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1605
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https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150117/southern-nights-with-lights
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Southern Nights with Lights
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2022-07-25T00:00:00
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The <em>aurora australis</em> fluttered north and south of the Antarctic Circle on several nights in July.
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/favicon.ico
| null |
Though much of the far southern hemisphere is bathed in winter darkness, there was a bit of light last week. The aurora australis, or southern lights, fluttered north and south of the Antarctic Circle on several nights.
The image above was acquired by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the NASA-NOAA Suomi NPP satellite in the early morning hours of July 18, 2022. The aurora and the light of the waning gibbous Moon faintly illuminated the icy coast of eastern Antarctica. VIIRS has a day-night band that detects nighttime light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared and uses filtering techniques to observe signals such as city lights, auroras, and reflected moonlight.
In the image above, the sensor was actually detecting the light emissions as energetic particles rained down from Earth’s magnetosphere into the upper atmosphere. Fast-moving electrons from space collide with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the ionosphere and chemically excite them. As the gases return to their normal state, they emit small bursts of energy in the form of light (photons); oxygen molecules and atoms tend to glow green, white, or red, while nitrogen tends to be blue or purple. This ghostly light originates at altitudes of 100 to 400 kilometers (60 to 250 miles).
Astronomer Ian Griffin, director of New Zealand’s Otago Museum, was part of a team that also captured time-lapse photographic imagery (above) of the aurora late on July 17 (a few hours before VIIRS passed over). As reported on Twitter and Spaceweather.com, scientists used a new auroral camera system deployed on the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a Boeing 747 outfitted for astronomy by NASA and the German Aerospace Center. The plane was flying south of New Zealand at roughly 62 degrees latitude at the time.
Solar Cycle 25 is now underway and more sunspots and solar storms are starting to emerge, which should bring more opportunities to see auroras in both hemispheres. Solar cycles are traditionally measured by the rise and fall in the number of sunspots, but they also coincide with increases in solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), radio emissions, and other forms of space weather. Scientists have forecasted that the Sun should reach its next peak of activity (solar maximum) in mid-2025.
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1605
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dbpedia
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0
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https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-causes-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-explained
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en
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What causes the Northern Lights? Aurora borealis explained
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The aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights, is one of the most spectacular displays in the night sky. What is the science behind these ethereal curtains of light?
|
en
|
/themes/custom/rmg_theme/favicon.ico
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https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-causes-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-explained
|
The aurora can be seen near the poles of both the northern and southern hemisphere. In the north the display is known as the aurora borealis; in the south it is called the aurora australis.
These 'northern' and 'southern lights' have fascinated, frightened and inspired humans for centuries. More recently, photographers have gone to remarkable lengths to try and capture the beauty of these atmospheric events.
See spectacular aurora photography at the Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition
What causes the aurora borealis or 'northern lights'?
The lights we see in the night sky are in actual fact caused by activity on the surface of the Sun.
Solar storms on our star's surface give out huge clouds of electrically charged particles. These particles can travel millions of miles, and some may eventually collide with the Earth.
Most of these particles are deflected away, but some become captured in the Earth’s magnetic field, accelerating down towards the north and south poles into the atmosphere. This is why aurora activity is concentrated at the magnetic poles.
“These particles then slam into atoms and molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and essentially heat them up,” explains Royal Observatory astronomer Tom Kerss. “We call this physical process ‘excitation’, but it’s very much like heating a gas and making it glow.”
What we are seeing therefore are atoms and molecules in our atmosphere colliding with particles from the Sun. The aurora's characteristic wavy patterns and 'curtains' of light are caused by the lines of force in the Earth’s magnetic field.
The lowest part of an aurora is typically around 80 miles above the Earth's surface. However, the top of a display may extend several thousand miles above the Earth.
What causes the different colours in the aurora?
Different gases give off different colours when they are heated. The same process is also taking place in the aurora.
The two primary gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen, and these elements give off different colours during an aurora display.
The green we see in the aurora is characteristic of oxygen, while hints of purple, blue or pink are caused by nitrogen.
“We sometimes see a wonderful scarlet red colour, and this is caused by very high altitude oxygen interacting with solar particles,” adds astronomer Tom. “This only occurs when the aurora is particularly energetic.”
How to photograph the aurora
Is the aurora borealis visible in the UK?
The aurora borealis can be seen in the northern hemisphere, while the aurora australis is found in the southern hemisphere.
While the best places to see the aurora are concentrated around the polar regions, the aurora borealis can sometimes be seen in the UK. The further north you are the more likely you are to see the display, but in the past the northern lights have been seen as far south as Cornwall and Kent.
Lancaster University's Department of Physics runs a website called AuroraWatch UK, which estimates the likelihood of an aurora being visible based on geomagnetic activity. Follow the team's Twitter account to see the latest UK alerts.
The conditions do still need to be right however. Dark and clear nights, preferably with little light pollution, offer the best chance of seeing the aurora.
Do other planets have aurorae?
Any planet with an atmosphere and magnetic field is likely to have aurorae. Scientists have captured incredible images of aurorae on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Aurorae on Mars have also been seen, but as the 'red planet' does not have a global magnetic field, aurorae behave differently and appear to be far more widespread.
What are solar flares and how do they affect the aurora?
The aurora is a very dramatic example of the ways in which solar activity affects the Earth.
Solar flares are like enormous explosions on the surface of the Sun in which streams of charged particles are emitted into space. It typically takes two days after the flare is seen on the Sun for the particles to reach Earth. Upon their arrival, these particles can result in aurora activity.
What are geomagnetic storms?
Intense aurora displays are generated following massive explosions on the Sun known as 'coronal mass ejections'. These explosions release clouds of hot plasma containing billions of tons of material travelling at around two million miles per hour. When the clouds reach the Earth, they interact with the Earth's magnetic field to cause events called geomagnetic storms.
The Sun's activity fluctuates, with activity reaching a peak every 11 years. The last time solar activity peaked was in 2014, and the cycle is now reaching its minimum. However, solar activity is predicted to rise again through to the mid-2020s.
Regardless of the Sun's activity, aurorae can still occur at any time and observers in high latitudes should always look out for them.
Main image: Goðafoss Flow by Larryn Rae, Astronomy Photographer of the Year 2021
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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3
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https://phys.org/news/2014-07-southern-night-sky.html
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en
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The Southern Lights put on a display in the night sky
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[
"Marc Duldig"
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2014-07-07T09:22:54-04:00
|
Over the past few months night sky watchers in the southern parts of Australia have been presented with lots of beautiful displays of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights.
|
en
|
https://phys.b-cdn.net/favicon.ico
|
https://phys.org/news/2014-07-southern-night-sky.html
|
Over the past few months night sky watchers in the southern parts of Australia have been presented with lots of beautiful displays of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights.
So what causes the impressive display of lights in the night sky?
As with any scientific question, the easy questions often don't have easy answers. First we need to know a little bit about the sun and its behaviour.
The sun is not a constant bright object in the sky. It's true that its brightness doesn't change much in the visible range (a fraction of a percent over its cycle) but it is much more variable in the ultraviolet (UV) and x-ray range.
In fact x-rays from the sun go from virtually none to frequent events, and back to none, over a cycle known as the solar cycle.
This cycle lasts on average a little more than 11 years but can be a year and a bit longer or shorter from one cycle to the next.
The sunspot cycle
The most obvious sign of the solar cycle is the number of sunspots that appear, hence the cycle is often called the solar sunspot cycle.
At solar minimum there are very few if any dark spots, and at solar maximum there are lots. The cycle repeats every 11-odd years, with the sun's magnetic field reversed in alternate cycles.
Sunspots are easy to observe. Put a tiny pinhole in a large dark piece of card or paper and let the sun shine through this pinhole onto a white sheet and you will see a projected image of the sun on the white sheet. You can also see the larger sunspots.
It works best if you have dark surroundings, like using a sliver of sunlight through the crack in curtains as the source.
This technique is what Chinese astrologers used around 1000AD to see the sunspots. They discovered the 11-year cycle - though they were really trying to foretell events!
Sunspots were rediscovered in the 1600s following the invention of the telescope but it is clear from the Chinese records that the cycle has been around for a long time.
Carried on the solar winds
The sunspots are only one manifestation of how the sun changes during its cycle. Another change is the number of eruptions that occur on the sun (related to the sunspots) and the strength and gustiness of the solar wind.
The solar wind is a constant stream of gas that is so hot that the electrons have been stripped away from the atoms so the gas is charged (known as a plasma).
This gas travels fast from the sun and constantly hits the earth's magnetic field and is then deflected around the earth. Typically the wind travels at about 400 kilometres per second but during eruptive events the wind speed can reach up to several thousand kilometres per second.
At solar minimum times there is enough wind for some of the plasma to compress the earth's magnetic field. This in turn speeds up electrons already in the field, which then travel along the field into polar regions, impact with atmospheric atoms and give them a little energy.
The energised atmospheric atoms then release this excess energy as light – red high up due to energised oxygen atoms, green lower down due to a slightly different energisation of oxygen atoms, and violet (which is hard to see) due to nitrogen.
All this happens a few hundred kilometres up in the atmosphere, well above the cloud layers.
An active sun
When the sun is more active and the eruptive events give rise to very fast winds, the buffeting of the earth's magnetic field is so strong and it distorts so much that the part where the lines come down to the ground, usually only near the poles, expands toward the equator. That is when the aurorae are seen further from the poles.
The sun is currently passing through its maximum state and so there are more occasions when conditions are right for seeing the aurorae from southern Australia.
You need to get clear of city lights and have a good view to the south. The best time to see them is an hour or two either side of midnight.
With especially strong "solar storms", as they are called, the aurorae can be seen earlier or later in the night and higher in the sky, not just low on the horizon.
A whole range of other phenomena associated with these storms are collectively known as "Space Weather". These have less benign impacts on us and our technology but that is a story for another time.
This story is published courtesy of The Conversation (under Creative Commons-Attribution/No derivatives).
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.irf.se/en/knowledge-bank/northern-lights/
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en
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Northern lights – IRF
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[
"Annelie Klint Nilsson"
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2020-01-09T17:05:52+01:00
|
en
|
https://www.irf.se/en/knowledge-bank/northern-lights/
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The Earth is surrounded by a thin gas cover, the atmosphere, and fast charged particles, plasma, are moving in space above it. Auroras arise when some of those particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere and collide with atoms and molecules. When the particles collide the energy used to give them their velocity changes into a light, the aurora.
The particles that make auroras come from the ionosphere but have an extremely high velocity due to the energy from the solar wind. The particles are caught by the Earth’s magnetic field and are steered towards the poles. When a particle reaches the atmosphere it collides with one of the many present atoms.
When the particle collides with an atom, the atom takes over some of the energy that has given the particle its velocity. The particle keeps on moving but with less velocity, since it has lost some energy to the atom. The particle soon collides with a different atom.
The atom that has taken over some energy from the particle has now got too much energy and lets go of it. The surplus energy becomes light. The next atom that collides with the particle also takes over some of its kinetic energy, resulting in the particle losing even more velocity. The new atom also lets go of the energy. As the particle moves down through the atmosphere the atoms become more and more crowded, resulting in more collisions for the particle. Each time the particle collides it moves a bit slower and more light is emitted.
When the particle has collided a number of times it has lost so much of its kinetic energy that it stops moving. This occurs when the particle is approximately 100 kilometres from the Earth’s surface. When a lot of particles collide with atoms, releasing light, an aurora occurs.
For auroras to arise on a planet five things are required.
First of all the planet has to have an atmosphere. The atmosphere is the screen upon which the aurora is shown. If there was no atmosphere the particles from space would find no atoms to collide with and no light would be visible.
Second, there must be charged particles, plasma, that can collide with the atmosphere. If there were no particles the situation would be the same as above.
Third, something that can steer the plasma particles down to the atmosphere is needed. That is a magnetic field. If the magnetic field was not present most of the particles would miss the earth and keep moving through space.
Fourth, an energy source that can give the plasma particles all the energy they need to create auroras is required. On Earth that energy source is the Sun. If the particles were not provided with all the necessary energy auroras would not occur.
Lastly, something to carry the energy from the Sun to the particles is needed. This is the solar wind.
For the charged particles in space to gain the high velocity required to make auroras, an energy source is needed. That energy source is the Sun. The part of the Sun’s energy that makes auroras is transported to the Earth in a special way, with the so-called solar wind. The solar wind mostly consists of protons, positive charged particles, and electrons, negative charged particles. These charged particles have a common name, plasma. The plasma is hurled from the Sun with an enormous velocity, approximately 400 kilometres per second.
Plasma is a kind of gas, but there is an important difference. A gas has no electric charge, all of the protons and electrons are stuck into its atoms. In an atom there is the same amount of negative charged electrons, and positive charged protons. There are also neutrons that have no charge at all. When there is the same amount of positive and negative charged particles the total sum of the atom is no charge.
In a plasma the electrons and protons move freely; because of this the plasma can be electrically charged.
The Earth is an impediment to the solar wind. Actually it is the Earth’s magnetic field that stops the solar wind. The solar wind is pushing, the Earth’s magnetic field is pushing back and a bow shock is created. The bow shock is similar to the one created by an aeroplane flying faster than sound. The main part of the solar wind plasma is diverted from its path and does not interact with the Earth. You can compare it to a rock in a stream. An essential difference is that the Earth’s bow shock arises without any particles colliding.
The solar wind encloses the Earth’s magnetic field in a bubble. The bubble is the Earth’s magnetosphere. The magnetosphere acts as a shelter to the Earth: it makes sure that no particles from space hit the Earth. The magnetosphere is a limited area in space where forces from magnetic fields control the movements of the plasma in the area. Magnetospheres are found around planets with magnetic fields, but even other astronomical objects that are pulsating, and whole galaxies, can have magnetospheres.
In a period of one second, the outer limit of the magnetosphere, the magnetopause, is hit with the same amount of energy that is produced by all Swedish power plants in three years. Just a small part of the energy reaches the magnetosphere and a small amount of that energy becomes auroras.
A magnetic substorm is a local disturbance in the magnetic field acting in the auroral zone. The storm lasts about 10- 30 minutes and is followed by strong auroras. The substorms are due to changes in magnetic fields and charged particles in the magnetotail, which is why they are also called magnetospheric storms.
Many consider the aurora to be something of the most beautiful things that can be seen. The different colours in green, blue and red that swiftly move across the sky are really fascinating. If it is the first time you see a sparkling aurora it is easy to lose one’s breath. Regardless of the fact that I have seen quite many beautiful auroras, I cannot just walk by when I see a new one. There are no two auroras that are alike, so if you have seen one aurora it does not mean that you have seen them all.
Auroras appear in many different shapes. The aurora mostly seen early in the evening is shaped as an arc and stretches all across the sky in an east-west direction. The arc has indistinct edges and is green.
Sometimes arcs can become active and start to look like pieces of drapery with distinct rays that show the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. The length of an aurora arc can be quite large, maybe 1000 kilometres or more, but the width can be as small as 100 metres.
If you stand directly beneath an aurora in the direction of the magnetic field the rays look like they are all coming from one point and radiating in all directions. This is called a corona. If you stand further north or south and look at the same aurora you will see it as an arc.
During the most active auroras, which occur during so-called sub storms, the whole sky may be filled with the most incredible colours. The shapes and colours can change from one second to the next. The most intensive phase of an aurora normally lasts only for about 10 minutes.
When the magnetosphere gets rid of most of the surplus energy related to a sub storm you can often see a different type of aurora, pulsating auroras. The sky will be filled with pale light spots that are switched on and off independently of each other and at different speed; the spots are lit for a few seconds. This type of aurora is common after midnight.
The picture shows a series of photographs taken during a pulsating aurora. They are taken with a special camera adjusted to faint light. The dot indicates the position of a sounding rocket. At 9:54:58 p.m. the rocket was surrounded by the aurora, but four seconds later it was almost gone, reappearing two seconds later.
The most commonly occurring auroras are not so easily noticed, since they have no shape. This is the indistinct aurora that lies like a faint glow across the sky.
Very rarely red aurora (630 nm wavelength) appears quite a long way south of the ordinary green (558 nm wavelength from atomic Oxygen) and purple (428 nm wavelength from ionized Nitrogen molecule) aurora. This happens only a few times during solar maximum, i.e., large red aurora like this photo appears only a few times in a decade.
Before people knew what they know today they tried, in their own way, to explain why there were auroras. People knew that there were auroras but they did not know why. At that time people were very superstitious so their explanations sometimes became very imaginative.
Three old Nordic explanations are mentioned in the book “Kongespeilet” from the thirteenth century. At that time people thought the Earth was flat and surrounded by oceans. One explanation was that the oceans were surrounded by fire and that auroras were the light from those fires, reflected in the sky.
One other possibility was that the sun threw its beams high in the sky although the sun itself was located beneath the edge of the earth plate.
A third possibility was that glaciers could absorb so much power that they began to shine.
One of the ancient Swedish names for aurora is sillblixt (herring flash). The name comes from people who thought that the aurora was a reflection of large herring shoals in the ocean. This is preserved in documents from Närke and different parts of Norway.
From Närke comes yet another explanation, the aurora was believed to arise from the Laplanders’ torches when they were looking for their reindeer in the mountains.
In Småland some people believed that the swans had a competition about flying furthest to the north. Those who got furthest froze in the sky. The aurora arises when the swans try to come loose by flapping their wings.
The Finnish name for aurora is revontulet, fox fires. According to the legend there were fire foxes in Lapland and the auroras were sparks given off by their fur as they ran in the mountains.
The natives, for example Indians and Laplanders, who live in the aurora zones today think that the aurora is something to be respected. This opinion is still active in our century. A lot of elderly people living in the north of Sweden can remember as children being told to act nice and silent when there were auroras in the sky. To misbehave at that time was very serious.
In both Scandinavia and North America some people believe that you can call the aurora by whistling, but to do so can be dangerous.
There are a lot of stories describing how dangerous the aurora could be. There is a story about a young man from Norway, who despite his big brother’s warnings, was killed by the aurora because he was teasing it.
Some people would not let their children outside to play while there were auroras, since they could get killed. Others thought it was all right as long as the children had hats on, so that the aurora would not burn their hair off.
A lot of people thought that auroras, especially the red ones, foretold bad times, such as plague, war or great fires. The reddish auroras often made people believe that a city close by was on fire and they rushed there only to find that it was not the case. It is easy to see how people who were not used to auroras could mistake them for fires, especially since most of the houses were made of wood and easily caught fire.
For the Laplanders, as for other people in northern Europe, Asia and America, the aurora was a place for the dead. Above all it were people who had died a violent or too early death who came to live in the aurora. It could be people who were murdered, killed in war, took their own life, died in child birth or unborn children.
In some areas the spirits of the dead seemed to have quite a good time in the aurora. The Inuits in Greenland and northern Canada thought that the spirits were playing soccer with a walrus skull. Their name for the aurora is aqsalijaat, the trail of those who play soccer. From Baffin Island it is told that the walrus skull found it all so amusing that it clattered its jaws. Those who looked at their ancestors’s games had to look out so they did not get their heads knocked off by the skull.
The Laplanders thought that auroras and the weather were connected. When the aurora was flaming high in the sky the weather would be warm. By the magic influence of the aurora they thought it was possible to also influence the weather. This could be done in many different ways. In Kvikkjokk they called out a chant which started “gokseth (aurora) lipi, lipi”. Lipi is short for lihphuit that means flutter. From Vilhelmina it is told that you could make the aurora flutter by waving a white sheet.
All people did not think that a fluttering aurora meant warm weather, some thought that it was getting cold and others that there was a storm coming. Most people believed that a fluttering aurora meant a change in the weather though.
The aurora is not only beautiful to look at, there is also a lot of research going on. The scientists are among other things trying to find out why there are auroras, how often there are strong auroras and so on. I will try to explain how some of the research is done.
The particles that make auroras possible don’t reach the ground, they are stopped by the Earth’s atmosphere. This makes it difficult to study those particles. If you want to study the behaviour of the particles you have to send instruments to make measurements in the higher atmosphere.
The instruments sent into space with a rocket or satellite are called payload.
Sounding rockets are used for accurate measurements of selected auroras. They can reach heights of approximately 1000 kilometres and make measurements for about 10 minutes. A lot of sounding rockets for aurora research have been launched from Esrange 40 kilometres east of Kiruna.
If you want to reach areas far away from the Earth or measure for a longer period of time you use satellites. Due to such projects being very expensive and demanding it is common that many countries cooperate when it comes to satellites. The advantage of cooperation is that each country does not need as much money and or as many people working on the satellite.
In space, data from the different instruments are translated into radio signals that are transmitted to a receiver on Earth, where they are recorded on magnetic tapes. In most cases the ground station can only reach the satellite during a period of its orbit, therefore the data is often stored in memory banks on the satellite until the next contact with Earth.
If everything goes well now the most interesting part of the project starts for the scientists, to analyse the data. It is often possible for more than one explanation to correspond to the data. If you for example measure a lot of electrons for a short moment you don’t know if the satellite flew through an area of electrons or if it was a very short electron burst.
Measurements from the ground are also very important. Ground measurements have some advantages compared to measurements in space: all the measurements can be performed at the same location (the rocket or satellite is constantly moving), and it is possible to repair the instruments if they break down.
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Lofoten Islands Northern Lights Photography Guide
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Lofoten Islands, Norway: Best Northern Lights - Aurora Borealis Photography Locations guide and shooting tips by local photographer.
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68 North | Lofoten Islands Norway Photography Hiking and Travel Info
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https://www.68north.com/info/northern-lights/
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When To See The Northern Lights
When the northern lights – Aurora Borealis are strong and bright, get ready for the show of your life as the lights dance across the sky from horizon to horizon in display of nature that I can only describe as truly breathtaking. Not much beats snow covered mountain peaks rising straight out of the sea with auroras filling the night sky overhead. For me, the Lofoten Islands are worth the risk of bad weather to take images of the northern lights that are dynamic and powerful. Something more than just a boring snow field or barren forest in the foreground.
There is no switch to turn on the northern lights. Seeing them primarily depends on a combination of four main elements: darkness, clear skies, extreme northern (southern) latitude, and solar activity. Winter on Lofoten already covers two of these elements: darkness and northern latitude. Clear skies and solar activity are more or less left up to chance. I have experienced some winters where I rarely saw a star over a two week period due to heavy cloud cover, yet elsewhere in the north clear skies brought fantastic aurora displays. Other years I have had multiple clear nights and yet the sky remained silent. Like the weather, there is no way to predict what you will get until you are on the Islands and the twilight is fading into night.
In general, there is a short term level of predictability for the occurrence of auroras, as they usually happen several days after a solar storm. Several websites and apps are available to help forecast the appearance of the northern lights up to about 3-4 days out. Though in my experience, they often appear when they feel like appearing. Some of the best displays I have seen were on forecasted low activity nights, whereas some nights which were predicted to have hight activity were quiet. If I am to give some advice though, I would use the prediction of solar activity level to calculate how much effort you want to put into finding clear skies, should they not exist at your current location.
With low intensity auroras, a faint, almost cloud like glow will appear in the night sky. Barely perceptible to the eye, if you pull out your camera and make an exposure of several minutes, you will see the light is green. When the northern lights are strong, the green color will be readily visible to the naked eye and if your lucky, reds and pinks might also appear. On these nights, you really know you’re seeing the northern lights as they swiftly move across the sky.
Historically, March and October typically have the greatest occurrence of solar activity. And while there is sufficient darkness by late afternoon during winter, I find the northern lights don’t typically appear until 20:00 – 21:00 or later. Generally, the earlier in the evening they appear, the stronger the display, but this is not always true. If you haven’t seen anything by midnight, then they are probably not going to occur.
Late August – First auroras appear in the sky
September – March – Main aurora season on Lofoten
Mid April – Last auroras visible as the nights grow lighter
Lights Over Lofoten
Photographing the northern lights on Lofoten can be both a rewarding and frustrating experience. While the dramatic landscapes and coastlines of Lofoten provide near limitless compositional opportunities, the equally dramatic winter weather can leave you longing for even an hour of clear skies. If the northern lights are your main purpose of traveling to Lofoten, then it’s possible you’ll be left disappointed when the sky remains stormy for a the duration of your visit. Rather, I like to think of any appearance of the lights as an added bonus to what is already a world class landscape.
The coastal areas of Lofoten are often the best locations for shooting the northern lights. That being said, there are a few things to keep in mind. First, most Islanders live near the coastline. This means that you should be aware of light pollution, even on seemingly distant shorelines. Next, pay attention to how open the horizon is from the northwest to the northeast, as this is typically where the aurora will appear. If you have mountains rising too steeply in front of you, then any low level auroras may be blocked from sight.
The dramatic rising peaks across the fjord from Reine are one of my favorite aurora locations. The mountains rise steeply from the fjord providing a dramatic setting to the scene, yet are far enough away so as not to block most aurora displays. Additionally, there is easy access to a multitude of shooting directions, allowing for compositional flexibility, depending on where the auroras are appearing in the sky. Even driving a few minutes down the road can provide an entirely different looking group of images set against one of Lofoten’s most iconic mountain peaks.
The beaches of Flakstadøy and Vestvågøy are some of the most popular and photogenic locations for shooting the northern lights. Haukland, Vik and Utakleiv beaches, only separated by a short section of road, all face in slightly different directions, letting you move between them as the northern lights move though the sky. Skagsanden beach provides a wide open northern horizon which works well with aurora appearing from multiple directions. The northern coast of Gimsøy also has some small beaches and wide open horizon, but they typically lack any mountains in the background.
Getting away from the coast, there are also multiple inland options for shooting the northern lights. But these typically are more dependent on localized conditions, i.e.. how much snow is on the ground, and often require a bit more planning and exploration to find a scenic composition. Additionally, mountains can also block a majority of the horizon, limiting the viewing angles the aurora may appear in.
While the northern lights can be photographed more or less anywhere across Lofoten, the list below highlights some of the better locations across the Islands with good possibilities for both composition of the foreground in combination with northern lights overhead. On good nights, when the aurora are moving about, I suggest visiting several locations vs. remain in one place the whole evening. If possible, I would also suggest to scout any location you’re thinking of during the daylight, so you at least have some familiarity of where to go in the darkness as you’re rushing to take a shot.
Reine: A multitude of views possible, from the tourist viewpoint over the harbor to include the city, to areas down on the fjord to avoid any lights in the foreground. A good variety of shooting angles are possible from northwest into the back of the fjord, to directly east across the open waters of the Vestfjord. Though the mountains rising on the north side of the fjord are some of the most dramatic on Lofoten, they will suffer from severe light pollution with anything less than a quarter moon, taking on an ugly orange color cast.
Hamnøy: One of the most popular locations on Lofoten due to the fact that many photographers stay at the Elliassen Rorbu, so you don’t have to go much past the front door. With the auroras shining overhead, you will be bumping tripods with dozens of other photographers here. You can find a bit more space if you walk a few hundred meters to Toppøy. Same as above, the peaks across the fjord suffer from light pollution with anything less than a quarter moon.
Skagsanden beach: This beach has grown in popularity recently as it is the first nice beach reached from the Reine area where most of the photo workshops stay. The beach faces northwest, with good open skies continuing to the north. With some nice rocky areas on the side of the beach, a variety of compositions are possible here.
Uttakleiv beach: Another of the more popular beaches, the classic Uttakleiv view with northern lights overhead is a coveted one among photographers. Sky is open from the northwest to north. Any aurora from a more easterly direction will be mostly blocked by the massive Himmeltindan. Light pollution not too bad, but a bit of moonlight helps with the scenic foreground here.
Haukland beach: Facing south west, with mountains directly north and east, Haukland works best in strong aurora displays when the lights are well overhead or have swung around to a more southern or western direction.
Vik beach: Similar to Haukland, but more open to the north, I often start my wait for aurora here as the horizon is fairly visible. With Uttakleiv and Haukland just down the road, Vik also works well with shifting auroras if you need to change locations quickly.
Unstad beach: While Unstad is one of the more scenic beaches on Lofoten, it unfortunately has quite limited angles in which the northern lights need to appear, making Unstad a bit of a gamble. Best to save Unstad until after you have been to several other locations and have some good shots. Minor light pollution, but like Uttakleiv, some moonlight is beneficial for the rocky foreground.
Setup
Aurora photography is a much more active experience than typical night photography situations. If you are lucky to experience a solar storm then the sky will be dancing with light that neither words nor photos can properly describe. This can cause photography brain freeze, which combined with the darkness allows simple mistakes to happen which might affect your images.
It is good to get familiar with the basics of your camera so that you can use it in the dark on not need to turn your headlamp on – which is a great disturbance to others if you are photographing in a crowded area. Know where the buttons are for shutter speed, aperture, ISO. Know how to switch between auto and manual focus. Know how to zoom in on the image display while focusing and while reviewing images to verify sharpness.
Standing around at night for hours gets tiring. If you have a heavy backpack, there is no reason to wear it all evening – and always be careful if ever putting it down in the darkness with an incoming tide, you’re likely going to be looking at the sky and not see the waves getting nearer – I’ve witnessed some close calls! And in all likelihood, you are not going to be changing lenses on need anything from your backpack anyhow. So just the camera, a few extra batteries kept warm in your pockets, maybe an extra memory card, some lens wipes, in case of condensation/fogging, and your tripod are all that’s really needed.
It not likely you will to be alone at any of the beach locations on Lofoten. For the sake of all other photographers, keep headlamp usage as limited as possible. I don’t mean you need to walk in the darkness and trip and fall. But you’re probably just walking down to a beach and only need to see your feed, so there’s no need for 18.7 million lumens and a light so bright that it reaches the moon. And contrary to popular belief, don’t use the ‘night red.’ This actually ends up much more distracting should it end up in a photo, especially on snow.
Be aware of your surroundings in general. If there are already people at a location, it is often best to line up next to them and shoot in the same direction – though this doesn’t work at every location unfortunately. When the ‘go in front of each other’ game begins, then all that happens in everyone ends up walking the entire length of the beach…
Focus
If the moon is out, use that to focus on, as it will be the brightest object in the sky. If there’s no moon, then try and find some distant house lights to focus on. If this is also not an option, then do your best to focus manually on the stars – the most difficult option. Once you believe you’re in focus, put you camera into manual focus mode, and don’t touch the lens!
Always take a test shot to check focus and zoom in on the image to verify sharpness. There is nothing worse than getting back to your rorbu and discovering you have a whole collection of out of focus images.
It is a good idea though to check your focus again at regular intervals. When shooting at night, probably with bulky gloves, while moving the camera around, it can be easy to hit the focus ring by accident. when recomposing, I recommend to clients to always use your right hand for grabbing the camera, by the camera grip, and using your left hand to adjust the tripod. If you grab the camera with your left hand, it is much more likely you’ll touch the lens and perhaps adjust the focus accidentally.
Exposure
The first initial aurora of the night can often be a faint glowing arch and be nearly identical to a cloud in appearance, especially if the sky is already partly cloudy. Take out your camera and do a quick exposure: if the ‘cloud’ is green, then you have northern lights. If the cloud is orange or white, or any other color, it’s just a cloud.
There is no single correct setting for aurora photography as the conditions on the ground, snow vs. no snow, and the sky, moon vs. no moon and any remaining ambient light on the horizon, are always changing. The exposure needed on a moonless night with only a faint aurora will be several stops of light different than a night with a full moon shining across fresh mountain snow.
However, you do need to start somewhere: ISO 2000, f/2.8, 8 seconds – is a good starting point to get something on your camera, and then adjust brighter or darker from there.
I recommend shooting in manual exposure mode. You do need to take some care of the intensity of the aurora. It is easy for a dim aurora display to suddenly double or triple in brightness within a few short moments, blowing out your exposure if you don’t compensate.
When photographing the northern lights, be sure to check your exposure with the RGB histogram, not just the apparent brightness on the display screen. As your eyes adjust to the darkness, your camera’s screen will begin to appear artificially bright. Without referencing the histogram for exposure, you might return to your room and suddenly find you have a bunch of underexposed images.
As the speed of the aurora movement increases – your shutter speed should decrease. That is to say, If the aurora is just a light glow in the sky, not really doing much, you can get away with a lower ISO and a longer shutter speed – It’s basically just night photography with some green. However, when the aurora begins to dance across the sky, you want as fast of a shutter speed as your camera will allow – of course this is a trade off between increasing ISO and thus noise while having a sharper aurora vs. less noise yet a softer, more glowing aurora. There is no correct answer here, you have to take from one to give to the other.
When the lights are faint and amorphous, and particularly if there are some clouds swirling over the mountain peaks, it can be useful to lower the ISO and open up the shutter for some long exposures to let the movement of the clouds better balance with the aurora for a more subtle look to the scene.
While I see it often advised to photograph the northern lights without the influence of moonlight, I am of the opposite opinion and think that the addition of moonlight greatly benefits the scene. Moonlight will only influence the weakest displays of aurora, and to be frank, these dark, faint displays aren’t that spectacular to photograph anyhow. When you see a good aurora, you will know it, and moonlight will have no effect on this. Without moonlight, most of the landscape from foreground to distant mountain peaks will be overly dark, or worse, glow bright orange due to light pollution – one of the reasons you might notice many photos have colorless, black and white looking mountains/foreground as people attempt to remove the ugly color cast from their images. Many might shoot multiple exposures and combine them later, but I think the added light from the moon helps to add depth to the scene and better balance to the elements of land and sky.
Composition
If you just wanted to see the northern lights, you would have gone to Tromsø. You have come to Lofoten because when all the elements come together, the beaches and mountains offer some of the most dynamic landscapes possible for aurora photography. Of course, this is over simplifying things, and it’s hard to predict where in the sky the aurora might appear, but the possibilities here exist.
After the initial excitement of seeing green in the sky wears off, and you’ve taken a few dozen images pointed mostly towards the sky, take a bit of a pause and look at the landscape around around you. How would you compose the image if the aurora was just clouds? I often like to include more foreground in many of my images, or shoot vertical panoramics – foreground image – sky image, if the aurora is high overhead, yet I still want a foreground to anchor the composition. The simplest and one of the most effective techniques is using the reflection from a beach or lake (though the lakes are mostly frozen in winter).
The above being said, it is more simple in theory than practice, especially as a active aurora will be continuously moving throughout the sky, and the shape of the aurora itself might have a large affect on the composition and balance of the image. Often times I find myself with a nice foreground then wishing I could move the aurora to a different part of the sky. But it does what it wants, which is part of the magic! It’s not easy…
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Capturing Clouds of Light: How to Photograph the Aurora Borealis — National Parks at Night
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2017-02-18T00:00:00
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I recently led a few photo tours to Iceland to photograph the northern lights, and our groups each had the good fortune to experience several nights of clear skies and brilliant displays of aurora. It's an amazing experience, both to photograph and simply to see. One of the high seasons for aurora
|
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National Parks at Night
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https://www.nationalparksatnight.com/blog/2017/2/18/capturing-clouds-of-light-how-to-photograph-the-aurora-borealis
|
I recently led a few photo tours to Iceland to photograph the northern lights, and our groups each had the good fortune to experience several nights of clear skies and brilliant displays of aurora.
It's an amazing experience, both to photograph and simply to see. One of the high seasons for aurora is nearly upon us, so I chose to write a primer on how to tackle this exciting genre of night photography.
Where and When to Find Aurora
The aurora borealis, as the northern lights are also known, occurs when electrically charged particles from the sun are carried by solar wind toward Earth and collide with gases in the upper atmosphere. Those gas particles—most commonly oxygen (green aurora) and nitrogen (pink aurora)—are “excited” by the collisions, and release photons of light.
Earth’s magnetic field deflects most of the solar particles, but that field is weakest at the poles. This is why the aurora is mainly seen near the polar regions. (Toward the South Pole, they're called the aurora australis, or southern lights.) In general, the chances of viewing the aurora in the Northern Hemisphere are best at latitudes above 55° N, and between the months of September and March. Historically, March and October are the best months for aurora viewing.
There are a number of apps to help locate the aurora. The one we at NPAN have used the most is Aurora Forecast. Some of the newer apps seem to have more favorable reviews, and may be worth trying. Whichever app you choose, set the preferences to send you an alert for a Kp rating of 5 or higher, for middle latitudes if you live at or below 55° N latitude, and high latitudes above 55° N. Kp is the unit of measurement for geomagnetic conditions responsible for the aurora.
The frequency of clear skies is also a big a factor in seeing the aurora, but broken cloud cover can add a lot of visual interest in aurora photographs. The phenomenon can appear at any time when the sky is dark, but the best viewing times are typically from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m.
Solar activity peaks and falls on an 11-year cycle. The winter of 2012-13 was the peak of the current cycle, which was theoretically the best chance to see auroral activity for the next decade. Luckily for us though, there has been plenty of auroral activity every winter since 2012.
Iceland lies between 64° and 66° N, and is ideally suited for viewing and photographing the aurora. Despite being so far north, its position on the Gulf Stream keeps the winters relatively mild compared to other good aurora-viewing places such as Scandinavia and Alaska. During my two Iceland tours in 2015, we had good viewing conditions and good sightings for nine out of 17 nights, and really spectacular displays on three of those nights.
Photographing the aurora is relatively straight-forward once you understand the basics. The remainder of this article is intended to provide the basic information required for aurora photography.
Prepare for the Cold
It’s obvious that you’ll be photographing in cold weather conditions, and there are a few things you can do to protect yourself and your equipment from the cold.
Dress in layers, making sure that your innermost layer is synthetic rather than cotton. Synthetic fibers wick moisture away from the body, keeping you warm and dry. Dress as if it will be colder than it really will be. Standing around for hours on end will make you feel much colder than if you were active or if you were outside for only a short while.
Your best options are:
heavyweight merino wool and synthetic-blend socks
insulated boots with wool or sheepskin liners
long underwear
lined pants, wind pants or long underwear with ski pants
Make sure your neck is covered, and find just the right hat. The best bet for your hands is flip-top mittens with chemical hand warmers and potentially thin, form-fitting glove liners. (We particularly like the Trigger Mitt by our friends at Vallerret.) If you’re going to Alaska, or somewhere frigid, extreme cold weather clothing can be expensive, but is essential.
Camera gear for Aurora Photography
Photographing the aurora tests the limits of our gear, so this is a case where using the best equipment really makes a difference in the quality of your images.
Cameras and Lenses
Cameras with full-frame sensors are ideal, as are fast, ultrawide-angle lenses. Cameras such as the or D750, Pentax K1, Sony A7R2 or A7S2, and Canon EOS 6D or EOS 5D Mark IV are particularly well-suited to this work. The next best option is an APS-C camera, such as the Nikon D500. But if you will be using an APS-C camera, I recommend sticking with newer models that perform better at high ISOs.
Fast, wide to ultrawide angle lenses in the 14mm to 24mm range are the most useful for full-frame cameras, and those manufactured by Samyang under the brand names of Samyang, Bower and Rokinon offer a great value for about one-third the price of the comparable Canon and Nikon lenses, and they suffer less from coma at wide apertures. It’s recommended to test these lenses thoroughly after purchase, as quality control is notoriously inconsistent.
The best zoom lenses for this type of photography are the Tamron 15-30mm f/2.8 and Nikon 14-24mm f/2.8. A lens hood is helpful not only for preventing flare, but also for protecting the front element from frost and condensation.
Tripods
A sturdy tripod is essential of course, and those with three leg sections are generally more stable than those with four or five. One exception to the three-section leg rule is the Gitzo Series One Traveler. This is one of our favorite travel tripods, as it packs small and is incredibly sturdy. A more economical alternative is the Manfrotto 190Go! Carbon Fiber Tripod Kit with Ball Head.
Insulated leg sections are easier to handle, especially on aluminum tripods. Ball heads are better suited for this work than traditional pan-tilt heads because they can be adjusted quickly to track quickly changing aurora.
Miscellaneous Gear
Since exposures are generally 30 seconds or less, a remote release or intervalometer is helpful, though not required. In fact, the cables can freeze and break in extremely cold weather, so if the temperature is below zero F, you’re better off without one. If you are working without a remote release of some sort, be sure to use the 2-second delay on the self-timer to avoid camera movement when depressing the shutter button.
The only other equipment you’ll need is an extra camera battery or two. You’ll want to keep your extra batteries close to your body in an inner pocket, as they will not last as long in the cold. You can also consider connecting to an external power supply with the Tether Tools Case Relay Camera Power System.
Remove any filters from your lenses, and be sure to use your lens hoods, which will help minimize frost or condensation buildup on the front element. A neoprene beer/soda cozy with the end cut off can be used to hold one or two chemical warmers to your lens, which also can prevent the lens from fogging over.
Lastly, you'll want some flashlights. We recommend carrying at least two: a dim or preferably red one (such as Coast's FL75 headlamp) for finding things in your bag or making adjustments to your camera, and a very bright flashlight to use as a focusing aid or for light painting. (As usual, we can't recommend the Coast HP7R enough. Use the coupon code “parksatnight” for 25 percent off of all merchandise at CoastPortland.com.)
Ambient Light and Aurora Photography
Ambient light from towns and cities will obscure all but the brightest aurora displays, so make sure you are well away from urban areas. That said, the distant glow from streetlights or the last glow of a fading sunset on the horizon can add another element of color to your photographs. Sodium-vapor streetlights reflecting off of low clouds is another possibility to add contrasting color to aurora photos.
Lunar phase and lunar elevation in the sky both have a profound impact on night photography in general, and on aurora photography in particular. Photographing without any moonlight will mean primarily silhouetted foregrounds, and longer exposures at higher ISOs. Photographing under a full moon will mean much brighter foregrounds (especially if there is snow on the ground), shorter exposures at lower ISOs and fainter aurora in your photographs.
You can photograph the aurora at all phases of the lunar cycle, and the results will vary fairly dramatically; it’s just a matter of what kind of images you are looking for. My preference is to photograph between the first quarter and waxing gibbous phases, as there is sufficient moonlight to illuminate the landscape without overpowering the aurora. The first-quarter moon rises around noon, sets around midnight, and then rises about 45 minutes later each day until it is full. The full moon rises at about sunset and sets at about sunrise.
If you include interesting foreground elements, you may want to add light painting, especially when there is little or no moonlight present.
Camera Settings and Exposure for Aurora Photography
Aurora photography pushes the limits of even today’s best DSLR cameras. Because of the low light levels, and the need to keep exposures relatively short due to the moving nature of the aurora, you’ll be photographing at the highest usable ISO of your camera and the widest aperture that will yield sufficient sharpness and depth of field.
Determining your highest usable ISO is simply a matter of testing your camera by making a series of low-light exposures at increasing ISOs, and then scrutinizing the shadow areas of each exposure, preferably by making final-size prints of the images. (See Matt Hill’s post, “Keep the Noise Down: How to Take an ISO Test with your Camera.”) For me, 1600 is the highest ISO I use for print-quality images and 6400 for web-quality with my 5D Mark II.
Similarly, you’ll want to test your lenses for coma at wide apertures. A form of optical distortion, coma causes stars to appear as if they have “tails” like a comet, or sometimes like a bird in flight. Test your lenses by shooting starry skies at maximum aperture and then stopping down in half- or third-stop increments until you get to f/5.6, and then looking at the resulting images at full magnification for signs of coma. It’s generally found near the edges of the frame in images shot at or near maximum aperture. The Canon and Nikon 24mm f/1.4 lenses both suffer from fairly severe coma problems. (Coma is another topic we will discuss in more detail in the future.)
Exposures for aurora photography range from approximately 30 seconds, f/2.8, ISO 6400 for faint to average aurora on a moonless night, to 4 seconds, f/4, ISO 800 for bright coronal aurora on a full-moon night. The intensity of the aurora can vary dramatically—sometimes it’s barely visible to the naked eye but shows up nicely in photographs, and sometimes it can be so bright as to illuminate the landscape.
Determining exposure is accomplished by viewing a combination of the RGB histogram and the blinking highlight indicator. At a minimum, you should have a histogram that shows no shadow clipping—it can be a left-biased histogram, but the histogram should not be touching the left edge of the graph. Images with more exposure will have cleaner shadows with less noise. Ideally, you should not have to lighten your image in post-processing. Use the blinking highlight indicator to make sure that you are not overexposing the aurora or any highlights created by light painting. Use the LCD image preview primarily for confirming composition and focus.
Key camera settings
Here’s a rundown of the camera settings most important to photographing aurora, and my recommendations for how to set them.
Set file quality to RAW.
Use your camera’s highest usable ISO setting, hopefully between 1600 and 6400.
Set white balance to between 3700 K and 4100 K when shooting under moonlight, or between 4000 K and 5500 K when there is no moon.
Set your camera’s Long Exposure Noise Reduction (LENR) to Auto (if available) or on.
Enable your camera’s RGB histogram to use as the primary exposure determinant in natural light.
Enable the blinking highlight indicator to ensure that you do not clip the aurora.
Set the LCD brightness to “auto” or reduce it manually to almost the lowest setting.
Set exposure mode to Manual.
Set focus to Manual.
Turn off IS/VR lens functions
For focusing, use magnified Live View with the assistance of a flashlight to illuminate your focal subject, or use conservative, well-executed hyperfocal distance.
For more information and a complete list of camera settings, download my PDF “Basic Camera Settings for Milky Way and Aurora Photography.”
Getting Out There
As with any type of photography, you’ll get better results with experience and practice. It’s very helpful to have a basic understanding of night photography, and to be completely familiar with your equipment before departing toward one of the poles. Simply working in the cold and darkness complicates photography exponentially, so do your homework, and be prepared. Don’t expect to get perfect results on your first attempt.
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https://www.nationalparksatnight.com/blog/2017/2/18/capturing-clouds-of-light-how-to-photograph-the-aurora-borealis
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Capturing Clouds of Light: How to Photograph the Aurora Borealis — National Parks at Night
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[
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[
"Lance Keimig"
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2017-02-18T00:00:00
|
I recently led a few photo tours to Iceland to photograph the northern lights, and our groups each had the good fortune to experience several nights of clear skies and brilliant displays of aurora. It's an amazing experience, both to photograph and simply to see. One of the high seasons for aurora
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/550ed02fe4b00ccc1d9e9000/1514847065803-QUE60UNMHED1U93CKPXJ/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
National Parks at Night
|
https://www.nationalparksatnight.com/blog/2017/2/18/capturing-clouds-of-light-how-to-photograph-the-aurora-borealis
|
I recently led a few photo tours to Iceland to photograph the northern lights, and our groups each had the good fortune to experience several nights of clear skies and brilliant displays of aurora.
It's an amazing experience, both to photograph and simply to see. One of the high seasons for aurora is nearly upon us, so I chose to write a primer on how to tackle this exciting genre of night photography.
Where and When to Find Aurora
The aurora borealis, as the northern lights are also known, occurs when electrically charged particles from the sun are carried by solar wind toward Earth and collide with gases in the upper atmosphere. Those gas particles—most commonly oxygen (green aurora) and nitrogen (pink aurora)—are “excited” by the collisions, and release photons of light.
Earth’s magnetic field deflects most of the solar particles, but that field is weakest at the poles. This is why the aurora is mainly seen near the polar regions. (Toward the South Pole, they're called the aurora australis, or southern lights.) In general, the chances of viewing the aurora in the Northern Hemisphere are best at latitudes above 55° N, and between the months of September and March. Historically, March and October are the best months for aurora viewing.
There are a number of apps to help locate the aurora. The one we at NPAN have used the most is Aurora Forecast. Some of the newer apps seem to have more favorable reviews, and may be worth trying. Whichever app you choose, set the preferences to send you an alert for a Kp rating of 5 or higher, for middle latitudes if you live at or below 55° N latitude, and high latitudes above 55° N. Kp is the unit of measurement for geomagnetic conditions responsible for the aurora.
The frequency of clear skies is also a big a factor in seeing the aurora, but broken cloud cover can add a lot of visual interest in aurora photographs. The phenomenon can appear at any time when the sky is dark, but the best viewing times are typically from 10 p.m. to 2 a.m.
Solar activity peaks and falls on an 11-year cycle. The winter of 2012-13 was the peak of the current cycle, which was theoretically the best chance to see auroral activity for the next decade. Luckily for us though, there has been plenty of auroral activity every winter since 2012.
Iceland lies between 64° and 66° N, and is ideally suited for viewing and photographing the aurora. Despite being so far north, its position on the Gulf Stream keeps the winters relatively mild compared to other good aurora-viewing places such as Scandinavia and Alaska. During my two Iceland tours in 2015, we had good viewing conditions and good sightings for nine out of 17 nights, and really spectacular displays on three of those nights.
Photographing the aurora is relatively straight-forward once you understand the basics. The remainder of this article is intended to provide the basic information required for aurora photography.
Prepare for the Cold
It’s obvious that you’ll be photographing in cold weather conditions, and there are a few things you can do to protect yourself and your equipment from the cold.
Dress in layers, making sure that your innermost layer is synthetic rather than cotton. Synthetic fibers wick moisture away from the body, keeping you warm and dry. Dress as if it will be colder than it really will be. Standing around for hours on end will make you feel much colder than if you were active or if you were outside for only a short while.
Your best options are:
heavyweight merino wool and synthetic-blend socks
insulated boots with wool or sheepskin liners
long underwear
lined pants, wind pants or long underwear with ski pants
Make sure your neck is covered, and find just the right hat. The best bet for your hands is flip-top mittens with chemical hand warmers and potentially thin, form-fitting glove liners. (We particularly like the Trigger Mitt by our friends at Vallerret.) If you’re going to Alaska, or somewhere frigid, extreme cold weather clothing can be expensive, but is essential.
Camera gear for Aurora Photography
Photographing the aurora tests the limits of our gear, so this is a case where using the best equipment really makes a difference in the quality of your images.
Cameras and Lenses
Cameras with full-frame sensors are ideal, as are fast, ultrawide-angle lenses. Cameras such as the or D750, Pentax K1, Sony A7R2 or A7S2, and Canon EOS 6D or EOS 5D Mark IV are particularly well-suited to this work. The next best option is an APS-C camera, such as the Nikon D500. But if you will be using an APS-C camera, I recommend sticking with newer models that perform better at high ISOs.
Fast, wide to ultrawide angle lenses in the 14mm to 24mm range are the most useful for full-frame cameras, and those manufactured by Samyang under the brand names of Samyang, Bower and Rokinon offer a great value for about one-third the price of the comparable Canon and Nikon lenses, and they suffer less from coma at wide apertures. It’s recommended to test these lenses thoroughly after purchase, as quality control is notoriously inconsistent.
The best zoom lenses for this type of photography are the Tamron 15-30mm f/2.8 and Nikon 14-24mm f/2.8. A lens hood is helpful not only for preventing flare, but also for protecting the front element from frost and condensation.
Tripods
A sturdy tripod is essential of course, and those with three leg sections are generally more stable than those with four or five. One exception to the three-section leg rule is the Gitzo Series One Traveler. This is one of our favorite travel tripods, as it packs small and is incredibly sturdy. A more economical alternative is the Manfrotto 190Go! Carbon Fiber Tripod Kit with Ball Head.
Insulated leg sections are easier to handle, especially on aluminum tripods. Ball heads are better suited for this work than traditional pan-tilt heads because they can be adjusted quickly to track quickly changing aurora.
Miscellaneous Gear
Since exposures are generally 30 seconds or less, a remote release or intervalometer is helpful, though not required. In fact, the cables can freeze and break in extremely cold weather, so if the temperature is below zero F, you’re better off without one. If you are working without a remote release of some sort, be sure to use the 2-second delay on the self-timer to avoid camera movement when depressing the shutter button.
The only other equipment you’ll need is an extra camera battery or two. You’ll want to keep your extra batteries close to your body in an inner pocket, as they will not last as long in the cold. You can also consider connecting to an external power supply with the Tether Tools Case Relay Camera Power System.
Remove any filters from your lenses, and be sure to use your lens hoods, which will help minimize frost or condensation buildup on the front element. A neoprene beer/soda cozy with the end cut off can be used to hold one or two chemical warmers to your lens, which also can prevent the lens from fogging over.
Lastly, you'll want some flashlights. We recommend carrying at least two: a dim or preferably red one (such as Coast's FL75 headlamp) for finding things in your bag or making adjustments to your camera, and a very bright flashlight to use as a focusing aid or for light painting. (As usual, we can't recommend the Coast HP7R enough. Use the coupon code “parksatnight” for 25 percent off of all merchandise at CoastPortland.com.)
Ambient Light and Aurora Photography
Ambient light from towns and cities will obscure all but the brightest aurora displays, so make sure you are well away from urban areas. That said, the distant glow from streetlights or the last glow of a fading sunset on the horizon can add another element of color to your photographs. Sodium-vapor streetlights reflecting off of low clouds is another possibility to add contrasting color to aurora photos.
Lunar phase and lunar elevation in the sky both have a profound impact on night photography in general, and on aurora photography in particular. Photographing without any moonlight will mean primarily silhouetted foregrounds, and longer exposures at higher ISOs. Photographing under a full moon will mean much brighter foregrounds (especially if there is snow on the ground), shorter exposures at lower ISOs and fainter aurora in your photographs.
You can photograph the aurora at all phases of the lunar cycle, and the results will vary fairly dramatically; it’s just a matter of what kind of images you are looking for. My preference is to photograph between the first quarter and waxing gibbous phases, as there is sufficient moonlight to illuminate the landscape without overpowering the aurora. The first-quarter moon rises around noon, sets around midnight, and then rises about 45 minutes later each day until it is full. The full moon rises at about sunset and sets at about sunrise.
If you include interesting foreground elements, you may want to add light painting, especially when there is little or no moonlight present.
Camera Settings and Exposure for Aurora Photography
Aurora photography pushes the limits of even today’s best DSLR cameras. Because of the low light levels, and the need to keep exposures relatively short due to the moving nature of the aurora, you’ll be photographing at the highest usable ISO of your camera and the widest aperture that will yield sufficient sharpness and depth of field.
Determining your highest usable ISO is simply a matter of testing your camera by making a series of low-light exposures at increasing ISOs, and then scrutinizing the shadow areas of each exposure, preferably by making final-size prints of the images. (See Matt Hill’s post, “Keep the Noise Down: How to Take an ISO Test with your Camera.”) For me, 1600 is the highest ISO I use for print-quality images and 6400 for web-quality with my 5D Mark II.
Similarly, you’ll want to test your lenses for coma at wide apertures. A form of optical distortion, coma causes stars to appear as if they have “tails” like a comet, or sometimes like a bird in flight. Test your lenses by shooting starry skies at maximum aperture and then stopping down in half- or third-stop increments until you get to f/5.6, and then looking at the resulting images at full magnification for signs of coma. It’s generally found near the edges of the frame in images shot at or near maximum aperture. The Canon and Nikon 24mm f/1.4 lenses both suffer from fairly severe coma problems. (Coma is another topic we will discuss in more detail in the future.)
Exposures for aurora photography range from approximately 30 seconds, f/2.8, ISO 6400 for faint to average aurora on a moonless night, to 4 seconds, f/4, ISO 800 for bright coronal aurora on a full-moon night. The intensity of the aurora can vary dramatically—sometimes it’s barely visible to the naked eye but shows up nicely in photographs, and sometimes it can be so bright as to illuminate the landscape.
Determining exposure is accomplished by viewing a combination of the RGB histogram and the blinking highlight indicator. At a minimum, you should have a histogram that shows no shadow clipping—it can be a left-biased histogram, but the histogram should not be touching the left edge of the graph. Images with more exposure will have cleaner shadows with less noise. Ideally, you should not have to lighten your image in post-processing. Use the blinking highlight indicator to make sure that you are not overexposing the aurora or any highlights created by light painting. Use the LCD image preview primarily for confirming composition and focus.
Key camera settings
Here’s a rundown of the camera settings most important to photographing aurora, and my recommendations for how to set them.
Set file quality to RAW.
Use your camera’s highest usable ISO setting, hopefully between 1600 and 6400.
Set white balance to between 3700 K and 4100 K when shooting under moonlight, or between 4000 K and 5500 K when there is no moon.
Set your camera’s Long Exposure Noise Reduction (LENR) to Auto (if available) or on.
Enable your camera’s RGB histogram to use as the primary exposure determinant in natural light.
Enable the blinking highlight indicator to ensure that you do not clip the aurora.
Set the LCD brightness to “auto” or reduce it manually to almost the lowest setting.
Set exposure mode to Manual.
Set focus to Manual.
Turn off IS/VR lens functions
For focusing, use magnified Live View with the assistance of a flashlight to illuminate your focal subject, or use conservative, well-executed hyperfocal distance.
For more information and a complete list of camera settings, download my PDF “Basic Camera Settings for Milky Way and Aurora Photography.”
Getting Out There
As with any type of photography, you’ll get better results with experience and practice. It’s very helpful to have a basic understanding of night photography, and to be completely familiar with your equipment before departing toward one of the poles. Simply working in the cold and darkness complicates photography exponentially, so do your homework, and be prepared. Don’t expect to get perfect results on your first attempt.
