed interest in opening up communications with Washington. Trump leaped at the opportunity, announcing that he was willing to sit down with Kim. On June 12, 2018, Trump and Kim met at the secluded Capella resort in Singapore, marking the first such encounter between a sitting U.S. president and North Korean leader. The two held private talks with their interpreters, before expanding the meeting to include such top staffers as Pompeo (now U.S. secretary of state), National Security Adviser John Bolton and White House Chief of Staff John Kelly. Afterward, in a televised ceremony, the leaders signed a joint statement in which Trump "committed to provide security guarantees" to North Korea and Kim "reaffirmed his firm and unwavering commitment to complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula." Although their talks marked an early step in a diplomatic process that some predicted could take years to complete, the president said he believed denuclearization on the peninsula would begin "very quickly." "We're very proud of what took place today," Trump said. "I think our whole relationship with North Korea and the Korean Peninsula is going to be a very much different situation than it has in the past." On February 27, 2019, the two men met for a second summit, at the Metropole hotel in Hanoi, Vietnam, to discuss the next steps in denuclearization. Said Trump to his counterpart: "I think you will have a tremendous future with your country — a great leader. And I look forward to watching it happen and helping it to happen." However, negotiations abruptly ended the second day, after North Korea reportedly asked for sanctions to be lifted in exchange for dismantling its main nuclear facility but not all elements of its weapons program. "Sometimes you have to walk," the president said, before adding that things concluded on good terms. On June 30, 2019, Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to set foot in North Korea when he met with Kim for informal discussions at the Demilitarized Zone between the two countries on the Korean peninsula. Trump later said that he and Kim had agreed to designate negotiators to resume denuclearization talks in the coming weeks. Donald Trump speaking at a campaign rally at Winnacunnet High School in Hampton, New Hampshire on August 14, 2015 Trump and Russia Russian Hacking in the 2016 Election Throughout the 2016 presidential election, Trump vehemently denied allegations he had a relationship with Russian President Vladimir Putin and was tied to the hacking of the DNC emails. In January 2017, a U.S. intelligence report prepared by the CIA, FBI and NSA concluded that Putin had ordered a campaign to influence the U.S. election. “Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump," the report said. Prior to the release of the report, President-elect Trump had cast doubt on Russian interference and the intelligence community’s assessment. Trump received an intelligence briefing on the matter, and in his first press conference as president-elect on January 11, he acknowledged Russia’s interference. However, in subsequent comments he again refused to condemn Russia for such activity, notably saying on multiple occasions that he believed Putin's denials. In March 2018, the Trump administration formally acknowledged the charges by issuing sanctions on 19 Russians for interference in the 2016 presidential election and alleged cyberattacks. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin delivered the announcement, with the president remaining silent on the matter. In July, days before Trump was to meet with Putin in Finland, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein announced additional charges against 12 Russian intelligence officers accused of hacking the DNC and the Clinton campaign. Meeting With Putin The White House announced that Trump would hold his first formal discussions with Russian President Putin in Helsinki, Finland, on July 16, 2018. The two men met on the heels of Trump's heavily scrutinized summit with NATO leaders, and shortly after the Justice Department announced the indictment of 12 Russian operatives for interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Prompted to address the issue of election hacking in a joint news conference for the two leaders, Trump refused to point a finger at his counterpart. "I think we've all been foolish. I think we're all to blame," he said, adding that "President Putin was extremely strong and powerful in his denial today." The comments drew a harsh response stateside, with several notable Republicans joining their Democratic colleagues to question why the president was siding with Putin over his intelligence agencies. Senator McCain called it "one of the most disgraceful performances by an American president in memory," and even Trump ally Newt Gingrich weighed in with strong words, tweeting, "It is the most serious mistake of his presidency and must be corrected — immediately." Trump sought to quiet the furor after returning to the White House, insisting that he had misspoken when saying he didn't see why Russia should be blamed and reminding that he has "on numerous occasions noted our intelligence findings that Russians attempted to interfere in our elections," though he again suggested that other parties could be responsible. Around that time, it was revealed that Trump had instructed Bolton, his national security adviser, to invite Putin to the White House that autumn, news that caught Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats off guard. Bolton soon disclosed that he would postpone the invitation until the conclusion of the special counsel investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Russian Sanctions Despite Trump's overtures to Putin, his administration in February 2019 announced the suspension of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia, due to the Eastern power's repeated violations of the agreement. The announcement gave Russia 180 days to comply with terms before U.S. withdrawal from the treaty would be completed. Syria On April 6, 2017, Trump ordered a military strike, to which he had tweeted opposition to when Obama was in office, on a Syrian government airfield. The strike was in response to a chemical attack by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad on Syrian civilians that had led to the horrific deaths of dozens of men, women and children. Navy destroyers fired 59 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airfield, from where the attack was launched. It was the first direct military action by the United States against Syrian military forces during the country's ongoing civil war. One year later, evidence surfaced of another chemical attack on Syrians, with dozens reported dead in the rebel-held city of Douma. Although Syria and its ally, Russia, referred to the situation as a "hoax" perpetrated by terrorists, Trump wasn't having it: "Russia vows to shoot down any and all missiles fired at Syria. Get ready Russia, because they will be coming," he tweeted, adding, "You shouldn't be partners with a Gas Killing Animal who kills his people and enjoys it!" The U.S. subsequently joined forces with Britain and France for coordinated strikes on Syria early in the morning of April 14, 2018. Larger than the previous year's operation, this one hit two chemical weapons facilities and a scientific research center. Afterward, the president took to Twitter to thank his military allies for their efforts, declaring, "Mission Accomplished!" In December 2018, Trump announced that U.S. military troops would be pulled from Syria, before changing his mind when that decision was denounced as one that would primarily benefit Assad and his government's main ally, Russia. However, the president reversed course again the following October by ordering U.S. troops withdrawn from northeast Syria to clear the way for a Turkish military operation, one that could threaten American-backed Kurdish insurgents in the area. Again drawing a sharp response from critics, the president made his case on Twitter by arguing it was time to get out of Syria and let other nations in the region "figure the situation out," adding that he would respond forcefully if Turkey did anything "off limits." Shortly afterward, he announced he was imposing sanctions on Turkey for a military offensive that was "endangering civilians and threatening peace, security, and stability in the region." Donald Trump Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi In late October 2019, Trump announced that the leader of the Islamic State, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, was dead following a daring American commando raid in Syria. According to the president, the militant leader was chased to the end of an underground tunnel, "whimpering and crying and screaming all the way," before detonating a suicide vest. The announcement came amid the controversy over the withdrawal of troops from the region, with critics pointing to the American military presence and intelligence contributions from Kurdish allies as factors that led to the success of the mission. Trade War On March 1, 2018, after the conclusion of a Commerce Department investigation, Trump announced that he was imposing tariffs of 25 percent on steel imports and 10 percent on aluminum. He ultimately granted temporary exemptions as he sought to renegotiate deals. His actions resulted in new agreements with South Korea and multiple South American countries to restrain their metal exports. Talks with China, the E.U. and the border countries stalled. In late May, the administration announced that it was moving forward with all tariffs. The move drew a harsh response from the E.U., Canada and Mexico, which announced retaliatory measures. With Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau condemning Trump's "unacceptable actions" and French President Emmanuel Macron threatening to isolate the U.S. from the Group of 7, the president faced a frosty reception at the G-7 summit in Quebec in June. He ultimately left the summit early, making headlines on the way out by announcing he would not sign a communique between the seven nations and taking shots at Trudeau on Twitter. In July, Trump again had harsh words for allies at the NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium, including accusations that Germany was "captive" to Russia for its dependence on Russian natural gas, and followed with criticism of U.K. Prime Minister Theresa May for her handling of Brexit. Back home, the president attempted to head off the political fallout of a potentially costly trade war with the announcement that the administration would provide up to $12 billion in emergency relief funds for U.S. farmers. The following summer, the administration revealed details for a new, $16 billion aid package for struggling farmers. China In April 2018, the Trump administration announced it was adding a 25 percent tariff on more than 1,000 Chinese products to penalize the country for its trade practices. He granted temporary exemptions to negotiate a deal. In late May, he moved forward with a tax on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods that went into effect in July. The trade war with China escalated in May 2019, when the president gave the go-ahead to raise tariffs to 25 percent on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods. The increase came as the two countries were attempting to hammer out terms for a new trade deal. The following month, after Trump used the threat of tariffs to obtain expanded border-security measures from Mexico, the president turned his attention back to China with the suggestion that another $300 billion in Chinese goods would be taxed should trade talks continue to stall. He announced a 5 percent hike in late August and threatened another 5 percent increase by October, before agreeing to delay the latter as he continued to push for an all-encompassing trade deal. In October, the president gushed about the "very substantial phase one deal" reached with China, saying a final agreement on matters related to intellectual property, financial services and agriculture would take three to five weeks to put in place. Signed in mid-January 2020, the deal included commitments from China to purchase an additional $200 billion of U.S. products over the next two years and to refrain from currency manipulation and intellectual property theft. Taiwan In June 2019, Trump announced that the U.S. would be selling more than $2 billion in tanks and military equipment to Taiwan, one of its largest sales in recent years. The move added tension to China’s relationship with the U.S. The U.S. is the largest supplier of arms to Taiwan, which could help stave off an eventual invasion of Taiwan by the Chinese military. The U.S. does not officially recognize Taiwan, a de facto independent island that the communist Chinese government plans to bring back under its control, with force if necessary. However, U.S. officials see Taiwan as an important counterweight to China in the region and have expressed concern about China’s actions toward Taiwan. In 2018, to the ire of Chinese officials, the Pentagon began ordering naval ships to sail through the Taiwan Strait as a show of military power. Israel and the Recognition of Jerusalem On December 6, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. was formally recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and would move the American embassy there from its current location in Tel Aviv. The declaration broke decades of precedent, in which the U.S. refused to take sides in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over territorial rights to the city. Fulfilling one of his campaign pledges, Trump referred to the move as "a long overdue step to advance the peace process," noting it "would be folly to assume that repeating the exact same formula would now produce a different or better result." He also stressed that the move would not interfere with any proposals for a two-state solution. The announcement was praised by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu but not as warmly received by American allies France, Britain and Germany, which called it disruptive to the peace process. Leaders of the predominantly Muslim countries Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon all condemned the move, while Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said the U.S. could no longer be considered a mediator in the region. On December 21, the U.N. General Assembly voted 128 to 9 to demand that the U.S. rescind its formal recognition of Jerusalem. Britain, France, Germany and Japan all voted for the resolution, though others, like Australia and Canada, abstained from the symbolic vote. After dispatching Vice President Mike Pence to help smooth things over with Arab leaders in the Middle East, Trump sought to reestablish ties with American allies at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2018. He praised U.K. Prime Minister May and enjoyed a friendly meeting with Netanyahu, though he also took a shot at the Palestinian Authority for refusing to meet with Pence. Continuing with a recalibrated approach to relations with its Middle Eastern ally, the Trump administration announced in November 2019 that it no longer considered Israeli settlements in the West Bank to be illegal under international law. A few weeks later, the president sought to bolster support among American Jews by signing an executive order aimed at cracking down on anti-Semitism at college campuses. The order effectively allowed the government to recognize Judaism as both a race or nationality and religion, empowering the Education Department to withhold funding from college or educational programs accused of discriminatory actions against Jews. In January 2020, Trump revealed his "deal of the century" proposal for a two-state solution. His plan envisioned Jerusalem remaining the capital of Israel, with Palestinians getting their own capital in the eastern part of the city, and the authority for Israel to move forward with annexing its West Bank settlements. The proposal was quickly rejected by Palestinians, with Abbas dismissing it as the "slap of the century." In September 2020, Trump presided over the signing of accords between Israel, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, in which the two Arab countries normalized relations with Israel. Iran In May 2018, over the objections of European allies, Trump announced that he was withdrawing the U.S. from the Iran nuclear deal enacted by his predecessor and reimposing sanctions on the Middle Eastern country. The announcement initially drew a tepid response from Iran, but President Hassan Rouhani had stronger words on the issue while addressing diplomats in July, noting that "war with Iran is the mother of all wars" and warning his American counterpart to "not play with the lion's tail, because you will regret it eternally." That seemingly enraged Trump, who fired off an all-caps tweet addressed to Rouhani: "Never, ever threaten the United States again or you will suffer consequences the likes of which few throughout history have ever suffered before," he wrote. "We are no longer a country that will stand for your demented words of violence & death. Be cautious!" Tensions mounted again by April 2019, when the Trump administration announced it would no longer grant economic exemptions to the five countries — China, India, Japan, South Korea and Turkey — which had been permitted to buy oil from Iran. Several oil tankers were subsequently attacked near the Strait of Hormuz, with the U.S. holding Iran responsible for the brazen actions. In June 2019, the Iranian military shot down an American drone over contested airspace. Trump said he was minutes away from ordering a strike in retaliation, before electing to impose new sanctions instead. In late December, after an American civilian contractor was killed in a rocket attack on an Iraqi base, the U.S. carried out military strikes against an Iranian-backed militia deemed responsible for the attack. After protesters responded by breaching the outer wall of the U.S. Embassy in Iraq, the animosity escalated with the death of General Qassem Soleimani, Iran's top security and intelligence commander, in a drone strike authorized by President Trump. Cuba and Travel Restrictions To pressure Cuba’s communist government to reform and end its support for Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro, Trump tightened travel restrictions to Cuba in April 2019. In June 2019, Trump announced that the State Department would no longer allow private or public ships and aircraft to visit Cuba. The U.S. will also no longer allow “people-to-people” educational travel, which previously proved to be a popular travel exemption. Tourist groups may still be able to get around the ban by applying one of the other 11 travel exemptions that are still allowed. In September 2020, Trump announced new sanctions aimed at curtailing U.S. travel to Cuba. President Obama loosened travel restrictions to Cuba following decades of detente between the countries, initiating a short-lived travel boom to the area. Charlottesville Rally On August 12, 2017, a group of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virgina, gathered for a “Unite the Right” rally to protest the removal of a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. People in favor of removing the statue felt that it was a symbol implicitly endorsing white supremacy, while the protesters believed removing it was an attempt at erasing history. The rally attracted Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazis, including former KKK leader David Duke, who told reporters that the protesters were “going to fulfill the promises of Donald Trump” to “take our country back.” When counter-protesters arrived, the demonstration turned violent with racial slurs, pushing and brawling. Then a car, driven by a man who appeared to show marching earlier that day alongside Neo-Nazis in a CNN photo plowed into the crowd, killing a 32-year-old counter-protester and injuring at least 19 others. In comments that day, Trump did not specifically criticize the white nationalists and blamed “hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides.” Two days later, following criticism about his refusal to denounce hate groups, Trump delivered a speech at the White House. “Racism is evil. And those who cause violence in its name are criminals and thugs, including the K.K.K., neo-Nazis, white supremacists and other hate groups that are repugnant to everything we hold dear as Americans,” he said. However, the same day, Kevin Plank, the head of Under Armour, and Kenneth C. Frazier, the African American head of Merck Pharmaceuticals, announced they were resigning from the president’s American Manufacturing Council in reaction to the events. Trump tweeted: “Now that Ken Frazier of Merck Pharma has resigned from President’s Manufacturing Council, he will have more time to LOWER RIPOFF DRUG PRICES!” The next day, Trump reaffirmed his initial comments, telling reporters: “I think there is blame on both sides.” On September 15, Trump re-defended his comments after meeting with Republican Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina: "I think especially in light of the advent of antifa, if you look at what's going on there, you know, you have some pretty bad dudes on the other side also. And essentially that's what I said." (Antifa is an anti-fascist protest movement that sometimes uses violent tactics to defend against neo-Nazis and white supremacists.) Trump and Obama “Birther” Controversy Beginning in early 2011, Trump expressed doubts about the validity of Obama’s birth country to media outlets. To quell the staunch outcry from birtherists, Obama eventually released his birth certificate in April 2011, verifying that he was born in the United States. Regardless, Trump continued to be a vocal critic of President Obama—not only regarding his place of birth, but also on a variety of his policies. In 2013, Trump tweeted that a Hawaiian State Health Director, who died of cardiac arrhythmia following a plane crash, was somehow connected to a cover-up of President Obama's birth certificate. In 2016, as he began to clinch his own nomination as the GOP candidate for president, Trump toned down his stance, telling CNN, “I have my own theory on Obama. Someday I will write a book.” Later that fall, feeling pressure from his campaign advisors to put the conspiracy theory to rest as part of a strategy to appeal to minority voters, Trump issued a statement: "President Barack Obama was born in the United States, period.” At the same time, he also blamed his presidential rival, Hillary Clinton, and her campaign for starting the birther controversy. Wiretapping Allegations On March 4, 2017, without citing specific evidence, Trump released a series of tweets accusing former President Obama of wiretapping the campaign headquarters at Trump Tower before the election. FBI Director James Comey asked the Justice Department to issue a statement refuting Trump’s allegation, while the White House called for a congressional investigation into Trump’s claims. On March 16, 2017, bipartisan leaders from the Senate Intelligence Committee said there was no evidence to support the president’s claim that Trump Tower had been wiretapped. On March 20, 2017, Comey addressed the wiretapping allegations, saying that he had “no information that supports those tweets and we have looked carefully inside the FBI.” Comey also confirmed that the FBI was investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election, including links and coordination between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government as well as whether any crimes were committed. Comey and Trump On May 9, 2017, Trump abruptly fired Comey, who was in the midst of leading the investigation into whether any Trump advisers colluded with Russia to influence the outcome of the presidential election. The president said he based his decision on recommendations from Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, who asserted that Comey should be dismissed over his handling of the investigation of Hillary Clinton's use of a private email server while she was secretary of state. The announcement sent shockwaves throughout the government, with critics comparing Comey's dismissal to the 1973 "Saturday Night Massacre" when President Richard Nixon fired Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate scandal which eventually led to Nixon's resignation. Democratic Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer told reporters at a press conference that “every American will rightly suspect that the decision to fire Director Comey was part of a cover-up.” Trump later told reporters at the White House that he had fired Comey “because he wasn’t doing a good job,” and he told Lester Holt in an NBC News interview that his decision was not solely based on recommendations from Sessions and Rosenstein. "Regardless of the recommendation, I was going to fire Comey," the president told Holt in the televised interview. There was more fallout a week after Comey's firing when the New York Times reported that Trump had asked Comey to shut down the investigation into former national security adviser Michael Flynn. According to the New York Times, Comey wrote in a memo that the president told him in a meeting a day after Flynn resigned: "I hope you can see your way clear to letting this go, to letting Flynn go. He is a good guy. I hope you can let this go." The White House denied this claim in a statement. On June 8, Comey made a highly anticipated appearance before the Senate Intelligence Committee. He accused Trump of lying to the public about the nature of his tenure and dismissal, noting that he believed he was fired to affect the FBI probe into Russia's influence in the 2016 election. Barron Trump joins his father U.S. President Donald Trump as he makes remarks before pardoning the National Thanksgiving Turkey with National Turkey Federation Chairman Carl Wittenburg and his family in the Rose Garden at the White House November 21, 2017, in Washington, D.C. Mueller Investigation of Donald Trump On May 17, 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rosenstein selected Robert Mueller, former federal prosecutor and FBI director, to serve as a special counsel to lead the investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election and possible ties to the Trump campaign. On March 24, 2019, two days after Mueller closed his investigation by submitting a report to Attorney General Barr, the AG summarized the report's content in a letter to congressional leaders. He wrote that there was no evidence of collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian agents, but noted the special counsel's wording about whether the president obstructed justice: "while this report does not conclude that the president committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Nonetheless, Trump declared complete exoneration, disparaging the 22-month investigation as an "illegal takedown that failed." On October 30, 2018, Mueller announced the first indictments of his investigation, ensnaring former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and his associate Rick Gates on charges of tax fraud, money laundering and foreign lobbying violations. On December 1, Flynn pleaded guilty to one count of lying to the FBI and said he was cooperating with Mueller's team. In January 2018, news surfaced that Mueller was seeking an interview with Trump to inquire about his dismissal of Comey and Flynn, among other topics. The president publicly welcomed that idea, saying he was "looking forward to it." Days later the New York Times reported that Trump had sought to fire Mueller the previous June, before backing off when the White House counsel protested. In early February, the president gave the go-ahead for House Republicans to release a controversial memo that summarized the FBI's attempts to obtain a warrant to wiretap former Trump campaign associate Carter Page. According to the memo, the FBI and DOJ had relied on information from an infamous dossier, whose author was commissioned by the Democratic Party to dig up dirt on Trump. House Democrats countered that the memo left out important information to make it seem that the FBI was biased against Trump, thereby discrediting the bureau's involvement in the Mueller probe. In April, The Times obtained and published a list of four dozen questions that Mueller hoped to ask Trump, ranging from the president's contacts with Manafort to his understanding of the June 2016 meeting at Trump Tower conducted by his oldest son, to the intentions behind some of his tweets as related to possible obstruction of justice. Ultimately, the president never sat down for face-to-face questioning by Mueller, instead of submitting written responses. Mueller’s report was released in March 2019, finding no evidence of collusion but offering obtuse language on whether the president obstructed justice. The furor over the report didn't die down, particularly since the redacted version that was released raised more questions about obstruction and whether Barr was attempting to shield the president from congressional scrutiny. In May 2019, after Trump exerted executive privilege to block the release of the unredacted report. The House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend that the House hold the attorney general in contempt of Congress. Trump and Stormy Daniels Adult-film star Stephanie Clifford, known by her stage name of Stormy Daniels, reportedly signed a nondisclosure agreement just before the 2016 election to remain silent on her affair with Trump. After the Wall Street Journal reported on the situation in early 2018, the Daniels saga became part of the news cycle, leading to a much-publicized appearance on Jimmy Kimmel's late-night show in which she played coy on the issue. In February 2018, Trump's longtime personal lawyer, Michael Cohen, admitted to paying Daniels $130,000 out of his own pocket, though he did not say what the payment was for. In March, Daniels broke her silence on the subject, insisting that the nondisclosure agreement was invalid because Trump had never signed it. Late March brought a 60 Minutes interview with Daniels, in which she described her alleged tryst with Trump, as well as a parking lot encounter with an unknown man who warned her to stop discussing the affair in public. The piece aired shortly after a televised interview with another alleged Trump mistress, former Playboy model Karen McDougal, who said she had fallen in love with Trump during their time together. The president delivered his first public remarks on the issue aboard Air Force One in early April, saying he knew nothing about the payment to Daniels. When asked why Cohen felt compelled to shell out $130,000 for what the White House was calling false allegations, Trump responded, "Michael's my attorney, and you'll have to ask Michael." Later in the month, McDougal reached a settlement with American Media Inc (AMI) that allowed her to speak freely about her alleged affair with Trump. The model had signed $150,000 deal in 2016 that gave AMI's The National Enquirer exclusive story rights, though the tabloid never reported on the matter. Under terms of the new contract, McDougal was allowed to keep the $150,000, though she would have to share the profits if she sold or licensed the story to a new party. Shortly afterward, Daniels filed a defamation lawsuit against the president, after he dismissed a composite sketch of a man who allegedly confronted her in a parking lot as a "con job." The suit claimed that Trump had recklessly accused her of being a liar and breaking the law, resulting in more than $75,000 in damages. Michael Cohen Investigation In July 2018, Trump’s former personal lawyer Michael Cohen found himself under investigation by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York. He released a two-year-old secret recording of a conversation with Trump about payments to AMI for the McDougal story, indicating that the president was aware of the situation dating back to his days as a candidate. The issue magnified in August, when Cohen accepted a deal to plead guilty to eight criminal charges, two of which, he said, came at the president's instigation to violate campaign laws and issue hush payments. Trump's former personal lawyer was sentenced to three years in prison that December. The following February, Cohen appeared before the House Oversight Committee in a televised hearing to testify to an array of Trump's infractions. Along with insisting that his ex-boss knew ahead of time about the Trump Tower meeting with Russians and the WikiLeaks dump of DNC emails, both of which came in mid-2016, he supplied checks as evidence of the president's reimbursement of his payment to Stormy Daniels. Inaugural Committee In February 2019, the U.S. Attorney’s Office in the Southern District of New York issued a subpoena to Trump’s inaugural committee, seeking a collection of documents that included bank accounts of committee members and names of donors, vendors and contractors. The committee grew out of investigations into Michael Cohen. It was believed that prosecutors were investigating crimes related to conspiracy to defraud the United States, false statements and money laundering. Sexual Assault and Rape Accusations As of June 2019, a total of 16 women have accused Trump of sexual assault. He has denied all accusations. E. Jean Carroll Sexual Assault Accusations In June 2019, New York journalist E. Jean Carroll accused Trump of sexually assaulting her in 1996 at the upscale Manhattan department store Bergdorf Goodman. Carroll says Trump approached her as she was leaving the building and asked for her help buying a gift for a female friend. He led her upstairs to the lingerie department, and, after a bit of banter, pinned her in the dressing room, pulled down her tights and sexually assaulted her, according to Carroll’s account. When the alleged assault was over, Carroll called her friend, author Lisa Birnbach, to describe the encounter. Birnbach told journalists at The New York Times that she told Carroll that she was raped and should call the police. A couple of days later, Carroll told her friend Carol Martin, a TV host, who advised her to remain silent. Ultimately, Carroll says she blamed herself for going into the dressing room with Trump. Carroll never publicly discussed her story until more than two decades later, when she described the alleged rape in her 2019 memoir, What Do We Need Men For? An excerpt was published in advance of the release date in a New York Magazine article. Trump initially said he had “never met” Carroll. When a photograph surfaced of the two shaking hands, he said he had “no idea who she is” and called her accusation “fiction” designed to sell her new book. 'Access Hollywood' Controversy On October 7, 2016, just two days before the second presidential debate between Trump and Clinton, the Republican presidential nominee was embroiled in another scandal when the Washington Post released a 2005 recording in which he lewdly described kissing and groping women, and trying to have sex with then-married television personality Nancy O’Dell. The three-minute recording captured Trump speaking to Billy Bush, co-anchor of Access Hollywood, as they prepared to meet soap opera actress Arianne Zucker for a segment of the show. "I’ve gotta use some Tic Tacs, just in case I start kissing her,” Trump said in the recording which was caught on a microphone that had not been turned off. “You know I’m automatically attracted to beautiful — I just start kissing them. It’s like a magnet. Just kiss. I don’t even wait. And when you’re a star they let you do it. You can do anything." He also said that because of his celebrity status he could grab women by their genitals. In response, Trump released a statement saying: “This was locker room banter, a private conversation that took place many years ago. Bill Clinton has said far worse to me on the golf course — not even close. I apologize if anyone was offended.” Trump later posted a videotaped apology on Facebook in which he said: “I’ve never said I’m a perfect person, nor pretended to be someone that I’m not. I’ve said and done things I regret, and the words released today on this more than a decade-old video are one of them. Anyone who knows me knows these words don’t reflect who I am. I said it, I was wrong, and I apologize.” The backlash was immediate with some top Republicans, including Senators John McCain, Kelly Ayotte, Mike Crapo, Shelley Moore Capito and Martha Roby, who withdrew their support for Trump. House Speaker Ryan reportedly told fellow GOP lawmakers that he would not campaign with or defend the presidential candidate. Some GOP critics also called for Trump to withdraw from the race, including former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. Trump remained defiant, tweeting that he would stay in the race. Around the same time as the video leak, numerous women began speaking publicly about their past experiences with Trump, alleging he had either sexually assaulted or harassed them based on their looks. Pressuring Ukraine and Whistleblower Complaint In September 2019, The Washington Post reported that Trump had ordered the withholding of nearly $400 million in military aid to Ukraine in mid-July, one week before a phone call in which he urged Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate Hunter Biden, the son of 2020 presidential candidate Joe Biden. This tied into reports of a whistleblower complaint from the intelligence community regarding communications between Trump and Ukraine, and the failure of the acting director of national intelligence, Joseph Maguire, to relay the complaint to Congress. Trump admitted to discussing Joe and Hunter Biden with Zelensky, and even released a transcript of their conversation, though he denied that he withheld the military aid as a means for pressuring his counterpart into digging up dirt on a political rival. He later doubled down on his assertion that the Bidens needed to be investigated, calling for the Chinese government to do so. In October, as House Democrats attempted to secure testimony from the unidentified whistleblower, reports surfaced of another individual with first-hand knowledge of several allegations noted in the complaint. William B. Taylor Jr., the acting U.S. ambassador to Ukraine, soon defied State Department orders to share his recollection of events with investigators and corroborate the claims of quid pro quo. He was followed by Alexander Vindman, the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council, who reportedly confirmed that he was on the phone call between Trump and Zelensky and was concerned that the demand to investigate the Bidens would jeopardize U.S.-Ukraine relations. Impeachment and Acquittal By the time Mueller’s special counsel investigation into Trump ended in March 2019, some Democrats were calling for the initiation of impeachment proceedings, including 2020 Democratic presidential hopefuls Kamala Harris and Cory Booker. Calls for impeachment grew after Mueller held a press conference regarding his report in May 2019. Mueller said he could not clear the President of obstruction of justice but declined to pursue impeachment, leaving Democrats to decide if Trump’s conduct should be investigated for impeachable offenses. However, House Judiciary Committee Chair Jerry Nadler and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi were not in favor of pursuing impeachment. In July 2019, after the House voted to condemn Trump for his Twitter comments about four congresswomen of color, Democrat Al Green of Texas filed a resolution to launch impeachment proceedings against the president. With most of his Democratic colleagues not yet ready to make the plunge, the resolution was defeated by a 332-to-95 vote. The tide turned with the reports of Trump pressuring the Ukrainian president to investigate Joe and Hunter Biden and the administration's attempt to conceal the whistleblower complaint. On September 24, 2019, Pelosi announced that the House was launching a formal impeachment inquiry against Trump. On October 31, following five weeks of investigations and interviews, the House voted 232-196 to approve a resolution that established rules for the impeachment process. All but two Democrats and the House's lone independent voted for the measure, while Republicans were unanimous in their opposition. Impeachment hearings commenced on November 13 with testimony from Taylor and another State Department official, as Trump was busy meeting with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey. The following week, Gordon Sondland, the U.S. ambassador to the European Union, provided more testimony about what he said was a clear case of quid pro quo, noting that Vice President Pence, Secretary of State Pompeo and other top administration officials were aware of Trump's pressure campaign. On December 10, 2019, House Democrats announced they were moving forward with two articles of impeachment, charging Trump with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. Eight days later, the House again voted almost entirely along party lines for the two articles, making Trump the third U.S. president to be impeached by the House, after Andrew Johnson, in 1868, and Bill Clinton, in 1998; President Richard Nixon resigned before he could be impeached. The Senate trial formally began on January 21, 2020, with seven House Democrat impeachment managers arguing their case of Trump's abuses against the president's legal defense that everything was valid. Although former national security adviser John Bolton lurked as a potential wild card, following reports that his upcoming book revealed more evidence of Trump tying Ukraine aid to political investigations, his account became irrelevant when the Senate voted against allowing additional witnesses on January 31. The impeachment saga came to an end on February 5, 2020, when the Senate voted along party lines to acquit President Trump on both charges. Mitt Romney, now senator of Utah, was the lone Republican to vote to convict on the charge of abuse of power. Coronavirus After taking a victory lap for beating back the impeachment attempt, Trump faced a new challenge with the emergence of the novel coronavirus from China. The White House initially requested $2.5 billion in emergency funding to deal with the outbreak, a reflection of the president's belief that the threat wasn't particularly dire, though lawmakers on both sides of the aisle suggested that number was too low. On February 26, 2020, the same day that the 60th known coronavirus patient was recorded in the U.S., Trump announced that Vice President Pence would lead the administration's response to the health crisis. "We're very, very ready for this," the president said. "The risk to the American people remains very low." Despite his reassurances, the situation continued to escalate in the coming weeks as the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic and major American sports leagues suspended their seasons. On March 13, one day after stocks suffered the biggest daily drop since Black Monday of 1987, the president announced that he was declaring a national emergency to free up $50 billion in federal resources to combat the health crisis. On March 18, Trump pushed out the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, which provided paid sick leave for some workers, funding for food assistance programs, expanded unemployment benefits and free diagnostic testing. He followed by signing a $2 trillion relief bill on March 27, which established a $500 billion government lending program and allocated funds for both hospitals and individual taxpayers. Facing criticism for his handling of the situation, on April 14, the president announced that he was suspending funding to the WHO for "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus." The following week, he signed an executive order that halted the issuance of green cards for 60 days — with exemptions for medical workers and family members of U.S. citizens — in order to protect American workers during the pandemic. Trump at times clashed with Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), who sought to reel in the president's ambitions for reopening the country as quickly as possible. In May, after Fauci told the Senate that some schools wouldn't be ready to safely welcome back students in the fall, Trump decried that analysis as "not an acceptable answer." On October 2, 2020, President Trump revealed that he and wife Melania had both tested positive for COVID-19. Later that day he was transferred to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, after feeling “fatigued," according to his physician. He left the hospital on October 5. Son Barron was also tested and initially tested negative, but it was revealed weeks later that a second test came back positive. Social Media Executive Order Known for his frequent use of Twitter to promote his agenda and attack critics, Trump came under fire in May 2020 for retweeting claims that former congressman turned MSNBC host Joe Scarborough had killed one of the staffers. Around that time, the president delivered a series of tweets alleging that mail-in voting would lead to widespread fraud, prompting Twitter to add fact-checking links to two of his posts. After accusing the social media platform of trying to censor him and "interfering" in the 2020 election, Trump signed an executive order that called for new regulations under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA) to remove statutory liability protections and cut federal funding for Twitter, Facebook and other tech companies that engage in censorship and political conduct. 2020 Reelection Campaign On June 18, 2019, Trump launched his 2020 reelection bid with one of his patented rallies at the 20,000-seat Amway Center in Orlando, Florida. Along with extolling his economic record, the president whipped his supporters into a frenzy by lashing out at the special counsel "witch hunt" and his political enemies, adding that his new slogan would be "Keep America Great." "We are going to keep on working," he declared. "We are going to keep on fighting. And we are going to keep on winning, winning, winning." Presidential Debates With Biden Trump's first debate against Democratic challenger Biden on September 29, 2020, was largely criticized as a chaotic event, with the president repeatedly talking over both his opponent and debate moderator Chris Wallace. Trump commanded the conversation on several issues, including his defense of nominating a Supreme Court justice so close to Election Day and his stance on law and order, though he was also chided for his tepid denunciation of a far-right extremist group and his personal attacks on Biden's son. A second debate was scheduled for October 15, but after Trump declined to do a virtual debate, town halls for both candidates were scheduled instead. Returning for the final debate on October 22, with microphones often muted to prevent interruptions, a more restrained Trump depicted the coronavirus as under control, defended his environmental record and relationship with Kim Jong-un and touted his progress on criminal justice reform. The president also maintained his attacks on the Biden family's business dealings and his opponent's failures with the Obama administration, calling him "all talk and no action." 2020 Election Defeat Although most national polls had Trump well behind Biden heading into election day, the president looked to be on solid footing as he claimed the crucial state of Florida and jumped out to a lead in other battleground states. However, the race began tipping in Biden's favor as the mail-in ballots gradually added up, prompting the president to lash out about the process and the launch of lawsuits designed to challenge the results in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nevada and Georgia. On November 7, 2020, four days after election day, Biden was declared as the 46th president-elect after winning Pennsylvania, making Trump the first president to lose his reelection bid since George H.W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede in a subsequent statement, pointing to the ongoing litigation while noting that "this election is far from over." On December 14, 2020, all 538 electors in the Electoral College cast their vote, formalizing Biden’s victory over President Trump in the 2020 presidential election. Biden received 306 votes and Trump received 232. His lawsuits gaining little to no traction in courts around the country, the president continued seeking out ways to change the outcome of the election. On January 2, 2021, he urged Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger to "find" the nearly 12,000 votes needed to overcome the deficit in the state to Biden. Additionally, with a few loyal senators and dozens of House Republicans announcing their plans to object during the congressional certification of Biden's Electoral College win on January 6, 2021, Trump ratcheted up the pressure on Pence, as president of the Senate, to reject the votes from contested states. Capitol Siege, Twitter Ban and Second Impeachment On January 6, the president held a rally in which he declared that he would "never concede" and exhorted supporters to march to the Capitol building nearby. The supporters the Capitol and fought with police, at one point taking over the Senate chamber as lawmakers were evacuated for their safety. "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long," Trump tweeted, adding, "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!" Law enforcement reclaimed control of the complex at about 6 p.m., following the chaos that had resulted in four deaths, more than 50 arrests and the declaration of a public emergency by Washington, D.C., Mayor Muriel Bowser. Congress soon reconvened, its session continuing well past midnight as some members continued voicing their concerns about the election results. At just after 3:40 a.m. on January 7, Vice President Pence formally declared Biden the winner of the election. His social media accounts because of the riots, Trump issued a shortly afterward which read: "Even though I totally disagree with the outcome of the election, and the facts bear me out, nevertheless there will be an orderly transition on January 20th." Later that day, Trump posted a video on his Twiter addressing the "heinous attacks" on the Capitol and also conceded the election. “We have just been through an intense election and emotions are high. But now tempers must be cooled and calm restored. We must get on with the business of America," he said. “Now Congress has certified the results. A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20. M
3199	dbpedia	0	85	https://obituaries.seattletimes.com/obituary/iain-robertson-1083015892	en	Iain Robertson	https://d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/seattle-times/images/favicon.ico	https://d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/seattle-times/images/favicon.ico	[ "https://d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/seattle-times/images/seattle-times-logo.png", "https://d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/seattle-times/images/seattle-times-logo.png", "https://cdn-otf-cas.prfct.cc/dfs1/eyJoIjo2OTMsInciOjMwMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FkYXMtb3JlZ29uLWNhcy1vYml0cy5zMy5hbWF6b25hd3MuY29tXC9waG90b3NcL2NyZWF0ZV9zdG9yeVwvNjExNjliYjJjYTA1NVwvYzAzNjE4Y2Q4MTBkNGY2ZDViYWMwZDAxOWM4Zi5qcGciLCJkIjo3MiwibSI6IkpQRyJ9", "https://cdn-otf-cas.prfct.cc/dfs1/eyJoIjo2OTMsInciOjUwNSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDpcL1wvYWRhcy1vcmVnb24tY2FzLW9iaXRzLnMzLmFtYXpvbmF3cy5jb21cL3Bob3Rvc1wvY3JlYXRlX3N0b3J5XC82MTE2OWJiMmNhMDU1XC9jMDM2MThjZDgxMGQ0ZjZkNWJhYzBkMDE5YzhmLmpwZyIsImQiOjcyfQ==", "https://cdn-assets.prfct.cc/assets/obits/images/obit-send-trees-v2.webp", "https://cdn-assets.prfct.cc/assets/obits/images/obit-send-trees-v2.webp", "https://cdn-otf-cas.prfct.cc/dfs1/eyJoIjo2MDAsInciOjYwMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2FkYXMtb3JlZ29uLWNhcy1vYml0cy5zMy5hbWF6b25hd3MuY29tXC9waG90b3NcL2NyZWF0ZV9zdG9yeVwvNjExNjliYjJjYTA1NVwvYzAzNjE4Y2Q4MTBkNGY2ZDViYWMwZDAxOWM4Zi5qcGciLCJkIjo3Mn0=", "https://d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/brand/images/opt/adperfect_logo_gray.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Iain Robertson passed away in Washington. This is the full obituary story where you can share condolences and memories. Published in the Seattle Times. <meta name=	en	//d2zfowlldib7se.cloudfront.net/assets/seattle-times/images/favicon.ico		https://obituaries.seattletimes.com/obituary/iain-robertson-1083015892	Iain Mc Naughton Robertson passed away at home in Seattle on Tuesday, July 27, 2021. Iain was born on March 13, 1948 in the neighborhood of Colinton in Edinburgh, Scotland, the second of five lively boys to James Donald and Evelyn Patricia Robertson. In Edinburgh he and his brothers attended nearby Merchiston Castle School. He graduated with a Bachelor's degree (Honours) in Architecture from University of Edinburgh in 1972. It was while he was studying at Edinburgh University that two visiting professors, Ron Lovinger from University of Oregon and David Streatfield from University of Edinburgh, introduced Iain to Landscape Architecture. It was during an interlude from the University of Edinburgh that he undertook the adventure of driving with his cousin, a classmate, and friends through Europe and through the middle east to India, a trip that would be impossible today because of current fighting and conflicts in these regions. In 1972 Iain came to the US to study Landscape Architecture at University of Pennsylvania, where another Scotsman, Professor Iain McHarg was teaching. At Penn Iain met Hady De Jong and they were married in Scotland in 1977. The mountains and forests of the Pacific Northwest beckoned, so he and Hady moved to Seattle the following year. Iain worked at the offices of MacLeod and at Jones and Jones before joining the Department of Landscape Architecture at University of Washington in 1982. He taught there for 37 years, serving as chair from 1996 to 2004. As a professor he is most proud of the many accomplishments of the students he has trained and influenced over the decades. Iain's professional interests focused on planting design and, more recently, on the role of creativity in the teaching and practice of design. His forthcoming book resulting from those studies, Cultivating Creativity, will be published posthumously in January 2022 and distributed by NYU Press. Iain was married to Hady De Jong for over 43 years and they had two children. Together they have enjoyed traveling and visiting family with the children, summer days at View Ridge Pool, hiking, sailing (in calm weather) and reading in the garden. Iain is survived by his wife Hady; by their son Alex, his wife Michelle, and their children Rowan and Rex; and by their daughter Johanna and her husband Sam. He is also survived by his four brothers Peter (Candy), Graeme (Debbie), Roy (Liz), and Neil, and by 10 nephews/nieces and 10 grandnephews/grandnieces. See the in memoriam on the UW website: In lieu of flowers, please consider a gift to the UW Department of Landscape Architecture. There will be a celebration of Iain's life and work on Sunday, October 3, from 6:00 - 9:00 pm at Center for Urban Horticulture. Hady, Alex, Johanna, and family thank neighbors, friends, colleagues, and the Brain Tumor Center at UW for their kindness and support during this difficult time.