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2024/05/11/in-photos-aurora-seen-across-the-world-in-very-rare-sky-show/
|
en
|
In Photos: Jaw-Dropping Aurora Seen Across The World In Best ‘Solar Superstorm’ Since 2003
|
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[] |
[
"northern lights",
"best northern lights photos",
"aurora",
"aurora borealis",
"northern lights tonight",
"photograph northern lights",
"how to see northern lights",
"solar maximum",
"smartphone aurora",
"smartphone northern lights"
] | null |
[
"Jamie Carter"
] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
The aurora was seen across the world last night as the strongest geomagnetic storm for 21 years struck Earth’s atmosphere.
|
en
|
Forbes
|
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2024/05/11/in-photos-aurora-seen-across-the-world-in-very-rare-sky-show/
|
The aurora was seen across the world last night as the strongest geomagnetic storm for 21 years struck Earth’s atmosphere—just as predicted.
The aurora borealis (northern lights) were visible as far south as Florida and Switzerland in the northern hemisphere while the aurora australis (southern lights) showed up as far north as New Zealand.
The aurora are caused by the solar wind in space—charged particles from the sun—being accelerated down the field lines of the Earth’s magnetic field. They occur in Earth’s ionosphere hundreds of miles up.
Green lights are caused by the charged particles colliding with molecules of oxygen, while the other colors by nitrogen molecules. Much of Europe and North America witnessed red and even exceedingly rare blue aurora.
The aurora generally has a season, with northern lights typically seen from September through March while the southern lights are generally viewed from March through September. However, that’s merely down to darkness levels—they actually occur all year round.
That goes double at the moment as the sun reaches “solar maximum,” its highest level of magnetic activity during its roughly 11 years solar cycle.
However, what happened last night was the result of an unusual scenario where several coronal mass ejections—when magnetic material is hurled into space in the aftermath of solar flares—not only all came in the direction of Earth, but combined as they traveled.
This so-called “halo CME” caused a G4 geomagnetic storm on Friday night, a few hours before being predicted, with Europe experiencing very high activity as soon as it got dark.
In the U.K.the displays were seen across the country as far south as Cornwall, though the best displays appear to have been from the Midlands and North Wales. In the U.S. they were sighted as far south as Florida.
As with all displays of aurora, many of the photos you see here—certainly from cities—are “photographic aurora,” whereby only a camera taking long exposures records distinct shapes and particularly the brilliant colors. Aurora to the naked eye from cities mired in light pollution looked like grey streaks.
Since displays could continue throughout the weekend, the advice is simple: get away from light pollution; use the Dark Sky Place finder or the light pollution map.
The northern lights typically occur as an auroral oval around the North Pole at about 66-69° North latitudes—the Arctic Circle. The best places to see them are Alaska, northern Canada, Iceland, Greenland, Norwegian Lapland, Swedish Lapland, Finnish Lapland and northern Russia.
Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes.
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https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2024/05/11/1250750303/photos-see-northern-lights-from-rare-solar-storm
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Photos: See the Northern lights from rare solar storm
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"NPR Staff",
"Geoff Brumfiel"
] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
A powerful solar storm struck Earth, triggering spectacular celestial light shows in skies around the world — and threatening possible disruptions to satellites and power grids.
|
en
|
NPR
|
https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2024/05/11/1250750303/photos-see-northern-lights-from-rare-solar-storm
|
The largest geomagnetic storm in nearly two decades is hitting Earth's atmosphere. It's producing a beautiful glow in the sky all over the world.
A sunspot has sent a stream of charged particles towards Earth.
As those particles hit the Earth's atmosphere they will be heated and start glowing producing beautiful aurora.
Lisa Upton is with the Southwest Research Institute. Social media is already filling with photos from places like Finland, Russia, Germany and New Zealand, which catches the same effect in the southern hemisphere. It's not clear how far down in the U.S. the aurora will spread, but Upton is keeping an eye out in Colorado.
Space weather forecasters expect the solar storm to peak overnight, but it will last throughout the weekend.
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https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~blackman/ast104/aurora.html
|
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Auroras and Radiation Belts
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Auroras: the Northern
and Southern Lights
The aurora, or northern and southern lights, are often visible from the surface of the Earth at high northern or southern latitudes. Auroras typically appear as luminous bands or streamers that can extend to altitudes of 200 miles (well into the ionosphere).
Northern and Southern Lights
The following figures show three examples of the often spectacular visible light display associated with auroras.
Southern aurora from the Space Shuttle Endeavor (Ref) Northern aurora over Lake Superior (Ref) Northern aurora over Circle, Alaska (Ref)
Here is another image of the southern aurora taken from the Space Shuttle. The aurora changes with time, often looking like moving curtains of light. Here are some MPEG and QuickTime film clips that illustrate the time dependence of the auroral display.
The Cause of Auroras
Auroras are caused by high energy particles from the solar wind that are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field . As these particles spiral back and forth along the magnetic field lines, they come down into the atmosphere near the north and south magnetic poles where the magnetic field lines disappear into the body of the Earth.
The delicate colors are caused by energetic electrons colliding with oxygen and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere. This excites the molecules, and when they decay from the excited states they emit the light that we see in the aurora.
Auroras at Non-Visible Wavelengths
The collisions of trapped charged particles with atmospheric molecules causes spectacular effects in the visible spectrum, but these excited molecules can also emit radiation in other wavelength bands. The following figures show aurora imaged in the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray regions of the spectrum.
UV emission from northern aurora observed by the Polar satellite (Ref) X-ray emission from northern aurora observed by the Polar Satellite (Ref)
These images were obtained by the NASA Polar Satellite. The X-ray image represents the first global photograph of an aurora in the X-ray spectrum.
Aurora Information and Forecasts
Here is a general discussion of auroras. The Aurora Page has information, links, and images about the northern lights, including links to current sighting reports and aurora forecasts.
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https://www.wellandgood.com/southern-lights-photos/
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19 Ethereal Photos of the Southern Lights That Bring Heaven a Little Closer to Earth
|
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[
"Kells McPhillips"
] |
2019-02-14T19:55:52+00:00
|
Witness the celestial spectacle known as aurora australis, the Southern Lights. A dazzling, ethereal displal visible in the night sky.
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en
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Well+Good
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https://www.wellandgood.com/southern-lights-photos/
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For any enthusiastic astrotourist, heading north to see the aurora borealis, or Northern Lights, is priority number one. But the other side of Earth witnesses its own celestial spectacle. You'll have to venture far below the equator to be awestruck by the Southern Lights, a dazzling light show worthy of pursuit.
The aurora australis, a luminous phenomenon caused by disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, paints the night skies above Chile, Argentina, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Antartica each year from March through September. At a scientific level, both the northern and southern lights are the result of electrically charged solar particles coming into contact with gases in the atmosphere like oxygen and nitrogen. But to the naked eye the multi-chromatic display is pure magic.
If your sense of adventure leads to you visit the southern hemisphere for a glimpse of the event in person, head for Queenstown, New Zealand; Mount Wellington, Tasmania; Victoria, Australia; or Antartica, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
Photographs of aurora australis, or the Southern Lights
1/19
Getty Images/Yumi mini
Once you've checked these beauties off your bucket list, you can see California's super bloom or take up temporary residence in one of these treehouses.
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1605
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dbpedia
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1
| 87 |
https://guidetoiceland.is/the-northern-lights/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights
|
en
|
How to Photograph the Northern Lights
|
https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/iurie-auroras-2015-jpg?ar=1.91%3A1&w=1200&fit=crop
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https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/iurie-auroras-2015-jpg?ar=1.91%3A1&w=1200&fit=crop
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nanna Gunnarsdóttir"
] |
2013-09-22T12:49:35
|
Find out how to photograph the Northern Lights in Iceland. See our useful tips to help you get the perfect shots of the Aurora Borealis. Read more.
|
en
|
/_next/static/icons/guidetoiceland_is-favicon-32x32.png
|
Guide to Iceland
|
https://guidetoiceland.is/the-northern-lights/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights
|
Best DSLR Cameras for Northern Lights Photography
Learning how to photograph the Northern Lights with a DSLR camera takes time to master. However, when you use the right equipment and start to practice, it becomes second nature to snapshots of one of the world's natural wonders.
To get the very best images of the aurora borealis, it’s preferable to have a full-frame or 35 mm DSLR camera with decent ISO capabilities (ideally between 2,000 and 12,800).
These cameras work best in low-light situations. More upmarket mirrorless cameras can also be used to good effect for photographing the Northern Lights.
Due to the cold of the winters in Iceland, it is advised that your camera should have a solid casing designed for harsh weather conditions.
Luckily, most modern cameras designed for landscape photography are quite durable and built for a range of different climates.
The Nikon D810, D850, and Z7 are some of the best cameras for Northern Lights photography, as are the Canon EOS 5DS R and the Sony a7R IV.
More affordable options, such as the Sony Alpha A6000 and the Nikon D3500, should still meet the needs of non-professional photographers when used with the right equipment.
As is often the case with photography, it’s usually more worthwhile to invest more into a high-quality lens than a high-quality camera.
You can always rent high-quality camera lenses that suit the shots you’re trying to take for a specified time period. This will come at a fraction of the cost of purchasing a new lens.
Best Camera Equipment for Northern Lights Photography
These are the essentials for Northern Lights photography:
DSLR Camera (Full Frame cameras are preferable)
Wide-angle or Ultra-wide angle lens
Tripod - a sturdy tripod that won’t shake or slip
Shutter Release - helps to avoid camera shake
Extra Camera Batteries
After sorting out the best DSLR camera, it’s time to consider the other equipment you will need.
Your first question will no doubt regard the best lens for Northern Lights photography.
Wide-angle and ultra-wide-angle lenses are the most highly recommended. They will allow you to get as much into your frame as possible and give your camera the most exposure time in the minimal light.
A wide-angle lens will also allow you to incorporate Iceland’s spectacular landscapes into your images of the aurora borealis.
Using the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon, Kirkjufell Mountain, or an erupting geyser in the foreground of your shots of the Northern Lights will only add to their beauty.
The best lenses for Northern Lights photography will have a large aperture of f/2.8 or lower.
Aperture refers to the amount of light a camera lets in. A smaller aperture, such as a more standard f/4, will result in darker photographs. This is a problem in Northern Lights photography, as obviously, the camera is already working hard to pick up the dim light of the aurora.
While most lenses do not compare to wide-angle and ultra-wide-angle lenses, panoramic and fisheye lenses can produce some interesting images for the more creative photographer.
Tripods are another essential piece of equipment to know how to use when considering how to photograph the Northern Lights. As will be discussed below, you will more often than not need a slow shutter speed and will thus want your camera to be as still and secure as possible.
On this note, you’ll also find a remote shutter very useful, as it means you won’t nudge your camera when taking your photograph. Due to the high winds in Iceland, a cordless one is recommended when shooting here.
Finally, you’ll want to bring fully charged spare batteries with you and to keep them stored in a warm place. The reason for this is that the cold will drain your battery’s life very quickly, particularly if you have a DSLR camera that is not designed for such conditions. The last thing you want is to cut your Northern Lights shoot short because of something so avoidable.
Those particularly concerned about the cold could also get a remote battery pack, which they can keep warm in a pocket.
Best Camera Settings for Northern Lights Photography
Having the appropriate equipment and lenses is a great start, but it is also wise to make sure you are comfortable with the camera settings needed for Northern Lights photography before you begin shooting.
The main thing to get used to is a longer shutter speed than you would use in traditional landscape photography.
In order for the auroras to appear clearly in your photos, you need to let enough light into your lens. If the aurora display is strong without being notably intense, you will want an aperture of f/2.8 or lower, an ISO of around 1,600, and a shutter speed of around five seconds.
This, however, will depend on the conditions of the night and the photographs you wish to take. If there is a new moon, a lot of cloud cover, or if the aurora is faint, you may want to increase your shutter speed or your ISO.
Generally speaking, you don’t want too high an ISO when taking pictures of the aurora. You’ll want to decrease the ISO on nights with a bright moon or if the auroras are particularly intense. It is usually better to shoot with a longer exposure (e.g. longer shutter speed) and a lower ISO to avoid too much noise in your pictures.
Certain phenomena, such as the aurora bands which dimly line the skies on nights with low activity, are an example of when you will want to have a longer shutter speed. Longer shutter speed will blur the movements of the aurora when it is dancing intensely. Although be careful when using this feature because your images could become overexposed.
For example, the image on the left-hand side has a long shutter speed and low ISO. Whereas the image on the right has been taken with a quick shutter speed and higher ISO.
Of course, as you are trying to minimize unnatural light, your flash will need to be off.
When photographing the Northern Lights, you’ll also want to turn off your automatic focus. While convenient in daylight, your camera will constantly be trying to find something to hone in on in the dark nights.
Instead, use the manual settings to focus on the moon or stars to get the perfect composition. Alternatively, set the focus of the lens to infinity.
Finally, be sure that your images are RAW files, as they are much larger and hold much more data. You’ll want to ensure this is complemented with the right white balance for the type of Northern Lights shot you’re trying to take.
There is no perfect must-have white balance for Northern Lights photography. Instead, you should experiment with a mixture to determine the type of shot you’d like to capture.
For example, you could manually set your white balance between 3500 and 4000 K (Kelvin White Balance) when shooting in your camera’s raw format. This will allow you to edit the images more to your preference afterward.
Alternatively, setting your camera white balance to incandescence can bring out the blue and colder tones more strongly. However, if you want a much clearer representation of reality, setting your camera to a fluorescent white balance usually comes closest to what you’ll see with the naked eye.
We’d suggest not using the automatic white balance with your camera as it can vary the image style dramatically with different shots.
This is due to the fact that the lights and colors of the aurora always change. As a result, your camera won’t be able to properly analyze the scene and define the white balance. This often leads to overly warm northern lights shots with stronger oranges and yellows in the image.
It is recommended to practice shooting with your camera settings for Northern Lights photography before your trip to make sure you are more comfortable when on location.
Best Apps to Photograph the Northern Lights
As explained above, it is not ordinarily possible to capture the aurora on a smartphone.
For those travelers who wish to capture a shot of the Northern Lights without having to fork out a lot of money on expensive equipment, there are now apps available for smartphones.
These apps replicate the settings that would be used on a DSLR camera. This allows you to capture the green of the aurora, even when the display is paler and less obvious.
The other great benefit of being able to capture the Northern Lights via an app on your phone is that the photo is then readily available for you to share on your social media or privately with your friends and family.
With all this considered, it’s easy to see the attraction of using an app to capture the Northern Lights.
The ‘Northern Lights Photo Taker’ app is highly recommended. This app has a range of simple settings to play around with, depending on the strength of the aurora.
It will capture the precise amount of light needed for the perfect photograph, ensuring you will be the envy of your friends and family back home. As the app says “All you have to do is find those lights.”
Read more: Top 10 Apps for Traveling in Iceland
Best Locations for Northern Lights Photography in Iceland
From September to April, the Northern Lights can be seen anywhere in Iceland whenever it is dark, clear, and the forecast is good. So no matter what part of the country you are heading to, you’ll have an opportunity to try and photograph them.
In spite of this, there are a few tips on where to go to maximize your chances. Firstly, it is important to avoid urban areas as much as possible.
As mentioned, any light pollution will dilute the intensity of the lights, often obscuring them entirely. While you can find a dark spot in the city, such as at Grótta, it is a much better idea to escape the city altogether.
Similarly, if you are seeking the Northern Lights independently by renting a car (either based in Reykjavík or on a winter self-drive), you should avoid stopping in places with many tour buses. Even headlamps and other people’s electronics can impact your pictures.
As touched upon above, some of the most beautiful places to photograph the Northern Lights are simply some of Iceland’s most beautiful places.
Many of the country’s famous features and landscapes are incredibly photogenic. They make a great foreground for pictures of the aurora, too.
Planning your shoots at places like Jökulsárlón, Namaskarð, Thingvellir National Park, or Gullfoss will allow you to include icebergs, geothermal vents, or waterfalls in your Northern Lights photography. Due to the low light pollution in these areas, they are also favored among the best locations to see the Northern Lights in Iceland.
The nights of Iceland’s winters are longer in the North of the country. This allows travelers to areas such as Akureyri and Mývatn to spend more hours seeking and photographing the Northern Lights.
The north-east of the country, meanwhile, experiences clearer weather, meaning fewer tours will be canceled because of cloud cover.
Finally, photographers should focus on land-based Northern Lights tours rather than those by boat. While watching the auroras from the sea is spectacular, the rocking of the boat will present a host of otherwise avoidable challenges.
Other countries where the Northern Lights can be seen are those around the Arctic Circle, including Northern Norway, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, and Greenland.
When the aurora forecast is particularly strong, they can be seen at latitudes much further south, in places such as the UK and mainland China.
When to Photograph the Northern Lights in Iceland
The aurora appears all year round and at all times of the day. However, in order to see them, it needs to be dark, and you need a clear sky.
As Iceland doesn't get dark at all in the summertime due to the midnight sun, you can only see the Northern Lights in winter. The best time to see the Northern Lights, therefore, is from September to April.
You don't, however, need to wait until the middle of the night to see the aurora. If they are strong, you can often see them very clearly at dusk or dawn.
Photographing the auroras when it isn't completely dark outside may even help you to get focus and include more landscape in the photo.
If the aurora is weak, however, you will need to wait until night has fully set in, and you'll need your eyes to adjust to the darkness.
A good trick for finding where weak Northern Lights are dancing is to take a picture of the night sky. Looking at the scene through a camera screen will pick up any activity, as lenses let in more light than the human eye.
Best Weather Conditions to See Northern Lights
The main weather condition that impedes the appearance of the Northern Lights in Iceland and other locations is cloud cover. With heavy cloud cover, it’s almost impossible to see the Northern Lights, and you will need to wait for cloud gaps.
To maximize your chances, you can check the cloud cover forecast and the aurora forecast in Iceland and take advantage of spots in the country with cloud gaps.
Even so, photographers should be aware of the challenges other weather can bring to their shoots to help get the best images.
The most notable of these is the temperature. As the auroras only appear at night, shoots can get very chilly very quickly for those who are unprepared.
For all trips to Iceland in winter, you should bring windproof, waterproof, and warm clothing. This is especially important when you are planning to be outside without moving much for a prolonged period.
You’ll want thick gloves for when you are waiting for the lights to show, even if you need to take them off to adjust your camera settings.
Even if traveling in more temperate months, such as September and April, the weather can be fickle, and the nights are often freezing.
Another factor to consider is the wind; not only can it be incredibly chilling, but it can also be very powerful. Leaving a tripod with an expensive camera and lens unattended could result in a very costly accident should it be caught up in one of Iceland’s unpredictable gusts of wind.
Another enemy of aurora hunters is full moons. When Northern Lights activity is weak, often the bright light from a full moon can partially, if not fully, impact your view and photos. As pedantic as it might seem, planning your visit in line with the lunar cycle can help your ability to get some great shots.
A final thing to note is the snow and ice that covers Iceland’s ground in midwinter. If traveling out into nature, it is advisable to wear crampons over your boots to prevent slipping over. This is particularly easy to do at night when visibility is low.
The weather is regularly updated on Iceland’s weather website. This will quickly become an oracle of information on your trip to Iceland, as the weather can change rather quickly.
Ideally, the best weather conditions for Northern Lights are clear skies (no cloud coverage), a strong KP forecast, dark nights, a new moon, and no light pollution. Experience in night photography might come in handy when it comes to photographing the aurora, but this is by no means a necessity.
Joining a Northern Lights tour may be the best bet for inexperienced photographers. The guides are more than happy to assist travelers with setting up their camera to photograph the night sky.
Aurora Activity Needed to Photograph the Northern Lights
Aurora activity occurs all the time. Charged particles released from the sun are redirected by Earth’s magnetic field to the poles. As they penetrate the atmosphere, they create the Northern (and Southern) Lights. They can only be seen during winter nights simply because this is the only time that is dark enough.
The intensity of the auroras, however, is dependent on solar activity. This activity is measured, and as such, a forecast can be predicted for how likely the lights are to be seen. This is explained on a scale of 0 to 9 KP.
A forecast of 0 Kp means the aurora will most likely not appear, while anything above a 2 is usually worth heading out for in Iceland.
Aurora forecasts above 5 Kp is considered a geomagnetic storm, and such an occurrence is rare.
Although it is prudent to check the aurora borealis forecast in Iceland before departing to photograph the Northern Lights, please note that it is not entirely reliable.
Though you will undoubtedly want to experience the most intense aurora show imaginable, you will still be able to capture some spectacular images, even if they are faint.
Cameras are more sensitive to light than the human eye and will often capture colors and shapes you cannot see. This can sometimes result in unexpectedly spectacular photographs. As such, even a somewhat disappointing KP forecast may not be an impediment to your Northern Lights photography.
A final note on how to photograph the Northern Lights in regard to the aurora forecast is that they are very unpredictable. Therefore, exercising patience is essential. Allow your eyes to fully adjust to the darkness, and even if there is no sign of them, be prepared to wait.
At any moment, the auroras could descend with incredible intensity, providing you with otherworldly photographs that will be the prize of your portfolio.
We hope this guide helps you better understand how to photograph the Northern Lights. We wish you the best of luck in capturing the perfect photos to remember your experience in Iceland.
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http://www.lacma.org/
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Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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http://www.lacma.org/themes/custom/lacma_d8/favicon.png
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LACMA (Los Angeles County Museum of Art). Largest art museum in the West inspires creativity and dialogue. Connect with cultures from ancient times to the present.
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en
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/themes/custom/lacma_d8/favicon.png
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http://www.lacma.org/
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Exhibition
| 2010
Chris Burden's Metropolis II is an intense kinetic sculpture, modeled after a fa…
Perhaps the most dominant art form of the last 100 years, film has an important…
Enjoy concerts featuring leading international and local ensembles in programs o…
Painting, printmaking, collage, and more! LACMA offers in-person art classes for…
Exhibition
| 2015
Random International’s Rain Room (2012) is an immersive environment of perpetual…
Exhibition
| 2013
Artist Robert Irwin’s work in the last five decades has investigated perception…
Exhibition
| 2010
Barbara Kruger’s Untitled (Shafted) features her distinctive use of advertising…
Exhibition
| 2010
Band (2006) may qualify as Richard Serra's magnum opus, representing the fullest…
Exhibition
| 2021
LACMA’s Modern Art collection, which primarily features European and American ar…
LACMA’s Acquisitions Group and Art Council members share a deep affinity for the…
Welcome to the employment page of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. To see a…
Join museum educators, artists, curators, and experts for artist talks, virtual…
Exhibition
| 2021
In Golden Hour, over 70 artists and three photography collectives offer an aesth…
Established in 1967, the Conservation Center at LACMA supports the museum’s comm…
Exhibition
| 2022
Barbara Kruger: Thinking of You. I Mean Me. I Mean You. is a major exhibition de…
Exhibition
| 2021
Featuring Ai Weiwei, Huang Yong Ping, Wang Guangyi, Xu Bing, Yue Minjun and more…
Exhibition
| 2021
Beyond the concrete materials of ink and paper, there is an intangible spirit un…
Exhibition
| 2021
To complement the presentation of The Obama Portraits by Kehinde Wiley and Amy S…
Exhibition
| 2021
From the moment of their unveiling at the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Galler…
Press Kit
| Jan 13, 2022
(Los Angeles, CA—January 13, 2022) – The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA…
Press Kit
| Dec 14, 2021
(Los Angeles, CA—December 14, 2021) The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)…
Exhibition
| 2021
Mixpantli: Contemporary Echoes showcases the lasting impact of Indigenous creati…
Exhibition
| 2021
LACMA marks the 500th anniversary of the fall of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan…
Exhibition
| 2023
Since the mid-20th century, California has been a beacon of both inventive desig…
Exhibition
| 2021
Revealing insights about family life and the quotidian in the 21st century, Fami…
Exhibition
| 2022
One of the most significant contributors to fashion between 1990 and 2010, Lee A…
Exhibition
| 2022
Comprising approximately 400 works, including an unprecedented number of loans f…
Exhibition
| 2022
Archive of the World: Art and Imagination in Spanish America, 1500–1800 is the f…
Exhibition
| 2022
Scandinavian Design and the United States, 1890–1980 is the first exhibition to…
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https://www.space.com/aurora-colors-explained
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en
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Aurora colors: What causes them and why do they vary?
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[
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2023-06-23T13:00:00+00:00
|
Here we learn what causes the different colors in the aurora borealis (northern lights) and the aurora australis (southern lights).
|
en
|
Space.com
|
https://www.space.com/aurora-colors-explained
|
The aurora, also known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a breathtaking natural phenomenon that has captivated humans for millennia.
This remarkable spectacle occurs near Earth's poles and manifests as a dazzling display of dancing light, caused by the interaction between solar particles and our planet's atmosphere. Auroras come in a wide variety of colors — from green to pink to blue and purple — that can leave skywatchers both mesmerized and mystified.
But there's method to this auroral madness. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the science behind the colors of aurora and explore what produces these famous sky shows.
Related: Where to see the northern lights (a guide)
Before we discuss the different colors of aurora, let's first quickly remind ourselves how auroras form.
Auroras are caused by energized particles from the sun slamming into Earth's upper atmosphere at speeds of up to 45 million mph (72 million kph). Earth's magnetic field then redirects the particles toward the north and south poles.
The electrically charged particles then enter Earth's atmosphere, exciting gas atoms and molecules and generating auroras. The process is similar to how neon lights work: When the molecules and atoms get "excited" by electrons, they must return to their original energy (ground state) and do so by releasing the energy as photons (light). The color of the neon light depends on the gas mixture inside the tube, just like the color of auroras depends on the gas mixture in the atmosphere.
Earth's atmosphere is approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.93% argon and 0.04% carbon dioxide. Our air also contains trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton, ozone and hydrogen, as well as water vapor.
The following sections will explore how atmospheric composition and the altitude at which solar particles collide with these gases plays a crucial role in determining the colors of auroras.
Green aurora
The most common aurora color is green.
Green auroras are typically produced when charged particles collide with high concentrations of oxygen molecules in Earth's atmosphere at altitudes of around 60 to 190 miles (100 to 300 kilometers), according to the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
We also see green auroras better than any other color, as the human eye is most sensitive to the green color spectrum.
Red aurora
Red auroras are comparatively less frequent and are usually associated with intense solar activity.
They occur when solar particles react with oxygen at higher altitudes, generally around 180 to 250 miles (300 to 400 km), according to the CSA.
At this height, oxygen is less concentrated and is excited at a higher frequency or wavelength, making reds visible. Red auroras are often seen at the higher edges of the display.
Blue and purple aurora
Blue and purple auroras are even less common and also tend to appear during periods of high solar activity.
These colors are produced when solar particles collide with nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 60 miles or less, according to aurora travel company The Aurora Zone.
Blue and purple auroras tend to be visible toward the lower parts of the display.
Yellow and pink aurora
Yellow and pink auroras are rare and are typically associated with high solar activity. These colors result from a mixture of red auroras with green or blue auroras.
The role of solar activity
Solar activity, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections, plays a significant role in determining the intensity, color and frequency of auroral displays. During periods of high solar activity, Earth's atmosphere is bombarded with a higher number of solar particles, increasing the likelihood of more vibrant and varied aurora colors.
The sun's activity fluctuates on an 11-year solar cycle, with periods of peak activity known as solar maxima. Solar activity is now on the rise during the current solar cycle 25, which scientists predict will peak in 2025.
Related: Aurora myths, legends and misconceptions
Aurora color FAQs answered by an expert
We asked Dr. Elizabeth MacDonald a few frequently asked questions about aurora colors.
Why are northern lights that appear at low latitudes red?
Two reasons: One, the red occurs at higher altitudes and can thus be seen further away from the poles: sometimes all you see is the upper edge of the red peeking over the horizon. Secondly, during very large storms, there is another kind of aurora that is predominantly red and which occurs at lower latitudes.
As Earth's atmosphere has more nitrogen compared to oxygen, why aren't blue/purple auroras that are caused by nitrogen the most common?
The aurora occurs so high up that the mix of air we are familiar with is not the same as at 100 km. The atmosphere there is much less dense, and stratified by gravity into layers. The nitrogen layer lies above the oxygen layer.
What's the rarest aurora color?
It's hard to say because auroral colors blend in an ever-changing chemistry mix and that is how you can get some of the rarer colors that are observed.
Additional resources
To increase your chances of viewing an aurora, monitor aurora forecasts provided by organizations like the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Geophysical Institute and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). These forecasts estimate the likelihood of an aurora being visible based on geomagnetic activity, providing both three-day and 30-minute predictions.
If you're an avid aurora chaser or want to learn more about sightings all over the world, Aurorasaurus is a citizen science site where you can report your aurora sightings and also learn more about auroras with their informative blog.
To keep up with the latest space weather findings, visit NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center to see the most recent solar X-ray data from the agency's GOES weather satellites that perch over the eastern and western U.S.
Bibliography
Canadian Space Agency. (2022, September 27). The colours of the Northern Lights. Canadian Space Agency. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/northern-lights/colours-of-northern-lights.asp
The Human Eye’s response to light. Iowa State University. (n.d.). https://www.nde-ed.org/NDETechniques/PenetrantTest/Introduction/lightresponse.xhtml
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https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
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How to Shoot the Southern Lights
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Vallerret Photography Gloves collaborator Levi Harrell dives deep into shooting the lesser-known. The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora
|
en
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Vallerret Photography Gloves
|
https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
|
Shooting the Northern Lights is a must-do for many photographers but did you know that the Souther Hemisphere has a light show of its own? The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora Borealis, it's no less spectacular. Below, adventure photographer Levi Harrell gives his best tips for shooting these elusive lights.
Shooting the aurora can be a once in a lifetime event for many photographers. When the opportunity presents itself, you want to make sure you have the necessary skills and tools!
Firstly you will need the appropriate safety equipment. Auroras are most active in winter so layers of warm clothes are an absolute must. Warm boots, hat, and gloves are also essential, preferably a pair of gloves that don’t inhibit your ability to operate a camera or remote. Next, you will need a head torch to illuminate your way to and from your shooting location. Make sure you keep extra batteries with you, as the cold will reduce the lifespan of your batteries.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Now that you have all the essential gear to keep you warm and safe on a cold winters night, let's talk about the planning aspect of shooting an aurora storm. Aurora’s intensities are measured on the KP index. The KP index measures the global geomagnetic activity from the poles and will give you an indication as to how strong of an aurora you may have that night simply by looking up the forecast online.
In New Zealand, the most accurate way to get KP information is by checking out aurora-service.net, which will give you the three-day forecast for your local area. Be sure to also scout out locations with the help of Google Maps and Google Earth. This will help you search the location at large and check for any features that may help or hinder your photoshoot such as tree density, hills with a good vantage point, power lines, etc.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Where to shoot the Southern Lights
Also when planning an aurora shoot you want to consider your location in relation to the strength of the aurora. Travelling further south while in New Zealand greatly strengthens your chances of seeing the southern lights on a more frequent basis and of a higher intensity.
Places like Stewart Island, for example, have a much higher chance of seeing beautiful light shows as they are so far south and have little competing light versus a place like Queenstown or Dunedin that have a significant amount of light pollution from street lights and buildings. These more northerly cities will as well see visible auroras less frequently and of lower intensity.
I would also recommend visiting the location you would like to shoot during the day to consider your framing and your foreground objects. You need something compelling to draw your eye and lead it into the shot. I love shooting the aurora with a water feature such as a lake or the ocean to create a reflection of colour.
Another important tip to framing the southern lights is to try and create size references within the landscape. Shooting with an aurora over a mountain or against a beach will create a much more dramatic scene then a tight shot with no reference of size.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Camera Settings and Equipment
When you are setting up your camera for an aurora shoot there are certain things you will most certainly need. A sturdy tripod, a camera with the option to manually focus, and the ability to change the shutter speed will be imperative to capture a great photo.
Start by setting your lens to the infinite focusing distance. You can do this in the daylight by picking an object on the horizon to focus on then leaving your camera focused there until your night under the stars.
A good starting place for your camera settings would be shutter speed at 18 seconds, ISO at 4000, and your aperture at the lowest possible, preferably at f2.8 to f2 to let in as much light at possible. If your camera lens doesn't go down to f2.8, set it at the lowest possible aperture.
Every aurora storm you shoot will be different so be sure to play with your settings to achieve the best possible image!
Photo by Levi Harrell
Levi Harrell is a photographer and writer specializing in adventure and astrophotography. Currently, Levi lives in Boulder, Colorado and spends most of his time chasing good light around the world. You can find his work in print or online.
@ofallnationsmedia
If you liked this article, you'll love these!
How to Shoot the Northern Lights
The Ultimate Photographer's Guide to the Northern Lights
Northern Lights Photography – 8 Tips from the Night guys.
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dbpedia
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https://www.cascada.travel/blog/the-southern-lights
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en
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The Southern Lights in Patagonia
|
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2014-11-25T17:47:47
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Don't forget about the beautiful Aurora Australis down in Patagonia! It is one trip not to miss.
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en
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https://www.cascada.travel/hubfs/img/favicon-1.ico
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https://www.cascada.travel/blog/the-southern-lights
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We’ve all heard of the breathtaking Aurora Borealis which light up northern skies, leaving them awash with gleaming, colourful swirls of magic and awe. But we tend not to wax quite so lyrical about their equally beautiful, but far rarer to spot, southern sibling, the Aurora Australis...
An ‘aurora’ (Aurora was the Roman goddess of dawn) is a spectacular, atmospheric light show put on by Mother Nature for the enjoyment of a lucky few in the right place at the right time. The Sun releases a stream of fast-travelling, ionized particles into empty space (a “solar wind”), which travels a distance of roughly 93 million miles to reach the Earth. Composed as it is of magnetic elements such as iron, nickel and cobalt, our planet acts as a huge magnet, attracting the charged particles. These proceed to knock up against the Earth’s magnetosphere (the magnetic field encompassing the Earth).
The mysterious Southern Lights...
Normally, the magnetosphere prevents any of the solar wind filtering into the atmosphere, but it is naturally thinner in areas with higher latitudes, i.e. the polar regions. The magnetic poles of the planet also attract the charged particles irresistibly. This means that some charged particles can come into contact with the gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases become “excited” upon colliding with the charged interlopers from outer space, and the released energy causes them to glow and dance - just like gases in fluorescent tube lighting, which light up in different colours if an electrical current is passed through them. The commonest, pale green colour in an aurora is caused by oxygen in the atmosphere. The rarer red tinge is also caused by oxygen, only at far higher altitudes. The blues and purples result from the charged particles colliding with nitrogen.
View of Aurora Australis from the International Space Station
The Southern Lights can be seen in many parts of the Southern Hemisphere, including parts of Patagonia, Australia, New Zealand and, the best place to spot them of all, Antarctica. Nothing can ever be guaranteed, as with any natural phenomenon, but your best chance of experiencing this dazzling display is between April and September. You want to be out with eyes wide and peeled on a dark, dark night, preferably moonless, so check the calendar in advance to maximise your chances. Minimal cloud cover is also desirable, meaning that a quick glance at the weather forecast might make all the difference.
Just a couple of months ago, lucky visitors on their way to stay at EcoCamp Patagonia were treated to the mesmerizing spectacle as dusk fell... You can read all about their unforgettable experience here, and it just goes to show that the lights in Patagonia are no myth. There's no doubt about it - this remote wilderness at the very tip of the world, the legendary home to giants and even its own dragons, is every now and then blessed by the flickering red, green, and violet kaleidoscope of the Aurora Australis...
The Aurora Australis as seen on the way to EcoCamp Patagonia this year!
Unsurprisingly, prior to the advent of modern science and space research, the Southern Lights were the object of much speculation and myth-making over the ages. Aboriginal Australians recognised them as the dancing gods, whilst the Māori of New Zealand believed a brave group of their ancestors had ventured southwards by canoe, and were now stuck in the ice. The lights were said to be the reflections of their torches and bonfires. In southern Australia, some indigenous tribes thought them to be the bonfires lit by the spirits of their deceased ancestors, who now inhabited Kangaroo Island, the home of the dead.
The Aurora Australis this year in Chilean Patagonia!
Meanwhile in the Northern Hemisphere, Norse mythology explained the Aurora Borealis as the furious galloping of the Valkyries (ferocious and brave female warriors) across the star-paved night sky, their shining helmets, armour, and shields casting the gleaming colours out to illuminate the darkness. The Alaskan Inuits explained the aurora as the skybound souls of the deer, salmon, whales and seals they hunted, whilst in Ancient China they were believed to be sparring dragons. In Finland, the Aurora Borealis are known as Revontulet, meaning “fox-fires”. This is thought to be inspired by an old myth from Lapland, whose story goes that the lights are caused by a playful fox dashing and darting into and over powdery drifts of snow, its swishing tail sending a spray of sparkling snowflakes skywards.
The Southern Lights from New Zealand
So why not schedule a wintry trip down south next year to the Patagonian wilderness, and keep your fingers tightly crossed to be a lucky witness to a shimmering curtain of light swathing the night sky? A wonder of nature which has mesmerised and captivated the human imagination for millennia, the Aurora Australis is not to be missed.
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https://dallas.eater.com/24199188/texas-chili-bowl-of-red
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en
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The Best Texas Chili Is at Tolbert’s in Dallas
|
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[
"Courtney E. Smith",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2024-08-06T09:00:00-04:00
|
For generations, Texan chili enthusiasts have made a pilgrimage to Tolbert’s Grapevine in Dallas.
|
en
|
https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/6253165/favicon.0.ico
|
Eater Dallas
|
https://dallas.eater.com/24199188/texas-chili-bowl-of-red
|
Every city in Texas thinks it has the best Tex-Mex food. It’s a statewide competition with no winner, other than anyone eating it. One of Tex-Mex’s formative dishes is chili, or chili con carne — easily set apart from other chilis around the country by its lack of beans. (In Texas, this staple also goes by the name “a bowl of red.”) Nowhere is the tradition of chili stronger than in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. But how did chili become the North Texas region’s must-eat dish?
Texas chili’s roots date back to San Antonio with the Chili Queens, who popularized the dish in the 19th century by selling it in plazas. Since then, many people have built on the bowl of red legacy. The biggest Texas chili enthusiast had been Dallas food writer Frank X. Tolbert, who is also the author of what many consider the definitive book on chili, A Bowl of Red, in 1966. A year later, he and his son, Frank X. Tolbert 2, started the Terlingua Chili Cook-Off. It’s gotten to the point where the South Texas town now holds two yearly competitions, this one (aka the Tolbert Cook-Off) and the Chili Appreciation Society International.
Doubling down on Texas chili, Tolbert opened his eponymous restaurants in Dallas in 1977, with his son and his daughter Kathleen as manager. It’s the same year the Texas legislature passed a resolution naming chili the official state dish. The bill reasons that it’s impossible to be a Texan “without having his taste buds tingle at the thought of the treat that is real, honest-to-goodness, pure, unadulterated Texas chili.” The whole state was mad for chili and Tolbert was at the helm of the ship.
Years later, in 2006, Kathleen re-opened Tolbert’s in Grapevine, which serves chili made with her father’s recipe. The kitchen uses lean beef that’s cooked in beef suet (fat) before dehydrated ancho chiles are added, giving it that appetizingly greasy texture. Everything goes into a pot with water to boil and then simmer. After that, spices like cayenne, cumin, and oregano, along with garlic, are added. Everything simmers again while the grease is intermittently siphoned off. The next step is to add masa harina and more ancho chiles. The pot simmers more until the meat is soft and then it’s done.
Tolbert’s serves the chili warm, topped with a big bunch of shredded cheddar cheese that melts immediately. That creates a beautiful pull from a large spoonful, along with freshly chopped white onions that offer a crispness, and a whole serrano pepper on top. Diners can choose large or small, and have it with cornbread, Fritos, or saltines. This chili features finely ground meat and a dense sauce loaded with peppers that give it a kick, which is why adding cheese, crackers, or corn chips make it even better.
Journeying for cozy bowls of red is a definitive Texas experience. People visit Tolbert’s for the chili in Grapevine — bowls so legendary that Texans as well as folks from points far beyond make the pilgrimage to pay respect to that particular one. It’s worth the trip.
|
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1605
|
dbpedia
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0
| 65 |
https://apnews.com/article/solar-storm-northern-lights-photos-brilliant-colors-d9e40093091cc754b5bf846839320a41
|
en
|
Missed Friday’s Northern Lights? The global light show, in photos
|
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2024-05-11T18:11:32+00:00
|
The solar storm will persist throughout the weekend, offering another chance for many to catch the Northern Lights on Saturday night.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
AP News
|
https://apnews.com/article/solar-storm-northern-lights-photos-brilliant-colors-d9e40093091cc754b5bf846839320a41
|
A powerful solar storm put on an amazing skyward light show across the globe overnight, with sightings of the Northern Lights as far south as Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, China, England, Spain and elsewhere.
In the U.S., the storm pushed the lights well to the south with the Miami office of the National Weather Service reporting them near Fort Myers and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. People in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and other Midwestern states were able to capture photos of bright colors along the horizon.
The solar storm will persist throughout the weekend, offering another chance for many to catch the Northern Lights on Saturday night. So far it has caused no serious problems with power and communication networks.
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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2
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https://apnews.com/article/solar-storm-northern-lights-photos-brilliant-colors-d9e40093091cc754b5bf846839320a41
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en
|
Missed Friday’s Northern Lights? The global light show, in photos
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[
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2024-05-11T18:11:32+00:00
|
The solar storm will persist throughout the weekend, offering another chance for many to catch the Northern Lights on Saturday night.
|
en
|
/apple-touch-icon.png
|
AP News
|
https://apnews.com/article/solar-storm-northern-lights-photos-brilliant-colors-d9e40093091cc754b5bf846839320a41
|
Aurora Borealis or the Northern Lights are seen in Fredericton, Saturday, May. 11, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Hina Alam /The Canadian Press via AP)
A person takes a photo of Aurora Borealis or the Northern Lights in Vancouver, B.C., Saturday, May. 11, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Ethan Cairns /The Canadian Press via AP)
The northern lights flare in the sky over a farmhouse, late Friday, May 10, 2024, in Brunswick, Maine. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (AP Photo/Robert F. Bukaty)
The aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights, glow on the horizon at St. Mary’s Lighthouse in Whitley Bay on the North East coast, England, Friday, May 10, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Owen Humphreys/PA via AP)
People view the northern lights, or aurora borealis, as they glow over Lake Washington, in Renton, Wash., on Friday evening, May 10, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (AP Photo/Lindsey Wasson)
The Aurora Borealis, also known as the Northern Lights, is visible over Ann Arbor, Mich., early Saturday, May, 11, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (AP Photo/Dee-Ann Durbin)
Northern lights appear in the night sky above the Brocken early Saturday, May 11, 2024, in Schierke, northern Germany. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Matthias Bein/dpa via AP)
The Northern Lights appear in the night sky over East Brandenburg, Friday, May 10, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Patrick Pleul/dpa via AP)
In this image taken with a long exposure, cars pass by as people look at the night sky towards the northern lights, or Aurora Borealis, on Friday, May 10, 2024, in Estacada, Ore. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (AP Photo/Jenny Kane)
The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, illuminate the night sky over the mountains in Le Col des Mosses pass, Ormont-Dessous, Switzerland, during the early hours of Saturday, May 11, 2024. Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, London, and the United States and Canada. (Jean-Christophe Bott/Keystone via AP)
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 30 |
https://www.space.com/why-auroras-will-be-at-their-best-next-few-years-solar-cycle-25
|
en
|
The next 4 to 5 years will be the best time to see the northern lights this solar cycle
|
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2023-10-27T20:00:47+00:00
|
Want to see the northern lights (aurora borealis) or the southern lights (aurora australis)? Good news — The next four to five years will provide optimal conditions for some dazzling displays.
|
en
|
Space.com
|
https://www.space.com/why-auroras-will-be-at-their-best-next-few-years-solar-cycle-25
|
The 2023/24 "aurora season" has begun and is ramping up to something quite spectacular in the next few years. Here's why aurora activity is on the rise and why now is the best time to plan your northern lights adventure.
Auroras have intrigued humans for millennia with their wispy ribbons of light dancing across the sky. Known as the aurora borealis or the northern lights in the northern hemisphere and aurora australis or southern lights in the southern hemisphere, this spectacle is one of the most beautiful natural phenomena in the world.
They are triggered when energized particles from the sun slam into Earth's atmosphere at speeds of up to 40 million mph (72 million kph). The particles are then redirected toward the poles by our planet's magnetic field, creating colorful curtains of light across the sky.
Related: Aurora colors: What causes them and why do they vary?
Simply put, their occurrence is dependent on solar activity. The more active the sun, the higher the chance of vibrant aurora shows — and that's exactly why we can expect incredible auroras over the next few years.
The sun has been continuously gaining strength since the last solar minimum in December 2019. This "aurora season" is looking particularly impressive as the sun nears its highest rate of activity — solar maximum — during its approximately 11-year solar cycle. The solar cycle describes a period of solar activity driven by the sun's magnetic field and indicated by the frequency and intensity of sunspots visible on the surface.
Experts previously estimated that the sun's activity would peak in 2025 but some recent estimations suggest it could perhaps arrive as early as the end of 2023.
Predictions are based on long-term historical records of sunspot numbers, advanced statistics and models of the solar dynamo — the flow of hot, ionized gases within the sun that generate our star's magnetic field which in turn drives the solar cycle.
As with any prediction, there is a level of uncertainty. Scientists cannot pinpoint exactly when solar maximum will occur but we do know it's on its way.
"Currently for solar cycle 25, by synthesizing all published predictions, the time interval for the cycle maximum ranges from late 2023 to early 2025" Frédéric Clette, solar physicist, World Data Center Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations (SILSO) and Solar Influence Data analysis Center (SIDC) told Space.com in an email.
NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) recently issued a revised prediction that suggests solar maximum may occur between January and October 2024.
The current solar cycle is classified as "moderate" by scientists studying the number of sunspots and comparing them to the long-term reference index. The "moderate" ranking means the current cycle is more intense than the previous Solar Cycle 24 but lower than previous cycles (23 and 22).
This is great news for aurora chasers as "The next 4-5 years will be the most favorable for auroral sightings," Clette continued.
But what is causing this rather long "aurora season"? There are two main factors at play.
Firstly, "moderate" solar cycles typically produce a flat and extended solar maximum for about two years and can contain two or more "sub-peaks" of activity during this time, compared to "strong" cycles that peak for less than a year.
Secondly, the type and position of active regions on the sun vary throughout the solar cycle.
"After the maximum, active regions emerge closer to the solar equator (thus also closer to the orbital plane of the Earth), than before the maximum," Clette explains.
During the declining phase of the solar cycle, there is also a larger proportion of giant and more magnetically complex sunspots, which are more prone to powerful solar flares that could trigger geomagnetic storms and strong auroral displays on Earth.
"This is why the nicest auroral displays in a solar cycle can still be expected several years after the peak of the cycle has been passed," Clette continued. " For the current cycle, this means well beyond 2024, and perhaps until 2028."
With a promising aurora forecast for the coming few years, now is the best time to plan your aurora sightseeing trip. If you want some inspiration, our where to see the northern lights guide can help.
If you are unable to make the most of the solar maximum, don't worry. Auroras never stop and can be seen throughout the solar cycle even during periods of low solar activity. This is because weak to moderate coronal mass ejections associated with filament eruptions persist throughout the whole cycle, and maintain the "background" geomagnetic activity that triggers auroras.
"Even during solar cycle minima. Aurorae never completely die out," Clette said.
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https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/photos-of-aurora-in-new-zealand-photographer-captures-southern-lights-after-decade-long-chase/ZXVQ5SMO2VDMBMK7CDRSHA3HCQ/
|
en
|
Photos of Aurora in New Zealand: Photographer captures southern lights after decade
|
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[
"Nathan Morton"
] |
2023-04-24T21:09:06.226000+00:00
|
Last night was one for the Kiwi photographers, as images flooded in showing their prized captures of the Aurora southern lights following a solar storm...
|
en
|
/pf/resources/images/favicons/favicon.ico?d=803
|
NZ Herald
|
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/photos-of-aurora-in-new-zealand-photographer-captures-southern-lights-after-decade-long-chase/ZXVQ5SMO2VDMBMK7CDRSHA3HCQ/
|
“I messaged my mum and said ‘I feel like I’m gonna cry’, it was so amazing to see.”
The 29-year-old has typically headed to her secret hunting ground near the lake twice or three times a year for the last decade. She uses an Aurora-tracking website to give her hints of what to expect.
Capturing the southern lights is the result of a culmination of good intel, an understanding of weather and sometimes, according to Crowther, a good gut instinct.
While location-spotting ahead of her next attempt, Crowther had been visiting Lake Ellesmere and discovered a rusted, burned ute abandoned on the side of the road.
“I’d never seen it there before, I thought it would make the perfect foreground.”
The media had reported a solar flare would be hitting New Zealand a month ago but nothing came to fruition. However, Crowther’s observations of data on Sunday revealed signs of hope.
“It showed a new moon coming down and it was a clear night, it looked really promising,” she said.
“I decided to leave home just before 6pm and hoped to get there just before the sun went down, I was getting notifications and everything met up. In my mind, I thought this would be perfect.”
Her mind proved her right.
Arriving at her shooting spot, Crowther watched the sunset and saw a small haze of pink, further cementing her belief her run of bad luck would finally be broken.
The sun disappeared from view, twilight arrived and for the following two hours, the photographer witnessed “weird fog curtains” and small verticle beams of pink light - constantly changing in front of her.
Crowther pointed her Canon60 and 40mm lens towards the ute and started clicking.
“I haven’t been out photographing for a while as I’ve had lots of things going on, so it’s about charging batteries for me,” she said.
“The first time I saw it was when I was 18 years old, now everyone is out taking photos of it. People were on the hill trying to capture it - but not knowing what direction to look.”
Christchurch can prove a tricky city to capture the lights from, particularly during autumn as grey cloud becomes a prevalent mask for the lights to hide behind.
But it’s a night that will last long in the memory of the accomplished photographer whose hobby produced a wonderful moment of achievement.
“It’s just a matter of timing and when you come out, you go ‘yes, all perfect’.”
While Crowther was winning in Christchurch, members of the Aurora Australis (NZ) Facebook page were showing off their cunning captures as the evening sky turned a purple and pink hue.
The lights were spotted all over the country - from the Bay of Plenty, Hawke’s Bay and Wellington, to the south in Cromwell, Twizel, and Queenstown.
Jonathan Usher captured the light display in Wellington and said the Aurora Australis was “strongly visible.
“The beams of light were clearly visible to the naked eye, though the camera was also able to capture the colour of the aurora,” Usher said.
Hauraki Gulf weather reported a significant G4 level geomagnetic storm had been under way.
As explained by astronomer and Otago Museum director Dr Ian Griffin last month during another stunning display, solar storms are caused by magnetically driven explosions on the sun that fire material at high speed away from the sun.
“That sounds terribly complicated, but what it is is basically the sun fires material occasionally towards Earth,” he told the Otago Daily Times.
“And we’ve had two of those ejections in the last two days.”
Both were travelling between the sun and the Earth at about 800km per second.
When that material hits the Earth’s magnetic field it starts to spiral around it, he said.
When energetically charged particles travelling along the Earth’s magnetic field lines strike the upper atmosphere, the Southern (and Northern) Lights can be observed around the magnetic poles.
These powerful electrons produce light when they strike atmospheric gases.
The phenomenon is known as the Aurora Borealis in the Northern Hemisphere and as Aurora Australis down under.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 47 |
https://www.firefallphotography.com/secrets-tips-great-aurora-borealis-photography/
|
en
|
Secrets and Tips for Great Aurora Borealis Photography
|
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] | null |
[
"Jeff Stamer",
"www.facebook.com",
"jeff.stamer"
] |
2014-10-15T19:13:06+00:00
|
Secrets and tips for great Aurora Borealis photography. A detailed how-to-guide to photographing the Northern Lights.
|
en
|
Firefall Photography
|
https://www.firefallphotography.com/secrets-tips-great-aurora-borealis-photography/
|
Jeff Stamer
Alaska / Night Photography / Photo Tips and Guides
The Earth is blessed with many beautiful and emotionally provocative sights, but I seriously doubt that any of them can top the Aurora Borealis for sheer sensuous and awe-inspiring beauty. The Northern Lights have amazed mankind long before the ancient Romans named ‘Aurora’ the Goddess of Dawn and the Greeks called the wind ‘Boreas’. Unfortunately for most photographers, the ‘Dawn Wind’ is not something we get a chance to capture often. When we do, it is often after travelling long distances and spending some serious dollars. So, if you do get the chance to photograph the Northern (or Southern) Lights, you probably want to make the most of the opportunity That became very clear to me after I published my last blog, which was a recap of a recent Aurora photography trip. I was deluged with emails asking for specifics on how to take Aurora photos. So, in this blog, I will share with you the Secrets and Tips for Great Aurora Borealis Photography.
Where can you find the Aurora?
The Northern Lights are sometimes visible far below the Arctic Circle…but if you are going to plan a trip to see them, you really need to go north…way north! The northern areas of Alaska, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Finland and Russia are all prime locations. For most of us, the best choice will depend on how close/affordable each option is.
Keep in mind that if you live in the southern hemisphere, the Aurora Australis might be your best bet. This counterpart of the Northern Lights is visible in Antarctica, of course, but sometimes can be seen from the South Island of New Zealand , southern Australia (especially Tasmania), and southern Chile/Argentina.
Many of the towns in these areas are pretty small, so city lights are not much of a problem. Fairbanks Alaska, for example, has only 32,000 residents and I didn’t find light pollution to be much of an issue.
When is the best time?
Aurora Borealis season in northern polar latitudes (Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Siberia) runs from August to April. During the summer months of May thru July, the sun rarely sets and it is just too bright to see the Aurora.
Statistically, the equinox months of September and March are best for aurora activity. The winter months of October to February should be your second choice.
You will still be at the mercy of the clouds. A few clouds can be a nice accompaniment, but if your trip is only for a few days and it is totally overcast every night, you are out of luck.
Schedule as long a trip of you can to increase your chances of having at least one or two clear nights. When you consider a location also take into account if it has any daytime photo ops that would keep you busy if the Aurora is elusive/
Check out the long-range weather forecasts and historical weather patterns for the locations you are considering. See how many clear nights they usually experience.
Iceland, for example, is cloudy/overcast nearly 90% of the time during the aurora season. But you can get lucky, and a partly cloudy sky can still work. My last 2 week trip there had 5 nights that weren’t completely overcast.
Alaska has fewer clouds in the spring…about half the nights are clear or partially cloudy. In the fall, however, it is cloudy nearly 80-90% of the time. On my last 10 day tip to Alaska in September, for example, I had only 3 clear nights.
The Aurora can be pretty bright, which means you don’t have to schedule your trip during the part of a month with moonless nights. In fact, I prefer some moonlight since it will light up the landscape without you having to try to do so with your own lighting.
There actually is a daily forecasts for the Aurora. If you are going to Alaska, check out the University of Alaska, Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute. Iceland and the other places you might travel to also have their own forecasts, just Google it. NOAA has an excellent short term (30 minute) forecast as well.
However, if you’ve travelled a great distance to photograph the Aurora, you shouldn’t write off a night of photography because of a bad aurora forecast. Like weather forecasts, these aren’t always accurate.
Forecasts range between 0 and 9 with the higher numbers indicating more intense Aurora activity.
Scout Locations during the Day
Any photo of a nice Aurora is wonderful, even if the surrounding landscape is flat and boring. BUT…the same photo can be magnificent with a killer foreground. Spend your day driving around looking for locations that will add interest to your shots.
Calm rivers and lakes can make wonderful mirrors for the Aurora.
Mountains and hills will break up the horizon and give your shot some pizzazz.
Putting a cabin or tent in the foreground (with a light on inside it) is a great touch.
The Aurora usually appears to the northwest/northeast. If there are any cities around, look for potential locations that would allow you to photograph the Aurora to the north but place the towns behind you (to your south).
Consider hiring a local guide
I rarely hire guides. I like doing things on my own. But when I go out Aurora hunting I make an exception. Frankly, driving in the dark, on snow and ice in an unfamiliar place is probably not a good decision for me (especially since I’m a Floridian and have little winter driving experience). Plus, the locations for aurora are probably new to you and a local guide will know where to find a dramatic foreground. Face it, traveling to photograph the aurora is not cheap, so why not spend a little more and dramatically improve your chances of getting great images?
Here is one example: Many of the best locations for Aurora photography in Alaska are north of Fairbanks off of the dangerous Dalton highway. However, it isn’t legal to drive most rental cars on the Dalton. Which means either you hire a puddle jumper, take a heck of a chance and illegally drive your rental car anyway or pay an insane amount of money to the few rental agencies that will let you take their vehicles on the Dalton. My local guide had his own custom-made van, has driven the Dalton for years and knew the best spots for Aurora photography. In Alaska, I’ve worked with Hugh Rose, a professional photographer and tour leader with decades of experience who seriously knows his stuff.