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"https://px.srvcs.tumblr.com/impixu?T=1723515212&J=eyJ0eXBlIjoidXJsIiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cDovL3Njb3RpYW5vc3RyYS50dW1ibHIuY29tL3Bvc3QvNzUwODA1MTg0ODEzMzM0NTI4L3RoZS1zY290dGlzaC1hY3Rvci1qYW1lcy1kb25hbGQtd2FzLWJvcm4taW4iLCJyZXF0eXBlIjowLCJyb3V0ZSI6Ii9wb3N0LzppZC86c3VtbWFyeSIsIm5vc2NyaXB0IjoxfQ==&U=MIMABJJGOJ&K=465b0fd24c618c8592822bdd95ae81882c671d94ef2c7450cc552819bfd026e4&R=", "https://px.srvcs.tumblr.com/impixu?T=1723515212&J=eyJ0eXBlIjoicG9zdCIsInVybCI6Imh0dHA6Ly9zY290aWFub3N0cmEudHVtYmxyLmNvbS9wb3N0Lzc1MDgwNTE4NDgxMzMzNDUyOC90aGUtc2NvdHRpc2gtYWN0b3ItamFtZXMtZG9uYWxkLXdhcy1ib3JuLWluIiwicmVxdHlwZSI6MCwicm91dGUiOiIvcG9zdC86aWQvOnN1bW1hcnkiLCJwb3N0cyI6W3sicG9zdGlkIjoiNzUwODA1MTg0ODEzMzM0NTI4IiwiYmxvZ2lkIjoyNDE3MjAyMywic291cmNlIjozM31dLCJub3NjcmlwdCI6MX0=&U=GGGPCLNHLJ&K=e6a3ca12541805ce44eab066172b907827cd120a116e89e78e9d8ab915690cb9&R=" ]	[]	[]	[ "scotland", "scottish", "history", "actor" ]	null	[ "scotianostra" ]	2024-05-18T09:13:41+00:00	The Scottish actor James Donald was born in Aberdeen on May 18th 1917. Donald grew up in Galasheils and was schooled at Rossall School on Lancashire’s Fylde coast. He briefly attended McGill...		https://64.media.tumblr.…086b4edd4617.jpg	Tumblr	https://www.tumblr.com/scotianostra/750805184813334528/the-scottish-actor-james-donald-was-born-in	The Scottish actor James Donald was born in Aberdeen on May 18th 1917. Donald grew up in Galasheils and was schooled at Rossall School on Lancashire’s Fylde coast. He briefly attended McGill University in Montreal, but his asthma meant he transferred to Edinburgh University. Donald originally intended to be a teacher but seeing Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Dame Edith Evans in The Late Christopher Bean made him decide to be an actor. He began seeing as many shows as possible and studied at the London Theatre Studio for two years. Donald starred in may films from the 40’s through to the 60’s, the pick of which are, The Vikings, King Rat and The Great Escape, I know many of you will not have heard of him but the short clip here has the actor saying the memorable last words in Bridge on the River Kwai…… “What have I done? Donald retired from acting in part because of a lifelong asthmatic condition. He grew grapes and made wine in his farm in Hampshire. He died of stomach cancer on august 3rd 1993.
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An anthropologist delves into the biological, social, and historical significance of height.	en	https://www.sapiens.org/…e-touch-icon.png	SAPIENS	https://www.sapiens.org/biology/height-politicians-attitudes-stereotypes/	✽ During Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis’ failed U.S. presidential campaign in 2023, his height garnered headlines. People speculated whether he wore lifts in his cowboy boots for an extra inch or so. Some shoemakers claimed the governor probably inserted boosters into his shoes. Candidate and former president Donald Trump fanned the speculation, using his opponent’s stature as part of a “campaign of humiliation.” Reportedly, before Trump began calling DeSantis “DeSanctimonious,” he considered dubbing the governor “Tiny D,” another below-the-belt reference to his height. That was not the first time Trump used height to ridicule his rivals. During the 2016 presidential primaries, he called 5-foot-10-inch candidate Marco Rubio “Little Marco.” In the runup to the 2020 presidential election, he described candidate “Mini” Mike Bloomberg as “a 5-foot-4 mass of dead energy” and falsely claimed the former New York City mayor requested a box to stand on during the presidential debates. Other politicians have received similar treatment from Trump: then-Sen. “Little” Ben Sasse, Rep. “Liddle’” Adam Schiff, and then-Sen. “Liddle’” Bob Corker (liddle’ being one of the Trump’s signature misspellings). Trump’s 6-foot-3-inch stature has also been questioned, and a TIME journalist noted that “it irritates him that so many media outlets say 6-foot-2.” Although Trump is an extreme example, height has long been an issue in U.S. politics. Abraham Lincoln—who at 6-foot-4-inches was the tallest U.S. president—wore a top hat to appear even taller, according to historian Matthew Pinsker. “American voters usually prefer the taller man,” read a 1992 New York Times article devoted to Ross Perot being the shortest major presidential candidate in years. What can we learn from this preoccupation with height—that is, a few inches of difference—in U.S. politics? THE BIOLOGY OF HEIGHT As a medical anthropologist and scholar of human stature, for over a decade I have been studying how height figures into society. What makes height fascinating is that it varies from person to person, influenced by an interplay of factors but not determined by any single one. Genetics, of course, plays a big role. Studies suggest genetics explains 80 percent of the differences in height that occur among people. But this inheritance is complex, with stature influenced by hundreds of genome variants—nearly 700 in one analysis. Whether a person actually reaches their height potential depends on many other variables, including childhood nutrition and diseases contracted during growth. The reason: Stressors such as illness can consume energy that would otherwise go to growth. Consequently, height has been a long-standing preoccupation of pediatricians (hence, child growth charts), public health practitioners, and parents. Many see it as a measure of health and well-being—as well as an important outcome in its own right. TALL ORDER Beyond height as a biological attribute, it also carries social values and stereotypes, especially for men but also for women. These attitudes permeate the realms of sports, employment and earnings, fashion—and yes, politics. Outside of the U.S., world leaders’ heights, too, have been scrutinized, including those of Russian President Vladimir Putin (does he wear heels?), North Korean leader Kim Jong Un (who Trump called “Little Rocket Man”), and British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak. “If not for Mr. Biden and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, the G-7 could well be renamed the 5’7”,” wrote a columnist for The Wall Street Journal in 2022. While men’s heights receive greater scrutiny, women are not spared—from Scotland’s Nicola Sturgeon to the Philippines’ Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Historically, we can go back to the French general-turned-emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, whose alleged short stature inspired the recent idea of the “Napoleon complex,” a popular belief that short people compensate for their height with attention-grabbing acts. In an attempt to offer context, some reports on DeSantis’ height have cited the fact that U.S. presidents have been taller than average for U.S. males, including 6-foot-1-inch Barack Obama and 6-foot-2-inch George H.W. Bush. Others have echoed ideas from evolutionary psychology that suggest men’s preference for tallness stems from “an inherent desire to appear dominant and attractive to potential partners.” But anthropologists and sociologists offer a broader view of height’s standing. Other researchers and I have found the value of height has varied across time and place. It is not a given that tallness confers economic or social benefits. Those outcomes depend on the culture and historical moment. ESCAPING HEIGHTISM The significance of height is best understood as intersecting with other aspects of inequality, including socioeconomic status, race, and gender. For example, owing to various factors, including nutrition, access to health care, and socioeconomic inequalities, there is a strong association between height and household wealth, as well between height and income. In the late 19th century and into the 20th century, height served as a marker of perceived superiority between Americans and their colonial subjects, including Filipinos. And because tallness is also associated with masculinity, shorter-than-average men, such as soccer star Lionel Messi, have been represented as “weaker” and “subordinate.” Accusing a male politician of wearing lifts not only “belittles” him (note how ideas on height are encoded in language), but also emasculates him based on toxic notions of masculinity. Such discourses, especially when amplified in mass and social media, feed into preexisting discrimination toward people who are shorter. There have been efforts to curb this heightism. And at least one political leader—Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni—has won damages over her height being mocked. But many see height as a “natural” phenomenon, making it harder to challenge inequality tied to it. We all—pundits, politicians, the public—should try to stifle the notion that tallness grants superiority and shortness is a shortcoming. By participating in a politics of diminution, we diminish our politics.
3199	dbpedia	1	10	http://www.james-donald.net/bio.html	en	Tribute to James Donald			[ "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_jd2.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_ahead.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_journey.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_parson.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_net.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_kwai.jpg", "http://www.james-donald.net/resources/small_bio_pit.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "james donald", "actor", "theatre", "the great escape", "the bridge on the river kwai", "quatermass and the pit", "britisch actor" ]	null	[]	null	This site is dedicated to James Donald, the tall, dark and handsome actor. The scottish stage actor was an star from the "Golden Age of British Cinema"				null	James Donald was the fourth son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, whose eloquent sermons and fine delivery made a strong impression on all who heard them. His mother died when he was 18 months old and his stepmother became a powerful influence. A sickly childhood in Galashiels was followed by schooling at Rossall and a brief stint at McGill University, in Montreal. The asthma that dogged most of his life necessitated his return to Scotland and a transfer to Edinburgh University. James Donald thought he wanted to study English Literature and become a teacher or lecture later on. But one night he went to see Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Dame Edith Evans in "The Late Christopher Bean". He was so impressed by their performance that he decided to become an actor. That was the beginning of lots of hard work of another kind. Regular attendance at Edinburgh theatres to study technique and at a school of acting and voice production. He eagerly accept any walking-on and small parts that came his way. "The first time I opened my mouth on the stage was to spit," Donald said "I was a French revolutionary in The Scarlet Pimpernel". He had discovered his vocation. But times were bad, his employers, apparently, didn`t think much of his ability and at eighteen, an actor of three months standing, he lost his job. Undaunted, he came to London, timorously attacked theatrical agents. Without success. As a last desperate experiment he obtained an audition at the London Theatre Studio, recited a little Hamlet- and won a scholarship. For two years he apprenticed himself to his profession. This over he obtained a small part at the Phoenix Theatre but the "big chance" eluded him. War broke out- he was found to be medically unfit- and repertory and E.N.S.A. kept him busy. In 1943 an unknown actor had an wild success as the playwright Roland Maule in Noel Cowards Present Laughter. The new face was James Donald. Noel Coward liked the work of the good-looking and sensitive young scottish actor and he was cast as Billy Mitchell, the sailor son, in This Happy Breed. The next night on his first entrance in This Happy Breed, he was applauded which must be a unique incident in Theatre history! The first screen role of the stage actor (he was stage actor before anything else) was the role of the ship`s doctor in In Which We Servce. He was one of three actors whom Michael Powell tested, and asked David O. Selznick to choose between, for the role of the minister who marries Jennifer Jones in Gone to Earth (1950). In Powells view: "It was James`s intelligence that lost him the part." In the spring of 1943 MGM gave Jimmy a contract and he was cast as Evan Lloyd for The Way Ahead (1944).The project is to show army conscripts of varied background and temperaments shaking down in to an efficient unit. The Way Ahead has a variety of moaners, played by efficient character actors such as Stanley Holloway, John Laurie and Raymond Huntley but they are one-dimensional compared with Donald. Part of the freshness of this character cames from the fact that Donald`s is, in contrast to Huntley and Company an unfamiliar face and young. After "The Way Ahead" the army, however, now decided that he was fit enough to be called up. He became an R.A.S.C. typist- "because I could type". He applied to join the Intelligence Corps, but the end of the war put a stop to that. Jimmy`s huge success in the role of Roland Maule, one of the high points of wartime theatre in London, kept his memory alive during the next three years while he was in the Army. The energetic and exciting role of the assassin in Jean Cocteau's The Eagle Has Two Heads, followed in 1947; the performance was memorable for a backward fall down a flight of steps. The fact that Donald could perform the fall, night after night, without a bruise was a mark of his remarkable stage technique. James was a handsome and sufficiently skilled actor for British cinema to want to go on using him, and it would do so in a variety of ways. He had his brief period of stardom in Britain in the late 1940s and the early 1950s billed first or second and getting or keeping the girl in several features. He played the playboy Lord Digby Landon in "Trottie True" (1949), with it is a Cinderella Plot of a young girl who marries her Prince Charming, and the co-pilot Bill Haverton in Broken Journey (1948), a Battle of Britain pilot who has a romance with the hostess (Phyllis Calvert). He brought to the part all that quite sincerity and thoughtfulness which had been at the heart of all his performances. These qualities may accounted for his ambitions: to direct films and write a really good play! Two other main roles of this period was the part of Bill Harper in Brandy for the Parson (1952) and Dr. Alan Kearn in Cage of Gold (1950). In Brandy for the Parson he is a romantic lead who works in the city, messes about in boats and drifts passively into some mild smuggling. Alfred Shaughnessy, the producer of the film, wanted Audrey Hepburn for the Part of Petronilla Brand (Bill`s wife) but she decided to made an other film. Alfred Shaughnessy said: "When we`d started the picture I had a postcard from her from Monte Carlo saying how sad she was not to be with us "especially as I hear you`ve got the lovely James Donald or words to that effect." old Jim plays an idealistic doctor but his idealism is simply a matter of dogged loyalty. His most fullfilling parts was in White Corridors (1951) and The Net (1953), two almost forgotten films in the early 50s. In White Corridors he is again a doctor, Neil Marriner; but in addition to hospital duties he runs a medical research project. White Corridors, directed by ex-documentarist Pat Jackson, is the last great product of the celebrated 1940s "marriage" between documentary and ficiton. The director of White Corridors found James Donald cold. "I had to take him to 17 takes in the lab scene with Googie Withers. "What`s the matter?" he kept asking me. "You`re supposed to be in love with the woman. Until you show a little warmth I`ll shall go on retaking". 17th take showed a suspicion of affection." In The Net (1953) he is a research Professor, Michael Heathley, who has developed a supersonic plane. Is a much more conventional melodram. No actor in British cinema has expressed this visionary quality as believably, strongly and sanely as James does in these two roles - in one film quietly in the other more articuletly and combatively. As the unvisionary 50s wore on, British cinema ceased to offer such roles, and Donald was taken over by a set of male stars has characterised the noun chap. James was never a chap. He goes back into the theatre and into secondary film roles. In Cast a Giant Shadow (1966) he played Major Safir, who approached Colonel Marcus (Kirk Douglas) to help the Jews in their desperate struggle and he was the Senior British Officer in The Great Escape (1963), based on a true story.Jim is known for his role in another Lean Film The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). He gets the last words of the film, spoken in close-up and everyone remembers them. Kwai and it`s ending along with his self effacting performance as Theo van Gogh the previous year, the nearest approach James Donald made to international stardom. In 1967 cames the only film other "Brandy for the Parson" in which he gets top billing: Quatermass and the Pit. He does not play Professor Quatermass but a Dr. Roney, who runs a scientific research institute and is called in when exavations in London encounter a mysteroius obstacle. Roney is visionary, bold and transgressive, ready from the start to challenge the establishement instinct for unimaginative reassurance. It`s a peculiarly satisfing reprise, translated into the excessive terms of the horror films, of his major parts in the naturalist dramas of the early 1950s: testing his own serum in "White Corridors", flying his own experimental plane in "The Net". In his last significant film part, James Donald, by his intelligence and his boldness, saves the world. text: British Stars and Stardom, Broken Journey - Book to the film, times
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Choose from our list of cool, popular, or unique Scottish boy names.	en	https://images.ctfassets…Pampers_teal.svg	Web-Pampers-US-EN	https://www.pampers.com/en-us/pregnancy/baby-names/article/scottish-boy-names	Are you looking for a strong and unique name for your little one? Look no further than Scotland, a country with a rich history and culture that has produced some truly distinctive and masculine names. From traditional Gaelic monikers to modern Scottish favorites, this list has boy names for every taste. Whether you're searching for a name that pays homage to your Scottish heritage or simply looking for a name that stands out from the crowd, these Scottish baby boy names and their meanings are sure to please. Popular Scottish Boy Names It turns out that some of the most popular names in Scotland in recent years are also on the list of top baby boy names in the United States. There may be an ocean between us, but we still have plenty in common with our Scottish neighbors. 1. Jack. Reaching the top spot is Jack, which has also achieved popularity in the United States, New Zealand, and across Europe. This medieval name derives from the name Jackin and is a diminutive of John. Interestingly, the Scottish diminutives of Jack are Jock, Jocky, and Jockie. Jack is a classic name that offers a modern vibe, and there are even some classic fairy tales and nursery rhymes containing the name for your little one to enjoy. 2. Noah. The second most popular boysâ name in Scotland is Noah, a Hebrew name meaning ârest.â You may recognize it as a biblical boys' name and think of the story of Noah and his ark. 3. Leo. Another popular baby boysâ name that isnât actually Scottish is this fierce cutie, meaning âlion.â Given to 13 popes throughout history, the name has also been borne by emperors, kings, and the novelist Leo Tolstoy. 4. Oliver. Oliver is derived from either an Old French, Germanic, or Frankish name with the meaning âolive tree.â This name has been a favorite throughout history; however, it became especially popular in the 21st century in the United Kingdom and the United States. 5. Harris. Originally from an English surname, Harris is a derivative of Harry, meaning âhome ruler.â While Harry has considerable popularity in many countries, Harris is a little more unusual but has been gaining momentum in Scotland since 2004. 6. Finlay. Originating in Scotland, the name is actually the anglicized form of the Scottish Gaelic name Fionnlagh. It has the strong yet beautiful meaning of âwhite warrior.â 7. Lewis. This is the Medieval English form of the French name Louis. If youâre a fan of some of the childrenâs classics, you may think of Lewis Carroll, the pen name of the author of Aliceâs Adventures in Wonderland, and C. S. Lewis, the author of The Chronicles of Narnia. 8. James. This popular and timeless boysâ name was borne by several Scottish kings. James became increasingly popular in the 17th century after the Scottish king James VI became the ruler of Britain. It was also the name of Scottish inventor James Watt, the Irish novelist and poet James Joyce, and fictional British spy James Bond. Thatâs plenty of inspiration for your little man. 9. Rory. Perfect for a little redhead, this Scottish, Irish, and English name for men means âred king.â As well as being popular in Scotland, Rory has become increasingly popular in the United States as a name for both boys and girls. 10. Alexander. Originating in Greece, Alexander means âdefending men.â Some famous bearers with Scottish heritage include the Scottish-Canadian explorer Sir Alexander MacKenzie and the Scottish-Canadian-American inventor Alexander Graham Bell. More Popular Scottish Boy Names Here are a few more popular Scottish names for baby boys for you to enjoy. 11. Brodie. This variant of Brody has been steadily increasing in popularity in Scotland over recent years. This modern name is derived from a Scottish surname, which in turn is a place name in Moray, Scotland. 12. Alfie. Alfie is a cute and popular diminutive of the old-fashioned name Alfred, meaning âelf counselââalmost too cute to resist. In recent years, Alfie has displayed exceptional popularity across the United Kingdom and Ireland but has yet to prove itself in the United States. 13. Charlie. Charlie is a cute name for a little boy or girl and is a shortened form of the name Charles, which comes from the Old German word Karl, meaning "free man" or "warrior." So, your little Charlie is a strong and independent person! Some famous Charlies include Charlie Chaplin and Charlie Brown. 14. Theo. Itâs no wonder so many parents in Scotland and around the world chose this sweet and charming name for their little ones. The name Theo is of Greek origin and means "gift of God" or "God-given." It's a short form of the name Theodore and has been around for centuries. Many notable figures throughout history have borne this name, including Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States. 15. Archie. The name Archie, of German origin, is a short form of the name Archibald, which means "genuine" or "bold." One of the most famous Archies is Archie Andrews, the main character of the Archie Comics series. It's a name that evokes feelings of nostalgia and timelessness, perfect for the little treasure in your life. 16. Lucas. A name that evokes brightness and hope, Lucas is of Latin origin and means "light" or "illumination." It has been a popular choice in Scotland, the United States, Australia, and France since the second half of the 20th century. 17. Mason. Of English origin, Mason means "stoneworker.â It's a name that represents strength, stability, and hard work, for your little man, and has been a favorite in the United States for the past decade. 18. Finn. Originally an Old Irish name and form of Fionn, this sweet and popular name for boys means âfair-hairedâ or âwhite,â and might be a nice choice for an Irish Scottish family. Finn is a popular name in Ireland and is also used in other parts of the world. Some famous namesakes include Finn MacCool, a legendary Irish hero and warrior, and Finn Wolfhard, a Canadian actor and musician known for his role in the Netflix series Stranger Things. 19. Thomas. Of Aramaic origin, Thomas is derived from the Hebrew tÅm meaning "twin"âperfect if youâre expecting double the trouble. Some famous namesakes include Thomas Edison, an American inventor and businessman, and Thomas Jefferson, an American statesman and the third president of the United States. If youâre expecting twins, check out our list of baby names for twins. 20. Freddie. This is the shortened version of the name Frederick, which means "peaceful ruler" or "ruler of peace" in German. Famous namesakes include singer Freddie Mercury and actor Freddie Prinze Jr. The name Freddie has been popular in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries for many years. It's a traditional and classic name that never gets old. Unique Scottish Boy Names Are you hunting for a rare and unusual Scottish name for your baby boy? You're in luck, as we've compiled some distinctive and unique boy names with Scottish origins, any of which will make your son stand out from the crowd. 21. Ailean. Ailean is a Scottish name of Gaelic origin. The unique name is derived from the Gaelic word Ailin, which means "bright" or "handsome." Itâs a traditional boysâ name in Scotland that is more commonly spelled Allan or Alan. 22. Alpin. Another unique Scottish boysâ name with a rich history is Alpin. Itâs believed to have originated from the Picts, an ancient tribe that inhabited parts of Scotland before the arrival of the Romans. Alpin may also be related to the Scottish Gaelic name Ailpein or Alban, which means "white" or "fair." 23. Arran. If you want something unique, consider choosing Arran, a name that is believed to be derived from the island of Arran located in the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. The name comes from the Gaelic Eirinn, which means "Ireland." The island was known as Eireann in Old Irish, which later became Arran. Itâs also associated with a Scottish Clan, the Clan Hamilton, whose traditional territories include the island of Arran. And lovers of both Irish and Scottish boy names may be interested to know that Arran is also associated with the Aran Islands, situated off the west coast of Ireland. 24. DÃ ibhidh. If youâre looking for the Scottish variant of the name David, youâve found it! Itâs of Hebrew origin and means "beloved." In Scotland, the name DÃ ibhidh is particularly associated with the Clan Davidson, one of the most prominent Scottish clans. Many notable figures in Scottish history have borne the name, including David I of Scotland, who reigned from 1124 to 1153 and is known for his role in the expansion and development of the Scottish monastic system. 25. Fife. Fife is a unique Scottish name for men that is also a place name. It refers to the historic county of Fife in Scotland. The county of Fife was an important center of power in medieval Scotland and has a rich history. Many notable figures in Scottish history have come from Fife, including King Macbeth and King James VI of Scotland, who later became James I of England. 26. Gillespie. Of Gaelic origin, this unique boysâ name is derived from the Scottish Gaelic Mac Gille Easbuig, meaning âservant of the bishop.â Although itâs rare as a first name for boys, itâs a common surname in Scotland and is associated with many Scottish clans such as Clan MacGillivray and Clan MacGregor. The Gillespies were known for their strong ties to the church and were one of the most prominent families in Scotland during the medieval period. 27. PÃ draig. This Scottish Gaelic boysâ name is of Irish origin, coming from the name Patrick, meaning ânoble.â It may seem like an unusual boysâ name, but in Scottish and Irish communities, itâs relatively popular, probably due to its association with Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. 28. Sawney. Sawney is a very rare name in Scotland and is believed to be a Scots name used by speakers of the Scots language (spoken in Lowland Scotland and Ulster, Ireland). It may also be a Scots diminutive of the name Alexander which means âdefender of men.â 29. Tasgall. This unusual boysâ name is made even more interesting due to the fact itâs the Scottish Gaelic form of an Old Norse name meaning âGodâs helmet.â 30. Tavish. Possibly from the Scottish surname McTavish (Mac TÃ mhais) meaning âson of TÃ mhas,â Tavish is also a form of Thomas. So, if you enjoy the common name Thomas but you want something with a unique flavor, Tavish might be the name for you. More Unique Scottish Boy Names If individuality is your thing, here are more unique Scottish names for boys: Choosing a baby name can be fun yet also overwhelming. Watch this video for some exciting facts that could help you find the perfect baby name! Old-Fashioned and Traditional Scottish Boy Names Scottish boy names are steeped in tradition and history. These classic and timeless Scottish male names are a reflection of Scotland's rich cultural heritage. Here are some examples of old-fashioned boy names for those of you looking for something traditionally Scottish. 41. Alan. Alan is one of those traditional names that weâve all heard of but may not have seen used much in recent years. The origin and meaning of this name is uncertain; however, it may have come from Brittany in the sixth century or perhaps even from an Iranian tribe named the Alans who migrated to Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries. Either way, Alan could be ready to make a comeback. 42. Alistair. This traditional Scottish boysâ name is a version of the strong name Alexander meaning âdefender of men.â It has an air of sophistication about it that will never go out of style. 43. Archibald. Originating from the Germanic name Ercanbald meaning âbold eagle,â this name became common in Scotland in the Middle Ages and is still a popular choice today. It is often shortened to Archie, an endearing alternative to this mature and traditional Scottish boysâ name. 44. Beathan. From the Scottish Gaelic word meaning âlifeâ or âvitality,â Beathan is a strong, masculine name that parents are increasingly choosing for their sons. It's a great choice for those who want to honor their Scottish heritage with a traditional yet stylish name. 45. David. David is a Scottish name that has been popular for centuries. It comes from the Hebrew name Dawid, meaning âbeloved.â Most often associated with the biblical figure King David, it is frequently found in many countries, including the United States and Australia, and is especially popular in Wales and Scotland. Some key bearers of this name include musician David Bowie and Scottish physician and explorer David Livingstone. 46. Donald. This popular and traditional Scottish male name is a derivative of the Gaelic name Domhnall, meaning âworld ruler.â The name has also been associated with a legendary character from Scottish folklore known as Donald of the Isles, a leader of the seventh-century Scots. Itâs also found in Scottish surnames, such as MacDonald and Donaldson, both of which are derived from the Scottish Gaelic Domhnall. 47. Gordon. The name Gordon is a Scottish surname derived from a place name in Berwickshire. The name likely means "mound" or "hill" and was a popular name among the Scottish nobility, with the Earl of Huntly, a powerful landowner in the 15th century, taking the Gordon name. The Scottish Gordon clan was also known for its bravery in battle, with the Gordon Highlanders famously fighting in both world wars. If youâre a fan of cooking, you may like this name due to its association with popular TV chef Gordan Ramsey. 48. Graeme. Another traditional Scottish baby boysâ name is Graeme, originally from a Scottish surname and a variant of Graham; however, Graeme is now the most popular spelling of the name in Scotland. It potentially means âscholarâ or âhomesteadââthe choice is yours! 49. Hamish. This boysâ name is derived from the Scottish Gaelic name Seumas, which is a form of James. Itâs a traditional Scottish name through and throughâwith a fun and wholesome vibe. 50. Keith. Originally from a Scottish surname, Keith means âforestâ and was used by a long line of Scottish nobles. A prominent name in both England and Scotland, it rose in popularity in the 1950s and 1960s in the United States. More Old-Fashioned and Traditional Scottish Boy Names Are you ready to go down the traditional route after looking at those classic Scottish boy names? Hold onâweâve got even more for you to check out! Strong Scottish Boy Names Strong Scottish boy names and powerful boysâ names are often steeped in Celtic and Gaelic history and offer a strong sense of identity, belonging, and pride. From traditional Gaelic names to modern Scottish options, there is something to suit every taste. 61. Aonghus. This Scottish boysâ name is of Irish origin, derived from the Old Irish name Aongus, which means "one strength." In Irish mythology, Aonghus was the god of love and youth and was often depicted as a young man with a golden spear. Itâs a great choice if you love Irish boy names and mythology. 62. Dougal. Borne by a few medieval Scottish chiefs, Dougal means âdark stranger,â lending to both the strength and mystery of this Scottish boysâ name. 63. Douglas. Meaning âdark river,â this strong Scottish boysâ name was originally a Scottish surname that comes from the name of a town. In the medieval period, the Douglas clan was one of the most powerful and influential families. 64. Fionnlagh. Of Scottish and Irish origin, Fionnlagh has the strong and mystical meaning of âwhite warrior.â This is also the name of the Scottish king Macbethâs father (also spelled as FindlÃ¡ech). 65. Gregor. Not only is this name Scottish, but itâs also German, Slovak, and Sloveneâmaking it strong and well-traveled! Itâs a form of Gregorius and Gregory, meaning âwatchful.â 66. Kenneth. Borne by a Scottish king who united the Scots and Picts in the ninth century, the name Kenneth exudes strength, especially with its meaning âborn of fireââa classic choice for your regal redhead. 67. Malcolm. Malcolm is a strong Scottish boysâ name that has been rising in popularity in recent years. Derived from MÃ¡el Coluim, a Scottish Gaelic name meaning "devotee of St. Columba," Malcolm has been used by several kings of Scotland throughout its history, including Malcolm III who killed Macbeth and became kingâand who also inspired the character in Shakespeareâs Macbeth. The civil rights leader Malcolm X is also a strong namesake. 68. Raghnall. This unusual Irish and Scottish Gaelic boysâ name is actually a form of the Old Norse name Ragnvaldr. The name implies strength, courage, and leadership with its meanings: âpower of the godsâ and âruler.â 69. Scott. If you truly want to honor Scotland or your Scottish heritage, consider the name Scott, which comes from a Scottish surname that literally refers to a Scottish person or a speaker of the Gaelic language. Scott has an endurance that gives it a classic yet modern vibe. 70. Wallace. Wallace has strong ties to the country's history, being associated with William Wallace, the heroic Scottish knight who fought for Scotland's freedom in the thirteenth century. Wallace is a strong and proud name, perfect for any baby boy who will one day grow into a brave and courageous man. More Strong Scottish Boy Names If you enjoyed those strong and fierce Scottish boy names, weâve got more to help inspire your baby name choice: Cool Scottish Boy Names Cool boy names can provide options to express your child's unique personality and style. Add a sprinkle of Scottish on top of that and youâve got yourself a classic name with an edgy twist. From cool-sounding Scottish boy names to names with cool meanings or exciting stories, take a look at our list: 81. Coinneach. Just the look and pronunciation (kon-YAKH) of this name make it unique and cool. On top of that, it means âhandsomeâ and itâs the Scottish variant of our strong boysâ name, Kenneth. 82. Eideard. If you want a cool spin on the traditional name Edward, this might be it! Meaning âguardian of prosperity,â Eideard might bring luck and prosperity to your little one. 83. EÃ²ghann. This Scottish Gaelic name is pronounced YO-an and has a strong, proud history in Scotland. It translates to âborn of the yew treeâ and is thought to represent strength, courage, and a determined spirit. 84. Ewan. Interestingly, Ewan is the anglicized form of the previous name, EÃ²ghann. The distinctive spelling and namesake in the Scottish actor Ewan Mcgregor add to this nameâs cool vibes. 85. Fearghas. This cool and unique Scottish boysâ name means âman of vigor.â It also has origins in Ireland and was the name of several early rulers as well as characters in Irish mythology. 86. Lachlan. If youâre looking for a name inspired by nature or water, Lachlan could be a good choice. It means âScandinavian,â which translates to âLand of the lakesâ in Old Irish. This Scottish Gaelic form of the name has also found popularity in Australia. 87. Muir. Another cool, nature-inspired Scottish boysâ name is Muir, meaning âmoorâ or âsea.â The name can also be associated with John Muir, a famous naturalist and conservationist who is known for his advocacy for the preservation of wilderness in the United Statesânow thatâs cool! 88. Murchadh. The name Murchadh is a variant of the Irish name Murtagh and Scottish name Murdo, meaning "sea warrior." It was borne by many medieval chieftains and kings, making it a very cool name for your little leader. 89. Rab. If you like the name Robert, but want something a bit cooler, why not try this Scots short form of the old classic? Not only does it have the meaning âbright fame,â but it could also be used to honor one of the many iconic Roberts throughout history, such as the Scottish king Robert the Bruce, or actors Robert Redford and Robert De Niro, to name a few. 90. TÃ mhas. Hereâs another cool Scottish form of a more traditional boysâ name. TÃ mhas is a variant of the biblical name Thomas, meaning âtwin,â which was brought to Scotland by the Normans in the 12th century. More Cool Scottish Boy Names Were you won over by those cool names for your little Scot? Here are some more: Historic Scottish Boy Names Historic Scottish boy names are a collection of traditional, meaningful, and unique names that were popular among Scots in days gone by. These names are steeped in Scottish culture, and many are still widely used today. If youâre looking for inspiration from a historic figure or a name with a special connection to Scotland, look no further. 101. Bruce. This Scottish name is actually of Norman origin. Robert the Bruce was a king of Scotland who led his country during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century. He is celebrated for his defeat of the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The name Bruce became quite popular in Scotland and other countries after this event. Bruce is still a popular name in Scotland and other countries where Scottish heritage is celebrated. 102. Cailean. Meaning "young warrior" or "young lad," this name is a variant of the name Colin and was borne by several notable figures throughout history, including a thirteenth-century lord and ancestor of Clan Campbellâone of the most powerful of the Scottish Highland clans. 103. Callum. Callum is the Scottish form of the Late Roman name, Columba, meaning âdove.â In the sixth century, the Irish monk Saint Columba is believed to have converted Scotland to Christianity. 