In Iceland, I’ve been on a couple tours with Arctic Exposure. They are a locally owned and operated company that was simply superb in every way.
Have the right equipment
I’m personally a bit sick of hearing “It’s not the camera…It’s the photographer!” The statement is true…to a point, but even the best photographer would be up a (frozen) creek without a paddle if he/she didn’t have the right equipment when photographing the Northern Lights
The Camera.
Full frame DSLRs truly excel at low-light photography, so they are ideal for aurora photography.
ASPC cameras (“cropped-frame”) are certainly more affordable but they can’t quite deliver the same quality. However, if you aren’t planning to make large prints of your shots, they will likely be all you need.
Tripod. Since you are taking long exposures, a tripod is mandatory. Use a tall tripod so you won’t spend all night bending down into uncomfortable positions as you try to review your camera’s LCD screen.
A cable or wireless shutter release.
A fast, wide angle Lens!
The Aurora is much brighter than most subjects you would normally photograph at night so you might think you wouldn’t need a particularly ‘fast’ lens. However, unlike the slow-moving Milky Way, Auroras can move across the sky at a pretty good clip. As a result, you need to take much shorter exposures in order to capture the quick-changing aspects of Auroras. Some details, like the ‘curtain-effect’ (see the reddish area of the Aurora on the left side of the photo below) will be blurred and lost with exposures over 10-15 seconds. Therefore, I’d suggest a 2.8f lens or faster.
Let’s put this in perspective: A 2.8f lens is twice as fast as a 3.5f. In other words, if you took an 8 second exposure with a f2.8 lens and then switched to a f3.5 lens, you would have to take a 16 second exposure to get the same amount of light. By the same token, a f2.0 lens is twice as fast as a 2.8f and so on.
Lens: Wide
Auroras can be WIDE…they can stretch from horizon to horizon.
If you have a full frame camera, then I’d suggest truly wide-angle lens. I use my 14-24mm Nikon 2.8f zoom and I usually need its widest (14mm) setting for Aurora photography.
If your camera is ASP-C format, then you should consider something in the 10-12 mm range.
Panoramas?
With the Milky Way, you can take multiple shots with lenses that aren’t particularly wide and then stitch them together in Photoshop (or a similar program). However, since Auroras move quickly, panoramas are usually not an option….so you really need that wide lens.
Photoshop. Right out of the camera, Aurora shots can be amazing. But often you are going to need to process the photo in Photoshop, Elements or a similar photo processing program to get the most out of the image.
L-Bracket. This isn’t a Must-Have…more of a ‘really Nice-to-Have.” L-Brackets attach to your camera and allow you to connect it to your tripod in a portrait orientation without having to swivel your camera sideways on your ballhead. This means that you don’t have to lean over so much and it gives your tripod better balance. L Brackets are available from a number of companies (Kirk, Really Right Stuff, etc). Basically no more than a well-machined piece of painted aluminum, the pricing can be surprising high.
Headlamp.
Extra Batteries. The cold will drain your batteries quicker than normal. Keep a couple spares in a warm pocket.
Warm clothes. This topic could be the source of a whole article. Obviously if the temperature will be low and you will be standing outside for hours, you won’t be able to concentrate on the Aurora if you can no longer feel your extremities! Pay particular to your feet…the cold will seep into them from the ground.
Technique
Focus.
The best idea is simply to focus on an object in the far distance before the sun sets. Then turn off the auto-focus and put a couple pieces of tape on the focus ring to hold it in place. This way, your camera will already be pre-focused before it gets dark and you can be assured your shots will be perfectly focused. Otherwise, you have to try to focus in the dark, which is more difficult. Plus, without the tape, you will likely bump your lens at some point…and that will throw all future shots out of focus. Unless you review EVERY shot at full magnification…which you should do of course (but that is a habit difficult to learn…at least for me!)
If you don’t get a chance to focus before it gets dark you need to keep in mind that your autofocus won’t work well at night. So you will need to switch to manual focus.
Simply setting your lens to ‘infinity’ usually won’t work…many lenses don’t have a hard stop on their focus ring at infinity…if you go a bit too far the stars will be unfocused.
Focus manually on the moon, a distant streetlight…or particularly bright star. Take a shot, then review it at full magnification to see if your focus is crisp. Then lock your focus (if your camera has that ability) or use tape.
Camera Orientation (portrait or landscape) simply depends on what the Aurora looks like the night you are photographing. Most of my shots are taken in portrait orientation, but within a few minutes, the Borealis can shift and you might find that a landscape perspective would be the better choice. Be prepared to shift your camera between both orientations (another benefit of an L-Bracket).
Lighting If you are shooting under a full moon, the moon’s ambient light might be all you need. However, if the moon isn’t visible or if you want to draw attention to an attractive feature in the foreground, you will need some portable lighting. Headlamps and flashlights are a poor choice since they don’t give consistent, repeatable results. Low-level lighting is a much better option. Check out this article for more info.
Composition Test. Once you have selected what you want to include in your composition, take a trial shot. If it is too difficult to really see the results on your LCD screen, increase your ISO to 10,000 and run your shutter speed up to a full minute. This will result in an overexposed shot, but you will be able to clearly see if your composition is perfect (you can also use this technique to check that your focus is perfect).
Aperture. Now that your composition is determined, set your camera to Manual Priority and dial in the widest aperture your lens is capable of.
Shutter Speed. First set a shutter speed of 8 seconds (or put the camera in “Bulb Mode” and count the seconds yourself). Take the shot and look at your histogram. If the histogram is bunched completely to the left (too dark), reset your camera to a slightly longer exposure and try again. Keep adding seconds to the exposure until you get proper exposure (the histogram should be bunched somewhere near the center).
Ideally, you want an exposure in the 8-15 second range.
Anything over 15 seconds will ‘blur’ detail in the Aurora. Some Aurora’s don’t have much detail, so that might not be an issue
Anything over 30 seconds will likely result in ‘streaked’ stars.
Adjust your exposure. I find it helpful to dial in a +2/3 to +1 Exposure compensation
Shoot in RAW. If you are a pro, you are already using RAW exclusively. If you’ve never shot anything other than the default JPEG format, then give RAW a try. Unlike JPEG, which condenses and throws away a lot of the data your camera’s sensor captures, RAW files keep all the data. As a result, the files are larger, but they also give you the potential to do much more with your shot.
ISO. This really depends on your camera and just how bright the Aurora is on the night you are shooting.
The newer full frame cameras can take good quality shots well over ISO 1600, while older cameras and those with smaller sensor might create so much noise that you might not be able to go over 800.
The brightness of the Aurora, however, will be the primary factor that determines your ISO. I’ve seen some nights that the Aurora was so bright you could read a newspaper by its light. In that case I was able to shoot with an ISO as low as 400 with no problem (see the shot to the right). Other nights, the Aurora was be much dimmer (but still beautiful) and I’ve had to dial the ISO all the way up to 2200 with my Nikon D800E.
The way to figure out the right ISO is simply to take practice shots after you first set up and adjust from there. Find out how high you really need to set your ISO for your camera and the brightness of the Aurora. Remember that the lower your ISO, the less noise in the resulting image. Also keep in mind that the Aurora’s brightness will change during the night, so you might have to adjust your ISO setting accordingly.
Turn off your IS/VR. This is the ‘anti-shake’ function built into your lens. Since you are shooting from a tripod, it won’t be necessary.
Remove any filters from your lens. Many photographers, myself included, attach high quality UV filters to the end of every lens and leave them there. They provide some protection to the lens and don’t affect the quality of the image. However, some reputable photographers have reported issues with these filters when photographing the Aurora, especially during severe cold. My advice would be to remove any filters…no reason to take a chance on ruining a once in a lifetime shot.
Blend the Foreground. If there isn’t much moonlight, the foreground will likely be little more than a silhouette. That can be a really nice effect, but also try some shots that include some detail in the foreground. The best way to do this is take your 8 second (or so) shot of the Aurora and then, without moving the camera, take a much longer exposure (try 30 seconds to start) which will better expose the foreground. Later, you can blend the two images together in Photoshop which will give you a shot perfected exposed for the Aurora and the foreground.
Test, Test and Test Again! It can be a real temptation to just start ripping off shots of the Aurora because you are afraid it isn’t going to last. I’ve fallen for that temptation myself. But trust me, the right thing to do is to slow down and try different settings and then methodically review them. Experiment! Since each shot takes less than 10 seconds, you can afford to take a number of test shots to get everything perfect.
Post-Production Processing
This is where the pure technique ends and you get to be creative! I will give you specific Photoshop pointers but other photo processing software can give you the same results.
Temperature I adjust the slider between 3000 and 4800 until I find a spot that has a nice balance between the cold blues and warm oranges.
Exposure Try increasing your exposure to see if it make a lot more stars visible without washing out the entire frame.
Tone Curve Darkening the shadows and brightening the highlights often makes things ‘pop.’
Clarity. A small shift to the right on the clarity slider can really help the stars appear nice and crisp.
Hue/Saturation/Luminance. Here is where the real fun starts. Your challenge is to coax your camera’s digital image to accurately reflect what you actually saw. Be careful not to oversaturate the colors or shift hues to extremes.
The targeted adjustment tool is a great way to focus your efforts just on the main part of the Aurora. For example, I often find that enhancing the ‘clarity’ of the Aurora can help define details. This tool also helps you isolate hue/saturation adjustments to specific parts of the image.
Noise adjustment. You are going to have noise in your raw image. The amount will depend on your settings and the quality of the sensor in your camera.
You are going to need to reduce the noise to create a high quality image. There are a number of noise reduction programs you can use (as of 2022, my current favorite is Nik’s DeNoise AI )
No matter what software you use, remember that noise is usually a lot more noticeable in the foreground elements (darker areas) than in the bright areas of the Aurora, so don’t use a ‘blanket’ or overall adjustment. If nothing else, just put the foreground on a different layer and apply a different level of noise control.
With these directions and a bit of practice, you should be set to go out and take your own impressive Aurora photographs.
The Aurora is truly one of natures greatest wonders, I hope you get a chance to watch a performance soon!
Cheers!
Jeff
For night’s swift dragons cut the clouds full fast,
And yonder shines Aurora’s harbinger
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream (c. 1595-96), Act III, scene 2, line 379.
Related Images:
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https://www.markgray.com.au/gallery/limited-edition-prints/astral-light.php
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Aurora Australis Photos, Mornington Peninsula Southern Lights
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View Mark Gray's stunning limited edition print of the Aurora Australis on Mornington Peninsula (Southern Lights).
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:: Astral Light
The Elite Collection > Astral Light
Location:
Mornington Peninsula, Victoria - Australia
Print Code:
MG00345-AL
Edition Size:
Only 5 Prints + 1 Artist Proof, World-Wide - SOLD OUT (Email our gallery consultants to enquire about existing copies)
Framing:
The print is expertly face-mounted onto 4.5mm museum-grade Acrylic for the best possible presentation and extreme protection from damaging UV light. It is then backed onto acid-free Aluminium and surrounded by a thick beveled board wrapped with black fabric. To finish it off, we frame the print with our hand-finished Elite Dark Ash frame, imported from Italy. (as pictured above)
Details:
Believe it or not, on rare occasions when the conditions allow, the Southern Lights or Aurora Australis can be viewed from as far north as the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria!
I initially began researching this phenomenon back in 2010 however only witnessed my first Aurora on the Mornington Peninsula in early 2012. I captured a few average shots but the aurora was quite faint and I wasn't entirely happy with them. From that moment I was hooked, spending countless cold nights out in the wild attempting to capture this amazing spectacle.
In early 2013, it was a Wednesday night and I was packing my suitcase ready for an early morning flight to Alice Springs to run a workshop when I did a random check of the space weather. According to the charts - the Aurora was in full force! I dropped everything and raced out the door to one of my preferred viewing locations.
I knew the moon was going to rise soon so I only had an hour of shooting time. I found my way down to this still rock pool and setup my gear. It was near impossible composing the shot in complete darkness! I fine tuned my composition with each shot until it was perfect then captured a number of long exposures settling on this one as my favourite. The red and green colours in the sky were amazing, there was no mistaking this was the best Aurora I had ever witnessed, and from the Mornington Peninsula!
As the moon rose the colours disappeared so I headed home for a few hours sleep before heading to the airport.
Print Information
Mark Gray's fine art limited edition photographs are individually produced on archival quality Metallic Pearl paper. The quality is exceptional with a very large colour gamut and high gloss metallic appearance. With a 90+ year archival life, it also has a strong resistance to light fading. With correct mounting and framing your print will last for many years without any signs of fading.
After printing, your photograph is hand signed and numbered by Mark Gray. It's then covered, rolled and packed into a hard PVC tube to guarantee safe delivery.
All prints come with 'Framing & Handling' instructions ensuring you get the most from your print/s. Limited edition print's are all uniquely numbered and come with a 'Certificate Of Authenticity', digitally signed by Mark.
Delivery Information
For unframed prints and gallery wall stock (framed prints), Australia wide delivery takes 1-2 weeks and International delivery takes 2-3 weeks. For custom framed prints, Australia wide delivery generally takes 6-8 weeks and International delivery time takes 8-10 weeks. If you have a tight deadline feel free to give us a call and we can discuss your options with you.
All unframed print purchases receive FREE Standard Delivery World Wide.
Money Back Guarantee
We are highly confident that you will be more than satisfied with the quality of Mark Gray's landscape photos, however if you aren't happy for any reason, we offer a 30 day money back guarantee (providing we receive the print in the same condition in which you received it).
Any prints damaged in transit are repaired or replaced free of charge on return.
Please Note: The best care has been taken to accurately represent the finished photograph in the online gallery, however due to web limitations and differences in individual user's monitor settings, printed colours may differ slightly from the photos viewed on this website.
:: Return To Top
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Plasmas/Plasma_objects/Auroras
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Plasmas/Plasma objects/Auroras
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https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Plasmas/Plasma_objects/Auroras
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Auroras can be caused by electrons being absorbed into an atmosphere.
The "dramatic panorama [on the right shows a colorful], shimmering auroral curtain reflected in a placid Icelandic lake. The image was taken on 18 March 2015 by Carlos Gauna, near Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon in southern Iceland."[1]
"The celestial display was generated by a coronal mass ejection, or CME, on 15 March. Sweeping across the inner Solar System at some 3 million km per hour, the eruption reached Earth, 150 million kilometres away, in only two days. The gaseous cloud collided with Earth’s magnetic field at around 04:30 GMT on 17 March."[1]
"When the charged particles from the Sun penetrate Earth's magnetic shield, they are channelled downwards along the magnetic field lines until they strike atoms of gas high in the atmosphere. Like a giant fluorescent neon lamp, the interaction with excited oxygen atoms generates a green or, more rarely, red glow in the night sky, while excited nitrogen atoms yield blue and purple colours."[1]
"Auroral displays are not just decorative distractions. They are most frequent when the Sun's activity nears its peak roughly every 11 years. At such times, the inflow of high-energy particles and the buffeting of Earth’s magnetic field may sometimes cause power blackouts, disruption of radio communications, damage to satellites and even threaten astronaut safety."[1]
Main article: Keynote lectures/Astronomy
On the upper right is an auroral ribbon viewed from one of the Space Shuttles.
On the lower right is a time-lapse animation of Aurorae over both Earth poles that shows symmetries and simultaneous changes.
"Auroras in the north and south can be nearly mirror images of each other. Such mirroring had been suspected for centuries but dramatically confirmed only last month by detailed images from NASA's orbiting Polar spacecraft. Pictured above, a time-lapse movie shows simultaneous changes in aurora borealis, at the top, and aurora australis, at the bottom. A cloud of electrons and ions moving out from the Sun on October 22 created the auroras. The solar explosion that released the particles occurred about three days earlier."[2]
Main articles: Radiation/Rays and Rays
The image on the right suggests that the closer the observer is to being directly underneath the aurora the more it looks like radiation spraying down. The more distant from being directly below the more the aurora looks like ribbons.
The image on the left is from a location within the auroral oval where it frequently appears directly overhead.
Auroras come in several different and sometimes overlapping forms:
arcs (a slightly curving arc of light with smooth lower borders, second down on the left),
bands (continuous but irregular lower borders with kinks and folds, third down on the left),
blacks (a well-defined dark region within an extensive, otherwise uniform, auroral display, fourth down on the right),
coronas (rays converging onto a point which indicates the overhead position of the magnetic field along which the observer is located, fifth down on the left),
curls (a counter-clockwise (in northern hemisphere) rotation having a diameter of 0.5 to 3 miles (1 to 5 km); a ray viewed from the bottom rather than the side),
curtains (similar to drape with large vertical extent having sharp lower edge and gradually fading upwards, fifth down on the right in whitish cyan),
drapes (long-rayed band with folds, sixth down on the left is a white aurora),
folds (an S-shaped curve on a similar scale as a curl),
patches (isolated small region of luminosity like a patch of cloud, second down on the right),
rays (a streak or shaft of luminosity, third down on the right),
spirals (a larger scale (50 to 1000 miles) curled pattern), or
veils (uniform luminosity covering a large fraction of the sky, fourth down on the left).
"Those long arches that extend roughly east-west (actually magnetic east-west) from horizon to horizon are called arcs. If of nonuniform curvature, these forms are called bands. No really meaningful difference exists between arcs and bands, except that the more convoluted form, the band, is often brighter than the arc, and the appearance of bands usually signifies that the overall display is becoming more active."[3]
"Arcs and bands are thin ribbons set on edge parallel to the ground. The thickness of an arc or band may be as little as 100 meters (100 yds). The lower edge is typically 80 to 120 km (50 to 75 miles) above the earth and the upper edge is usually 10 to 100 km above that. Off out to the east or west, arcs and bands appear to meet the horizon. Still roughly 100 km above the surface, the aurora there is more than 600 miles distant. Hence, the aurora seen to meet the eastern horizon at Fairbanks is actually nearly directly overhead at Whitehorse, and visa versa. Similarly, an arc or band seen from Fairbanks to be 20 degrees above the north horizon is directly overhead Fort Yukon."[3]
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Bands and Bands
An aurora occurring as bands can have several bands in close proximity following a similar path as with the bands in the right image.
The auroral oval is a permanent structure over the polar regions. Bands should occur around the polar regions as specific co-parallel contributors to the oval structure. In support of this, the image on the right shows bands over northern Canada. The second image down on the right shows bands over Iceland.
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Drapes and Drapes
The more straightened form of a curtain is a drape. This aurora over Svalbard on 27 November 2014 appears to be a slightly ragged edged drape.
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Curtains and Curtains
The polar occurrence of auroral radiation together with the origin of each color should be observable from locations that can observe each pole.
On the right, starting over the village of Wiseman, Alaska, is a red and green curtain aurora. Next, in the vicinity of Anchorage, Alaska is a red-pink, curtain-like Aurora borealis above a green curtain aurora above Elmendorf AFB, Richardson, near Anchorage.
Main articles: Radiation/Antimatter and Antimatter
There is "an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth."[4]
"Some of the antiparticles produced in the innermost region of the magnetosphere are captured by the geomagnetic field allowing the formation of an antiproton radiation belt around the Earth."[4]
"During about 850 days of data acquisition (from 2006 July to 2008 December), 28 trapped antiprotons were identified within the kinetic energy range 60–750 MeV."[4]
In the graph on the right are shown "the [South Atlantic Anomaly] SAA region (red full circles). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. Trapped antiproton predictions by Selesnick et al. (2007) for the PAMELA satellite orbit (solid line), and by Gusev et al. (2008) at L = 1.2 (dotted line), are also reported. For comparison, the mean atmospheric under-cutoff antiproton spectrum outside SAA region (blue open circles) and the galactic [cosmic ray] CR antiproton spectrum (black squares) measured by PAMELA (Adriani et al. 2010a) are also shown."[4]
Usually auroras seen locally are arcs that are part of an auroral oval around or near the magnetic poles. In the image on the right are separate curtains apparently from one aurora borealis.
Main articles: Minerals/Ices and Ices
"Pictured [on the right] are not aurora but nearby light pillars, a local phenomenon that can appear as a distant one. In most places on Earth, a lucky viewer can see a Sun-pillar, a column of light appearing to extend up from the Sun caused by flat fluttering ice-crystals reflecting sunlight from the upper atmosphere. Usually these ice crystals evaporate before reaching the ground. During freezing temperatures, however, flat fluttering ice crystals may form near the ground in a form of light snow, sometimes known as a crystal fog. These ice crystals may then reflect ground lights in columns not unlike a Sun-pillar."[5]
These "light pillars [are] extending up from bright parking lot lights in Oulu, Finland."[5]
Def. a "visual phenomenon created by the reflection of light from ice crystals with near-horizontal parallel planar surfaces"[6] is called a light pillar.
Def. an "atmospheric phenomenon created by charged particles from the sun striking the upper atmosphere, creating coloured lights in the sky"[7] is called an aurora.
On the lower right is an aurora forecast based on the OVATION model for 13 May 2015.
"If you're living in northern regions of Atlantic Canada, Quebec or Ontario, and anywhere across the Prairies, northeastern British Columbia and northward from there, there was a very good chance you saw something last night, as shown [on the lower right]."[8]
"The Sun has been fairly quiet lately, with a few spits and spots worth mentioning, but amid that relative quiet, a strong wind has been blowing. A few days ago, a large coronal hole rotated into view on the face of the Sun. This region - the dark "open eye" of the winky face the Sun is making in the image above - is where the Sun's magnetic field lines have opened up, allowing charged solar particles to stream away from the surface at very high speed."[8]
The image on the left is NOAA's WSA-Enlil Solar Wind Prediction graphic for the effects of the solar wind stream from the coronal hole.
"The wide band of yellow-orange-red, with Earth's dot is right smack dab in the middle of it, is that fast stream of solar particles - a region of the solar wind called a "coronal hole high speed stream" (CH HSS). The reason why the particles of the solar wind are moving so quickly in this region is because they're traveling through space that has been 'swept clear' of other particles by a band of denser solar plasma that swept past us earlier in the week."[8]
"When those fast-moving solar particles interact with Earth's magnetic field, it can have the same effect as when a dense cloud of plasma (a coronal mass ejection, or CME) washes over us - it can cause a geomagnetic storm, resulting in a heightened auroral activity."[8]
"The CME shown in the image resulted from a large dark filament of solar material blasting away from the Sun's western limb. Since this solar plasma was launched out into space well ahead of Earth, it is not expected to affect us."[8]
Main articles: Charges/Interactions/Electromagnetics and Electromagnetic interactions
"[P]ulsating auroras [are] a certain type of aurora that appears as patches of brightness regularly flickering on and off".[9]
"A drop in the number of low-energy electrons, long thought to have little or no effect, corresponds with especially fast changes in the shape and structure of pulsating auroras."[9]
"Without the combination of ground and satellite measurements, we would not have been able to confirm that these events are connected."[9]
"Pulsating auroras are so-called because their features shift and brighten in distinct patches, rather than elongated arcs across the sky like active auroras. However, their appearance isn't the only difference. Though all auroras are caused by energetic particles--typically electrons--speeding down into Earth's atmosphere and colliding brilliantly with the atoms and molecules in the air, the source of these electrons is different for pulsating auroras and active auroras."[9]
"Active auroras happen when a dense wave of solar material--such as a high-speed stream of solar wind or a large cloud that exploded off the sun called a coronal mass ejection--hits Earth's magnetic field, causing it to rattle. This rattling releases electrons that have been trapped in the tail of that magnetic field, which stretches out away from the sun. Once released, these electrons go racing down towards the poles, then they interact with particles in Earth's upper atmosphere to create glowing lights that stretch across the sky in long ropes."[9]
"On the other hand, the electrons that set off pulsating auroras are sent spinning to the surface by complicated wave motions in the magnetosphere. These wave motions can happen at any time, not just when a wave of solar material rattles the magnetic field."[9]
"The hemispheres are magnetically connected, meaning that any time there is pulsating aurora near the north pole, there is also pulsating aurora near the south pole. Electrons are constantly pinging back and forth along this magnetic field line during an aurora event."[10]
"The electrons that travel between the hemispheres are not the original higher-energy electrons rocketing in from the magnetosphere. Instead, these are what's called low-energy secondary electrons, meaning that they are slower particles that have been kicked up out in all directions only after a collision from the first set of higher-energy electrons. When this happens, some of the secondary electrons shoot back upwards along the magnetic field line, zipping towards the opposite hemisphere."[9]
The "most distinct change in the structure and shape of the aurora happened during times when far fewer of these secondary electrons were shooting in along hemispheric magnetic field lines."[9]
"It turns out that secondary electrons could very well be a big piece of the puzzle to how, why, and when the energy that creates auroras is transferred to the upper atmosphere."[9]
"We need targeted observations to figure out exactly how to incorporate these low-energy secondary electrons into our models. But it seems clear that they may very well end up playing a more important role than previously thought."[9]
"Measurements of the number and energies of electrons were made by two satellites that happened to be passing overhead during these pulsating aurora events: Reimei, a JAXA satellite tasked with studying auroras, and a satellite from the U.S. Department of Defense's Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. The ground-based all-sky cameras--used to study both auroras and meteors--are operated at Poker Flat Research Range in Fairbanks, Alaska and the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association Radar Facility in Tromsø, Norway."[9]
"A network of cameras deployed around the Arctic in support of NASA’s THEMIS mission has made a startling discovery about the Northern Lights. Sometimes, vast curtains of aurora borealis collide, producing spectacular outbursts of light."[11]
“Our jaws dropped when we saw the movies for the first time. These outbursts are telling us something very fundamental about the nature of auroras.”[12]
"The collisions occur on such a vast scale that isolated observers on Earth — with limited fields of view — had never noticed them before. It took a network of sensitive cameras spread across thousands of miles to get the big picture."[11]
"NASA and the Canadian Space Agency created such a network for THEMIS, short for “Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms.” THEMIS consists of five identical probes launched in 2006 to solve a long-standing mystery: Why do auroras occasionally erupt in an explosion of light called a substorm?"[11]
"Twenty all-sky imagers (ASIs) were deployed across the Alaskan and Canadian Arctic to photograph auroras from below while the spacecraft sampled charged particles and electromagnetic fields from above. Together, the on-ground cameras and spacecraft would see the action from both sides and be able to piece together cause and effect-or so researchers hoped. It seems to have worked."[11]
There is "a common sequence of events. It begins with a broad curtain of slow-moving auroras and a smaller knot of fast-moving auroras, initially far apart. The slow curtain quietly hangs in place, almost immobile, when the speedy knot rushes in from the north. The auroras collide and an eruption of light ensues."[11]
The "fast-moving knot [may be] associated with a stream of relatively lightweight plasma jetting through the [plasma] tail. The stream gets started in the outer regions of the plasma tail and moves rapidly inward toward Earth. The fast knot of auroras moves in synch with this stream. [...] Meanwhile, the broad curtain of auroras is connected to the stationary inner boundary of the plasma tail and fueled by plasma instabilities there. When the lightweight stream reaches the inner boundary of the plasma tail, there is an eruption of plasma waves and instabilities. This collision of plasma is mirrored by a collision of auroras over the poles."[11]
"Millions of kilometers long and pointed away from the sun, the plasma tail is made of charged particles captured mainly from the solar wind. Sometimes called the "plasma sheet," the tail is held together by Earth's magnetic field."[11]
On the right is an image of a yellow-brown, ground-touching aurora that may be more than just due to electrons.
Def. "a particular subset of the [polar auroras] in which energetic particles are accelerated downward into the atmosphere directly from the solar wind"[13] is called a cusp aurora.
"Though cusp auroras are not particularly rare, they are often difficult to spot because they only happen during the day, when sunlight usually drowns out what would otherwise be a spectacular light show. However, because the magnetic North Pole is offset from the geographic North Pole, it’s often possible to see cusp auroras in Northern Europe near the winter solstice."[13]
“The magnetic pole is tilted towards North America, putting this magnetic opening—the cusp—at a higher latitude on the European side. Combine that extra-high latitude with the winter solstice—when nights are longest, especially as you go farther north—and you can sometimes see this daytime aurora with the naked eye.”[14]
Electromagnetic, "or EM, waves [...] accelerate electrons down into Earth’s atmosphere or up out to space. The electrons that are accelerated downward collide with particles in the atmosphere, releasing light and creating the cusp aurora".[13]
"CAPER [Cusp Alfven and Plasma Electrodynamics Rocket], flying on a four-stage Oriole IV sounding rocket, carries three instruments—one to measure low-frequency EM waves, one to measure high-frequency EM waves, and one to measure the number of particles at different energy levels."[13]
The "density of neutral atoms within the atmosphere can change throughout the day because of heating by sunlight, the original understanding was that the heating—and the extra-dense layers of neutral particles—was driven horizontally. However, some satellites have hit speed bumps as they have orbited through Earth’s magnetic cusp—their acceleration briefly slowed, which indicates a small vertical slice of higher-density neutral atoms that are harder to travel through."[13]
“When solar wind electrons collide with atmospheric electrons, they transfer some of their energy, heating the atmospheric electrons. The higher heat means the electron populations expand upward along the magnetic field lines.”[15]
"This upward flow of negatively-charged particles creates a vertical electric field, which in turn pulls up the positively-charged and neutral particles, increasing the atmospheric density in columns rather than horizontal layers."[13]
In the image on the left, dayside cusp auroras are shown as the Moon total eclipses the Sun.
The relatively low energy cosmic rays from the sun (aka solar wind) are also responsible for auroras such as shown in the space image on the right at Earth's poles.
Aurorae are mostly caused by energetic electrons precipitating into the atmosphere.[16]
"[L]ow-altitude regions of downward electric current on auroral magnetic field lines are sites of dramatic upward magnetic field-aligned electron acceleration that generates intense magnetic field-aligned electron beams within Earth’s equatorial middle magnetosphere."[17]
The ionosphere is a shell of electrons and electrically charged atoms and molecules that surrounds the Earth, stretching from a height of about 50 km to more than 1000 km. It owes its existence primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
The images [lower right] are superimposed on a simulated image of the Earth. The color code represents brightness, maximum in red. Distance from the North pole to the black circle is 3,340 km (2,080 mi).
"Auroras are produced by solar storms that eject clouds of energetic charged particles. These particles are deflected when they encounter the Earth’s magnetic field, but in the process large electric voltages are created. Electrons trapped in the Earth’s magnetic field are accelerated by these voltages and spiral along the magnetic field into the polar regions. There they collide with atoms high in the atmosphere and emit X-rays".[18]
At right is a composite image which contains the first picture of the Earth in X-rays, taken in March, 1996, with the orbiting Polar satellite. The area of brightest X-ray emission is red.
Energetic charged particles from the Sun energize electrons in the Earth's magnetosphere. These electrons move along the Earth's magnetic field and eventually strike the ionosphere, causing the X-ray emission. Lightning strikes or bolts across the sky also emit X-rays.[19]
On the right is a sequence of false-colour images of ultraviolet Aurora showing the development of a magnetospheric substorm, taken about 3 minutes apart with the Earth Camera of the Visible Imaging System (VIS) of the Polar satellite from 3:09 to 3:29 UT.
This image on the right of an aurora australis seen from space was probably captured using an optical device aboard the IMAGE spacecraft.
"NASA's Polar spacecraft took [a] series of images [including the one second down on the right] of the aurora over Earth's northern hemisphere. The images were collected by Polar's Visible Imaging System in February 2000, and they reveal the auroral oval around the polar regions in visible and ultraviolet light. The most intense auroral activity appears in bright red or white."[20]
On the left is an image of the auroral oval. When we see an auroral arc – and associated rays – we are really seeing a small section of the much larger, permanent aurora called the auroral oval.
The image on the right shows a yellow aurora near the horizon that has many vertical rays, sometimes called "light pillars", though these are probably not from ice crystals.
The second image down on the right shows two distinctive rays in the foreground that terminate in yellow over Queenstown, New Zealand, in July 2012.
"This aurora [on the left] was a bit of a surprise. For starters, on this Friday morning in August 2002, no intense auroral activity was expected at all. Possibly more surprising, however, the aurora appeared to show an usual structure of green rays from some locations. In the [left] image, captured from North Dakota, USA, a picket fence of green rays stretches toward the horizon. Mirroring the green rays is a red band, somewhat rare in its own right. Lights from the cities of Bismarck and Mandan are visible near the horizon. Large sunspot groups indicate that activity from an active Sun is relatively likely, possibly causing other streams of energetic particles to cascade onto the Earth and so causing more auroras."[21]
"The ray structure often seen in arcs and bands marks out the orientation of the magnetic field, nearly vertical at high latitude. The vertical extent of arcs and bands is also along this direction. Though the rays appear to converge upward, they are, in reality, essentially parallel shafts of light."[3]
"If rayed aurora is directly overhead, the point to which the rays appear to converge is the magnetic zenith. A line from that point to the observer marks out the local direction of the earth's magnetic field."[3]
"Standing in the aurora like pickets in a fence, the rays sometimes move sideways across the arcs and bands at high speeds. Sometimes one even sees them appear to move past each other both to the left and the right."[22]
"Rays line up along the direction of the earth's magnetic field, which points nearly vertically and somewhat to the northeast over Alaska and western Canada. To recognize the cross-sectional shapes of the rays, one needs to see them directly overhead in the sky. When they are in that position, they don't look like rays anymore; one reason why it took so long to discover their true shapes."[22]
"Not until very sensitive, high-speed television cameras were aimed at the bottoms of rays overhead was the mystery resolved. [The] rays were tightly wound up spirals only a kilometer or two across. Their form is difficult to recognize with the naked eye because the curled up shapes develop so quickly--sometimes in a second or so--and they often move very rapidly."[22]
"With a television camera capable of taking 30 pictures each second, it was possible to record the development of the spiral-shaped rays and measure their motion. Sometimes they move across the sky at speeds one hundred times that of a jet aircraft. To the observer on the ground, they do not appear to move quite that fast because the rays are so far away."[22]
This is a white aurora at the lower center and an aqua aurora in the upper part of the image on the lowest right.
The images on the right show white auroras. The image in the section above on the right shows a white aurora combined with an aqua portion.
"Auroras are known to be generated by beams of electrons which are accelerated along Earth's magnetic field lines. The fast-moving electrons collide with atoms in the ionosphere at altitudes of between 100 to 600 km. This interaction with oxygen atoms results in a green or, more rarely, red glow in the night sky, while nitrogen atoms yield blue and purple colours."[23]
On the right are two images of multicolored auroras. The second down on the right, a veil and partial curtain aurora, occurred over Finland in October 2012.
"Most people have heard of auroras - more commonly known as the Northern and Southern Lights - but, except on rare occasions, such as the recent widespread apparition on 17 March, they are not usually visible outside the polar regions. Less familiar are phenomena known as black auroras, dark patches which often subdivide the glowing curtains of red and green light."[23]
"Whereas bright auroras are created by electrons plunging downward into the ionosphere, neighbouring black auroras are caused by electrons escaping from the ionosphere - like a kind of anti-aurora. However, until now, scientists have been struggling to explain the relationship between the two auroral types."[23]
"We found strong evidence of a two-way interaction between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere."[24]
"Auroral arcs are created by electric currents. The beam of electrons shooting down towards Earth along magnetic field lines is actually an electric current aligned with Earth's magnetic field. It is called an upward, field-aligned current because the negatively charged electrons are moving downward."[24]
"On the other hand, when a downward magnetospheric current meets the ionosphere, electrons are driven upwards and 'sucked' from the ionosphere, creating a black aurora. However, when the electron density in the ionosphere drops markedly the black aurora becomes less intense."[24]
"This evacuation of the ionosphere is essential in shaping the black auroras. The process is much more important on Earth's nightside than on the dayside because sunlight creates new electrons which fill the 'hole'."[24]
The "two-way electrodynamic coupling between the magnetosphere and ionosphere [...] is made possible by a horizontal drift of ions in the ionosphere, known as the Pedersen current, which closes the current system."[24]
"According to convention, negatively charged electrons flow downward, from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere, in an upward field-aligned current. Electrons flow upward, from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere, in a downward field-aligned current."[23]
The third and fourth images down on the right are apparently two successive images of the same aurora showing changes with time and black auroras.
The aurora borealis imaged on the right shows blue, violet, and purple colors with the Milky Way in the background.
The second aurora on the right contains an intense violet band above the pink band.
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Blues and Blues
The image on the right shows blue aurora borealis that occurred over Iceland.
The second image down on the right shows an extensive blue aurora above the green over Canada.
The image on the left shows an extensive blue aurora.
The aurora borealis on the right is probably the usual green aurora but appears greenish-blue or cyan. This cyan aurora, partially corroborated by the second image down on the right is the only total cyan aurora found so far.
This aurora borealis on the right that occurred over Alaska is almost all green.
The second green aurora down on the right is over Urenroe, Russia. It shows the radiation pattern of being directly overhead.
"Last night Earth experienced a geomagnetic storm and aurora were visible in the Northern U.S. states. [This image on the left] of [an] aurora [was] captured on March 17, 2015, around 5:30 a.m. EDT in Donnelly Creek, Alaska by Sebastian Saarloos. These aurora might have been caused by the fast solar wind streaming from two solar coronal holes."[25]
An earlier green aurora is shown second down on the left from apparently January 2015.
Any doubt that a yellow aurora can occur should be put to rest with the image on the right.
The image on the left shows individual rays of radiation apparently impacting an upper atmospheric layer to produce a bead-like pattern.
The second image down on the left shows yellow of an aurora near the horizon with apparently the midnight Sun off to the left.
The third image on the left contains yellow aurora that is closer to true yellow.
The second image down on the right shows a yellow aurora following the skyline with an orange aurora above.
"On February 25th 2014 a violent X4.9-class solar flare erupted from a large sunspot group which had just rotated into view around the SE limb of the solar disk. The CME it unfurled was a massive full halo feature in the form of an expanding cloud of highly charged particles and plasma en route to the inner planets at a staggering velocity of over 2000km/sec. At this speed the CME would sweep across 93 million miles of space and impact planet Earth in only two days. However there was bad news as the source of this flare - and subsequent CME event - was located so close to the limb of the sun that the CME was very unlikely to impact Earth because it was located too far from the meridian and hence was not termed geoeffective which meant there was no chance of any Earth directed component at all. A few hours later a more detailed look by spaceweather scientists followed which offered some cautious optimism for in some of their forecasting models there was a slight chance that the CME could hit Earth a glancing blow with a possibility of minor geomagnetic storms on Feb 27th however the consensus was that the CME would probably miss entirely or if there was a hit then it wasn't expected to be significant."[26]
"The Bz is the secret to a good aurora show, this is [where] its at, the Bz (pronounced Bee Sub Zee) is a value indicating the tilt of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field or IMF. If the Bz is N then you can forget about a good show, even if the KP is good it won't make a difference, however if the Bz tilts S then the Earth and Sun's magnetic fields become aligned and in effect what you are doing is opening a gate way [...] allowing the highly charged solar particles to interact with the Earth's magnetosphere undisturbed - this open channel will manifest as a strong geomagnetic storm. The fact that it was - 20 got me extremely excited, this value meant the aurora was going to be strong and would be seen from far more southern latitudes than usual."[26]
The aurora imaged on the right occurred over Finland in early October 2002. Note the pastel orange colors in the veil or curtain-like aurora.
The second image down on the right shows a reddish-orange aurora observed over New York in October 2011.
To compare and contrast with the orange-containing aurora on the right which also occurred over Finland is the extensively orange veil aurora over Maine on the left.
On the right is an example of a red aurora borealis.
"A coronal mass ejection (CME) shot off the sun late in the evening of October 21 [2011] and hit Earth on October 24 at about 2 PM ET. The CME caused strong magnetic field fluctuations near Earth's surface – technically, this level of magnetic fluctuation rated a 7 out of 9 on what is called the "KP index" – that resulted in aurora that could be seen in the US as far south as Alabama. This image [on the left] was captured in Independence, Mo. Such completely red aurora are not as common as green aurora, however they can happen during strong solar activity and they occur a little more often at low latitudes such as where this was taken."[27]
"The strength, speed, and mass of this CME also pushed the boundary of Earth's magnetic fields – a boundary known as the magnetopause – from its normal position at about 40,000 miles away from Earth in to about 26,000 miles. This is the area where spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit reside, so these spacecraft were briefly orbiting outside of Earth's normal environment, traveling through material and magnetic fields far different from usual."[27]
Main articles: Chemicals/Hydrogens and Hydrogens
Hydrogen has two emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas at 397.007 nm of the Balmer series (Hε) and 434.05 nm Hγ.[28]
Main articles: Chemicals/Nitrogens and Nitrogens
Nitrogen has two emission lines that occur in plasmas at 455.368 and 455.545 nm from N VII.[28]
There is an "(0,2) vibrational component of the B-x electronic transition of N2(+) at 470.9 nm."[29]
Main articles: Chemicals/Oxygens and Oxygens
Oxygen has several emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas: 406.963, 406.99, 407.22, 407.59, 407.89, 408.51, 435.12, 441.489, and 441.697 nm from O II, and 434.045 nm from O VIII.[28]
"Electron temperatures are generally derived from the ratio of auroral to nebular lines in [O III] or [N II]."[30] "[B]ecause of the proximity of strong night-sky lines at λ4358 and λλ5770, 5791, the auroral lines of [O III] λ4363 and [N II] λ5755 are often contaminated."[30]
Argon has several emission lines that occur in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) heated plasmas: 426.653, 428.29, 433.12, 434.8064, 437.075, 437.967, 442.60, and 443.019 nm from Ar II.[28]
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Atmospheres and Atmospheric astronomy
Joule heating "is simply the process by which an electrical current flowing through a resistive media increases the temperature or heats the media. Examples of this are an electric toaster coil or the heating element in an electric stove, oven or space heater.”[31]
“Electric currents, driven by the solar wind when encountering Earth’s magnetic field, exist in and around the region where aurora occur. These invisible currents heat the thin air of the upper atmosphere of Earth through the Joule heating process.”[31]
“This process is different than the energetic radiation which cause the spectacular visible glow of the dancing northern lights and the scientific community is trying to determine the relative importance of each.”[31]
“Satellite drag is difficult to predict without a precise understanding of the state of the thermosphere which limits the ability to forecast satellite trajectories. This is especially true when large amounts of electromagnetic energy are dumped into the thermosphere and dissipated through the Joule heating process.”[31]
“One of the results of heating in and around the aurora is an expanded thermosphere. This expanded gas can increase the drag on satellites (those under or about 620 miles altitude) by 1,000% or more for a few days which shifts their orbits significantly.”[31]
Main articles: Stars/Sun and Sun (star)
"On August 31, 2012 a long filament of solar material [in the four panels on the lower right] that had been hovering in the sun's atmosphere, the corona, erupted out into space at 4:36 p.m. EDT. The coronal mass ejection, or CME, traveled at over 900 miles per second. The CME did not travel directly toward Earth, but did connect with Earth's magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a glancing blow, causing aurora to appear on the night of Monday, September 3 [shown in the first image on the right]."[32]
"Four images of a filament on the sun from August 31, 2012 are shown here [at the lower right] in various wavelengths of light as captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Starting from the upper left and going clockwise they represent light in the: 335, 171, 131 and 304 Angstrom wavelengths [ultraviolets]."[32]
Main articles: Earth/Auroras and Auroras
"This striking aurora image [on the right] was taken during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on May 24, 2010. The ISS was located over the Southern Indian Ocean at an altitude of 350 kilometers (220 miles), with the astronaut observer most likely looking towards Antarctica (not visible) and the South Pole."[33]
"The aurora has a sinuous ribbon shape that separates into discrete spots near the lower right corner of the image. While the dominant coloration of the aurora is green, there are faint suggestions of red left of image center. Dense cloud cover is dimly visible below the aurora. The curvature of the Earth’s horizon (the limb) is clearly visible, as is the faint blue line of the upper atmosphere directly above it (at image top center). Several stars appear as bright pinpoints against the blackness of space at image top right."[33]
The second image down on the right shows an "auroral curtain unfolds at dawn over Lake Superior in Duluth, Minnesota, on July 15, 2012. At right, Venus and Jupiter shine near the Hyades in Taurus."[34]
"The Auroral Oval [in the third image down on the right is] the instantaneous position of luminosity below which the Earth rotates. Typically around 67 degrees geomagnetic latitude around midnight and moving to 78 degrees geomagnetic latitude at midday. The picture below shows the auroral oval in winter approaching midnight in Albany, NY."[35]
"The Auroral Zone: the position of maximum probability of observing auroral luminosity. Viewing conditions are best around midnight and the aurora also tends to be brighter in this section of the oval. Consequently the highest probability of viewing aurora occurs around the geomagnetic latitude of 67 degrees."[35]
"Note that the Auroral Zone passes through central Alaska, but in the picture [fourth down on the right] taken just after sunset in Alaska, the Auroral Oval lies to the north. The aurora may be visible at this latitude only during winter; at other times of the year the aurora is not usually visible here because of daylight. The Auroral Oval will pass over central Alaska later in the evening."[35]
Main articles: Wanderers/Moon and Moon
The aurora image on the right shows the Moon off to the left, a yellow to green aurora ribbon on the right and apparent black auroras as gaps between light pillars.
"Swirls of green and red appear in an aurora over Whitehorse, Yukon on the night of September 3, 2012. The aurora was due to the interaction of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the sun with Earth's magnetosphere. The CME left the sun on August 31 and arrived on September 3."[32]
Main articles: Wanderers/Mars and Mars
For "five days in December, the spacecraft detected an ultraviolet glow blanketing the northern half of the Red Planet. The light show, similar to the northern lights on Earth, coincided with a fierce solar storm, when the sun flooded the solar system with charged particles."[36]
“Nobody expected to see auroras in the northern hemisphere. This changes our view of how the sun interacts with Mars.”[37]
"The European Space Agency’s Mars Express orbiter detected auroras in the Martian southern hemisphere in 2005, but they were concentrated over isolated magnetic spots on the surface."[36]
Main articles: Wanderers/Jupiter and Jupiter
The image at right represents "[t]he Jovian magnetosphere [magnetic field lines in blue], including the Io flux tube [in green], Jovian aurorae, the sodium cloud [in yellow], and sulfur torus [in red]."[38]
"Field-aligned equatorial electron beams [have been] observed within Jupiter’s middle magnetosphere. ... the Jupiter equatorial electron beams are spatially and/or temporally structured (down to <20 km at auroral altitudes, or less than several minutes), with regions of intense beams intermixed with regions absent of such beams."[17]
"This is a spectacular NASA Hubble Space Telescope close-up view [on the left] of an electric-blue aurora that is eerily glowing one half billion miles away on the giant planet Jupiter. Auroras are curtains of light resulting from high-energy electrons racing along the planet's magnetic field into the upper atmosphere. The electrons excite atmospheric gases, causing them to glow. The image shows the main oval of the aurora, which is centered on the magnetic north pole, plus more diffuse emissions inside the polar cap."[39]
"Though the aurora resembles the same phenomenon that crowns Earth's polar regions, the Hubble image shows unique emissions from the magnetic "footprints" of three of Jupiter's largest moons. (These points are reached by following Jupiter's magnetic field from each satellite down to the planet)."[39]
"Auroral footprints can be seen in this image from Io (along the left hand limb), Ganymede (near the center), and Europa (just below and to the right of Ganymede's auroral footprint). These emissions, produced by electric currents generated by the satellites, flow along Jupiter's magnetic field, bouncing in and out of the upper atmosphere. They are unlike anything seen on Earth."[39]
"This ultraviolet image of Jupiter was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on November 26, 1998. In this ultraviolet view, the aurora stands out clearly, but Jupiter's cloud structure is masked by haze."[39]
Main article: Io
"This eerie view of Jupiter's moon Io in eclipse [on the right] was acquired by NASA's Galileo spacecraft while the moon was in Jupiter's shadow. Gases above the satellite's surface produced a ghostly glow that could be seen at visible wavelengths (red, green, and violet). The vivid colors, caused by collisions between Io's atmospheric gases and energetic charged particles trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field, had not previously been observed. The green and red emissions are probably produced by mechanisms similar to those in Earth's polar regions that produce the aurora, or northern and southern lights. Bright blue glows mark the sites of dense plumes of volcanic vapor, and may be places where Io is electrically connected to Jupiter."[40]
Main articles: Wanderers/Saturn and Saturn
"[M]agnetospheric electron (bi-directional) beams connect to the expected locations of Saturn’s aurora"[41].
Powered by the Saturnian equivalent of (filamentary) Birkeland currents, streams of charged particles from the interplanetary medium interact with the planet's magnetic field and funnel down to the poles.[42] Double layers are associated with (filamentary) currents,[43][44] and their electric fields accelerate ions and electrons.[45]
"Energetic particles, crashing into the upper atmosphere cause the aurora, shown in blue [in the image on the right], to glow brightly at 4 microns (six times the wavelength visible to the human eye). The image shows both a bright ring, as seen from Earth, as well as an example of bright auroral emission within the polar cap that had been undetected until the advent of Cassini. This aurora, which defies past predictions of what was expected, has been observed to grow even brighter than is shown here. Silhouetted by the glow (cast here to the color red) of the hot interior of Saturn (clearly seen at a wavelength of 5 microns, or seven times the wavelength visible to the human eye) are the clouds and haze that underlie this auroral region."[46]
Main articles: Wanderers/Uranus and Uranus
"These are among the first clear images, taken from the distance of Earth, to show aurorae on the planet Uranus. Aurorae are produced when high-energy particles from the Sun cascade along magnetic field lines into a planet's upper atmosphere. This causes the planet's atmospheric gasses to fluoresce. The ultraviolet images were taken at the time of heightened solar activity in November 2011 that successively buffeted the Earth, Jupiter, and Uranus with a gusher of charged particles from the Sun. Because Uranus' magnetic field is inclined 59 degrees to its spin axis, the auroral spots appear far from the planet's north and south poles. This composite image combines 2011 Hubble observations of the aurorae in visible and ultraviolet light, 1986 Voyager 2 photos of the cyan disk of Uranus as seen in visible light, and 2011 Gemini Observatory observations of the faint ring system as seen in infrared light."[47]
Main articles: Stars/Dwarfs/Browns and Brown dwarfs
"Astronomers have discovered the first aurora ever seen in an object beyond our Solar System. The aurora -- similar to the famous "Northern Lights" on Earth -- is 10,000 times more powerful than any previously seen. They found the aurora not from a planet, but from a low-mass star at the boundary between stars and brown dwarfs."[48]
"All the magnetic activity we see on this object can be explained by powerful auroras. This indicates that auroral activity replaces solar-like coronal activity on brown dwarfs and smaller objects."[49]
"The astronomers observed the object, called LSR J1835+3259, using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at radio wavelengths, along with the 5-meter Hale Telescope on Palomar Mountain and the 10-meter Keck Telescope in Hawaii at optical wavelengths. The combination of radio and optical observations showed that the object, 18 light-years from Earth, has characteristics unlike any seen in more-massive stars."[48]
"Brown dwarfs, sometimes called "failed stars," are objects more massive than planets, yet too small to trigger the thermonuclear reactions at their cores that power stars. The astronomers said their observations of LSR J1835+3259 indicate that the coolest stars and brown dwarfs have outer atmospheres that support auroral activity, rather than the type of magnetic activity seen on more-massive and hotter stars."[48]
"The discovery also has implications for studying extrasolar planets. The aurora the scientists observed from LSR J1835+3259 appears powered by a little-understood dynamo process similar to that seen on larger planets in our Solar System. This process is different from that which causes the Earth's auroral displays -- the planet's magnetic field interacting with the solar wind."[48]
"What we see on this object appears to be the same phenomenon we've seen on Jupiter, for example, but thousands of times more powerful," Hallinan said. "This suggests that it may be possible to detect this type of activity from extrasolar planets, many of which are significantly more massive than Jupiter."[49]
Main article: Astrography
"Sun-aligned arcs are auroral features found within the polar cap, as opposed to the auroral oval where the more typical arcs reside. First global image of this phenomenon was reported by Frank et al. (1982); it consists of luminous belt reaching across the polar cap from noon to midnigh (that is why it is also called theta aurora; terms transpolar or polar cap arc are also known). However, first visual observations of such features were by the British Antarctic Expedition already during the austral winter of 1908 (Mawson, 1916). Similarly, first ground-based all-sky-camera observations originate from the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958 (Davis, 1962; Feldstein, 1963)."[50]
"The arc is about a hundred kilometers wide or more, and its luminosity may be comparable to the average emissions within the oval (typically, however, it is less than that). The feature can last for several hours, and it moves slowly across the polar cap in the direction of the IMF By component in the northern hemisphere (Frank et al., 1986). This motion is in the opposite direction in the southern hemisphere for the same sign of By (Craven et al., 1991)."[50]
Hot "plasma funneled into near-Earth space from the sun helps cause these unique aurora."[51]
"Depending on how this interplanetary magnetic field is aligned in relationship to Earth’s magnetic field, there can be various results when the solar wind arrives at near-Earths space. At the point where the two fields meet, Earth’s magnetic field points north. If the interplanetary field points in the opposite direction — south — then something called magnetic reconnection occurs, causing magnetic field lines pointing in opposite directions to suddenly realign into a new configuration."[51]
"But when the interplanetary magnetic field points northward, auroras can occur at even higher latitudes, sometimes resulting in theta aurora."[51]
Data was "collected simultaneously by the Cluster and IMAGE spacecraft on Sept. 15, 2005. While the four Cluster satellites were located in the southern hemisphere magnetic lobe, IMAGE had a wide-field view of the southern hemisphere aurora. As one Cluster satellite observed uncharacteristically energetic plasma in the lobe, IMAGE saw the arc of the theta aurora cross the magnetic footprint of Cluster."[51]
Main articles: History/Recent and Recent history
The recent history period dates from around 1,000 b2k to present.
From 800 b2k to 500 b2k, there were "few recorded auroral sightings due to warfare (e.g. Mongol threat, Crusades), plague (Black Death), religious dogma (generally a bad time had by all)".[35]
From 600 b2k to 500 b2k, there was the "Spörer Minimum (little solar activity)".[35]
From 355 b2k to 285 b2k, there was the "Maunder Minimum (little solar activity)".[35]
The Little Ice Age (LIA) appears to have lasted from about 1218 (782 b2k) to about 1878 (122 b2k).
"In 1716, for virtually the first time, the Royal Society and the Académie des Sciences carried articles on the aurora borealis in their journals. Both societies were then a half century old. However, merely 34 years later the Philosophical Transactions had recorded 200 observations of aurorae, and the Mémoires de l'Académie a similar number. The reason for the late and simultaneous debut was the return of the aurora to the latitudes of London and Paris, in or near which most of the societies' members lived."[52]
"The auroral events of the year 1716 most clearly announced that the prolonged solar and auroral calm that we now call the Maunder Minimum [Eddy, 1976a] had ended. But the onset of renewed auroral activity was noted already in the previous solar cycle. In 1707 an aurora was seen in Berlin and recorded in the journal of the Berlin Academy. Curiously, in New England, which is closer to the auroral zone than is London, Paris, or Berlin, the aurora returned suddenly in 1719. Contemporary accounts put the first recorded appearance of an aurora in Italy in the 1720's."[52]
"By the time that Jean Jacques Dorious de Mairan published his landmark treatise on the aurora in 1733, he had accumulated a sufficient record to draw two important conclusions: the auroral occurrence frequency had increased suddenly in 1716 and had remained essentially constant since then, and there were a number of times in the past when auroral occurrences had resumed after long absence [de Mairan, 1733]. He identified 22 such instances in the interval 500 A.D. to 1731 and referred to them as resuptious (reprises)."[52]
The "aurora again went into decline for a period of about 33 years, between 1792 and 1826, at a time when careful, routine observations of it were being made in Europe and America."[52]
"Investigation of secular variations prior to the Maunder Minimum is now possible based on six auroral catalogs that have been published within the last 20 years. The catalogs cover the time period from the fifth century B.C. to the seventeenth century A.D. and combine both oriental and European observations. Features corresponding to the previously recognized Medieval Minimum, Medieval Maximum, and the Spörer Minimum are clearly evident in both oriental and European records. The global synchronicity of anomalies in the auroral occurrence frequency is used to argue that they are caused by changes in the level or state of solar activity.The combined catalogs provide a sufficient number of events in the Middle Ages to resolve aquasi-80-year periodicity in the recorded auroral occurrence frequency. Also in the unusually rich intervals of the Middle Ages, clear quasi-10-year periodicities appear in the recorded occurrence frequency waveform. These are most reasonably interpreted as manifestations of the 11-year solar cycle and indicate that the solar cycle was then operative."[52]
Main articles: Physics/Distributions/Spatials and Spatial distributions
"Descriptors of spatial structure
homogeneous: lacking internal structure
striated: having fine filaments
rayed: having rays within a basic form".[35]
Main articles: Physics/Distributions/Spectrals and Spectral distributions
"Discrete aurora (the bright visible form is classified by Color Types). Examples of these color types. Note that the three primary colors (red, blue, and green) can be produced so that the aurora may appear to have a wide range of colors depending on the observer's perspective."[35]
"Type A aurora (green with red tops):
energetic electrons flow directly down magnetic field lines
usually red at high altitude (>150 miles)
yellowish green at lower altitude (60-150 miles)
colors due to emission by atomic oxygen
more commonly occurs on day side of geomagnetic pole (visible during polar winter)
Type B aurora (green with red lower edges):
energetic electrons from edge of plasma sheet in geotail
crimson and blues at low altitude (<60 miles)
colors due to molecular emissions (nitrogen, oxygen)
yellowish green above 60 miles (vide supra)
more commonly occurs on night side of geomagnetic pole
Type C aurora (green):
most commonly observed color Type
essentially Type A or B without visible upper or lower red regions
Type D aurora (red):
bombarding particles lack sufficient energy to penetrate below 150 miles altitude
red color due to emission by atomic oxygen (as in Type A)
Type E aurora (a rapidly moving Type B aurora)
Type F aurora (blue-purple):
auroral altitude is still in sunlight but lower altitudes in darkness
color due to resonance scattering (see airglow) by molecular nitrogen ion N2+
Proton aurora:
protons (hydrogen ions) contribute as bombarding particles
additional red and blue from atomic hydrogen emission"[35]
"Diffuse aurora (observed by satellite; not typically seen from the ground)
energetic particles steadily "leak" from the plasma sheet
luminosity more spread out and weaker than for discrete aurora "[35]
"Polar cap (or Theta) aurora: has a sun-aligned arc stretching over the pole."[35]
Main articles: Physics/Distributions/Temporals and Temporal distributions
"Descriptors of temporal behavior
quiet: steady luminosity
pulsating: rhythmic fading and brightening (every 10 to 100 seconds). Video example
flickering: rapid intensity changes (about 5 to 10 times per second). B&W video shows flickering beginning at about 30 second in.
flaming: luminosity bursts from bottom to top
streaming: varying brightness progressing horizontally".[35]
Main articles: Sounding rockets for astronomy and Sounding rockets
"The interaction of solar winds and Earth’s atmosphere produces northern lights, or auroras, that dance across the night sky and mesmerize the casual observer. However, to scientists this interaction is more than a light display. It produces many questions about the role it plays in Earth’s meteorological processes and the impact on the planet’s atmosphere."[53]
"To help answer some of these questions, NASA suborbital sounding rockets carrying university-developed experiments -- the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere Turbulence Experiment (M-TeX) and Mesospheric Inversion-layer Stratified Turbulence (MIST) -- were launched into auroras from the Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska. The experiments explore the Earth’s atmosphere’s response to auroral, radiation belt and solar energetic particles and associated effects on nitric oxide and ozone."[53]
"This composite shot of all four sounding rockets for the M-TeX and MIST experiments is made up of 30 second exposures. The rocket salvo began at 4:13 a.m. EST, Jan. 26, 2015. A fifth rocket carrying the Auroral Spatial Structures Probe remains ready on the launch pad. The launch window for this experiment runs through Jan. 27."[53]
"On count day number 15, the Aural Spatial Structures Probe, or ASSP [in the second image down on the right], was successfully launched on a NASA Oriole IV sounding rocket at 5:41 a.m. EST on Jan. 28, 2015, from the Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska. Preliminary data show that all aspects of the payload worked as designed and the principal investigator Charles Swenson at Utah State University described the mission as a “raging success.”"[54]
“This is likely the most complicated mission the sounding rocket program has ever undertaken and it was not easy by any stretch. It was technically challenging every step of the way.”[55]
“The payload deployed all six sub-payloads in formation as planned and all appeared to function as planned. Quite an amazing feat to maneuver and align the main payload, maintain the proper attitude while deploying all six 7.3-pound sub payloads at about 40 meters per second."[55]
Main articles: Radiation astronomy/Satellites and Satellites
Both images on the right was shot from the International Space Station on or about 13 July 2012 and in 2014, respectively going down the page. Note that lights are blurred across the image rather than top to bottom in the first image.
"This view [on the left] of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, which was photographed by an astronaut aboard Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-39) in 1991, shows a spiked band of red and green aurora above the Earth's Limb. Calculated to be at altitudes ranging from 80 - 120 km (approx. 50-80 miles), the auroral light shown is due to the "excitation" of atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere by charged particles (electrons) streaming down from the magnetosphere above."[20]
To study macroscale interactions during substorms, NASA and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) created a network of satellites shown in the image on the lower left for “Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms" (THEMIS).
Main article: Hypotheses
Auroras are part of an effort to achieve charge balances.
Auroral structures indicate whether they are within the auroral oval, inside it closer to the pole, or outside it.
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https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2024/05/11/1250750303/photos-see-northern-lights-from-rare-solar-storm
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Photos: See the Northern lights from rare solar storm
|
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[
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"NPR Staff",
"Geoff Brumfiel"
] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
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A powerful solar storm struck Earth, triggering spectacular celestial light shows in skies around the world — and threatening possible disruptions to satellites and power grids.
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NPR
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https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2024/05/11/1250750303/photos-see-northern-lights-from-rare-solar-storm
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The largest geomagnetic storm in nearly two decades is hitting Earth's atmosphere. It's producing a beautiful glow in the sky all over the world.
A sunspot has sent a stream of charged particles towards Earth.
As those particles hit the Earth's atmosphere they will be heated and start glowing producing beautiful aurora.
Lisa Upton is with the Southwest Research Institute. Social media is already filling with photos from places like Finland, Russia, Germany and New Zealand, which catches the same effect in the southern hemisphere. It's not clear how far down in the U.S. the aurora will spread, but Upton is keeping an eye out in Colorado.
Space weather forecasters expect the solar storm to peak overnight, but it will last throughout the weekend.
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2020-03-23T00:39:29+00:00
|
Explore a new object in the Saint Louis Art Museum's collection each day.
|
en
|
Saint Louis Art Museum
|
https://www.slam.org/explore-the-collection/object-of-the-day/
|
Speaker: Melissa Venator
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Fellow for Modern Art
Saint Louis Art Museum
This is a painting titled Christ and the Sinner, made in 1917 by Max Beckmann. It shows a passage from the Gospel of John from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. In the passage Jesus is asked to determine the fate of a woman accused of adultery. The law called for her to be stoned to death, but Jesus responded, “He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her,” the source of the familiar expression, “let him who is without sin cast the first stone.” It’s interpreted as a lesson in the virtue of forgiveness and a warning against hypocrisy. After all, are any of us so good that we can judge the action of others?
Beckmann often depicted scenes from the Bible, but he wasn’t a particularly religious man. For him, biblical stories represented universal themes, like the idea of forgiveness, easily understood by the average German. And that’s an important point to remember. In the German census of 1910, over 98 percent of Germans identified as Christian, either Protestant or Catholic. They would be familiar enough with Bible stories to identify the subject of this painting from the figures alone, and they would also know its moral lesson.
But while Beckmann refers to the biblical account, he also departs from it. Jesus stands at the center in a white robe, but Beckmann shows him beardless and bald, looking, in fact, very much like Beckmann himself. The woman at his feet is the woman accused of adultery, kneeling in prayer and thanking Jesus for his intercession. The other figures are harder to identify. One may be a soldier, another in tights and a red pointed hat and apron is a complete mystery. And they all make bizarre hand gestures. These are puzzles with no clear answers, which leave us with unresolved curiosity, a response I regularly have to Beckmann’s art.
As we try to understand Christ and the Sinner, its date helps a lot: 1917, the middle of World War I. By then Beckmann’s war was already over. He volunteered as a medical orderly in early 1915 and spent a year in occupied Belgium caring for wounded soldiers. In a letter home, he described how the wounded men reminded him of the sufferings of Jesus, likely the only example of a heavily wounded man he had ever encountered in his life before the war.
Beckmann’s constant exposure to pain and death led to a breakdown and discharge on medical grounds. While recuperating he began to paint large biblical scenes in a new angular and more abstract style, paintings including Christ and the Sinner. For Germans in the midst of war, not just Beckmann, the Bible’s apocalyptic narrative seemed a wholly appropriate metaphor for the large-scale human loss and environmental devastation.
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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0
| 90 |
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/northern-lights-came-california-will-it-happen-again
|
en
|
The Northern Lights came to California — but will it happen again?
|
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[
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2024-05-16T21:36:15-07:00
|
Aurora Borealis made a surprise trip down to the continental United States last week. Three experts weigh in on why it happened and whether it will happen again.
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
|
University of California
|
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/northern-lights-came-california-will-it-happen-again
|
Q: First things first — what are the Northern Lights? Why do we call them that? Where are they usually seen?
Chris Chaston (CC): The Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis, are emissions of light from atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere stimulated by collisions with energetic electrons and ions streaming downward from near-Earth space. They are usually seen at high latitudes — above 60 degrees and during the night when the light becomes visible. They occur in an oval roughly centered around the poles. In the Southern Hemisphere they are referred to as the Aurora Australis.
Harald Frey (HF): There is a widespread misconception that aurora on Earth is generated by energetic particles coming directly from the sun. The real processes are more complicated. The sun continuously emits the solar wind, as a stream of energetic electrons and protons that carries electric and magnetic fields with it. The interaction of these fields with the Earth’s magnetic field distorts it and transfers energy into it. Our magnetic field cannot accumulate endless amounts of energy and has to release this excess energy. This energy release generates energetic electrons in the so-called auroral acceleration region about 6000 kilometers above ground. When these energetic electrons collide with the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere at about 100-200 km altitude, these atoms and molecules emit light that we consider as aurora. Very often we refer to is as just aurora or polar lights that occur in the north and south.
Q: Why do you think people are fascinated by the Northern Lights?
HF: You have to consider the aspect of surprise. You likely look up into the sky hundreds of times and nothing is happening, except for the occasional meteor. But when suddenly the whole sky lights up, changes color, and forms change and dance around, you are admiring what nature is capable of doing.
CC: Because it’s one of those things that ‘blows you away’ when you see it in full swing. It’s not just the light itself, but more how it moves or ‘dances’ — like a kaleidoscope in the sky, truly wonderful.
Q: Did you get a chance to see the lights over California this past weekend?
CC: I missed it on Friday night but I did try after sunset on Saturday from a high point in the Bay area. It was perhaps just a faint glow above the horizon to the North. I read of people driving up to Shasta on Friday who saw a good show late in the evening.
Q: Why were they visible in California over the past weekend, and as far south and east as Florida? Is that normal — or worrisome?
CC: There was a major geomagnetic storm over the weekend due to the shedding of matter and magnetic field from the Sun in the form of a series of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that collided with Earth, or more specifically Earth’s magnetic field. Under these circumstances Earth’s magnetic field gets compressed and the low latitude edge where those energetic particles stream downward to collide with the atmosphere moves southward in the Northern Hemisphere. This southward shift is related to the strength of the storm. The weekend’s storm was a particularly strong event such that the aurora could be seen from Northern California and the southern states. It’s not something to be especially worried about, but it can impact the power grid due to currents induced in electrical transmissions lines and radio communications may be disrupted due to variations in the upper atmosphere or more correctly the ionosphere.
HF: The impact of such geomagnetic storms on the ground is generally rather limited, but similar events in the past have caused damage to electric power lines and transformers. More worrisome is the potential damage to satellites in orbit around the Earth. The energetic electrons can damage the electronic components of satellites and make them unusable. One way to limit damage to satellites is to turn them off temporarily, which was actually done with the three THEMIS satellites around Earth that are managed by our UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory. Many other satellite operators must have taken similar precautions.
Q: Some reports suggest that this may happen in the continental U.S. more frequently in the next few years. Do you agree with that? Why is that?
Yan Li (YL): Solar flares and CMEs as energetic solar activity are more frequent during the maximum of the solar cycle. These violent solar activity produce intense solar energetic electrons and ions. The Sun is on the rising phase of the solar cycle and approaching its activity maximum
soon. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect more frequent aurora sightings in the next few years.
CC: Solar cycle prediction is an evolving art and sometimes things don’t work out as expected, but around 11 years is the average and we are close to the peak now, I think. Here’s a link to the sunspot number charts that define where we are in the solar cycle: Solar Cycle Progression | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center.
On a short-term basis ‘hotspots’ on the Sun can stick around for a while, so with an average solar rotation period of 4 weeks there could be some increased auroral action in a little under a month from now.
Q: Why do the Northern Lights appear in different colors here than the usual green we see in photos from Alaska?
CC: The color of light that is seen is dependent on the atmospheric composition and the energy and type of colliding particle that stimulates the light emitted. The classic green aurora is due to energized electrons colliding with atomic oxygen and is the most common auroral emission reported. At lower latitudes, such as here in California, the downward streaming electrons which stimulate the light seen from the ground have a different distribution in energy than those observed at high latitudes and the aurora is only observed from the side looking northward, rather than from below. These factors lead to us observing different colors and mixtures of colors.
Q: Can they be seen by the naked eye? Why are iPhones so much better at capturing them?
CC: Certainly, the aurora is observed by the naked eye. Cameras with long exposure times and sensitive light sensors (CCD and CMOS) can capture faint aurora but the best way to view the Northern Lights for the amateur observer is with the naked eye.
HF: The human eye is most sensitive to green light, less to red, and even less to blue. The optical detectors of iPhones try to mimic the human eye sensitivity as best as possible but they are still more sensitive to red. Therefore a mix of blue/green/red will appear slightly different to the naked eye and on a picture taken by the phone.
Q: Is there any way to know when they will be visible near us? (Friends of mine now send me solar forecasts, but I have no idea how to interpret them!)
CC: Yes. I can suggest NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center’ at Homepage | NOAA / NWS Space Weather Prediction Center that provides forecasts every day.
YL: The accuracy of Solar forecasts for flares and CMEs are improving, but it’s still very difficult. Even when a forecast of flare or CME is successful, the direction of the energetic electrons produced needs to be right to reach the earth. So, a direct forecast of auroral sightings is not simple. But when there are super strong flares (like X-class flares) and super fast (>1000km/s) CMEs, energetic electrons produced can span a large angle, sometimes almost in all directions around the Sun, in which cases we might be in luck for auroral activity while we might also be in 'luck' for blackouts and loss of satellite communications, using cell phones etc.
Q: If you really want to see the Northern Lights, should you wait for them to come to California, or where might you go?
CC: You might be waiting a long time to see it here again in California and even then, you will likely not see it at its best. If you want to see the aurora in all its glory, I would suggest booking into a hotel near Fairbanks, Alaska for a couple of weeks during mid-winter.
HF: Other good places are northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland and central Canada. You need a clear sky and as little moonlight as possible. There is aurora over Iceland, but this region is known for many cloudy days and coastal fog. The weather is more stable in inland regions, like Fairbanks, Alaska.
Q: What if you want to go somewhere warmer?
CC: You can also see aurora in the Southern Hemisphere. This past weekend I heard it was good from Hobart, Tasmania, and was supposed to be visible all the way up to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales, Australia, although I have not searched for images.
Q: When should I plan this kind of trip, in terms of timing around solar cycles?
CC: Aurora is observed throughout the solar cycle at high latitudes. I spent several weeks in Fairbanks in the winters of 1996 and 1997, i.e., around solar minimum, and saw some fantastic displays. So I would not be too concerned with the timing — just make sure there is plenty of darkness and as Harald pointed out it’s better if the moon is out of view.
HF: Last week you would not have seen the bright aurora from Fairbanks because the aurora was much too far south. May through August are bad times for aurora viewing from Alaska because the sun does not completely set in the far northern regions and the background light would have made it difficult (impossible?) to see aurora, even if it were there. If you want to have it warm while watching the Northern Lights, you have to stay in California and wait for the rare ~10-year event.
Q: When you look for the Northern Lights, what direction should you be looking in?
CC: This depends on where you are, but in the continental U.S. just looking north is a good start.
Chris Chaston has been studying the physics of auroral particle acceleration since arriving at UC Berkeley in 1996. This work has involved NASA’s FAST, POLAR, THEMIS and Van Allen Probes missions, the European Space Agency’s Cluster mission and Japan’s Reimei satellite as well as sounding rockets. His work on this topic has focused on the physics of Alfvén waves and how these waves can drive auroral arc formation through the acceleration of ions and electrons.
Harald Frey received his education in Germany and joined the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley in 1997. He has been working on the detection and analysis of optical phenomena in near-Earth space using cameras on satellites and on the ground. He was the instrument scientist for the Far Ultraviolet Imager on the NASA IMAGE mission that observed aurora, the U.S. project scientist for the Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL), and instrument scientist for the Far Ultraviolet Imager on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON). He is now retired.
Yan Li has been a research physicist at the UC Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory since 1999 and is an expert on solar coronal mass ejections that trigger aurora events. Before arriving at UC Berkeley more than 20 years ago, her work carried her from the Institute of Space Physics at the Space Academy in Beijing, China, the University of Sydney in Australia and Kyushu University in Japan.
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1605
|
dbpedia
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0
| 3 |
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
en
|
Photo tip of the week: Aurora Australis
|
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2016-07-11T00:00:00
|
Seen the Northern Lights and dream of having that eerie green glow in your photos? Launceston photographer Jason Stephens shares how you can capture the Southern Hemisphere's equivalent - the Aurora A...
|
en
|
//yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/files/aph-favico.png
|
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
I first noticed the Aurora in 2012 when looking at some photos taken by a local photographer. I remember wondering what it was I looking at – the Northern lights in the South? Surely not! Since then I’ve taken hundreds of photos of the Aurora around Tasmania.
First off, it's important to look to the South if you want to have any success with photographing the Aurora. It's known as the Southern Lights for a reason – the clearest view South you can find is your best place to start.
When people ask me about photographing the Aurora, I'll often tell them to try and obtain a basic knowledge of how Auroras occur and when they are likely to occur first, as this is the best way to increase your chances of success. The Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, happen when the sun releases a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields into space. These solar winds carry particles which interact with the earth’s magnetic field, colliding to produce energy releases in the form of Auroras.
I look at websites like spaceweather.com as well as the Facebook Page Aurora Australis Tasmania ahead of a photography trip. Being on the front foot and not waiting for others to notify you often means can get photographs you may otherwise have missed. A basic knowledge of your local weather patterns and moon phases is handy too.
Conditions-wise, you should be looking for clear skies and cloudless nights as the Aurora rarely shows her beauty behind clouds. But don’t let a little cloud deter you, they often provide an interesting feature in a photo, complimenting the Aurora.
I see many images with a stunning Aurora sky that would have been the most spectacular photograph with an interesting foreground or landscape. So when setting up your shot, try to choose a landscape scene that would be interesting enough without the Aurora - you'll then be amazed at how good it looks with the Aurora in there too! It's not always easy, but it is worth scouting during the day to find a place you can go to directly when the Aurora is on, rather than driving around in the dark when you can’t see a thing.
Gear
There's a few things you'll need to have in your camera bag for a successful trip.
DSLR Camera – it doesn't have to be the best on the market, but it does need to be able to take long exposure photographs.
A tripod – again, not a necessity to have the most expensive, but generally the more you spend, the most stable they will be in windy conditions. I started off with a cheap light tripod, which was fine, but soon outgrew it.
Memory cards. The more space, the more images you can bring home.
Batteries – Obviously your camera will not work without one, and I highly recommend at least 2 or 3. Batteries go flat rather quickly in the cold and taking multiple long exposures will drain that energy. Trust me, it's not a pleasurable experience to be out photographing an Aurora that's dazzling away and you run out of battery.
A remote shutter release cable or wireless remote – It helps to reduce vibration through the camera from pressing the shutter button. I often use mine on continuous shooting mode, so I can sit back and enjoy the Aurora whilst my camera and remote are doing all the work! You can also use the self timer mode (2 sec) so once you press the shutter button the camera waits 2 seconds to capture the exposure.
Warm clothes – if you are warm and comfortable you will be happy, and so will your images. If you become cold and miserable, your images will suffer. Believe me it is not a fun experience sitting there freezing when a couple of coats, thermals, beanie and gloves are sitting at home doing nothing.
Head Torch or Torch – It is dark at night, so bring one along to see where you are walking in the dark, as well as illuminate foregrounds (light paint) and to see your camera dials if they need adjusting.
Remember to have your gear ready at all times with your batteries charged. Nothing is more annoying than a great Aurora display and you are at home charging batteries and missing it.
Camera settings
I suggest you select manual mode, which allows you to adjust aperture and your desired shutter speed. Use your tripod for stability and your remote cable release to operate the shutter or self timer. Shoot in RAW, and if you can, use a wide angle lens. The advantage of a wide angle is it allows you to fit more of the Aurora and landscape into your image.
With photographing the night sky, you want to let in as much light as you can. For this reason, the widest possible aperture is best (the lowest f-stop number). Typically this will be f2.8 to f4, depending on which lens you choose or own. There are prime lenses that stop down to f1.4!
When setting your ISO, you'll need to make a call depending on what levels of noise your camera can handle. The higher level the better for more light. As a rule it’s generally around 1600-3200. Any moonlight will lower the ISO as there is natural light to begin with. Adjust it when you're in the field for the best results.
As the Aurora is moving constantly, the faster the shutter speed you choose the more detail you will capture. I like to start at around 10-15 seconds, although depending on which lens you use, you may need 15 to 30 seconds. This will still capture the Aurora, although loss of detail and trailing stars may affect the image quality.
To ensure everything is sharp, set both the camera body and lens to manual. Then, set your lens to infinity (most lenses have the infinity symbol on the focus ring). If the moon is out you can check focus using the moon, or a bright object in the distance. It's even easier if your camera has live view - zoom in 10x on a bright star, then adjust focus manually until the star is sharp.
White balance is often the forgotten setting. It's a personal preference, as the Aurora is not always visible to the naked eye – so set it to your tastes. My preferred choice is Kelvin 3850. It's what I believe gives the closest colour balance to the Auroras greens and reds. A lower value seems too cold and higher tends to be too warm.
Finally, always tell someone where you're going. It's dark, and accidents can happen. Shoot with a friend or two, not only for the company. Safety in numbers.
Remember you won’t see the Aurora sitting on the couch at home, so get out there amongst it! The most important thing is to enjoy being out on dark, cold nights. I have memories of so many great nights as I was prepared and enjoyed myself. An Aurora sighting will leave you speechless and wanting to see another and another!
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https://www.kevinpepperphotography.com/composition-and-shooting-tips-for-aurora-photography
|
en
|
Composition and Shooting Tips For Aurora Images — Kevin Pepper Photography
|
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Learn composition tips for taking the best aurora northern lights images
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/531d2a24e4b0baf9a0e963c4/1579033826502-HURW70UNRUWHQIP8SBYV/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Kevin Pepper Photography
|
https://www.kevinpepperphotography.com/composition-and-shooting-tips-for-aurora-photography
|
Location: South Shore of Iceland near Vik
Camera Gear: Nikon D3, Sigma 20mm ƒ/1.8
Camera Settings: Aperture of ƒ/2.8, Shutter speed of 8 seconds, ISO1600
Picture Discussion: The sharpness of the bands would not be evident if I would have taken a photo that lasted longer. One of the things that attracted me to this image was how evident the curl was to the naked eye.
I waited until the aurora band was low enough on the horizon so that the photographer was visible inside the aurora band.
This was not a new moon. It was taken mid-month. The moon illuminated the sky. I had to darken the blues, lower the exposure in the foreground shadows, and increase the blacks to get a darker-looking image.
Location: Yellowknife, Northwest Territories
Camera Gear: Nikon D850, Nikon 14-24mm ƒ/2.8
Camera Settings: Aperture of ƒ/2.8, Shutter speed of 3 seconds, ISO2000
Picture Discussion: The sharpness of the bands would not be evident if I would have taken a photo that lasted longer. One of the things that attracted me to this image was how evident the curl was to the naked eye as it came over the tree line on the other side of the pond.
I took two images and blended them together in post-processing.
In the image I took of the sky I took the shutter speed down to 3 seconds and increased the ISO to 2000. By doing that I defined the curl and made the sensor more sensitive to light. This captured the magenta between the green curls.
I took a second image. That image was taken with the following settings. An aperture of ƒ/2.8, Shutter speed of 10 seconds, ISO1600.
I then blended the two photos in photoshop so I had a cleaner foreground that was exposed to bring out the details.
This photo was taken right before the new moon. There was no ambient light because the minimal moon sliver had already gone behind the hills.
I often alter between landscapes and portrait format when photographing the northern lights. The aurora often lends itself to this format of a photo.
Location: Nunavut, Canada
Camera Gear: Nikon D850, Nikon 20mm ƒ/1.8
Camera Settings: Aperture of ƒ/2.0, Shutter speed of 12 seconds, ISO1250
Picture Discussion: I allowed the image to curl in the sky for longer than I usually do. It softened the aurora bands but allowed it to turn through more of the sky. It also allowed the colors to burn into the image. The magenta started to come through, and the bands of the aurora were exposed throughout the entire image.
I blended two images together to create this image (Reflection and Sky). The sky was a 12-second exposure. The reflection photo was a 20-second exposure. That brought out the pebbles in the foreground. It created a nice anchoring element.
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https://www.snexplores.org/article/lets-learn-about-auroras
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en
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Let’s learn about auroras
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Lillian Steenblik Hwang",
"Trishla Ostwal"
] |
2021-11-09T06:30:00-05:00
|
A gust of charged particles from the sun called the solar wind lights up auroras on Earth — and on other planets.
|
en
|
Science News Explores
|
https://www.snexplores.org/article/lets-learn-about-auroras
|
Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma.
Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world.
atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.
atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
aurora: A light display in the sky caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in a planet’s upper atmosphere. The best known of these is Earth’s aurora borealis, or northern lights. On some outer gas planets, like Jupiter and Saturn, the combination of a fast rate of rotation and strong magnetic field leads to high electrical currents in the upper atmosphere, above the planets’ poles. This, too, can cause auroral “light” shows in their upper atmosphere.
aurora borealis: Also known as the northern lights, this light display in the Northern Hemisphere sky is caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Greenland: The world’s largest island, Greenland sits between the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic. Although it is technically part of North America (sitting just east of Northern Canada), Greenland has been linked more politically to Europe. Indeed, Vikings arrived in Greenland around the 10th century, and for a time the island was a colony of Denmark. In June 2009, Greenland became an independent nation. Ice covers roughly 80 percent of Greenland. Indeed, the Greenland ice sheet is the world’s largest. If its frozen water were to melt, it could raise sea levels around the world by 6 meters (about 20 feet). Although this is the 12th biggest nation (based on surface area), Greenland averages the fewest people per square kilometer of its surface area.
Iceland: A largely arctic nation in the North Atlantic, sitting between Greenland and the western edge of Northern Europe. Its volcanic island was settled between the late 800s and 1100 by immigrants from Norway and Celtic lands (ones governed by the Scots and Irish). It is currently home to roughly a third of a million people.
magnetic field: An area of influence created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.
magnetic field lines: The lines that surround a magnet (you can see this if you drop iron filings around the edges of a bar magnet).
New Zealand: An island nation in the southwest Pacific Ocean, roughly 1,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Australia. Its “mainland” — consisting of a North and South Island — is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.
nitrogen: A colorless, odorless and nonreactive gaseous element that forms about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere. Its scientific symbol is N. Nitrogen is released in the form of nitrogen oxides as fossil fuels burn. It comes in two stable forms. Both have 14 protons in the nucleus. But one has 14 neutrons in that nucleus; the other has 15. For that difference, they are known, respectively, as nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 (or 14N and 15N).
northern lights: Another name for the aurora borealis, a light display in the Northern Hemisphere sky caused by a collision between incoming energetic particles from the sun and gas molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere.
oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).
parallel: An adjective that describes two things that are side by side and have the same distance between their parts. In the word “all,” the final two letters are parallel lines. Or two things, events or processes that have much in common if compared side by side.
particle: A minute amount of something.
photon: A particle representing the smallest possible amount of light or other type of electromagnetic radiation.
planet: A large celestial object that orbits a star but unlike a star does not generate any visible light.
plasma: (in chemistry and physics) A gaseous state of matter in which electrons separate from the atom. A plasma includes both positively and negatively charged particles.
poles: (in Earth science and astronomy) The cold regions of the planet that exist farthest from the equator; the upper and lower ends of the virtual axis around which a celestial object rotates.
Saturn: The sixth planet out from the sun in our solar system. One of the two gas giants, this planet takes 10.6 hours to rotate (completing a day) and 29.5 Earth years to complete one orbit of the sun. It has at least 82 moons. But what most distinguishes this planet is the broad and flat plane of bright rings that orbit it.
solar: Having to do with the sun or the radiation it emits. It comes from sol, Latin for sun.
solar wind: A flow of charged particles (including atomic nuclei) that have been ejected from the surface of the star, such as our sun. It can permeate the solar system. When emitted by a star other than the sun, this radiation is known as a stellar wind.
sun: The star at the center of Earth’s solar system. It is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Also a term for any sunlike star.
|
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2024/05/10/to-see-the-northern-lights-aurora-tonight-use-your-phones-camera/
|
en
|
To See The Northern Lights Aurora This Weekend, Use Your Phone Camera
|
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[
"Eric Mack"
] |
2024-05-10T00:00:00
|
You can boost your chances of seeing the dancing magnetic collisions by using something more sensitive than your eyes: your smartphone or anything else with a camera.
|
en
|
Forbes
|
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2024/05/10/to-see-the-northern-lights-aurora-tonight-use-your-phones-camera/
|
A solar storm currently impacting Earth’s magnetic field is bringing with it the possibility to see aurora borealis and aurora australis at locations in the southern US and elsewhere around the world that are normally far out of range for the Northern Lights. You can boost your chances of seeing the dancing magnetic collisions by using something more sensitive than your eyes: your smartphone or anything else with a camera sensor.
A series of energetic blasts from the sun began arriving Friday night and are now continuing into the weekend. These so-called coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have triggered the first extreme (G5) geomagnetic storm, as determined by NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center since 2003. The storm generated aurora seen across the US and beyond. Some were only able to catch a glimpse with the help of some technology most of us carry around all the time.
There’s entire books written on astrophotography (including this free one from NASA) that will instruct you on how to get dazzling photos like the above, but today I’m more interested in letting the casual skywatcher know your phone may be the best tool to be able to see auroras at all, especially if you’re in a location where they’re rarely visible.
A number of readers shared their best shots from late Friday into Saturday morning.
Simply put, the sensors in your phone or other camera are more sensitive than your eyes.
“Things that the human eye can’t see, your phone can,” explained Brent Gordon at NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.
Gordon says recent geomagnetic storms have yielded photographs of aurora taken in places like Mexico where aurora are rarely ever glimpsed with human retinas.
Pointing your camera at a darkened sky with little cloud cover or light pollution during times of heightened geomagnetic activity could yield “a surprising treat” as Gordon puts it.
To know when to check the sky for the presence of invisible aurora with your camera, you can check the Space Weather Prediction Center’s forecast, or sign up for alerts from a site like SpaceWeather.
Other tips include putting your smartphone camera into night mode, or setting your camera to take longer exposures. For best results, a tripod is also a good idea.
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https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/auroras-northern-lights-photography
|
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|
Aurora Hunters Capture the Wonder of the Northern (and Southern) Lights
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Gemma Tarlach"
] |
2022-12-21T09:00:00-05:00
|
Across the Arctic, people have revered—and sometimes feared—eerie, shifting lights that arrived without warning in the night sky and never appeared the same...
|
en
|
https://img.atlasobscura.com/arq81MTohFEUbDPogElM6DD8zKK9nOeDi38TE22FmFs/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24ucG5n
|
Atlas Obscura
|
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/auroras-northern-lights-photography
|
Across the Arctic, people have revered—and sometimes feared—eerie, shifting lights that arrived without warning in the night sky and never appeared the same way twice. Ancient explanations for the lights vary widely among the Saami, Tlingit, Vikings, and other northern cultures, changing from one fjord to the next and over centuries. The aurora borealis, or northern lights, have been described as the spirits of women who never married or of the stillborn; as restless, lonely souls of those who died from suicide or murder; as reflections glinting off the armor of fierce Valkyries; as malevolent spirits who might chop off your head if you whistled at them too loudly. Regardless of how they were explained, it appears that everyone who witnessed the lights was filled with wonder and the need to understand the phenomenon.
The first known documentation of auroras was more than 4,500 years ago in China, but some archaeologists have interpreted much older cave art as depictions of prehistoric auroral displays in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Auroras occur near both poles, but are more commonly reported in northern high latitudes simply because most humans—more than 80 percent—live north of the equator.
Science has since sorted out most of the details about what auroras really are. Charged particles borne on a solar wind smack into Earth’s magnetic field and transfer their energy to oxygen and nitrogen in our upper atmosphere. The explosive process creates brief bursts of light, typically green and sometimes red (both from oxygen) and less commonly blue (from nitrogen), in regions near but not at the geomagnetic poles. (The exact area where auroras are visible, a band known as the auroral oval, fluctuates based on solar wind activity and shifts in the magnetic field, which also affect how individual auroras appear.) While the origin of auroras is no longer a mystery, these elusive, hauntingly beautiful phenomena still mesmerize anyone fortunate enough to see them.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 27 |
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2021/11/how-to-perfectly-capture-the-shimmer-and-shine-of-the-southern-aurora/
|
en
|
How to perfectly capture the shimmer and shine of the Southern Lights
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Elizabeth Ginis",
"Luke Tscharke"
] |
2021-11-10T07:52:57+00:00
|
It’s in our nature
|
en
|
Australian Geographic
|
https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2021/11/how-to-perfectly-capture-the-shimmer-and-shine-of-the-southern-aurora/
|
When the aurora australis comes calling, it’s cameras at the ready. Here’s award-winning photographer Luke Tscharke’s top tips for capturing the perfect image.
On Thursday, 4 November, southern Australia was treated to an incredible spectacle, a stunning display of aurora australis thanks to a G3 geomagnetic storm*. The aurora was so strong that it was visible through twilight meaning that intrepid aurora chasers didn’t even have to wait until the skies were completely dark. The conditions to witness the aurora were perfect, there was very little cloud cover, clear skies with very little air pollution, and it was a new moon. This provided very dark clear skies allowing the light show to be witnessed without obstruction.
Of course, you can have ideal viewing conditions but be in a location that will make the aurora hard to observe. Being as far south geographically as you can with a clear view of the horizon will set you up for success. A location with low light pollution will also help, although for a big show like this one the aurora was easily visible in the inner Hobart suburbs.
Fortunately I was on Bruny Island running a photographic workshop and had sufficient notice to get into position by sunset. I chose to photograph from the Cape Bruny Lighthouse, which I consider to be the southernmost highly accessible location to photograph the southern lights in Australia. Standing under the 183-year-old lighthouse at the top of the hill, the view south from the Cape is unobstructed to Antarctica.
The exciting show kicked-off through the twilight and gradually grew in energy, bursting into a sequence of curtains and beams from 9.30pm. Later in the evening the aurora was seen to pulse with green bursts of colour above the auroral arc, a relatively unusual occurrence. Generally the aurora works up over a period of time to a peak before it gradually subsides, however this event was beyond spectacular for most of the night and into the early hours of the morning. It was an event that aurora chasers will be talking about for years to come.
How to capture the aurora
Have the right equipment: You’ll need a sturdy tripod to keep the camera still, a camera that is good at taking photos in low light, and a lens that has a wide aperture to let a lot of light into the sensor. Newer mobile phones are capable of capturing the aurora so don’t be afraid to give that a try. A warm jacket and a hot drink are also not a bad idea.
You’ll need to find a location that has little light pollution, that faces south and has a relatively clear view of the horizon. Also make sure it’s safe to be there at night.
Check apps or Facebook groups for reports of auroral activity, nothing beats a confirmed sighting to let you know that it’s time to shoot. Check out the app SpaceWeatherLive or the Facebook Group ‘Aurora Australis Tasmania’ for aurora information.
Set the camera to manual mode, the lens to the lowest f-number (widest aperture), ISO to between 1600-6400, and the shutter speed from 5-15 seconds.
Your lens will need to be in manual focus as most cameras can’t focus in the dark. Manually focus on a star using the focus magnification function of the camera to get it as sharp as possible.
Take some test shots and adjust the shutter speed or ISO to get the best exposure. Magnify the captured image and check that it is sharp. If not, keep adjusting it until it is.
You can set your camera to continuously take images using an intervalometer so you can turn your images into a time lapse. This also lets you step away from your camera and enjoy the show!
*What is a geomagnetic storm?
Such storms are disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field that can result in many hours of vibrant auroras at the northern and southern reaches of the planet.
These storms often occur when a coronal mass ejection (CME) or a persistent, high-speed solar wind stream sweeps past Earth, causing the magnetic field to become unsettled. If the unsettled conditions persist long enough, a geomagnetic storm is possible.
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1605
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https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-patterns-day-night-and-seasons/the-aurora-inspiration-for-art-and-poetry-integration
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The Aurora: Inspiration for Art and Poetry Integration
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This article lists seven art techniques and four poetry types that can be used to depict and describe the aurora.
|
en
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Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears - Just another Sites.EHE site
|
https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-patterns-day-night-and-seasons/the-aurora-inspiration-for-art-and-poetry-integration
|
Depicting the Aurora: Art Techniques
Before beginning any of the art projects listed below, introduce your students to the aurora through children’s literature, expository articles, images, and video. If you are fortunate enough to have an art educator at your school, you can collaborate on an integrated unit. If not, don’t worry – the activities below provide step-by-step directions for each art technique. Most of the lessons and activities featured do not specifically reference the aurora, but are general instructions to be used with a wide variety of subjects.
Artist in Residence: Watercolor Lessons
A comprehensive guide including watercolor techniques, defining, finding, and painting the horizon, and silhouette techniques. This guide is especially helpful for classroom teachers without an art background or an art educator to collaborate with. The “wet-on-wet” technique is most suitable for painting the aurora.
Painting Like an Impressionist
A lesson plan on painting in the impressionist style, which could be easily adapted to paint a scene depicting the aurora. This lesson refers to a color wheel and the use of complementary colors (colors opposite one another on the color wheel). It would also be helpful to have images of impressionist paintings on display. Many of Monet’s pieces would introduce students to the soft swirls and dabs of paint that defined the impressionist style.
Crepe Paper Blots
A lesson plan for creating crepe paper blots. Students could use crepe paper in the colors of the aurora.
Pumpkin Seed Mosaics
In this activity, students use dyed pumpkin seeds to create a mosaic. This could be adapted to depict the aurora.
Crayon Resist
In the crayon-resist technique, students use light-color crayons to draw the shimmering bands of the aurora, stars, and the landscape (horizon, mountains, trees). Students then cover their drawing with watered-down black tempera or watercolor paint. The crayon resists, or shows through, the black paint. Perfect for depicting the aurora against the night sky!
Torn Paper Pictures
This document describes the process of creating a torn-paper collage. The irregular shapes of torn paper reflect the irregular shapes of the aurora.
Describing the Aurora in Poetry
Use the featured lessons to help students write poems about the aurora. Poetry can be written before, after, or independently of the art projects listed above. The aurora is also a natural springboard for descriptive writing and pourquoi stories, in which students explain how or why something exists in nature.
Composing Cinquain Poems: A Quick-Writing Activity (Grades K-2)
Cinquain (pronounced “cin-kain”) is a five-line poetic form, using a wavelike syllable count of two-four-six-eight-two. In this lesson, students write simple cinquain of their own as a follow-up to a subject they have been exploring in class.
Composing Cinquain Poems with Basic Parts of Speech (Grades 3-5)
Students learn about cinquain poetry and write their own cinquain poems.
Acrostic Poems (Grades K-5)
This interactive resource guides students through brainstorming about a topic and then writing original acrostic poems. The finished poems can be printed.
Dynamite Diamante Poetry (Grades 3-5, modify for grades K-2)
In this lesson, students review nouns, adjectives, and verbs and learn about gerunds. They then practice using them as new vocabulary words by composing structured diamante poems as a class and independently using an online interactive tool. The poems can be printed and displayed or published as a class book or magazine.
Reading, Writing, Haiku Hiking! A Class Book of Picturesque Poems (Grades 3-5)
Using One Leaf Rides the Wind by Celeste Davidson Mannis as an introductory text, students learn to identify elements of haiku poetry. Students go on a class hike to observe nature in their own neighborhood, and collect “picturesque” words in their writer’s notebooks. (Instead of a hike, students could view images of the aurora in a video or on a web site.) They explore syllable counts in their word collections and use descriptive words to compose original haiku. Students then use print and online resources to locate facts for informational notes on the topics of their poems. Finally, students work collaboratively to publish their poetry and notes in an illustrated class book.
Seasonal Haiku: Writing Poems to Celebrate Any Season (Grades 3-5)
In this three-part lesson, students write and illustrate haiku depicting seasonal images. First they use their observation skills, real-world knowledge, and knowledge of parts of speech to help them create seasonal word charts. They then listen to and read samples of haiku to identify haiku criteria, followed by a writing session where they create haiku that depict seasonal images. Finally, they publish their poetry mounted on colorful backgrounds that illustrate the images in their poems.
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1605
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dbpedia
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0
| 87 |
https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/the-southern-lights-a-guide-to-the-aurora-australis
|
en
|
Guide to the Aurora Australis
|
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|
http://vivaexpeditions.com/assets/Uploads/page-preview-images/Aurora-Antarctica-1-credit-Antarctica-NZ.jpeg
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Check out this blog that explains what the Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern lights and what kind of colours you can expect when viewing them.
|
en
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favicon.png
|
Viva Expeditions
|
https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/the-southern-lights-a-guide-to-the-aurora-australis/
|
Many people fly to Norway, Iceland, Canada, or the Arctic Circle in search of the northern lights or aurora borealis, but did you realize that you can see the same phenomena here in New Zealand, and on a scenic charter flight departing from Christchurch, where you can fly above the weather system and view the auroras uninterrupted? Here at Viva Expeditions, we have teamed up with aurora hunter and astrophysicist Dr Ian Griffin to make this possible.
Click the links below to skip through the article:
1. What is the Aurora Australis?
2. Where and when can you see the Aurora Australis?
3. What does an Aurora look like?
4. What colour are the Auroras?
5. The best time to see the Aurora Australis?
6. The Southern Lights by Flight with Viva
7. Top Tips for viewing the Aurora on the Southern Lights by Flight
What is the Aurora Australis?
Aurora australis, also known as the southern lights, is the southern hemisphere equivalent to the aurora borealis (also known as the northern lights). In the sky, an aurora australis is an electrical phenomenon and one of the seven natural wonders of the world.
Like its northern sibling, the aurora australis is strongest in an oval centred on the south magnetic pole. However, an aurora begins its journey at the centre of our solar system. The outermost part of the Sun’s atmosphere, drives solar wind away from the Sun. Some of these particles strike Earth’s magnetic field and follow magnetic field lines down into Earth’s atmosphere at the North and South magnetic poles (also known as the auroral zones).
The magnificent lights of the auroras begin when the particles collide with atoms of our upper atmosphere, a process that results in a glowing field of excited gas. These sheets of lights can take on many beautiful colours, and often persist for hours on end, dancing gracefully in the sky.
Where and when can you see the Aurora Australis?
Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions. Auroras are visible almost every night near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are about 60 to 70 degrees north and south of the Equator near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. The type of aurora you may witness will always depend on how active the sun is and every aurora activity is different, but they are always glowing within the auroral zones.
The most active auroras occur when there is an increase in solar wind activity. An increase in activity can lead to auroras being visible at higher latitudes (in the Southern Hemisphere). Although solar weather can change daily, an increase in solar wind activity occurs around the spring and autumn equinoxes. Thanks to a phenomenon called the Russell McPherron effect, auroras are known to be more frequent and brighter than usual in spring and autumn. Close to the equinoxes in March and September, the alignment of the interplanetary magnetic field and Earth’s magnetic field is such that the two opposing fields can cancel each other out. This creates holes in Earth’s magnetosphere through which particles from the solar wind can flow, giving rise to auroras when they interact with the atmosphere.
You can witness the aurora australis from many parts of New Zealand including Stewart Island, Lake Tekapo, Dunedin, The Caitlins and Invercargill if you are lucky!
Photo by International Antarctic Centre
What does an Aurora look like?
As mentioned, every aurora is different, therefore some people never get enough of seeing them. It is very important to understand generally what to expect when viewing the aurora australis. An aurora usually builds in strength and becomes brighter as the evening progresses, so what you may be first seeing as a silvery colour or ribbon, can soon develop into a brighter and easier to see arc or even a dancing wave in the sky.
The auroras generally present as a beautifully paced, slow-moving natural phenomenon. The waves will often glide across the sky rather than moving back and forth quickly like they do in some of the time lapse videos you may have seen.
What colour are the Auroras?
Simply put, most auroras are green which is caused by ions colliding with oxygen at lower altitudes. That would be the shortest and scientifically correct answer, (there are other colours of the aurora reds, blue and purple which is caused from collisions with nitrogen, but green is the most commonly observed and relevant colour to this question). However, it doesn’t always appear green to our eyes. Sometimes it can be silvery in appearance, or even a strange hue of grey or white, however if you point a camera at it, you will usually see green pop out from the sky.
The Naked Eye vs a Camera
“I’m sure most of us have seen those beautiful colourful aurora images, and some of you may have wondered if the colours in these pictures are in fact real, or are they just the product of overzealous photo shopping. Well, the answer is “yes”, the colours are indeed very real, however it’s important to realise that modern cameras are significantly more sensitive to colour than the human eye. The human perception is therefore always something a little less intense.
To understand how the eye perceives the colour of the aurora, it’s useful to have a basic understanding of the structure and function of the eye. The retina (the layer of cells at the back of the eye that sense and respond to light) contains two type of photo sensor cells, the “Rods” and the “Cones”. Rods are exceptionally sensitive to light, but they are relatively low resolution and only “see” in black and white.
The cones on the other hand can perceive full colour and are highly concentrated in the central retina producing high resolution central colour perception, but they are less sensitive than rods so require a brighter light source to be activated. So dim auroral displays which are only capable of triggering the rods will only be perceived in black and white - the aurora appears as a whitish or grey cloud of constantly changing light. Brighter displays have a greater chance of triggering the cones and resulting in some colour perception. Even still, in all but the very extreme displays, colour will appear muted in comparison to the photos. There is also significant variation between individuals. As we get older, the pupil of the human eye becomes less able to fully dilate in darkness, and a smaller pupil lets in less light. Also, as we age, the lens in the eye can take on a yellow tinge or become slightly opaque, also altering or interfering with colour perception. On the whole, older eyes are less sensitive to light perception in dim conditions. The result is that during the same displays some people will report seeing obvious colour while others will report seeing only grey. Even two people of similar age may report differences in colour perception during the same display.
The single most important thing that you can do to maximised your visual experience of the aurora is to allow your eyes to fully adjust to the darkness. This ensures that the pupils are maximally dilated and that the rods and cones are operating at peak sensitivity. It takes up to 20 minutes for the human eye to fully dark adapt. Even a glimpse of bright light for just a few seconds will set your dark adaptation back several minutes. This is why we completely darken the cabin of the aircraft while in the auroral zone. If you want to take lots of photos, be aware that this will invariably involve frequently looking at a relatively bright LCD view screen, and this will prevent your eyes from fully dark adapting.
In over 20 years of auroral observing, I have concluded that it is not possible to capture the perfect photo and have the perfect visual experience at the same time. I therefore encourage passengers to give some thought about what they want to get out of the experience, and plan accordingly. If you do decide to take photos, it’s essential that you get to know your camera properly (practice using it in the dark before the flight), and if possible, turn off the LCD screen (or at least turn the brightness down to minimum) beforehand. In the end we can’t absolutely guarantee what you will see, but with appropriate understanding and preparation, you can be sure to maximise your viewing pleasure.”
Dr Stephen Voss, Aurora Chaser, and Medical Doctor
Best time to see the Aurora Australis
The auroras actually happen all year round, that being said there are more optimal times to view them. Winter is a better time as the days are shorter and the moon needs to be dark so that the moonlight does not affect the visibility of the aurora. Of course clear skies are also a factor, if cloudy you won’t really get much of a view, however on the Southern Lights by Flight we fly above the clouds and weather system so weather does not affect views.
One of the best times to view the aurora australis is during the spring and autumn equinox, where the chances the aurora will be bright and more active is higher. Thanks to a phenomenon called the Russell McPherron effect, auroras are known to be more frequent and brighter than usual in spring and autumn. Close to the equinoxes around March and September, the alignment of the interplanetary magnetic field and Earth’s magnetic field is such that the two opposing fields can cancel each other out. This creates holes in Earth’s magnetosphere through which particles from the solar wind can flow, giving rise to auroras when they interact with the atmosphere.
The Southern Lights by Flight with Viva Expeditions
Flying to see the Southern lights on a commercial flight from New Zealand is great because you can fly to the aurora and stay in the aurora as long as possible. These flights are set up to maximise your experience and viewing of the Southern Lights. One of the most unique things about the flight is we are flying above the clouds and the weather, which increase the chances of viewing the aurora for a prolonged period. The plane will literally fly through cross sections of the aurora over the course of the night.
The southern auroral zone has significantly less commercial flight traffic than the northern hemisphere, making it the ideal location to run a dedicated aurora flight. Less air traffic means a greater ability to change flight paths on the night in response to auroral activity and reduce potential light pollution.
Leading the flight is Dr Ian Griffin, an astronomer who has been Director of the Otago Museum since 2013. A self-described aurora fanatic, Ian has led six successful flights into the southern auroral zone. On the two most recent Southern Lights by Flight organised by Viva Expeditions on 20 and 21 March 2021 passengers enjoyed more than five hours of Auroral displays as the aircraft flew thousands of kilometres south of New Zealand.
See what an Southern lights by Flight experience looks like, watch the video below:
Top tips when viewing the Aurora on the Southern Lights by Flight
How to best view auroras in-flight?
We recommend making things as dark as possible, perhaps put a black jumper/hoodie over your head, press your head against the window to view the aurora, relax and wait for your eyes to adjust. The more the adjust, you should see more colour in the aurora. During this time, do not look at the screen on your phone or anything bright, your eyes need to adjust to complete darkness.
Can you recommend the best mode to take photos on a smart phone?
From previous experience we have seen good results using “night mode” with a long exposure. If your phone does not have this option, you can download the “easy long exposure camera” app if you have an iPhone and long exposure camera 2 for androids.
I have a digital camera with a good lens, what settings should I have camera on?
Fantastic, once you book our professional photographers will give you guidance on the best settings. We have photographers that use Canons, Nikon and Sony. Please note all cameras are different so we recommend doing some research online as well.
Get to know your camera
Don’t buy a camera the day before heading out on an aurora trip. You must be familiar with your camera equipment before heading out to capture images of auroras. Regularly taking photos of night time skies is a great way to improve your photography skills and set you up for success. We will be hosting a camera workshop with our professional onboard photographers before the flight takes off however you should still come with some basic knowledge of how to use your camera because every make and model is different and you cannot learn to use a camera in a very short space of time.
Find out more about what to expect when going onboard our Southern lights by flight by watching an interview with our lead astronomer.
Happy Aurora hunting!
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https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
|
en
|
Photographing Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) With An iPhone
|
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2024-05-11T15:00:27
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Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis) try doing that with the only camera they own: their smartphone.
|
en
|
https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
|
Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis), and even the Southern Lights (or Aurora Australis), try doing that with the only camera they own: the smartphone in their pockets. In this article, I explain how you can photograph this beautiful natural phenomenon using an iPhone, with the default Camera app, while also giving you a few tips to get the best result. Don’t worry: it’s easy and straightforward!
Note: If you want to photograph the northern lights using a camera, I have a much more detailed blog article explaining that in detail.
What Should You Know About Chasing The Northern Lights
Before I can explain how you can photograph the Northern Lights using your iPhone, there are a few important things to know:
The Northern Lights are only visible when the nights are dark enough.
If it’s too cloudy, you probably won’t see the aurora as it takes place high above the clouds.
To get the best results, you need to be away from light pollution.
Strong moonlight can interfere with the ability to see the Northern Lights. If there’s a full moon, you’ll have a lot more difficulty seeing them compared to when there is no moon.
Even if the sky is clear, the nights are dark and there is no moonlight, there’s no guarantee that you’ll see them. It’s always possible there’s not enough solar activity going on during that night.
The Northern Lights are not active all the time, nor is the intensity of the light the same. They usually appear in spikes, increasing & decreasing in intensity.
There’s no precise time when you will see the Northern Lights.
The Kp index is a pointless metric for northern lights chasers, which could potentially make you miss a potentially great display of the northern lights.
Use a good smartphone app which notifies you of when the aurora will be visible or most active.
The most important one of all: be patient & don’t give up after being outside for a short time!
Which iPhone App Should I Use For The Northern Lights?
The best available (& free) iPhone app today is Hello Aurora. It’s available for iOS, iPadOS, macOS and Android. Hello Aurora shows actual live measurements and also shows you the activity map as it is displayed on spaceweather.com. You get a lot more information (such as solar wind speeds, solar wind density & IMF strength for example) which helps make a more reliable forecast.
On top of that, it gives you push notifications so you get notified by others who are currently seeing the northern lights! That last feature I have found to be extremely useful if I don’t want to stay outside in the cold. Finally, Hello Aurora has a very clear and comprehensive interface to make you understand what all the numbers and measurements mean. It’s also useful as it combines cloud coverage with the map.
While there are many other apps available, I have found that there is no other app that is as reliable or contains the same level of information.
What Do I Need To Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Now that you know what to look out for, what do you minimally need to capture the northern lights with your iPhone?
An iPhone that supports ‘Night Mode’ is highly recommended. This special camera mode is available on every iPhone since iPhone 11.
The free Hello Aurora application.
While you can do handheld iPhone shots, without any additional equipment, there are a few things that make your life easier:
A sturdy tripod is needed to get the best and cleanest results. Alternatively, you can mount your iPhone on a fixed surface.
An Apple Watch to remote trigger your iPhone. While this is not absolutely necessary, it prevents accidental shaking and vibrations.
How Can I Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Photographing the northern lights using your iPhone is quite easy. Below I have detailed the approach in a step-by-step manner.
Step 1: Mount Your iPhone On A Tripod (Or A Fixed Surface)
While it is possible to take handheld long exposures with an iPhone, you will get the best & clearest results using a tripod. Even the slightest movement while taking your photograph can result in a blurry photo. After you mounted the tripod, you can use your Apple Watch’s remote camera functionality to photograph without touching your phone. This will help in decreasing any possible movement. If you do not have access to a tripod, try putting the iPhone on a fixed surface.
Step 2: Make Sure To Use The 1x Lens
Many iPhones these days have multiple camera modules and lenses. The lens with the best low light capabilities is by far the 1x wide-angle lens. This is true for every iPhone on the market today. While you could use any lens on your iPhone, it is highly recommended to use the one with the best low light capabilities.
Step 3: Switch On The Camera App’s ‘Night Mode’
Open the Camera application on your iPhone and enable ‘Night Mode’ (the moon icon) if it hasn’t activated automatically. Usually, if the Camera app detects it is dark, it will automatically switch it on. If it hasn’t, you can enable it at the top left by pressing the moon icon.
What is ‘Night Mode’? Night Mode allows you to take long exposure photographs to get the most out of low light situations. Using clever computational photography and the phone’s gyroscope, it will even allow you to do handheld long exposures.
Step 4: Frame Your Photograph
Decide on a composition! Traditionally, aurora shots include minimal foreground so the focus is mostly on the northern lights themselves. If the northern lights appear more directly above you, you can get the better results by placing your iPhone fairly low to the ground and tilting the phone upwards.
Step 5: Manually Focus On Your Subject & Take The Shot
Tap on the screen to manually focus on your subject. This could be a fun or interesting object in the foreground, or even yourself if you are attempting to take a selfie under the northern lights. If you want to include only sky, your iPhone will automatically focus to infinity.
Step 6: Adjust The Shutter Speed Manually If Needed
After taking a first test shot, verify how visible the northern lights are on your photograph. If they are quite weak, try increasing the shutter speed. You can do that by swiping up in the middle of the Camera app, and then tapping the ‘Night Mode’ icon. If you are using a tripod to stabilise your iPhone, you will be able to do much longer exposures than when shooting handheld. One final tip: don’t make exposures longer than 20 seconds, as you will get star trails in your shot due to the planet’s rotation.
Step 7: Enjoy The Moment!
Don’t forget to enjoy the show and look at up at the sky — not only through your lens!
Support Jeroen’s Work
As an independent photographer, Jeroen partially relies on your support to keep producing worthwhile content such as blogs, photographs, books and much more. If you want to support his work, it is possible to do so by buying his e-books & books, prints or calendars.
You can also sign up to the newsletter to stay up to date on new blog posts, projects, workshops and other interesting information.
Thank you for considering!