104. Duncan. This strong and historical Scottish boysâ name has been used in Scotland for centuries and was the name of two kings. Shakespeare also used one of these kings as a character in his famous play Macbeth. 105. Eachann. Meaning âbrown horse,â Eachann was used frequently amongst the chiefs of one of Scotlandâs oldest clans, Clan MacLean, known for their loyal and fierce warriors. This name is a unique and strong name with fierce ties to Scotland. 106. Fearchar. This Scottish Gaelic boysâ name means âdear man,â and was borne by several notable figures throughout Scottish history, including early kings of DÃ¡l Riata (a Gaelic kingdom that consisted of the northeast of Ireland and the western seaboard of Scotland). 107. Fergus. The name Fergus was borne by several early kings of DÃ¡l Riata and Ireland, and an eighth-century saint of Scotland. Fergus can also be found in Irish mythology. Itâs a strong, masculine name that means âman of vigor.â 108. Ivor. Meaning âyew tree,â Ivor was brought to Britain in the Middle Ages by Scandinavians. It was subsequently adopted by the Scottish, Irish, and Welsh (in various forms). 109. Roy. You may recognize this name from the Scottish outlaw and folk hero, Rob Roy McGregorâgiving this name an exciting history and story to tell your little man. Rob Royâs life also inspired the 1995 movie Rob Roy starring Liam Neeson. 110. Stuart. This name is most famously associated with the Royal House of Stuart, which ruled Scotland and England from the late 14th century to the early 18th century. The Stuarts were known for their strong ties to the arts, and several members of the family were patrons of poets and musicians. More Historic Scottish Boy Names If you are inspired by names rich in Scottish history, here are even more for you to enjoy: Cute Scottish Boy Names From short baby names to names that simply sound adorableâweâve got some of the cutest! And on top of that, theyâre Scottish! Keep reading for some of the cutest Scottish baby boy names for your wee man. 121. Angus. Derived from the Gaelic form, Aonghus, Angus means âone strength,â which could symbolize your new little family. A sweet fact about this name is that it belonged to the Irish god of love and youth. 122. Aodh. Meaning âfire,â this Old Irish and Scottish boysâ name exudes strength while retaining a certain cuteness. 123. Dand. If youâre a fan of the classic name Andrew, you could go with Dand, the Scots diminutive of the name. Meaning âmasculine,â Dand could work as a given name or a nickname. 124. Hendry. Another cute name thatâs also a Scots name is this form of Henry, meaning âhome ruler.â It adds a unique spin to the cute and strong name Henry. 125. Islay. If you want a cute-sounding and gender-neutral baby name with a touch of nature, Islay would be an appealing choice. Islay is a small island off the west coast of Scotland and is thought to mean "island of the strong people" or "island of the brave." 126. Kerr. Kerr is derived from the Old English word cyrr which means "wetland" or "marsh." Historically, it was a topographic name for someone who lived near a marsh or wetland. Itâs short and cute with some links to nature and waterâa winner for your water sign baby (Cancer, Scorpio, and Pisces). 127. Ninian. This adorable name sounds like itâs straight from a fantasy novel. And interestingly, it was borne by a fifth-century saint who was known for performing miracles and cures. A magical Scottish boysâ name for your little miracle. 128. PÃ l. Not only does this name look cute and remind you of another word for friend, but it also means âsmallâ and âhumbleââwhich is how we all come into this world. PÃ l is the Scottish Gaelic form of Paul, making it a cute alternative if you want to honor any Pauls in your life. 129. Shug. This is the Scottish diminutive of the name Hugh or Hugo, meaning âmind, thought, spirit.â It can also be used as a nickname or a term of endearment, like "sweetie" or "honey" in the Scottish dialect. 130. Steenie. Hereâs another diminutive of a classic nameâSteenie being the Scots diminutive of Stephen. It means âcrown,â and is occasionally used in Scotland as a term of endearment. More Cute Scottish Boy Names If you were won over by those sweet monikers, weâve got even more cute Scottish boy names for you to enjoy: Modern Scottish Boy Names Modern boy names are a great way to give your son a name that reflects the world he will grow up in. Take a look at these classic names with a contemporary twist if youâre looking for some of the best modern Scottish boy names for your little guy. 141. Ainsley. Derived from the place name Annesley, in Nottinghamshire, England, Ainsley means "clearing of the Aelfs." In Old English, Aelf refers to a supernatural being, and ley means a meadow, thus Ainsley means a clearing where Aelfs are believed to reside. 142. Gavin. This name is a modern form of the Welsh name Gawain which means "white hawk" or "fair stranger." Gawain was a Knight of the Round Table and a character in Arthurian legend. 143. Ian. Ian is derived from the Scottish Gaelic name Iain, which is a form of John, meaning âGod is gracious.â In recent times, the name Ian has become popular in other parts of the world, such as the United States and parts of Spain. On the topic of Spain, here are some top Spanish baby boy names. 144. Innes. This unique and modern Scottish boysâ name is derived from the Gaelic name Aonghas, meaning âone strength.â Innes joined the list of the top 100 boy names in Scotland in 2017 and is still there. 145. Jamie. Popular for both males and females, Jamie is a Lowland Scots diminutive of James. Itâs a common Scottish boy and girl name with many famous bearers, such as actor Jamie Foxx, actress Jamie Lee Curtis, and TV chef Jamie Oliver. 146. Murdoch. Meaning âlordâ or âmaster,â Murdoch is the modern and anglicized form of Muireadhach. Itâs a strong name with historical and cultural connections to Scotland and Ireland. 147. Murray. Originally from a Scottish surname, Murray is derived from a region in Scotland, Moray, and means âsea dwellerâ or âcoast.â Some famous bearers of this name include actors Bill Murray and F. Murray Abraham, Scottish tennis player Andy Murray, and singer Murray Head. 148. Neil. Neil comes from the Irish name Niall that could mean âpassion,â âchampion,â or âcloudââthe choice is yours! Perhaps your future space explorer will love the name's connection to the first man to walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong. 149. Torcull. Although itâs not exactly modern, Torcull is certainly unique and could become a trendy name this year. Itâs the Scottish form of the Norwegian name Torkel meaning âThorâs cauldron.â What little boy wouldnât love that cool meaning? 150. Ualan. This unique Scottish boysâ name is the modern-day Valentine. With its meaning of âstrongâ and âhealthy,â Ualan can be used for a baby boy born on the celebrated day of love or just to honor your pure love for your little man. More Modern Scottish Boy Names Here are more modern Scottish names for males to help inspire you: Even More Scottish Boy Names The Bottom Line Scottish boy names are strong and rich in historyâperfect choices to honor your Scottish heritage or love for the land of the brave. You may also enjoy checking out our list of Scottish girl names if youâre hoping for a little lady in the future, or perhaps pondering the rolling green hills of Scotland has you thinking of country names for boys.
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Perhaps this shouldn’t surprise us, writes Hephzibah Anderson.	en	/bbcx/apple-touch-icon.png		https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160912-the-dark-side-of-roald-dahl	Roald Dahl was an unpleasant man who wrote macabre books – and yet children around the world adore them. Perhaps this shouldn’t surprise us, writes Hephzibah Anderson. Once upon a time a small orphaned boy was packed off to live with his aunts. They were a sadistic pair, these sisters, and rather than console and nurture they bullied and beat and half-starved him. But he got his revenge, literally crushing them as he finally escaped, bound for adventure and a better life. It doesn't sound much like the set-up of a bestselling book for children, but what if I told you that the boy's getaway vehicle was a gargantuan fuzzy-skinned fruit? Read more about BBC Culture's 100 greatest children's books: The 100 greatest children's books Why Where the Wild Things Are is the greatest children's book The 20 greatest children's books The 21st Century's greatest children's books Who voted? #100GreatestChildrensBooks James and the Giant Peach sprang from bedtime stories Roald Dahl told his daughters. It was his first work for children but had the same effect on plenty of adult readers as the short stories that had already earned him a modest literary reputation – twisted tales with grisly punchlines, published in magazines including The New Yorker and Playboy. So troubling did the book seem that while it was published in the US in 1961, Dahl had to wait until 1967 before it appeared in his native UK, and even then found himself compelled to sign away royalties until production costs had been recouped. (He'd then receive a very generous 50 per cent of any profits, making it seem a savvy-seeming deal after successive print runs sold out.) He followed it with more than 15 other books for children, stories bursting with gluttony and flatulence, in which wives feed their husbands worms and the young are eaten by bone-crushing giants and changed into rodents by be-wigged, toeless hags. Villains loom large; as mean as they are ignorant, they tower over pint-sized if plucky protagonists, twirling them around by their pigtails or banishing them to places like "the Chokey", a nail-studded punishment cupboard. Today, titles like Fantastic Mr Fox, The BFG and Matilda, which was released just two years before his death aged 74 in 1990, regularly appear on lists of the best children's books ever – including BBC Culture's own. Collectively, his books have sold more than 300 million copies worldwide, their stories also spawning stage and screen adaptations, including a recently announced prequel to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, set to star teen crush Timothée Chalamet as a young Willy Wonka. Taking offence The controversy has never gone away though. In the decades since its publication, James and the Giant Peach alone has been lambasted for its references to drugs and drink (all that snuff and whiskey), profanity ("ass" is used several times), and sexual innuendo (a scene in which a spider licks her lips got readers in Wisconsin hot under the collar), not to mention its alleged promotion of disobedience and – wait for it – Communism. While those complaints might smack of puritanical alarmism, take a closer look at Dahl's writing for children, and you'll find something to offend almost everyone. If he was a bigot, he was an equal-opportunities bigot. James's pal the Grasshopper at one point announces: "I'd rather be fried alive and eaten by a Mexican." Female characters tend to be either warm or wicked with nothing in between, while Revolting Rhymes brands Cinderella, that fairytale girl-next-door, "a dirty slut". Teachers tend to be villainous, and even when benign, fail to impart much real wisdom. Unsurprisingly, Dahl's writing for children has frequently been the subject of book bans, but jumpiness around his work is also manifesting on the opposing side in the culture wars. Earlier this year, it emerged that in the 2023 editions of his books, publisher Puffin had changed hundreds of potentially offensive words relating to race, mental health and physical appearance. The originally "enormously fat" Augustus Gloop from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is now simply "enormous"; "ugly and beastly" Mrs Twit is merely "beastly"; and the "crazy" glow worm that James voyages with is plain "silly". Elsewhere, the BFG no longer has "flashing black eyes", they're just "flashing", and in The Witches, a particularly clunky sentence has been added to explain that while the supernatural women in question wear wigs to conceal their bald heads, "There are plenty of other reasons why women might wear wigs and there is certainly nothing wrong with that." It should be noted that Dahl himself did make changes to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory's Oompa Loompas, who were originally depicted as black pygmies from "the deepest and darkest part of the African jungle". Posthumous changes have also been made to the work of other authors – Enid Blyton's Fanny and Dick are today Frannie and Rick, while her maniacal Dame Slap has become Dame Snap, yelling rather than doling out corporal punishment. Even so, the fierce outcry provoked by Puffin's textual tampering was instantaneous, coming from quarters as varied as Britain's then Queen Consort, who urged authors to resist curbs to their freedom of expression, and Salman Rushdie, who decried Puffin's actions as "absurd censorship". In its defence, the publisher insisted that the changes were necessary to ensure the works' ongoing relevance. Literary vandalism, commercial pragmatism, a genuine desire to safeguard newly independent readers – or some combination of all of the above? The debate quietened only after it was announced that while the new editions would stand, the original texts would also be made available, packaged as "the Classic Collection". Dahl knew what his readership liked: the kind of filthsome, frightsome fare that makes kiddles squirm The intensity of the furore testified in part to the place that Dahl's children's books have found in the hearts of generations of young readers around the world. There's no denying he knew just what his juvenile readership liked – and continue to like: chocolate, magical powers over beastly grownups, and – to borrow some Gobblefunk, the language he invented for his Big Friendly Giant – the kind of filthsome, frightsome fare that makes kiddles squirm with gleeful revulsion. "Children love disgusting stories," Maria Nikolajeva, professor of education at the University of Cambridge, told BBC Culture in 2016. The revolting serves "an important cognitive-affective function: we know it's disgusting, and the knowledge makes us superior. It's healthy. But it must be disgusting in combination with humour. Because extreme violence is not healthy. But Dahl is never violent, not even with naughty children in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory," she goes on. Dahl, Nikolajeva believes, "is one of the most colourful and light-hearted children's writers". But for all the funniness and dazzling linguistic acrobatics of his prose, she acknowledges that there are problems with his vision. Consider Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. "Wonka is vegetarian and only eats healthy food, but he seduces children with sweets. It's highly immoral," she says. And then there's The Witches, whose child narrator, having been turned into a mouse, decides against returning to his human form because he dreads outliving his beloved grandmother. He'd rather die with her, as his abbreviated rodent lifespan will guarantee. "This is a denial of growing up and mortality, but mortality is one of the aspects that makes us human," Nikolajeva points out. "To tell young readers that you can escape growing up by dying is dubious – drawn to the utmost, an encouragement of suicide – and therefore both an ideological and an aesthetic flaw". Darkness, for want of a better word, has forever been a secret – and not so secret – ingredient in children's literature, whether it's tales by the Brothers Grimm and Heinrich Hoffmann, or Lord of the Flies and The Hunger Games. If you've ever paid attention to the words of a nursery rhyme like Ring a Ring o' Roses or Oranges and Lemons, you'll know that suckling babes are reared on the stuff – and with good reason. As child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim explained in his seminal study, The Uses of Enchantment, the macabre in children's literature serves an important cathartic function. "Without such fantasies, the child fails to get to know his monster better, nor is he given suggestions as to how he may gain mastery over it. As a result, the child remains helpless with his worst anxieties – much more so than if he had been told fairy tales which give these anxieties form and body and also show ways to overcome these monsters," he wrote. Light and shade It's not hard to see where Dahl might have drawn his own darkness from. Having lost his older sister and father when he was three years old (his sister to appendicitis, his father to pneumonia), he was packed off to boarding school aged just nine. The first volume of his memoirs, Boy, recalls in great detail the headmaster's penchant for floggings so vicious they drew blood. As a young RAF pilot in World War Two, Dahl came close to dying. Invalided out after crash landing in the Western Desert, he subsequently spent time in the US, seducing heiresses and wealthy widows in the name of counterintelligence. His long first marriage, to the actress and celebrated beauty Patricia Neal, had far from a storybook ending. The couple lost their eldest daughter to illness, and their only son was left brain-damaged by a traffic accident. A few years later, Neal herself suffered a series of strokes while pregnant with their fifth child. Relearning how to speak in recovery, she would come out with language that inspired the BFG's lexicon. It was Neal who coined the nickname "Roald the Rotten", referring to a mean, dyspeptic streak of which she saw plenty. He cheated on her, and his years-long affair that would eventually end their marriage was with a friend of hers. He could be a thoroughly unpleasant man outside the home, too. Despite his towering success, he was chippy about being a children's author. And he made no attempt to hide his anti-Semitism. In 1983, he announced in the New Statesman that Hitler had his reasons for exterminating six million men, women and children. "There is a trait in the Jewish character that does provoke animosity," he said. "I mean, there's always a reason why anti-anything crops up anywhere; even a stinker like Hitler didn't just pick on them for no reason." Read enough along these lines (there's more out there) and the sprightly horror of Dahl's narratives no longer slips down quite so easily. That's what the British Royal Mint found in 2018, when it decided against issuing a commemorative coin to mark the 100th anniversary of his birth, noting in its minutes that Dahl was "associated with anti-Semitism and not regarded as an author of the highest reputation". (In 2020, three decades after his death, the Dahl family did issue an apology, quietly posted on the official Dahl website, for the hurt caused by his anti-Semitic statements.) To write brilliantly for children, an author must retain an element of the childlike Should we let this ruin his writing for us? Nikolajeva is unequivocal: "Frankly, I don't care about writers as real people," she told BBC Culture in 2016. "If Dahl had been a sweet, benevolent storyteller would he have survived at all? Who wants sweet, benevolent stories?" Certainly not children, it would seem. There was undoubtedly an element of provocation in much of his nastiness, both on and off the page. As the lives of the likes of Lewis Carroll, Margaret Wise Brown and CS Lewis illustrate, to write brilliantly for children, an author must retain an element of the childlike. Sometimes, that blurs into childishness – to quote Dahl himself, a children's author "must like simple tricks and jokes and riddles and other childish things". But it's also worth recalling this: while used differently, both childish and childlike essentially refer to qualities associated with children. And as the peerless Maurice Sendak observed, "In plain terms, a child is a complicated creature who can drive you crazy. There's a cruelty to childhood, there's an anger." If Dahl's books contain just one message for us wary adults, it's the reminder that a child's world can never be all sweetness and light, it contains shadows too – shadows that, when the child protagonist, and by extension reader, is sufficiently empowered, become extravagantly scary and wickedly entertaining. Read more about BBC Culture's 100 greatest children's books: The 100 greatest children's books Why Where the Wild Things Are is the greatest children's book The 20 greatest children's books The 21st Century's greatest children's books Who voted? #100GreatestChildrensBooks Love books? Join BBC Culture Book Club on Facebook, a community for literature fanatics all over the world. Love film and TV? Join BBC Culture Film and TV Club on Facebook, a community for cinephiles all over the world. Facebook page or message us on Twitter. And if you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.
3199	dbpedia	0	70	https://www.mediastorehouse.com/mary-evans-prints-online/james-donald-7235545.html	en	James Donald (18 May 1917 3 August 1993) Our beautiful Wall Art and Photo Gifts include Framed Prints, Photo Prints, Poster Prints, Canvas Prints, Jigsaw Puzzles, Metal Prints and so much more	https://www.mediastoreho…7235545.jpg.webp	https://www.mediastoreho…7235545.jpg.webp	[ "https://monitor.fraudblocker.com/fbt.gif?sid=cnYdtc-59XGDbdNoyi6Mq", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/templates/printstore/2424/images/framed-prints-and-wall-art.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/p/164/james-donald-7235545.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/images/cards.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/diana-princess-wales-visit-fawsley-house-rugby-21342303.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/lord-strathclyde-launches-scoop-poop-campaign-21473727.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/cricket-test-umpire-dickie-bird-weaing-hats-21664379.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/horse-racing-redcar-zetland-gold-cup-day-21695477.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/horse-racing-redcar-lester-piggott-zetland-gold-21695571.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/queen-elizabeth-ii-visiting-middlesbrough-open-21718585.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/t/767/managers-executives-laura-ashley-textiles-factory-21815563.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/templates/printstore/2424/images/framed-prints-and-wall-art.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/icon_facebook.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/icon_pinterest.jpg", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/icon_card.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/reviews-io.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/currency-USD.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/currency-GBP.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/currency-EUR.png", "https://www.mediastorehouse.com/icons/currency-AUD.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "james donald" ]	null	[]	null	Prints of James Donald (18 May 1917 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Here in the movie White Corridors, 1951	en		Media Storehouse Photo Prints	https://www.mediastorehouse.com/mary-evans-prints-online/james-donald-7235545.html	Mary Evans Picture Library Photo Prints and Wall Art James Donald James Donald (18 May 1917 - 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Here in the movie White Corridors, 1951. Date: 1951. Mary Evans Picture Library makes available wonderful images created for people to enjoy over the centuries. © Mary Evans Picture Library 2015 - https://copyrighthub.org/s0/hub1/creation/maryevans/MaryEvansPictureID/10469898 Media ID 7235545 Framed Prints Introducing the latest addition to our Framed Prints collection: a captivating image of Scottish actor James Donald from the classic film "White Corridors," produced in 1951. This exquisite piece, sourced from Mary Evans Prints Online, is a must-have for any film or theater enthusiast. Each print is meticulously framed with care, ensuring a stunning presentation that adds character and charm to your living space. Bring the magic of the silver screen into your home and relive the golden age of cinema with our high-quality Framed Prints. Order now and experience the timeless allure of James Donald's iconic performance. Photo Prints Bring timeless elegance to your home or office with Media Storehouse's range of Photographic Prints featuring the iconic Scottish actor James Donald. Known for his captivating performances, Donald starred in the classic British film "White Corridors" in 1951. This striking black and white print, sourced from Mary Evans Prints Online, is a must-have for any film or photography enthusiast. Relive the golden age of cinema with this exquisite piece of cinematic history. Order now and add a touch of timeless sophistication to your space. Poster Prints "Bring the timeless charm of Scottish actor James Donald to your space with our exquisite poster prints from Media Storehouse. This captivating image, sourced from Mary Evans Prints Online, showcases Donald in his role in the classic 1951 film "White Corridors." Each print is meticulously produced with vibrant colors and sharp details to bring out the authenticity of the moment. Add this piece to your collection and let the legacy of James Donald's remarkable acting career inspire you every day." Jigsaw Puzzles Bring the timeless charm of classic cinema into your home with Media Storehouse's Jigsaw Puzzles featuring iconic images from Mary Evans Prints Online. Our latest addition is this captivating puzzle of Scottish actor James Donald in his role as Dr. John Sinclair in the 1951 film "White Corridors." Recreate this iconic moment on your tabletop and immerse yourself in the history of cinema. With intricately detailed pieces and a high-quality finish, our puzzles offer hours of enjoyable assembly for puzzle enthusiasts and film fans alike. Perfect for solo relaxation or as a family activity, this puzzle is a must-have for anyone who appreciates the golden age of Hollywood.
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https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=640&quality=75&auto=webp 640w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=750&quality=75&auto=webp 750w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=828&quality=75&auto=webp 828w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1080&quality=75&auto=webp 1080w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1248&quality=75&auto=webp 1248w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1920&quality=75&auto=webp 1920w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp 2048w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp 3840w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Christian Zapata", "History.com Editors" ]	2009-11-18T13:32:37+00:00	Halloween originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain and is now a worldwide event. Learn more about Halloween's origins, traditions, interesting facts, scary movies and more.	en	https://www.history.com/…e-touch-icon.png	HISTORY	https://www.history.com/topics/halloween/history-of-halloween	When Is Halloween 2024? Halloween is celebrated each year on October 31. Halloween 2024 will take place on Thursday, October 31. Ancient History of Halloween Halloween’s origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago, mostly in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1. This day marked the end of summer and the harvest and the beginning of the dark, cold winter, a time of year that was often associated with human death. Celts believed that on the night before the new year, the boundary between the worlds of the living and the dead became blurred. On the night of October 31 they celebrated Samhain, when it was believed that the ghosts of the dead returned to earth. In addition to causing trouble and damaging crops, Celts thought that the presence of the otherworldly spirits made it easier for the Druids, or Celtic priests, to make predictions about the future. For a people entirely dependent on the volatile natural world, these prophecies were an important source of comfort during the long, dark winter. To commemorate the event, Druids built huge sacred bonfires, where the people gathered to burn crops and animals as sacrifices to the Celtic deities. During the celebration, the Celts wore costumes, typically consisting of animal heads and skins, and attempted to tell each other’s fortunes. When the celebration was over, they re-lit their hearth fires, which they had extinguished earlier that evening, from the sacred bonfire to help protect them during the coming winter. By A.D. 43, the Roman Empire had conquered the majority of Celtic territory. In the course of the 400 years that they ruled the Celtic lands, two festivals of Roman origin were combined with the traditional Celtic celebration of Samhain. The first was Feralia, a day in late October when the Romans traditionally commemorated the passing of the dead. The second was a day to honor Pomona, the Roman goddess of fruit and trees. The symbol of Pomona is the apple, and the incorporation of this celebration into Samhain probably explains the tradition of bobbing for apples that is practiced today on Halloween. All Saints' Day On May 13, A.D. 609, Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon in Rome in honor of all Christian martyrs, and the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day was established in the Western church. Pope Gregory III later expanded the festival to include all saints as well as all martyrs, and moved the observance from May 13 to November 1. By the 9th century, the influence of Christianity had spread into Celtic lands, where it gradually blended with and supplanted older Celtic rites. In A.D. 1000, the church made November 2 All Souls’ Day, a day to honor the dead. It’s widely believed today that the church was attempting to replace the Celtic festival of the dead with a related, church-sanctioned holiday. All Souls’ Day was celebrated similarly to Samhain, with big bonfires, parades and dressing up in costumes as saints, angels and devils. The All Saints’ Day celebration was also called All-hallows or All-hallowmas (from Middle English Alholowmesse meaning All Saints’ Day) and the night before it, the traditional night of Samhain in the Celtic religion, began to be called All-Hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween. How Did Halloween Start in America? The celebration of Halloween was extremely limited in colonial New England because of the rigid Protestant belief systems there. Halloween was much more common in Maryland and the southern colonies. As the beliefs and customs of different European ethnic groups and the American Indians meshed, a distinctly American version of Halloween began to emerge. The first celebrations included “play parties,” which were public events held to celebrate the harvest. Neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell each other’s fortunes, dance and sing. Colonial Halloween festivities also featured the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making of all kinds. By the middle of the 19th century, annual autumn festivities were common, but Halloween was not yet celebrated everywhere in the country. In the second half of the 19th century, America was flooded with new immigrants. These new immigrants, especially the millions of Irish fleeing the Irish Potato Famine, helped to popularize the celebration of Halloween nationally. History of Trick-or-Treating Borrowing from European traditions, Americans began to dress up in costumes and go house to house asking for food or money, a practice that eventually became today’s “trick-or-treat” tradition. Young women believed that on Halloween they could divine the name or appearance of their future husband by doing tricks with yarn, apple parings or mirrors. In the late 1800s, there was a move in America to mold Halloween into a holiday more about community and neighborly get-togethers than about ghosts, pranks and witchcraft. At the turn of the century, Halloween parties for both children and adults became the most common way to celebrate the day. Parties focused on games, foods of the season and festive costumes. Parents were encouraged by newspapers and community leaders to take anything “frightening” or “grotesque” out of Halloween celebrations. Because of these efforts, Halloween lost most of its superstitious and religious overtones by the beginning of the twentieth century. Halloween Parties By the 1920s and 1930s, Halloween had become a secular but community-centered holiday, with parades and town-wide Halloween parties as the featured entertainment. Despite the best efforts of many schools and communities, vandalism began to plague some celebrations in many communities during this time. By the 1950s, town leaders had successfully limited vandalism and Halloween had evolved into a holiday directed mainly at the young. Due to the high numbers of young children during the fifties baby boom, parties moved from town civic centers into the classroom or home, where they could be more easily accommodated. Between 1920 and 1950, the centuries-old practice of trick-or-treating was also revived. Trick-or-treating was a relatively inexpensive way for an entire community to share the Halloween celebration. In theory, families could also prevent tricks being played on them by providing the neighborhood children with small treats. Thus, a new American tradition was born, and it has continued to grow. Today, Americans spend an estimated $6 billion annually on Halloween, making it the country’s second largest commercial holiday after Christmas. Halloween Movies Speaking of commercial success, scary Halloween movies have a long history of being box office hits. Classic Halloween movies include the “Halloween” franchise, based on the 1978 original film directed by John Carpenter and starring Donald Pleasance, Nick Castle, Jamie Lee Curtis and Tony Moran. In “Halloween,” a young boy named Michael Myers murders his 17-year-old sister and is committed to jail, only to escape as a teen on Halloween night and seek out his old home, and a new target. A direct sequel to the original "Halloween" was released in 2018, starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle. A sequel to that, "Halloween Kills," was released in 2021; and a sequel to that, "Halloween Ends," was released in 2022. Considered a classic horror film down to its spooky soundtrack, "Halloween" inspired other iconic “slasher films” like “Scream,” “Nightmare on Elm Street” and “Friday the 13.” More family-friendly Halloween movies include “Hocus Pocus,” “The Nightmare Before Christmas,” “Beetlejuice” and “It’s the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.” All Souls Day and Soul Cakes The American Halloween tradition of trick-or-treating probably dates back to the early All Souls’ Day parades in England. During the festivities, poor citizens would beg for food and families would give them pastries called “soul cakes” in return for their promise to pray for the family’s dead relatives. The distribution of soul cakes was encouraged by the church as a way to replace the ancient practice of leaving food and wine for roaming spirits. The practice, which was referred to as “going a-souling,” was eventually taken up by children who would visit the houses in their neighborhood and be given ale, food and money. The tradition of dressing in costume for Halloween has both European and Celtic roots. Hundreds of years ago, winter was an uncertain and frightening time. Food supplies often ran low and, for the many people afraid of the dark, the short days of winter were full of constant worry. On Halloween, when it was believed that ghosts came back to the earthly world, people thought that they would encounter ghosts if they left their homes. To avoid being recognized by these ghosts, people would wear masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would mistake them for fellow spirits. On Halloween, to keep ghosts away from their houses, people would place bowls of food outside their homes to appease the ghosts and prevent them from attempting to enter. Black Cats and Ghosts on Halloween Halloween has always been a holiday filled with mystery, magic and superstition. It began as a Celtic end-of-summer festival during which people felt especially close to deceased relatives and friends. For these friendly spirits, they set places at the dinner table, left treats on doorsteps and along the side of the road and lit candles to help loved ones find their way back to the spirit world. Today’s Halloween ghosts are often depicted as more fearsome and malevolent, and our customs and superstitions are scarier too. We avoid crossing paths with black cats, afraid that they might bring us bad luck. This idea has its roots in the Middle Ages, when many people believed that witches avoided detection by turning themselves into black cats. We try not to walk under ladders for the same reason. This superstition may have come from the ancient Egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred (it also may have something to do with the fact that walking under a leaning ladder tends to be fairly unsafe). And around Halloween, especially, we try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping on cracks in the road or spilling salt. Halloween Matchmaking and Lesser-Known Rituals But what about the Halloween traditions and beliefs that today’s trick-or-treaters have forgotten all about? Many of these obsolete rituals focused on the future instead of the past and the living instead of the dead. In particular, many had to do with helping young women identify their future husbands and reassuring them that they would someday—with luck, by next Halloween—be married. In 18th-century Ireland, a matchmaking cook might bury a ring in her mashed potatoes on Halloween night, hoping to bring true love to the diner who found it. In Scotland, fortune-tellers recommended that an eligible young woman name a hazelnut for each of her suitors and then toss the nuts into the fireplace. The nut that burned to ashes rather than popping or exploding, the story went, represented the girl’s future husband. (In some versions of this legend, the opposite was true: The nut that burned away symbolized a love that would not last.) Another tale had it that if a young woman ate a sugary concoction made out of walnuts, hazelnuts and nutmeg before bed on Halloween night she would dream about her future husband. Young women tossed apple-peels over their shoulders, hoping that the peels would fall on the floor in the shape of their future husbands’ initials; tried to learn about their futures by peering at egg yolks floating in a bowl of water and stood in front of mirrors in darkened rooms, holding candles and looking over their shoulders for their husbands’ faces. Other rituals were more competitive. At some Halloween parties, the first guest to find a burr on a chestnut-hunt would be the first to marry. At others, the first successful apple-bobber would be the first down the aisle. Of course, whether we’re asking for romantic advice or trying to avoid seven years of bad luck, each one of these Halloween superstitions relies on the goodwill of the very same “spirits” whose presence the early Celts felt so keenly.
3199	dbpedia	3	72	https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/obituaries/phag0810816	en	Mail Media: Local News, Politics & Sports in Hagerstown, MD	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	[ "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/07/18/NTHM/74458349007-hmm-8569-1.jpeg?crop=4636,2609,x0,y463", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/08/09/NTHM/74735157007-20240315-123237.jpeg?crop=3768,2120,x0,y204&quality=50&width=270", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/05/24/PPPO/73843982007-20240425-142959.jpg?crop=4031,2269,x0,y377&quality=50&width=270", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/05/10/NTHM/73643290007-ghows-de-2-b-1-c-2-a-40456-e-4-b-23-b-20-b-00337-e-34-d-16291604-f-47.jpeg?crop=365,364,x1,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2021/05/09/NTHM/43a3ca13-b8c2-4560-8958-bd8e5b4d50ba-Waters_Lloyd.jpg?crop=177,177,x0,y36&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2023/01/11/NAAS/6492bd2a-2206-43d0-a95c-f510f78086bd-letters_to_editor.jpg?crop=379,379,x55,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/09/16/NTGT/038a1490-9ed0-4082-93ad-7d663f23c9b9-GettyImages-1018948424.jpg?crop=2071,2071,x450,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/08/07/NTHM/74702333007-davy-knowles.jpg?crop=289,288,x99,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/08/08/NTHM/74719652007-the-herald-and-torch-light-1866-08-08-page-3-1.jpeg?crop=2360,2361,x0,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/10/19/NTHM/86f07ade-e501-4d11-8def-964bae3a832a-Full_GroupRAY1.jpg?crop=1679,1679,x0,y64&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/07/17/NTHM/74444333007-cameron-santell.jpg?crop=574,575,x0,y102&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/08/09/NTHM/74745460007-brooks-main-watch-photo.JPG?crop=1034,1033,x0,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/08/09/NTHM/74735761007-124226-wpcero-sm.jpeg?crop=715,714,x0,y0&quality=50&width=135", "https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2022/09/16/NTGT/038a1490-9ed0-4082-93ad-7d663f23c9b9-GettyImages-1018948424.jpg?crop=2071,2071,x450,y0&quality=50&width=135" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Herald-Mail Media Staff" ]	0001-01-01T00:00:00+00:00	Get the latest breaking news, sports, entertainment and obituaries in Hagerstown, MD from Herald-Mail Media.	en	https://www.gannett-cdn.…ages/favicon.png	Herald-Mail Media	https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/	Can local officials agree on a strategy against crime in Hagerstown?
3199	dbpedia	3	7	https://elcinema.com/en/person/2087005/	en	Actor Filmography، photos، Video	https://media0052.elcine…b5f4a658de69.jpg	https://media0052.elcine…b5f4a658de69.jpg	[ "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/elCinema_logo-be1ed6273cf8fae2f6f2f9b250964c19ed6d3aebcf87dabf30d040347f7046eb.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/ar-d321ac7ddc111e2f72f5cc32dcf48240639d8d72f1b93b58e4d3f19553c456b1.png", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_42a5c37ae9acc389d21c6e4ec779c112e1e38c203ba4c29a361fb5f4a658de69.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_3b9aa9086f79861eaaf4bc3b7f5990bce27a9a9a833b5361aab46a42b1ad9159.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_e205bc26d46b0f12aae6188d03bd87ac1e3a2227b7bc5dbb1c85a91b3a981433.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_a05a0bd3555c6465fbc946be475017f83845510cd4f194e12ff67e1b13470c31.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_464528f40a6d7688555bc1569639087d596470f187426495e28c6fd652c3a641.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_6fe0ba7b5fbe16f2002bebcb79163def8e5b4af1e4bc88c5cdaee8d9dfedfda5.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_8598459a4c80662d19487a791fef16022626ac06fe848bad12cf2bf122af09f5.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_a758d7c5a68a107fa73db829f943bed96ea45b96aab89ff477f93958b1713b35.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_150x200_c09d6eb4bd9afa035f3e2724a77736c78138c61af04d22c5af5aa9b6c19f7b84.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_6fe0ba7b5fbe16f2002bebcb79163def8e5b4af1e4bc88c5cdaee8d9dfedfda5.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_8598459a4c80662d19487a791fef16022626ac06fe848bad12cf2bf122af09f5.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_a05a0bd3555c6465fbc946be475017f83845510cd4f194e12ff67e1b13470c31.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_e205bc26d46b0f12aae6188d03bd87ac1e3a2227b7bc5dbb1c85a91b3a981433.jpg", "https://widget.justwatch.com/assets/JW_logo_color_10px.svg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_09df943b811ab3f6e627987bff38a76157eecbd90b3ba8dd1504ad43b0773d4e.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_7b1a6be6ab7bc9f04658cba322381c5ce72f98e86136ec36cdb0849382f7fc37.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_310x310_42a5c37ae9acc389d21c6e4ec779c112e1e38c203ba4c29a361fb5f4a658de69.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_3430cab81d0f418e94f287fb87e051aedd0229ddb94109d128bfa8d20e4fe412.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/blank_photos/315x420.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_c0cc5999cf5331ed342877c20a2a3679623ad13538c2121f144d7e54d0decc34.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_1752e640dc2a155f4e2452876d59ff5ff1ad2c6f9632792ef7a88878c3af5507.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_12b3f44ba6744307b6b397ba5b78bf4a5039d15f66670cb8bc729a9ec84e5f65.jpg", "https://media0052.elcinema.com/uploads/_315x420_ab10ef1375dbff7c9e562a1c7d5edea5d4917d4c6972b9980ebd399932d78d96.jpg", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/imax-5bc9af8014187b22d73aebf32766c84d556905ba6c53283997d6652f5201f958.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/point90-3500f39d720caf60a9ccef2ccf83d7c226c1bfcfecb2fe579f4c342bb1785e38.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/plaza-a5cef1478c7ed9bc27fe965c1a719c89342b780f319d1dc5ab1c9bada8486029.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/elcinema-fca17c1d54bb1b93eedc0a92818163a4c95ac5fb75bf21157e6a5b4a3f988f65.png", "https://cdn.elcinema.com/assets/footer/damlag-af562c23a102809e3206d4b616b26b671d56d2b1d1f1504e368f99c7f7706f40.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald - Actor Filmography، photos، Video	en	//cdn.elcinema.com/assets/favicon-511d0dcfc22f2a4cc8ba8554d540168445db4cdc6e50c4eadd2488f976e4e526.ico	elCinema.com	https://elcinema.com/en/person/2087005/	British actor, born as James Robert MacGeorge Donald in Scotland, United Kingdom on May 18, 1917. He got married to Ann and had a child with her. He worked at an early age in the...Read more English theater, and achieved some stardom in the late thirties, but he achieved his real stardom in 1943 in the play "Present Laughter". Among his notable works: Lust for Life (1956), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), and The Great Escape (1963). He died on August 3, 1993 in England, of stomach cancer.
3199	dbpedia	3	64	https://www.kempffuneralhome.com/obituaries/james-dake	en	James Donald Dake Obituary 2022	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/28230867-a06f-4a29-81a6-adc1ee5661fc/1b581862f8f1524aba121b45720a16cd_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/28230867-a06f-4a29-81a6-adc1ee5661fc/1b581862f8f1524aba121b45720a16cd_2826740ab4e58dbafde71d95dc866089	[ "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_cover/lg/e5dde6f8-1cdf-481a-b968-b6905002b337", "https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/vsL9QQaoSsnrErRDsJop", "https://www.kempffuneralhome.com/obituaries/image.url", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/card-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/card-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Kempf Funeral Homes" ]	2023-10-19T15:42:25	James Donald Dake, 88, of Battle Creek, Michigan passed away June 28, 2022. James was born on March 5, 1934, to James Harrison Dake and Rose Ethel Bush in Mtn. Grove, MO....	en	https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/cKq2iVSLQpOIPvzoK1Nx	Kempf Funeral Homes	https://www.kempffuneralhome.com/obituaries/james-dake	James Donald Dake, 88, of Battle Creek, Michigan passed away June 28, 2022. James was born on March 5, 1934, to James Harrison Dake and Rose Ethel Bush in Mtn. Grove, MO. James married C. Nadine Coffman in 1951. They have four children. Eugene (Shellie) Dake, David (Nancy) Dake, Kathy (Greg) Hoxie, Brian (Becky) Dake. His family includes fourteen grandchildren and seventeen great grandchildren. James was predeceased by his wife, Nadine, in 2021; one grandson; and siblings Linus (May) Dake, Mamie (Raymond) Davis, Arnett (Lois) Dake, Etolia (Ivan) Middleton, Leota (Lee) Sanders, Herman (Rhoda Belle) Dake, Harold (Ruby) Dake, Alan (Doris) Dake. In 1993 James retired from the Kellogg Company after 40 years of employment. He also drove delivery truck for Bill Knapp's Restaurant for 20 years, and earlier, drove school bus for Harper Creek Schools. James loved God, and served as a Deacon in the church for many years. He was a devoted husband and hardworking father. He loved telling stories and jokes. He enjoyed meeting people and had a gift for remembering everyone's name. Services have been entrusted to Kempf Family Funeral and Cremation Services, 2838 Capital Ave SW, Battle Creek, MI 49015. The family will gather with friends on Friday, July 1, 2022 from 12:00 PM until the funeral service begins at 2:00 PM with son, Rev. Brian Dake and Rev. Tom Knight officiating. Interment will follow at Floral Lawn Memorial Gardens, 1490 E Michigan Ave, Battle Creek, MI 49014.
3199	dbpedia	0	82	https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/document/620467894/mennie-james-donald-page-51-wwi-canadian-soldiers	en	Page 51 in WWI Canadian Soldiers	https://img.forceswarrecords.com/img/reference/IMAGE/620467894?width=200&height=200	https://img.forceswarrecords.com/img/reference/IMAGE/620467894?width=200&height=200	[ "https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/img/fwr-logo-ba.svg", "https://img.forceswarrecords.com/img/reference/IMAGE/620467894?width=400&height=400", "https://img.forceswarrecords.com/img/providericon?id=53&width=60&height=60", "https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/img/fwr-color-ba.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	View Page 51 in the WWI Canadian Soldiers (Canada, Soldiers of the First World War, 1914-1918 from Library and Archives of Canada). Search records, documents, and more.	en	/img/maskicon-335554.svg	Forces War Records	https://uk.forceswarrecords.com/document/620467894/mennie-james-donald-page-51-wwi-canadian-soldiers	James Donald›Mennie, James Donald Publication: Canada, Soldiers of the First World War, 1914-1918 Full Name : Mennie, James Donald Regiment Number : 24269 Birth Place : Cove, Kincardineshire, Scotland Residence : [Blank] Age : [Blank] Birth Date : Alternate Birth Date : Alternate Birth Date : Relative : Mennie Relationship : [Blank] Conflict Period : World War I Served For : Canada About Canada, Soldiers of the First World War, 1914-1918 Service files for soldiers, nurses, and chaplains who served with the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) during WWI.
3199	dbpedia	1	21	https://variety.com/1993/scene/people-news/james-donald-109756/	en	James Donald	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	https://s0.wp.com/i/blank.jpg	[ "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035310&c4=&cv=3.9&cj=1", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://variety.com/wp-content/themes/pmc-variety-2020/assets/public/lazyload-fallback.gif", "https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel?a.1=&a.2=p-31f3D02tYU8zY", "https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=1429113&fmt=gif" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Variety Staff" ]	1993-08-18T08:00:00+00:00	James Donald, 76, British actor best remembered for his role as the sympathetic doctor in David Lean's "The Bridge on the River Kwai," died Aug. 3 in Wiltshire, England, of stomach cancer.	en	https://variety.com/wp-c…e-touch-icon.png	Variety	https://variety.com/1993/scene/people-news/james-donald-109756/	James Donald, 76, British actor best remembered for his role as the sympathetic doctor in David Lean’s “The Bridge on the River Kwai,” died Aug. 3 in Wiltshire, England, of stomach cancer. The fourth son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, Aberdeen-born Donald moved south to pursue a career in legit, debuting on the London stage in October 1938 in “The White Guard,” starring Marius Goring. He rose to fame in the role of Roland Maule in Noel Coward’s “Present Laughter,” first staged in 1943. Other stage parts include Peter Brook’s production of “The Brothers Karamazov” (1946), the assassin in Jean Cocteau’s “The Eagle Has Two Heads” ( 1947), “The Heiress,” and Laurence Olivier’s production of “Captain Carvallo” ( 1950). Donald’s early films include “In Which We Serve” (1942) and Carol Reed’s “The Way Ahead.” In 1943 he signed a seven-year contract with MGM, notably portraying Kirk Douglas’ brother in the Van Gogh biopic “Lust for Life.” Following “Kwai,” he also appeared in the POW dramas “The Great Escape” and “King Rat,” plus the Douglas starrer “Cast a Giant Shadow.” Survived by his wife, Ann, and stepson Garth Alexander, former Variety Tokyo correspondent.
3199	dbpedia	2	23	https://millercenter.org/president/trump/life-presidency	en	Donald Trump: Life before the presidency	https://millercenter.org…ck_103559609.jpg	https://millercenter.org…ck_103559609.jpg	[ "https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/2022-10/final_waterhouse_headshot_1.jpg?itok=B9NEXo9D" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Benjamin C. Waterhouse" ]	2017-04-11T12:41:58-04:00	Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, the fourth of five children of Mary Anne MacLeod Trump and her husband, Frederick Christ Trump, Sr.	en	/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico	Miller Center	https://millercenter.org/president/trump/life-presidency	Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, the fourth of five children of Mary Anne MacLeod Trump and her husband, Frederick Christ Trump, Sr. Trump’s mother was born in Scotland and emigrated to the United States in 1930. His father was born in New York City, the son of German immigrants. During Trump’s childhood, the family lived an upscale community of the Queens Borough of New York City known as Jamaica Estates. Fred Trump owned and operated a successful real estate company called Elizabeth Trump & Son, named after Fred Trump’s mother and himself, which developed properties for middle-class white families in Queens, Brooklyn, and Staten Island. When they were old enough, the three Trump sons—Fred, Jr., Donald, and Robert—worked for the company in construction sites and offices. The Trumps’ daughters, Elizabeth and Maryanne, did not work for the family business. Donald and Robert Trump eventually became involved in their father’s business as adults. Their brother Fred became an airline pilot and died of alcoholism in 1981. Donald Trump cites his brother’s ultimately fatal battle with addiction as the reason he does not drink. Robert Trump died in 2020. As a child, Trump displayed behavioral difficulties. “He was a pretty rough fellow when he was small,” his father later remembered. In an effort to instill a sense of discipline, his parents enrolled him at age 13 in the New York Military Academy, north of New York City. Trump reported that he enjoyed the drills and lifestyle, but the academy marked the extent of his involvement with the military. He enrolled in Fordham University in New York City and then transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned a bachelor’s degree in economics through Penn’s Wharton School of Finance and Commerce in 1968. During the Vietnam War in the late 1960s, when Trump was in his early 20s, he used college and medical deferments (due to a physician’s diagnosis of bone spurs) to avoid being drafted into the armed forces. When the United States instituted a draft lottery system in 1969, an effort to make conscription more random and less dependent on exemptions, Trump’s birthday was number 356 out of 366 in the lottery. He was not called into service. Trump began his business career while still enrolled in college, investing in Philadelphia real estate. Upon completing his undergraduate education in 1968, he returned to New York and joined his father’s business full time. Public criticism and scandal marked Trump’s early career. In 1973, the US Justice Department accused the Trump company of discriminating against African American would-be renters. Although the company did not admit wrongdoing, it settled the matter by agreeing to rent more apartments to Black tenants. In the 1970s, Trump helped expand the business, buying properties outside of New York City in locations such as Virginia, Ohio, Nevada, and California. At the same time, he expressed an interest in expanding the company’s real estate operations closer to home, moving from New York’s outer boroughs and into Manhattan, a traditionally more affluent and “high society” area. By the mid-1970s, the now renamed Trump Organization had branched into Manhattan skyscrapers. Trump’s first big move, in 1976, was to develop the Grand Hyatt Hotel on the grounds of the by-then bankrupt Penn Central Railroad’s Commodore Hotel. Although the Trump Organization did not have enough money to purchase the hotel, Trump used his personal relationship with the Hyatt hotel chain and his father’s political clout (Fred Trump was a prominent member of Brooklyn’s Democratic Party) to negotiate an unusual arrangement with the government of New York City. Trump received a 40-year tax abatement, or a reprieve on paying property taxes on the hotel. Originally worth $4 million per year, the abatement totaled approximately $400 million over 40 years due to inflation in the value of the property and changes in the tax code. He then used the promise of those savings to persuade the Commodore to sell to him and Hyatt to partner with him. “Whatever my friends Fred and Donald want in this town, they get,” New York Mayor Abraham Beame reportedly said of the deal. In the 1980s, Donald Trump established a reputation as a major real estate developer. He built the 36-story cooperative apartment complex called Trump Plaza as well as Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue, which housed luxury stores and Trump’s own multi-floor residence and company headquarters. He also expanded into the casino business in Atlantic City, New Jersey, building the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino (originally called Harrah’s at Trump Plaza) and Trump Castle. In 1990, he built the Trump Taj Mahal at a cost of nearly $1 billion—he called it the “eighth wonder of the world.” Despite these major business operations, the Trump Organization faced severe financial challenges. Trump borrowed significant amounts of money to fund the hotels and casinos. The situation grew so severe in 1990 that Fred Trump, then in his 80s, purchased more than $3 million in casino chips at Trump Castle so the casino could make an interest payment. That purchase was later judged to be an illegal loan, and New Jersey assessed a fine of $65,000. Two Trump-owned companies filed for bankruptcy during this period: the Trump Taj Mahal in 1991 and the Trump Plaza Hotel in 1992. An unflattering biography of Donald Trump, published in 1993, was titled Lost Tycoon and declared that he has become a “public laughingstock” in the wake of his business failures. In the years that followed, Trump used bankruptcy protection to reconfigure the debts of the many companies that comprised the Trump Organization, successfully making debt payments even as he accumulated more total debt at higher interest rates. As he explained, looking back in 2011: “I’ve used the laws of this country to pare debt.” He also formed a publicly traded company, Trump Hotels and Casino Resorts, both protecting himself from financial liability and allowing him to sell shares to the general public. He initially owned 56 percent of the stock, giving him a majority and thus total control of the company, which acquired several of the Trump Organization’s properties and companies. In 2004, the company was unable to pay its loans and had failed to turn a profit. It entered bankruptcy protection, and Trump reduced his stock holdings to 27 percent, giving up an active role in the company. Trump himself blamed the general decline of Atlantic City for his company’s failures, although critics pointed out that his casinos had never done well, even when Atlantic City’s gambling economy had been strong. Efforts to revive the company failed, and it entered bankruptcy again in 2009 and 2014. By the time Trump announced his campaign for president in 2015, his gambling businesses had entirely ceased operation. Shareholders in the company lost their investments, and many vendors and creditors suffered losses, but Trump’s personal financial losses were mitigated by his financial and legal actions. During his tumultuous business career, Donald Trump retained the public appearance of high-flying success. As his real estate and gambling businesses failed, he succeeded in protecting his brand and shifting into licensing businesses in the United States and abroad. In 2004, the New York Times noted: “His name has become such a byword for success that even the most humiliating reverses barely dent his reputation….The rules that govern others just don’t apply to Trump.” Working with ghostwriters, Trump published a number of how-to and business advice books, including the widely read Trump: The Art of the Deal, first released in 1987. He licensed the “Trump” name to golf courses, hotel resorts, and branded products from steaks to vodka to bottled water. From 1996 to 2015, he was an owner of the Miss USA, Miss Teen USA, and Miss Universe beauty pageants. In 2015, television broadcasters Univision and NBC declined to broadcast the pageants in response to Trump’s racist attacks on Latin American immigrants during his presidential campaign. The next year, Trump announced that he had settled lawsuits with them and sold his stake in the pageants. Trump’s expansion in the entertainment industry peaked with his role on the hit reality television show The Apprentice, which ran on NBC from 2004 to 2015. Trump played himself on the program, which pitted would-be business leaders against each other in a series of challenges. Trump judged their efforts and whittled down the contestant pool, each week telling one losing contender “You’re fired.” The show and its companion program, Celebrity Apprentice, were widely watched. They helped Trump reach national audiences and confirmed, to many viewers, Trump’s image as a successful and charismatic businessperson who was a straight talker, telling people the hard-to-hear truths. Only when Trump formally announced his presidential campaign with anti-immigrant and racist rhetoric did NBCUniversal formally end his relationship with the program. Trump’s business interests are bundled into an entity known as the Trump Organization, the descendant of the company founded by his grandmother and father. Trump took over the company in 1971, renamed it in 1973, and bestowed formal leadership of it to his sons Donald, Jr. and Eric in 2017. Unlike a typical business corporation that officially owns its subsidiary parts, the Trump Organization is a collection of approximately 500 individual business entities, all owned principally or solely by Donald Trump himself. None of those constituent parts are publicly traded companies, so they are not required to publicly disclose their financial status or value (as public corporations are). Since Donald Trump, in a departure from recent precedent dating back to President Richard Nixon, never released his personal income tax returns, a complete assessment of the Trump Organization’s finances has proven impossible. By the time Donald Trump was elected president in November 2016, the Trump Organization owned a vast number of companies, products, and licensing agreements. These holdings included at least a dozen golf resorts in the United States and five in other countries; eight US hotel properties and six abroad; and dozens of other real estate holdings around the world. In August 2016, the New York Times reported that his real estate holdings held at least $650 million in debt. As a candidate, Trump boasted about his high levels of debt and his ability to reduce or eliminate his income tax liability, despite his very high personal net worth. (The exact level of his wealth has been and continues to be debated.) Avoiding taxes, he said during a debate with Hillary Clinton in the fall of 2016, “makes me smart.” Trump’s businesses were also involved in a large number of lawsuits, both as defendant and plaintiff. The newspaper USA Today reported that, as of 2016, Trump or one of his companies had been involved, in 3,500 legal cases in federal and states courts. Trump was the plaintiff in 1,900, suing someone else; in 1,450, he was the one being sued. The remainder included other types of cases, including bankruptcies. After his election in 2016, the Trump Organization settled several high-profile cases. Three involved allegations of consumer fraud by the then-defunct Trump University, a for-profit company launched in 2005 that offered classes in real estate and promised to teach the secrets of Trump’s personal success. Trump paid $25 million to settle those suits, without acknowledging wrongdoing. He also closed the charitable non-profit Trump Foundation in the wake of reports that he had not contributed his personal money to the foundation since 2008 but rather used it to distribute money he solicited from others and might have engaged in illegal self-dealing. Trump’s business career, the idiosyncratic nature of the Trump Organization, and the unknown but substantial levels of personal indebtedness related to his global breadth of assets created an unprecedented situation when he was elected president. Many political observers raised concerns about the potential for conflicts of interest between his businesses and his presidential decisions. Critics worried that he would inevitably violate the emoluments clause of the US Constitution, which prohibits federal officials from receiving gifts or payments (or anything else of value) from a foreign leader. Any foreign leader, company, or person doing business with a Trump-owned property, those critics charged, would put money into Donald Trump’s pocket. Trump himself rebuffed calls to fully divest himself from his businesses, declaring that he would instead give day-to-day operations of the Trump Organization to his adult sons. They in turn promised to avoid making new deals with foreign countries. Those moves did little to assuage critics’ concerns about the potential for conflicts of interest.
3199	dbpedia	1	76	https://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/donald-james-32746	en	Labour Australia			[ "https://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/images/site/pa/siteIcon.jpg", "https://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/images/down_arrow.png", "https://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/images/down_arrow.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/images/site/la/favicon.ico		null	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware that this website contains names, images, and voices of deceased persons. In addition, some articles contain terms or views that were acceptable within mainstream Australian culture in the period in which they were written, but may no longer be considered appropriate. These articles do not necessarily reflect the views of The Australian National University. Older articles are being reviewed with a view to bringing them into line with contemporary values but the original text will remain available for historical context. James Donald (1895–1976) This article was published: in the Biographical Register of the Australian Labour Movement, 1788-1975 online in 2022 This entry is from People Australia James Donald (1895-1976) carpenter, trade union leader and politician Birth: 1 June 1895 at Redbank, Queensland, son of Andrew Donald, Scottish building contractor, and Jessie, née Simpson. Marriage: (1) 27 September 1916 in Ipswich, Queensland, to Mary Jane Dobbie. They had one son and one daughter. Marriage: (2) 11 July 1960 to Hilda Julho Bell Thomlinson. No issue. Death: 4 May 1976 at Ipswich. Religion: Presbyterian. Educated at Redbank and Ipswich state schools and Ipswich Technical College. Apprenticed as a cabinet maker. Trade teacher at Ipswich Technical College. President Queensland Furnishing Trades Society, 1916. Entered mining industry as winding-engine-driver. Worked at West Moreton coal field. In 1930s was a member of Central Council, Australasian Coal and Shale Employees' Federation and vice-president of Queensland Colliery Employees' Union (QCEU) 1930s; QCEU secretary, 1943-46. President Booval branch of Australian Labor Party. Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Bremer from May 1946 to May 1960 and for Ipswich East from May 1960 to May 1969 (retired). Secretary of the State Parliamentary Labor Party from 1947 to 1969. Supported Chifley government's actions during 1949 coal strike. Queensland Opposition Leader, April to August 1958 (resigned). Member of ALP Federal Conference 1960. Member, Ipswich District Hospital Board. Represented Ipswich at cricket and rugby league. Member of the Ipswich and West Moreton Cricket Association. Temperance advocate. Sources Duncan Bruce Waterson and John Arnold, Biographical register of the Queensland Parliament 1930-1989 (Canberra, 1982); Pete Thomas, Miners in the 1970s: a narrative history of the Miners’ Federation (Sydney [1983]); Pete Thomas, The coalminers of Queensland: a narrative history of the Queensland Colliery Employees Union. Volume 1 Creating the traditions (Ipswich, 1986). Related Entries in NCB Sites Corbutt, Frank (colleague) Citation details 'Donald, James (1895–1976)', People Australia, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://labouraustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/donald-james-32746/text40714, accessed 13 August 2024.
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"https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NYC-Sidebar-300x150.png", "https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NYC-Sidebar-300x150.png", "https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Scotland-Sidebar.png", "https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Scotland-Sidebar.png", "https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Expat-Life.png", "https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Expat-Life.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Katie MacLeod" ]	2016-03-10T00:00:00	A personal response to the BBC Newsnight report on Donald Trump's Hebridean history.	en	https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/wp-content/themes/foodiepro/images/favicon.ico	Stories My Suitcase Could Tell	https://storiesmysuitcasecouldtell.com/2016/03/10/donaldtrump/	On the drive from the town of Stornoway to the village of Tong on the Isle of Lewis, the view laid out before you is beautiful: low-lying moorland, swathes of white sand at low tide, the blue waters of Broad Bay, and past the nearby peninsula of Point, the sight of the mountains of the Scottish mainland in the distance. It would have been a familiar sight for Mary Anne MacLeod, who grew up in a croft house in Tong in the 1920s with her parents and siblings – and whose son, Donald John Trump, is currently hurtling his way towards becoming the Republican nominee for President of the United States of America. Everyone here knows that Domhnall Iain, as Trump would be called in Gaelic, has close island connections; they’re just not particularly interested. They’re certainly not interested in sharing their thoughts with the journalists who routinely perpetuate inaccurate stereotypes about their home. It’s a connection that’s been brought into the spotlight this week, after a poorly researched and apparently hastily put-together programme was aired during BBC Newsnight. When their culture correspondent Stephen Smith flew more than 600 miles to Lewis from London, he found that few people were willing to speak to him on camera about the Republican frontrunner. (Hardly surprising, given the usual patronising media narrative about the islands.) The result? A short segment that rehashes old news stories about Trump’s Lewis connections and marries them to a litany of well-worn, negative stereotypes about the Isle of Lewis. Needless to say, a lot of islanders – myself included – were angry. Most of all, I was disappointed: I expected more from the BBC. The segment started with the Father Ted theme tune and ended with a rainbow and a leprechaun joke. Not only are these lazy stereotypes, but they’re lazy stereotypes about a completely different country. In case Newsnight missed the memo, here it is: the Isle of Lewis is in Scotland, not Ireland. Then there was the usual nonsense about Lewis being ‘wind-swept and God-fearing’ (I’ve written scathingly about that one before), and a complete mangling of the Gaelic language, which could have been easily avoided by a quick conversation with just about anyone he met. BBC journalists perfect their pronunciation of cities in the likes of Syria, China, and Nigeria – why not the towns and villages of the Isle of Lewis? It was seemingly too much effort for a culture journalist on a mission to uncover the “deeply enigmatic narrative of [Trump’s] maternal line.” The panoramas of the island left a lot to be desired too. There was no beautiful view of Broad Bay, mentioned above; no shots of the nearby beaches of Coll, Vatisker, or Gress; no colourful streets of Stornoway. Instead, viewers were treated to the sight of a plastic bag stuck on a fence, and a rural bus shelter. Is that really the best the BBC could come up with on an island considered one of the best in Europe? Stereotypes aside, what did leave the young Mary MacLeod moving halfway across the world? The Newsnight piece offered zero context, and repeated the story told in the likes of the New York Times and The Telegraph, the one where Mary MacLeod met Frederick Trump while on holiday in New York City in the 1930s. I’m not sure where the story originated. Maybe it is true, but one only has to look at the economic conditions of Lewis in the post-World War I years to realise that the idea of a holiday – to Glasgow, let alone New York – is so unlikely it’s almost laughable. Our grandparents’ generation were lucky if they got the chance to visit Stornoway on holiday, so the suggestion that children of crofters and fishermen could go “on vacation” to the other side of the world in the late 1920s is questionable at the very least. What was happening at that time was mass emigration. In the First World War, “more men enlisted from Lewis, as a proportion of the population“, than anywhere else in the country. The loss of so many men, coupled with the sinking of the Iolaire in 1919, took its toll on an island already dealing with poor social and economic conditions. It’s unsurprising, then, that so many young people left in search of better opportunities. There were plenty of Leodhasachs in North America in the 1920s and 30s – and more than a few from Mary Anne’s home village of Tong. My good friend’s great-grandmother moved to New York from Tong in 1921, where she met and married a fellow islander. The couple eventually found themselves back in Tong, where they opened the village post office. Another friend’s great aunt emigrated to New York with a number of young women from Tong, and rumour has it Mary Anne MacLeod was among this group of friends who travelled the Atlantic together. My friend’s great aunt spent most of her life working as a live-in nanny, both in Manhattan and across the Hudson in New Jersey, before returning to Lewis in her late retirement. Whatever the detail, it seems a much more likely story that Mary Anne MacLeod emigrated to New York like the rest of her friends and fellow islanders, all searching for better opportunities. It was there she met Mr. Trump, who she married in 1936, at the age of 23. I’d love to know what happened to her when she arrived. What awaited her on arrival in New York Harbour? How did she feel about adjusting to life across the pond? Did she ever experience cianalas, that curse of islanders abroad? I’d love to know these things not because her surname was Trump, but because I’ve made that same move, albeit almost a century later and in very different circumstances. So have many, many others: Mary Anne was just one in a long list of islanders leaving home for the far reaches of the globe. Some left by choice, and others were moved by force (see: the Highland Clearances). Some returned, and others never saw these shores again. Delving into that immigrant past, through the lens of Mary Anne Trump’s story, would have made a far more interesting BBC news piece than one featuring poorly thought-out jokes about leprechauns. (The former is a actually a feature I’ve been researching myself.) While Mary Anne’s famous son may not seem to be all that interested in the beautiful island of her birth, or the lovely village of Tong, she herself returned often before her death in 2000. Her daughter, Maryanne Trump Barry, still visits their family in Tong, and last year she donated £150,000 to a local care home in Stornoway. None of this is mentioned in the Newsnight piece. The report added nothing to the story of Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, but plenty to the long tradition of lazy journalism about the Isle of Lewis and the Outer Hebrides as a whole. Sadly, being treated with disdain by the media is simply par for the course if you happen to come from the Outer Hebrides. And with Donald Trump in the (presidential) picture, sensationalist headlines and stories unfortunately seem to matter more than the reality. ____________________ Did you see the Newsnight piece about Donald Trump and the Isle of Lewis? What did you think of it?