Written by Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove
Jeroen is an award-winning Belgian photographer based in Iceland. The past years, he dedicated his photography to the Central Highlands & volcanic eruptions. Most recently, he received international attention for his work at the Fagradalsfjall volcano.
|
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dbpedia
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1
| 73 |
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-northern-and-southern-lights-dont-always-look-identical
|
en
|
Why the northern and southern lights don’t always look identical
|
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2019-01-31T17:48:33-04:00
|
On a clear night, people near the poles might see colorful light wafting across the sky. New research could explain why these auroras don't look the same to everyone .
|
en
|
PBS News
|
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-northern-and-southern-lights-dont-always-look-identical
|
On a clear night, people near the poles of our planet might get to see a show: drapes of colorful light wafting across the sky. Now new research could explain why the show doesn’t look the same to everyone — and could also help protect important infrastructure.
In the north, the phenomenon is called the aurora borealis or the northern lights. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the aurora australis, or southern lights. The name is different and it turns out that the view from each pole can be different too. Even though the Earth’s magnetic field stretches symmetrically from the north to the south, recent satellite images of the entire planet showed mismatched auroras happening at the same time in the two hemispheres.
The discovery set off a flurry of space weather theories, and in a new study published Jan. 24 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, a team from Norway proposes a solution. They posit that our magnetic field is squeezed asymmetrically by solar winds approaching from an angle, twisting and displacing the northern and southern lights into different forms and locations.
The auroras become mirror images of each other once again after the solar winds, which are also magnetic, drape around the planet and flow away from the sun-facing side of Earth. This creates a “magnetotail.”
When this tail is shifted by solar winds, “suddenly this asymmetry is reduced,” said Margaret Kivelson, a space physicist and professor emerita of the University of California, Los Angeles who was not involved in this study.
This kind of work, Kivelson said, is one more step toward understanding plasma — a form of matter that makes up most of the universe and is found in our planet’s ionosphere, a layer of charged particles surrounding the Earth.
Magnetic disruptions can affect this plasma, and in turn can mess with satellites and astronauts in space, airplanes flying over the poles, and even electrical grids and pipelines on the ground. Studying plasma can also reveal how magnetic forces play across the cosmos.
What the researchers did
From the Earth’s surface, these heavenly ribbons seem peaceful, but the auroras in the north and south are visual representations of the turmoil above.
Tens or even hundreds of miles high in the atmosphere, vast solar winds are blowing across the Earth’s magnetic shield or magnetosphere, exciting particles in the atmosphere and sparking that light.
The researchers based their work on images of disturbances in Earth’s magnetosphere called “substorms” taken from 2001 to 2005 by two satellites. One of the satellites captured images of the Northern Hemisphere, and the other monitored the south.
The satellites were operated independently, so it was “sheer luck” that they had access to photos of auroras on both sides of the globe taken at the very same minute, according to Nikolai Østgaard, a space physicist who worked on the study and who is head of the Birkeland Centre for Space Science at the University of Bergen in Norway.
The researchers were looking for substorms caused by solar winds that had blown toward the Earth at a tilt.
Substorms happen several times per day, Østgaard said, and result in extra-bright auroras that spread across more area. And during substorms, the whole process creating symmetry repeats itself.
When these events happen, magnetic bands made by the solar winds are slightly rotated relative to the Earth’s north-south orientation. Picture turning the dial of a compass from north by south to northwest by southwest. Rather than running parallel to the Earth’s own magnetic field, the solar wind’s magnetic fields are slanted.
“And that is important because it’s one of the most common states of the system. What we explain in this study is what the earth is experiencing most of the time,” Østgaard said.
They selected 10 substorms for a closer look, examining the Earth’s magnetotail along with the asymmetry between the northern and southern auroras during those 10 events.
You can think of a solar wind and its magnetic tug creating a cartoon raindrop. It peels away some of the Earth’s magnetic field and drags it from the sun-facing side of the planet to form the long magnetotail on the other side, Østgaard said.
The more dramatic angle of the solar wind, the more asymmetrical pressure builds up in the tip of the metaphorical raindrop. So as the solar winds’ bombardment of Earth shifts from perpendicular to more parallel with the poles, it forces the auroras to change shape or location, causing the asymmetry between the northern and southern lights.
But the symmetry can also be restored.
It’s in the magnetotail that the pressure is relieved through a process called tail reconnection. The magnetic field that belongs to the Earth disentangles itself from the solar wind and comes back to its original position. That’s what allows the “twist” in the Earth’s magnetic fields to straighten out, and the auroras to regain their symmetry.
“This is exactly the opposite of what people were thinking before,” Østgaard said. Researchers previously thought that the Earth’s twisted field re-joining itself in the magnetotail caused the aurora’s asymmetry, rather than working to resolve it. “That’s why this is kind of a big deal. It changes our understanding of cause and effect.”
What that means
For most people, this new knowledge isn’t going to be life-changing. But for those who manage some of our planet’s most advanced technology, understanding the auroras is vital.
“If you have intense auroras at some place, there will also be electric currents flowing” in the outer layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, Østgaard said. “And that will affect navigation and GPS.”
Those currents could even damage power transformers or oil pipelines, Kivelson added. Airplane flights scheduled to fly over the poles during active magnetic events could risk losing navigation and communication abilities, or expose passengers to dangerous radiation.
Just a few hundred years ago, space weather wouldn’t have mattered much to the people standing on the surface of the planet. “It affects a technological society,” Kivelson said.
For a society without satellites, electrical grids and high-altitude aircraft, the twists and turns of the magnetic fields hundreds of miles above would be little more than a glorious light show. And for most people on earth, it still is. In the north or in the south, the asymmetrical auroras shimmer on.
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https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/11/us/northern-lights-how-to-watch/index.html
|
en
|
northern lights: There’s another chance to view the stunning show Sunday night – but not for everyone
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2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
In case you missed the stunning nighttime spectacle of multicolored auroras dancing in the skies across the Northern Hemisphere, there is still a chance Sunday evening to catch a glimpse – but not for everyone.
|
en
|
/media/sites/cnn/apple-touch-icon.png
|
CNN
|
https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/11/us/northern-lights-how-to-watch/index.html
|
In case you missed the stunning nighttime spectacle of multicolored auroras dancing in the skies across the Northern Hemisphere, there is still a chance Sunday evening to catch a glimpse – but not for everyone.
The auroras that have been visible starting Friday are a result of increased solar activity, including a series of solar flares and coronal mass projections from the sun, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center.
The dazzling curtains of green, red and purple lights were spotted from Maine to California and as far south as Alabama, Georgia and Florida on Friday and Saturday. However, people hoping for another sighting in the South and portions of the central United States may be out of luck.
“No more vibrant aurora for Florida or any other ‘unusual’ places,” said CNN meteorologist Allison Chinchar.
“Today is when we see the big shift back to the north for the lights,” Chinchar said. “So all the usual places you would see the aurora, like Iceland, Canada, Scandinavian countries, etc. …. that’s where the focus will be going forward.”
In general, it’s good to start looking during the time right after sunset. Weather, of course, is key, as cloud cover may limit the visibility of the aurora.
Mostly clear conditions are expected in the northern portion of the US including Minneapolis and Fargo, North Dakota – some of the locations with the greatest chance of seeing the auroras on Sunday evening, according to Chinchar.
But thicker cloud cover may inhibit viewing opportunities in a few spots in the Pacific Northwest and around the Great Lakes region.
Green Bay, Wisconsin, is included in the area with the best viewing opportunities but those may be hampered by a chance of clouds and rain Sunday night, Chinchar said.
New York City; Seattle, Washington; and Chicago are among locations where the auroras will possibly be visible on Sunday.
The Space Weather Prediction Center, a division of the National Weather Service, observed conditions of an extreme geomagnetic storm at 6:54 p.m. ET on Friday evening, reaching a level 5 out of 5 severity. The last time a solar storm of this magnitude reached Earth was in October 2003, resulting in power outages in Sweden and damaged power transformers in South Africa, according to the center.
Signs of a severe geomagnetic storm, or level 4, were first observed by scientists at the center at 12:37 p.m. ET, when a major disturbance was detected in Earth’s magnetic field. Previously, the center issued a geomagnetic storm watch on Thursday evening, the first such watch issued since January 2005.
But the forecast was upgraded after scientists observed G5, or extreme geomagnetic storm, conditions Friday evening.
As the sun nears the peak of activity in its 11-year cycle, known as solar maximum, later this year, researchers have observed increasingly intense solar flares erupting from the fiery orb.
Increased solar activity causes auroras that dance around Earth’s poles, known as the northern lights, or aurora borealis, and southern lights, or aurora australis. When the energized particles from coronal mass ejections reach Earth’s magnetic field, they interact with gases in the atmosphere to create different colored light in the sky.
The extreme geomagnetic storm will continue and persist through at least Sunday, according to the Space Weather Prediction Center.
“The aurora will be more widespread and seen at lower latitudes” during periods of stronger geomagnetic storm conditions, the center said Sunday.
“We are less certain about how much of an Earth-directed impact we will have with the next pending (coronal mass ejection’s) arrival as compared to our high level of certainty with the previous (coronal mass ejections) and extreme geomagnetic storms,” said Shawn Dahl, a service coordinator with the Space Weather Prediction Center, on Sunday.
“Therefore, people wanting to see the aurora should keep checking our webpage and social media presence for news/updates of a new CME arrival,” Dahl said in a statement to CNN.
“The solar wind environment remains highly disturbed as passing CME influences continue, but gradually weaken,” Dahl said. “Still, it will not take much of any new CME arrival for geomagnetic storm levels to reach G3-G4 levels tonight.”
The storm could affect the power grid as well as satellite and high-frequency radio communications. The Biden administration said it is monitoring the possibility of impacts.
Bill Nye the Science Guy, an educator and engineer, said the massive solar storm could cause problems in a world that relies so much on electricity.
Nye noted that a solar storm in 1859, known as the Carrington Event, lasted a week and severely affected telegraph communications, which at the time were state of the art.
“The other thing, everybody, that is a real danger to our technological society, different from 1859, is how much we depend on electricity and our electronics and so on,” Nye said. “None of us really in the developed world could go very long without electricity.”
There are systems in place to minimize the impact but “stuff might go wrong,” said Nye, noting not all transformers are equipped to withstand a massive solar event.
“For me, it’s just like the April 8th total solar eclipse. It really brings the fact that we live on a planet that’s orbiting a star that’s in a galaxy to our front door. It brings it down to earth,” Dr. Hakeem Oluseyi, an astrophysicist, told CNN.
“If you ask me, I’d say a total solar eclipse is clearly number one. But next to a bright comet, aurorae are pretty amazing to see. And if you’re near the northern extremes or the southern extremes, we cannot just get the colors in the sky, but the actual undulating curtains of nebulosity. That’s pretty awesome. So the fact that that’s going to extend to more people around the world, that’s pretty cool.”
Nye added, “Let’s celebrate this.”
This story has been updated with additional information.
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https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/explore-antarctica/auroras/
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en
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Awesome Aurora – Australian Antarctic Program
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The aurora australis or ‘southern lights’ are the shimmering curtains of green, red and sometimes violet light, appearing in the night sky, around the south magnetic pole.
|
en
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/apple-touch-icon.png
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https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/explore-antarctica/auroras/
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Awesome Aurora
“I liken auroras to a silk sheet changing colour and intensity as they are blown by a gentle breeze across the inky black star-filled sky.”
Barend (Barry) Becker – Senior Meteorologist, Casey research station, 2022.
The aurora australis or ‘southern lights’ are the shimmering curtains of green, red and sometimes violet light, appearing in the night sky, around the south magnetic pole. In the northern hemisphere they are called the aurora borealis or ‘northern lights’.
At Australia’s Antarctic and sub-Antarctic stations, expeditioners are among a lucky few who regularly witness the light shows throughout the long winter darkness (check out their tips for aurora photography at the end of this feature).
But auroras are more than just pretty lights.
Auroras are a form of space weather that occur between 90 and 250 kilometres above the ground, and they provide scientists with important clues about what’s happening at the edge of space.
Australian Antarctic Program scientists study a range of atmospheric phenomena that also occur in the auroral zone, and below it, in the stratosphere (12–50 km) and mesosphere (50–80 km).
Their research is contributing to improved models for weather and climate prediction, and a better understanding of the complex atmospheric processes that link what happens in Antarctica with the rest of the world (learn more in Global Atmospheric Links).
Auroras 101
So how do aurora form? Let’s begin with the basics.
Auroras occur in the earth’s upper atmosphere, above about 90 kilometres, when oxygen atoms (O) and nitrogen molecules (N2) interact with a stream of charged particles emitted by the sun.
This ‘solar wind’ blasts out from the sun and connects with the earth’s magnetic field at speeds of 400–700 kilometres per second.
While most of the charged particles in the solar wind hurtle into space, some of them become trapped within the earth’s magnetic field and are accelerated towards the magnetic poles at tens of thousands of kilometres per second.
When these particles collide with gases in the earth’s atmosphere, the energy from the collision can be released as light. Depending on the altitude, the gas (O or N2) and the energy of the collision, the light is either green, red or violet.
While some aurora may appear pink or white, this is usually due to low light perception or camera colour bias.
Here’s how to make an aurora…
This NASA video shows an aurora over Antarctica, viewed from the International Space Station.
Although aurora can occur at any time, we can only see them in darkness, and usually within the ‘auroral oval’ – a belt around the magnetic poles that expands or contracts depending on the strength of the solar wind.
In the southern hemisphere, the auroral oval is generally located over the Southern Ocean and parts of Antarctica. During intense solar activity, it can stretch north to Tasmania and the southern part of mainland Australia.
In the northern hemisphere, aurora can be seen in places like Greenland, Scandinavia, and parts of Canada and Siberia.
Recipe for an aurora
When you look at what it takes to create an aurora, it’s amazing that the phenomenon occurs at all. Consider these ingredients:
A solar wind of charged particles streaming from the sun
A planet with a magnetic field
A way of accelerating particles, or ‘magnetic reconnection’
A planetary atmosphere containing oxygen and nitrogen
The ability of these gases to emit light in the visible spectrum (i.e. that we can see)
Perfect timing
And if you want to see an aurora, you have to be in the right location.
Between 2019 and 2021, Davis station expeditioner Will Kenton was in the right place at the right time to capture this series of incredible aurora...
Solar wind
Let's look at the first ingredient needed to create an aurora – the sun.
This star at the centre of our solar system, is an incandescent ball of plasma made up of hydrogen and helium gas, heated to 15 million degrees Celsius by nuclear fusion reactions at its core.
The sun loses about 4.29 million tonnes of its mass per second. About 70% of this mass is released as energy (heat and light) and 30% is ejected as a stream of charged particles called the solar wind.
The solar wind consists mostly of negatively charged electrons and positively charged protons, moving at incredible speeds.
To escape the sun’s gravity, they need to be moving at a speed of at least 618 kilometres per second! But even at these speeds, they take two to four days to cover the 150 million kilometres distance between the sun and the earth.
The intensity of the solar wind varies depending on solar activity over an 11 year solar cycle. Solar activity is driven by changes in the sun’s magnetic field during this cycle, and includes sunspots, coronal mass ejections, solar flares and other phenomena.
In fact, we are currently in an active solar cycle, with a maximum predicted in July 2025.
So what happens when the solar wind hits earth?
Earth as a magnet
The second ingredient in the aurora recipe is the earth’s magnetic field.
The earth has a solid inner core and a molten outer core comprised mainly of iron and nickel. Intense heat from the core – between 5000°C and 7000°C – creates movement within the liquid outer core, which generates electric currents and turns the earth into a magnet.
The resulting magnetic field, or ‘magnetosphere’, extends from the earth’s interior into outer space. Like a giant shield, it protects the earth from the sun’s solar wind, which would otherwise strip away the delicate atmosphere that protects us from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
The earth’s magnetic field forms closed semi-circular loops around the planet, radiating out from the north and south magnetic poles (close to the geographic poles).
When the solar wind hits the magnetic field on the sunward side of the earth, it compresses and disrupts these field lines, creating a ‘bow wave’ at the front, and a long tail on the night side of the earth.
This disruption causes a temporary distortion in the shield, allowing some electrons to breach the magnetosphere and become trapped inside.
When the shield realigns itself (a process called magnetic reconnection – the third ingredient in this recipe) it provides a massive energy boost to the electrons, which are propelled even faster down the field lines towards the poles, often between 18,000 and 38,000 kilometres per second.
These fugitive solar wind particles can cause space weather that interferes with satellites, spacecraft, aircraft, telecommunications and electricity supplies. They also create auroras.
Southern light show
When the speeding electrons spiral down the magnetic field lines near the poles they collide with atmospheric gases, in particular oxygen atoms (O) and nitrogen molecules (N2), between 90 and 250 kilometres above the earth.
The collisions transfer energy from the solar wind electrons to the O and N2 gases, exciting them to a higher energy level. However these excited gases can only hold on to this extra energy for a short time before they lose it, in one of two ways:
colliding with other gases in the atmosphere – the lower the altitude the denser the atmosphere, and the more likely that gases will bump into each other
emitting the energy as a photon of light – either red, green or violet – to create an aurora.
Oxygen atoms emit red light at high altitudes, between 150–250 kilometres up, when they collide with electrons travelling at least 830 kilometres per second.
Oxygen holds on to this collision energy for about 120 seconds before it is released as light. Red emissions only appear in the thin upper atmosphere, where the excited oxygen atoms are less likely to lose their energy by bumping into other gases.
Oxygen atoms also emit green light at lower altitudes, 100–150 kilometres up, when excited by electron collisions exceeding 1,200 kilometres per second.
Although the atmosphere is denser at this altitude, oxygen holds this collision energy for only 0.7 seconds before releasing it as light – leaving little time to bump into other gases.
Nitrogen molecules instantly emit violet and red light (in 6 microseconds) following collisions with electrons moving at least 1,600 kilometres per second, between 90 and 100 kilometres up.
Violet emissions are rare in this very dense atmosphere, and form a fringe at the base of the aurora.
Predicting aurora
Auroras can be predicted (but not guaranteed), hours or days ahead of time, based on observations of the sun, satellite measurements of the solar wind, and modelled changes in the earth’s geomagnetic activity, due to solar activity.
Australia’s Bureau of Meteorology provides a space weather alert system, issuing reports every day to warn Government, industry, aviation and others of potentially damaging events, giving them time to prepare or take precautions.
Of course this information is also useful for the enthusiastic ‘aurora watchers’ around the country, who can subscribe to the Bureau’s aurora alerts.
Those lucky enough to have seen an aurora will have a great story to tell. But perhaps even better is Dr John French’s story of ‘the one that got away’.
In 1989, the young Australian Antarctic Division atmospheric physicist was newly arrived at Mawson research station to spend a winter studying auroral physics and sodium emissions in the atmosphere.
As the winter darkness closed in, expeditioners on station were excited at the prospect of seeing an aurora and turned to John for advice on when it might happen.
“I was looking at the Ionospheric Prediction Service reports and one came through showing that the biggest category of solar flare – an X15 class – had occurred, and that an intense cloud of solar wind particles was due to arrive in the next 2 or 3 days,” he recalled.
“So I wrote on the whiteboard that it was going to be a huge auroral event and people should come outside with their sunglasses at around 1 am, when it would be dark enough to see.”
Two days later though, sunglasses in hand, a disappointed group of expeditioners saw nothing.
“The event was so huge that it pushed the magnetic field and the auroral oval towards lower latitudes. It was no-where near Mawson and we didn’t see anything because we were inside the polar cap.
"But people saw it in places you rarely see them, like Adelaide, Toowoomba and Uluru – it was unheard of,” he said.
In fact the 1989 geomagnetic storm was the most severe on record since an event 1921. The 1989 storm caused power blackouts in Canada and the US, as well as radio communication blackouts and satellite anomalies.
Just as the geomagnetic storms that cause aurora can disrupt human infrastructure around the world, changes in the atmosphere above Antarctica are often an early warning indicator of global climate change, caused by a build-up of greenhouse gases, such as methane and carbon dioxide.
For example, Antarctic scientists at Davis research station have found that while the lower atmosphere globally has warmed by about 1°C over the past 100 years, the upper atmosphere – the mesosphere – has cooled at more than 10 times that rate (1.2°C per decade), as carbon dioxide radiates heat into space.
This temperature change coincides with an increase in the rarely seen ‘noctilucent’ or ‘night shining’ clouds over the poles, in summer.
These ice crystal clouds form in the polar mesopause, about 83 km up, where temperatures reach as low as −140°C.
Their appearance is thought to be linked to cooler temperatures at this altitude due to carbon dioxide, and increased methane emissions that increases water vapour in the mesosphere – leading to cloud formation.
Alien aurora
Did you know that aurora occur on other planets?
Any planet that lies in the path of the solar wind, with a dense enough atmosphere and a magnetic field, will have auroras. These include Jupiter (and its moons), and Saturn.
Although Mars doesn’t have a planetary magnetic field, it does have localised areas of a remnant magnetic field, where auroras can form.
Saturn lays claim to the highest-known ‘northern lights’ in the solar system, which stretch along its magnetic field more than 1,200 kilometres above the planet.
Saturn, Jupiter and Mars produce ultraviolet aurora, which can only be seen using instruments sensitive to UV radiation.
How to photograph aurora
Many of Australia’s Antarctic expeditioners are experts in the art of aurora photography and videography. Here 2 of them provide their tips:
Barry Becker – Senior Meteorologist at Casey, 2022
Barry has been photographing aurora in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic since he went to Macquarie Island research station in 2014. Check out his photos at barendbecker.com
I recommend a solid tripod and high quality lens. I use a Nikon mirrorless Z7 with a 20 mm, f/1.8 prime lens. My gear is quite expensive, but any decent SLR or mirrorless camera will do. My advice is to spend as much as you are able, or can afford, on your gear.
Astro and aurora photography is a unique craft so be willing to learn from others’ experience.
I have developed this method:
When I first go out of the building to do some astro/aurora photography I set my camera to ISO 320 and my shutter speed to 1/15 sec. I auto focus on a distant light source (50–100 metres away).
Then I move the focus to Manual. If I have done this correctly, my focus is right for crisp, clear stars.
Find a place where there is no light pollution – this is difficult.
Set the camera on the tripod and point to the aurora (weak or strong). I start with a 15 sec exposure and lowest f-stop (f/1.8 for me).
Set the self-timer to 5 sec to remove any camera shake when you press the shutter button.
As I shoot in Manual mode I can adjust the exposure time, f-stop and ISO, to the conditions – whether the aurora is weak or strong, static or dynamic.
I use photo editing software to make minor adjustments to white balance, black, white, exposure, luminance, sharpness and so on.
Justin Chambers – Casey station Chef, 2022
Justin has spent more than 9 years working in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic, including wintering at Davis, Mawson, Casey and Macquarie Island.
“I could honestly talk about aurora photography for days – it makes me so happy,” he says.
Justin has these tips to bring the “dancing lights” to life:
Use a strong, rigid tripod. Any breeze can shake the camera and blur distant objects.
Use a fast lens of f/2.8 or faster, to allow minimal time for the camera to receive light on the sensor.
Use a wide-angle lens, between 10 and 20 mm, to showcase the majority of stars and auroras, and minimise blur from the earth’s rotation.
Set the self-timer for 2–5 seconds before each shot, to prevent camera shake when you press the shutter button.
Manually focus the lens either during the day or with a strong source of light at night to focus on. Sharp infinity should be set and remain with manual control.
Use a head torch to adjust camera settings, and prevent slips and falls moving to and from your destination.
Level the horizon. Take a few test shots to get it right.
Find a nice feature to add context to the shot. Mountains, sculptures, buildings, islands and lakes all give a photo context and interest.
Remove any lens filters. UV filters and the like are redundant for astral photography and can often impede a perfect shot.
Constantly adjust your settings to find the right balance between ISO, f-stop and shutter speed, to get maximum results and minimal noise.
The phase of the moon will influence your settings. Typically on a new moon my settings would be 14 mm, f/2.8, ISO 800, 25 seconds. On a full moon I’d use 14mm, f/2.8, ISO 200, 10 seconds.
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Your complete guide to the aurora australis
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It’s in our nature
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en
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Australian Geographic
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https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/science-environment/2017/08/your-guide-to-the-aurora-australis/
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What it is, how to find it and how to shoot it.
What is it?
The northern and southern lights are reminders of our link with our volatile Sun.
Aurorae observed in both hemispheres have the same origins. They occur when solar flares — huge bursts of particles and mag-netism — are thrown out into space by the Sun’s coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and penetrate the protective magnetic field around the Earth. This solar wind collides with particles in Earth’s upper atmosphere releasing photons. It’s these bursts of light that we see during auroral displays. Solar flare activity rises to dramatic peaks at the height of the Sun’s 11-year cycle.
How to find it
These factors are key to observing the southern lights, says Fred Watson.
Location: Head as far south as you can.Tasmania provides the best opportunities, but Victoria, southern NSW, and the most southerly parts of SA and WA are occasionally treated to aurorae.
A clear horizon: So that your view isn’t obscured by trees or buildings, pick somewhere with a clear horizon, such as a south-facing coastline.
Avoid light pollution: The relatively low-intensity aurorae seen from our latitudes are easily drowned out by city lights. Choose a site far from artificial light sources and with no artificial sky-glow to the south.
Freedom from moonlight: Moonlight can also dilute an auroral display, so choose a time when the Moon’s phase is between the third quarter and new. Aurorae can be seen at any time during the night, but the best displays are often seen between 8pm and 2am. Long winter nights provide the best opportunities.
Technology: Websites such as spaceweathercom or aurora-service.net provide forecasts of auroral activity, and several Facebook pages offer aurora alerts. It’s worth practising with night-time landscape photography to perfect the technique of recording low light-levels. Auroral colours can be subdued to the eye, but show up well in digital photographs.
How to shoot it
Photographer Luke Tscharke shares his tips for capturing images of aurorae.
Camera: Set your camera to manual mode so you can adjust the shutter speed and aperture. Use a tripod to support your camera and a camera remote to release the shutter.
Lens: Choose a wide-angle lens to fit in more of the scene.
Aperture: Select the widest possible aperture (lowest f-stop value) to allow as much light as possible to enter the camera. This is generally f/2.8 to f/4, depending on the lens.
ISO: Choose the highest ISO value for your camera that produces images with acceptable noise. Try ISO 800-3200 to start.
Exposure time: Auroras constantly move so choose a shutter speed of 5-15 seconds to capture their detail. Shutter speeds greater than 15 seconds turn the aurora into a red-green glow.
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https://hello-aurora.com/blog/aurora-picture-with-phone
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How to Take Picture of Aurora With Smartphone • Northern Lights application
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Find out what is the best smartphone when it comes to photographing the Northern Lights...
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/images/favicon.png
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hello aurora • Northern Lights application
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https://hello-aurora.com
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Understand Light Pollution
If you have already understood and know how the aurora forecast work, the next thing you need to consider before driving out to photograph the Northern Lights is the light pollution 🚗
Light pollution is the name for the brightening of the night in the sky that is caused by us (humans) such as the street lights and city lights. To get a better scene for Northern Lights and spot them better you will need to find a dark place far from the city where you can see stars clearly. If you are a tourist in the Northern Lights countries finding a location might be scary for you but don’t worry there are many Lights pollution tools available online for you, you can simply search “Light pollution map” on a search engine and choose one that suits you.
Why avoid light pollution when hunting the Northern Lights?
The street lights and city lights create a hue over the city which makes it difficult to see the colour of the aurora when the aurora activity is not strong.
Therefore for a better photo shoot and better experience, it’s better to drive to the countryside and avoid light pollution! You can check the aurora strength easily on our aurora forecast app 📱
Know the basic camera setting
Before finding which smartphone’s camera suits you, it’s good to know the basic camera settings first! 📷
Aperture size
Aperture applies to the opening of the lens’s diaphragm through which light passes. As for the camera, the smaller the aperture is the larger the diaphragm will be and vice versa. In photography, the aperture is displayed as ƒ value. To photograph in a low light condition you will need the lowest ƒ value possible.
📷 Tips: To photograph the aurora it is recommended having ƒ 2.8 or lower.
Exposure
Exposure is the number of lights that reach the camera sensor when a picture is taken. Most smartphone camera these day doesn’t allow you to alter the exposure settings. There are many external camera apps available that allow you to set up this setting by yourself using the manual mode. Some external camera apps even allow you to set your exposure up to 30 seconds.
ISO
ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. Most smartphones these days only allow you to adjust ISO up to 3200 for example the OnePlus 7T pro. However, the Huawei 30p let you alter it up to 409,600 (what a skyrocket numbers).
📷 Tips: To photograph the aurora, it’s good to start with 1600 and alter it more if the intensity is not bright enough. But! Be careful with the noise, the higher the ISO you alter the more noise you will have on your picture.
Best smartphone for Northern Lights photography
Since 2018 there have been numerous smartphones that help you taken Northern Lights pictures if you don’t have a camera. Here below is the list gathered by Dr. Sten F Odenwald an astronomer from NASA, these are the list of the smartphone releasing in the years 2019 and 2020 that astrophotographer has used and prove to work perfectly for astrophotography and low light condition photo.
How to choose the best phone camera for Northern Lights
Manual mode: You are able to manually set your camera when you have the manual mode.
Aperture size: The lower the aperture size the better to photograph the Northern Lights. You have a higher chance to capture them with a lower f/ value.
Resolution: All the phones we mentioned below have more than 12 megapixels which will give you a good resolution. But you should also be paying attention to the micron/µm as it will give you better quality when taking photos in a low-light condition. To choose the best µm is to have a bigger value. By having a higher pixel value you will have a better picture in a low light condition with less noise.
Check out the list and find out which one fits you best! 📱🧐
How to photograph aurora with a smartphone
Now you have already got a nice smartphone for your aurora night! Let’s take a look at the 101 guides to take Northern Lights picture with your smartphone!
Location research
Finding a good spot with low light conditions and a clear sky is the key when hunting the Northern Lights. Look at the light pollution and find places where it has the low light conditions and use the cloud coverage map on hello aurora app to see where the sky is open.
📷 Tips: with hello aurora app you can see where people spotted the Northern Lights in real-time. With this it will give you a hint on where the aurora is visible during that night.
📷 Tips: check out these articles and find the best place where our users see Northern Lights in Finland & Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Reykjavík.
Use tripod
To take a long exposure picture, the camera needs to stabilize well. Best to attach your phone to a tripod, but if you don't have one find a stone, wall, or anything that you can lay your camera on to.
Set your phone to manual mode
Set your phone to manual mode if possible. Alter the exposure near 10 seconds and ISO to 800 to start with and freely adjust it if the aurora’s intensity is not as bright as you want it to. Taking Northern Lights is very challenging as the aurora is always moving and sometimes it moves fast! Consider taking shorter exposure with lower ISO when this happens.
Having only a camera is enough, but let's see what these tools will make your life easier!
Flashlight 🔦
Most of the photography will be at night in a dark place so you need a red flashlight to see what you are doing and where you are walking. We don't want you to fall down the hill or step on thin ice!
Tripods 🤸🏻
A must thing to have when taking a long exposure picture. If you don’t have one, look around there might be some rock you can use for this time!
Warm clothes 🥶
Taking the Northern Lights picture required A LOT of patience! Make sure you dress warm enough for the negative temperature.
Hot drinks ☕️
Bringing tea, coffee, hot chocolate or any beverages that will keep your warm during the trip is always a good idea. Remember you will have to stay outside in the open with a drop temperature for hours. It will make your trip more enjoyable and romantic to have something to sip while watching the beautiful aurora in the sky!
|
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1605
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https://alphauniverse.com/stories/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights/
|
en
|
How To Photograph The Northern Lights: From Camera Setup To Predicting Where They'll Be
|
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[
"Jordan Herschel"
] |
2019-10-10T00:00:00+00:00
|
Shooting with Sony Alpha cameras and lenses, Alpha Collective member Jordan Herschel shares tips and techniques for capturing the Aurora Borealis.
|
en
|
Sony | Alpha Universe
|
https://alphauniverse.com/stories/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights/
|
As beautiful as they are elusive, the Northern Lights remain one of the world’s most impressive natural phenomena and biggest bucket-list opportunity for photographers, amateur and professional alike. Resulting from disturbances in Earth’s atmosphere caused by solar winds, the Northern Lights come in varying shapes, colors, and sizes, and are notoriously difficult to predict with any certainty. If you’re going to gamble your precious time and hard-earned money on a chance to see the Northern Lights, it’s best to have a plan; follow along below for some of my favorite tips and tricks for shooting the Aurora Borealis.
Sony α7R III. Sony 16-35mm f/2.8 G Master. 13 secs., f/2.8, ISO 4000.
How To Find The Northern Lights
Being the Northern Lights, the places they show most are notoriously dark and cold. Winter is by far the best time of year for viewing and, generally speaking, the further north you go, the better your chances: think Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, and Iceland for primetime viewing, but the lights occasionally make their way into the northern reaches of the continental United States. The intensity of the aurora is measured by the Kp Index, which rates from 0 to 9, with 0 being nothing and 9 being the lightshow of a lifetime.
The aurora is practically impossible to predict on the long-term, but there are some reliable medium to short term forecasts that are publicly available that I use regularly: The University of Alaska, Fairbanks provides a great forecast for Alaska and Western Canada, and the app “Aurora” is great for more localized information. Aurora can also be used to set up notifications and alarms to let you know when the lights are about to turn on wherever you may be. This is particularly handy when the aurora is forecasted to peak at 4am and I fall asleep well before.
Sony α7R III. Sony 16-35mm f/2.8 G Master. 15 secs., f/2.8, ISO 2500.
Prepping For A Night Of Shooting
Packing warm, layered clothing and the requisite accessories (gloves, hat, hand warmers, etc.) are key to comfort in these harsh conditions. Bring a source of light as well (preferably a hands-free one, like a headlamp), to make sure you’re able to see what you’re doing. The nights up north are long, and if you’re going to be standing outside for hours on end waiting for the show to start, do it in safety and comfort. There’s nothing like being outside when it’s -30F only to realize you’ve left your gloves at home.
Sony α7R III. Sony 24mm f/1.4 G Master. 5 secs., f/1.4, ISO 2000.
Camera Gear For The Northern Lights
A number of combinations of camera and lens will allow you to capture the Northern Lights, but best results are going to be had with a full-frame camera paired with a wide lens with a fast aperture. The Sony α7 III and α7R IV will provide excellent results when paired with the Sony 24mm f/1.4 or 16-35mm f/2.8 G-Master lens, allowing you to capture a wide field of view with as little noise as possible.
Also, as with any type of night or long-exposure situation, a sturdy tripod you trust is key. One with an adjustable head that allows you to switch from landscape to vertical orientation will make changing compositions much easier in the dark and cold. Attaching an intervalometer to the camera is also wise as it eliminates any shake in the camera as you trigger the shutter. The two second timer shutter release setting can also accomplish the same task. Fortunately, Sony Alpha cameras come with a software intervalometer installed, which means that’s one less piece of gear to buy and inevitably loose, if you’re anything like me.
Sony α7R III. Sony 16-35mm f/2.8 G Master. 30 secs., f/2.8, ISO 2500.
Camera Setup & Settings For The Northern Lights
Unlike the Milky Way or other star formations, the Northern Lights can vary in speed and intensity. There’s no proverbial “set it and forget it” shutter speed that comes with traditional astrophotography, and the Aurora's ever-changing appearance will require you to change your settings on the fly.
First and foremost, make sure you’ve got your focus on the sky nailed. I use a Sony α7R III which is adept at grabbing focus in the dark, but I often double-check by enabling focus-peaking, magnifying, and fine-tuning with the focus ring on the lens. Once I’ve got my focus sharp and have reviewed a few test shots to verify, I’ll turn the camera to manual focus to ensure I don’t lose it accidentally.
Sony α7R III. Sony 16-35mm f/2.8 G Master. 15 secs., f/2.8, ISO 4000.
If the lights are somewhat dim and difficult to see with the naked eye, I’ll use a longer shutter speed (15-25 seconds), the fastest aperture my lens allows (f/2.8 or f/1.4), and ISO to taste (usually between 800-1200). This longer shutter speed allows the glow of the aurora's colors to fill the frame. If the lights are vibrant, visible, and moving quickly, it’s important to use a quicker shutter speed to freeze their movement; the glowing, flowing streaks of the aurora can quickly become a green mush if the shutter is left open too long. In these situations I try to use a shutter speed no slower than 4 seconds, an aperture of f/2.8 or f/1.4, and an ISO between 3200 and 6000 depending on conditions. I used to be hesitant to push the ISO above 2500, but the latest Sony Alpha bodies are capable of producing amazing results at much higher ISO settings.
And, most importantly, don’t forget to enjoy the show! It’s a great privilege to see and experience the Aurora Borealis, and it isn’t afforded to many. The best memories aren’t digital, but the ones we make for ourselves.
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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0
| 2 |
https://www.livescience.com/space/the-sun/stunning-photos-of-auroras-seen-from-space
|
en
|
32 stunning photos of auroras seen from space
|
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[
"Brandon Specktor"
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2024-05-25T10:00:00+00:00
|
Auroras (also called the northern and southern lights) are visible from the ground after powerful solar storms, but these natural light shows look even more majestic from above. Here are 32 spectacular photos of auroras taken from space.
|
en
|
livescience.com
|
https://www.livescience.com/space/the-sun/stunning-photos-of-auroras-seen-from-space
|
Auroras are perhaps the most spectacular natural light shows on Earth — and they look even more majestic from above.
Also called the northern lights (aurora borealis) and southern lights (aurora australis), auroras occur when charged particles from the sun crash into our planet's atmosphere and ride its magnetic-field lines toward the poles. As they zip along, those particles knock into other molecules in the atmosphere, exciting them and causing them to emit vibrant colors that are visible to the naked eye. Still, the full scope of this natural wonder is hard to take in from the ground.
Here are 32 of the most spectacular aurora photos taken by astronauts in orbit, showcasing the incredible scale and unbelievable beauty of Earth's atmospheric lights.
1. View of the southern lights from Challenger
A green aurora slices through the Southern Hemisphere somewhere between Antarctica and Australia. This vintage shot of the southern lights was captured in April 1985 by astronaut Robert F. Overmyer aboard the space shuttle Challenger.
2. Aurora over Moscow
The northern lights swoop beneath a full moon as Moscow glows like a golden spider in the left of the frame. This photo was taken in April 2014 by an Expedition 39 crewmember aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
3. A world-eating serpent
A vivid-green, nearly round aurora curls over the Southern Hemisphere like an enormous serpent. This exquisite photo was taken with NASA's IMAGE satellite in September 2005 from its orbit more than 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) over Earth.
4. Auroras at solar maximum
A green-and-red aurora snakes across the Southern Hemisphere in this photo taken from space shuttle Discovery in May 1991. This photo was captured during solar maximum — the period of maximum solar activity in the sun's 11-year cycle — when outbursts of charged solar particles are far more common, resulting in more frequent auroras on Earth.
5. Aurora with a dragon
Earth is bathed in green, orange and red auroral light in this photo taken from the ISS in August 2016. In the foreground, a SpaceX Dragon resupply vehicle docks with the space station's Harmony module.
6. Blood-red aurora
A blood-red aurora hovers over Earth in this eerie image taken from the ISS in October 2001. Red auroras occur when charged solar particles slam into oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere, briefly exciting them; when the atoms return to their unexcited state, they emit red light as a byproduct, according to NASA.
7. Sinuous southern lights
A sinuous green aurora curls through the Southern Hemisphere in this photo taken from space shuttle Discovery in spring 1991. Much of the shuttle's operations over Earth's nightside were devoted to studying auroras, according to NASA.
8. Sparkling cities
Splotchy cities in Russia and Ukraine sparkle beneath the northern lights in this photo taken from the ISS in January 2019. Vast fields of snow and ice are clearly visible from space.
9. Aurora at sunrise
A green aurora steals the show from a blue sunrise creeping over the horizon as European cities twinkle in the predawn light. This image was captured by Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti aboard the ISS in March 2015.
10. Aurora with a vortex
A low-pressure area, or cloud vortex, spirals over the Gulf of Alaska as the northern lights dance overhead. This image was taken by a crewmember of the Endeavor while the space shuttle was docked with the ISS in March 2008.
11. Aurora with Orion
A multicolored aurora spikes toward the constellation Orion while the Southern Hemisphere sleeps below. This photo was taken from the space shuttle Endeavor in April 1994.
12. Southern lights at sunset
The southern lights swoop across the atmosphere in a bow shape while the waning light of the setting sun crawls over the horizon to the west. This image was taken from the ISS in February 2003.
13. Sea of green
The Indian Ocean becomes a sea of green as the southern lights douse the atmosphere overhead. This image was taken by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide aboard the ISS in August 2021.
14. Waves of white
Peaks of light stab 200 miles (320 km) over the Southern Hemisphere in this dazzling image of the southern lights. Astronauts took the photo from the space shuttle Columbia in March 1994, according to NASA.
15. Corkscrew in the sky
The aurora australis corkscrew over the Southern Hemisphere at night, stunning astronauts. This photo was taken by the crew of NASA's Atlantis orbiter during a nine-day mission in 1992.
16. Space station over a green planet
Two modules of the ISS gaze down at a stormy sea of green auroras below. This image was taken by European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Thomas Pesquet in August 2021, during his tenure aboard the ISS.
17. Rainbow in the atmosphere
Gorgeous bands of red, green and orange auroras slice across the Southern Hemisphere in this epic photo snapped by astronaut Tim Peake. Peake took this photo from aboard the ISS in early 2016.
18. Northern lights before Christmas
Golden European cities shimmer at Christmastime in this December 2018 photo of the northern lights. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst caught this gorgeous image from aboard the ISS.
19. "6 nose prints on the window"
The dark ocean broods beneath the green southern lights in this image snapped from the ISS in June 2018. "Saw my first Aurora Australis on this mission today, my silent magical old friend," ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst, who took the photo, wrote on social media. "6 nose prints on the window, despite being busy with science."
20. Aurora over Canada
A colorful display of northern lights dance over Canada in this January 2016 photo taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake during his stay aboard the ISS. The dark foreground shows Banff and Jasper national parks, while the bright city lights of Edmonton and Calgary glow in the distance.
21. Waterfall of light
Blue and green auroras crash over the horizon like a waterfall of light in this evocative image of Europe captured by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet in 2017. The waning glow of the setting sun can be seen far in the background.
22. "I can't look away"
A city smolders in the foreground while colorful auroras peek over the horizon. "The view at night recently has been simply magnificent," ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who snapped the photo, wrote in 2017. "Few clouds, intense auroras. I can't look away from the windows."
23. "Thick, green fog"
ESA astronaut Tim Peake also took this haunting photo as the ISS passed directly through a curtain of green auroras in 2016. "The ISS just passed straight through a thick green fog of aurora," Peake wrote when he posted the photo. "Eerie but very beautiful."
24. Space station bathed in moonlight
ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti caught this upside-down image of the northern lights while working aboard the ISS in 2015. "An aurora in the distance and the Space Station bathed in moonlight," Cristoforetti wrote on social media at the time.
25. Lighting up the clouds
Looking straight down from the ISS in 2015, ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this photo of a green aurora washing over the clouds of Earth. "An aurora lighting up the clouds beneath us," Gerst wrote on social media.
26. Blue planet
Green and red auroras swoop over the clouds and ocean in this beautiful image that shows off Earth's reputation as the blue planet. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst snapped this image from the ISS in 2014.
27. Hello from Canadarm2
The ISS' Canadarm2 robotic arm curls up, seemingly waving at the dazzling auroras below. The last remnants of disappearing sunlight can be seen far to the left in this 2014 photo.
28. Antarctic magic
The Antarctic aurora waves farewell as the sun begins to rise. "Antarctic Aurora fleeing from sunrise," ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst wrote about this 2014 photo. "I have rarely seen something more magical in my life!"
29. Green aurora, green isles
Ireland and the U.K. glow under green and purple auroras in this brilliant 2012 image. ESA astronaut André Kuipers snapped this image during his mission aboard the ISS in 2012.
30. Aurora with the Milky Way
The stars of the Milky Way shimmer above a green aurora in this 2012 photo. Astronaut Andre Kuipers also took this photo during his mission aboard the ISS, part of which can be seen at the top of the image.
31. Upside-down reach
The green hand of the aurora borealis reaches over Earth in this surreal, upside-down photo taken from the ISS. Astronaut André Kuipers took this photo during his mission in 2012.
32. Aurora and crater
Green auroras snake over northern Canada in this epic 2006 photo taken from the ISS. In the foreground, the Manicouagan impact crater stands as a testament to Earth's ancient relationship with space.
|
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https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/how-to-photograph-auroras
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en
|
How to photograph Auroras
|
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[
""
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[
"Michael Snedic"
] |
2024-05-22T00:00:00
|
Recently, aurora activity has been off the charts - less than two weeks ago, aurora activity across Australia (and the world) was the best in at least 20 years. So how do you take decent photographs o...
|
en
|
//yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/files/aph-favico.png
|
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/how-to-photograph-auroras
|
Recently, aurora activity has been off the charts - less than two weeks ago, aurora activity across Australia (and the world) was the best in at least 20 years.
It meant that auroras were seen and photographed in locations that you previously couldn’t imagine – Uluru in the Northern Territory, Mackay in Queensland, Christmas Island and many more locations.
Those in the southern parts of Australia, especially Tasmania, are likely used to auroras, but to have them right across Australia was simply awesome, and the unbelievable colours and patterns made those nights very special indeed.
I saw a huge number of aurora images posted across social media and there were many great images, and it got me thinking about how there are a few ways we as photographers could take better images if we're ever lucky enough to experience the phenomenon again.
You really need a tripod...
To end up with great shots, you need to use a tripod. Sure, there are shots out there with phones and hand-held cameras but using a tripod for stabilisation is the preferred method. I highly recommend using a sturdy tripod, rather than a Joby GorillaPod or similar. The tripod needs to be on firm ground to minimise camera shake.
...and a remote or Cable Release will help too
Using a remote of cable release will eliminate any movement that may be created by physically pressing the camera’s shutter button with your finger, especially as you'll be using quite slow shutter speeds.
If you don’t own a remote or cable release, you can use the camera’s timer or, if your camera make and model has the feature available, connect it to the manufacturer's app where you can press the shutter button via your phone.
Recommended camera settings
The main problem that arises when photographing auroras arises when photographers who aren’t familiar with the correct settings use ‘normal’ landscape settings (i.e small aperture size, 100 ISO and a reasonably fast shutter speed).
In fact, when it comes to photographing auroras, the settings you'll need are really the opposite to most landscape photography.
My suggested starting point when using a digital SLR or mirrorless camera is to first set your camera to manual mode. Set the camera’s shutter speed to around 15 seconds, the f-stop set to the widest (lowest number) aperture your lens allows, such as f1.8, f2.8 or f4 and finally the ISO at 1600.
Take a few test shots to see the results and if needed, tweak the settings.
If your images are a tad dark, you can either reduce the shutter speed by one stop to 30 seconds or increase the ISO by one stop to ISO 3200. An important point to remember is to not set your shutter speed for longer than 30 seconds, as this can create small arcs in your images due to the movement of the stars.
What about focussing?
There’s nothing more frustrating than finding out there is an aurora alert, travelling long distances to get there, waiting for hours for the aurora to be at its best, then realising after you get back home that all of your shots are blurry due to incorrect focusing!
At the same time, autofocus won’t work when shooting an aurora, so you need to focus manually.
The way to do this is to use your lenses focus ring to first focus to infinity (furthest away), or manually focus on a particular star in the sky and when it is sharp, you'll know you have perfect focus.
Focal lengths
I recommend anywhere from 14mm to approximately 50mm. Lenses with a focal length of 14-18mm will give you a wider field of view and preferred if you are wanting to capture quite a large expanse, but even if you don't have an ultrawide lens like this, you can take a series of images of the scene as a pano and stack them in post.
Building your frame
Aurora images can be made much more interesting by having a foreground feature. This may be a mountain range (such as in the two images shown with this article), an old building, a jetty or a monument.
This is where research comes in. It is definitely worth scouting locations during the day when you can see where you are going and what features you have around you. That way you aren’t fumbling around at night trying to work out where things are or wasting time trying to decide on the best location.
Where do you find them?
There are a number of Aurora Facebook groups worth joining. I personally recommend the Aurora Australis Tasmania group of which I have been a member for many years.
There are also websites such as www.spaceweather.com that let you know if there are auroras due and what ‘strength’ the solar flares are.
One important thing to remember is that even if there is a high alert for an aurora, your best chances for seeing and photographing one is when there is no rain and the skies are clear. That doesn’t mean you can’t photograph one when its cloudy (see my shot featured taken in Coles Bay, Tasmania as an example) as this can add interest in your shot.
More than anything, enjoy the experience and remember that if you achieve great photos of an aurora, that’s simply a bonus!
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https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-causes-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-explained
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What causes the Northern Lights? Aurora borealis explained
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The aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights, is one of the most spectacular displays in the night sky. What is the science behind these ethereal curtains of light?
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https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/what-causes-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-explained
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The aurora can be seen near the poles of both the northern and southern hemisphere. In the north the display is known as the aurora borealis; in the south it is called the aurora australis.
These 'northern' and 'southern lights' have fascinated, frightened and inspired humans for centuries. More recently, photographers have gone to remarkable lengths to try and capture the beauty of these atmospheric events.
See spectacular aurora photography at the Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition
What causes the aurora borealis or 'northern lights'?
The lights we see in the night sky are in actual fact caused by activity on the surface of the Sun.
Solar storms on our star's surface give out huge clouds of electrically charged particles. These particles can travel millions of miles, and some may eventually collide with the Earth.
Most of these particles are deflected away, but some become captured in the Earth’s magnetic field, accelerating down towards the north and south poles into the atmosphere. This is why aurora activity is concentrated at the magnetic poles.
“These particles then slam into atoms and molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and essentially heat them up,” explains Royal Observatory astronomer Tom Kerss. “We call this physical process ‘excitation’, but it’s very much like heating a gas and making it glow.”
What we are seeing therefore are atoms and molecules in our atmosphere colliding with particles from the Sun. The aurora's characteristic wavy patterns and 'curtains' of light are caused by the lines of force in the Earth’s magnetic field.
The lowest part of an aurora is typically around 80 miles above the Earth's surface. However, the top of a display may extend several thousand miles above the Earth.
What causes the different colours in the aurora?
Different gases give off different colours when they are heated. The same process is also taking place in the aurora.
The two primary gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen, and these elements give off different colours during an aurora display.
The green we see in the aurora is characteristic of oxygen, while hints of purple, blue or pink are caused by nitrogen.
“We sometimes see a wonderful scarlet red colour, and this is caused by very high altitude oxygen interacting with solar particles,” adds astronomer Tom. “This only occurs when the aurora is particularly energetic.”
How to photograph the aurora
Is the aurora borealis visible in the UK?
The aurora borealis can be seen in the northern hemisphere, while the aurora australis is found in the southern hemisphere.
While the best places to see the aurora are concentrated around the polar regions, the aurora borealis can sometimes be seen in the UK. The further north you are the more likely you are to see the display, but in the past the northern lights have been seen as far south as Cornwall and Kent.
Lancaster University's Department of Physics runs a website called AuroraWatch UK, which estimates the likelihood of an aurora being visible based on geomagnetic activity. Follow the team's Twitter account to see the latest UK alerts.
The conditions do still need to be right however. Dark and clear nights, preferably with little light pollution, offer the best chance of seeing the aurora.
Do other planets have aurorae?
Any planet with an atmosphere and magnetic field is likely to have aurorae. Scientists have captured incredible images of aurorae on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Aurorae on Mars have also been seen, but as the 'red planet' does not have a global magnetic field, aurorae behave differently and appear to be far more widespread.
What are solar flares and how do they affect the aurora?
The aurora is a very dramatic example of the ways in which solar activity affects the Earth.
Solar flares are like enormous explosions on the surface of the Sun in which streams of charged particles are emitted into space. It typically takes two days after the flare is seen on the Sun for the particles to reach Earth. Upon their arrival, these particles can result in aurora activity.
What are geomagnetic storms?
Intense aurora displays are generated following massive explosions on the Sun known as 'coronal mass ejections'. These explosions release clouds of hot plasma containing billions of tons of material travelling at around two million miles per hour. When the clouds reach the Earth, they interact with the Earth's magnetic field to cause events called geomagnetic storms.
The Sun's activity fluctuates, with activity reaching a peak every 11 years. The last time solar activity peaked was in 2014, and the cycle is now reaching its minimum. However, solar activity is predicted to rise again through to the mid-2020s.
Regardless of the Sun's activity, aurorae can still occur at any time and observers in high latitudes should always look out for them.
Main image: Goðafoss Flow by Larryn Rae, Astronomy Photographer of the Year 2021
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https://www.photographingspace.com/how-to-shoot-aurora/
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How to Shoot Aurora Borealis, the Northern Lights • PhotographingSpace.com
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A beginner's guide to shooting the aurora borealis. Learn the camera settings and other tips for shooting the northern lights!
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en
|
PhotographingSpace.com
|
https://www.photographingspace.com/how-to-shoot-aurora/
|
For a lot of people, getting the opportunity to view the aurora borealis is more than enough, for some it’s been a life-long dream.
While standing there in the middle of the night with the aurora dancing overhead, you will probably want to capture the moment forever. A lot of people have tried and been sorely disappointed when the pictures turned out to be nothing but darkness and a dim, green, out of focus glow, when in fact the colorful lights were shining bright and dancing across the sky. I hope this article will help you capture some amazing memories!
Camera
While compact point and shoot cameras have gotten much more advanced in the last few years, I wouldn’t recommend relying on one for your aurora photography. If you don’t own a DSLR, try to ask around and see if someone could perhaps lend you one.
I personally use a Nikon D800, which is full frame, but you can get amazing shots with way less. What you need is a camera where you can adjust everything manually. Forget about auto mode and auto focus! If you’ve never done night sky photography and always shoot with a pre-set program it might seem a bit daunting, but I promise you, you’ll get it in no time!
Lens
I mostly use the Nikon AF-S 14-24, f/2.8G ED which is an excellent wide angle lens, the only down side is the price tag. You can find a good lens at a much lower price if you don’t want to spend too much.
There are a few things you should consider — firstly you’ll want a fast lens (large aperture), f/3.5 or wider. It should be wide angle and as sharp as possible, as the aurora can cover almost the entire sky and you’ll want to get as much of it as possible in your frame.
Filters
If you usually have a filter on your lens (most people use a UV filter for protection), you’ll want to remove it before shooting the aurora. Don’t use any filters at all, they will mess up your photos!
Tripod
Besides a DSLR, you also need a tripod. Using one is absolutely critical since you will be doing long exposures.
Since we’re talking about the northern lights, you’ll probably be far north and it will most likely be autumn or winter when you’re out shooting. In Kiruna, Sweden, where I’m located, the temperature can drop down to below -40C so you’ll want to get a tripod with foam padding on the legs or put some on yourself. You’ll thank me when you’re out in the extreme cold having to touch it!
Cable release
A cable release or a wireless remote can come in handy to prevent camera shake and to do exposures longer than 30 seconds. Personally I never go over 30 seconds, the aurora is usually so bright and fast moving up here that the highlights will get completely burned out and the entire sky will just look like a green mess. You’ll also start getting startrails and your pictures won’t look sharp.
I rarely use a remote at all, so how do I avoid camera shake?
Here’s my tip: bring a little piece of cardboard or a plastic lid (not clear or at all transparent), or anything really, big enough to cover the front of your lens. Hold it up in front of the lens as you press the shutter release and then quickly yank it away once your hand is off the camera. Voila! No shaky photos!
Don’t forget the foreground
So you’re at the location. If you’re lucky the sky above you is on fire! Lights dancing overhead. It’s easy to get completely blown away by the incredible beauty of this phenomenon but try to quickly scope out the scene.
Look around you, what do you see? Maybe a frozen lake, pretty snow covered trees, or a little cabin.
The foreground is half the picture. I’ve been shooting the northern lights for a few years now and I’ve seen them every season of my life but I still get incredibly excited on every single shoot and often forget about the foreground completely for the first few shots.
Raw or JPEG?
I always shoot in raw and I’d suggest you do the same. There is so much more information to work with in a raw copy than a JPEG (which is processed in camera) and if you didn’t get the exposure just right you can bring a lot out afterwards.
If, for some reason, you decide to shoot in JPEG, I’d suggest you turn on long exposure noise reduction and high ISO noise reduction in your camera’s settings, otherwise make sure they’re both off. Processing software like Lightroom does a much better job at noise reduction than the camera and you have all the control.
If you don’t know how to process raw files yet and if it’s possible on your camera, you can choose to shoot in raw+JPEG. I promise you, once you learn about working with raw you’ll be glad you did.
Focus
I only got a couple of shots at this location before a moose came plunging through the water and scared me half to death.
This was one of the test shots to get the focus right (which it isn’t). I was incredibly disappointed when I came home and reviewed my few shots. It was incredibly noisy, out of focus and way too dark except for the aurora itself and it’s reflection.
If I had been shooting in JPEG when I took this picture it would have been immediately thrown away. But because I was shooting in raw I could bring out the dark parts and get rid of the noise. Despite its flaws, this picture was actually chosen as one of the best astronomy photos of the year 2014 by Swedish astronomy magazine Populär Astronomi.
Autofocus will NOT work in the dark. There are a few different techniques for getting the focus spot on, I’ll go through them here.
First of all, turning your focus ring to infinity won’t work. I’ve tried a lot of lenses and it hasn’t worked on a single one of them.
Focus in daylight
Find a mountain or something else that’s very far away and auto focus on that, then switch over to manual focus and don’t touch it until it’s time. Or mark the spot with a little piece of tape or with a marker.
Manually focus on the brightest planet or star
Turn on live view and zoom in as much as possible. Now set the focus so the object is sharp.
My way!
After using a lens for a while you learn how to focus manually, it’s in your fingers. What I do is turn the focus ring all the way to infinity and then turn it back a tiny little bit. I know, very unscientific and easy to understand, but it works!
Do this and take a test shot, zoom in on the finished picture to see if it’s in focus, if not, repeat. I do this with every new lens I use and it only takes one or two tries to learn. Now I never have to look, it’s programmed into my fingers and much quicker than the other methods.
Settings
I’d advise you to turn down the brightness of the LCD screen on the back of your camera. The preview you get after taking a picture gives you a good indication of whether or not you got a decent exposure. But you should be aware that your picture will look a bit brighter than it actually is and you run the risk of being disappointed when viewing it on a big screen.
This is where the histogram comes in handy, it won’t lie. Here’s a helpful link if you’re interested in knowing more: the histogram explained, at LuminousLandscape.com.
Personally, I still go by trial and error and try different settings throughout the night.
Your settings will depend on whether the aurora is bright or dim, moving rapidly, or behaving more like a stationary glow. Therefore it would be impossible for me to give you a definitive list of settings that will work every time but I’ll give you some starting tips.
I always shoot in manual mode, meaning I do all the settings myself. It is however possible to sometimes shoot in aperture priority mode, where you set the aperture and ISO and your camera decides how long the exposure should be.
If you want to give this a go, set the aperture (the f-stop) at its largest opening, that is the lowest number you can get. On my lens that would be 2.8. Only do this if you have a fast lens (low f/number), try it out and see if it produces nice results. Otherwise just do as I do and always shoot in manual mode.
ISO, shutter speed, and aperture
These are the three things you will need to get familiar with.
The aperture is what is called “f” in your camera settings. The smaller the f/number, the larger the aperture. Simply put, aperture controls the amount of light traveling through the lens. For aurora photography, all night sky photography really, you’ll want to stay on the large end — the lowest numbers.
Changing the ISO is changing your camera’s sensitivity to light, the higher you go the more sensitive your sensor will be. When shooting the aurora you’ll need your camera to be very sensitive and gather as much light as possible.
ISO, aperture, and shutter speed are really the three pillars of photography, understanding how they work together is very valuable, you could even say it’s absolutely necessary.
Where to start
So we now know to use a low f/stop (usually f/2.8-4 for me) and I’ve said we need the sensor to be very sensitive to light. This does NOT, however, mean that you should set your camera to the highest ISO setting possible. Newer DSLRs go up to over ISO 12,000, in comparison you only need ISO 100-200 for daylight shots.
If you’re in a place where the aurora is bright and moving across the sky, not just a dim line on the horizon, I’d suggest you start out with these settings:
Shoot in raw
Auto white balance
f/2.8-f/3.5
ISO 800
15 second exposure
You will most likely need to adjust these settings as you go. If the aurora is moving rapidly you’ll want to capture the rifts and shapes and therefore you’ll want to keep the exposure as short as possible. So why not push the ISO up to it’s absolute maximum and just fire away?
That’s when the massive downside to high ISO comes in — noise! DSLRs today typically do very well with noise even at pretty high ISO, but when you go above ISO 800 you will definitely start seeing noise and when you go higher still it will become very apparent. Processing software does a good job at getting rid of it and I sometimes do wide-field astrophotography at ISO up to 3200 or so but I really prefer staying lower.
I talked about shooting in raw format before and this is a situation where you’ll be so glad you did. Trying to reduce noise in a JPEG in post processing is horrible. If you do shoot in JPEG only you’ll want to turn on high ISO noise reduction and long exposure noise reduction before your shoot.
When, on the other hand, the aurora is only giving you a modest display you get the perfect opportunity to capture it with the Milky Way shining in the same frame. This is the only time I go as high as a 30 sec exposure.
Processing
If you follow my advice and shoot in raw you’ll need software able to process those files. I prefer Adobe Lightroom but there are free alternatives.
If you’re shooting with a Nikon there is a program called Capture NXD, download here.
For Canon users: http://www.canoneurope.com/support/camera_software/
Of course, Google has their own version called Picasa: http://picasa.google.com
With these programmes you’ll be able to adjust the white balance, reduce noise, brighten up the foreground, and much more.
Out of these three alternatives to Lightroom I’ve only briefly tried Nikon’s software, so I can’t say much about how well they work, but they are free.
What I always do to my photos in post is reduce the noise, lift the shadows a bit, as well as lifting the whites. Sometimes after shooting a super bright display I reduce the highlights since they get blown out. It happens that the auto white balance doesn’t quite get it right, the aurora can appear a bit yellow or the landscape is suddenly green like the sky. I like my finished pictures to look as much as what I actually saw as possible so I’ll adjust this in post processing. I also sharpen my pictures a bit and adjust the contrast.
Now you know about the key settings, it’s time to start practicing!
I told you in the beginning to forget about auto mode and I stick by that. There is however a great use for it while you’re practicing.
Put your camera in auto mode and take a few shots in different lighting conditions and observe how the settings change. Doing this was a great help to me when I first started out. I knew absolutely nothing about manual settings and it all seemed very daunting to me, but I love to learn!
After studying how the settings changed depending on the scene, things started making perfect sense to me. I never thought of looking for a guide like this because my favorite method of learning is by trial and failure. That’s exactly what I’m encouraging you to do after reading this guide! Get to know your camera, before you know it you won’t even have to think before turning those dials.
Go out at night and practice shooting the night sky, see if you can get the stars in focus, if you’re in a light pollution free zone maybe you’ll manage to get a shot of the Milky Way.
Fair warning though — once you’ve started doing this you’ll be hooked!
You can view my gallery at www.angrytheinch.com, follow me on Twitter, or on Instagram, like my Facebook page if you’d like to see aurora pictures on your news feed! Feel free to get in touch on either of those sites, I’d love to see your photos!
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2024/05/10/to-see-the-northern-lights-aurora-tonight-use-your-phones-camera/
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To See The Northern Lights Aurora This Weekend, Use Your Phone Camera
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"Eric Mack"
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2024-05-10T00:00:00
|
You can boost your chances of seeing the dancing magnetic collisions by using something more sensitive than your eyes: your smartphone or anything else with a camera.
|
en
|
Forbes
|
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2024/05/10/to-see-the-northern-lights-aurora-tonight-use-your-phones-camera/
|
A solar storm currently impacting Earth’s magnetic field is bringing with it the possibility to see aurora borealis and aurora australis at locations in the southern US and elsewhere around the world that are normally far out of range for the Northern Lights. You can boost your chances of seeing the dancing magnetic collisions by using something more sensitive than your eyes: your smartphone or anything else with a camera sensor.
A series of energetic blasts from the sun began arriving Friday night and are now continuing into the weekend. These so-called coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have triggered the first extreme (G5) geomagnetic storm, as determined by NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center since 2003. The storm generated aurora seen across the US and beyond. Some were only able to catch a glimpse with the help of some technology most of us carry around all the time.
There’s entire books written on astrophotography (including this free one from NASA) that will instruct you on how to get dazzling photos like the above, but today I’m more interested in letting the casual skywatcher know your phone may be the best tool to be able to see auroras at all, especially if you’re in a location where they’re rarely visible.
A number of readers shared their best shots from late Friday into Saturday morning.
Simply put, the sensors in your phone or other camera are more sensitive than your eyes.
“Things that the human eye can’t see, your phone can,” explained Brent Gordon at NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.
Gordon says recent geomagnetic storms have yielded photographs of aurora taken in places like Mexico where aurora are rarely ever glimpsed with human retinas.
Pointing your camera at a darkened sky with little cloud cover or light pollution during times of heightened geomagnetic activity could yield “a surprising treat” as Gordon puts it.
To know when to check the sky for the presence of invisible aurora with your camera, you can check the Space Weather Prediction Center’s forecast, or sign up for alerts from a site like SpaceWeather.
Other tips include putting your smartphone camera into night mode, or setting your camera to take longer exposures. For best results, a tripod is also a good idea.
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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/7-aurora-destinations
|
en
|
7 Magical Places to View Auroras
|
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[] |
[
""
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[] |
2017-02-16T22:22:00+00:00
|
These tips will give you the best shot at experiencing the enchantment of the northern and southern lights.
|
en
|
Travel
|
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/7-aurora-destinations
|
The otherworldly aurora borealis, or northern lights, begin high in the Earth’s atmosphere—at altitudes from 60 to more than 250 miles—when charged particles from the sun become trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. The result is a colorful, dancing light show.
The first time I filmed an aurora was from an icebreaker near Antarctica. Luckily, there are much more accessible places if you’d like to take in these light shows yourself.
For the best seats to this celestial scene, consider anywhere with a magnetic latitude above 55° and low light pollution. Find your magnetic latitude on NOAA and here.
In the polar latitudes, auroras can appear on any dark night. Long winter nights are good but not necessarily the best time. Near equinoxes in March and September, the Earth’s magnetic field lets more solar particles interact with the atmosphere, creating aurora seasons! I suggest autumnal equinox in September, when there are pleasant temperatures in polar latitudes. Find the dark hours of your location here, or by using a sky guide app.
And remember: Besides weather, a dark sky and the right season are the keys. Try moonless nights.
Iceland
Even without the northern lights, Iceland is an otherworldly place to visit, with glaciers, geysers, massive waterfalls, and volcanoes. Both the latitude and longitude of the country favor aurora viewing, but the weather doesn’t always cooperate. However, a good coastline road around the country lets you chase clear skies.
I have seen my best auroras from Kirkjufell mountain on the west coast. In high activity you can even spy the northern lights from the suburbs of Reykjavík; the Grotta Lighthouse is a popular viewing spot.
Across the country, sky watchers can take in the dancing lights from outdoor hot tubs, inside Buubble lodges, and from hot spring lagoons.
When to Go: Late August to early April
Fairbanks, Alaska
Located just two degrees below the Arctic near international airport and close to the impressive Denali National Park, Fairbanks is the best place in the U.S. to take in the northern lights. It even has its own forecast system and offers tours to take visitors far from city lights.
When to Go: Late August to mid-April
Yellowknife, Canada
This Northwest Territories capital on the shores of Great Slave Lake boasts its own Aurora Village and special activities for northern lights tourism.
Canada is an aurora viewing paradise, thanks to its northern latitude and low light pollution; elsewhere in the country, Wood Buffalo and Jasper National Park are popular viewing spots.
When to Go: Mid-August to late April. For Churchill and Wood Buffalo, early August to early May.
Tromsø, Norway
The largest urban area in northern Norway is 217 miles north of the Arctic Circle, but thanks to the Gulf Stream the coastline has surprisingly moderate temperatures. It also has beautiful scenery, magnificent fjords, and the Lyngen Alps.
I have seen spectacular auroras from the village of Ersfjordbotn, 12 miles from Tromsø. Other popular locations in the country are the Lofoten Islands and the far northern towns of Alta, Nordkapp, and Kirkenes.
When to Go: Mid-September to late March
Northern Sweden and Finland
Sweden’s northernmost town of Kiruna is a gateway for nearby attractions. There is the ICEHOTEL, mountainous Abisko National Park, the local Sami culture, and plentiful reindeer. A short drive from the town takes you to a good spot for aurora viewing. The weather here is much more stable than the Norwegian coast, but it’s colder too.
In Finland’s Lapland region, Rovaniemi serves as a gateway town to nearby national parks—where in winter you can spot frozen snow-covered trees called Tykky sculptures along with the northern lights.
When to Go: Mid-September to late March
Greenland
It’s possible to be too far north to see the northern lights—such is the case in northern Greenland. But head farther south for beautiful auroras and attractions like Qaleraliq Glacier, which has small floating icebergs even in summer.
When to Go: Mid-August to late April in the south and late August to mid-April in Nuuk.
Tasmania and New Zealand
You hear about northern lights more often than southern lights (aurora australis) because there are fewer locations to see auroras from the Southern Hemisphere. Your best chance is on the southern tip of both Tasmania (Australia) and New Zealand, where a dark sky will help you see any active auroras over the southern horizon. These are the closest accessible places to the south magnetic pole, outside of Antarctica.
When to Go: Year round, but your best chances are near equinoxes.
|
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|
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3
| 11 |
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
en
|
Photo tip of the week: Aurora Australis
|
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2016-07-11T00:00:00
|
Seen the Northern Lights and dream of having that eerie green glow in your photos? Launceston photographer Jason Stephens shares how you can capture the Southern Hemisphere's equivalent - the Aurora A...
|
en
|
//yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/files/aph-favico.png
|
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
I first noticed the Aurora in 2012 when looking at some photos taken by a local photographer. I remember wondering what it was I looking at – the Northern lights in the South? Surely not! Since then I’ve taken hundreds of photos of the Aurora around Tasmania.
First off, it's important to look to the South if you want to have any success with photographing the Aurora. It's known as the Southern Lights for a reason – the clearest view South you can find is your best place to start.
When people ask me about photographing the Aurora, I'll often tell them to try and obtain a basic knowledge of how Auroras occur and when they are likely to occur first, as this is the best way to increase your chances of success. The Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, happen when the sun releases a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields into space. These solar winds carry particles which interact with the earth’s magnetic field, colliding to produce energy releases in the form of Auroras.
I look at websites like spaceweather.com as well as the Facebook Page Aurora Australis Tasmania ahead of a photography trip. Being on the front foot and not waiting for others to notify you often means can get photographs you may otherwise have missed. A basic knowledge of your local weather patterns and moon phases is handy too.
Conditions-wise, you should be looking for clear skies and cloudless nights as the Aurora rarely shows her beauty behind clouds. But don’t let a little cloud deter you, they often provide an interesting feature in a photo, complimenting the Aurora.
I see many images with a stunning Aurora sky that would have been the most spectacular photograph with an interesting foreground or landscape. So when setting up your shot, try to choose a landscape scene that would be interesting enough without the Aurora - you'll then be amazed at how good it looks with the Aurora in there too! It's not always easy, but it is worth scouting during the day to find a place you can go to directly when the Aurora is on, rather than driving around in the dark when you can’t see a thing.
Gear
There's a few things you'll need to have in your camera bag for a successful trip.
DSLR Camera – it doesn't have to be the best on the market, but it does need to be able to take long exposure photographs.
A tripod – again, not a necessity to have the most expensive, but generally the more you spend, the most stable they will be in windy conditions. I started off with a cheap light tripod, which was fine, but soon outgrew it.
Memory cards. The more space, the more images you can bring home.
Batteries – Obviously your camera will not work without one, and I highly recommend at least 2 or 3. Batteries go flat rather quickly in the cold and taking multiple long exposures will drain that energy. Trust me, it's not a pleasurable experience to be out photographing an Aurora that's dazzling away and you run out of battery.
A remote shutter release cable or wireless remote – It helps to reduce vibration through the camera from pressing the shutter button. I often use mine on continuous shooting mode, so I can sit back and enjoy the Aurora whilst my camera and remote are doing all the work! You can also use the self timer mode (2 sec) so once you press the shutter button the camera waits 2 seconds to capture the exposure.
Warm clothes – if you are warm and comfortable you will be happy, and so will your images. If you become cold and miserable, your images will suffer. Believe me it is not a fun experience sitting there freezing when a couple of coats, thermals, beanie and gloves are sitting at home doing nothing.
Head Torch or Torch – It is dark at night, so bring one along to see where you are walking in the dark, as well as illuminate foregrounds (light paint) and to see your camera dials if they need adjusting.
Remember to have your gear ready at all times with your batteries charged. Nothing is more annoying than a great Aurora display and you are at home charging batteries and missing it.
Camera settings
I suggest you select manual mode, which allows you to adjust aperture and your desired shutter speed. Use your tripod for stability and your remote cable release to operate the shutter or self timer. Shoot in RAW, and if you can, use a wide angle lens. The advantage of a wide angle is it allows you to fit more of the Aurora and landscape into your image.
With photographing the night sky, you want to let in as much light as you can. For this reason, the widest possible aperture is best (the lowest f-stop number). Typically this will be f2.8 to f4, depending on which lens you choose or own. There are prime lenses that stop down to f1.4!
When setting your ISO, you'll need to make a call depending on what levels of noise your camera can handle. The higher level the better for more light. As a rule it’s generally around 1600-3200. Any moonlight will lower the ISO as there is natural light to begin with. Adjust it when you're in the field for the best results.
As the Aurora is moving constantly, the faster the shutter speed you choose the more detail you will capture. I like to start at around 10-15 seconds, although depending on which lens you use, you may need 15 to 30 seconds. This will still capture the Aurora, although loss of detail and trailing stars may affect the image quality.
To ensure everything is sharp, set both the camera body and lens to manual. Then, set your lens to infinity (most lenses have the infinity symbol on the focus ring). If the moon is out you can check focus using the moon, or a bright object in the distance. It's even easier if your camera has live view - zoom in 10x on a bright star, then adjust focus manually until the star is sharp.
White balance is often the forgotten setting. It's a personal preference, as the Aurora is not always visible to the naked eye – so set it to your tastes. My preferred choice is Kelvin 3850. It's what I believe gives the closest colour balance to the Auroras greens and reds. A lower value seems too cold and higher tends to be too warm.
Finally, always tell someone where you're going. It's dark, and accidents can happen. Shoot with a friend or two, not only for the company. Safety in numbers.
Remember you won’t see the Aurora sitting on the couch at home, so get out there amongst it! The most important thing is to enjoy being out on dark, cold nights. I have memories of so many great nights as I was prepared and enjoyed myself. An Aurora sighting will leave you speechless and wanting to see another and another!
|
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https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2024/05/15/citizen-scientists-capture-brilliant-photos-of-the-aurora/
|
en
|
Citizen Scientists Capture Brilliant Photos of the Aurora
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2024-05-15T00:00:00
|
climate change, global climate change, global warming, natural hazards, Earth, environment, remote sensing, atmosphere, land processes, oceans, volcanoes, land cover, Earth science data, NASA, environmental processes, Blue Marble, global maps
|
en
|
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On May 11, 2024, the day-night band of VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite spotted the aurora borealis over the United States during the strongest geomagnetic storm in over two decades. That same night, observers on the ground captured spectacular photographs of the dazzling light. The following photos represent just a handful of those shot by citizen scientists as part of NASA’s Aurorasaurus project, which tracks aurora sightings around the planet.
This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 15th, 2024 at 6:05 pm and is filed under Ground to Space. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
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https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2024/05/15/citizen-scientists-capture-brilliant-photos-of-the-aurora/
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Citizen Scientists Capture Brilliant Photos of the Aurora
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[
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2024-05-15T00:00:00
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|
en
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This entry was posted on Wednesday, May 15th, 2024 at 6:05 pm and is filed under Ground to Space. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.
|
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1605
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|
2
| 92 |
https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4656894-cant-see-the-northern-lights-try-using-your-phone-camera/
|
en
|
Can’t see the northern lights? Try using your phone camera
|
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2024-05-10T20:45:08+00:00
|
Looking up at the night sky, you might not see anything special this weekend. But use your phone camera, and it could be a whole different scene.
|
en
|
The Hill
|
https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4656894-cant-see-the-northern-lights-try-using-your-phone-camera/
|
(NEXSTAR) – Looking up at the night sky, you might not see anything special this weekend. But use your phone camera, and it could be a whole different scene.
In a Friday media briefing on the incoming powerful solar storm, space weather experts said auroras – also called the northern lights – may be visible as far south as Alabama and Northern California Friday and Saturday nights.
The further north you are, the better your chances are of seeing the colorful phenomenon. But people further south aren’t totally out of luck.
If the skies are clear, try pointing your phone camera up, suggested Michael Bettwy, operations chief of NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC).
“You may be surprised when you look at that image later,” Bettwy said. Because newer phone cameras are more sensitive to light than our eyes, they’re sometimes able to capture auroras we can’t see.
“You may not be able to see it with your naked eye, but if you have a clear night with not that many clouds, and you put your phone to the sky, you may actually get an image or two,” Bettwy said.
When asked if people as far south as Florida could see the northern lights – through their phone cameras or otherwise – Bettwy said it was “possible,” even if not likely. “With some of the recent events, we’ve seen them as far as south Texas and even down to Central America.”
Friday night’s solar event is expected to be stronger than we’ve seen since 2005, further boosting people’s chance of seeing northern lights.
|
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1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 66 |
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/night-lights-photographing-the-magic-of-the-aurora
|
en
|
Night Lights: Photographing the Magic of the Aurora Borealis
|
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Get tips for photographing the Northern Lights!
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/TypeA_Black_Letters.png
|
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/night-lights-photographing-the-magic-of-the-aurora
|
For nature photographers, each season brings its gifts. In the northern hemisphere winter brings shorter days and longer, often colder, nights. If you live far enough to the north, winter brings the potential of one of the more spellbinding of winter’s phenomena: the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights. Modern digital cameras and lenses like the OM-D system are great for capturing the auroral glow emanating from the earth's atmosphere.
If you have ever had the pleasure of seeing or photographing the Northern Lights then you will know how special these displays can be. With the recent and official beginning of the 25th Solar cycle, the promise of increased auroral activity at more southerly latitudes should have you excited about a chance to get in place should the conditions arise for the Northern Lights to be observed in your area.
It seems that this year’s aurora activity has started out pretty strong and if you live under the Auroral Oval, (the active region of the earth where the Northern Lights most often make their appearance) then you have probably already observed some excellent displays. If you live just south of this region, there have be some great aurora viewable already this season. If by chance you live well south and outside this active aurora region, this is a good time to begin planning a trip to a more northerly destination for the chance to see and photograph the magic of the Northern Lights.
Where and When
While I will be discussing photographing the Aurora Borealis that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, the same phenomena known as the Aurora Australis does appear in the Southern Hemisphere. This far southern display often happens far out over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica where far fewer folks have the opportunity to photograph its magic. On occasion during very active nights, it is sometimes seen over the far southern reaches of South America, New Zealand, and Tasmania.
Clear weather is your friend. One thing to keep in mind when hunting the aurora, clear skies are a must. Cloudless nights will be required as the displays happen far above where clouds form and it can be much more difficult or impossible to photograph on cloudy nights. Watch your weather forecasts and don’t be shy about checking the weather often when the other conditions are right for good lights in the sky. On nights when I am leading aurora photography trips and cloud cover rolls in, I am constantly checking the sky for any clearing conditions that may occur.
Preparation is very important for getting ready and putting yourself in position for viewing and photography. Scouting and doing your research can be done in advance and with the internet and some quality apps we have some great tools for being prepared.
Astronomers and physicists are working all the time to monitor the conditions that produce space weather - the necessary components for aurora to occur here on earth. This research is used to formulate aurora forecasts and can be found online with updates as conditions change. I have a couple of go to websites and check them often when hunting aurora:
Aurora Forecast
Aurora Alerts
Space Weather
Smartphone apps have been a great addition to aiding the success of the aurora hunter. Apps like Aurora Pro will even send out notifications when there is a good chance of seeing auroral displays in your area. That said, I often use apps like the Photographer Ephemeris and PhotoPills more for planning my shoot than relying on alerts when I put myself in good position for Northern Lights photography.
To increase you odds, plan a trip further north to an area of the earth where the aurora is more active. Fairbanks, Alaska, Yellowknife, North West Territories, and Churchill, Manitoba are great locations for North America. While Greenland, Iceland, and most of Norway have great travel locations dedicated to aurora hunting. You would do best to choose a location that has ample daytime photography opportunities as well in order to get the most out of you adventure.
Still, patience is important!
Scouting
I always have a place in mind when looking to watch or photograph the night skies. The first thing I consider is safety - are there any dangers? Steep embankments, open water, or the possible presence polar bears should be researched and planned for.
Secondly, can I find areas of dark skies with out interference of power lines and radio towers? On nights of strong aurora, I have even photographed the displays over villages and cities and have found photographing aurora on nights with a full moon to be rewarding. However, my go to scene is finding a view to the north with plenty of open sky and little or no outside lighting to interfere with my shot.
If you are fortunate to be viewing the aurora from areas to the south of the Aurora Oval you will most likely be framing your view to the north. If by chance you are much further north and under the Oval you might have the chance to frame the lights directly overhead. I have photograph many a nights aurora display while looking strait up into the curtains of light and I encourage everyone to do so if you are so lucky. Most of the time the we should be able to frame the aurora with some sort of foreground detail. I try to pick out something that adds interest to the frame. A tree-lined ridge, a snow clad forest or in warmer climates a pond or flowing stream to add reflected light into the scene.
Being Prepared
To photograph the aurora, you will be photographing at night and it will likely require a tripod, the sturdier the better. In less than adequate conditions you can sometimes shore up a lighter weight tripod with the addition of extra weight by suspending a camera bag from the center post. While the Olympus image stabilization is award winning, under these conditions it would be nearly impossible to hand hold the camera.
Most photographers also don’t have a ton of experience shooting in cold dark conditions so the more you prepare ahead of time, the more pleasant and safe the experience will be.
Let’s start with the dealing with photographing in the dark. The fewer adjustments you have to make in the dark the better. I try to have most of my settings made well ahead of any aurora activity before even going outside. The less light you can work with the better as it can easily take 20 min in the dark for your eyes to adjust to seeing more of the brilliance of the night sky.
For lighting, a headlamp with a red filter is best as it keeps your hands free for camera and tripod adjustments. The red lamp or filter helps keep your eyes adjusted for the dark conditions. It’s good to note that you will want to turn off your head lamp when making your exposures to insure your light doesn’t influence the image or any foreground objects in the frame.
Getting ready for the cold is a little more personal and needs to be adjusted for the location and time of the season you will be photographing the aurora. Dressing for autumn in Alaska is considerably different than dressing for winter in Greenland. Be respectful of winter cold and freezing conditions. I have spent what some might consider too many nights out in minus 40 degree temperatures photographing the northern lights and have so far avoided frost bite and hyperthermia.
Whatever the location and season, it will always feel much colder standing outside in the dark after the sun goes down. Layers are your best approach to dressing for the cold. I start with a good base layer and go up from there. Warm sweaters and insulated pants are always part of my attire. Most of the time I have a light fleece jacket or vest under my heavy down insulated jacket. You can always peel off a layer if the conditions are too warm for the full layering. Next would be a warm insulated hat with ear coverings, the warmer the better as you can loose a great amount of heat out of your noggin.
Hands and feet need to be well insulated especially when out in the extreme winter cold. For footwear I usually trust good insulated, felt Pac style boots, the warmer the better. When waiting for or photographing the aurora, you are usually just standing around. Boots should be heavier than you would want for hiking and a bit roomier for heavy socks. You should be able to wiggle your toes for better circulation and more warmth.
To keep my hands warm, I prefer loose fitting mittens than gloves. Heavy bulky mittens are fine with room for liner gloves underneath. I will also activate a pair or two of the charcoal type hand warmers before heading out into the cold night to photograph. Doing this ahead of time is essential as it can be difficult if you wait to open the package when your hands are already cold, and they can take some time to be fully activated and warm. You can easily keep hand warmers in a coat pocket for when needed or tuck them into the fingers of your roomy mittens when needed.
Better to be warm because nothing is more frustrating than getting cold just as the great displays begin and needing to seek the warmth of your car or lodging.
Another tip for shooting in the cold would be to keep a spare battery or two placed in an inside pocket where they will be warm and ready when needed.
Camera and Lens Selection
Camera selection is easy. All the OM-D cameras are more than capable, but my go-to cameras for aurora photography have always been the OM-D E-M1 line. Right now, I use the E-M1 Mark III, mainly for the starry sky focus feature this camera has to offer.
When it comes to lens selection, wide and fast is the name of the game. Since the aurora is happening at altitudes between 50 and 250 miles, spanning over hundreds of miles of visible sky, you will most likely want to photograph with a wide angle lens. I believe most will find aurora exposures much easier when shooting with a wide aperture of 2.8 or wider. Luckily Olympus has a battery of lenses that meet the criteria. Some of my favorites include the M.Zuiko 8mm F1.8 Fisheye PRO, 12mm F2.0, 17mm F1.2 PRO, 7-14mm F2.8 PRO, and 12-40mm F2.8 PRO. That said, I have been known to swap out a fast moderate telephoto zoom like the M.Zuiko 40-150mm F2.8 PRO for a shot or two when the lights are further off in the distance. (Be careful, with longer lenses the amount of earths movement is magnified and stars begin to elongate at much shorter exposer times).
Long Exposure Setup
The majority of the set up for aurora photography can be done ahead of time.
I usually start out by setting my camera to write highest quality RAW files. I find the Olympus raw file format to work best for northern lights photography, with plenty of exposure latitude while making it very easy to adjust the color balance in post processing. That said, I usually leave my white balance set to auto and adjust to my liking in post.
My ISO is usually adjusted to around 1600 on the OM-D cameras. While shooting, the aurora may change intensity so I may change my ISO to a lower or higher setting to meet changing conditions. If the aurora gets brighter I adjust it down, rarely going below 400 ISO. If the the aurora dims, I might reach for a higher ISO setting around 3200.
My choice of aperture is easy, I feel confident shooting all the M.Zuiko PRO lenses at the widest or maximum aperture. This is where the F2.8 and wider lenses allow much more light into the camera and onto the sensor for the brightest lowlight shooting allowable.
The final setting to balance for the best night exposures would be shutter speed. I try to keep in mind that I want to maintain shutter speeds under 25 seconds with most of my wide angle lenses to manage the amount of star elongation or trailing that occurs with the earths movement. If you are using a lens in the normal or telephoto perspective, you will need shorter shutter speeds to minimize star trailing. If you are not really deterred by star trailing, no worries! Longer times are okay but if there is a high intensity aurora going on you could easily over expose or loose definition in the patterns in the display.
Focus
Originally, focusing had been the most difficult aspect of night photography and aurora photography was no different. With aurora displays happening up to 50 miles above the earth and beyond, focus is more than adequate when set to infinity. I have found, however, that it is not precise enough to simply set most lenses to infinity and just go with that. With the E-M1 Mark III, Starry Sky AF was added and night photography became that much easier. Simply set the camera up in the general direction of your sky, choose the Starry Sky AF option in with the cameras auto focus and touch the shutter button half way. The camera will do the computations and in a few seconds, have you focused to infinity for pin point stars and sharp aurora.
If you are shooting any of the other OM-D models, I would recommend setting the camera/lens to Manual Focus in order to focus the camera to infinity. The focus peaking or focus magnification option will help ensure you are focused correctly. I find this is best done by taking the camera outside in daylight, focusing on a distant subject and using a little gaffers tape to keep the focus ring from moving. I like to tape the focus ring so that gloved or mittened hands have less of a chance of bumping the focus. I also check and recheck my focus throughout any night photography sessions. During these focus checks, I play back the last image and zoom in to ensure stars are pin sharp even when the northern lights maybe moving.
Framing and Composition
When you have the focus set and beginning exposure dialed in, the last step is framing and will be done when the activity begins.
If you have done your scouting as well as watched the weather and aurora forecast, you will be at your location and ready to place your tripod. A Northern Lights display can begin anyplace in the night sky but for most it begins in the north and can end up in any other location. Whenever setting up and framing, unless you have a great reflective surface like a pond or stream, you will want to fill most of your frame shooting skyward.
Its awesome if you can include some aspect of the foreground to add interest to your composition. A tree covered ridge line, a shoreline of a lake, or cabin under the northern sky will add a sense of place to your image. When you have the ability, you can add a person to the composition for scale and wonder. Make sure that whatever foreground you use, the distance is great enough between the camera and the subject to maintain acceptably sharp focus on aurora as well.
On nights of extreme auroral activity it can be possible to have the lights displaying directly overhead. At these times, I often compose shooting strait up into the lights, doing my best to frame around an easily identifiable constellation like the big dipper. A quick note, these displays are often part of a substorm event and are much brighter, often requiring quick exposure adjustments. Consider yourself lucky if you have the opportunity to witness such a dramatic display.
A solid tip for making your nighttime composing much easier. Employ the Live Boost function (Menu D2) found in your OM-D cameras. I usually set mine to “On 2,” making the display much brighter and, as such, easier to see my composition. Using Live Boost, the image recorded will appear as exposed not as viewed during set up.
Conclusion
Just as the solar wind ebbs and flows, each nights auroral display will be different. Practicing your set up and being ready will always favor the best aurora photography. Knowing your camera as well as being comfortable with the dials and buttons will allow you to make minor adjustments as the display changes. In these ways, you are setting yourself up for capturing the images you want.
If all is done in advance, it is mostly about positioning your tripod, turning on your camera and watching as the magic of the light unfold overhead!
Multi-day and nightly tours to photograph the aurora are quite popular and are excellent for increasing your chances of photographing this amazing phenomena. If you are interested in tours, there are private guides and group tours that specialize in photography at most locations where the northern lights can be observed with any frequency. Good leaders will help you navigate every step to getting great photographs.
|
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.fox5vegas.com/2024/08/07/ccsd-breaks-down-added-layers-security-upcoming-school-year/
|
en
|
CCSD breaks down added layers of security for upcoming school year
|
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2024-08-07T00:00:00
|
As the Clark County School District prepares to welcome nearly 300,000 students to campus on Monday, they’re breaking down added layers of security to keep students safe.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/kvvu/favicon.ico?d=430
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https://www.fox5vegas.com
|
https://www.fox5vegas.com/2024/08/07/ccsd-breaks-down-added-layers-security-upcoming-school-year/
|
LAS VEGAS, Nev. (FOX5) - As the Clark County School District prepares to welcome nearly 300,000 students to campus on Monday, they’re breaking down added layers of security to keep students safe.
For starters, officers from different agencies in the Las Vegas Valley, along with CCSD Police, will work out of a “Unified Command Post” for the first week of school.
This is basically one location where all of the agencies can communicate, so they can respond quickly in case of an emergency.
Also, for the first time, CCSD Police will cover rural schools, including Laughlin and Indian Springs. District officials say schools in these locations were previously covered by Metro Police.
The district also put a few new policies in place for the upcoming school year.
Every middle and high school student will have to wear an ID badge while on campus.
They’re also replacing their old metal detectors with a new, faster weapon detection system. It will be used at large high school sporting events and for random screenings at middle and high schools.
District officials say when someone walks through the new system, it will detect the size of any metal object that person is carrying. It allows one person to walk through every three seconds.
Middle and high schoolers will also be required to use signal-blocking cell phone pouches in class.
“This will help with our focus on teaching and learning. Students will have access to their cell phones if needed as these are non locking cell phone pouches,” Interim Superintendent Brenda Larsen-Mitchell says.
CCSD is also asking for help from parents.
Before the first day, district officials are asking parents and guardians to make sure their children know the safest route to school if they’re walking. Once school starts, they say it is important for parents to check their child’s backpacks to ensure they’re only bringing safe items to school, and to keep their firearms at home locked up.
“As a parent, it’s important that we have constant communication with our children about anything suspicious, ” LVMPD Deputy Chief Branden Clarkson says. “If we see something suspicious, we see something and we say something.”
The district is also more than doubling its number of police social workers, from three to eight. They say last year, the team of three responded to almost 600 referrals to help students and their families.
You can find more information about CCSD safety policies here.
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https://www.instagram.com/visitmelbourne/p/C63NOBuOh9I/
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Instagram
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https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-space-weather/aurora
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en
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Auroras: The Northern and Southern Lights
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Auroras are dazzling displays of light, seen most often near the poles, that are caused by solar storms that disrupt Earth's atmosphere.
|
en
|
/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
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https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-space-weather/aurora
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Have you ever seen the dazzling, dancing lights of the aurora in the night sky? The closer you are to the North or South Pole, the greater your chances are of seeing this amazing spectacle. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is called an aurora borealis or the northern lights. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is called an aurora australis or the southern lights.
What Causes the Aurora?
Auroras are a natural interaction between the Sun and Earth's atmosphere. Our Sun generates a strong solar wind, which carries about one million tons of extremely hot plasma (electrons, protons, and other particles) away from the Sun every second. Earth’s magnetosphere acts like a shield that protects us from most of this constant solar wind, deflecting it around Earth.
During a solar storm, such as a solar flare or coronal mass ejection, a large amount of plasma hurls through space at high speeds as part of the solar wind. When this extra solar energy collides with Earth’s magnetosphere, some of the electrically charged particles move down strong magnetic field lines at the North and South Poles and become trapped in Earth's atmosphere. These particles bounce from the North Pole to the South Pole and back again, transferring energy to molecules in Earth’s atmosphere as they go. The colorful, glowing lights of the aurora result when these energized molecules release their extra energy.
Why Are Auroras Different Colors?
Auroras occur within one of Earth’s upper atmosphere layers, the thermosphere. Solar particles trapped here interact with different types of gas molecules, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, resulting in unique, colored displays of light. Oxygen gives off green and red light, while nitrogen glows blue and reddish-purple. Green-colored auroras are most frequent, resulting from interactions with oxygen molecules at lower altitudes (between 100-300 km or 62-180 mi), while the less commonly occurring red auroras form from interactions with higher altitude (above 300 km or 180 mi) oxygen molecules.
Do Auroras Affect Earth?
Auroras have delighted and inspired curiosity in humans throughout time. The only significant impact to Earth associated with auroras is a possible disruption of radio communications as charged particles from the Sun create a disturbance in Earth’s magnetic field. When the magnetic disturbance is particularly strong, auroras can sometimes be seen farther from the poles, in mid-latitude locations.
Other Planets Have Auroras, Too!
Earth isn’t the only planet that experiences auroras. Any planet with an atmosphere and a magnetic field is likely to have auroras. Spectacular auroras have been observed on Saturn and Jupiter.
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Instagram
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https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/aurora-australis-lights-up-sky/
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en
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Aurora Australis Lights Up the Sky
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2021-08-13T13:05:00+00:00
|
This image, taken from aboard the International Space Station, shows the aurora australis as it streams across the Earth's atmosphere.
|
en
|
NASA
|
https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/aurora-australis-lights-up-sky/
|
This image, taken from aboard the International Space Station, shows the aurora australis as it streams across the Earth’s atmosphere as the station orbited 271 miles above the southern Indian Ocean in between Asia and Antarctica.
Named for the Roman goddess of dawn, the aurora is a captivating display of light in the night sky. The aurora borealis and aurora australis — also called the northern lights and southern lights — occur at the northern and southern poles.
Image Credit: NASA
|
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| 27 |
https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-mystery-of-daylight-aurorae/
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en
|
The mystery of daylight aurorae
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[
"Stephen James O'Meara"
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2012-06-25T05:00:00+00:00
|
categories:Science | tags:Magazine
|
en
|
Astronomy Magazine
|
https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-mystery-of-daylight-aurorae/
|
August 2012: Can these nighttime light shows compete with the Sun’s glare?
Aurorae, the northern and southern lights, are one of the night sky’s most animated spectacles. Some even splash their colors across twilit skies. But has anyone ever seen an aurora in the daytime?
On October 25, 1870, observers across the British Isles witnessed a brilliant crimson display, which apparently began at about 5:30 p.m. (some 50 minutes after sunset). A couple of months later, in a letter published in the December 8, 1870, issue of Nature, James Cubitt reported that he first spotted activity from Huntingdonshire at 4:30 p.m. (about 10 minutes before sunset).
Cubitt described the daylight activity as a “remarkable pale luminous appearance” some 25° above the eastern horizon, where he saw “two arcs of faint white lines, one above the other, both radiating outwards with a number of short points.” He added that the sighting interested him because “it seems that the greatest disturbance of the telegraphs happened before the evening display of the aurora.”
The letter brought swift criticism. In the next issue of Nature (the following week), George F. Burder said he ventured “to believe not” Cubitt’s and others’ similar claims. After reviewing historical cases, Burder concluded that all such daylight sightings suffer from “errors of observation.” In Cubitt’s case, he suspected that the “object observed was nothing more than a remarkably symmetrical form of cirrus cloud.”
The debate continued into the following year with W. G. Thompson recalling, in the March 2, 1871, issue of Nature, a brilliant auroral display in 1870 that, “beyond a doubt,” could be seen in the daylight. “In the autumn of last year,” he wrote, “my eye was attracted by an unusual motion, in what at the first glance appeared to be a light fleecy cloud, but was in reality a broad ribbon of Aurora of a yellowish white colour, which changed its form and position with the peculiar streaming motion of the Aurora, sometimes almost fading entirely and again recovering its comparative distinctness.”
John Jeremiah also disagreed with Burder, and in a May 1871 issue of Nature set out “to prove the fallacy of such reasoning,” by sharing with readers nine historical accounts of daytime aurorae he found dating from a.d. 1122 to 1871.
Personal finds
Several years ago, while conducting unrelated research at the Boston Public Library, I found two additional claims of daylight aurorae sightings. The first dates to 1786 and occurred during a Danish expedition to the Arctic. As Sir John Barrow described in his 1818 work, A Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions: “A phenomenon was observed during the day-time which [the captains of the two ships involved] concluded to be the aurora borealis.” The activity consisted of “streaks of light columns and luminous points” shooting up from the horizon, “darting and changing their shapes in the same manner as [an aurora].” They saw the same phenomenon the following day, but more faintly. “If it was the aurora borealis,” Barrow wrote, “it is probably the first time it has been observed by daylight, and when the sun was above the horizon.”
The second claim appeared in Sir John Franklin’s 1824 Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, in the Years 1819, 20, 21, and 22. In an appendix, he included this extract from Dr. John Richardson’s journal: “March 8, 1821. At 6 p.m, before the daylight was gone, the Aurora appeared … stretching up towards the zenith. At seven, two faint arches crossed the zenith. The Aurora was bright and copious all the evening.”
If you have a daytime aurora experience of your own you’d like to share, please let me know at someara@interpac.net.
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How to photograph the Northern Lights Aurora
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Easy steps to take amazing photos of the Northern Lights / Aurora at night by award-winning photographer Chris Bray
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
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https://chrisbrayphotography.com/tips/northern_lights_aurora_how_to_photograph.php
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0
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https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/travel/southern-lights-ultimate-guide-seeing-auroras-in-australia-new-zealand/
|
en
|
Your ultimate guide to seeing the southern lights in Australia & New Zealand
|
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2020-06-04T03:13:13+00:00
|
Best aurora australis views? Here’s everything you need to know about when and where to see southern lights in Australia and New Zealand.
|
en
|
TourHero
|
https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/travel/southern-lights-ultimate-guide-seeing-auroras-in-australia-new-zealand/
|
Just under a couple of months ago, the night skies over parts of New Zealand and Australia were lit up by the amazing colors of the aurora australis, better known as the southern lights. From Queenstown to Tasmania, viewers were treated to this rare phenomenon and took to social media to share their snaps. For many people outside of the Oceania region, this may come as a surprise, as auroras are more commonly talked about and photographed in the far north of the world map, spotted over countries like Canada, Norway, and Iceland.
While the aurora borealis may get a lot of attention, we want to share the mystical delights of its lesser–known counterpart in the south. Only visible in the southern hemisphere, the best places to catch a glimpse of the southern lights are in New Zealand and Australia. When, then, should you be jetting off to the lands down under to go on a hunt for auroras? You’ll be glad to know that southern lights can be seen throughout the year. The spectacle takes place at random, when solar particles and atmospheric gases collide to emit the ghostly glow. That said, during these high bouts of sunspot activity, there are times where sky conditions are best to keep a lookout for that lovely glow.
Read on to find out more about the best places to see the southern lights, and the right conditions to look out for if you want to try your luck at viewing the aurora australis!
Spotting Aurora Australis: When to catch the southern lights in action
Tip #1: The winter months provide perfect conditions
Unlike the northern lights, the southern lights aren’t quite as severely affected by seasonal light changes, meaning they can be visible throughout the year. The trick is, dark skies and a clear atmosphere can greatly increase the beauty and visibility of the glow, and as such, the winter months — May to August — are great times to see the aurora australis in all its glory, right until the spring equinox in September.
Tip #2: Be at your designated viewing spot by midnight
The best time to see the southern lights at its brightest is when the night sky is as dark as it can get. Midnight is the optimal time, as the sun is on the other side of the planet. Be sure to give yourself plenty of time to get to your viewpoint before midnight arrives to make the most of the hour!
Tip #3: Take note of the phases of the moon and plan accordingly
The moon can be incredibly bright and could put a damper on the aurora viewing experience. Plan your excursions for nights that fall between the waning crescent and the waxing crescent, and definitely try to avoid a viewing when the moon is full!
Tip #4: The weather forecast is your best friend
Like any outdoor activity, checking the weather forecast for the night can greatly help you to avoid disappointment. It might be necessary to wait several days or even weeks to find the best conditions and clearest skies. To make things easier, check the Aurora Service website for accurate readings of aurora australis activity levels and hourly forecasts.
Best places to see the southern lights in New Zealand
Stewart Island
Stewart Island has been given the internationally–recognized status of a Dark Sky Sanctuary, meaning the quality of the night sky over this remote part of the world is exceptional. Easily accessible, the island has the perfect nocturnal conditions to make it a true paradise for stargazers and aurora chasers alike.
How to get to Stewart Island by ferry: Ferries depart from the South Island seaport town of Bluff and take approximately 60 minutes to reach Stewart Island. Check the Stewart Island Experience Ferry timetable for more information.
How to get to Stewart Island by plane: Flights depart from Invercargill Airport and take approximately 20 minutes to reach Oban, Stewart Island. Flight times depend on the season — check the Stewart Island Flights timetable for more information.
Invercargill
Unable to get to Stewart Island? Invercargill is located close by, on the southern tip of South Island. You might be lucky enough to spot the aurora australis here, but you will need to get away from the city lights in order to catch a glimpse of the phenomenon!
How to get to Invercargill by plane: You can fly directly into Invercargill Airport from Wellington and Christchurch, or catch a connecting flight from Auckland.
How to get to Invercargill by coach: The InterCity bus service departs daily for Invercargill from various locations around the South Island, including from Christchurch, Dunedin, and Te Anau.
Otago Peninsula
While rare, the southern lights have been known to grace the night skies over Dunedin. That said, if you’re going to be in Dunedin, you might as well try your luck over at the adjoining Otago Peninsula. There, you’ll find Hoopers Inlet, two kilometers south of Portobello, known for its great natural beauty and also its reputation as one of the best spots to view the aurora lights.
How to get to Otago Peninsula: The Otago Peninsula is located approximately 15 kilometers from the city of Dunedin and is easily accessible by road. The city’s local bus service covers the Otago Peninsula, with bus 18 making a stop at Portobello. Refer to the Dunedin bus timetable for more information.
Lake Tekapo
Located in the middle of South Island, Lake Tekapo is famous for its clear skies and starry nights. On top of being one of the best places to stargaze, it is also a good spot to look out for the southern lights. Lake Tekapo is surrounded by mountains, so you can set up camp on higher ground to get a better view of the lights!
How to get to Lake Tekapo by coach: The InterCity bus service provides daily trips to Tekapo from Christchurch and Queenstown. The journey from Christchurch takes approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes. The journey from Queenstown takes approximately 4 hours and 15 minutes.
Queenstown
Highly accessible, Queenstown and its lovely night skies have, on occasion, dazzled its residents with views of the southern lights. With wide, open areas surrounding the town itself, it’s easy to find a place away from the city lights to set up camp for the night.
How to get to Queenstown: You can catch direct flights into Queenstown Airport from Auckland, Christchurch, and Wellington, as well as Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, and the Gold Coast in Australia.
Best places to see the southern lights in Australia
Mount Wellington, Tasmania
Aurora hotspots in Australia are mostly found in Tasmania, thanks to the island state’s southern–most location and its clear skies that are free from major light pollution. Unsurprisingly, Mount Wellington, located close to Hobart on the southeast coastal region, has been known to provide an unobstructed view of the southern lights on a clear night.
How to get to Mount Wellington: Mount Wellington is not far from Hobart, Tasmania’s capital city. The drive from Hobart to the top of Mount Wellington is approximately 21 kilometers and takes about 30 minutes.
South Arm Peninsula, Tasmania
Also close to Hobart, the South Arm Peninsula provides a good stretch of flat terrain to get a perfect view of the horizon. If you’re staying for the southern lights, you might as well stay for the beautiful beaches and the relaxing atmosphere.
How to get to South Arm Peninsula: The South Arm Peninsula is easily accessible from Hobart. Various routes along the South Arm Peninsula are covered by the local bus service, with bus 646 departing daily from Hobart City Interchange. Refer to the Metro Tasmania timetable for more information.
Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park, Tasmania
Considered one of the most beautiful national parks in Australia with its lovely lakes and gorgeous alpine forests, Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park makes a great backdrop for an aurora viewing. The park is located in the middle of Tasmania and can be easily accessed from Hobart and Launceston.
How to get to Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park: Located in the middle of the island, Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park is easily accessible from Tasmania’s two major towns, Hobart and Launceston. If driving by car, the northern entrance of the park is 90 minutes from Launceston, and the southern entrance is 2 hours and 30 minutes from Hobart.
Of course, the night sky hides so much more than just the southern lights and northern lights. For anyone just getting started with astronomy, there’s a world of fascinating planets, stars, galaxies, constellations, and celestial phenomena out there, just out of reach of the naked eye. Check out this beginner’s guide on the top things to see in the night sky with a telescope if you’d love to discover something new!
About TourHero
TourHero is a social travel platform that enables you to travel with like-minded people and fall in love with the journey. We work closely with handpicked local operators to ensure every experience curated is unique and exclusive to your travel group. Come with us on epic adventures and create memories that last a lifetime!
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dbpedia
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1
| 45 |
https://www.kolotv.com/2024/05/11/photo-gallery-photos-northern-lights-nevada-california/
|
en
|
PHOTO GALLERY: Northern Lights photos from Nevada & California
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2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
NOAA said the solar storm will persist through the weekend, offering another chance to catch the Northern Lights on Saturday night.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/kolo/favicon.ico?d=423
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https://www.kolotv.com
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A powerful solar storm put on an amazing skyward light show across the globe overnight but has caused what appeared to be only minor disruptions to the electric power grid, communications and satellite positioning systems.
The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said extreme geomagnetic storm conditions continued Saturday, and there were preliminary reports of power grid irregularities, degradation of high-frequency communications and global positioning systems.
But the Federal Emergency Management Agency said that as of midday Saturday morning, no FEMA region had reported any significant impact from the storms.
NOAA predicted that strong flares will continue through at least Sunday, and a spokeswoman said in an email that the agency’s Space Weather Prediction Center had prepared well for the storm.
On Saturday morning, SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet service said on its website that service had been degraded and its team was investigating. CEO Elon Musk wrote on X overnight that its satellites were “under a lot of pressure, but holding up so far.”
Brilliant purple, green, yellow and pink hues of the Northern Lights were reported worldwide, with sightings in Germany, Switzerland, China, England, Spain and elsewhere.
In the U.S., Friday’s solar storm pushed the lights much further south than normal. The Miami office of the National Weather Service confirmed sightings in the Fort Lauderdale and Fort Myers, Florida, areas. Meteorologist Nick Carr said another forecaster who lives near Fort Lauderdale photographed the lights and was familiar with them because he previously lived in Alaska.
People in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota and other Midwestern states were able to capture photos of bright colors along the horizon.
NOAA said the solar storm will persist throughout the weekend, offering another chance for many to catch the Northern Lights on Saturday night.
The agency issued a rare severe geomagnetic storm warning when a solar outburst reached Earth on Friday afternoon, hours sooner than anticipated.
NOAA alerted operators of power plants and spacecraft in orbit, as well as FEMA, to take precautions.
“For most people here on planet Earth, they won’t have to do anything,” said Rob Steenburgh, a scientist with NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.
“That’s really the gift from space weather: the aurora,” Steenburgh said. He and his colleagues said the best aurora views may come from phone cameras, which are better at capturing light than the naked eye.
Snap a picture of the sky and “there might be actually a nice little treat there for you,” said Mike Bettwy, operations chief for the prediction center.
The most intense solar storm in recorded history, in 1859, prompted auroras in central America and possibly even Hawaii.
This storm poses a risk for high-voltage transmission lines for power grids, not the electrical lines ordinarily found in people’s homes, NOAA space weather forecaster Shawn Dahl told reporters. Satellites also could be affected, which in turn could disrupt navigation and communication services here on Earth.
An extreme geomagnetic storm in 2003, for example, took out power in Sweden and damaged power transformers in South Africa.
Even when the storm is over, signals between GPS satellites and ground receivers could be scrambled or lost, according to NOAA. But there are so many navigation satellites that any outages should not last long, Steenburgh noted.
The sun has produced strong solar flares since Wednesday, resulting in at least seven outbursts of plasma. Each eruption, known as a coronal mass ejection, can contain billions of tons of plasma and magnetic field from the sun’s outer atmosphere, or corona.
The flares seem to be associated with a sunspot that’s 16 times the diameter of Earth, NOAA said. It is all part of the solar activity ramping up as the sun approaches the peak of its 11-year cycle.
____
Dunn reported from Cape Canaveral, Florida, while Krisher reported from Detroit and Funk from Omaha, Nebraska.
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dbpedia
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https://www.markgray.com.au/gallery/limited-edition-prints/astral-light.php
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en
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Aurora Australis Photos, Mornington Peninsula Southern Lights
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View Mark Gray's stunning limited edition print of the Aurora Australis on Mornington Peninsula (Southern Lights).
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:: Astral Light
The Elite Collection > Astral Light
Location:
Mornington Peninsula, Victoria - Australia
Print Code:
MG00345-AL
Edition Size:
Only 5 Prints + 1 Artist Proof, World-Wide - SOLD OUT (Email our gallery consultants to enquire about existing copies)
Framing:
The print is expertly face-mounted onto 4.5mm museum-grade Acrylic for the best possible presentation and extreme protection from damaging UV light. It is then backed onto acid-free Aluminium and surrounded by a thick beveled board wrapped with black fabric. To finish it off, we frame the print with our hand-finished Elite Dark Ash frame, imported from Italy. (as pictured above)
Details:
Believe it or not, on rare occasions when the conditions allow, the Southern Lights or Aurora Australis can be viewed from as far north as the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria!
I initially began researching this phenomenon back in 2010 however only witnessed my first Aurora on the Mornington Peninsula in early 2012. I captured a few average shots but the aurora was quite faint and I wasn't entirely happy with them. From that moment I was hooked, spending countless cold nights out in the wild attempting to capture this amazing spectacle.
In early 2013, it was a Wednesday night and I was packing my suitcase ready for an early morning flight to Alice Springs to run a workshop when I did a random check of the space weather. According to the charts - the Aurora was in full force! I dropped everything and raced out the door to one of my preferred viewing locations.
I knew the moon was going to rise soon so I only had an hour of shooting time. I found my way down to this still rock pool and setup my gear. It was near impossible composing the shot in complete darkness! I fine tuned my composition with each shot until it was perfect then captured a number of long exposures settling on this one as my favourite. The red and green colours in the sky were amazing, there was no mistaking this was the best Aurora I had ever witnessed, and from the Mornington Peninsula!
As the moon rose the colours disappeared so I headed home for a few hours sleep before heading to the airport.
Print Information
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After printing, your photograph is hand signed and numbered by Mark Gray. It's then covered, rolled and packed into a hard PVC tube to guarantee safe delivery.
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Secrets and Tips for Great Aurora Borealis Photography
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2014-10-15T19:13:06+00:00
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Secrets and tips for great Aurora Borealis photography. A detailed how-to-guide to photographing the Northern Lights.
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en
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Firefall Photography
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https://www.firefallphotography.com/secrets-tips-great-aurora-borealis-photography/
|
Jeff Stamer
Alaska / Night Photography / Photo Tips and Guides
The Earth is blessed with many beautiful and emotionally provocative sights, but I seriously doubt that any of them can top the Aurora Borealis for sheer sensuous and awe-inspiring beauty. The Northern Lights have amazed mankind long before the ancient Romans named ‘Aurora’ the Goddess of Dawn and the Greeks called the wind ‘Boreas’. Unfortunately for most photographers, the ‘Dawn Wind’ is not something we get a chance to capture often. When we do, it is often after travelling long distances and spending some serious dollars. So, if you do get the chance to photograph the Northern (or Southern) Lights, you probably want to make the most of the opportunity That became very clear to me after I published my last blog, which was a recap of a recent Aurora photography trip. I was deluged with emails asking for specifics on how to take Aurora photos. So, in this blog, I will share with you the Secrets and Tips for Great Aurora Borealis Photography.
Where can you find the Aurora?
The Northern Lights are sometimes visible far below the Arctic Circle…but if you are going to plan a trip to see them, you really need to go north…way north! The northern areas of Alaska, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, Finland and Russia are all prime locations. For most of us, the best choice will depend on how close/affordable each option is.