3199	dbpedia	1	60	https://northjersey.newspapers.com/article/the-montclair-times-obituary-for-james-d/45518238/%3Flocale%3Den-AU	en	Obituary for JAMES DONALD	https://img.newspapers.c…038_785_1229.jpg	https://img.newspapers.c…038_785_1229.jpg	[ "https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?user=2816722&id=516082257&clippingId=45518238&width=785&height=1229&crop=1834_4038_785_1229&rotation=0", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?user=2816722&id=516082257&clippingId=45518238&width=785&height=1229&crop=1834_4038_785_1229&rotation=0", "https://img.newspapers.com/img/thumbnail/516082257/250/356/0_0_6608_8344/0/yes/1834_4038_785_1229/", "https://northjersey.newspapers.com/api/client/usericon/2816722/?size=36", "https://northjersey.newspapers.com/nextstatic/svg/np-logopoweredby.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	1943-04-08T00:00:00	Clipping found in The Montclair Times published in Montclair, New Jersey on 4/8/1943. Obituary for JAMES DONALD	en	/i/newspapers-icon.svg	Newspapers.com	https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-montclair-times-obituary-for-james-d/45518238/	The Montclair Times Montclair, New Jersey • Thu, Apr 8, 1943Page 6 The Montclair Times Montclair, New Jersey • Thu, Apr 8, 1943Page 6
3199	dbpedia	3	96	https://www.adamsgreen.com/obituaries/James-Donald-Blevins%3FobId%3D28870580	en	Herndon, VA Funerals & Cremation			[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Adams-Green Funeral Home & Crematory is one of the few remaining family-owned and operated funeral homes in the metropolitan area.... Learn More	en	https://s3.amazonaws.com/fh-content/release/Content/Media/Adams-GreenFuneralHome/favicon.ico		https://www.adamsgreen.com:443/
3199	dbpedia	2	62	https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/2018/12/20/james-shewan-my-great-grandfather/	en	James Shewan – My Great Grandfather	https://tangledtalesofan…551904287944.jpg	https://tangledtalesofan…551904287944.jpg	[ "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/cropped-roadtothepast.jpg", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20181216_093737-e1551904287944.jpg?w=640", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SshewanDry1.jpg?w=300&h=300", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Norman-Court.jpg?w=640&h=429", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/St__George_Building_Hong_Kong.png?w=640", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/ShewanYard4.jpg?w=640&h=480", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/04d65c4d-848b-4e8d-94f4-c822af2bae67-e1551797710666.jpeg?w=225&h=300", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20190305_110253-e1551903437431.jpg?w=640", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/20190305_111822.jpg?w=640", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Strike-e1545167323530.jpg?w=502&h=670", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Plumbush.jpg?w=640&h=365", "https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Shewan.jpg?w=640", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/51cfa656615eb80182b912030971a59bb8e3286479e61d4cf89e6a37406f7f02?s=60&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1f66b7bfc91fb7991c520e7059a62aaedd7f7cf0ce20134761a02afdb869bcd8?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ab2f814d1dfbac089eecb8faba03ea868e539e08e4bb9881af86882cba1c3860?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/51cfa656615eb80182b912030971a59bb8e3286479e61d4cf89e6a37406f7f02?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/17af52ba53e852ad286a337002304072fc29145a4e199183c94a57dad41b17e9?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/800a46bf3cf1729642b22336f82ddd5fa315966f5d7bd73b3cf5141ad22a6490?s=40&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/2ddb0dbe84a73714eadf45c7a6e9a404471df74d7c157b77b596900c1300eef7?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0ef79787c21b2a077d5249724fe81bc95e365c1512b2b38833e74ed2cbe1d4e5?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/204922c8ba472c5ca2a644681eb1d72656821483bc50bc213fe0d67e4a91d4c1?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/51cfa656615eb80182b912030971a59bb8e3286479e61d4cf89e6a37406f7f02?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/656bedbc9db091a6cf4d8845e9f1811a87415ad5ddaff039327a9831b30d0cb2?s=48&d=identicon&r=G", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png", "https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Cecil Hoge →" ]	2018-12-20T00:00:00	By Cecil Hoge On my mother's side I come from a sea-faring family. I have already written something about my mother's father, Edwin Shewan, in my blog story entitled "Grandpa Gets Busted". In that story I told about some of my grandfather's escapades on his yacht during Prohibition. He was a pretty colorful gentleman. I think it…	en	https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico	Tangled Tales of An American Family	https://tangledtalesofanamericanfamily.com/2018/12/20/james-shewan-my-great-grandfather/	By Cecil Hoge On my mother’s side I come from a sea-faring family. I have already written something about my mother’s father, Edwin Shewan, in my blog story entitled “Grandpa Gets Busted“. In that story I told about some of my grandfather’s escapades on his yacht during Prohibition. He was a pretty colorful gentleman. I think it is only fair to write some things about his father, my great grandfather. His name was James Shewan. The picture of him above comes from a book entitled, “Scots and Scots’ Descendants in America, Volume 1”. Now, I never met my great grandfather. He died in 1914 which is a pretty good reason why. What I know about him comes from my wife’s explorations of Ancestry.com, the book cited above, some newspaper accounts and some pictures that I or my wife have discovered on the internet. There are no living relatives who knew him personally who I could speak to or who knew about him to tell me more, so this account of my great grandfather will no doubt miss some important details of his life. Because my wife has been researching Ancestry.com and other websites for the last 20 years, she was able to find passport copies, birth certificates, newspapers accounts of the Shewan family going as far back as the 1750s. This was very helpful in providing me unknown details of the Shewan family. It also provided me with pictures and information about family members that I never knew I had. And in particular she was able to find both book and newspaper accounts of my illustrious great grandfather. My father did tell me that James Shewan was the man who made the real fortune for my grandfather, Edwin Shewan. I do not remember my mother telling me anything about my great grandfather, but since she was born in 1919, she also never met James Shewan. From his appearance in the above photo I would think he was a very upright, religious, hard-working man. The description of my great grandfather as told in “Scots and Scots’s Descendants” comes a few pages after the description of Theodore Roosevelt, who apparently was another notable Scot. Other notable Scots written about in that book are Lord & Lady Aberdeen and Alexander Graham Bell, so he was among some pretty famous folks. James Shewan was the founder of the largest dry dock and ship repairing yard in the Port of New York and as such, he was also the founder of the largest dry dock and ship repairing plant in America. He was born January 6th, 1848, a native of Aberdeenshire, Scotland in the little Scottish town of Rora, which was near another small Scottish town called Peterhead. Peterhead is a small port city on the North Sea side of Scotland north of the coastal cities of Aberdeen and Edinborough. Rora appears to be an even smaller town north and a little inland of Peterhead. I gather Peterhead was a well-known sailing port in the 1800s. James Shewan’s father died when James was just 4 years old. After a few years of school, James became a ship’s carpenter in Peterhead. Apparently, he also went to night school in the evenings giving himself a general education in reading, writing, mathematics and history. At a very early age (I am guessing 15) he got the opportunity to go on a sailing voyage to Greenland. On that trip he ran into to some nasty weather because the ship became icebound for three and half months and he and the ship were given up for lost. The ship and my great grandfather got back from Greenland to Scotland after what must have been a rather harrowing voyage. You would think after being stuck in ice for three and a half months in Greenland that you might swear off of all sea voyages. Apparently, my great grandfather was not the swearing off type because almost as soon as he got back to Peterhead, he decided to go to London and go on another journey with my great, great, great uncle, Andrew Shewan. I have described some of my great, great, great uncle’s journeys in my blog story “Sailing Clipper Ships Around the World“. So, at the age of 16, my great grandfather set off with his uncle, my great, great, great uncle on a another sailing voyage to Singapore. Andrew Shewan, by the way, was in his 20s at the time, so this was 2 young guys, along with 23 other “souls” headed around the world in a clipper ship that was 197 feet long by 33 feet wide. It is probably impossible to imagine what a trip like that must have been like…sudden storms, dead calm seas, freezing temperatures, boiling, steaming heat, being baked by sun, drenched by monsoonal rain, perhaps, coming through tremendous typhoons, having mountainous waves breaking over the full length of the ship every one or two minutes, and sometimes encountering breezy, perfectly wonderful, beautiful weather as you sail over an ocean where you never see humans or other ships for days or weeks or months at a time. Then imagine this clipper ship is commanded by a guy in his twenties, carrying the burden and responsibility for all the lives aboard…spending 12 or 14 hours at the helm through all sorts of weather, with far and few between breaks and sometimes little or no sleep. Imagine anchoring off of some exotic Pacific Island with beautiful islander girls welcoming you after weeks or months of not having seen even a passing sailing ship in the ocean. Then think of what my two young relatives must have thought of that experience and that scene. Imagine the opposite – being met by Malay pirates mounting a full scale attack on your ship and knowing if you fail to fend them off you will disappear from history and lose you life and all the lives on board. James Shewan’s voyage to the Far East ended up taking four years, with my two relatives stopping at various islands along the way and various ports in Australia, China and Japan trading tea and other commodities. In my blog story about my uncle Andrew Shewan, I posited that one of the commodities that they transported and traded was probably opium. I do not know if that is true, but I do know that another great, great, great uncle, Robert Shewan, had started a trading company called Shewan, Tomes & Co. and that company, located in Hong Kong, was known to have traded opium for tea. My great grandfather James Shewan parted company with his uncle somewhere in China or Japan and came back directly from Yokohama to New York in 1869 at the ripe old age of 21. So, by that early age, he had already been stuck in ice in Greenland for three and half months, returned, sailed to Singapore, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Ningbo and Yokohama, among other places, visiting many a port and many an island in that four year period. Now in New York for the first time in this country, James Shewan soon found work as a ship’s carpenter. Then, after only working for four months, he started his own dry dock and ship repair business under the name of Shewan & Palmer. Talk about a start-up company, James was just 21 years old at the time. That business later became Shewan and Jenkins. In 1877, my great grandfather bought out Mr. Jenkins and took over sole ownership of what became Shewan Shipyards. Apparently, from the very beginning, the business grew rapidly and became a major industrial success. It was located in Brooklyn at the foot of 25th, 26th and 27th streets. His shipyards ended up occupying 40 acres of prime waterfront property. Apparently, it was central to all the shipping piers in the Port of New York and it was directly located on the 40 foot wide Bay Ridge Channel connected with the Ambrose Channel. That fortuitous location allowed my great grandfather to repair ships up to 12,000 tons. The ship-building plant included a machine shop, a boiler shop, a joiner shop, a steam forge, cooper and blacksmith shops, and had “every appliance necessary for repairing ocean-going steamships”. It was, in other words, a one stop shop for shipbuilding and repair. By the time of his death, my great grandfather’s business employed regularly over two thousand workers and was one of the busiest firms in New York. Apparently it was fully equipped with “modern electrical lighting” so work could go on day and night. His largest dry dock could lift ships weighing up to 12,000 tons and “was constructed of steel and was of the type adopted by the British Admiralty for docking warships”. In researching this story on my great grandfather, I scanned some old newspapers to learn more about my great grandfather and his business. I came up with some interesting stories: I found two reports of fires that occurred either in my grandfather’s shipyard of nearby. I guess a shipyard has a lot of flammable materials. Then there was the story in the Daily’s News about the odd fact that 17 boxer’s worked in the shipyard. Apparently, three gentlemen, Boer Rodel, Philly MocGovern and Bull Anderson all well-known pugilists of the time, worked in the shipyard. According to the story, the reporter from the Daily News journeyed down to my great grandfather’s shipyard only to be conforting by 7 burly policemen. Upon questioning the policemen, the reporter reported that they said wasn’t get a story that day. Apparently, the shipyard was on strike. There was another interesting story about Sir Thomas Lipton coming to Shewan Shipyards to check out his latest challenger in the America’s Cup Race, The Shamrock IV. Apparently, Sir Thomas was apparently suffering from a cold. Asked by a reporter how he was doing, he replied, “The American doctor’s know how treat colds. They prescribe a pretty girl’s arm around your neck.” Sir Thomas then went on to say, “I have always found Americans anxious to please me and treat me fine. Nothing I have asked has ever been refused.” Above you will a picture of Sir Thomas looking pretty hale and hearty, with no young lady with her arm around his neck. I found another story about Admiral Peary’s daughter, Mrs. Mary Peary Stafford, who came to my great grandfather’s shipyard to christen a new ship. Mrs. Stafford was apparently known as the “Snow Baby” because she was born in the artic on one of Admiral Peary’s expeditions. Anyway, Mrs. Stafford came to christen a ship called “The Peary” which was going to be used by a gentleman named Donald B. McMillan. He was going to use that ship and another ship to chart unexplored territory near the North Pole. At the time, it seemed that there was concern that a new ice age was coming and Donald McMillan went off to the North Pole to investigate. Then there is the not so cheerful story of Elsie Dahl, a pretty 17 old pictured above. Apparently, she was the girlfriend of one of my great grandfather’s employees, a boiler maker. It seems the gentleman named Harry Gleason had an argument with his girlfriend and then shot her to death. That was not the only death that occurred related Shewan shipyard employees. I found several obituaries of iron worker, boiler makers, and even my great grandfather himself. James Shewan died May 7th, 1914 and after that, the business, which had already changed its name to James Shewan and Sons, Inc., was passed on to his two sons, James Shewan, Jr., who acted as President, and my grandfather, Edwin Shewan, who acted as Vice President. According to the book on Scots and their descendants, “The sons received their training from an early age under their father, beginning at the bottom and earning every promotion. There is not a detail of the business of which they do not have a practical knowledge.” In addition to being in shipbuilding and ship repair, my great grandfather was apparently big investor in real estate and his earnings in real estate enabled him to make further investments and improvements in the ship building business. I am not sure everything was bliss and happiness at my great grandfather’s shipyard. I found an article about a strike at the shipyard in Brooklyn Eagle Daily (an old Brooklyn newspaper that stopped publishing in the 1950s). Now, this article appears in 1919 so it was in a period after my great grandfather had died and at a time when the firm was being run by my great, great uncle, James Shewan, Jr. & and my grandfather Edwin Shewan. Apparently, they were having some difficulty in getting workers to come back – see the article below. I believe my great, great uncle and my grandfather backed down and settled the strike quickly and the 1,000 or so iron workers soon went back to work. I would think managing a shipyard with over 2,000 workers had many challenges, especially when it happened to be a time when the shipyard was doing work for the Navy. It is my understanding that they had a contract to repair and outfit the Atlantic fleet during World War I. Now that must have been quite a contract. In 1870 my great grandfather married a lady named Ellen Curry. She was born in Cardiff, South Wales. She was “a most congenial and inspiring companion” and she and my great grandfather had a total of five children, two sons – James and Edwin – and three daughters – Nellie, Agnes and Ada. The whole family spent their summers in a house on the Hudson which they called “Inverugie” after a small town in Scotland. The original “Inverugie” was a 12th century castle two miles from Peterhead, Scotland, near where James Shewan was born. In the winters they headed back to New York City where they had a townhouse. Apparently, my great grandfather had several different homes. Perhaps, some of these houses were part of his “real estate investments”. Finally, according to “Scots and Scots’ Descendants”: “Mrs. Shewan is a gracious and generous mother, and kindly and hospitable to the many friends of the family…Mr. Shewan was a genuine Scot, broad-minded and warm-hearted, fond of golf and of all out-door sports. Notwithstanding his busy life, he improved his mind by reading and by extensive travel, so he was well-posted on all literary subjects, especially history. He made many tours in Great Britian and on the Continent. In his own car, always accompanied by his esteemed wife and charming daughters, who were his constant companions. His home-life was most refined and hospitable; and he delighted in entertaining his many friends on his private golf links at ‘Inverugie’. He was a member of St. Andrews Society of the State of New York and had all the qualities of the Scottish race, which he exhibited in his daily life. He took a friendly interest in his employees and was greatly respected by the army of workmen whom he employed and applied in his business the ethics of the Presbyterian faith in which he was brought up and lived.” This somewhat flowery description of my great grandfather can only make me wonder what sort of a man he really was? I am guessing his early years of sea-faring and working in the ship repair business gave him a lot of “can do” confidence. I am guessing he was a serious gentleman, stern in his bearing, upright and maybe somewhat rigid in his judgments. I am guessing he was a man very sure of himself and sure of the responsibilities and duties that he had as the owner of a large industrial firm. I have a hard time imagining what it would have been like to manage 2,000 employees. In our two little business – Sea Eagle Boats & Panther Martin lures, I find it is complicated enough just to manage the 30 employees we presently have. I can only imagine that James Shewan and his sons had many challenges in managing their workers. The men must of had their opinions about their work, many loving it, and no doubt, some hating it. I can only think trying to keep 2,000 people working the way you think they should work must have been a true trial. In closing, you might ask what happened to the great fortune my great grandfather and his son amassed. Sadly, it is all gone. I do have his really nice 150 year old wooden desk, a very nice Chinese bowl, a marble-topped piece of furniture dating back to Louis the XIV and strangely, the original corporate seal of Shewan Shipyards. The forty acres in Brooklyn are now the property of others. The extensive docks and shops and ship-building facilities are now all presumably torn down. And what that part of Brooklyn looks like today is mystery. Never having met my great grandfather, I cannot say if all the above is true to his real personality and real character. But in looking at his picture at the top of this story, I can say he certainly looks the part of an upstanding and righteous acting gentleman. Considering what I know of the history of his later descendants, I am struck by the fact the families can rise to great wealth in one or two generations and then fall into relative poverty one or two generations later. I am also pleased to say that it is possible for families and descendants of those families to rise again. Perhaps that is the fate of many a family with some who are fortunate and others who are not.
3199	dbpedia	1	37	http://www.thethistlearchive.net/james-donald	en	The Thistle Archive	http://www.thethistlearchive.net/local--favicon/favicon.gif	http://www.thethistlearchive.net/local--favicon/favicon.gif	[ "http://thethistlearchive.wdfiles.com/local--files/images/yany2.jpg", "http://thethistlearchive.wdfiles.com/local--files/images/ptfc-player.jpg", "http://thethistlearchive.wdfiles.com/local--files/images/scotland.jpg", "http://thethistlearchive.wdfiles.com/local--files/images/bio.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null		en	/local--favicon/favicon.gif		null	James Donald was described as “the clever Vale of Leven forward” during his time at the club in 1916. He started his career at Vale Allandale, before moving to Vale of Leven. During his time at the Alexandria based club, James played a couple of trial matches for the Jags, the first in the Glasgow and District Midweek League against Kilmarnock at Firhill on 4 March 1913, the away side winning by 3 goals to nil. His second and final contest in Thistle colours was at the end of the 1914-15 season, when he played against Celtic in the Glasgow Charity Cup Final at Firhill. The match ended 1-1, but Celtic won 4-3 on corners. James played in the outside right position in both matches. A report in the Daily Record of 20 January 1916 stated that James had joined the Army Service Corps. After the war, James returned to Vale of Leven, and subsequently went on to play for Nithsdale Wanderers. On account of his service during WWI, James is included in our feature piece, The Partick Thistle returned →.
3199	dbpedia	2	58	https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Great-Clans-of-Scotland/	en	The Great Clans of Scotland	https://www.historic-uk.…-of-scotland.jpg	https://www.historic-uk.…-of-scotland.jpg	[ "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/great-clans-of-scotland-2800x1440.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/themes/historic/assets/img/social/facebook.png", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/themes/historic/assets/img/social/twitter.png", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/scottishclanmap.png?1390900089", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanbaird.jpg?1390900083", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanbruce.jpg?1390900083", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartancockburn.jpg?1390900084", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartancunningham.jpg?1390900084", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartandalziel.jpg?1390900084", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartandouglas.jpg?1390900085", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartaneliot.jpg?1390900085", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanerskine.jpg?1390900085", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanfletcher.jpg?1390900085", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartangow.jpg?1390900086", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanhamilton.jpg?1390900086", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanhay.jpg?1390900086", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanhenderson.jpg?1390900086", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanjohnstone.jpg?1390900086", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanlennox.jpg?1390900087", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanleslie.jpg?1390900087", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanmacdonell.jpg?1390900087", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/macdougal.jpg?1390900087", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanmacquarrie.jpg?1390900088", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanmaclean.jpg?1390900088", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanmalcolm.jpg?1390900088", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartannapier.jpg?1390900088", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanrobertson.jpg?1390900088", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanrose.jpg?1390900089", "https://www.historic-uk.com/assets/Images/tartanwallace.jpg?1390900089", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/tartan-symbol-of-clan.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/scottish-sporran.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/scottish-pipers-piper-laidlaw.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/highland-bagpipes.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/highland-clearances.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/highland-dancing.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/scottish-wedding-trad.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/the-unicorn-scotland-banner-scaled.jpg", "https://www.historic-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/highland-clans-scotland-1024x527.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	2017-01-04T21:27:32+00:00	Each year almost 50,000 people from across the world meet in Edinburgh, to celebrate Scottish culture and heritage. At the annual Clan Gathering, thousands line the Royal Mile to watch the Great Clans of Scotland proudly parading through the capital.	en	https://www.historic-uk.…10x310-32x32.png	Historic UK	https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Great-Clans-of-Scotland/	Each year almost 50,000 people from at least 40 countries across the world meet in Scotland’s capital city Edinburgh, to celebrate Scottish culture, heritage and family history. At the annual Clan Gathering, thousands of people line the Royal Mile to watch the Great Clans of Scotland proudly parading through the ancient streets of the nation’s capital with pipes sounding and drums beating the march. Many of the clans represented have a rich history, such as those featured in our listing below. Baird: From the 13th century this surname has been associated with Lanarkshire and also with the Aberdeen and Banff regions. Important families of that name appear from the 14th century. The Bairds have long been prominent in the legal profession as well as in national affairs. John Baird was appointed Lord of Session with the title Lord Newbyth in the 17th century. General Sir David Baird (1737 – 1829) entered the Army in 1772 and served in India from 1780; he was severely wounded and taken prisoner by Hyder Ali. He captured Pondicherry in 1793 and Seringapatam in 1799 and made a famous march across the desert from the Red Sea to the River Nile in 1801. He commanded an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope in 1805. Family motto – Dominus fecit (God Made). Bruce: The Bruces are descended from a Norman Knight who arrived in England with William the Conqueror in 1066. The name Bruce derives from an area of land in Normandy, France, now called Brix. The Bruces held important lordships in the north of England and a branch of the family settled in Annandale in the 12th century. King Robert the Bruce (1274 – 1329), was crowned King of Scotland in 1306. In that same year he was defeated at Methven, and took refuge in Rathlin. From 1307 he was actively engaged harrying the English, and in 1314 won a decisive victory over Edward II at Bannockburn. Bruce consolidated his kingdom and the war with England was closed by the Treaty of Northampton in 1328. Bruce died at Cardross the following year. Family motto – Fuimus (We have been). Cockburn: The Cockburns are a Border Clan. The surname derives from a place name near Duns, in Berwickshire. Sir Alexander Cockburn de Langton became Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland in 1390. Sir Alexander’s son, also Sir Alexander, was created Great Usher in the Scots Parliament. The Cockburns were staunch supporters of Mary Queen of Scots, and in 1568 lost their castle at Skirling, in Midlothian as a consequence of this. Sir Alex J E Cockburn, the eminent Judge, was appointed Solicitor-General in 1850, Chief Justice in 1858 and Lord Chief Justice of England in 1859. He presided over many of the most important and notorious trials in Victorian England, including the famous Tichborne trial in 1873. Family motto – Accendit cantu (He excites us with song). Cunningham: The family takes its name from the district of Cunningham in Ayrshire. The name derives from the Saxon “cuinneag” meaning “milk pail” along with “ham” meaning “village”. In the 12th century, the lands of Kilmaurs in Ayrshire were granted to a Norman named Warnebald, whose descendants adopted the territorial name Cunningham. The Cunninghams received additional lands thanks to their support of Robert the Bruce. It was King James III that granted Sir William Cunningham the titles of Lord Kilmaurs in 1462 and later earl of Glencairn in 1488. In 1653, the 9th Earl of Glencairn raised an army in support of Charles II. After the Restoration in 1660, Charles II appointed him Lord Chancellor.Family motto – Over Fork Over. Dalziel: The family takes its name from Dalziel in Lanarkshire. Thomas de Dalziel swore allegiance to King Edward I of England in 1296, but later, appears to have changed sides and fought alongside King Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn. It was a Robert Dalziel who was created Lord Dalzell in 1628. Gen. Sir Thomas Dalzell fought for Charles I during the Civil War. After the Battle of Worcester in 1651, he was captured and sent to the Tower of London. He escaped the following year and subsequently traveled to Russia, where he served the Tsar as a general of cavalry against the Turks and Poles. He returned in 1666, when he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the forces in Scotland by Charles II. He was the first Colonel of the Scots Greys, the regiment that defeated the Covenanters at the Battle of Rullion Green. Family motto – I Dare. Douglas: One of the most powerful families in Scotland, the first documented Douglas was a William de Douglas in the 12th century in Morayshire. Although a much earlier origin of the name is thought to derive from the Gaelic dubhghlais meaning ‘black water’. In 1330 “Good Sir James Douglas” was killed in Spain, attempting to take Robert the Bruce’s heart on a crusade to the Holy Land. In the 14th century the Earldom of Douglas was created, and William, the first holder was also Earl of Mar. From his son were descended the Earls of Angus and the Queensbury branch. James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton succeeded to the title and estates in 1553. He was prominent in the assignation of Rizzio, and joined forces against Mary Queen of Scots. In 1572 he was elected Regent of Scotland, but in 1581 was beheaded for his alleged part in the Darnley Conspiracy. Family motto – Jamais arrière (Never behind). Elliot: The Elliots are one of the great ‘riding clans’ of the Scottish Borders. Their arrival in Teviotdale can be traced back to the reign of Robert the Bruce. James the 15th Chief was killed with James IV at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. From 1565, a bloody clan feud developed between the Elliots and the Scotts, after Scott of Buccleugh executed four Elliots for stealing cattle. The Elliot family held the lands of Reheugh, Larriston, Arkleton and Stobs. From the Stobs branch were descended Lord Heathfield, and Gilbert Elliot who was Governor-General of India. George Armstrong Eliott was appointed Governor of Gibraltar in 1775, and his four years’ defence of the Rock (1779 – 1783) is one of the most glorious achievements in British history. In 1787 he was created Lord Heathfield and Baron Gibraltar. Family motto – Fortiter et recte (With strength and right). Erskine: The family takes its name from the lands of Erskine in Renfrewshire, just south of the River Clyde, which was held by Henry de Erskine in the reign of Alexander II. The Erskines were supporters of Robert the Bruce, and it was Bruce’s son, David II, that appointed Sir Robert de Erskine Keeper of Stirling Castle. Robert later became Lord Great Chamberlain of Scotland 1350 – 1357. His grandson was created Lord Erskine and from this branch was descended the Earls of Kellie. The 6th Lord Erskine was granted the Earldom of Mar in 1565, known as “Bobbing John” for his regular switching of loyalties; after raising an army of over ten thousand for James VIII, he led the Jacobite Rising of 1715. Family motto – Je Pense Plus (I think more). Fletcher: The name originates from the French fleche meaning arrow. Families of that name are found all over Scotland as they followed the clan for whom they made the arrows, so we find them associated in Argyllshire with the Campbells and the Stewarts, and in Perthshire with the MacGregors. The famous Scottish patriot Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun (1653 – 1716), strongly opposed the Act of Union which in 1707 dissolved the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh, of which he was a member, and merged it with the English Parliament at Westminster. During the 1745 Jacobite Uprising, Fletchers fought on both sides. In the early 1800’s, hundreds of Fletcher clansmen and women were cleared from the Scottish Highlands by the Campbells of Breadalbane to make way for sheep grazing with many emigrating overseas. Family motto – Dieu pour nous (God for us) Gow: The name Gow derives from the Gaelic gobha, meaning armourer or blacksmith, and the son of the smith would therefore be Mac gobhann, known today as MacGowan. The Gows are a part of the Clan Chattan. At the Clan Battle fought on the North Inch of Perth in 1396, the hero of the fight was the Gobha Chrom – the crooked smith – said to be “small in stature, bandy legged, but fierce” he together with nine members of the Clan Chattan were all that remained alive when the battle was over. Neil Gow, the Prince of Scottish Fiddlers, was born at the Perthshire town of Inver in 1727. He was a born musician and his services were in great demand for the fashionable gatherings throughout Scotland and England. He was especially renowned for his reels and strathspeys and many of his own compositions remain popular to the present day. Family motto – Touch not the cat bot a glove. Hamilton: This family is said to be descended from Walter Fitz Gilbert, who was granted the lands of Cadzow by Robert the Bruce. James of Cadstow was created Lord Hamilton in 1445, and married Princess Mary, the daughter of James II in 1474.Their son was created Earl of Arran in 1503, and stood next in line to the crown of Scotland. The 4th Earl of Arran became the keeper of both Edinburgh and Stirling Castles, and was created a Marquess in 1599. For his support of King Charles I, the third Marquess was created a Duke in 1643. In 1648 the Duke led a Scottish Army into England, but was defeated at the Battle of Preston by the troops of Oliver Cromwell. Together with his king he was beheaded in London in 1649. Family motto – Through. Hay: The family of Hay has many branches through Scotland, and can trace their history back to the Norman princes de La Haye who were part of William the Conqueror’s army that swept into England in 1066. Sir William Hay was created Earl of Errol in 1453, and this branch held the office of Hereditary Constable of Scotland from the time of King Robert the Bruce. The family still retains that title, giving them precedence in Scotland second only to the royal family. In the 15th century, Sir Gilbert Hay fought alongside Joan of Arc in France. On returning to Scotland, Sir Gilbert was killed alongside King James IV and many other Scots at the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Supporters of Mary Queen of Scots, the Hays rejected the Reformation. In 1806 Charles Hay, son of John Hay of Cocklaw, was raised to the Bench with the title of Lord Newton. Family motto – Serva jugum (Keep the yoke). Henderson and Mackendrick: The name Henderson is in Gaelic mac Eanruig (son of Henry), sometimes anglicised to McHenry, Henryson, Mackendrick, etc. The clan claim descent from the Pictish prince Big Henry, son of King Nechtan, who arrived in Kinlochleven, just north of Glencoe around 900AD. Renowned for their size and strength, the Hendersons became the personal body guards of the chief of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe and suffered the consequences of this in 1692 at the bloody Massacre of Glencoe. Alexander Henderson was the most prominent Presbyterian divine of his time, drafting the Solemn League and Covenant in 1643. He later became Moderator of the Church of Scotland and is buried in Greyfriar’s churchyard, Edinburgh. Family motto – Sola virtus nobilitat (Virtue alone enobles). Johnstone: There are several “John’s towns” in Scotland, however the earliest record of it being used as a surname is in 1174 by one John of Johnstone in Annadale, Dumfrieshire. Later in 1296, Sir John of Johnstone of Dumfries pledged allegiance to King Edward I of England. Although at that time Perth was known as St Johnston and an area of East Lothian was called Jonystoun it was the fighting Johnstons of the Western Borders who would become the most powerful group of Johnstons in Scotland. During the Civil War, the Clan Johnstone supported the Royalist cause of King Charles. In 1633, King Charles I rewarded this loyalty by granting the title of lordship to the Johnstone chief. By the 1700’s the Clan Chief of the Johnstones had been elevated even further, from the rank of Lord to Earl of Annadale and Secretary of State. Family motto – Nunquam non paratus (Never unprepared). Lennox: Lennox was one of the ancient divisions of Scotland, and comprised the present county of Dumbarton, with portions of Stirling, Perth and Renfrew. The Sheriffdom of the district was granted to Mathew, Earl of Lennox in 1511. Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley (1545 – 1567) was the second son of the Earl of Lennox. He was created Duke of Albany and in 1565 he married Queen Mary, who had him proclaimed King of Scotland. The marriage was an unhappy one, and his part in the murder of Rizzio estranged him from the Queen. He was on the point of leaving the country when he was murdered at the Kirk-o’-Field in 1567. He was the father of the future King James VI and I. Family motto – I’ll defend. Leslie: The clan takes its name from Leslie in Aberdeenshire where it was firmly established by the 12th century. George Leslie of Leslie was created Earl of Rothes in 1447. Later Leslies took up the career of professional soldiering, fighting in Germany, France and Sweden. Alex Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven, served in the Swedish Army for 30 years. He was knighted by King Gustavus Adolphos of Sweden in 1606, and appointed Field Marshall some years later. Returning to Scotland he commanded the Covenanting Army but was defeated by Cromwell at the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. After the restoration of the monarchy he was created Lord Newark. In 1680 the 7th Earl of Rothes became Lord Chancellor of Scotland. Family motto – Grip fast. ADVERTISEMENT MacDonell or MacDonald of Clanranald: The largest of the Highland clans, the Norse-Gaelic Clan Ranald was descended from Ranald, son of John, Lord of the Isles. The Lord of the Isles had its own parliament and at one time was powerful enough to challenge the kings of Scotland. Their territory was principally along Scotland’s northwest coast. In the Wars of Scottish Independence the MacDonalds fought alongside Robert the Bruce. Following the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, King Robert the Bruce proclaimed that Clan Donald would always occupy the honoured position on the right wing of the Scottish army. The MacDonalds were involved in both the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite Uprisings. Bonnie Prince Charlie even landed in Clanranald territory in 1745, and it was Flora MacDonald who helped him escape to Skye after his crushing defeat at the Battle of Culloden the following year. Family motto – Per mare per terras (By sea and by land), also My hope is constant in thee. MacDougal or MacDougall: The Clan MacDougal is descended from the eldest son Dougal or Dugald, of the princely House of Somerled, King of the Hedbrides. As eldest son, Dougal inherited his father’s lands in Argyll and Lorn, as well as the islands of Mull, Jura, Tiree and Lismore. Through marriage the MacDougalls were related to the Clan Comyn, so when Robert the Bruce murdered the Red Comyn in his bid to become king, a bloody feud erupted. In the 17th century during the Civil War the clan supported the Royalist cause, which led to them losing much of their lands; these were subsequently returned when the Stuart monarchy was restored. The MacDougalls built Ardchattan Priory near to Oban in Argyll, and the clan chiefs were buried there until the early 1700’s. Family motto – Buaidh no bas (To conquer or die). MacQuarrie: The ancestral home of the Clan MacQuarrie is the tiny Inner Hebridean island of Ulva, off Scotland’s northwest coast. The first recorded Clan Chief was John Macquarrie of Ulva, who died in 1473. In 1651 the clan suffered heavily at the Battle of Inverkeithing. Supporters of King Charles II of England, the Scots Royalist forces were decimated by the well disciplined Parliamentarian New Model Army of the English. Allan Macquarrie of Ulva, chief of the Clan MacQuarrie and most of his followers were killed in the battle. Maj-Gen Lachlan MacQuarrie joined the Black Watch in 1777, and after serving in North America, India and Egypt was appointed Governor of the convict settlement of New South Wales. The colony was in a critical condition when he arrived, but under his wise government the colony prospered. Known as the Father of Australia, he laid out Sydney, but in 1821 was forced to return to Britain due to ill health. Family motto – Turris fortis mihi Deus (God is to me a tower of strength). Maclean: Tradition tells that this powerful clan was descended from Gilleain-nan-Tuagh (Gillian of the Battle Axe), a descendant of the Kings of Dalriada. Gillian fought against King Haakon of Norway at the Battle of Largs in 1263. The first recorded mention of the Macleans of Duart is in a Papal Dispensation of 1367, which allowed the Maclean Clan Chief to marry Mary MacDonald, the daughter of the Lord of the Isles. The Isle of Mull off Scotland’s northwest coast was the principal home of the clan, with the MacDonald dowry supplying the funds to purchase substantial parcels of the island. The Macleans supported King Charles I against the Parliamentarians. Sir Hector Ruadh Maclean and five hundred of his clansmen were slain at the Battle of Inverkeithing in 1651 by Cromwell’s New Model Army. In 1876 Sir Harry Maclean resigned his commission in the British Army to join the army of the Sultan of Morocco. He enjoyed a romantic career and became military leader and personal advisor to the Sultan. Family motto – Virtue Mine Honour. Malcolm: The family of Malcolm had settled in the counties of Stirling, Dumbarton and Argyll by the 14th century. The name however, derives from a much earlier date, to the followers of the Irish Saint Columba who established the first monastery on the Scottish Isle of Iona. ‘Maol’ derives from the gaelic meaning ‘shaven head’ or ‘monk’, and so ‘Maol Chalum’ is a monk, or disciple of Columba. In the 18th century the chief of the Clan MacCallum, Dugald MacCallum of Poltalloch adopted the name Malcolm. It is unclear why Dugald did this, but it could be that he considered the two names interchangeable, perhaps through distant ancestral links. Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm entered the Royal Navy in 1778, and in 1798 captured three Spanish gunboats in Manila Bay. While Commander-in-Chief of the St.Helena Station, 1816-17, he won the ‘warm regard’ of Napoleon. Family motto – In ardua petit (He aims at difficult things). Napier: Tradition says the Napiers were descended from the old Celtic Earls of Lennox. It is thought that the name derives from the occupational name of “naperer”, one who looked after the linen in the royal household. John de Napier is first named in a land charter of 1280.These lands at Kilmahew in Dunbartonshire were subsequently held by Napiers for 18 generations, before finally being sold in 1820. John assisted in the defence of Stirling Castle in 1303, and a descendent went on to become Governor of Edinburgh Castle in 1401. The 7th Laird of Merchsiton, John Napier, (1550-1617) is famous for inventing a hydraulic screw for clearing coal pits of water, a calculating machine, a battle tank or two, and the system of logarithms that so revolutionised mathematics. His son Archibald accompanied James VI to London in 1603 when he became king of England. Family motto – Sans tache (Without stain). Robertson: The Robertsons, or Clan Donnachaidh (children of Duncan), were descended from the Celtic Earls of Atholl, who in turn were from a line of the kings of Dalriada. ‘Stout Duncan’ was a minor land-owner and clan chief in Highland Perthshire in the early 1300’s. Although the clan appears to have been loyal to the Bruce and Stewart royal dynasties, they also earned a reputation as raiders and feuders in medieval Scotland. The change of name can be dated to the fourth chief of Clann Dhonnchaidh, Robert Riabhach (Grizzled) Duncanson. It was Robert who tracked down, and brought to justice, the murderers of King James I in 1437. The Robertsons were involved in both the 1715 and 1745 Jacobite Uprisings. During the 18th and early 19th centuries the Robertson Chiefs refused to ‘clear’ their fellow clansmen in favour of the more profitable sheep. Family motto – Garg ‘n uair dhuisgear (fierce when roused). Rose: The chief branch of the clan was the Roses of Kilravock who are recorded in Inverness in the 13th century, and the charter confirming the possession of the Barony on Kilravock is dated 1293. The family is Norman in origin, and settled in Scotland after a brief period in England. The Roses were supporters of Robert the Bruce, and it was Sir William Rose in 1306 that captured Invernairn Castle for him during the Scottish Wars of Independence. Kilravock Castle was built by Hugh Rose, the 7th Laird in 1460. During the Jacobite Uprising the Clan Rose supported the British government. Sir Hugh Rose (1803-1885) was in command of the Central Field Force during the Indian Mutiny, where he fought many successful actions, capturing 150 pieces of artillery, taking 20 forts, capturing Ratghur, Shanghur, Chundehree, Jhansi and Calpese. His skill and daring were largely responsible for saving Britain’s Indian Empire. Family motto – Constant and true.
3199	dbpedia	3	14	https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-james-donald-1461472.html	en	Obituary: James Donald	https://www.independent.…icon-192x192.png	https://www.independent.…icon-192x192.png	[ "https://static.independent.co.uk/static-assets/images/newsletter/breaking-news/breaking-news-thumb.png", "https://www.independent.co.uk/img/icons/google.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "Aberdeen", "Actors And Actresses", "Theatre", "Old Vic Theatre", "Internal" ]	null	[ "Adam Benedick" ]	1993-08-15T23:02:00+00:00	James Robert MacGeorge Donald, actor: born Aberdeen 18 May 1917; married; died West Tytherley, Wiltshire 3 August 1993.	en	/img/shortcut-icons/favicon.ico	The Independent	https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-james-donald-1461472.html	James Robert MacGeorge Donald, actor: born Aberdeen 18 May 1917; married; died West Tytherley, Wiltshire 3 August 1993. BEFORE the post-war cinema took him under its wing, James Donald had been flying as high in the West End theatre as any young actor of his generation. Tall, lean, dark, intelligent-looking, he seemed to have a care for language and a sharp-edged humour which might lead him to the top in a theatrical era ruled by Gielgud, Olivier, Redgrave and Co. Could he be one of tomorrow's men? He had sensitivity and elegance. In some quarters his appeal was rated in the same breath as Scofield's, Burton's, Alan Badel's. There was something Byronic, thoughtful, unpredictable and refreshing in this churchman's son who had quit Scotland and a flirtation with academia (McGill and Edinburgh universities) for that least-known of theatrical quantities, the London Theatre Studio run for the Old Vic by that intellectual offshoot of the avant-garde French theatre, Michel Saint-Denis. Saint-Denis was a sort of saint to intelligent young theatrical aspirants: a purist, an inspiration and utterly indifferent to the needs of the 'commercial' theatre. Very few of his students ever came to anything. In the days before subsidy and angry young men and social realism, it was Hugh (Binkie) Beaumont who ruled the British stage; but there was still the Old Vic. After appearing in two of Saint-Denis' pre-war productions, Bulgakov's The White Guard, and Twelfth Night (with Michael Redgrave and Peggy Ashcroft) at the Phoenix, Donald found himself with a small part in Granville-Barker's 1940 production of Lear for Gielgud at the Old Vic and the not exactly onerous but surely honourable task of understudying Gielgud. When the Old Vic was bombed out of the Waterloo Road, Donald toured as the supercilious young servant Yasha to Athene Seyler's Ranevska in The Cherry Orchard and, after the Old Vic's London seasons at the New, in St Martin's Lane, moved over to the Haymarket Theatre to join Noel Coward's company in 1943. There Donald's success as the comically sanctimonious playwright in Present Laughter put him on the map. Some said he upstaged the self-indulgent Coward himself (as the matinee idol) by remaining so intensely serious as the indignant young writer with the endearing, grating voice. It was his baptism as a Haymarket actor, and though the bright young men of the next generation might sneer at the label, not all the Haymarket plays in the 1940s and 1950s were 'safe' or 'cosy' or 'elegant'. Indeed, Cocteau's The Eagle Has Two Heads, in which Donald played the lover-assassin of Eileen Herlie's Ruritanian queen was a test of everybody's patience, with her record-breaking first-act speech judged by the stop-watches rather than dramatic interest; but Donald, a good listener, knew how to share the romantic limelight tactfully. His next West End performance came 'by kind permission of Metro- Goldwyn Mayer' in Shaw's You Never Can Tell (Wyndham's) before his greatest break of all a few months later at - where else? - the Haymarket. In Henry James's sad story he was the cad who, having courted the 'plain' young spinster (Peggy Ashcroft) for her fortune, jilts her. When he comes calling again she turns him down flat. She too has learnt how to be cruel. It was one of Ashcroft's greatest nights, but somehow Donald found a touch of pathos for the worthless lover; and so Laurence Olivier gave him the title-role opposite the adored Diana Wynyard in his next production as actor-manager at the St James's, a new play by a new playwright, Denis Cannan's Captain Carvallo. It was a high comedy of verbal exuberance and Shavian fancy, and it clinched Donald's reputation as one of the West End's most fashionable actors. If there was no limelight left for him (or anybody else) to share with Edith Evans in Christopher Fry's The Dark is Light Enough (Aldwych, 1954), his career in films as men of conscience rather than action - The Small Voice (1948), Trottie True (1949), White Corridors (1951), The Gift Horse (1952), Beau Brummell (1954) - was by then going strong. He also ventured into theatrical management with his wife while continuing as an occasional Haymarket actor (The Doctor's Dilemma, The Wings of the Dove) in an era of sharply changing theatrical tastes. Firing from the West End at Sloane Square and the East End at Stratford East, the enemy of elegant dialogue and elegant acting was at the gates. James Donald was not the only player of his kind to find an outlet in the cinema in the coming decades, as one of its most familiar, reliable and agreeable actors whose character stood for decency and common sense - The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), King Rat (1965), The Jokers (1967), David Copperfield (1969), The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969), Conduct Unbecoming (1975). But it was a long way in more ways than one from the theatrical dreams and schemes provoked by Saint-Denis at the London Theatre Studio in the late 1930s. (Photograph omitted)
3199	dbpedia	0	61	https://www.myheritage.com/names/andrew_donald	en				[]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null					null
3199	dbpedia	2	78	https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/trump200805	en	The Thistle and the Bee	https://media.vanityfair…logo-copilot.jpg	https://media.vanityfair…logo-copilot.jpg	[ "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-header.svg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cc047cfde9250a6c4151a8/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cc047cba5e6f1344ae4734/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cc047cfde9250a6c4151a6/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/54cc047c5e7a91c52823d3a6/master/w_1600%2Cc_limit/image.jpg", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba8794346393c2a77a31e5/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba4edc62c4189f2ceabc7e/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ba5f60346393c2a77a31e0/1:1/w_350%2Ch_350%2Cc_limit/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66b23ab706f250fc28154467/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66b0fbc7c61ae434d836b289/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66b79fd9c133f9f18f5af8e2/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://media.vanityfair.com/photos/66ace86413107422272f86c2/1:1/pass/undefined", "https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair/assets/logo-small-white.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "donald trump" ]	null	[ "Alex Shoumatoff", "Bess Levin", "Eric Lutz", "Molly Jong-Fast", "Katie Herchenroeder", "Erin Vanderhoof", "Condé Nast" ]	2008-04-02T00:00:00-04:00	Donald Trump wants to put a luxury golf resort on a gloriously unspoiled swath of Scottish seacoast. His plan has come under fire by environmental activists and led to a battle that has reached the highest levels of government. Plus, he's up against another character: local ﬁsherman Michael Forbes.	en	https://www.vanityfair.com/verso/static/vanity-fair-global/assets/favicon.ico	Vanity Fair	https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2008/05/trump200805	Donald Trump is on the phone, and he is pumped. “Alex, my man. I bought the most beautiful piece of land in Europe: the Great Dunes, in northeastern Scotland.” (Only the Donald, it should be pointed out, calls them “the Great Dunes.” Not that they aren’tat—they’re fantastic—but they’re actually called the Menie dunes.) “Fourteen hundred acres with 3.8 miles of beachfront, just north of Aberdeen, which is the oil capital of Europe. The dunes are considered to be S.S.S.I., which means scientifically important something”—a Site of Special Scientific Interest—“and that you sort of can’t touch them. It’s like going in and ripping down a landmark building in New York. But I’m going to build a world-class golf course in the dunes and another 18 holes on the property, plus a tremendous hotel with 450 rooms, 500 homes, 950 condos, and 36 golf villas. I’ll know at the end of the month if I get the zoning. If Jack Nicklaus tried to do this he’d have zero chance, but they like what I’ve done, and because I am who I am and my mother is Scottish—between you and me, Alex, I’m going to get it. THE DONALD: “Royal Aberdeen Golf Club,” he continues, “where they just had the Open”—not quite: Royal Aberdeen has never hosted the British Open, but the Senior Open was played there in 2005—“is just down the road. Its front nine is in the dunes, and it’s generally considered to be the best in golf. But Royal Aberdeen’s dunes are nothing compared to mine. The dunes are just starting to rise at Royal Aberdeen, and they peak on my property. My dunes are the highest on the whole Scottish coast. So imagine how great the course is going to be. I’ve hired Martin Hawtree to design it. He’s a consultant for the Royal & Ancient at St. Andrews. And he’s from that part of the world, which is important.” Trump and I have an improbable friendship that began with a round of golf we played at Winged Foot, the famous course in Mamaroneck, New York, 10 years ago. I was writing about the invasion of the megabucksters, the turnover from old Wasp gentry to new money in my hometown, Bedford, in northern Westchester County. Trump had bought the magnificent Eugene Meyer estate (Meyer made The Washington Post a world-class newspaper) and had applied to build a luxury golf-course development on its 213 acres. Even the new-money Bedfordites were not happy about it. I needed to talk to Trump and, knowing that he plays golf, I suggested doing it on the golf course. He thought it was a great idea and invited me to join him at Winged Foot, which he belongs to. Joe Pesci was supposed to join us, but he didn’t show, so Trump and I set off with an old caddie lugging both our bags. I rose to the occasion, at one point stiffing a five-wood 210 yards to within eight feet of the pin, but Trump is a ferocious competitor and put his ball even closer. No matter how well I hit my shot, his was always better. We had a game. I put the pressure on, and he ended up shooting a 71, which was the lowest score he had ever carded at Winged Foot, and he was ecstatic about it. The 18th hole, one of the most fearsome closing holes in golf, Trump calmly birdied, like it was nothing. (I flew my six-iron approach into a trap and was out of contention.) We shook hands, and he said, “I just wanted to finish with a bird, Alex, to impress on your frigging gourd that the Trumpster can play.” Since then Trump has married the model Melania Knauss, his third wife, and they have a son, Barron, his fifth child. He also became a global television star, firing aspiring young employees on The Apprentice. When I called to tell him that Vanity Fair wanted me to look into the local furor over his proposed golf course in Scotland, he asked—I could feel his almost child-like excitement growing, even on the phone—“Do you think they’re going to put me on the cover?” Trump tells people he’s been on the cover of Vanity Fair twice, but it was only once, with his second wife, Marla Maples, and their child, Tiffany, in 1994. I told him, “That’s something I have absolutely no control over, but I hope they do.” Trump didn’t get to do the golf course in Bedford, because its pesticides and fertilizers would have run off into Byram Lake, which provides drinking water for three towns. Even Trump can be shot down, but it doesn’t happen very often, and when you have as big a stack of chips as he does, it doesn’t matter if you lose a hand or two. He went on to build two fantastic Trump National golf courses—one nearby in Briarcliff, the other in Bedminster, New Jersey. When I asked him about Bedford, he said he decided not to do the golf course because it would have cut into the profits at Briarcliff. Instead, he’s going to build 24 houses on the land and sell them for $20 million each. Trump does not admit defeat. My conversation with Trump took place last November, and the Scottish project was looking pretty good. The local population was overwhelmingly in favor of it, and the Scottish government in Edinburgh seemed to be all for it, except for Scottish Natural Heritage, the government’s environmental protection agency, which is concerned about the S.S.S.I. being invaded and the spectacular mobile-dune system being stabilized and grassed over with fairways and greens. There’s also a local fisherman, Michael Forbes, who has 23 acres in the middle of Trump’s 1,400 acres that he refuses to sell to Trump for any price—a David and Goliath story that the European and American press has been having a field day with. “What about this Michael Forbes?,” I ask Trump, and he tells me, “Forbes is a wise guy … and now that he’s become well known because he’s fighting Trump, he’s playing it up to the hilt. His property is a mess, and I would like him to clean it up, but it’s in the flatland behind the dunes, and my approvals have nothing to do with it. I own 100 percent of what I need to own. There are people on the outskirts making noise because it’s me, unfortunately, but between you and me, Alex, Forbes is making my land more valuable.” Five months after my conversation with Trump, and a subsequent weeklong trip to Scotland, the fate of the Menie dunes is still undecided. Trump’s project has generated such a passionate response between those opposed to the development and those in favor of it that the Scottish government in Edinburgh has gotten involved, which means that the decision will be made at the national, not the shire, level, ultimately by the Cabinet secretary of finance and sustainable growth. It could come in a few months, or take much longer. I should get this out of the way: I am fond of Trump. Underneath the unbelievable ego, he’s actually a good guy. On the other hand, Graydon Carter, the editor of this magazine, has a history with Trump. Back when he was the editor of Spy magazine, he called Trump a “short-fingered vulgarian,” which Trump is still smarting from. And I love golf. But I’m also passionate about advocating for and documenting natural sites like the Menie dunes and local cultures, which are being obliterated by the modern world. And “ecological sensitivity” is not the first thing that comes to mind when you think of Donald Trump. He doesn’t even believe in global warming. But this is because he is a city boy. The only apparent contact he has with nature is golf and sex. The rest of the time he’s wheeling and dealing and being the Donald. Which is why golf is so important to him. Which he doesn’t even realize. THE HOLDOUT: Michael Forbes, the David to Trump’s Goliath, in the Menie dunes. The battle in Scotland between the Trumpistas and the Dunistas is just a local example of the bigger conflict, playing out all over the world and of crucial importance for the future of the planet, between those who believe that nature—what little of it is left—should be allowed to take its course, that its unfathomable intricacy and complexity cannot be improved upon, and those who believe that the natural world is there for us to exploit and alter to our advantage. Western civilization has basically been in the second, anthropocentric camp since the book of Genesis, which is why, after centuries of relentless destruction, the planet is now in such deep trouble. But try explaining this to Donald Trump. A few days after my conversation with Trump, I am driving down a muddy lane to Mill of Menie, eight miles north of the city of Aberdeen, to Michael Forbes’s farm. I come down to the flats, behind which are the dunes—an imposing, jumbled, hundred-foot wall of grass-tufted sand—and, behind them, the gleaming North Sea. There is a farmhouse with a barn; half a dozen vehicles are being worked on, but on the scale of rustic squalor, it’s unremarkable. Forbes’s 83-year-old mother, Molly, who lives on the property and is handling the press, invited me to come to her house, a neat little white pre-fab that has been called a “trailer.” Forbes, who opens the door, calls it a “chalet.” A plaque beside the door says paradise. “Beautiful spot you have here,” I say to Forbes as we sit down in the living room, and he says, “And Trump wants to ruin it. Every time he’s on television, all he talks about is the golf course. But that’s just camouflage, a blind. It only costs a few million to build a golf course. So why is this a billion-pound project? Because he’s putting in millions of houses. He never says anything about the houses, but we know what it’s all about. That’s what he does, isn’t it? He finds a beautiful place and ruins it. Trump’s mother, Mary MacLeod, was from the Isle of Lewis, 200 miles from here. He says he’s doing this to get back to his roots, but if that was true, why isn’t he ruining the Isle of Lewis?” A bald, mustachioed, 55-year-old reminiscent of the actor Robert Shaw, Forbes is wearing a white wool sweater and has a cast on his left arm, for recent surgery on his arthritic thumb. “The doctor said I was doing too much ruggin’ and rivin’,” he explains in the local Doric dialect, which means too much pulling and forcing of fishnets. “Fishin’ is in my blood. My father and grandfather were salmon fishers, the skippers of a salmon-fishing station on the beach. “But there are no more fish here,” Forbes continues. “This summer all I caught was one salmon and one trout. The dolphins and the seals are chasing them out to sea. And there’s pollution.” For the past 17 years, Forbes has been working at a quarry in nearby Balmedie. “I’m the deputy quarry manager, but I do everything, including manning and repairing the machines. We mine whinstone, which is a type of granite.” I ask Forbes if he’s related to the renowned American Forbeses. “I hope I am,” he replies. “Maybe they’ll give me some help to fight Trump. There’s always been Forbeses on the beach. There was even one called Malcolm. Seemingly, the first Forbes came over from Ireland, before they had a last name,” he explains. “The story goes Queen Bess asked one of them to kill a bear and he came back with three, and she called him Three Bears for Bess, which became Forbes. It happened at Strathdon, 45 minutes from here.” There’s an old Forbes clan motto: “Doe not vaiken sleiping dogs.” Which is just what Trump has done. It’s ironic that Trump’s adversary is called Forbes. Trump was No. 314 on last year’s Forbes billionaires list, with a net worth of $2.9 billion. “Only No. 314, Donny boy?,” I will rib him later, when we are flying down to Palm Beach on his jet. “What’s the matter?” Trump quickly assures me that he is worth $9 billion. “My mother’s a Lamb,” Forbes goes on. “There’s quite a lot of Lambs around this area. The Lambs, Lamberts, and Lambertons have the same tartan as the Forbeses, but without white stripes.” As he is saying this, in from kirk (church) comes Molly, who is as lovely as she sounded over the phone and still spry, mentally and physically. She puts on a pot of tea and brings out some fresh-baked sugar cookies. I ask her if she is local, too, and she says, “No. I was brought up four miles inland. But I know this area. We used to ride down here on our bicycles and play in the halex.” “Halex” is how “hillocks,” the local term for grass-covered dunes, comes out in Doric. “Doric is worse to understand than Gaelic,” explains Forbes. “It’s a language they made up long ago to fool the British.” The general term in Scotland for the crumpled sandy band between the farmland and the beach is “links.” The links are where the game of golf originated, more than 500 years ago. Forbes is obviously very attached to his mother. I can see there is no way Trump is going to get this property while she is alive. “Trump buys people, but for some people it’s not about money,” Forbes says. In fact, the slogan of Sustainable Aberdeenshire, the grassroots organization of 50 or so objectors that was hastily formed to oppose the development, whose celebrities are Forbes and Molly, is “Menie, not money.” Mill of Menie was part of the Menie Estate, which includes an ancient castle in the beech woods above Forbes’s property called Menie House. Forbes explains that the estate was bought by an American lawyer in the oil business named Tom Griffin sometime after the drilling in the North Sea started in the 70s. Griffin stocked the property with pheasant and red-footed partridge and ran it as a hunting lodge. “It was he who first had the idea of turning the place into a golf resort,” Forbes says. “About 10 years ago he started buying up land. The rumor was because he wanted to put the old estate back the way it was, but I was wary even then. “Two years ago,” he goes on, “Griffin sold the land to Trump, and letters went out that Trump wanted to meet all the locals and was inviting us for a meeting at Menie House, but I didn’t go, because I wasn’t interested in selling. Trump was here for three days—this was last year. On the third day I was mending my nets at home, and Tom Griffin came to me and said, ‘Donald Trump wants to talk to you,’ and Trump came over all nicey-nicey. By this time, Neil Hobday [a developer Trump hired as his project manager] and his fiancée, posing as husband and wife who were trying to pick up a bargain vacation home—he was using the name Peter White—had been going around and asking them to sell, and when they came here, my wife said, ‘Get f—.’ ” (Hobday says this approach is standard commercial practice: “If I turned up and said, ‘Hello, I’m from the Trump Organization … ‘”) “The rumor is he tried to do a golf resort of his own and went bust and he left the local people with thousands of pounds of unpaid bills, then turned up here. “Three months ago, I got [an initial] letter from Trump’s solicitor offering me £350,000 for my place, lock, stock, and barrel. It was a nasty letter, demanding the place. So I stuffed it back in the envelope and wrote on the outside, ‘Take your insult and shove it and do not bother me again,’ and popped it into the postbox up at Menie Estate, and that’s when everything went mental. They stopped my access to the beach. By then Hobday, George Sorial”—Trump’s director of international development in New York—“and another lad had met Mother and me and started apologizing for the disruption that was going to be caused by all the machinery. They offered to move us to Blackdog,” a big rock three miles down the coast, so named because it seems to howl in the wind, “but it’s a dump, with methane gas coming out all over the place. I said no, then they offered to jack up the house and move me and Mother to the other side of the highway. I said no, and they said, ‘We’ll give you a job,’ but they wouldn’t say what it was and no money was mentioned. It could have been cleaning Trump’s toilets. The paper said I was offered a hundred thousand pounds a year for the rest of my life and that I demanded a million pounds for my property, which is rubbish. The only thing I demanded was to be left in peace. “Then the board of environmental health came and had a look around and said there was nothing wrong,” Forbes continues, “and I said, ‘Who put in the report? It wouldn’t be Trump’s people, would it?’ And they said, ‘We can’t say.’ Then the R.S.P.C.A.—animal welfare—came. My wife’s got cats, geese, a horse, and hens. They had a look around and said everything was O.K. and wouldn’t say who reported us, either.” Hobday denies that the Trump Organization called the Board of Environmental Health or the R.S.P.C.A. He also says that they have asked Forbes not to cross their land to access the beach, but that he continues to do so. Hobday claims that they never offered to move the Forbes house, though they did offer to move him to a house in Blackdog. And regarding the job offer, Hobday says it was at a managerial level. “Trump himself came over a month ago and had a press conference at Menie House,” Forbes says. “He called my place disgusting. ‘Forbes sits there like an angel, but he’s a tough, smart guy.’ The first I knew about this rant was when The Guardian and The Times called up and asked if I was going to sue him. And that’s when this whole thing started up. I have never had any peace since. I’ve been getting letters from all over the world. Good letters.” “A CBS crew asked me, Will Trump get us out?, and I said, Never,” Forbes says. He shows me a picture of him standing in front of the chalet in his kilt with his arms folded defiantly, like in Braveheart. “You’re talking about a thrawn Forbes here,” he explains. “ ‘Thrawn’ is [Doric for] worse than stubborn. All the Forbes are known to be thrawn. Mother’s a Lamb, and they’re thrawner.” I turn off onto the Green Lady, a lane that leads through the beech woods and is named for a female ghost, apparently one of the housemaids a few generations back, who haunts Menie House and always appears in a green dress. Trump has gotten a magical piece of Scotland. You can almost feel the local spirits. I pull up to the estate’s quaint old stone lodge house, which for the last 25 years has been the home of Don and Valerie Banks. They are a nice couple. Don is mild-mannered and does risk assessments for the oil industry. Valerie has two horses and rides on the beach. She is one of the few people who use the S.S.S.I. regularly. Don is one of the founders of Sustainable Aberdeenshire and is the antithesis of Donald, who he says, disdainfully, “specializes in being O.T.T.”—over the top. “This is quite a quiet corner of Scotland,” Don tells me. “The planning board has never had to deal with anything of this scale or magnitude, and it’s understandable that the council would welcome a celebrity. The best thing Trump has done is to give us a celebrity of our own, Michael Forbes.” When I tell Trump, “Everybody says trashing Forbes at the press conference was a big miscalculation. You created a David,” he has no regrets: “The farmer got me all this publicity. Now everybody knows about what I’m doing in Scotland. It’s the hottest thing in Europe.” Banks has invited Owen Vaughan, a geologist knowledgeable about the natural history of the dunes, to join us for a walk in them. Vaughan is on the council of the Scottish Wildlife Trust, a non-governmental conservation charity, and works for an American oil company. We drive out to the old Coast Guard station, on a bluff that has a sweeping view of the dunes and Aberdeen Bay beyond them. David and Moira Milne are living there and in the process of adding on to it. The eight stories of condos that Trump is applying for would come to within 50 yards of their back door, but it is still a gloriously isolated spot. The Milnes have no intention of selling, either. From the tower of the station, the sea and the dunes are bathed in soft golden light. We can see Aberdeen’s little thicket of skyscrapers, eight miles down the coast. This side of the river Don, just above the city’s northern limit, the dunes begin. Royal Aberdeen, the sixth-oldest golf course in the world, built in l780, and the 100-year-old Murcar Links are nestled in them, working their way through the dune system. Then comes Balmedie Country Park, where the public enjoys access to the beach and the dunes. Then comes Trump’s land, which is at the center of the 14-mile mobile-dune system that extends on up to Cruden Bay, where it is stopped by a wall of cliffs. “The sand is washed up by the waves and is picked up by the wind that blows it up the beach and inland, whipping it up into dunes,” Vaughan explains. “It takes about a hundred years to make a dune, but the system is 4,000 years old. It started with the rebound of the land as the last ice sheet disappeared, which raised it out of the ocean. The ocean was also rising with ice melt from glaciers and the Arctic ice cap, but the land was rising faster. Two thousand years ago, people were living a hundred miles from shore, halfway across the North Sea to Norway. “At the northern end of the dune system, a whole village called Forvie was covered by sand in 1413, supposedly in a single storm,” Vaughan continues. “The Forvie Dunes are a British National Nature Reserve. Seals and swans and short-eared owls congregate there. The site is untouchable. At Forvie the sand—whatever hasn’t been carried off by the burns [creeks]—is washed back into the sea by the River Ythan. So it’s a never-ending cycle—one of the most beautiful and dynamic mobile-dune systems in the world. Ten days of good wind could bury Trump’s course. I wonder if he knows this.” The four of us bound down the steep slope of the bluff into the flats behind the dune wall, which are known as the “slacks.” We are now on the Foveran Links, where part of Trump’s golf course would go if the development is approved. The floor of the slacks is gravel hardpan—old raised beach, from when the sea was higher, before the dunes came into existence, explains Vaughan, pointing out a wind-bared section. Little ponds important for wildlife stand here and there. Skylarks and linnets, which have inspired poets from Blake to Yeats, nest in the short grass and sand on their edges. There are 12 species of willow in the slacks: prostrate willows, whose red stems lie over the sand; knee-high willows, favored by willow warblers; and tree-size willows frequented by coal tits and blue tits. In summer, orchids and yellow flag irises bloom on the dry slopes of the slacks, and there’s a rare fern called the lesser adder’s-tongue as well as a couple of butterflies that are not often seen. But nothing rare enough or endangered enough to stop Trump from having his way. Vaughan shows me how a thick, triangular blade of marram grass poking up through the sand is beginning to trap sand particles. Most of the blades are eventually blown away, but every so often the sand behind one of them accumulates and becomes the nucleus of a dune. Marram is salt-tolerant and has very deep roots and holds the sand in place. We thread our way between looming dunes along a narrow, wind-gouged crevice and finally come out on a 25-acre sheet of pure white sand, which came into being 40 years ago when a violent storm breached the dune wall, creating a corridor through which the sand could blow. The Menie Dome, as it is called, is the largest patch of bare white sand in the dune system and is at the heart of the controversy. Trump is planning to grass it over with the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 17th holes. Scottish Natural Heritage and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, which has also filed a strong objection to the golf course with the Aberdeenshire Council, argue that trying to stabilize the dunes, particularly the Dome, would “completely interfere with the reason why they are an S.S.S.I.,” as Ian Francis, the Royal Society’s area manager for northeastern Scotland, explains, “which is to ensure that a special, pressurized site like this continues to be dominated by natural processes. There is a big nesting colony of skylarks in the slacks, 70 or 80 pairs, and skylarks are in decline nationwide, but the ecology is not unique. The geomorphology, however, is. It’s one of the more important mobile-dune systems in the British Isles. But the S.S.S.I. has a little get-out clause that says you can do certain things if certain things are complied with. If the project is of national importance, it can override protection.” Trump is arguing that his project is a model for the Scottish economy after the oil gives out, in 40 years or so, and that his course will have the Open, but there is no guarantee of either. “What is nationally important—200,000 people coming every decade or so?,” Francis asks. “A billion pounds spent over 10 years? This is not of national importance, either to the U.K. or to Scotland. Other objectors have compared the development to putting in a large supermarket. We’re talking of regional significance, and in so doing destroying an unequivocally magnificent site of national significance. They’re building a town that’s now countryside.” Francis tells me that 3,000 pink-footed geese, who fly down from Iceland, spend the winter picking over the harvested hay and barley fields where the houses are slated to go. But the Royal Society is not even making that their primary issue, because the proponents of the project could argue that the geese would find somewhere else to go. Its main issues are maintaining the integrity of the S.S.S.I.—is a protected area really protected or not?—and of the dynamic natural processes that make the site so special. Don Banks is more concerned about the integrity of the Aberdeenshire Council, which, if it gives Trump the go-ahead, will be violating its own planning code, which bans housing in undeveloped coastal areas. “There are already 70 golf courses in Aberdeenshire,” he says. “Why on earth do we need another one, especially if it means sacrificing this jewel of our natural heritage?” “I wonder if anyone has told him about the Harr,” Valerie adds. The Harr is a dense coastal fog that arrives on summer days—especially in July, just when the British Open that Trump so wants would be played—causing a 10-degree-centigrade drop in the temperature and reducing visibility to a few yards. “How are they going to have the tournament when the Harr sets in?,” Valerie asks. I put this to Trump. He hasn’t heard about the Harr and lets George Sorial field the question. Sorial says it doesn’t have any impact in Aberdeen. But Sorial’s veracity quotient is no higher than his boss’s. Two of his statements to me—that 30 S.S.S.I.’s have already been de-listed so they could be converted into golf courses, and that the dunes are only 40 years old: “this bit about their being 4,000 years old is bullshit” (he is thinking about the breach that created Menie Dome)—have not checked out. “That’s not what I’m hearing,” I tell him, and he says, “Well, if it does, it’s just part of the game.” I conduct an unscientific survey of local public opinion in the pubs of Aberdeen, and the ayes have it—a hundred percent. Most Aberdonians, it should be pointed out, have never seen the dunes. The bartender at Wordies Alehouse tells me that of the 200,000 people in Aberdeen only a few hundred are against Trump’s project, and most don’t care one way or the other. This jibes with a taxi driver’s contention that “only the odd few, the sandal wearers and tree huggers, are making noise about it.” The manager of the Cock & Bull, down the carriageway from the Menie Estate—where Trump had dined, appropriately enough, the last time he was here—is a staunch supporter. Americans are liked in Aberdeen. The Texas oil culture has seeped into the local culture. Country and western is bigger than bagpipes. With public opinion running so strongly for the resort, it’s hard to see the Aderdeenshire Council not voting for it. Its members’ first responsibility, like that of anyone who wants to be re-elected, is to their constituents, not to the environment or even its own planning code. The first vote, by the Formartine Area Committee (Formartine is the sub-jurisdiction of Aberdeenshire that contains the Menie dunes), will take place the next week. A week after that, the more powerful Aberdeenshire Council’s Infrastructure Services Committee will hold its vote. This too is expected to be a slam dunk for the Trumpster. Another gem of nature lost, I think. But if Trump doesn’t do it, someone else will, and not as well. It’s too close to the city not to be eventually condo’d over. There’s already a steady stream of commuters from farther out at rush hour. The next morning I meet Neil Hobday and his assistant, Lora McCluskey, at Trump International Scotland’s headquarters, in the renovated stable of Menie House, which is an enchanting piece of Scottish-castle architecture. “D.T. isn’t sure what he’s going to do with it,” Hobday says. Maybe he’s going to keep it to put up visiting celebrities like Sean Connery, a big golfer, to whom Trump has extended the first membership. “Connery’s membership number will be 007,” Trump told me, “and he’ll hit the first ball when the course opens.” Hobday, 50, has a posh British accent, polished at the British military academy Sandhurst. He is articulate, old-school-tie but not nobby, and brings a touch of class to the project. He tells me he grew up on a 50,000-acre farm in Northern Rhodesia, now Zambia. I ask about his own failed golf-course development, the one Michael Forbes told me about. “It was a much more modest proposal,” he explains. “The permitting dragged on for two years, and when it finally came through, there was a stipulation that we had to hook up the sewage with a treatment plant miles away. This was an expensive proposition, and the American backers felt they had absorbed enough losses and backed out.” According to the London Sunday Times, Hobday’s development company went “into administration” in 2005 and has yet to be sold. Some 30 staff were “made redundant” (laid off), and investors were left with almost $2 million worth of unpaid bills, more than $330,000 of which was owed to local businessmen. Trump says he hired Hobday because he understood the application process. “With Trump’s project we are leading the establishment of Scotland as a No. 1 golf destination,” he tells me. “There hasn’t been much since Muirfield and St. Andrews. Aberdeenshire, with its 70 courses, is a great destination for golf tourism, but the infrastructure for receiving them is not there. There aren’t enough hotels, and the ones in Aberdeen are filled during the week by people coming in and out of the rigs and other people in the oil business. And on the weekend all the tee times are booked by members. So when Trump International opens its 400-room hotel, the tourists can stay here and play them all. And it will bring up the whole region. It’s a classic case: if you flood a lake, all the boats rise at the same time.” Other well-known developers are already jumping on the bandwagon. Jack Nicklaus is doing a golf resort at the Ury Estate, south of Aberdeen. Tom Watson’s name has been mentioned to renovate Hazelfield, a municipal course nearby that was designed by Alister MacKenzie, famed for the hallowed Augusta National, in Georgia. Castle Stuart, up in Inverness, and Gleneagles, in the heart of Scotland, where the G-8 summit took place in 2005, are already up and running. “It began with Tralee [in southwestern Ireland], Arnold Palmer’s first European design, in l983,” Hobday tells me, “and as the Celtic Tiger”—Ireland’s economic boom that began in the 1990s—“took off, it quickly went into golf-course-development overdrive. Scotland wasn’t so desperate for golf developments, because it had the oil revenue, and now the home of golf is playing catch-up.” The three of us pile into a silver S.U.V. and head for the dunes. Hobday continues his spiel. “D.T. bought this property because he wants to host the British Open. It’s the only one left that’s capable of doing it. The beauty is we have such a huge envelope and can pre-plan for a major tournament. The usual venues—like Royal Birkdale, Royal Lytham, the Old Course at St. Andrews, Royal St. George’s, in Kent—have serious problems with parking and handling the crowds that descend on them. I have to admit it would make a fantastic golf course. Trump was not kidding. And Hobday makes the valid point that covering the Dome with the native vegetation would increase the habitat for the birds and other animals. “Royal Aberdeen says it has 150 species of wildflowers,” he says. “Clearly this coastline has been used for golf for centuries to no ill effect.” I don’t see anybody in the minute, rather tepid opposition who is capable of standing up to Trump and his hardball corporate lawyers. But I am heartened when I meet Mickey Foote, Sustainable Aberdeenshire’s press coordinator. His house is way out on a ridge north of Trump’s property, a mile from the carriageway and about the same distance from the sea. An Aberdeen native, Foote lived on a houseboat in London for many years. His claim to fame is that he produced the Clash’s first album, in 1977. And he has a mouth. “So Hobday has given you the tour,” he says. “ ‘The great sea slug that needs to be restrained.’ A lot of local businessmen in Spey Bay got burned when his resort development failed, and it was a peanut proposal compared to this. “At the original hearing, Tom Fazio, who was the first designer, said all we need is a couple of tees and greens. And it kept getting bigger, doubling, then tripling in size, and once the people of Aberdeen had been sucked in, the bigger it got, the more excited they got. But I’m scared the whole thing is going to go tits-up and we’ll be left with this huge white elephant on our hands. I don’t think he’s going to fill his 450-room hotel or his luxury houses, condos, and golf villas. All the golf clubs around here are short of members.” Foote starts to get worked up. “What kind of a heel would want to put a golf course in a natural links, anyway? How can he say this is the most beautiful place in the world? The most beautiful place to ruin. Why doesn’t he find a shithouse and do it up? The shit that comes out of his mouth—what’s he living in, a parallel universe or what? How can the environment be better with 1,000 units?” Foote is pacing around his living room, spitting out zingers. “All our ‘moms’ are Scottish. Let’s see what he’d do if we put his off her land. “Has anyone told him how nasty the climate is in Aberdeen most of the time?” he adds. I ask Trump myself: “Are you aware that the climate up there sucks eight months out of the year?” And he says, “Well, maybe global warming—which I don’t necessarily believe in, at least the human part—is going to take care of that.” Links golf is supposed to be played year-round, but on only two days during the week I spend in Aberdeen is the weather fit for golf. No one in his right mind would go out on the others. Serendipitously, these are the days I have set up to play Royal Aberdeen and the Old Course at St. Andrews. No golfer’s journey is complete without a pilgrimage to St. Andrews, the mecca of the game. This is where it all began, back in the 15th and 16th centuries. Hobday has arranged for me to play with Malcolm Campbell, a respected local golf historian and a member of the Royal & Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, founded in l754, whose venerable Gothic stone clubhouse presides over the fabled Old Course. Campbell is 64, a short, wily man in a brown plaid golf cap—the rill dill. He is working on a book about St. Andrews that will give five alternative ways to play each hole, depending on the conditions. The wind this morning is “the merest zephyr,” as Campbell puts it, so the course isn’t much of a challenge apart from its severely undulating greens and infamous pothole bunkers. Afterward, we repair to the Royal & Ancient’s Big Room, which is lined with old lockers and monumental portraits of famous golfers, and sip port while watching players hit up to the 18th green. “Golf is the true religion,” Campbell reflects. “No wars were ever fought over golf. It was originally classless. If the world were run by the Royal & Ancient, it would be a better place—and safer.” A golfocracy—I like it, I say. Maybe we should give it a shot. Nothing else seems to work. I am expecting more pro-Trump propaganda from Campbell, considering it was Hobday’s office that set me up with him, but Campbell says, “One thing we know, Trump International is not going to be understated. Scotland doesn’t need Trump. It needs more affordable golf courses, and Trump’s course is just a vehicle for a high-end development. He wants the Open, but he will never get it.” There are already nine venues that take turns hosting the British Open: Muirfield, Carnoustie, Turnberry, Royal Troon, Royal St. George’s, Royal Liverpool, Royal Birkdale, Royal Lytham, and St. Andrews. “None of them are going to pass up the shot in the arm that holding the tournament gives their local economy,” Campbell says. “And I can’t see Trump getting it before Portmarnock, in County Dublin, Ireland, which is not in the U.K.; there’s been a lot of talk about giving it the Open as a conciliatory move. Trump gave a press conference here about how he was building the greatest course in the history of mankind, and how it was going to host the Open, and Peter Dawson, the R. & A.’s secretary, asked him, ‘And when do you think that might be?’ ” THE NEIGHBORS: Moira and David Milne, outside their home, overlooking the dunes. We talk about how golf started as something for the shepherds to do while they were minding their flocks. Then the English appropriated it and incorporated it into their club system, and it became a class thing. In the 70s, Florida-style golf communities started to be built for America’s baby-boomers who were doing well and taking up the game but couldn’t get into exclusive golf and tennis clubs and were looking for a nice place to live and raise their families. These developments found fertile ground in places like Scottsdale and Palm Springs and the “Redneck Riviera,” along the Gulf of Mexico, and took off; the real-estate boom was reinforced by the equipment and apparel boom. But the bloom has been off the golf boom for four or five years—a recently released report found that the number of Americans who play has declined or remained flat every year since 2000—and golf-course developments have been having trouble in America. The only market for them now is overseas. Trump’s son Eric tells me that 75 percent of the Trump Organization’s constructions these days are abroad. Gated golf communities are going great guns in Brazil, and one of the richest purses on the European Challenge Tour Open is now the Kazakhstan Open. Oil-rich Kazakhs are taking up the game. Where money is flowing, golf soon follows. But at some point, like the tulip bubble in 17th-century Holland, the global golf bubble is going to burst, too. So I wonder if these high-rolling American golfers are really going to materialize, to spring for a million-dollar vacation home so they can play golf for a week or two a year on Trump’s course in Aberdeenshire. Is golf really going to be the savior of the Scottish economy after the oil gives out? Trump has invited me for Thanksgiving at Mar-a-Lago, the onetime Palm Beach residence of five-times-married Post cereal heiress Marjorie Merriweather Post, which he bought in 1985 and converted to a private club for very rich and successful people who can’t get into the old-line Bath & Tennis Club, across the street. This means that I won’t be able to attend the meeting of the Formartine Area Committee, but it seems to be a foregone conclusion that it is going to give Trump the green light. I leave Scotland and fly to New York and meet Trump at his jet, which he keeps at La Guardia. It’s hard to miss. Its flanks are emblazoned with trump in giant golden letters. Rhona Graff, Trump’s longtime, devoted secretary, greets me with the news that the Area Committee vote went seven to four for Donald. “A bit of a cakewalk,” as she puts it. Donald has put on a few pounds since the last time I saw him, but otherwise he is unchanged. “Did you bring your wife?” he asks me, and I say no. “No problem,” he says. “We’ll get you another one.” While we are on the plane, Rhona’s 12-year-old son puts on a DVD of An Inconvenient Truth, and when Trump sees Al Gore on the screen, he says, “That man is going to close up the country.” “That’s one thing you’re never going to get,” I say. “What?,” Trump asks. “What?” “The Nobel Prize.” Melania, who is sitting with 20-month-old Barron on her lap, titters. I ask her if she’s planning to have more children, and she says, “I already have two,” referring to her outrageous better half. Trump is living in a parallel universe. After landing in West Palm Beach, we drive to Mar-a-Lago in his multi-dialed Maybach, which belongs in a James Bond movie. Just over the last bridge, from which we can see Mar-a-Lago, there is a park off to the right that consists mostly of mangrove swamp. “That’s one good thing about this country,” I reflect. “When a park is created, it can’t be developed.” “Who would want that piece of land anyway?,” Trump says. “Every year it gets wiped out by the hurricanes.” I point out that Mar-a-Lago is going to be underwater if the melting of the polar ice caps and the glaciers around the world continues at the rate it’s going. “In 50 years you’ll have to take out the a-Lago. It’ll all be Mar.” He is silent. “I think you get it more than you let on,” I say. “You just have to keep up appearances with your fans, who are a bunch of idiots.” We pull up to Mar-a-Lago’s gracious entrance. The moment Trump steps out of the Maybach, he slips into host mode, greeting all the guests and asking them if they’re having a good time. He introduces me (“This is the greatest writer in America. He’s doing a cover story on me for Vanity Fair. I’ve been on it twice before. But they want me again. They can’t have enough of me”) to Richard LeFrak, whom he has known since they grew up together in Queens. Their fathers were friendly competitors in the real-estate business. “Scotland has been hit by a tornado,” he says. “I’m not sure they’re ready for it.” I am taken to the E. F. Hutton Suite, named for Marjorie Merriweather Post’s second husband, the stockbroker. On the dresser there is a bottle of Trump Ice spring water, but disappointingly no Trump vodka or Donald Trump: The Fragrance. Trump has got to be one of the most branded people on the planet. You can’t get away from him. At the window, I watch flotillas of black vultures, four separate groups of about 50 each, circling over hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of palatial real estate, over old money and new, the dirty and the clean. The next morning Trump drives me in a white Rolls-Royce to his golf club Trump International. On the way over, he tells me about his dinner the previous evening with Charlie Sheen and his girlfriend, who are staying at Mar-a-Lago. Trump enjoys putting people on and uses it as a way of seeing how smart they are. There’s certainly been no shortage of dissimulation in his Scottish project. “I happen to know that Charlie has a collection of expensive watches that he changes 20 times a day,” Trump relates, “and he admires my cuff links. I tell him, ‘You can get them at Harry Winston’s for $100,000, but here, take them. I want you to have them,’ and I snap them out of my cuffs and give them to him. Charlie is bowled over. ‘Nobody’s ever given me anything,’ he says. ‘They’ve even got your name engraved on the back. I’d give you my watch, but it cost a million dollars.’ ” Then Trump tells me the kicker: “The stones on the cuff links look like diamonds but are actually crystal and are part of my apparel line. You can get them at Macy’s for $40.” We arrive at Trump International, which was designed by Jim Fazio, Tom’s father. It’s an absolutely magnificent course. Trump picked up 215 acres of impenetrable palm and palmetto brake for a song and pretty much obliterated it. He gouged out huge lakes and piled up the earth into some of the highest hills in south Florida. But already the wildlife has moved in. I see a limpkin and a wood stork—not birds you see every day, even in the backcountry of Florida. “It’s good to see the wood storks are coming back,” I say to Donald as we motor down in our cart from one of the tees. “Thirty-five years ago, they were down to a few hundred in Florida. And the manatees, which were on the verge of extinction, are back up to nearly 3,000. There have been some encouraging conservation success stories in Florida in the last 30 years.” Trump says, “Do you think manatees know they’re alive? They’re like huge amoebas, constantly getting hit by boats. I don’t think they’re 100 percent there.” I say they’re related to elephants, so they must have some smarts, and it’s not like they want to be shredded by propellers. “People know me as a real-estate genius. They don’t realize that I’m also a great golfer,” Trump says as he smacks a 280-yard drive right down the pipe. On one hole he flies an eight-iron short into the water from 155 yards out, and he drops another ball right where he is—he could have dropped it a hundred yards closer, but he is pissed—and fires it to within six inches of the pin. “Nobody realizes it, but I’m a very good golfer,” he says again. “I hope you’re going to get that in the piece.” On Sunday evening, I drive out to the plane with Melania’s father, who is visiting from Slovenia with his wife. Trump is already on his jet and is impatient to get going and keeps calling us every two minutes: “Where are you?” “We’re stuck at a drawbridge,” the driver says. He calls again: “Where are you now?” “You won’t believe this, Mr. Trump, but we’re stuck at another drawbridge. It just went up,” the driver replies. We can hear Donald going bananas over the phone. “I’ve been going flat out all my life,” Trump tells me later on the plane. We are having the “What Makes the Donald Tick?” interview, which he is in no mood for. He’s wiped out and cranky, having been going nonstop for the last five days, playing golf, playing host, doing deals. “Where does all this energy come from?,” I ask. “Genes. It’s given by the genes. I know smart people who don’t have energy, and if you don’t have energy, it’s hard to compete. My son Barron has incredible energy. You know why? Because his father is a fucking genius. My father had tremendous energy, and my mother had tremendous promotional skills, even though she was a homemaker. You’re born with energy. It’s not something you’re ever going to be able to develop.” Trump’s expected slam dunk was supposed to be consummated by an Aberdeenshire Council’s Infrastructure Services Committee’s vote, a week later, but this did not transpire. The vote went seven to seven, and the chairman, Martin Ford, broke the tie by casting his vote: No. Ford is a committed environmentalist. He bicycles 10 miles to work most days, and he felt the development was unsustainable. Though Ford later said, “Nobody who voted for refusal wanted that to be final. The vote was a negotiating position as part of a process.” Trump issued a statement to the press saying he might have to take the project to Ireland. This is, in fact, the backup plan if Trump loses to the Dunistas. “People think being Trump is a bowl of cherries, but it isn’t always,” a dejected Donald told me. In Aberdeen all hell broke loose when word spread of how the vote had gone. Debra Storr, one of the original four “No”s on the Formartine Area Committee, opened the door of her house to see who was knocking, and was shoved and cursed by an irate 59-year-old woman. “You won’t believe this, Alex,” a recharged Donald called to tell me. “There’s rioting in the streets of Aberdeen—all because of my golf course. Thousands of people are demonstrating in support of it. The council has called an emergency meeting to see if the vote can be reversed. They’re firing Ford and getting another chairman.” (Which, in fact, happened two weeks later.) Both John Loveday (the Formartine Area Committee chairman, who voted no) and Ford are Englishmen, and the locals weren’t happy that “white settlers” (local anti-English slang) were making decisions that affected their lives. But before this could happen, before anyone got seriously hurt, and to put an end to this “perilous” situation, as Scotland’s first minister, Alex Salmond, described it, Trump’s application was “called in.” The Aberdeenshire Council was no longer going to be making the decision. The voluminous paperwork that the case had generated was to be delivered immediately to Edinburgh. The procedure from here on out is this: a reporter, a sort of judge, has been appointed by John Swinney, the secretary of finance and sustainable development. Swinney has already decided that there should be a full-blown public inquiry, scheduled for mid-June, the lengthiest of the three options. This means that both sides can have their say, people who testify can be cross-examined, and the Aberdeenshire Council’s possible breaching of its own code could be fully exposed. Mickey Foote tells me: “We have a forensic planning expert, an éminence grise of the planning system, who eats developers for breakfast.” If this expert is as good as Foote says, he can tie up the process for a long time. Once the reporter submits his findings, Swinney will make his decision within 28 days. Trump expects to be given the go by September, but Mickey Foote says, “I think we’re looking at a year from now at least. By that time, we’ll all be in financial meltdown, and it will be impossible for Trump to get financing.” Trump Entertainment Resorts—the casinos in Atlantic City and Pennsylvania—are already in trouble, their shares having dropped 20 percent this year and 75 percent since the company emerged from bankruptcy two years ago. Trump told me he is on great terms with the new nationalist government, which took power after he started the application process. (One of the nationalists’ biggest supporters is Sean Connery.) In the days before the application was called in, Hobday and Sorial met with First Minister Salmond and the government’s chief planner. Political opponents accused the government of breaching the ministerial code. Sorial told me the meeting was completely aboveboard and purely procedural. Minutes were kept. He only wanted clarification of the decision-making process at the highest level, and a parliamentary hearing on January 16 absolved the officials involved of impropriety, though Salmond was chastised for his exceptionally “poor judgement.”
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"https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2022/07/OKeeffe-Illuminarium_Marcia-Caller-Jaffe_Photo-3-1-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2016/11/old-times-not-forgotten-don-t-look-away-02-2-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2021/09/NEWS_Shmita-in-Israel_Jan-Jaben_9-15-21_Photo-4-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2022/07/R-Kessler-5-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2022/07/TVL_Terri-Abadi-Travel-to-South-Africa_Marcia-Jaffe_Photo-2-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2022/07/CABO-IMG_1335-640x400.jpg", "https://static.timesofisrael.com/atlantajewishtimes/uploads/2022/02/Wordle_Photo-1-640x400.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Sasha Heller", "Dave Schechter", "Toby F. Block", "Kimball Shinkoskey", "Compiled AJT staff", "Marcia Caller Jaffe", "Lou Ladinsky", "Bob Bahr", "Robyn Spizman Gerson", "Chana Shapiro" ]	2024-02-14T15:09:13+00:00	It is with sadness that we announce the passing of James Donald Thomas, age 80, on Feb. 8, 2024, in Peachtree City, Ga.	en	https://static.timesofis…e-icon-57x57.png	Atlanta Jewish Times	https://www.atlantajewishtimes.com/obituary-james-donald-thomas/	It is with sadness that we announce the passing of James Donald Thomas, age 80, on Feb. 8, 2024, in Peachtree City, Ga. He was born on Feb. 11, 1943, in Union City, Ga., to James and Volona Thomas, was raised in Fairburn, Ga., and graduated from Campbell High School in 1961. He attended The Southern School of Pharmacy and graduated as a licensed pharmacist in 1967. He met Barbara Thomas at the University of Iowa, and they married in 1967 and he began his pharmacy career in Georgia. Don and Barbara moved to Colorado Springs, Colo., in 1970 where he continued his pharmacy career at the Broadmoor Hotel. Don loved Colorado and enjoyed cycling, skiing, hiking and many other outdoor activities. Don also loved to explore new places and traveled around the world with Barbara and his children. He became an ardent student of the Jewish scholars, Arthur Green and Mordecai Kaplan, and for the past five years has been a student of Daniel Matt studying the Zohar. Don is survived by his wife, Barbara Thomas, his son, Jeffrey Thomas (Erin), daughter, Kellie Healy (Carl), granddaughters, Gabbi Healy, Regan Thomas, Isa Healy, Eliana Thomas, and grandsons, Jacob Healy and Michael Healy.
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Actor: Gesprengte Ketten. Scottish-born actor James Donald was born in Aberdeen on May 18, 1917, and took his first professional stage bow some time in the late 30s. He finally attained a degree of stardom in 1943 for his sterling performance in Noël Coward's "Present Laughter", which starred Coward himself. Subsequent post-war theatre work included "The Eagle with Two Heads" (1947), "You Never Can Tell" (1948) and "The...	en	https://m.media-amazon.c…B1582158068_.png	IMDb	https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0232019/	Scottish-born actor James Donald was born in Aberdeen on May 18, 1917, and took his first professional stage bow some time in the late 30s. He finally attained a degree of stardom in 1943 for his sterling performance in Noël Coward's "Present Laughter", which starred Coward himself. Subsequent post-war theatre work included "The Eagle with Two Heads" (1947), "You Never Can Tell" (1948) and "The Heiress" (1949) with Ralph Richardson, Peggy Ashcroft and Donald Sinden. Rather humorless in character with a gaunt, intent-looking face and no-nonsense demeanor, James made his debut in British films in 1942, fitting quite comfortably into the stoic war-era mold with roles in such noteworthy military sagas as In Which We Serve (1942) and The Way Ahead (1944). Ably supporting such top-notch actors as Spencer Tracy and Deborah Kerr in Edward, mein Sohn (1949) and Elizabeth Taylor and Stewart Granger in Beau Brummell - Rebell und Verführer (1954), he also managed to head up a number of films including Weiße Korridore (1951) in which he and Googie Withers play husband and wife doctors who try to balance career and marriage; Charles Dickens' Die Geschichten des Mr. Pickwick (1952) as "Nathaniel Winkle", and The Net (1953) as a scientist obsessed with his work. In addition, he earned superb marks for a number of quality films in the 1950s and 1960s. His portrayal of painter 'Vincent Van Gogh''s brother "Theo" in Vincent van Gogh - Ein Leben in Leidenschaft (1956) with Kirk Douglas, was quite memorable, as was his trenchant work in the WWII POW dramas Die Brücke am Kwai (1957), Gesprengte Ketten (1963), and Sie nannten ihn King (1965). Most of the men he played were intelligent, moral-minded and honorable. While continuing to perform on stage, he also gained TV exposure. James received an Emmy nomination for his role as "Prince Albert" opposite Julie Harris in Victoria Regina (1961), and performed the part of the cruel-eyed stepfather "Mr. Murdstone" in the period remake of David Copperfield (1970) toward the end of his career. Off the screen for a number of years, he died of stomach cancer on August 3, 1993 in England. He was 76.
3199	dbpedia	3	75	https://www.palmettocs.com/obituaries/james-austell	en	James Donald Austell Obituary 2024	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/995eb8ef-e50c-4a27-ac32-ecf33d568964/8057214713ccfdc39d3e013affd59552_57d3835a84b2c1993bf1246fa7b7ee31	https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/social/facebook/fb_3/995eb8ef-e50c-4a27-ac32-ecf33d568964/8057214713ccfdc39d3e013affd59552_57d3835a84b2c1993bf1246fa7b7ee31	[ "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_cover/lg/7fa3c319-5b1e-43f0-8620-c1f7ef0f44c5", "https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/3LbUkN7RemIwwQlCbtgn", "https://cdn.tukioswebsites.com/obituary_profile_photo/md/0ae049d2-d3ee-48d8-afa1-4fc06482801c", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.png", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.png", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/flower-cta.svg", "https://manage2.tukioswebsites.com/images/tree-cta.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Palmetto Cremation Society" ]	2024-02-11T17:26:25	James Donald Austell, 85 of Moncks Corner, SC, the epitome of a true Southern gentleman, passed peacefully in his sleep with his family at his side. Born on December 19, 1938 in...	en	https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/DaEisCddR4CFtWYQpYXM	Palmetto Cremation Society	https://www.palmettocs.com/obituaries/james-austell	James Donald Austell, 85 of Moncks Corner, SC, the epitome of a true Southern gentleman, passed peacefully in his sleep with his family at his side. Born on December 19, 1938 in Paint Rock Valley, Alabama, Donald was the son of Joseph Austell and Mary Austell Mullins. He is preceded in death by his parents and grandson James Donald Austell III. He is survived by his wife of twenty years, Paige Baxley Austell; brother Thomas Mullins (Betty) and sister Cesta Mullins Ford; daughters Jane Donna Wilkins and Cathy O’Brien; son James Austell Jr.; 11 grandchildren; 19 great grandchildren; and five stepchildren. At the age of eight, Donald’s family moved to the Park Circle area of North Charleston. Don had a love for all sports, but he mostly enjoyed and excelled in Golden Gloves boxing. In high school, he learned to shag at the Folly Beach pier and continued his love for our state dance as a member of The Charleston Shag Club and The Islander Shag Club. He graduated from North Charleston High and was named “Best Dressed” by his classmates. After graduation, he was employed by Westvaco until he became an electrician at the Charleston Naval Yard where he rose to the job of Supervisor of Shipbuilding. Don completed his career after the shipyard closed in New Orleans, but the charm of the Lowcountry was just too strong. Don retired in 1994 and moved back home. His love of people led to a retirement job working as a student concern specialist in CCSD for 12 years. His job allowed him to be a mentor to many students at St. Andrew’s, James Island, and North Charleston High School. Donald always felt the need to serve his community. He was a little league baseball coach, served in the SC Army National Guard, a lifetime member of The Charleston Elks Lodge #242, served two terms on Hanahan City Council, two terms on the Berkeley Country Club Board of Directors, and a Clemson IPTAY representative for countless years. His love for all things Clemson, shagging, golf, and traveling the United States made his marriage a match made in heaven. One of his good friends said, “Don has a special gift to make anyone feel like they are the most important person in the room,” and he did just that until his final breath. The Celebration of Life will be at Berkeley Country Club in Moncks Corner, SC on Tuesday, February 13, 2024 from 5:00 PM to 7:00 PM. In lieu of flowers, please make a donation to either the Alzheimer’s Association or the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Funeral Arrangements have been entrusted to Palmetto Cremation Society, 5638 N. Rhett Ave., North Charleston, SC, 29406, 843-722-2555.
3199	dbpedia	2	39	https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/guides/record-guides/statutory-register-deaths	en	Statutory register of deaths	https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/themes/custom/scotlandspeople/favicon.ico	https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/themes/custom/scotlandspeople/favicon.ico	[ "https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/themes/custom/scotlandspeople/logo.png", "https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/sites/default/files/styles/maximum_size/public/2020-04/records-statutoryregisters-deaths-example1855.jpg?itok=NPZO17P8", "https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/sites/default/files/styles/maximum_size/public/2020-04/records-statutoryregisters-deaths-1900.jpg?itok=RwN5KiZQ", "https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/sites/default/files/styles/maximum_size/public/2020-04/records-statutoryregisters-deaths-RCEexampledetail.jpg?itok=_wWD3Js5", "https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/themes/custom/scotlandspeople/images/scotland_records_logo.png" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Background information How to search statutory death records The content of statutory death records - 1855 register entries - Examples of statutory death records - Register of Corrected Entries	en	/themes/custom/scotlandspeople/favicon.ico		https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/guides/record-guides/statutory-register-deaths	Background information How to search statutory death records The content of statutory death records - 1855 register entries - Examples of statutory death records - Register of Corrected Entries Background information The statutory register of deaths dates from 1 January 1855 when compulsory, civil registration was introduced in Scotland. The records are indexed by personal name. If you need a death certificate for official or legal purposes please go to Certificates and copies for guidance about online ordering. You have to register and login to use this service. If you want to obtain copies for research there are options to view, save and print digital images of 1855-1973 entries and to order official paper certificates of those from 1974 onwards. The 50 year cut-off for viewing images of statutory death records online is in accordance with the National Records of Scotland's policy on protecting the privacy of individuals. Deaths is a record type in the advanced search category statutory registers and includes the Minor Records of deaths overseas. It covers the following: Statutory register of deaths (from 1855) Air register (from 1948) - deaths in any part of the world on British-registered aircraft where it appears that the deceased person was usually resident in Scotland Consular returns (from 1914) - certified copies of registrations by British consuls relating to persons of Scottish descent or birth Register of births, deaths and marriages in foreign counties (1860-1965) - deaths of Scots with entries made on the basis of information supplied and after consideration of the evidence of each event High Commissioners' returns (from 1964) - records from certain Commonwealth countries relating to persons of Scottish descent or birth plus some earlier returns for India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Ghana Consular and foreign records combined series (from 1975) Marine register (from 1855) - deaths in any part of the world on British-registered merchant vessels at sea where it appears that the deceased person was usually resident in Scotland Service records (from 1881) Army returns (1881-1959) - of Scottish persons at military stations abroad Services Departments' registers (from 1 April 1959) - deaths outside the United Kingdom relating to persons ordinarily resident in Scotland who were serving in, or employed by, HM Forces including families of members of the Forces War registers (from 1899) Deaths of Scottish soldiers in the South African War (1899-1902) Deaths of Scottish persons serving as warrant officers, non-commissioned officers or men in the Army or as petty officers or men in the Royal Navy during the First World War (1914-1918) Incomplete returns of the deaths of Scottish members of the Armed Forces during the Second World War (1939-1945) Printed lists of soldiers who died in the Great War, parts 1 to 80 - entries for Scottish soldiers have been indexed. Further details are provided in the Minor Records catalogue on the National Records of Scotland website. Appendix 3 of the catalogue refers to the official printed lists for the First World War with the Scottish regiments highlighted in bold. Appendix 4 of the catalogue gives details of the cause of death associated with the codes included in the registers for Royal Navy and Royal Marines war deaths. Find out more about returns of deaths at sea (1902-1905) and the records of deaths of seamen serving on British vessels (1909-1974) in the feature article Deaths of Scottish Seafarers. How to search statutory death records Go to advanced search - statutory registers - deaths. You have to add search data to the following index fields: Surname - please note that women are indexed under their maiden surname and any married surname(s) Forename Other surname - enter a woman's maiden surname or a previous married surname to narrow your search. The index cannot distinguish between name types, for example, a search for a married woman named Brown with maiden surname Smith returns entries for a married woman Smith with maiden surname Brown. If the maiden and married surnames are the same search on surname and leave this field blank. Mother’s maiden surname - this wasn't included in the statutory index of deaths until 1974. The information is being added retrospectively starting with the early years although you may find it in some later entries as a result of individual record updates. If you enter a name in this field and the information hasn't been included in the index the record will not be found. Gender Year range - records are indexed by year of registration not year of death Age at death - not included in some 1855-1865 index entries, where it is shown as 'U', but is being added retrospectively Birth year County or city or Minor Records Registration district - the drop-down menu displays all districts in Scotland unless a county or city has been selected; and registers and returns if Minor Records has been selected. Please note that not all districts are valid for all years. If a search returns no results for a specific district, try widening the search to 'All Districts' for the county. Find out more in our Parishes and districts guide. The search form includes tips for each field with links to more detailed research guides where appropriate. You can sort search results by any field except Ref which combines the registration district and entry numbers. The content of statutory death records Most register entries contain the following information: Forename and surname Rank, profession or occupation - if you find an unknown term check the glossary - occupations for further information Whether single, married or widowed Date, time and place of death Gender Age at death (except 1855-1865) - ages for these years are being added retrospectively Forename, surname and rank or profession of father Forename and maiden surname of mother Cause of death and duration of final illness - if you find an unknown term check the glossary - medical terms for further information Name of medical attendant who certified the death Signature and qualification of informant and their residence (if not the place of death) When and where registered and signature of registrar Place of burial, name of undertaker and when the doctor last saw the deceased alive (1855-1860) 1855 register entries In 1855, the first year of civil registration additional information was recorded: Deceased's place of birth How long in the district or parish Children in order of birth, their names and ages As a result entries cover two pages and are especially valuable to researchers. This example shows entries 211 to 213 from the 1855 statutory register of deaths for the Royal Burgh of Dumfries in the county of Dumfries. Image 1855 statutory register of deaths for Dumfries (National Records of Scotland, 1855/821/211-213) Examples of statutory death records This example shows entries four to six in the 1901 statutory register of deaths for the district of Carloway in the county of Ross (registration district reference 86B). They record the deaths of three lighthouse keepers - James Ducat Principal, Thomas Marshall second Assistant and Donald MacArthur, Occasional Keeper - who disappeared from the Flannan Islands in December 1900. Their deaths were registered in February 1901 and the date of death is given as 15 December 1900. The entries are indexed under 1901 - the year of registration not the year of death. The words 'no medical attendant' have been crossed out in column six of each entry and the registrar has annotated the left-hand margin of the page with references to these clerical errors. Image Statutory register of deaths for Carloway (National Records of Scotland, 1901/86B/4-6) Other examples of statutory death records are: Entry for Robert Louis Stevenson, author, in the foreign register of deaths (National Records of Scotland, 1894/161/FN/23) shown in colour at the top of this page Entry for William Murdoch, First Officer on RMS Titanic, in the feature article Scots on the Titanic Entries for Mary Jane Pritchard (showing the original cause of death) and that of her husband, Edward William Pritchard, who was found guilty of her murder are included in The Glasgow poisoner Entries for Scots who died on the 'Lusitania', in a fishing-boat accident or when on board are included in Deaths of Scottish Seafarers. Register of Corrected Entries The Register of Corrected Entries (RCE) - the Register of Corrections Etc from 1966 - records additional authorised information about the death following registration. This usually means further details about cause of death in cases of sudden, accidental and violent deaths. An RCE reference is inserted beside the original entry in the statutory register of deaths. Images of entries with an RCE include a link to the RCE page which is free to view. In the example for the Flannan Islands lighthouse keepers above there are RCE references beside each entry. This detail from the RCE page for James Ducat shows that the cause of death was probably drowning as his body had not been recovered. The mystery of what happened to the three men has never been solved. Image Detail from RCE page relating to the death of James Ducat (National Records of Scotland, 1901/86B/4) Here are more examples of RCEs which relate to: Deaths of David Neish, schoolmaster and registrar, and his daughter Isabella are included in The Tay Bridge Disaster Deaths of Jessie Gordon, John Gordon and John Sinclair following a fire in a mining village on 6 March 1921 in Housing Shale Miners at Oakbank, Kirknewton Death of Jane Taylor in The Glasgow Poisoner about the case of her son-in-law, Edward William Pritchard, who was found guilty of her murder. If you order an official certificate of a death entry with an RCE it will be typed with any corrections or insertions applied. You may find corrections on a register entry along with notes in the margins of the page indicating which column(s) has been amended and the registrar's initials - as in the example above. These are known as clerical errors and are not RCEs.
3199	dbpedia	0	77	https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/	en	Soldier Profile Lieutenant William james Donald	https://www.everyonereme…avicon-32x32.png	https://www.everyonereme…avicon-32x32.png	[ "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/every-one-remembered.svg?cacheBust=2018-09-07-10-00", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/the-royal-british-legion-logo.svg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/footer_logos.png", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/bpl.svg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_legion.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_legion_on.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_cwgc.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_cwgc_on.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_bbc.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_bbc_on.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_archives.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_archives_on.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_first.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_first_on.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_cymru.jpg", "https://www.everyoneremembered.org/profiles/soldier/596095/assets/templates/emr/3.67/images/icon_cymru_on.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Legion Supporter", "The Royal British Legion" ]	null	The Royal British Legion is working with the Commonwealth War Graves Commission to keep alive the memory of those who fell in the First World War, for future generations. We would like every single man and woman from across the Commonwealth who fell to be individually commemorated by those alive today. This is your chance to take part in a truly historic and incredibly significant act of remembrance.	en	/apple-touch-icon.png	Every One Remembered	null	Legion Supporter Thank you to all who lost their lives to save our countries. You will always be remembered. No stories have yet been provided. Be the first to add a story.