Keep in mind that if you live in the southern hemisphere, the Aurora Australis might be your best bet. This counterpart of the Northern Lights is visible in Antarctica, of course, but sometimes can be seen from the South Island of New Zealand , southern Australia (especially Tasmania), and southern Chile/Argentina.
Many of the towns in these areas are pretty small, so city lights are not much of a problem. Fairbanks Alaska, for example, has only 32,000 residents and I didn’t find light pollution to be much of an issue.
When is the best time?
Aurora Borealis season in northern polar latitudes (Alaska, northern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Siberia) runs from August to April. During the summer months of May thru July, the sun rarely sets and it is just too bright to see the Aurora.
Statistically, the equinox months of September and March are best for aurora activity. The winter months of October to February should be your second choice.
You will still be at the mercy of the clouds. A few clouds can be a nice accompaniment, but if your trip is only for a few days and it is totally overcast every night, you are out of luck.
Schedule as long a trip of you can to increase your chances of having at least one or two clear nights. When you consider a location also take into account if it has any daytime photo ops that would keep you busy if the Aurora is elusive/
Check out the long-range weather forecasts and historical weather patterns for the locations you are considering. See how many clear nights they usually experience.
Iceland, for example, is cloudy/overcast nearly 90% of the time during the aurora season. But you can get lucky, and a partly cloudy sky can still work. My last 2 week trip there had 5 nights that weren’t completely overcast.
Alaska has fewer clouds in the spring…about half the nights are clear or partially cloudy. In the fall, however, it is cloudy nearly 80-90% of the time. On my last 10 day tip to Alaska in September, for example, I had only 3 clear nights.
The Aurora can be pretty bright, which means you don’t have to schedule your trip during the part of a month with moonless nights. In fact, I prefer some moonlight since it will light up the landscape without you having to try to do so with your own lighting.
There actually is a daily forecasts for the Aurora. If you are going to Alaska, check out the University of Alaska, Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute. Iceland and the other places you might travel to also have their own forecasts, just Google it. NOAA has an excellent short term (30 minute) forecast as well.
However, if you’ve travelled a great distance to photograph the Aurora, you shouldn’t write off a night of photography because of a bad aurora forecast. Like weather forecasts, these aren’t always accurate.
Forecasts range between 0 and 9 with the higher numbers indicating more intense Aurora activity.
Scout Locations during the Day
Any photo of a nice Aurora is wonderful, even if the surrounding landscape is flat and boring. BUT…the same photo can be magnificent with a killer foreground. Spend your day driving around looking for locations that will add interest to your shots.
Calm rivers and lakes can make wonderful mirrors for the Aurora.
Mountains and hills will break up the horizon and give your shot some pizzazz.
Putting a cabin or tent in the foreground (with a light on inside it) is a great touch.
The Aurora usually appears to the northwest/northeast. If there are any cities around, look for potential locations that would allow you to photograph the Aurora to the north but place the towns behind you (to your south).
Consider hiring a local guide
I rarely hire guides. I like doing things on my own. But when I go out Aurora hunting I make an exception. Frankly, driving in the dark, on snow and ice in an unfamiliar place is probably not a good decision for me (especially since I’m a Floridian and have little winter driving experience). Plus, the locations for aurora are probably new to you and a local guide will know where to find a dramatic foreground. Face it, traveling to photograph the aurora is not cheap, so why not spend a little more and dramatically improve your chances of getting great images?
Here is one example: Many of the best locations for Aurora photography in Alaska are north of Fairbanks off of the dangerous Dalton highway. However, it isn’t legal to drive most rental cars on the Dalton. Which means either you hire a puddle jumper, take a heck of a chance and illegally drive your rental car anyway or pay an insane amount of money to the few rental agencies that will let you take their vehicles on the Dalton. My local guide had his own custom-made van, has driven the Dalton for years and knew the best spots for Aurora photography. In Alaska, I’ve worked with Hugh Rose, a professional photographer and tour leader with decades of experience who seriously knows his stuff.
In Iceland, I’ve been on a couple tours with Arctic Exposure. They are a locally owned and operated company that was simply superb in every way.
Have the right equipment
I’m personally a bit sick of hearing “It’s not the camera…It’s the photographer!” The statement is true…to a point, but even the best photographer would be up a (frozen) creek without a paddle if he/she didn’t have the right equipment when photographing the Northern Lights
The Camera.
Full frame DSLRs truly excel at low-light photography, so they are ideal for aurora photography.
ASPC cameras (“cropped-frame”) are certainly more affordable but they can’t quite deliver the same quality. However, if you aren’t planning to make large prints of your shots, they will likely be all you need.
Tripod. Since you are taking long exposures, a tripod is mandatory. Use a tall tripod so you won’t spend all night bending down into uncomfortable positions as you try to review your camera’s LCD screen.
A cable or wireless shutter release.
A fast, wide angle Lens!
The Aurora is much brighter than most subjects you would normally photograph at night so you might think you wouldn’t need a particularly ‘fast’ lens. However, unlike the slow-moving Milky Way, Auroras can move across the sky at a pretty good clip. As a result, you need to take much shorter exposures in order to capture the quick-changing aspects of Auroras. Some details, like the ‘curtain-effect’ (see the reddish area of the Aurora on the left side of the photo below) will be blurred and lost with exposures over 10-15 seconds. Therefore, I’d suggest a 2.8f lens or faster.
Let’s put this in perspective: A 2.8f lens is twice as fast as a 3.5f. In other words, if you took an 8 second exposure with a f2.8 lens and then switched to a f3.5 lens, you would have to take a 16 second exposure to get the same amount of light. By the same token, a f2.0 lens is twice as fast as a 2.8f and so on.
Lens: Wide
Auroras can be WIDE…they can stretch from horizon to horizon.
If you have a full frame camera, then I’d suggest truly wide-angle lens. I use my 14-24mm Nikon 2.8f zoom and I usually need its widest (14mm) setting for Aurora photography.
If your camera is ASP-C format, then you should consider something in the 10-12 mm range.
Panoramas?
With the Milky Way, you can take multiple shots with lenses that aren’t particularly wide and then stitch them together in Photoshop (or a similar program). However, since Auroras move quickly, panoramas are usually not an option….so you really need that wide lens.
Photoshop. Right out of the camera, Aurora shots can be amazing. But often you are going to need to process the photo in Photoshop, Elements or a similar photo processing program to get the most out of the image.
L-Bracket. This isn’t a Must-Have…more of a ‘really Nice-to-Have.” L-Brackets attach to your camera and allow you to connect it to your tripod in a portrait orientation without having to swivel your camera sideways on your ballhead. This means that you don’t have to lean over so much and it gives your tripod better balance. L Brackets are available from a number of companies (Kirk, Really Right Stuff, etc). Basically no more than a well-machined piece of painted aluminum, the pricing can be surprising high.
Headlamp.
Extra Batteries. The cold will drain your batteries quicker than normal. Keep a couple spares in a warm pocket.
Warm clothes. This topic could be the source of a whole article. Obviously if the temperature will be low and you will be standing outside for hours, you won’t be able to concentrate on the Aurora if you can no longer feel your extremities! Pay particular to your feet…the cold will seep into them from the ground.
Technique
Focus.
The best idea is simply to focus on an object in the far distance before the sun sets. Then turn off the auto-focus and put a couple pieces of tape on the focus ring to hold it in place. This way, your camera will already be pre-focused before it gets dark and you can be assured your shots will be perfectly focused. Otherwise, you have to try to focus in the dark, which is more difficult. Plus, without the tape, you will likely bump your lens at some point…and that will throw all future shots out of focus. Unless you review EVERY shot at full magnification…which you should do of course (but that is a habit difficult to learn…at least for me!)
If you don’t get a chance to focus before it gets dark you need to keep in mind that your autofocus won’t work well at night. So you will need to switch to manual focus.
Simply setting your lens to ‘infinity’ usually won’t work…many lenses don’t have a hard stop on their focus ring at infinity…if you go a bit too far the stars will be unfocused.
Focus manually on the moon, a distant streetlight…or particularly bright star. Take a shot, then review it at full magnification to see if your focus is crisp. Then lock your focus (if your camera has that ability) or use tape.
Camera Orientation (portrait or landscape) simply depends on what the Aurora looks like the night you are photographing. Most of my shots are taken in portrait orientation, but within a few minutes, the Borealis can shift and you might find that a landscape perspective would be the better choice. Be prepared to shift your camera between both orientations (another benefit of an L-Bracket).
Lighting If you are shooting under a full moon, the moon’s ambient light might be all you need. However, if the moon isn’t visible or if you want to draw attention to an attractive feature in the foreground, you will need some portable lighting. Headlamps and flashlights are a poor choice since they don’t give consistent, repeatable results. Low-level lighting is a much better option. Check out this article for more info.
Composition Test. Once you have selected what you want to include in your composition, take a trial shot. If it is too difficult to really see the results on your LCD screen, increase your ISO to 10,000 and run your shutter speed up to a full minute. This will result in an overexposed shot, but you will be able to clearly see if your composition is perfect (you can also use this technique to check that your focus is perfect).
Aperture. Now that your composition is determined, set your camera to Manual Priority and dial in the widest aperture your lens is capable of.
Shutter Speed. First set a shutter speed of 8 seconds (or put the camera in “Bulb Mode” and count the seconds yourself). Take the shot and look at your histogram. If the histogram is bunched completely to the left (too dark), reset your camera to a slightly longer exposure and try again. Keep adding seconds to the exposure until you get proper exposure (the histogram should be bunched somewhere near the center).
Ideally, you want an exposure in the 8-15 second range.
Anything over 15 seconds will ‘blur’ detail in the Aurora. Some Aurora’s don’t have much detail, so that might not be an issue
Anything over 30 seconds will likely result in ‘streaked’ stars.
Adjust your exposure. I find it helpful to dial in a +2/3 to +1 Exposure compensation
Shoot in RAW. If you are a pro, you are already using RAW exclusively. If you’ve never shot anything other than the default JPEG format, then give RAW a try. Unlike JPEG, which condenses and throws away a lot of the data your camera’s sensor captures, RAW files keep all the data. As a result, the files are larger, but they also give you the potential to do much more with your shot.
ISO. This really depends on your camera and just how bright the Aurora is on the night you are shooting.
The newer full frame cameras can take good quality shots well over ISO 1600, while older cameras and those with smaller sensor might create so much noise that you might not be able to go over 800.
The brightness of the Aurora, however, will be the primary factor that determines your ISO. I’ve seen some nights that the Aurora was so bright you could read a newspaper by its light. In that case I was able to shoot with an ISO as low as 400 with no problem (see the shot to the right). Other nights, the Aurora was be much dimmer (but still beautiful) and I’ve had to dial the ISO all the way up to 2200 with my Nikon D800E.
The way to figure out the right ISO is simply to take practice shots after you first set up and adjust from there. Find out how high you really need to set your ISO for your camera and the brightness of the Aurora. Remember that the lower your ISO, the less noise in the resulting image. Also keep in mind that the Aurora’s brightness will change during the night, so you might have to adjust your ISO setting accordingly.
Turn off your IS/VR. This is the ‘anti-shake’ function built into your lens. Since you are shooting from a tripod, it won’t be necessary.
Remove any filters from your lens. Many photographers, myself included, attach high quality UV filters to the end of every lens and leave them there. They provide some protection to the lens and don’t affect the quality of the image. However, some reputable photographers have reported issues with these filters when photographing the Aurora, especially during severe cold. My advice would be to remove any filters…no reason to take a chance on ruining a once in a lifetime shot.
Blend the Foreground. If there isn’t much moonlight, the foreground will likely be little more than a silhouette. That can be a really nice effect, but also try some shots that include some detail in the foreground. The best way to do this is take your 8 second (or so) shot of the Aurora and then, without moving the camera, take a much longer exposure (try 30 seconds to start) which will better expose the foreground. Later, you can blend the two images together in Photoshop which will give you a shot perfected exposed for the Aurora and the foreground.
Test, Test and Test Again! It can be a real temptation to just start ripping off shots of the Aurora because you are afraid it isn’t going to last. I’ve fallen for that temptation myself. But trust me, the right thing to do is to slow down and try different settings and then methodically review them. Experiment! Since each shot takes less than 10 seconds, you can afford to take a number of test shots to get everything perfect.
Post-Production Processing
This is where the pure technique ends and you get to be creative! I will give you specific Photoshop pointers but other photo processing software can give you the same results.
Temperature I adjust the slider between 3000 and 4800 until I find a spot that has a nice balance between the cold blues and warm oranges.
Exposure Try increasing your exposure to see if it make a lot more stars visible without washing out the entire frame.
Tone Curve Darkening the shadows and brightening the highlights often makes things ‘pop.’
Clarity. A small shift to the right on the clarity slider can really help the stars appear nice and crisp.
Hue/Saturation/Luminance. Here is where the real fun starts. Your challenge is to coax your camera’s digital image to accurately reflect what you actually saw. Be careful not to oversaturate the colors or shift hues to extremes.
The targeted adjustment tool is a great way to focus your efforts just on the main part of the Aurora. For example, I often find that enhancing the ‘clarity’ of the Aurora can help define details. This tool also helps you isolate hue/saturation adjustments to specific parts of the image.
Noise adjustment. You are going to have noise in your raw image. The amount will depend on your settings and the quality of the sensor in your camera.
You are going to need to reduce the noise to create a high quality image. There are a number of noise reduction programs you can use (as of 2022, my current favorite is Nik’s DeNoise AI )
No matter what software you use, remember that noise is usually a lot more noticeable in the foreground elements (darker areas) than in the bright areas of the Aurora, so don’t use a ‘blanket’ or overall adjustment. If nothing else, just put the foreground on a different layer and apply a different level of noise control.
With these directions and a bit of practice, you should be set to go out and take your own impressive Aurora photographs.
The Aurora is truly one of natures greatest wonders, I hope you get a chance to watch a performance soon!
Cheers!
Jeff
For night’s swift dragons cut the clouds full fast,
And yonder shines Aurora’s harbinger
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night’s Dream (c. 1595-96), Act III, scene 2, line 379.
Related Images:
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-the-northern-and-southern-lights-differ/
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Why Do the Northern and Southern Lights Differ?
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2019-02-13T13:00:00+00:00
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Scientists have discovered the culprit: how the sun squeezes Earth’s magnetic tail
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en
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/account/sciam-favicon.ico
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Scientific American
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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-do-the-northern-and-southern-lights-differ/
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Dazzling green and red light displays regularly dance across the night sky above Earth’s northern and southern poles. For decades scientists had assumed that when aurorae shimmer simultaneously in both regions, the flashing patterns mirror each other. But in 2009 they found that was not the case. They were surprised, and stumped as to why. Now a team of researchers from Norway, Germany and the U.S. has discovered the culprit: a boisterous sun.
Earth generates a magnetic field that looks as if a bar magnet runs from the South Pole through its core to the North Pole. The field lines curve outward from both poles, far beyond the atmosphere, with the outer arcs forming the boundary of a magnetic bubble around our planet. This magnetosphere fends off charged particles hurtling toward us from space. Aurorae occur when charged particles spewed out by the sun break through the magnetosphere. The particles accelerate along Earth’s magnetic field lines toward the icy polar regions. When they hit the atmosphere they collide with atoms and molecules, releasing colorful photons that light up the sky.
When the magnetic field lines curve symmetrically around Earth, aurorae should appear in identical places in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. And, if you could view both light displays simultaneously, they would look pretty much the same. But such a scenario is actually “quite rare,” says Aaron Ridley, a magnetosphere researcher at the University of Michigan who was not involved in the new study.
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That’s because the sun also has a powerful magnetic field. It alters the path traced by Earth’s field lines, squashing the lines on our planet’s dayside facing the sun and elongating the lines on the nightside, creating a magnetic tail. As a result, Earth’s magnetic field appears to trace the outline of a housefly—the insect’s rounded head looking toward the sun and its elongated body and tail pointing away.
At rare times the poles of the sun’s magnetic field align perfectly with those of Earth. But most of the time the sun and Earth’s poles are skewed, creating a housefly shape with a crooked tail for the latter case. The fluctuating solar wind “waggles” the tail, breaking and reforming its field lines—events termed reconnections. Scientists thought the reconnections displaced one aurora relative to the other. But Nikolai Østgaard, a space scientist at the University of Bergen in Norway, and his colleagues tested this idea and discovered it was wrong. They found another effect responsible for auroral differences: The solar magnetic field squeezes Earth’s magnetic field in nonuniform ways. They also showed a burst, or “substorm,” of additional charged particles in the tail can undo the effects of the uneven squeezing, removing the mismatch.
The team studied images captured by spacecraft for 10 pairs of aurorae that occurred simultaneously in the Northern and Southern hemispheres between 2001 and 2005. The aurorae started out at asymmetric locations on the globe. For example, on November 15, 2002, the southern lights (aurora australis) flashed west of the northern lights (aurora borealis). But as the light displays proceeded, their positions shifted, becoming more symmetric. The shifts coincided with substorms.
Matching these observations to activity in Earth’s magnetotail, Østgaard and his colleagues found reconnection events coincide with a decrease in auroral asymmetries. “Reconnection has exactly the opposite effect of what people thought,” Østgaard says. What matters instead, he continues, is how the sun’s magnetic field squeezes Earth’s. His team’s modeling and observations show uneven squeezing in the Northern and Southern hemispheres skews Earth’s field lines and relocates the aurorae. Breaking of the field lines—which they observe happens when the substorms hit—releases the magnetic pressure that built up from the squeezing and removes the skew.
Ridley and Ingo Mueller-Wodarg, a planetary scientist at Imperial College London, both call the observations “surprising,” given the disagreement with previous models. That the team can understand the physics behind aurorae by looking at images “is very cool,” Ridley adds.
The intense solar radiation bursts that occur during aurorae and substorms can harm astronauts in space and alter the paths of orbiting satellites. They can also interfere with GPS positioning as well as power grids and other technological systems. Scientists cannot accurately predict where and when space weather will hit, Mueller-Wodarg says. But they have at least solved one shining mystery in the night sky.
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Aurora Borealis
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Exhibition Label, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2006
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Smithsonian American Art Museum
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https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/aurora-borealis-4806
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Gallery Label
Under a dark Arctic sky, polar explorer Isaac Israel Hayes's ship, the SS United States, lies frozen in the pack ice at the base of a looming cliff. The auroras above erupt in a cascade of eerie lights, while the dogsled implies the hope of rescue from this icy prison. Hayes and Frederic Church were friends, and upon Hayes's return from the Arctic in 1861, he gave Church his sketches as inspiration for this painting. When Hayes returned to New York, the country was in the thick of civil war and, in a rousing speech, he vowed that "God willing, I trust yet to carry the flag of the great Republic, with not a single star erased from its glorious Union, to the extreme Northern limits of the earth."
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https://www.cnn.com/weather/live-news/geomagnetic-solar-storm-northern-lights-05-10-24/index.html
|
en
|
Aurora lights up the sky in geomagnetic storm
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[
"Angela Fritz",
"Elise Hammond",
"Chris Lau"
] |
2024-05-10T23:16:55+00:00
|
A stunning aurora, caused by a severe geomagnetic storm, is painting the sky shades of pink, purple and green as it spreads into locations it rarely reaches Friday night.
|
en
|
/media/sites/cnn/apple-touch-icon.png
|
CNN
|
https://www.cnn.com/weather/live-news/geomagnetic-solar-storm-northern-lights-05-10-24/index.html
|
Here's how the solar storm looks in the South and on the East Coast
The aurora was visible across the East Coast and in the South Friday.
Here’s how it looked in Chester, South Carolina.
Down in Florida, waves of color swam through the sky.
Up north in New Jersey, a purple-ish haze could be seen in the sky.
Northern lights spotted in Maine
Some of the first aurora photos from the US come from Nate deLabry in Sebago Lake, Maine:
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https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
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en
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How to Shoot the Southern Lights
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Vallerret Photography Gloves collaborator Levi Harrell dives deep into shooting the lesser-known. The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora
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en
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Vallerret Photography Gloves
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https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
|
Shooting the Northern Lights is a must-do for many photographers but did you know that the Souther Hemisphere has a light show of its own? The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora Borealis, it's no less spectacular. Below, adventure photographer Levi Harrell gives his best tips for shooting these elusive lights.
Shooting the aurora can be a once in a lifetime event for many photographers. When the opportunity presents itself, you want to make sure you have the necessary skills and tools!
Firstly you will need the appropriate safety equipment. Auroras are most active in winter so layers of warm clothes are an absolute must. Warm boots, hat, and gloves are also essential, preferably a pair of gloves that don’t inhibit your ability to operate a camera or remote. Next, you will need a head torch to illuminate your way to and from your shooting location. Make sure you keep extra batteries with you, as the cold will reduce the lifespan of your batteries.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Now that you have all the essential gear to keep you warm and safe on a cold winters night, let's talk about the planning aspect of shooting an aurora storm. Aurora’s intensities are measured on the KP index. The KP index measures the global geomagnetic activity from the poles and will give you an indication as to how strong of an aurora you may have that night simply by looking up the forecast online.
In New Zealand, the most accurate way to get KP information is by checking out aurora-service.net, which will give you the three-day forecast for your local area. Be sure to also scout out locations with the help of Google Maps and Google Earth. This will help you search the location at large and check for any features that may help or hinder your photoshoot such as tree density, hills with a good vantage point, power lines, etc.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Where to shoot the Southern Lights
Also when planning an aurora shoot you want to consider your location in relation to the strength of the aurora. Travelling further south while in New Zealand greatly strengthens your chances of seeing the southern lights on a more frequent basis and of a higher intensity.
Places like Stewart Island, for example, have a much higher chance of seeing beautiful light shows as they are so far south and have little competing light versus a place like Queenstown or Dunedin that have a significant amount of light pollution from street lights and buildings. These more northerly cities will as well see visible auroras less frequently and of lower intensity.
I would also recommend visiting the location you would like to shoot during the day to consider your framing and your foreground objects. You need something compelling to draw your eye and lead it into the shot. I love shooting the aurora with a water feature such as a lake or the ocean to create a reflection of colour.
Another important tip to framing the southern lights is to try and create size references within the landscape. Shooting with an aurora over a mountain or against a beach will create a much more dramatic scene then a tight shot with no reference of size.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Camera Settings and Equipment
When you are setting up your camera for an aurora shoot there are certain things you will most certainly need. A sturdy tripod, a camera with the option to manually focus, and the ability to change the shutter speed will be imperative to capture a great photo.
Start by setting your lens to the infinite focusing distance. You can do this in the daylight by picking an object on the horizon to focus on then leaving your camera focused there until your night under the stars.
A good starting place for your camera settings would be shutter speed at 18 seconds, ISO at 4000, and your aperture at the lowest possible, preferably at f2.8 to f2 to let in as much light at possible. If your camera lens doesn't go down to f2.8, set it at the lowest possible aperture.
Every aurora storm you shoot will be different so be sure to play with your settings to achieve the best possible image!
Photo by Levi Harrell
Levi Harrell is a photographer and writer specializing in adventure and astrophotography. Currently, Levi lives in Boulder, Colorado and spends most of his time chasing good light around the world. You can find his work in print or online.
@ofallnationsmedia
If you liked this article, you'll love these!
How to Shoot the Northern Lights
The Ultimate Photographer's Guide to the Northern Lights
Northern Lights Photography – 8 Tips from the Night guys.
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2024/05/25/saw-the-eclipse-and-aurora-now-comes-a-third-once-in-a-lifetime-event/
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en
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Saw The Eclipse And Aurora? Now Comes A Third Once-In-A-Lifetime Event
|
[
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[] |
[
"Comet Of The Year",
"Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS",
"C/2023 A3",
"comet tracker",
"green comet",
"where is the comet",
"how to see comet"
] | null |
[
"Jamie Carter"
] |
2024-05-25T00:00:00
|
Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS (C/2023 A3) is expected to become a naked-eye comet in October 2024. It is currently observable with a large telescope.
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en
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Forbes
|
https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2024/05/25/saw-the-eclipse-and-aurora-now-comes-a-third-once-in-a-lifetime-event/
|
The “comet of the year” is getting brighter. In the wake of the total solar eclipse and the sudden solar “superstorms,” it’s looking more likely that we’ll also see a naked-eye comet later this year in the evening skies.
Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS (C/2023 A3) is now getting brighter and growing a tail, according to Sky and Telescope.
Traveling between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, for now, comet A3 is only observable in a large telescope. It’s in the constellation Virgo.
Comets visible to the naked eye are notoriously difficult to predict in advance, but this one is expected to brighten substantially during October and possibly become as bright as Venus in the night sky. That would make it the “comet of the year”—and possibly the century.
Here’s everything you need to know about comet A3:
ForbesTotal Solar Eclipse 2024 Photos: NASA Astronauts Take Historic Images From Space
Where Is The Comet?
Arriving in the wake of the so-called “eclipse comet” 12P/Pons–Brooks, 2023’s “green comet” and 2020’s comet NEOWISE, this particular cosmic snowball is a long-period comet with an orbit of just over 80,000 years. It comes from the Oort Cloud—a sphere around our solar system that’s home to millions of comets.
Comet A3 was discovered in February 2023 by astronomers at both South Africa’s Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) telescope and China’s Tsuchinshan Observatory.
When And Where To See The Comet
The comet’s perihelion—its closest approach to the sun—will occur on October 10, 2024. From the northern hemisphere, it will be easiest to see the comet just after that, when it will be visible in the southwest just after sunset.
It’s hoped the comet will be a naked-eye object in the southern sky, climbing higher into the sky during October and November.
How Bright Will The Comet Be?
It’s impossible to know in advance, but it could get as bright as Venus, roughly magnitude -5. Venus is the second brightest object in the night sky after the full moon at a magnitude of -12.6. It’s the geometry of this comet’s position relative to Earth that might make that possible.
Even if it does get that bright, we’re unlikely to get much benefit because, at its brightest, it will be very low on the horizon and lost in its haze, as seen from the northern hemisphere.
It will slightly dim as it rises higher into the sky after its perihelion in mid-October, but that will likely be the best time to see it. If it’s visible to the naked eye, then Comet A3 will be a special sight indeed for sky-watchers across the world.
Follow me on Twitter/X and Instagram.
Pick up my books Stargazing in 2024, A Stargazing Program For Beginners and When Is The Next Eclipse?
Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes.
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0
| 30 |
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/northern-lights-in-both-hemispheres-share-your-pictures-aurora-borealis
|
en
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Northern and southern lights: share your pictures
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035250&cv=2.0&cj=1&cs_ucfr=0&comscorekw=World+news",
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Guardian community team",
"www.theguardian.com",
"guardian-community-team"
] |
2024-03-25T00:00:00
|
We would like to see your photos of the auroras which could be visible in both hemispheres on Monday this week
|
en
|
the Guardian
|
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/northern-lights-in-both-hemispheres-share-your-pictures-aurora-borealis
|
Geomagnetic storms on the sun’s surface are sending particles towards Earth and creating auroras in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
On Monday night this week the aurora borealis, also known as the northern lights, could be visible in northern Britain and in North America, as far south as the midwest. In southern Australia, the aurora australis, could also be visible from Victoria to Western Australia.
Wherever you are in the world we would like to see your pictures of the auroras from Monday. When and where did you see them? If they are uncommon where you live, how did it feel to glimpse a sighting?
This Community callout closed on 9 April 2024.
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dbpedia
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https://www.loc.gov/everyday-mysteries/item/what-are-the-northern-lights/
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en
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What are the northern lights?
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http://www.loc.gov/static/managed-content/uploads/sites/16/2018/09/aurora-borealis-sitka.jpg#h=364&w=564
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http://www.loc.gov/static/managed-content/uploads/sites/16/2018/09/aurora-borealis-sitka.jpg#h=364&w=564
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The northern lights, one of several astronomical phenomena called polar lights (aurora polaris), are shafts or curtains of colored light visible on occasion in the night sky. Aurora borealis – the Northern Lights. Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, 2013. LCDR Gary Barone, NOAA Corps (ret.), photographer. NOAA Photo Library. Polar lights (aurora polaris) are a natural … Continue reading “What are the northern lights?”
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en
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The Library of Congress
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https://www.loc.gov/item/what-are-the-northern-lights/
|
Question What are the northern lights?
Answer
The northern lights, one of several astronomical phenomena called polar lights (aurora polaris), are shafts or curtains of colored light visible on occasion in the night sky.
Polar lights (aurora polaris) are a natural phenomenon found in both the northern and southern hemispheres that can be truly awe inspiring. Northern lights are also called by their scientific name, aurora borealis, and southern lights are called aurora australis.
Sten Odenwald, author of The 23rd Cycle: learning to live with a stormy star (New York, Columbia University Press, c2001), provides insight into how northern lights are generated:
The origin of the aurora begins on the surface of the sun when solar activity ejects a cloud of gas. Scientists call this a coronal mass ejection (CME). If one of these reaches earth, taking about 2 to 3 days, it collides with the Earth’s magnetic field. This field is invisible, and if you could see its shape, it would make Earth look like a comet with a long magnetic ‘tail’ stretching a million miles behind Earth in the opposite direction of the sun.
When a coronal mass ejection collides with the magnetic field, it causes complex changes to happen to the magnetic tail region. These changes generate currents of charged particles, which then flow along lines of magnetic force into the Polar Regions. These particles are boosted in energy in Earth’s upper atmosphere, and when they collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms, they produce dazzling auroral light.
Odenwald further tells us “Aurora are beautiful, but the invisible flows of particles and magnetism that go on at the same time can damage our electrical power grid and satellites operating in space. This is why scientists are so keen to understand the physics of aurora and solar storms, so we can predict when our technologies may be affected.”
Can I see them anywhere?
Yes, although they are more frequent at higher latitudes and places like Alaska, Canada, and Antarctica, closer to the Earth’s poles. Occasionally, they have been seen closer to the equator, and even as far south as Mexico. To view them, look in the direction of the closest pole (the northern horizon in the northern hemisphere, the southern horizon in the southern hemisphere).
Can I see them at any time of the year?
Yes. In some areas, such as Alaska or Greenland, they may be visible most nights of the year. And they occur at any time of the day, but we can’t see them with the naked eye unless it’s dark.
What causes the colors and patterns?
Colors and patterns are from the types of ions or atoms being energized as they collide with the atmosphere and are affected by lines of magnetic force. Displays may take many forms, including rippling curtains, pulsating globs, traveling pulses, or steady glows. Altitude affects the colors. Blue violet/reds occur below 60 miles (100 km), with bright green strongest between 60-150 miles (100-240 km). Above 150 miles (240 km) ruby reds appear.
Fun Facts about northern lights
According to Neil Bone (The Aurora: sun-earth interactions, 1996), the term aurora borealis–northern dawn–is jointly credited to have first been used by Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who both witnessed a light display on Sept. 12, 1621. However, Bone also includes a description of the northern lights made 1,000 years prior by Gregory of Tours (538-594.) It included the phrase, “… so bright that you might have thought that day was about to dawn.”
Auroras have been observed since ancient times.
The height of the displays can occur up to 1000 km (620 miles), although most are between 80-120 km.
Auroras tend to be more frequent and spectacular during high solar sunspot activity, which cycles over approximately eleven years.
Some displays are particularly spectacular and widespread and have been highlighted in news accounts. Examples include auroral storms of August-September, 1859, Feb 11, 1958, (lights 1250 miles wide circled the Arctic from Oregon to New Hampshire) and March 13, 1989, (the whole sky turned a vivid red and the aurora was seen in Europe and North America as far south as Cuba).
Legends abound in northern cultures to explain the northern lights. Some North American Inuit call the aurora aqsarniit (“football players”) and say the spirits of the dead are playing football with the head of a walrus. Often legends warn children that the lights might come down and snatch them away.
June 1896, Norwegian Kristian Birkeland, the “father of modern auroral science,” suggested the theory that electrons from sunspots triggered auroras.
Yellowknife (Northwest Territories, Canada) is the capital for aurora tourism.
The earliest known account of northern lights appears to be from a Babylonian clay tablet from observations made by the official astronomers of King Nebuchadnezzar II, 568/567 BC.
Some people claim to hear noises associated with the northern lights, but documenting this phenomenon has been difficult.
Published: 11/19/2019. Author: Science Reference Section, Library of Congress
Have a question? Ask a science librarian
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https://www.vam.ac.uk/
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en
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The family of art, design and performance museums · V&A
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Welcome to the V&A – the family of art, design and performance museums
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Victoria and Albert Museum
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https://www.vam.ac.uk/
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Sign up to our emails
Hear about collections, exhibitions, courses and events from the V&A and ways you can support us.
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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-northern-and-southern-lights-dont-always-look-identical
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en
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Why the northern and southern lights don’t always look identical
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2019-01-31T17:48:33-04:00
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On a clear night, people near the poles might see colorful light wafting across the sky. New research could explain why these auroras don't look the same to everyone .
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en
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PBS News
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https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/why-the-northern-and-southern-lights-dont-always-look-identical
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On a clear night, people near the poles of our planet might get to see a show: drapes of colorful light wafting across the sky. Now new research could explain why the show doesn’t look the same to everyone — and could also help protect important infrastructure.
In the north, the phenomenon is called the aurora borealis or the northern lights. In the Southern Hemisphere, it’s the aurora australis, or southern lights. The name is different and it turns out that the view from each pole can be different too. Even though the Earth’s magnetic field stretches symmetrically from the north to the south, recent satellite images of the entire planet showed mismatched auroras happening at the same time in the two hemispheres.
The discovery set off a flurry of space weather theories, and in a new study published Jan. 24 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, a team from Norway proposes a solution. They posit that our magnetic field is squeezed asymmetrically by solar winds approaching from an angle, twisting and displacing the northern and southern lights into different forms and locations.
The auroras become mirror images of each other once again after the solar winds, which are also magnetic, drape around the planet and flow away from the sun-facing side of Earth. This creates a “magnetotail.”
When this tail is shifted by solar winds, “suddenly this asymmetry is reduced,” said Margaret Kivelson, a space physicist and professor emerita of the University of California, Los Angeles who was not involved in this study.
This kind of work, Kivelson said, is one more step toward understanding plasma — a form of matter that makes up most of the universe and is found in our planet’s ionosphere, a layer of charged particles surrounding the Earth.
Magnetic disruptions can affect this plasma, and in turn can mess with satellites and astronauts in space, airplanes flying over the poles, and even electrical grids and pipelines on the ground. Studying plasma can also reveal how magnetic forces play across the cosmos.
What the researchers did
From the Earth’s surface, these heavenly ribbons seem peaceful, but the auroras in the north and south are visual representations of the turmoil above.
Tens or even hundreds of miles high in the atmosphere, vast solar winds are blowing across the Earth’s magnetic shield or magnetosphere, exciting particles in the atmosphere and sparking that light.
The researchers based their work on images of disturbances in Earth’s magnetosphere called “substorms” taken from 2001 to 2005 by two satellites. One of the satellites captured images of the Northern Hemisphere, and the other monitored the south.
The satellites were operated independently, so it was “sheer luck” that they had access to photos of auroras on both sides of the globe taken at the very same minute, according to Nikolai Østgaard, a space physicist who worked on the study and who is head of the Birkeland Centre for Space Science at the University of Bergen in Norway.
The researchers were looking for substorms caused by solar winds that had blown toward the Earth at a tilt.
Substorms happen several times per day, Østgaard said, and result in extra-bright auroras that spread across more area. And during substorms, the whole process creating symmetry repeats itself.
When these events happen, magnetic bands made by the solar winds are slightly rotated relative to the Earth’s north-south orientation. Picture turning the dial of a compass from north by south to northwest by southwest. Rather than running parallel to the Earth’s own magnetic field, the solar wind’s magnetic fields are slanted.
“And that is important because it’s one of the most common states of the system. What we explain in this study is what the earth is experiencing most of the time,” Østgaard said.
They selected 10 substorms for a closer look, examining the Earth’s magnetotail along with the asymmetry between the northern and southern auroras during those 10 events.
You can think of a solar wind and its magnetic tug creating a cartoon raindrop. It peels away some of the Earth’s magnetic field and drags it from the sun-facing side of the planet to form the long magnetotail on the other side, Østgaard said.
The more dramatic angle of the solar wind, the more asymmetrical pressure builds up in the tip of the metaphorical raindrop. So as the solar winds’ bombardment of Earth shifts from perpendicular to more parallel with the poles, it forces the auroras to change shape or location, causing the asymmetry between the northern and southern lights.
But the symmetry can also be restored.
It’s in the magnetotail that the pressure is relieved through a process called tail reconnection. The magnetic field that belongs to the Earth disentangles itself from the solar wind and comes back to its original position. That’s what allows the “twist” in the Earth’s magnetic fields to straighten out, and the auroras to regain their symmetry.
“This is exactly the opposite of what people were thinking before,” Østgaard said. Researchers previously thought that the Earth’s twisted field re-joining itself in the magnetotail caused the aurora’s asymmetry, rather than working to resolve it. “That’s why this is kind of a big deal. It changes our understanding of cause and effect.”
What that means
For most people, this new knowledge isn’t going to be life-changing. But for those who manage some of our planet’s most advanced technology, understanding the auroras is vital.
“If you have intense auroras at some place, there will also be electric currents flowing” in the outer layer of the Earth’s atmosphere, Østgaard said. “And that will affect navigation and GPS.”
Those currents could even damage power transformers or oil pipelines, Kivelson added. Airplane flights scheduled to fly over the poles during active magnetic events could risk losing navigation and communication abilities, or expose passengers to dangerous radiation.
Just a few hundred years ago, space weather wouldn’t have mattered much to the people standing on the surface of the planet. “It affects a technological society,” Kivelson said.
For a society without satellites, electrical grids and high-altitude aircraft, the twists and turns of the magnetic fields hundreds of miles above would be little more than a glorious light show. And for most people on earth, it still is. In the north or in the south, the asymmetrical auroras shimmer on.
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https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/30/16576160/jupiter-x-ray-aurora-chandra-xmm-space-telescopes-northern-southern-poles
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Rare glimpse of two of Jupiter’s auroras reveal they're dancing to different beats
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Rachel Becker"
] |
2017-10-30T00:00:00
|
Invisible X-ray auroras pulse on Jupiter’s northern and southern poles
|
en
|
/icons/favicon.ico
|
The Verge
|
https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/30/16576160/jupiter-x-ray-aurora-chandra-xmm-space-telescopes-northern-southern-poles
|
For the first time, scientists have observed the high-energy auroras pulsing on both of Jupiter's poles at the same time. They discovered that, unlike the northern and southern lights here on Earth, these two auroras on Jupiter behave nothing alike.
By studying rare observations of the gas giant’s polar lights, scientists helmed by William Dunn and Andrew Coates at University College London found that the northern and southern auroras brightened and faded completely independently from one another. The surprising finding, described today in the journal Nature Astronomy, is a step toward understanding what exactly is behind Jupiter’s auroras that shimmer with invisible X-rays at the poles.
Auroras are the signatures of a planet’s magnetic field, which are thought to be key for life because they protect a planet’s atmosphere from the scouring winds blowing off its nearby star. Magnetic fields show up on pulsars, exoplanets, and brown dwarfs, but Jupiter is close to home. So, by studying Jupiter’s auroras and magnetic fields, we can better understand what’s happening on far-away worlds.
“If we’re going to search other planets for other life, then we’re going to want to find places that have magnetic fields,” Dunn says. “Understanding in our Solar System what the signatures for northern lights are and what they mean is important, because hopefully at some point in the future, we’ll be looking at these signatures at extra-solar planets.”
Here on Earth, auroras are best known as the glowing bands of green or reddish light that appear when electrically charged particles ejected from the Sun rain down on our planet along the Earth’s magnetic field lines. The charged particles accelerate and smash into gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing light. But there are also auroras we can’t see made out of ultraviolet light, infrared light, or high-energy X-rays. X-ray auroras can occur weakly on Earth, Coates says. But they’re especially strong on Jupiter. “Jupiter is just a completely different beast,” Dunn says.
On Jupiter, charged particles are thought to blow in from the Sun, as well as from Jupiter’s tiny volcanic moon Io. Highly charged molecules of sulfur, oxygen, and carbon align along the planet’s magnetic field lines like iron filings around a magnet. Jupiter’s superfast rotation then drives the acceleration of these particles, which hit the atmosphere with tens of megavolts of energy. The particles strip away electrons already in the atmosphere, and release high-energy X-rays in the process. “Everything is happening in a supercharged way,” Coates says.
Jupiter’s orientation means that the X-ray auroras on its southern pole are difficult to see. But for about 12 hours each on May 24th, 2007 and June 1st, 2016, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton space telescopes orbiting Earth were in precisely the right positions to observe both poles simultaneously.
The rare view revealed that auroras on both poles behave differently: one didn’t always brighten when the other did. That’s surprising, says Jonathan Nichols, an astrophysicist at the University of Leicester who was not involved in the study. Since magnetic field lines create a continuous arc between the poles, “You might imagine that what affects the auroras in the north would affect the auroras in the south,” Nichols says. At least, that’s generally what happens on Earth.
Even stranger, while the southern aurora pulsed rhythmically every nine to 12 minutes (it had previously been seen to pulse regularly every 40 to 45 minutes), the northern aurora was more erratic. Sometimes, it brightened every five to eight minutes, but other times it was more irregular. The brightness of the two auroras also differed, and varied from one pulse to the next.
It’s not exactly clear why the auroras are behaving this way, but Dunn has some ideas about what could cause the rhythmic pulsing of the southern X-ray aurora. The solar winds could be creating waves along Jupiter’s field lines, causing the charged particles surfing along those waves to reach the poles at intervals of, say, every 11 minutes, Dunn says.
NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which has been orbiting the gas giant since July 2016, could soon provide some answers. The probe is equipped with instruments to detect magnetic fields and charged particles, so it could tell us more about what’s going on at the poles. “It provides us with a juicy problem to try and solve,” Nichols says.
An important one at that: understanding what’s happening on Jupiter is key to figuring out what’s happening on planets beyond our Solar System, Nichols says. “Jupiter acts as an analogy for exoplanets, for brown dwarfs, for pulsars — a whole variety of astrophysical objects that we can’t get to,” he says. “So if we can understand Jupiter’s magnetic field then we can understand these whole different classes of objects.”
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 87 |
https://www.wdbj7.com/2024/05/10/merging-solar-storms-aimed-earth-could-send-northern-lights-into-virginia-late-friday/
|
en
|
Faint aurora lights spotted Saturday night
|
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[] |
[
"solar",
"storm",
"aurora",
"sunspot",
"northern light",
"Virginia",
"WDBJ"
] | null |
[
"Brent Watts",
"Payton Major"
] |
2024-05-10T00:00:00
|
Reports of the northern lights in Virginia with a purple and green hue in the skies.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/wdbj/favicon.ico?d=423
|
https://www.wdbj7.com
|
https://www.wdbj7.com/2024/05/10/merging-solar-storms-aimed-earth-could-send-northern-lights-into-virginia-late-friday/
|
9AM SUNDAY UPDATE: We’ve been closely monitoring the chance to view the Northern Lights again Sunday night. Viewing was difficult Saturday and the aurora appeared much dimmer than Friday. It’s looking like tonight might be similar to last night.
A level 6 or 7 on the geomagnetic storm scale is forecast tonight, which isn’t quite high enough to get same view we saw on Friday. We’ll keep you updated throughout the day as we get new data!
11 PM: SATURDAY UPDATE: The latest update from Space Weather Saturday night suggested we may have seen the peak of the solar storm before it got dark and it slowly faded overnight.
“The current planetary K-index is indicative of this at 7.33 (strong storm), but may continue to quiet down to minor to moderate geomagnetic storms this evening. Thus, my hunch this evening is that aurora viewing may only be limited to the northern tier of the United States tonight, particularly in the northern fringes of the Northeast and Northwest, Montana, Idaho, the Dakotas, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. [View Full Details Here]
That said, we’ve seen a few reports of some faint lights as far south as the Blue Ridge Parkway toward Charlottesville, Rockbridge, Roanoke and even as far south as Rural Retreat.
It might be worth giving it a try tonight, but the data is showing Sunday might end up being the better of the two days to spot the lights as a new solar storm is expected to hit earth during the day with leftover energy into the evening.
VIEWING TIPS
WILL I SEE THEM WITH THE NAKED EYE? Likely not. Unless you’re in a super dark area, the images you see floating around were taken with ordinary cellphones, but you weren’t able to spot them with your eyes well last night.
HOW DO I KNOW THEY’RE OUT? We use the Kp forecast. (Click here for the latest Kp number) Typically if it reaches 7 or above, the darkest areas away from city lights may be able to see them. Last night, it reached an 8 and 9 which made it a stellar show. That may happen again tonight. As of this afternoon there have already been some 8/9 readings, but it’s still light here now.
WHEN TO LOOK: Anytime after dark, but the later you go past sunset, the darker the skies will get. Friday night, once we got past 9pm or 10pm the show began. These solar storms come in waves, so it can be great one hour, then not as vivid the next. These typically last into the night and can go even until the sun comes up.
HOW TO TAKE IT WITH MY PHONE? You don’t have to be a professional photographer (I’m not), but you do need a steady hand and basic understanding of how your phone camera works. You’ll want to set you phone camera to PHOTO and put it on a longer exposure time. I used a 3 second on my iPhone last night. You need to keep the phone very still while it’s taking the photo. Once it’s finished, you’ll see those amazing colors, even without a filter. Study up on your camera settings before the fun begins.
WHAT COLOR WILL IT BE TONIGHT? Hard to say because each storm is different. It’s a geomagnetic storm Oxygen gives off the fluorescent green and yellow colour of the aurora (most common) when hit by electrons in the solar system. Nitrogen causes blue or red colors and sometimes pink. Neon turns them orange. You never really know what you’ll see until it starts. And sometimes you see them all.
SHARE YOUR PHOTOS WITH FIRST ALERT WEATHER!
9AM SATURDAY UPDATE: Thank you to everyone that shared your beautiful aurora photos with us!
Tonight’s geomagnetic storm forecast is a level 7 out of 9. In comparison, Friday was a level 9! The Northern Lights certainly won’t be as vibrant as last night, but in the right conditions, you should be able to see them again.
To get the best view, travel to a high elevation location, away from light pollution, after sunset tonight. You might not be able to see the aurora with a naked eye, but a long-exposure camera should capture some beautiful green, pink, and purple colors.
We’re forecasting partly cloudy skies tonight with lows in the 50s.
11PM FRIDAY UPDATE: In what might be a once-in-a-lifetime experience, the northern lights made their way as far south as the Carolinas Friday night. We have been inundated by hundreds of photos of the aurora across the WDBJ7 coverage area this evening. Thank you!
The solar storm hit the earth Friday afternoon and once it got dark, the colors became spectacular shades of purple and green.
Even in the cities where light pollution is higher, you’re likely still able to see it with your phone camera.
TIP: You may not be able to see it with the naked eye. Put your phone camera toward the northern sky and put on long exposure if you have that option. Photo works better than video. Remember, if you don’t know which way is north, use your phone’s compass.
The northern lights are expected to continue into the night, so be sure to head outdoors and look toward the northern horizon.
9PM UPDATE: The Northern Lights are currently underway! In areas of the globe where it’s already dark, the skies have been lighting up with a colorful glow.
The colors are showing up all the way to Virginia with some reports from Blacksburg tonight of a hint of purple along the horizon. It could only get better if you head to a dark location away from city light pollution.
Another photographer near Charlottesville, VA managed to snap a photo of the northern lights.
According to SpaceWeather.com, “the southern latitude of Victoria, Australia, 37 degrees, is the same as the northern latitude of central California.” That’s how far down auroras could be seen.
For perspective, the 37th north latitude runs right through Virginia.
WHAT COULD IT LOOK LIKE?
WHERE TO LOOK: The northern horizon
WHEN TO LOOK: Friday night between 11 p.m. and 4 a.m. Saturday
VIEWING TIPS
Find a clear view of the northern horizon
Get away from city lights
Be patient
Don’t look at your phone and let your eyes adjust to darkness
In New Zealand, it’s the southern lights which are putting on a show, painting the skies with hues of red and purple.
NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center has increased the Geomagnetic Storm Watch from Moderate to Severe (G4), the largest since 2005, after a massive cluster of sunspots emerged over the past 24 hours and sent several M-class (second largest) solar flares toward Earth.
At least 5 earth-directed coronal mass ejections were observed heading toward Earth and are expected to combine and slam into the Earth’s atmosphere sometime Friday.
These are expected to arrive as early as midday Friday, May 10, and persist through Sunday, May 12, according to NOAA Space Weather.
Mike Overacker, a NASA Ambassador based in Roanoke, Virginia, managed to snap these photos of the large cluster of sunspots Thursday. The astrophotographer says this may end up being the biggest grouping spotted since the 1800s.
For perspective, the sun spot grouping is the diameter of 15 earths. The sun itself could hold 1.3 million Earths inside of it.
“Watches at this level are very rare,” the NOAA Watch states.
NORTHERN LIGHTS
While details are still coming in, the solar storm may end up producing an aurora (northern lights) which may reach as far south as Virginia and even Alabama late Friday into Saturday.
FORECAST: Skies are expected to be partly cloudy to mostly clear locally Friday night into Saturday morning. The moon is currently <5% illuminated, so that should also allow for good viewing should the northern lights make it this far south.
Severe geomagnetic storms can also cause major issues and even damage satellites, GPS systems and even cause blackouts of high-frequency radio equipment.
Only three “Severe” geomagnetic storms have been observed during this solar cycle which began in December 2019. The last G4 was March 23, 2024 which created an incredible viewing of the northern lights.
The last G5 (Extreme) was the Halloween Storms in October 2003 which resulted in power outages in Sweden and damaged power transformers in South Africa.
We will continue to monitor the story into the weekend.
LATEST UPDATES FROM NOAA SPACE WEATHER
LOOKING BACK
“The last (observed) Severe geomagnetic storm was on March 23, 2024, and the last Extreme was the Halloween Storms in October 2003,” the SWPC stated. “That G5 (Extreme storm) resulted in power outages in Sweden and damaged power transformers in South Africa.”
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 71 |
https://www.businessinsider.com/saw-northern-lights-surprising-photos-misleading-2024-5
|
en
|
I saw the northern lights during the historic solar storm. I was surprised by how misleading the photos were.
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Morgan McFall-Johnsen"
] |
2024-05-13T22:57:33+00:00
|
The northern lights can appear in the sky above places like San Francisco or New York. They're beautiful, but don't expect what you see in photos.
|
en
|
/public/assets/BI/US/favicons/apple-touch-icon-192x192.png?v=2023-11
|
Business Insider
|
https://www.businessinsider.com/saw-northern-lights-surprising-photos-misleading-2024-5
|
Over the weekend, this solar activity brought the northern lights south, as far as Arkansas, and gave us a rare chance to see it in California.
So late Friday night, my friends and I drove to Mount Tamalpais State Park, about 40 minutes north of San Francisco. It was the darkest spot on a hill within an hour's drive, according to an online light-pollution map we checked.
As soon as we got out of the car, two of us pointed at a patch of sky above the parking lot trees and said, "Is that it?"
The night sky had a faint reddish tinge. The color was so subtle that we thought we might be imagining it. So, as we walked up the path toward the top of the hill, we paused to take some photos. That's when we knew we were seeing the northern lights.
With the naked eye, we wouldn't have noticed the aurora if we didn't know it was there. But the photos we took with our iPhones made it seem as if the sky was an explosion of bright pink.
Why photos make the northern lights look more colorful than they are
The aurora occurs when activity on the sun sends a flood of solar material washing over Earth.
Related stories
This supercharged solar wind is packed with electrically charged particles and magnetic fields. Our planet's own magnetic field channels all that solar stuff toward the North and South poles, where the electrons heat up the gases in our atmosphere and cause them to glow like fluorescent lightbulbs.
The solar storm on Friday bombarded the planet's magnetic field so much that its particles flooded further south, past the Arctic, to create the northern lights I saw.
But cameras are more sensitive to the whole range of light than our eyes are, especially in the dark, when our eyes tend to tune out color.
For example, my iPhone has an automatic long-exposure mode for dark settings. When I take a photo at night, it takes multiple snapshots for three seconds, then stitches them together, allowing the camera to capture even more light, which is why my aurora photos look more spectacular than what I was seeing.
It also matters where you are. I was near a major source of light pollution — the city of San Francisco — which probably drowned out a lot of the aurora.
Compare that with the below picture that the astrophotographer Dan Bartlett took about 200 miles east of me, in June Lake, California, near Yosemite. He was at roughly the same latitude but under much darker skies.
While he told me he spotted spikes and waves changing second by second with his naked eye, all I could see was a diffuse glow.
Cameras may also lie to you about the aurora's colors
Another pitfall of seeing the aurora through a phone is that the colors aren't always true.
The color of an aurora indicates its altitude, as well as the type of molecules in the atmosphere that are creating it. Green, for example, usually comes from oxygen atoms at lower altitudes in the atmosphere. Pink or red can indicate high-altitude oxygen or nitrogen at very low altitudes.
My phone also picked up a field of purple in some images, which could indicate low-altitude nitrogen — but that could have been a trick of the pixels.
"Obviously, screens do not always reproduce the natural colours reliably," Maria Walach, a space-plasma physicist who researches auroras at Lancaster University, told Business Insider in an email. "Additionally, you can get all sorts of colours from mixing and different viewing angles, which sometimes makes it tricky to tell."
And, of course, photos you see online could always have been edited after the fact.
"Don't be misled. I mean, the camera does its own processing, but you know that you could go in and change that processing level to your tastes," Bartlett said. "You could saturate the colors and make it grotesque; you could do anything you want with it."
Go see the aurora, just know it might be faint
This rare event isn't over. More eruptions on the sun are sending electromagnetic material our way, meaning much of the northern US could get the aurora again on Monday night.
There may be even more opportunities this year. After all, the sun is close to the maximum activity level that it reaches every 11 years, meaning there'll probably be more solar eruptions that bring the aurora to unusual latitudes.
I think it's absolutely worth seeing, even if it's faint like mine was. I'm glad I stayed out until 3 a.m. to catch it.
But if you're in the middle of the US or at a similar latitude elsewhere on Earth, don't expect to see the bright pink and green glow that photos all over social media are showing. They can be a bit misleading.
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https://abc7news.com/post/northern-lights-in-the-bay-area-photos-of-celestial-spectacle-over-california-solar-storm/14799194/
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Northern Lights dazzle over Bay Area, California skies amid solar storm
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2024-05-12T05:00:00+00:00
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If you were lucky this weekend, you might have seen the Northern Lights in the Bay Area due to one of the strongest solar storms in decades.
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ABC7 San Francisco
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https://abc7news.com/post/northern-lights-in-the-bay-area-photos-of-celestial-spectacle-over-california-solar-storm/14799194/
|
SAN FRANCISCO (KGO) -- A solar storm offered up some stunning nighttime images across the Bay Area and California this weekend.
One of the strongest solar storms to hit Earth in two decades is behind the light show.
By Sunday, weather experts said the visibility would only dip as low as Lake Tahoe, but at the earlier peak on Friday, it was visible as far south as Florida and across the Northern Hemisphere.
PREVIOUS COVERAGE: Northern Lights may be visible in parts of California overnight due to strong solar storm
How Californians saw the Northern Lights
An image showing the Northern Lights was taken along the side of a vineyard in Yountville Friday by Margie Verdan.
"I was just so jazzed. I was just so amazed by how beautiful the showcase of colors were," said Verdan.
Margie couldn't see the Northern Lights with her eyes, but she put her iPhone in night mode, hit the shutter, and took the picture. She then saw incredible images.
"So even when you're looking at the phone you don't know? So it's almost like this surprise that you get," said ABC7 News reporter J.R. Stone to Verdan.
"Yes it's like it's there, but you can't see it. It was just in my backyard, other people had to fly to Ireland and Norway or Alaska just to see those beautiful colors and I saw it," said Verdan.
And while many could only see the Northern Lights in their pictures, some like Kitty Nikolai who were far from city lights in Paradise, California, could see them.
"But starting around 10:30 we could literally see it with the naked eye, so you could see the curtains kind of shimmering but the photos were absolutely fantastic. We got the purple, and the pinks, and the greens," said Nikolai.
"I thought I saw a pink hue in the sky. You know sometimes how you question yourself and think it's because you want to see it. I closed my eyes and opened them again and said I see pink. You could see a hue, put it that way. It wasn't vivid like the color in the picture that I sent to you the almost fuchsia color it was more when you looked at the sky you know," said Sue Faina who took many pictures of the Northern Lights in Clayton, California.
"We reached there around 1:15 am and at least for the first half an hour we could very clearly see them with our eyes. It just takes a few seconds for your eyes to adjust to the darkness," said Stanford scholar Sushant Mahajan.
Mahajan took several images from an area near the Lick Observatory in Mount Hamilton early Saturday morning.
"In the afternoon it was upgraded to a G5 and we got a G5 which is why like it was visible in all 50 states, even Hawaii," said Mahajan.