3199	dbpedia	2	15	https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2024/03/james-vi-and-his-favourites/	en	James VI and his “favourites”	https://blog.historicenv…led-design-4.png	https://blog.historicenv…led-design-4.png	[ "https://www.historicenvironment.scot/content/images/logo.svg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Untitled-design-4.png", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/008-000-002-442-R.jpg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/james-as-a-boy.jpg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/008-000-103-226-R.jpg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/JamesVIAndAnneOFDenmark-1.jpg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/008-000-124-178-R.png", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/04_19_Mary_And_George_S01.jpg", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/008-001-049-477-R.png", "https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/1959443_10151902959087133_719890080_n-150x150.jpg", "https://www.historicenvironment.scot/content/images/logo-app-store.svg", "https://www.historicenvironment.scot/content/images/logo-google-play.svg", "https://www.historicenvironment.scot/content/images/logo-footer.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Julia Morrison" ]	2024-03-13T12:56:08+00:00	Was King James VI a gay king? While definitive proof may be elusive, there is a compelling case for his attraction to men.	en	https://www.historicenvironment.scot/content/images/icons/favicon.ico	Historic Environment Scotland Blog	https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2024/03/james-vi-and-his-favourites/	James VI is one of the most well-known and controversial figures in Scottish history. His life was full of fascinating events, from sponsoring the King James Bible and writing about witchcraft, to scandals in his personal life. Many historians now agree that James VI was free with his romantic affections. This is likely to have included very close relationships with three men, known as his “favourites”. These relationships were well documented and gossiped about at the time. In 1617, the English politician and diarist Sir John Oglander remarked: The King is wonderous passionate, a lover of his favourites beyond the love of men to women. He is the chastest prince for women that ever was, for he would often swear that he never kissed any other woman than his own queen. I never yet saw any fond husband make so much or so great dalliance over his beautiful spouse as I have seen King James over his favourites, especially Buckingham.” A turbulent childhood James was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots. He was born on 19 June 1566 at Edinburgh Castle. He was crowned King of Scots in the Church of the Holy Rude in Stirling when he was just 13 months old. The coronation was quite a solemn affair. His mother had been imprisoned at Lochleven Castle and forced to abdicate only days before. Only five Earls and eight Lords attended the ceremony. His father, Lord Darnley, had been murdered the year before and James wouldn’t see his mother again, although she lived for another two decades. The infant king was cared for by the Earl and Countess of Mar at Stirling Castle until he was of age to take his place as king. Between 1567 and 1579 four men held the post of Regent and governed on behalf of James. Esmé Stewart The first of James’ “favourites” appeared on the scene just as 13-year-old was officially recognised as king in his own right. In October 1579 a distant relative of James’ arrived at the Scottish court to celebrate James’ coming of age and tongues started to wag. Esmé Stewart was 37 when he was introduced to the young teenage king in Edinburgh. By this point Esmé already had at least three children. His eldest daughter was only a few years younger than James VI. The pair soon formed a very close bond. James bestowed great treasures and titles upon his cousin, which caused much concern amongst existing courtiers. They were suspicious of this man who had gained influence and threatened their positions of power. Furthermore, at this time the Scottish court was strongly Protestant. Esmé, who had been a Catholic, was not trusted, even although he had converted to Protestantism. An intimate bond Public displays of affection between James and Esmé were well documented. James openly kissed and embraced Esmé, leading many contemporaries to perceive their bond as unusually intimate. Letters between the two also express strong love and devotion, using language some interpret as hinting at physical affection. James also wrote a poem, “Phoenix,” featuring a beautiful bird symbolizing a foreign lover, interpreted by some as representing Esmé and their relationship. The nature of James VI’s relationship with Esmé Stewart has been debated for centuries. Historians remain divided on whether it constituted a “homosexual affair” in the modern understanding of the term. However, evidence suggests a very close relationship that could also have been sexual. Through the lens of today’s culture and society we would also likely see this as an example of grooming by Esmé. Whatever the nature of their relationship, Scottish nobles plotted to dissolve it. The king was lured to Ruthven Castle (now known as Huntingtower Castle), where he was held prisoner for nearly a year. This episode in Scottish history became known as the Ruthven Raid. There, under duress, the king was forced to exile Esmé on 17 September 1582. Esmé returned to France, but the pair kept up a secret correspondence. When Esmé died in 1583 his embalmed heart was sent to James. Robert Carr, Earl of Somerset More than twenty years passed before James VI met the next of his “favourites” in 1607. Four years before, in 1603, James VI of Scotland had become James I of England and Ireland after the death of his cousin, Elizabeth I. He had moved his court to London, including his wife, Anna of Denmark, who he had married in 1589. The king, now 40 or 41 was attending a jousting match when a 20-year-old noble, Robert Carr, was injured in the competition, breaking his leg. The king supported Robert’s recovery and a relationship grew between them. Their relationship exhibited similar characteristics to James and Esmé’s, including expressions of strong affection and political influence. However, accusations of Robert’s involvement in a murder scandal led to the demise of their relationship in 1615. George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham This now brings us to George Villiers. James’ third and final “favourite”. Twenty-two-year-old George caught the eye of the king in August 1614 while at a hunt in Northamptonshire. At the time, the king was still in the sway of Robert Carr. However, enemies of Robert’s spotted the king’s infatuation with young noble and decided to capitalise on this. They bought him a new wardrobe and engineered for him to take up a role at the court. Pushy parenting The fact that young George was in the orbit of the king in the first place was down to his mother, Mary Villiers. Mary was the second wife of George Villiers, an English knight, minor country gentleman and Member of Parliament from Leicestershire. Mary, who was born around 1570, was approximately 26 years younger than her husband. She had four children with her husband: Susan (1583-1651), John (c. 1590-1658), George (1592-1628), and Christopher (c. 1593-1630). For reasons not recorded in history, Mary saw something special in her third child and he was given favourable treatment over his siblings. It seems that the Villiers family were not particularly wealthy by the standards of nobility. However, Mary managed to find money to send George to the French court. There, he developed skills in dancing, fencing and the French language. He also picked up the courtly manners of the French. Upon returning to England, his mother purchased him the most fashionable clothes she could afford and sent him to the English Court. The art of seduction One tactic that ensured George made a name for himself was his appearance in masques at the Royal Court. By taking part in these elaborate entertainments which included dance, singing and dramatic sketches, he drew the admiration of the whole court, and that of James VI and I in particular. Contemporary sources highlight Gorge’s grace as a dancer and the beauty of his body. Godfrey Goodman (Bishop of Gloucester from 1624 to 1655) declared Villiers “the handsomest-bodied man in all of England; his limbs so well compacted, and his conversation so pleasing, and of so sweet a disposition”. This adulation gained him more influence at court, and he climbed the social ladder very rapidly. Amongst his duties, he was given the job of tutoring the king’s son (the future Charles I) in dance. Charles I had been born at Dunfermline Abbey in 1600 and was 8 years younger than George. They would have been around 15 and 23 when their lifelong friendship developed. From 1615 until James’ death in 1625, the king’s ardour for George never seemed to diminish. James openly displayed his affection for Villiers, raising eyebrows at court. Titles and wealth flowed towards Villiers, culminating in his becoming Duke of Buckingham in 1623. Writing to the king in 1623, Villiers stated: “I naturally so love your person, and adore all your other parts, which are more than ever one man had”, “I desire only to live in the world for your sake” and “I will live and die a lover of you”. The extent of their physical intimacy remains debated, with sources suggesting a romantic and potentially sexual relationship, while others argue for a deep emotional bond without physical aspects. Golden Jubilee Tour 1617 saw celebrations of James’ Golden Jubilee as King of Scots. To mark the occasion, he returned to Scotland for the first time since he had been made king of England. The king headed to Scotland with a large entourage. George was, of course, one of those accompanying him. At Edinburgh Castle, the Royal Palace was restored with a suite of royal apartments for the king on the first floor and his queen on the second floor. However, rumour has it that George joined him in his bedchamber on this visit, rather than his wife Anne. This series of events is depicted in the Sky TV series ‘Mary & George’, with Julianne Moore, which filmed at Stirling Castle in May 2023. While in Scotland, George was at the heart of other stooshies. James had assured Scottish nobles that he would not undertake any major political changes on his visit. However, he did use the opportunity to attempt to forge a political union between Scotland and England, beyond the union of the crowns. Scottish nobles were annoyed by the king’s controversial decision to admit five of his courtiers to the Scottish privy council. George was among the group. A deathbed drama Towards the end James’ reign, Buckingham’s immense influence over the King led to political decisions unpopular with Parliament and the public. These included disastrous foreign expeditions and accusations of corruption. Despite public disapproval, James’ affection for Buckingham never wavered. In the last few years of his life, the King had become increasingly infirm. Modern doctors have suggested a combination of arthritis and kidney disease were to blame for his ill health. The King died in 1625 at Theobalds House, one of his Royal Palaces. George and his mother Mary were in attendance. Their intervention in the King’s medical treatment caused a scandal at the time. The Scottish nobleman, Thomas Erskine, 1st Earl of Kellie, who had been a friend of James’ since childhood, was also at the scene and recorded that: There has something fallen out here much disliked, and I for myself think much mistaken, and that is this. My Lord of Bukkinghame wishing mutche the Kings healthe caused splaister to be applyed to the Kings breast, after which his Majesty was extremely sick, and with all did give him a drink or syrup to drink; and this was which has spread such a business here and discontent as you would wonder, and Doctor Craig is now absented from court and Harry Gibb of the bedchamber is quarrelled for it, and my Lord Buckingham so incensed” Falling from grace James died on 27 March 1625. George was initially a powerful figure in the reign of Charles I. However, over the next few years his favour waned under the new king. Villiers had become increasingly unpopular with the public. He was dogged by perceived failures in the Thirty Years’ War and personal scandals. This resentment came to a head on 23 August 1628. While in Portsmouth preparing for another military campaign Villiers was assassinated. A disgruntled former military officer called John Felton, disillusioned with the Duke’s leadership and motivated by religious and political beliefs, entered the Greyhound Inn and stabbed George. George Villiers was interred at Westminster Abbey. When his mother, Mary, died five years later, she was interred beside him. Their lavish monument, with depictions of them lying side by side, can still be visited at Westminster Abbey today. Was King James VI a gay or bisexual king? This is something that it’s impossible to answer simply and definitively. It’s vital to understand that concepts of sexuality in the 16th and 17th centuries differed from modern definitions. While the terms “gay” or “bisexual” were not in use in Renaissance culture, same-sex relationships and relationships with both sexes existed. We also know that James’ behaviour towards his favourites was seen as unusual and suggestive even by the standards of his time. Many historians now agree that substantial historical evidence suggests that King James VI was likely either gay or bisexual. While definitive proof may be elusive, the combination of his close relationships with male favourites, contemporary accounts, and his own writings make a compelling case for his attraction to men.
3199	dbpedia	1	17	https://dbpedia.org/page/James_Donald	en	About: James Donald	http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Actor_James_Donald.jpg?width=300	http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Actor_James_Donald.jpg?width=300	[ "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/dbpedia_logo_land_120.png", "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Actor_James_Donald.jpg?width=300", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/virt_power_no_border.png", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/LoDLogo.gif", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/sw-sparql-blue.png", "https://dbpedia.org/statics/images/od_80x15_red_green.png", "https://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-xhtml-rdfa" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	James Donald (18 May 1917 – 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Tall and thin, he specialised in playing authority figures, particularly military doctors.			DBpedia	http://dbpedia.org/resource/James_Donald	dbo:abstract James Donald (Aberdeen, 18 de maig de 1917 – , 3 d'agost de 1993) va ser un actor escocès. Alt i prim, es va especialitzar en interpretar figures autoritàries. (ca) جينس دونالد (بالإنجليزية: James Donald)‏ (و. 1917 – 1993 م) هو ممثل مسرحي، وممثل أفلام، وممثل تلفزي بريطاني، ولد في أبردين، توفي في ويلتشاير، عن عمر يناهز 76 عاماً، بسبب سرطان المعدة. (ar) James Donald (* 18. Mai 1917 in Aberdeen, Schottland; † 3. August 1993 in Wiltshire, England) war ein schottischer Schauspieler. (de) James Donald (Aberdeen, 18 de mayo de 1917–West Tytherley, Hampshire, 3 de agosto de 1993) fue un actor escocés. (es) James Donald (18 May 1917 – 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Tall and thin, he specialised in playing authority figures, particularly military doctors. (en) James Donald (18 mai 1917 Aberdeen, Royaume-Uni - 3 août 1993 Wiltshire, Royaume-Uni) est un acteur écossais. (fr) 제임스 도날드(James Donald, 1917년 5월 18일 ~ 1993년 8월 3일)는 영국의 연극 배우, 영화배우, 텔레비전 배우이다. 애버딘에서 태어났으며 윌트셔주에서 사망하였다.(사인: 위암) (ko) James Donald, nato James Robert MacGeorge Donald (Aberdeen, 18 maggio 1917 – Wiltshire, 3 agosto 1993), è stato un attore scozzese. (it) James Donald, född 18 maj 1917 i Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Skottland, död 3 augusti 1993 i West Tytherley, Hampshire, England, var en brittisk (skotsk) skådespelare. Donald scendebuterade 1935, och började filma på 1940-talet. Han fick dock ingen riktigt stor roll förrän han spelade Vincent van Goghs bror Theo i Han som älskade livet 1956. Donald gjorde ofta roller som auktoritetsfigurer och spelade militär i flera filmer. (sv) Джеймс До́нальд (англ. James Donald; род. 18 мая 1917, Абердин, Шотландия, Великобритания; умер 3 августа 1993, Западный Тайтерли, Уилтшир, Англия, Великобритания) — шотландский актёр. Будучи высоким и худым, он чаще всего играл военных офицеров, докторов или учёных. (ru) rdfs:comment James Donald (Aberdeen, 18 de maig de 1917 – , 3 d'agost de 1993) va ser un actor escocès. Alt i prim, es va especialitzar en interpretar figures autoritàries. (ca) جينس دونالد (بالإنجليزية: James Donald)‏ (و. 1917 – 1993 م) هو ممثل مسرحي، وممثل أفلام، وممثل تلفزي بريطاني، ولد في أبردين، توفي في ويلتشاير، عن عمر يناهز 76 عاماً، بسبب سرطان المعدة. (ar) James Donald (* 18. Mai 1917 in Aberdeen, Schottland; † 3. August 1993 in Wiltshire, England) war ein schottischer Schauspieler. (de) James Donald (Aberdeen, 18 de mayo de 1917–West Tytherley, Hampshire, 3 de agosto de 1993) fue un actor escocés. (es) James Donald (18 May 1917 – 3 August 1993) was a Scottish actor. Tall and thin, he specialised in playing authority figures, particularly military doctors. (en) James Donald (18 mai 1917 Aberdeen, Royaume-Uni - 3 août 1993 Wiltshire, Royaume-Uni) est un acteur écossais. (fr) 제임스 도날드(James Donald, 1917년 5월 18일 ~ 1993년 8월 3일)는 영국의 연극 배우, 영화배우, 텔레비전 배우이다. 애버딘에서 태어났으며 윌트셔주에서 사망하였다.(사인: 위암) (ko) James Donald, nato James Robert MacGeorge Donald (Aberdeen, 18 maggio 1917 – Wiltshire, 3 agosto 1993), è stato un attore scozzese. (it) James Donald, född 18 maj 1917 i Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Skottland, död 3 augusti 1993 i West Tytherley, Hampshire, England, var en brittisk (skotsk) skådespelare. Donald scendebuterade 1935, och började filma på 1940-talet. Han fick dock ingen riktigt stor roll förrän han spelade Vincent van Goghs bror Theo i Han som älskade livet 1956. Donald gjorde ofta roller som auktoritetsfigurer och spelade militär i flera filmer. (sv) Джеймс До́нальд (англ. James Donald; род. 18 мая 1917, Абердин, Шотландия, Великобритания; умер 3 августа 1993, Западный Тайтерли, Уилтшир, Англия, Великобритания) — шотландский актёр. Будучи высоким и худым, он чаще всего играл военных офицеров, докторов или учёных. (ru)
3199	dbpedia	2	42	https://www.findmypast.co.uk/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry	en	A whistlestop tour of every US president's ancestry \| Blog	https://images.prismic.i…469&w=1200&h=575	https://images.prismic.i…469&w=1200&h=575	[ "https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/362fe08f-aa14-4b4a-a2e5-ba817da652ff_us-presidents.JPG?auto=compress%2Cformat&rect=0%2C54%2C979%2C469&w=640&fit=max 640w, https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/362fe08f-aa14-4b4a-a2e5-ba817da652ff_us-presidents.JPG?auto=compress%2Cformat&rect=0%2C54%2C979%2C469&w=750&fit=max 750w, https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/362fe08f-aa14-4b4a-a2e5-ba817da652ff_us-presidents.JPG?auto=compress%2Cformat&rect=0%2C54%2C979%2C469&w=828&fit=max 828w, https://images.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/362fe08f-aa14-4b4a-a2e5-ba817da652ff_us-presidents.JPG?auto=compress%2Cformat&rect=0%2C54%2C979%2C469&w=1080&fit=max 1080w, 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https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/9071a6c2-d543-4c8c-af17-5b2ba77edf70_app-store.svg?fit=max&w=384 2x", "https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/19cb337f-2ba3-4a6b-968b-e11cc9b12cb8_play-store.svg?fit=max&w=256 1x, https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/19cb337f-2ba3-4a6b-968b-e11cc9b12cb8_play-store.svg?fit=max&w=384 2x", "https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/9071a6c2-d543-4c8c-af17-5b2ba77edf70_app-store.svg?fit=max&w=256 1x, https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/9071a6c2-d543-4c8c-af17-5b2ba77edf70_app-store.svg?fit=max&w=384 2x", "https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/19cb337f-2ba3-4a6b-968b-e11cc9b12cb8_play-store.svg?fit=max&w=256 1x, https://findmypast-titan.cdn.prismic.io/findmypast-titan/19cb337f-2ba3-4a6b-968b-e11cc9b12cb8_play-store.svg?fit=max&w=384 2x" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Niall Cullen" ]	2023-05-02T00:00:00	From George Washington to Joe Biden, here's a quick overview of the (sometimes surprising) genealogy of every US president in history.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.findmypast.co.uk/blog/history/us-presidents-ancestry	The family history of powerful political figures is always interesting to delve into and they don't come more powerful than the President of the United States. Some American presidents' family trees are widely-documented, like Barack Obama's Irish roots. Others, you may be less familiar with. Here, we've provided quickfire summaries of all 46 US presidents' family histories. Some of them may have genes you weren't expecting. George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John Tyler James K Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Benjamin Harrison William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Dwight D. Eisenhower John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Bush Bill Clinton George W. Bush Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden And there you have it, a brief yet insightful rundown on the ancestry of every US president in history. Did any of their family connections surprise you? We always thought the two Roosevelt presidents were much more closely related than they actually are. Are you related to an American president? Start or import your family tree on Findmypast and our smart hints will automatically suggest record matches for your ancestors. Perhaps you’ll unearth some presidential pedigree you know nothing about. More on this topic:
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actor James Donald was born in Aberdeen on May 18th 1917. A master at playing intelligent, button-downed, serious, principled and often joyless professors, soldiers, scientists,...		https://64.media.tumblr.…086b4edd4617.jpg	Tumblr	https://www.tumblr.com/scotianostra/684615857751605248/the-scottish-actor-james-donald-was-born-in
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3199	dbpedia	1	56	https://www.bmj.com/content/386/bmj.q1535	en	James (Donald) Bissett	https://www.bmj.com/site…cover-source.jpg	https://www.bmj.com/site…cover-source.jpg	[ "https://www.bmj.com/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif", "https://crossmark-cdn.crossref.org/widget/v2.0/logos/CROSSMARK_Color_horizontal.svg", "https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/viewthroughconversion/973817434/?value=0&guid=ON&script=0" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Alec C McDonald", "Roy P Rampling", "Rhona McMenemin", "Alastair McMurray" ]	2024-07-16T00:00:00	James Donald Bissett, known as Donald, studied science at St Andrews University before switching to medicine. He graduated in 1982 from Manchester where during subsequent general medical training he met Carol. They later married. He began training in radiotherapy and oncology in Nottingham where the arrival of Christopher to join Ian and Helen completed the family. Returning to Glasgow, Donald trained in both radiation and academic medical oncology, a combination uncommon at the time. His research led to a doctorate focusing on anti-cancer drug resistance, a masters in clinical pharmacology, and many publications. In 1994 he was appointed senior lecturer and honorary consultant at Glasgow’s Beatson Oncology Centre. Frustrated with the competing demands of clinical and research work, …	en	”/sites/default/themes/bmj/the_bmj/img/icon.png”/	The BMJ	https://www.bmj.com/content/386/bmj.q1535	James Donald Bissett, known as Donald, studied science at St Andrews University before switching to medicine. He graduated in 1982 from Manchester where during subsequent general medical training he met Carol. They later married. He began training in radiotherapy and oncology in Nottingham where the arrival of Christopher to join Ian and Helen completed the family. Returning to Glasgow, Donald trained in both radiation and academic medical oncology, a combination uncommon at the time. His research led to a doctorate focusing on anti-cancer drug resistance, a masters in clinical pharmacology, and many publications. In 1994 he was appointed senior lecturer and honorary consultant at Glasgow’s Beatson Oncology Centre. Frustrated with the competing demands of clinical and research work, …
3199	dbpedia	2	8	https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Donald-790	en	James Donald (abt.1762-1832)			[ "https://www.wikitree.com/images/wikitree-small.png.pagespeed.ce.5G9g5z_Ayb.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/8/8a/Donald-790.jpg/75px-Donald-790.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/privacy60.png.pagespeed.ce.40ChhYgHYM.png", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/descendant-link.gif.pagespeed.ce.otv5KRfaLm.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/map.gif.pagespeed.ce.dRGS_qcAFb.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/mail.gif.pagespeed.ce.Q4d4kzofWu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/star.gif.pagespeed.ce.PFsRnIv2dh.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/images/icons/relationship.gif.pagespeed.ce.Bp6vm0XjUu.gif", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/8/8a/Donald-790.jpg/300px-Donald-790.jpg", "https://www.wikitree.com/photo.php/thumb/f/f7/Donald-790-1.jpg/300px-Donald-790-1.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "James Donald genealogy" ]	null	[]	2021-08-08T00:00:00	Is this your ancestor? Compare DNA and explore genealogy for James Donald born abt. 1762 died 1832 St Andrews, Morayshire including father + descendants + 2 photos + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community.	en	/favicon.ico		https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Donald-790	[sibling(s) unknown] Descendants Profile last modified 8 Aug 2021 \| Created 29 Mar 2017 This page has been accessed 431 times. Biography I estimated James Donald was born before 1762 . Per his college records, his father's name was James Donald from Cluny - See Note 6. He attended Marischal College from 1778 to 1782 and graduated with a Master of Arts degree. While attending the college he received Garden's bursary (scholarship) for all the years he was there plus for the last two years, the Gray's bursary. See Source 2 below. James Donald applied for the post of School Master in January 1790, having been recommended to the Board of Governors by Rev. Sherriffs. He was already employed at Robert Gordon’s Hospital as an assistant to Mr Duncan the Writing Master. James Donald’s application was preferred over that of another applicant and the 25 January 1790 was set for his interview and trial before the Governors. He was examined in English Language, Arithmetic, Writing and other branches of education and found to be suitably qualified. He was duly appointed to the post and, after taking the oath, was introduced that same day to the pupils as their Master. See source section - Gordon's Hospital Governors Minutes below.' I am not sure what James did between the time he graduated from college in 1782 and became a Schoolmaster at Robert Gordon's Hospital in 1790 but perhaps was Schoolmaster at another location. Am still pursuing this as a possibility. However, with the notation about being employed as an assistant to Mr Duncan, then perhaps that was his employment once he graduated in 1782 until he sent in his application in 1790, certainly possible I guess. His salary, while a Schoolmaster at Gordon's, was 26 pounds 5 Shillings for the period 01 Nov 1793 until 01 Nov 1794. James, a Schoolmaster in Aberdeen, married Charlotte McKinzie 12 Jul 1806 in Aberdeen[1]. On 17 July 1806, 5 days after he married, he submitted to the Treasurer of the Hospital the following letter: I hereby intimate to you as Treasurer of Robert Gordon’s Hospital that I am soon to quit my situation as one of the School Masters of said Hospital. I cannot, however, do this without expressing my gratitude to the Governors and Treasurer for their uniform kindness and indulgence to me during the long period that I have held that office. I am, Sir, Yours with respect, Signed James Donald' I am suspecting James resigned from Robert Gordon's Hospital because of perhaps already being offered the position of Schoolmaster at the Parochrial School at St. Andrews in Morayshire. Purely speculation but surely he would not quit his position, after having just gotten married and a wife to support without another job prospect. In the Elgin Presbytery Kirk Session Minutes of 21 Oct 1806, James Donald is mentioned as being the Schoolmaster at St Andrews, Lhandbryde, and a Student of Divinity. He had produced documents as to his regular attendance at the Divinity Hall when he was a student at Marischal College. The minutes also mention James was certified at Kings College 14 Jul 1806 and "his conversation and conduct is suitable as a candidate of the Holy Ministry " per W. L. Brown S.S. F. P. On 02 Dec 1806, again in the Elgin Presbytery Minutes, it was noted James had produced ample testimonials at the previous meeting and he wanted to expedite his trials and be licensed to be a Preacher of the Gospel. The presbytery had examined his knowledge of Greek and Latin languages as well as his proficiency in Theological knowledge and was well satisfied so they are going to recommend him to the Synod. On 31 Aug 1807 James delivered a lecture on the 21st Psalm at the Elgin Presbytery Session. Also on this date he delivered a Homily. On 27 Jan 1808 James was licensed to preach the Gospel. You can see the picture of the old St Andrews school where James taught. This picture was taken 18 May 2021 by a dear friend Susan Munro who went there especially for me. Unfortunately the school is in disrepair. Someone has taken all the old wood flooring as well as the wooden panels on the walls. A shame it could have been perhaps restored to it's original beauty and used by the local community as a gathering or small event place. The picture of the well maintained home is where James and Charlotte lived. This picture was also taken by Susan. James was proposed for Trials on 21 Oct 1806 and licensed to be a Preacher of the Gospel on 21 Jan 1808. He was the Parochial Schoolmaster at St Andrews-Lhandbryde in Morayshire from 1806 and died there in February 1832 - see Note 8. In 1808, his salary was £1/15/5d and two bolls of bear- See Note 7. He was ordained in 1827. His wife Charlotte is shown as a widow when she wrote her will and she died 23 May 1834. Notes 1. Charlotte's will mentions an executor named William Donald, a Farmer in Kintore. Perhaps he is a relative of her deceased husband James Donald. Suspect he is James' brother William who is married to Agnes Norval. 2. Charlotte's Inventory mentions "to price of books sold the Reverend James Donald in Kintore"...again, perhaps a relation of deceased husband James.Suspect he is James' nephew, son of William Donald and Agnes Norval. 3. A book, The History of the Province of Moray by Lachlan Shaw, has an entry for St Andrews in Elgin stating James Donald, a Teacher, received "200 merks, 16b. bear from Heritors, and a Mortification of 25 merks. This money came from the Carnegie of Spynie and the Earl of Moray. 4. Kirk Session Minutes for St Andrews-Lhandbryde look up by a SPECIAL person named Bruce who was queried by another SPECIAL person Susan Munro..my relative through marriage. As a side note, I have been searching for James for 12 years and Susan, through her perseverance, tracked down this information. I am pinning a Genealogist virtual medal on her! 5. I suspect (based on some related facts) James was born 1761 in Cluny and probably to James Donald and Agnes Ross but I do not yet have the facts to prove this. 6. The Marischal College records do show this James' father was named James from Cluny. 7. A Boll is a Dry Measure of varying weight depending on the product and locality - anywhere between 2 to 7 bushels. According to the Scottish National Dictionary a boll of oats is about 6 Imperial bushels. According to Scotlands People, a boll of barley, oats or malt is equal to 53 litres. 1 boll equals 4 firlots. And, apparently bear is another name for barley per Wikipedia. So...part of James' salary in 1808 was paid in food, about 106 litres of barley. Wikipedia also states a firlot, a dry measure for grain, is equal to 4 pecks. So..if a boll equals 4 firlots and a firlot equals 4 pecks, James received 16 pecks of barley. 8. In March 1832 there was a severe outbreak of Cholera in Lhanbryde and neighboring areas of the parish so I wonder if that could have possibly extended to James' area and perhaps the cause of James' death a month earlier. Or, it may just be a coincidence. James would have been at least 70 years of age in 1832. 9. I "suspect" William Donald, mentioned in Charlotte's will, is James' brother. 10. I "suspect" James and William's parents are EITHER James Donald and Margaret Reid OR James Donald and Agnes Ross (leaning towards this couple), both from Cluny. Rationale is time frame, father James being from Cluny and having a brother William was just a bonus. Sources 1. Abt 1762 birth year based on start of college year (1778) minus 16 years. 2. 1778-1782 Marischal College list of graduates from the online site of the University of Aberdeen. Information about his time a Marischal, his bursaries and his salary at St Andrews was provided by Heather Kennedy from the Wolfson Reading Room at the University of Aberdeen. She found lots of great information and was a tremendous source and the catalyst for my contact with Robert Gordon's Hospital. 3. 1790-1806 entries in records researched by by Tom Cumming, Achivist for Gordon's Hospital records. The length of time a schoolmaster and beating out another applicant (Governors Minutes), his yearly salary (Annual Accounts Register from the 1790's), his letter of resignation(from the Governmors Minutes) THANK YOU Tom. He supplied me with so much valuable information - superb job Tom. 4. 1806 marriage record from the parish of Aberdeen obtained from Scotlands People. 5. 1806 marriage information from the Family Search site. 6. 1806 certified at Kings College from the Elgin Presbytery Kirk Session Minutes at Scotlands People. 7. 1806 proposed for trials and 1808 license date are noted in the booklet entitled "The Lands and People of Moray - Part 10" by Bruce B Bishop, obtained from the ANESFHS. 8. 1807-1808 Elgin Presbytery Minutes regarding James presenting at the Session and also being licensed to preach. Minutes from Scotlands People. 9. 1832 death year from a lookup in the Kirk Session Minutes for the St Andrews-Lhandbryde parish. He is buried in the Lhanbryde Cemetery (formerly Calcots) but his tombstone has not survived so he is not listed in the ANESFHS published MI booklet. 10. Feb 1832 death date is also listed in the booklet titled "The Lands and People of Moray- Part 10" by Bruce B. Bishop, although I believe the source was the above source - the Kirk Session Minutes. 11. The Schoolmaster Salaries are also noted in booklet "The Lands and People of Moray - Part 9" by Bruce B Bishop, obtained from the ANESFHS. 12. 1834 death of wife Charlotte per her will and inventory from Scotlands People. 13. The countless hours spent pouring over microfiche records, quite difficult to read, the tramping through graveyards, the phone calls and emails sent to various groups and people are too innumerable to even list. The credit all goes to Susan Munro who I should have thanked publicly much earlier. Without her, much of what is known and written would not be possible. ↑ "Scotland Marriages, 1561-1910," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XTJ6-NYN : 10 February 2018), Jas. Donald and Charlotte Mckinzie, 12 Jul 1806; citing Saint Nicholas,Aberdeen,Aberdeen,Scotland, index based upon data collected by the Genealogical Society of Utah, Salt Lake City; FHL microfilm 991,139
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https://64.media.tumblr.com/68ff440c5007370e0bf74e77281fbf20/3190fbda784c7304-a8/s250x400/8b5d9d0e8b3ed853954905b556592f113c3adbc7.jpg 250w", "https://64.media.tumblr.com/f29c04f9ea1f6f0b85bf7ae6a42d20dd/3190fbda784c7304-2f/s100x200/271af5a82b8b6d255abbcb26753b608072bf769e.jpg 100w, https://64.media.tumblr.com/f29c04f9ea1f6f0b85bf7ae6a42d20dd/3190fbda784c7304-2f/s250x400/391b0dc5e6517d06125a7ae62112af99b7431945.jpg 250w" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "james-donald" ]	2012-06-16T08:36:34+00:00	This blog with SCREENCAPTURES and GIFs is dedicated to James Donald. The scottish stage actor was an star from the "Golden Age of British Cinema". He is best known as Major Clipton in "The Bridge on the River Kwai", Group Captain Ramsey in "The Great Escape" and Prof. Mathew Roney in "Quatermass and the Pit". This pictures not all mine. I just collect them. tribute_jamesdonald@yahoo.com	en	https://assets.tumblr.com/pop/manifest/favicon-0e3d244a.ico	Tumblr	https://www.tumblr.com/james-donald	The low quality of the craftsmanship is something venial (in the final act the expressive thrust gets the most out of a shoddy recourse to technical and visual installations). Much more than to the animal phylum of arthropods, the cinereous demon can easily be traced to that of chordates (strigiformes). One of those Hammer stale productions that smell pipe tobacco.
3199	dbpedia	1	3	https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/51655%257C77592/James-Donald	en	Not Available	https://prod-images.tcm.…are-1200x630.jpg	https://prod-images.tcm.…are-1200x630.jpg	[ "https://prod-images.tcm.com/img/global/logo-WatchTCM-animated-singleplay.gif", "https://prod-images.tcm.com/img/global/logo-TCM_white.png", "https://www.tcm.com/themes/custom/bacall/img/global/watch-tcm-transparent.svg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null	Turner Classic Movies presents the greatest classic films of all time from one of the largest film libraries in the world. Find extensive video, photos, articles, forums, and archival content from some of the best movies ever made only at TCM.com.	en	/themes/custom/bogart/favicon.ico	Watch TCM	https://www.tcm.com/unavailable	Welcome, DISH customer! Please note that we cannot save your viewing history due to an arrangement with DISH. Watchlist and resume progress features have been disabled. ACCEPT
3199	dbpedia	3	19	https://marvelanimated.fandom.com/wiki/James_Donald_Hall	en	James Donald Hall	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/e/e2/James_Donald_Hall.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20191118022139	https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/e/e2/James_Donald_Hall.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20191118022139	[ "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210714142027", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/f/fd/Real_World.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/25?cb=20080523223415", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/e/e2/James_Donald_Hall.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/250?cb=20191118022139", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/marvelanimated/images/9/94/Blade.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/250?cb=20080824191703", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f", "https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[ "Contributors to Marvel Animated Universe Wiki" ]	null	James Donald Hall (born May 7, 1947), credited as J. D. Hall, is an actor who played Blade on Spider-Man. He is the first to play the character outside the comics. Other notable works include Lou Grant with Edward Asner, Hill Street Blues, V, T. J. Hooker, Jaws: The Revenge, Eddie Murphy: Raw...	en	/skins-ucp/mw139/common/favicon.ico	Marvel Animated Universe Wiki	https://marvelanimated.fandom.com/wiki/James_Donald_Hall	James Donald Hall Born James Donald Hall May 7, 1947 (1947-05-07) (age 77) United States Characters played Blade James Donald Hall (born May 7, 1947), credited as J. D. Hall, is an actor who played Blade on Spider-Man. He is the first to play the character outside the comics. Biography[] Other notable works include Lou Grant with Edward Asner, Hill Street Blues, V, T. J. Hooker, Jaws: The Revenge, Eddie Murphy: Raw, Mac and Me, Matlock, New Kids on the Block, Ghost Dad, Kid 'n' Play, Night Stand, Jury Duty, Phantom 2040, Coach, Moesha, Babe: Pig in the City, Even Stevens, Crossing Jordan, Undercover Brother, Alias, Power Rangers Wild Force, That's So Raven, Star Trek: Enterprise, Everybody Hates Chris, Lincoln Heights, The Incredible Hulk, Kinect Disneyland Adventures, iCarly, and The Summoning. []
3199	dbpedia	1	16	https://www.nndb.com/people/678/000092402/	en	James Donald			[ "https://www.nndb.com/title.gif", "https://www.nndb.com/red-profile-2.gif", "https://www.nndb.com/people/678/000092402/james-donald-1-sized.jpg" ]	[]	[]	[ "" ]	null	[]	null			/silly-nndb-icon.png		null	Born: 18-May-1917 Birthplace: Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland Died: 3-Aug-1993 Location of death: Wiltshire, England Cause of death: Cancer - Stomach Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Actor Nationality: Scotland Executive summary: Third Man on the Mountain University: University of Edinburgh University: McGill University FILMOGRAPHY AS ACTOR The Big Sleep (13-Mar-1978) Conduct Unbecoming (5-Oct-1975) The Royal Hunt of the Sun (6-Oct-1969) Hannibal Brooks (30-Apr-1969) David Copperfield (1969) Quatermass and the Pit (19-Nov-1967) · Dr. Roney The Jokers (19-May-1967) Cast a Giant Shadow (30-Mar-1966) King Rat (27-Oct-1965) The Great Escape (4-Jul-1963) · Ramsey Third Man on the Mountain (10-Nov-1959) · Franz Lerner The Vikings (11-Jun-1958) The Bridge on the River Kwai (18-Dec-1957) · Maj. Clipton Lust for Life (17-Sep-1956) · Theo Van Gogh Beau Brummell (1-Oct-1954) The Net (10-Feb-1953) The Pickwick Papers (26-Nov-1952) Glory at Sea (16-Jul-1952) Brandy for the Parson (20-May-1952) White Corridors (12-Jun-1951) Cage of Gold (19-Sep-1950) The Gay Lady (9-Aug-1949) Edward, My Son (2-Jun-1949) · Bronton Broken Journey (14-Apr-1948) · Bill Haverton The Small Voice (1948) The Way Ahead (6-Jun-1944) · Pvt. Lloyd San Demetrio, London (7-Dec-1943) Went the Day Well? (7-Dec-1942) · German Corporal In Which We Serve (17-Sep-1942) Do you know something we don't? Submit a correction or make a comment about this profile

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