G5 was the highest-level solar storm of the weekend. Saturday night was a G3 and Sunday night was a G3 or possibly G4 depending on what expert you talked with. All of these images though were taken Friday night and early Saturday morning.
"You had to have it on night mode. My husband Scott, he has the iPhone X. He doesn't have night mode so he couldn't see it at all visually or on his phone," said Faina.
"So when the newbies would come in and say, 'Oh I can't see anything.' Somebody would always run over to them and help them with their phones. I was helping several people," said Nikolai.
"Excitement, gratitude, I was awe being able to see it," said Verdan.
Families trek to Chabot Observatory to see Northern Lights
Families from all over the Bay Area drove to Chabot Observatory Friday night.
Belmont resident Amy Kung brought her family in hopes of seeing the Northern Lights.
"There's a lot of hype, we're so excited I always wanted to take the kids to see it and we have the opportunity close in our backyard then why not?" Kung said.
Every Friday and Saturday, Chabot astronomers provided free telescope viewing.
Chabot has three, massive and historic telescopes where people can peek into the wonder of the universe.
Santa Clara University Associate Professor of Physics Philip Kresten said you don't need a telescope to see these rare lights.
"For the eclipse, you had to have certain special things available to you, for the Northern Lights if they're in the sky you can see them form anywhere," Kresten said.
Kresten said the Northern Lights, which are officially called the aurora borealis, are spectacular when you can see them, and the reason this event is so exciting is because it doesn't happen very often.
"There are a lot of things that happen in your life where you miss it and you go oh, I'll see it tomorrow - I'll do it tomorrow - this is not one of those things," Kresten said.
San Francisco resident Elisa Yao first saw the shimmering display on a trip to Abisko, Sweden when it was negative 20 degrees outside.
"It was totally worth it and I almost cried and it looked like green snakes in the sky," Yao said.
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https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
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Why Auroras Look Different on The Camera
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What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
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Photography by Ewen Bell
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https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
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What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
The Photography Blog
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https://gregearl.me/2015/08/16/aurora-australis-southern-aurora-and-how-to-capture-it/comment-page-1/
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Aurora Australis – Southern Aurora and How To Capture It
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2015-08-16T00:00:00
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It isn't often that in the suburbs of Melbourne we get to see very much of the Southern Aurora, unlike our friends in Tasmania and south island New Zealand. When solar activity is sufficient to create activity in the middle latitudes where we live then it certainly does stir up a degree of excitement. Only…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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Greg Earl Photography
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https://gregearl.me/2015/08/16/aurora-australis-southern-aurora-and-how-to-capture-it/comment-page-1/#comments
|
It isn’t often that in the suburbs of Melbourne we get to see very much of the Southern Aurora, unlike our friends in Tasmania and south island New Zealand.
When solar activity is sufficient to create activity in the middle latitudes where we live then it certainly does stir up a degree of excitement. Only once have I seen a really strong aurora from the suburbs of Melbourne and that was when was just about 8 years old in 1957 or thereabouts.
I vividly remember going to the beach with my parents just a few doors down from where we lived in Black Rock to see the amazing sky show. A full curtain of waving red to pink light in the south-western sky certainly was a sight to see. No digital cameras in those days and film wasn’t an option either and it was black and white anyway.
Such as it was, the experience left a lifelong impression upon me.
Driven by the childhood experience, I was excited to have a wonderful trip to Norway and Iceland in 2014 where we managed to capture the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights). Being in the Arctic circle in the Lofted Islands was an ideal place to see the lights. To get that close in the Southern Hemisphere we would need to head for Mawson or Davis Antarctic bases to see images like this.
With rarity comes desire so whenever there are sightings in Tasmania or here on the mainland it is a photographer’s dream to capture even a glimpse of Aurora activity. Last night was just one of those occasions. With predictions from Space Weather Live www.SpaceWeatherLive.com I was prompted to have a casual look at the sky to the south from our balcony.
With a pale dim shadow in the sky, the only way to confirm that what I could see was actually aurora activity was to photograph it and inspect the image for a showing of green colour. Here is what I saw.
That meant action, and the race was on to prepare the gear, grab a coat and hat and head for the nearest clear view of the horizon. By the time I managed to set up at Rickett’s Point, the nearest location, half an hour had elapsed and just about all evidence of the green glow had dissipated. In typical aurora fashion, where you need to expect the unexpected, two bright shafts of light appeared in the south-southwest. Luckily I had already sorted out focus and exposure and managed to capture this image before everything faded.
With prior sightings in Norway, Iceland and New Zealand, this is the first time in nearly 58 years that I have managed to see the southern lights from my home town. Nothing as spectacular as what I saw in the northern hemisphere, however, a sighting that means so much in nostalgia terms that it is every bit as special.
If you would like to attempt shooting the Aurora here’s a few tips.
They are unpredictable as to whether you will see them or not as clear skies and no moonlight are really needed to have a chance. Solar activity has to occur and the blast of plasma from the sun has to strike the earth at a time when there is darkness in order for you to see the effect. Sometimes its directed more to the north pole so we miss out altogether. The best way of knowing if there’s a chance is to subscribe for email alerts from Space Weather Live in the link above.
You will need a decent SLR camera that can handle higher ISO settings, a tripod and preferably a cable release. Set the camera to manual focus and focus on infinity using a distant object. Auto focus usually won’t work in the low light. Set the camera to manual mode with a shutter speed of 15 seconds and an ISO of 1200 with the aperture at around f2.8 to f4.
If your image is too bright then lower the ISO setting. If it is too dark then expose for longer, say 30 seconds. Do not exceed 30 seconds otherwise the stars will streak as they move during the exposure.
To the naked eye you may only see a pale grey-greenish hue but your camera will detect all the light and colour present that the rods and cones of our eyes are unable to see.
You will be amazed at your skycapes even if there is no aurora.
Happy shooting.
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https://www.meghanmaloneyphotography.co.nz/post/5-tips-photographing-aurora-australis-southern-lights-new-zealand
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Guide to Best Places to See Aurora Australis in NZ
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For a list of the best places in New Zealand to capture the Aurora Australis, check out these 5 tips to increase your chance of success seeing the Southern Lights!
| null |
What is the Aurora Australis (Southern Lights)
The Southern Lights (otherwise known as the Aurora Australis) are a phenomenon that have been around since the dawn of time. They occur when the sun releases a massive burst of solar wind and charged particles which interact with the Earth's atmosphere to create a stunning display of coloured light in the night sky. The release of energy from the sun is known as a CME (coronal mass ejection). Auroras occur at high latitudes close to the poles, so the closer you are to either pole, the greater the chance of seeing a strong display, but when a very large geomagnetic storm (generally KP7 or higher) occurs they can even be seen closer to the Equator.
As the technology of digital cameras (and smartphones) and their sensitivity to shooting at night has improved, it's easier than ever before to capture the colours of the aurora. Unless it's a very strong display, you're unlikely to be able to see the colours with the naked eye, but the beams dancing across the sky can be easily visible as moving light, indicating the presence of an aurora.
In the northern hemisphere, the Aurora is known as Aurora Borealis, and it's often much easier to see strong displays due to the fact there are significantly more countries that sit at latitudes close to the Arctic Circle (i.e countries like Norway, Greenland, Iceland and Canada). But even here in New Zealand, we see some incredible displays, and I know that's why you're here... you want to know exactly how you can improve your chances of seeing this amazing natural light display!
Here are 5 simple tips on how you can increase your chances of capturing the Aurora Australis in New Zealand.
1. When you can see the Aurora Australis
The Sun's Solar Cycle
The sun works on an 11 year cycle with periods of high activity peaking during each solar maximum, with the peak (or solar maximum)Â of the current cycle predicted to be between mid 2024 and mid 2025. Generally the 2 or so years either side of the peak will also generate good displays, although from time to time a large display can occur even during lower periods of activity.
So if you are reading this info anytime from 2023 - 2027, the chances are pretty good for you!
Time of Year
Certain times of year also coincide with stronger displays of aurora, particularly either side of the spring and autumn equinox (mid March and mid September). While there's always a chance of an aurora at any time of year, this seems to be when some of the larger displays tend to occur. In 2023, there was a significant Aurora Australis display on both 28 February and 24 April (so one month either side of the equinox).
2. How to know the Aurora Australis is active
The single biggest factor in capturing an aurora can be down to LUCK in timing because if the strongest display occurs during the day, it can easily fade by the time it gets dark. Or a strong display might occur during the strongest phase of the moon which washes out the display, or during a period of cloud where you can't even see the sky! So it's important to realise that a lot of different factors need to align before you even have a good chance of seeing it.
As someone who has chased the aurora around the South Island of New Zealand for the better part of 7 years before finally capturing a strong display, I can attest to all of these things hampering my success. In timing my chase, I've been one day too late arriving on a trip, one day too early leaving, spent hours driving around the South Island trying to find clear skies, you name it, it's happened. But in 2023, my luck finally changed and I've been able to see several significant displays this year, and as we head into the current solar maximum, there will be even better to come.
Use the best Apps and Real-time info
You can significantly increase your chances of success capturing an aurora by using the best apps and information so you are on the spot and ready to shoot when a display occurs. Often people get very fixated on the KPÂ index number, but this is only one factor and it isn't even as important as understanding the more technical information. I use a number of different aurora apps on my phone, and they are all useful, but the one you REALLY need to use and understand is The Glendale App.
The Glendale App
The Glendale App is not actually an app but looks and works like one if you download it on your phone (there's also a desktop version). All the other apps work in a slightly delayed timeframe, whereas the Glendale App gives real-time alerts that allow you to respond quickly. I cannot recommend this information enough. The information you need to pay most attention to is the Substorm graph- whenever this number is dropping to a large negative number this is a sign aurora activity is building. It's the most important figure in the app. The phases are Growth - the substorm is charging up, Expansion - when the energy is being released so this is when the aurora will be at its strongest, and Recovery - when it is fading. Here's an example from a period of significant activity taken from an Aurora Australis NZÂ Facebook update.
â
â
Combine this with the IMFÂ at Earth graph. When you see numbers in the Now or Next that are highlighted in red and purple, that's a very good indication you should be out shooting the aurora, although you might still have a chance to see colour in the sky with yellow or orange, red/purple indicate the strongest activity.
Sign up to the Telegram App
In addition, getting real-time notifications via the Telegram app by subscribing to the Aurora Alerts UK channel will allow you to see when a display hits a RED or MAJOR alert indicating a very high level of activity is present, meaning you should have your butt outside by this point in position to shoot. Generally you'll see a lot of YELLOWÂ alerts and can ignore these, but when the aurora is building quickly you'll get a fairly quick progression through ORANGE to REDÂ to MAJOR. A major alert is going to give you the very best colour and height of the aurora visible in the sky.
â
â
Aurora Forecast
The Aurora Forecast app was the main one I used before finding out about SpaceWeather and The Glendale App. It's quick and easy to understand and you can refresh and watch the dials and plug in the location where you are, or where you are interested in. Here's an example from the 24th April (the night I shot the big aurora). It's far more important to worry about what the dials say than looking at the KPÂ Index. In this example all the dials are showing good numbers in the direction they need to be.
â
SpaceWeather Live
It's worth having this app as you'll get notifications of flares from the sun - these usually indicate an incoming solar storm, and it will often give you a day or so heads up that there could be some decent aurora activity on the way. There are various types of flares, and they work on a similar scale to the Richter scale for earthquakes, with each letter representing a ten-fold increase in energy output. So an X is 10 times an M and 100 times a C. If you see an X-class notification pop up then you know something big is on the way.
There are also lots of useful pages on the app around solar and auroral activity if you want to understand more about how activity comes about.
Aurora Australis NZÂ Facebook Group
This group is run by Les Ladbrook based out of Invercargill, he has a wealth of experience in understanding and providing very useful daily reports and insights into predicted activity. It's also the place to see in real-time if others are having success while out shooting to give you an idea of whether anything is actually happening.
â
Often people will shoot images taken from the back of their camera to give you an idea of just how good the activity is. On a night where you already have some idea that the activity is good (from using the apps) it pays to keep an eye on what's happening in this group. It's also the best real-time indicator of whether anyone in your region or in NZÂ as a whole is having any luck.
Be Responsive!
My last tip here is to be responsive - things can change awfully quickly and the aurora will often take even the most seasoned aurora hunters by surprise when activity builds unexpectedly. So you do need to keep on top of the latest info rather than just relying on using one app or the Facebook daily updates as being gospel.
That's why having the notifications for Telegram and Space Weather turned on are super useful!
Clouds are not your friend
Of course cloudy skies can ruin any attempt to capture the aurora even during a night with incredible displays so luck still has to be on your side in this case!
3. Where to capture the Aurora Australis in NZ
Find a location facing south
The closer you get to the bottom of the South Island, the stronger the display will be. But it's actually just as important to also find a location that has a reasonably clear view facing south (or is at a high elevation) with little or no light pollution to ensure you have a good composition to capture.
Southland
Locations along the south coast such as Waipapa Point, and the beaches near Invercargill and Bluff all provide good opportunities.
Otago
The beach at Kaka Point or near Nugget Point lighthouse, Hoopers Inlet (Dunedin), Moke Lake (Queenstown), Meiklejohn's Jetty, Butchers Dam and the Queenstown waterfront or Coronet Peak are all good options facing south.
Canterbury / Mackenzie
Lake Ruataniwha is one of the best places in the Mackenzie as it faces due south and is a large body of water to be able to get reflections of the aurora, which further enhances the display.
The view from Mt John in Tekapo (678m elevation) gives you a high vantage point, and Lilybank Road on the eastern side of the Lake Tekapo will allow you to capture the aurorua with the lake in the scene enhancing the foreground.
Aoraki Mt Cook
If you are lucky enough to be staying up in a hut high above the valley floor, this is a prime location to capture the aurora, but even finding a location looking back down the Tasman valley towards Lake Pukaki will give you a good show.
Canterbury
If you are in Christchurch, the Port Hills or Lake Ellesmere provide good viewing opportunities, however due to the number of people who are likely to have the same idea and be out chasing the aurora, you're likely to have to compete for space and be prepared for people to have their lights on coming and going which can impact your ability to take a good shot.
Fiordland
The height of the mountains in Fiordland and how close you are to them can impact on finding good locations but I have seen plenty of good shots from Te Anau (along the lake edge or at Lake Henry in town) and further into Fiordland on the northern end of Lake Gunn also.
West Coast
The West Coast is far more challenging because the height and proximity of the Southern Alps tends to block some of the viewing, however if you go further north you might be able to see a good display from one of the lakes like Lake Kaniere or a coastal location like Punakaiki.
Nelson/Marlborough
The jetty at Lake Rotoiti in the Nelson Lakes area has a good view facing south and I've seen some great shots from there.
Wellington
The South Coast of Wellington provides uninterrupted views to the south (and more importantly the lights of the city are all behind you) and the rocky coastline provides an interesting foreground to the scene. Finding a location as far away as possible from any street lights and houses will help with making sure you have the darkest skies possible.
Central Plateau
I was lucky enough to be in the Central Plateau on 24 March (basically autumn equinox) when there was a strong display in the middle of the night. I'd already been out shooting astro and was planning a star trail shoot but this had to be delayed when we discovered there was a pretty good aurora visible. After finding a composition that included Mt Ruapehu, we spent about an hour shooting it till around 3am.
Further north in the North Island
I've seen people manage to capture displays as far north as the West Coast beaches in Auckland, so the key for any location in the North Island is to shoot during a strong display with either an uninterrupted or elevated view south and with little light pollution to interfere with the shot.
4. What Settings to use capture the Aurora Australis
So now that you are out in the field in a good location with a strong display occurring, how do you actually manage to capture the display effectively? The aurora differs to shooting the Milky Way in that the colours and beams are moving and changing so you don't want to shoot too long otherwise you'll miss this movement. Here are some starter settings to try:
Shutter speed = 5-20 seconds (choose a shutter speed setting close to what you'd normally shoot to keep your stars sharp with your camera/lens combo)
Aperture = f1.4 - f4 (this will depend on your lens)
ISOÂ = the is the setting you should be changing depending on how bright the aurora display is
A VERYÂ bright show like the top shot in this post you'd need to shoot with a much lower ISO (in this case 1,000) whereas when the aurora isn't as bright you may need to shoot up to ISO 4,000 - 6,400.
If you have two camera bodies (or you don't mind setting up your camera and leaving it in one position) you could set yourself up to shoot a timelapse (which beautifully shows the movement of the aurora over time). I inadvertently captured enough footage for a very quick timelapse during the Ruapheu display above just by shooting enough still shots over the course of twenty minutes (140 odd images) around 2.30-3am.
â
If you only have a phone don't worry! The latest smart phones are pretty good at capturing the aurora, while they can't compete with a camera for quality of image, they'll still capture the essence of the moment you're seeing enabling you to snap a photo with the colours in the sky. Try and find a night mode setting that will allow you to shoot for several seconds and then hold your phone still for the duration - it's a good idea to prop it against something to keep as still as possible.
5. Pinch yourself and enjoy the moment!
If you are lucky enough to witness an amazing Aurora Australis display in New Zealand, you also need to stop for a moment and take it in!Â
Many people try and fail to capture a display just due to the fact the aurora can be fickle in its timing, so if you capture a large display you can count yourself very fortunate! Don't forget to pause for a moment and just appreciate that you are in the minority of people who have managed this feat - remember I said it took me countless attempts over seven years to actually shoot something I was willing to post online and call a success!
Lastly, good luck and enjoy the chase!
|
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|
dbpedia
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| 25 |
https://www.meghanmaloneyphotography.co.nz/post/5-tips-photographing-aurora-australis-southern-lights-new-zealand
|
en
|
Guide to Best Places to See Aurora Australis in NZ
|
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For a list of the best places in New Zealand to capture the Aurora Australis, check out these 5 tips to increase your chance of success seeing the Southern Lights!
| null |
What is the Aurora Australis (Southern Lights)
The Southern Lights (otherwise known as the Aurora Australis) are a phenomenon that have been around since the dawn of time. They occur when the sun releases a massive burst of solar wind and charged particles which interact with the Earth's atmosphere to create a stunning display of coloured light in the night sky. The release of energy from the sun is known as a CME (coronal mass ejection). Auroras occur at high latitudes close to the poles, so the closer you are to either pole, the greater the chance of seeing a strong display, but when a very large geomagnetic storm (generally KP7 or higher) occurs they can even be seen closer to the Equator.
As the technology of digital cameras (and smartphones) and their sensitivity to shooting at night has improved, it's easier than ever before to capture the colours of the aurora. Unless it's a very strong display, you're unlikely to be able to see the colours with the naked eye, but the beams dancing across the sky can be easily visible as moving light, indicating the presence of an aurora.
In the northern hemisphere, the Aurora is known as Aurora Borealis, and it's often much easier to see strong displays due to the fact there are significantly more countries that sit at latitudes close to the Arctic Circle (i.e countries like Norway, Greenland, Iceland and Canada). But even here in New Zealand, we see some incredible displays, and I know that's why you're here... you want to know exactly how you can improve your chances of seeing this amazing natural light display!
Here are 5 simple tips on how you can increase your chances of capturing the Aurora Australis in New Zealand.
1. When you can see the Aurora Australis
The Sun's Solar Cycle
The sun works on an 11 year cycle with periods of high activity peaking during each solar maximum, with the peak (or solar maximum)Â of the current cycle predicted to be between mid 2024 and mid 2025. Generally the 2 or so years either side of the peak will also generate good displays, although from time to time a large display can occur even during lower periods of activity.
So if you are reading this info anytime from 2023 - 2027, the chances are pretty good for you!
Time of Year
Certain times of year also coincide with stronger displays of aurora, particularly either side of the spring and autumn equinox (mid March and mid September). While there's always a chance of an aurora at any time of year, this seems to be when some of the larger displays tend to occur. In 2023, there was a significant Aurora Australis display on both 28 February and 24 April (so one month either side of the equinox).
2. How to know the Aurora Australis is active
The single biggest factor in capturing an aurora can be down to LUCK in timing because if the strongest display occurs during the day, it can easily fade by the time it gets dark. Or a strong display might occur during the strongest phase of the moon which washes out the display, or during a period of cloud where you can't even see the sky! So it's important to realise that a lot of different factors need to align before you even have a good chance of seeing it.
As someone who has chased the aurora around the South Island of New Zealand for the better part of 7 years before finally capturing a strong display, I can attest to all of these things hampering my success. In timing my chase, I've been one day too late arriving on a trip, one day too early leaving, spent hours driving around the South Island trying to find clear skies, you name it, it's happened. But in 2023, my luck finally changed and I've been able to see several significant displays this year, and as we head into the current solar maximum, there will be even better to come.
Use the best Apps and Real-time info
You can significantly increase your chances of success capturing an aurora by using the best apps and information so you are on the spot and ready to shoot when a display occurs. Often people get very fixated on the KPÂ index number, but this is only one factor and it isn't even as important as understanding the more technical information. I use a number of different aurora apps on my phone, and they are all useful, but the one you REALLY need to use and understand is The Glendale App.
The Glendale App
The Glendale App is not actually an app but looks and works like one if you download it on your phone (there's also a desktop version). All the other apps work in a slightly delayed timeframe, whereas the Glendale App gives real-time alerts that allow you to respond quickly. I cannot recommend this information enough. The information you need to pay most attention to is the Substorm graph- whenever this number is dropping to a large negative number this is a sign aurora activity is building. It's the most important figure in the app. The phases are Growth - the substorm is charging up, Expansion - when the energy is being released so this is when the aurora will be at its strongest, and Recovery - when it is fading. Here's an example from a period of significant activity taken from an Aurora Australis NZÂ Facebook update.
â
â
Combine this with the IMFÂ at Earth graph. When you see numbers in the Now or Next that are highlighted in red and purple, that's a very good indication you should be out shooting the aurora, although you might still have a chance to see colour in the sky with yellow or orange, red/purple indicate the strongest activity.
Sign up to the Telegram App
In addition, getting real-time notifications via the Telegram app by subscribing to the Aurora Alerts UK channel will allow you to see when a display hits a RED or MAJOR alert indicating a very high level of activity is present, meaning you should have your butt outside by this point in position to shoot. Generally you'll see a lot of YELLOWÂ alerts and can ignore these, but when the aurora is building quickly you'll get a fairly quick progression through ORANGE to REDÂ to MAJOR. A major alert is going to give you the very best colour and height of the aurora visible in the sky.
â
â
Aurora Forecast
The Aurora Forecast app was the main one I used before finding out about SpaceWeather and The Glendale App. It's quick and easy to understand and you can refresh and watch the dials and plug in the location where you are, or where you are interested in. Here's an example from the 24th April (the night I shot the big aurora). It's far more important to worry about what the dials say than looking at the KPÂ Index. In this example all the dials are showing good numbers in the direction they need to be.
â
SpaceWeather Live
It's worth having this app as you'll get notifications of flares from the sun - these usually indicate an incoming solar storm, and it will often give you a day or so heads up that there could be some decent aurora activity on the way. There are various types of flares, and they work on a similar scale to the Richter scale for earthquakes, with each letter representing a ten-fold increase in energy output. So an X is 10 times an M and 100 times a C. If you see an X-class notification pop up then you know something big is on the way.
There are also lots of useful pages on the app around solar and auroral activity if you want to understand more about how activity comes about.
Aurora Australis NZÂ Facebook Group
This group is run by Les Ladbrook based out of Invercargill, he has a wealth of experience in understanding and providing very useful daily reports and insights into predicted activity. It's also the place to see in real-time if others are having success while out shooting to give you an idea of whether anything is actually happening.
â
Often people will shoot images taken from the back of their camera to give you an idea of just how good the activity is. On a night where you already have some idea that the activity is good (from using the apps) it pays to keep an eye on what's happening in this group. It's also the best real-time indicator of whether anyone in your region or in NZÂ as a whole is having any luck.
Be Responsive!
My last tip here is to be responsive - things can change awfully quickly and the aurora will often take even the most seasoned aurora hunters by surprise when activity builds unexpectedly. So you do need to keep on top of the latest info rather than just relying on using one app or the Facebook daily updates as being gospel.
That's why having the notifications for Telegram and Space Weather turned on are super useful!
Clouds are not your friend
Of course cloudy skies can ruin any attempt to capture the aurora even during a night with incredible displays so luck still has to be on your side in this case!
3. Where to capture the Aurora Australis in NZ
Find a location facing south
The closer you get to the bottom of the South Island, the stronger the display will be. But it's actually just as important to also find a location that has a reasonably clear view facing south (or is at a high elevation) with little or no light pollution to ensure you have a good composition to capture.
Southland
Locations along the south coast such as Waipapa Point, and the beaches near Invercargill and Bluff all provide good opportunities.
Otago
The beach at Kaka Point or near Nugget Point lighthouse, Hoopers Inlet (Dunedin), Moke Lake (Queenstown), Meiklejohn's Jetty, Butchers Dam and the Queenstown waterfront or Coronet Peak are all good options facing south.
Canterbury / Mackenzie
Lake Ruataniwha is one of the best places in the Mackenzie as it faces due south and is a large body of water to be able to get reflections of the aurora, which further enhances the display.
The view from Mt John in Tekapo (678m elevation) gives you a high vantage point, and Lilybank Road on the eastern side of the Lake Tekapo will allow you to capture the aurorua with the lake in the scene enhancing the foreground.
Aoraki Mt Cook
If you are lucky enough to be staying up in a hut high above the valley floor, this is a prime location to capture the aurora, but even finding a location looking back down the Tasman valley towards Lake Pukaki will give you a good show.
Canterbury
If you are in Christchurch, the Port Hills or Lake Ellesmere provide good viewing opportunities, however due to the number of people who are likely to have the same idea and be out chasing the aurora, you're likely to have to compete for space and be prepared for people to have their lights on coming and going which can impact your ability to take a good shot.
Fiordland
The height of the mountains in Fiordland and how close you are to them can impact on finding good locations but I have seen plenty of good shots from Te Anau (along the lake edge or at Lake Henry in town) and further into Fiordland on the northern end of Lake Gunn also.
West Coast
The West Coast is far more challenging because the height and proximity of the Southern Alps tends to block some of the viewing, however if you go further north you might be able to see a good display from one of the lakes like Lake Kaniere or a coastal location like Punakaiki.
Nelson/Marlborough
The jetty at Lake Rotoiti in the Nelson Lakes area has a good view facing south and I've seen some great shots from there.
Wellington
The South Coast of Wellington provides uninterrupted views to the south (and more importantly the lights of the city are all behind you) and the rocky coastline provides an interesting foreground to the scene. Finding a location as far away as possible from any street lights and houses will help with making sure you have the darkest skies possible.
Central Plateau
I was lucky enough to be in the Central Plateau on 24 March (basically autumn equinox) when there was a strong display in the middle of the night. I'd already been out shooting astro and was planning a star trail shoot but this had to be delayed when we discovered there was a pretty good aurora visible. After finding a composition that included Mt Ruapehu, we spent about an hour shooting it till around 3am.
Further north in the North Island
I've seen people manage to capture displays as far north as the West Coast beaches in Auckland, so the key for any location in the North Island is to shoot during a strong display with either an uninterrupted or elevated view south and with little light pollution to interfere with the shot.
4. What Settings to use capture the Aurora Australis
So now that you are out in the field in a good location with a strong display occurring, how do you actually manage to capture the display effectively? The aurora differs to shooting the Milky Way in that the colours and beams are moving and changing so you don't want to shoot too long otherwise you'll miss this movement. Here are some starter settings to try:
Shutter speed = 5-20 seconds (choose a shutter speed setting close to what you'd normally shoot to keep your stars sharp with your camera/lens combo)
Aperture = f1.4 - f4 (this will depend on your lens)
ISOÂ = the is the setting you should be changing depending on how bright the aurora display is
A VERYÂ bright show like the top shot in this post you'd need to shoot with a much lower ISO (in this case 1,000) whereas when the aurora isn't as bright you may need to shoot up to ISO 4,000 - 6,400.
If you have two camera bodies (or you don't mind setting up your camera and leaving it in one position) you could set yourself up to shoot a timelapse (which beautifully shows the movement of the aurora over time). I inadvertently captured enough footage for a very quick timelapse during the Ruapheu display above just by shooting enough still shots over the course of twenty minutes (140 odd images) around 2.30-3am.
â
If you only have a phone don't worry! The latest smart phones are pretty good at capturing the aurora, while they can't compete with a camera for quality of image, they'll still capture the essence of the moment you're seeing enabling you to snap a photo with the colours in the sky. Try and find a night mode setting that will allow you to shoot for several seconds and then hold your phone still for the duration - it's a good idea to prop it against something to keep as still as possible.
5. Pinch yourself and enjoy the moment!
If you are lucky enough to witness an amazing Aurora Australis display in New Zealand, you also need to stop for a moment and take it in!Â
Many people try and fail to capture a display just due to the fact the aurora can be fickle in its timing, so if you capture a large display you can count yourself very fortunate! Don't forget to pause for a moment and just appreciate that you are in the minority of people who have managed this feat - remember I said it took me countless attempts over seven years to actually shoot something I was willing to post online and call a success!
Lastly, good luck and enjoy the chase!
|
|||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 70 |
https://www.popsci.com/science/aurora-photos-2024/
|
en
|
Spectacular aurora photos: Skies dazzle in vivid colors around the world
|
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[
"Popular Science Team"
] |
2024-05-11T11:07:58-04:00
|
The strongest geomagnetic storm observed in two decades created a jaw-dropping show.
|
en
|
Popular Science
|
https://www.popsci.com/science/aurora-photos-2024/
| ||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 86 |
https://www.blackmagicdesign.com/products/davinciresolve/fusion
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en
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DaVinci Resolve 19 – Fusion
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[
"Blackmagic Design"
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Professional video editing, color correction, visual effects and audio post production all in a single application. Free and paid versions for Mac, Windows and Linux.
|
en
| null |
The Fusion page is where you can let your imagination go wild and create cinematic visual effects and motion graphics! It’s built into DaVinci Resolve and features a node based workflow with hundreds of 2D and 3D tools. Fusion is ideal for everything from quick fixes such as retouching and repairing shots to creating true Hollywood caliber effects. If you’ve seen the Hunger Games, Avengers, Terminator Genisys, or many major Hollywood blockbusters, then you’ve already seen Fusion in action! You can use it to clone out an unwanted mic, replace a sign, create dynamically animated titles or even place characters into 3D scenes. It's your new secret weapon for visual effect and motion graphics!
Whether you’re working solo or are a professional editor, colorist or finishing artist, Fusion lets you complete shots faster. That's because instead of sending out graphics, retouch jobs, or full blown visual effects shots to another system, all of the tools you need are built in. You can seamlessly move between the edit, Fusion and color pages with a single click. Fusion lets you quickly design lower thirds, animate 3D infographics or pull perfectly clean keys on a green screen shot. Multiple masks can be created, tracked and then passed to the color page, saving time and making intricate secondary color corrections such as realistic sky replacements, easier and better looking than ever.
Fusion uses a flow chart called a node tree that visually maps out how effects are connected and work together. Nodes are like building blocks that represent effect tools, generators, transforms, masks and more. There are no confusing stacks of nested layers and hidden menus! You build effects by stringing nodes together one after the other. The MediaIn node represents the clip from the edit timeline. To add a blur, drag the blur node from the toolbar to your flow chart and connect it in sequence after the media in. Simply drag the output from the MediaIn node and connect it to the input of the blur node. Tools can be combined in any order, letting you create an unlimited number of effects!
There are five simple operations in the Fusion workflow that are the basis for all of your work. You merge images together, insert effects, use masks to isolate effects, adjust settings and fine tune your animations. You start by merging images together in either 2D or a true 3D workspace. Next, insert effects in between nodes. After that, you can create masks to limit effects to specific areas of the image, then adjust tool settings in the inspector. Lastly, you can fine-tune your animation by using the spline and keyframe editors. Once you’ve mastered these basics, you’ll be able to combine techniques to create virtually any type of visual effect or motion graphic animation that you want!
The merge node lets you layer, or composite images together. To do this, drag a merge node from the toolbar into the node tree. Use the yellow control to connect a background image and the green control to add a foreground. Media can be dragged in from your bins.
Fusion includes over 200 filters and effects called "tools" in the effects library. To add a tool, drag it into the node tree at the bottom of the screen. You can insert an unlimited number of tools at different points in the node tree to create the desired effect.
Masks let you define the visible area of an effect on an image. For example, to blur out an unwanted logo, add one of the mask tools, draw a shape around the logo and connect it to the blue mask input of the blur node. You can even track the mask to follow the logo!
The inspector on the right displays all of the controls or properties for the currently selected tool. You can adjust settings and animate them over time using the keyframe buttons. The cut, edit, Fusion and Fairlight inspectors are similar and all work the same way.
You can access the spline (or curve) and keyframe editors by clicking on their buttons at the top of the Fusion page. These panels give you advanced controls for creating and manipulating custom animation curves, as well as for positioning keyframes across time.
Text can be designed in either 2D or 3D. For 2D text, drag a Text+ node into the node tree and type your text to get started. You’ll find advanced yet familiar text controls in the inspector for font, size, alignment, spacing, kerning, leading and more. Click on the shading tab to stylize text with gradient or video fills, outlines, drop shadows and glows. Adding a Text 3D node gives you similar formatting controls along with 3D extrusion, custom beveled edges and more. To add textures, surface properties and reflections, just connect a replace material node to the text 3D node. You’ll find controls in the inspector to animate entire blocks of text, lines, words or even individual characters!
The Fusion page allows you to quickly and precisely add and track infographics. First, connect a tracker to your clip, use the on screen controls to place the tracker over the part of the image to which you want to attach the graphic, then click track forward. After the track is complete, click on the operation tab and change the operation to “match move”. This turns the tracker into a merge node! Import your multi layered Photoshop files using the import menu or by dragging them in from the media pool. Connect the graphic to the green foreground input on the tracker node to complete the composite. Now, as you animate your graphics, they’ll move in sync with the tracked object in your scene.
The vector paint tool includes multiple brush types and stroke styles that can be edited and animated at any time. Paint can be used for creative and corrective purposes. For example, you can paint leaves swirling in the wind or clone out an unwanted boom mic hanging in a shot! To clone out an object, add the paint tool from the toolbar and connect it to a clip. The tools at the top of the viewer let you set the paint stroke to operate on a single frame or a range of frames. Select clone mode in the inspector, then option click in the viewer an area to sample. Then paint over another part of the image to clone it out! Paint strokes can also be set to follow tracked moving objects in the shot.
Fusion’s powerful planar tracker lets you add new screens to a smartphone, replace a sign on the side of a moving truck, add a new billboard to a shot and more. All you have to do is connect a clip to the planar tracker, draw a shape around the area you want to track and click the track forward button in the inspector. A tracking cloud will be created with a precise motion path that contains position, rotation, scaling, and perspective changes. The planar tracker node includes built in corner pinning, making it easy to connect the new screen or sign into the node and position the four corners. You can even use the tracker data to animate mask shapes, making rotoscoping tasks incredibly fast!
Fusion's Delta Keyer quickly removes green and blue screen backgrounds so you can place actors into settings that are impossible to shoot. Setting up your key is simple. Start by dragging the Delta Keyer from the effects library onto the line between your green screen clip and the foreground input on the merge node. From the inspector, drag the eye dropper into the viewer to sample the color you want to remove. The pre-matte, matte, fringe and tuning tabs give you a complete set of controls to refine the key until it’s perfect! You can also add a clean plate node which makes it easier to remove the background from shots and is especially useful for clips with reflections, hair and smoke!
Particles can be used to create realistic atmospheric effects like fire, rain or smoke, or fantastic swirling glowing bits for use in motion graphics and broadcast design. You can create particle systems from any type of image. To create particles, you need to add both a particle emitter and a particle renderer to your node tree. Click the particle emitter and open the inspector to customize and start animating your particles. There are more than a dozen particle specific nodes that can be inserted between the emitter and renderer to simulate gravity, friction, turbulence, bounce and more. Best of all, particles work in 3D so you can make them flow around and bounce off other elements in the scene!
Tracking plays a key role in creating sophisticated visual effects and motion graphics. Fusion makes tracking easy with advanced 3D camera tracking, powerful planar tracking and rock solid 2D tracking. The 2D tracker is great for following most objects that move throughout a scene. Planar tracking lets you track image planes, or flat objects, in a scene. It’s ideal for replacing signs or screens. The 3D camera tracker is extremely powerful because it analyzes the motion of the camera that shot the original scene and recreates it in 3D space. This lets you add objects such as text, 3D model set pieces, or even atmospheric particles such as fog or smoke that seamlessly blend into the scene.
Fusion is packed with time saving tricks to help you click less and move faster. Keyboard shortcuts like Shift+Spacebar enables a tool search window, type in the tool name and press enter to add the tool. Node versioning is perfect for trying out new animations without duplicating a node. Quickly switch between versions by clicking on the numbers located at the top of the inspector. The clip timeline gives you quick access to every clip in the timeline on the edit page, so you can work on new shots without having to leave the Fusion page. Lastly, quickly view any selected node in the right and left viewers by pressing the number 1 or 2 key, and clear all viewers by pressing the tilde key.
The Fusion page features hundreds of advanced feature rich tools for creating photorealistic visual effects, powerful broadcast graphics and sophisticated title animations. Unleash your imagination with an infinite 3D workspace, transport characters to new worlds with 3D set extensions, or build custom templates that can be used right from the edit and cut pages for efficient broadcast workflows. Best of all, Fusion’s powerful spline based keyframe editor and expressions let you create incredibly smooth and sophisticated animations. There's even built in scripting and automation. There really is no limit to what you can achieve with Fusion, and it’s right inside of DaVinci Resolve!
Fusion features a true 3D workspace for compositing and creating cinematic visual effects and advanced broadcast motion graphics. It’s ideal for adding 3D models, objects, text or particles to your footage. To start, use the basic 3D nodes such as shape or text nodes, along with the 3D merge and camera nodes. There are a vast number of 3D tools to help you generate and manipulate surfaces, bend meshes and more. The 3D merge tool lets you add an unlimited number of objects, lights and cameras into your scene. 2D images can be used in 3D by placing them on 3D shapes such as image planes, spheres, or other objects and combining them with 3D text, lights and cameras to create dramatic designs.
Fusion’s sophisticated lighting tools let you add truly realistic lighting effects to your 3D scenes. You can add an unlimited number of customizable light sources such as ambient lights, directional spot lights and point lights. Directional spot lights can cast shadows. Color, angle, intensity, falloff and other lighting parameters can be adjusted and animated over time. You can even control how elements within a 3D scene react to lighting as well as define which objects cast shadows and reflections. To see the effects of your lights in the 3D viewers, click on the lighting button at the top of your viewer and don’t forget to enable lighting when you’re ready to render the final shot!
The Spline Editor, which can be opened by clicking on its icon at the top right, gives you incredible control over curves that control the speed, or rate of change, in an animation. You can change the speed between keyframes using linear or fully customizable bezier and b-spline curves. The spline editor features a strip at the bottom with tools to reverse, loop or ping pong animations, making it faster and easier to create keyframe animations. You can even squish and stretch keyframes to shorten or lengthen animations without changing the relative motion! Curve shapes can be copied and pasted between parameters, independent of values, so you can create consistent, perfectly timed animations.
Quickly create dynamic animations by linking parameters together with modifiers and expressions. When one parameter changes, the others will automatically follow based on how you’ve customized their relationship to each other. For example, when working with text, you can add a special "follower" modifier that lets you create sequential text animations line by line, word by word, or even character by character. You can then add an expression that adjusts the blur parameter as character positions change over time. This allows you to quickly create sophisticated and dynamic animations in which multiple parameters change at the same time, all without having to manually animate each setting!
Rotoscoping is a technique used in visual effects compositing to cut characters or elements out of a scene so you can seamlessly place them in another. Fusion’s masking tools let you perform advanced rotoscoping with bezier and B‑spline shapes. You can track masks with the planar or 2D trackers, set custom feathering per point for precise blending, and use keyboard shortcuts to quickly manipulate shapes in the viewer to help you work faster. Masks and roto shapes can all be animated to morph as characters and objects change in a scene. This level of control lets you create feature film quality VFX composites. You can even send masks back to the color page to perform isolated corrections.
Lower third titles, animated background generators and custom transition templates can all be created in Fusion and added to the effects library on the edit page so they can be used in any project. When you build a template, you decide which controls will appear on the edit page. Templates are created by selecting nodes in a composition, right clicking and choosing "create macro" from the pop up menu. Simply check the parameters you want to expose, enter a custom name and save it. Templates are great for brand consistency. With pre‑built custom templates, editors don’t have to wait for designers to render titles, and motion graphic artists don’t have to worry about editors changing their designs!
Adding environmental atmospheric effects such as fog, mist, rain and smoke can dramatically increase realism in a scene. Fusion uses GPU acceleration so you can instantly see how these types of effects interact with the rest of the scene, all without having to wait for renders! Volumetric effects work in 3D space so they can flow and swirl around other objects. They can also use 3D world position data found in deep pixel render files, allowing the effects to realistically move both in front of and behind 2D deep pixel elements! There are tools to define attraction, repulsion, collision detection and more, along with special masking tools that make working with volumetric effects faster and easier.
Deep pixel compositing uses 3D metadata stored in a 2D file to speed up the process of compositing elements such as actors, other 3D objects, volumetric effects or anything else in a scene. Instead of being a simple flat image, every single pixel has a 3D x, y and z coordinate. When you render a 2D EXR image out of a 3D application you get RGBA (red, green, blue and transparency) data for every single pixel, along with XYZ position information. That means you don’t have to load massive 3D scene models that take a long time to render. It allows you to add fog, custom lights or actors and render it in seconds, not hours, as it would in 3D software that uses full models with complex geometry!
Regardless of your budget, it has become increasingly impractical to build massive sets. That’s why live action scenes are often shot on smaller sets and then composited into computer generated set extensions that make them look massive! Fusion can import and render 3D models and scenes from popular software like Maya and 3D Studio Max, so you can composite, light and render in one step. In addition, projection tools can be used to quickly render scenes, without having to use complex 3D geometry! With proper lighting and compositing techniques, virtual set extensions can blend seamlessly with live action shots to give you an epic cinematic look, all on an indie filmmaker’s budget!
Once you’ve designed titles and graphics, creating and updating them with current data can be tedious. With support for Python and Lua built in, you can write scripts to automate repetitive tasks and to feed live data sources into your animations in realtime. For example, you can use a Python or Lua script, along with a simple text document, to automatically create and render updated broadcast graphics, titles and animations with things such as up to the minute weather forecasts, sport scores and player statistics, news headlines and more. It’s not just for motion graphics, either. It goes beyond motion graphics as scripting can speed up your workflow by automating virtually any repetitive task!
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https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/photographing-the-aurora
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Photographing the Aurora
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https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/photographing-the-aurora
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Astro-landscape photography is one of my favorite styles of photography and it has become a very popular style for photographers of all skill levels. Simply put, it means capturing the night sky in a landscape setting. The “night sky” however, can involve a number of different subjects; the milky way, meteor showers, the moon, comets, and constellations. I enjoy photographing all of these, but for me, there is one phenomenon that is the crown jewel of night photography, and that is the aurora. Unfortunately, it is also the most frustrating subject to try and capture. All of the other celestial subjects are quite predictable. With a bit of research, it is easy to figure out exactly where and when they will appear in the night sky. The northern lights are far less predictable, and even though forecasting has improved in recent years the forecasts are not always accurate (hmmm… sounds like the weather!).
The What, Where and When
The aurora is caused by explosions on the surface of the sun called coronal mass ejections. These large expulsions of plasma and electrically charged particles from the sun’s corona can travel great distances in space and eventually collide with the earth’s magnetic field. Most are deflected, but some are captured by the magnetic field and driven down toward the poles where they collide with molecules in the atmosphere. These molecules enter an ‘excited’ state and begin to glow. Oxygen molecules tend to glow green, while nitrogen glows purple, pink and red. The characteristic pillars and curtains of light are caused by the lines of force in the magnetic field. The strength of the CME will determine the intensity of the aurora. Geomagnetic activity is measured using the Kp Index, a scale that goes from 0 to 9. The greater the CME, the greater the kP value and the more intense the resulting aurora will be.
Since solar storms are somewhat random it can be difficult to predict when the aurora will occur. Several apps and websites exist that can improve your chance of seeing the northern (or southern) lights. My preferred ones are;
• App – My Aurora & Alerts (Android and iOS)
• Websites – Soft Serve News
Your chances of seeing a good display increases at higher latitudes. Alaska, northern Canada, Iceland and Norway are popular destinations for those wishing to witness the northern lights. Although the aurora is not seasonal, the longer nights of winter can be a great time to plan a trip to these locations. At these latitudes the aurora can be seen at Kp2 and Kp3, which is fairly common. A solar storm is needed in order to view the northern lights at more southerly latitudes. I live at 45 degrees north and require at least Kp5 in order to view the aurora and even at that level they are rather faint. At Kp7 the aurora can be viewed in the northern U.S. Extreme storms of Kp8 and Kp9 are quite rare, but the resulting displays are incredible to witness… and to photograph.
Viewing and Photographing the Aurora
With all night sky photography there are certain things that will increase your chances of success. First and foremost is the need to be in a dark sky area. The aurora cannot compete with the artificial light in urban areas. Of course, moonlight can also interfere with your viewing. And nothing is more frustrating than to have a blanket of clouds covering you when you know the lights are dancing in the sky, so check out weather forecasts and satellite images. As well, be prepared to wait. Even if the sky conditions are perfect it is not unusual for the aurora to wane for a period of time during a solar storm. Also, keep in mind that the aurora is never as bright and colourful to the naked eye as it is in photographs. Our cameras can see the night sky in ways that we just can’t.
Camera Settings When I first started my journey into astro-landscape photography I clearly recall being intimidated by which camera settings I should use when shooting at night. I quickly discovered that once you know the settings for your camera/lens combination they hardly ever change. This is because once it’s dark out you can shoot for hours under identical lighting conditions. This certainly applies for most situations where I am photographing the milky way. Unfortunately, when it comes to photographing the aurora, things aren’t quite that simple. The intensity of the northern lights can change dramatically through the night, or from one display to the next. As such there isn’t a specific formula that you can use, unlike for general astro shooting. The basics of night sky photography is beyond the scope of this article, so if you are new to this style of photography check out the following, Astrophotography 101.
With extra light hitting your sensor you can get away with shorter shutter speeds and lower ISO settings. How much will depend on the situation, but generally I try to keep the shutter speed between 5 and 10 seconds. The pillars and curtains of light can move fairly quickly and with longer shutter speeds they will blur together and create a ‘mushy’ feel to the image.
As for gear, I usually use the OM SYSTEM OM-1, although all of the cameras in the OM SYSTEM line-up are quite capable of capturing the beauty of the night sky. Your choice of lens will have a bigger impact on your image. My three favorite lenses for shooting at night are the M.Zuiko 8mm F1.8 PRO Fisheye, the 12mm F2, and the 17mm F1.2 PRO. They are all faster lenses with a wide field of view. A lens with a maximum aperture of f/2.8 or greater will work, but you will need to increase your ISO, shutter speed, or both. The chart below illustrates my typical settings when shooting with the OM-1 and 12mm F2 for both the milky way and the aurora.
Milky Way Aurora Shutter Speed 15s 5 - 8s ISO 3200 640 - 1600 Aperture f/2 f/2 White Balance 3800K 3800K Noise Reduction Off On
As mentioned there is some variability in my settings when photographing the aurora because each display is different. For my milky way shots, I keep noise reduction off because I stack images in post to help reduce noise. This is not as effective when shooting the aurora so I ensure the NR is on. Make sure to take a test shot and examine it carefully in the viewfinder, especially to make sure that the stars are in focus. If your camera has Starry Sky AF, be sure to use it.
Once you have the best settings dialed in for the conditions, and you’ve taken a couple of test shots, it’s time to compose that killer shot.
Composition
Now comes the fun part, and for me, the most important part. After each major aurora event there will be a flood of images on social media. Getting yours to stand out will depend in large part on how you compose the shot, more specifically what you put in your foreground. I view photographing the northern lights in the same way as I look at capturing a spectacular sunset. The colors make a great backdrop, but it is your foreground that will make or break the shot. A flat horizon with a sky full of color may show off the beauty of the aurora, but makes for a rather uninteresting and forgettable photograph.
Keep the following in mind;
• Choose a location with one or more points of interest. A silhouetted tree, a mountain peak, a reflection in a tree-lined lake, an abandoned farm house – these are all great foregrounds that will add interest and staying power to your aurora photo.
• Know your location and scout out possible options during the day. It can be surprisingly difficult to find that really cool tree in the middle of field when it’s dark out.
• For some subjects a bit of light painting or low-level lighting might help bring out some interesting details.
• Have one or two backup locations in mind if your primary spot isn’t working out as you imagined it would.
Post-Processing
Every image of the night sky will require some post-processing in order to bring out the details. When it comes to my photos of the aurora I use a three-step approach. Using Adobe Lightroom Classic I first apply some basic global adjustments, then I apply a mask to the sky and make adjustments that will best bring out the details and colours in the aurora. Finally, I will copy and invert that mask and make adjustments to the foreground. In some instances, I will finish it off by making a few more refinements to the overall image. The screenshots below illustrate the process used for the very first image in this article.
Final Thoughts and Images
The surface of the sun is full of intense activity; sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass ejections. This activity fluctuates in intensity on an 11-year solar cycle. 2025 marks the solar maximum. That means that the aurora should increase in frequency and intensity until that time and gradually decrease after that for a few years before increasing again. I have found that capturing the northern lights is one of the most rewarding experiences that I have had as a photographer. It can be incredibly frustrating when the conditions prevent them from being seen, or worse, to find out that I have slept through an incredible display, but that just gets me more excited for the next one. And there will always be a next one.
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https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
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en
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Photographing Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) With An iPhone
|
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2024-05-11T15:00:27
|
Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis) try doing that with the only camera they own: their smartphone.
|
en
|
https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
|
Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis), and even the Southern Lights (or Aurora Australis), try doing that with the only camera they own: the smartphone in their pockets. In this article, I explain how you can photograph this beautiful natural phenomenon using an iPhone, with the default Camera app, while also giving you a few tips to get the best result. Don’t worry: it’s easy and straightforward!
Note: If you want to photograph the northern lights using a camera, I have a much more detailed blog article explaining that in detail.
What Should You Know About Chasing The Northern Lights
Before I can explain how you can photograph the Northern Lights using your iPhone, there are a few important things to know:
The Northern Lights are only visible when the nights are dark enough.
If it’s too cloudy, you probably won’t see the aurora as it takes place high above the clouds.
To get the best results, you need to be away from light pollution.
Strong moonlight can interfere with the ability to see the Northern Lights. If there’s a full moon, you’ll have a lot more difficulty seeing them compared to when there is no moon.
Even if the sky is clear, the nights are dark and there is no moonlight, there’s no guarantee that you’ll see them. It’s always possible there’s not enough solar activity going on during that night.
The Northern Lights are not active all the time, nor is the intensity of the light the same. They usually appear in spikes, increasing & decreasing in intensity.
There’s no precise time when you will see the Northern Lights.
The Kp index is a pointless metric for northern lights chasers, which could potentially make you miss a potentially great display of the northern lights.
Use a good smartphone app which notifies you of when the aurora will be visible or most active.
The most important one of all: be patient & don’t give up after being outside for a short time!
Which iPhone App Should I Use For The Northern Lights?
The best available (& free) iPhone app today is Hello Aurora. It’s available for iOS, iPadOS, macOS and Android. Hello Aurora shows actual live measurements and also shows you the activity map as it is displayed on spaceweather.com. You get a lot more information (such as solar wind speeds, solar wind density & IMF strength for example) which helps make a more reliable forecast.
On top of that, it gives you push notifications so you get notified by others who are currently seeing the northern lights! That last feature I have found to be extremely useful if I don’t want to stay outside in the cold. Finally, Hello Aurora has a very clear and comprehensive interface to make you understand what all the numbers and measurements mean. It’s also useful as it combines cloud coverage with the map.
While there are many other apps available, I have found that there is no other app that is as reliable or contains the same level of information.
What Do I Need To Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Now that you know what to look out for, what do you minimally need to capture the northern lights with your iPhone?
An iPhone that supports ‘Night Mode’ is highly recommended. This special camera mode is available on every iPhone since iPhone 11.
The free Hello Aurora application.
While you can do handheld iPhone shots, without any additional equipment, there are a few things that make your life easier:
A sturdy tripod is needed to get the best and cleanest results. Alternatively, you can mount your iPhone on a fixed surface.
An Apple Watch to remote trigger your iPhone. While this is not absolutely necessary, it prevents accidental shaking and vibrations.
How Can I Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Photographing the northern lights using your iPhone is quite easy. Below I have detailed the approach in a step-by-step manner.
Step 1: Mount Your iPhone On A Tripod (Or A Fixed Surface)
While it is possible to take handheld long exposures with an iPhone, you will get the best & clearest results using a tripod. Even the slightest movement while taking your photograph can result in a blurry photo. After you mounted the tripod, you can use your Apple Watch’s remote camera functionality to photograph without touching your phone. This will help in decreasing any possible movement. If you do not have access to a tripod, try putting the iPhone on a fixed surface.
Step 2: Make Sure To Use The 1x Lens
Many iPhones these days have multiple camera modules and lenses. The lens with the best low light capabilities is by far the 1x wide-angle lens. This is true for every iPhone on the market today. While you could use any lens on your iPhone, it is highly recommended to use the one with the best low light capabilities.
Step 3: Switch On The Camera App’s ‘Night Mode’
Open the Camera application on your iPhone and enable ‘Night Mode’ (the moon icon) if it hasn’t activated automatically. Usually, if the Camera app detects it is dark, it will automatically switch it on. If it hasn’t, you can enable it at the top left by pressing the moon icon.
What is ‘Night Mode’? Night Mode allows you to take long exposure photographs to get the most out of low light situations. Using clever computational photography and the phone’s gyroscope, it will even allow you to do handheld long exposures.
Step 4: Frame Your Photograph
Decide on a composition! Traditionally, aurora shots include minimal foreground so the focus is mostly on the northern lights themselves. If the northern lights appear more directly above you, you can get the better results by placing your iPhone fairly low to the ground and tilting the phone upwards.
Step 5: Manually Focus On Your Subject & Take The Shot
Tap on the screen to manually focus on your subject. This could be a fun or interesting object in the foreground, or even yourself if you are attempting to take a selfie under the northern lights. If you want to include only sky, your iPhone will automatically focus to infinity.
Step 6: Adjust The Shutter Speed Manually If Needed
After taking a first test shot, verify how visible the northern lights are on your photograph. If they are quite weak, try increasing the shutter speed. You can do that by swiping up in the middle of the Camera app, and then tapping the ‘Night Mode’ icon. If you are using a tripod to stabilise your iPhone, you will be able to do much longer exposures than when shooting handheld. One final tip: don’t make exposures longer than 20 seconds, as you will get star trails in your shot due to the planet’s rotation.
Step 7: Enjoy The Moment!
Don’t forget to enjoy the show and look at up at the sky — not only through your lens!
Support Jeroen’s Work
As an independent photographer, Jeroen partially relies on your support to keep producing worthwhile content such as blogs, photographs, books and much more. If you want to support his work, it is possible to do so by buying his e-books & books, prints or calendars.
You can also sign up to the newsletter to stay up to date on new blog posts, projects, workshops and other interesting information.
Thank you for considering!
Written by Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove
Jeroen is an award-winning Belgian photographer based in Iceland. The past years, he dedicated his photography to the Central Highlands & volcanic eruptions. Most recently, he received international attention for his work at the Fagradalsfjall volcano.
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https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
en
|
Why do the aurora look better through a camera? And how do you spot a fake image? Q&A with an astrophotographer
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2024-05-14T13:37:03+00:00
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The aurora was noticeable with the naked eye – but was spectacular through a camera lens.
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
On 10 and 11 May 2024, large parts of the world were treated to their most spectacular display of the aurora – the northern and southern lights – in a generation. Thanks to modern cameras, the phenomenon was all over social media. It seems almost everyone knew someone who managed to snap vivid images of the night sky illuminated in pink, purple and green.
To understand why camera phones were able to pick out colours and details invisible to the naked eye, The Conversation spoke to Darren Baskill, an astrophysicist and photographer – an astrophotographer – at the University of Sussex.
For those who missed them, were the lights really as spectacular as they looked in photos?
The short answer is: no. I was lucky enough to see the aurora in person, in the dark skies of the South Downs National Park. But even there, I could only faintly see the colours with my own eyes. The difference between the green and red hues were particularly striking, even with the naked eye, but those colours were certainly enhanced when viewed through a camera.
However, there were also lots of fake images, often where two completely different photos had been merged together to form one. Be particularly wary of any photo claiming to show the aurora amid a starry sky above a large city.
Even on a perfectly clear night you wouldn’t see many stars due to light pollution. For instance, London’s Tower Bridge has been superimposed on a photo of the aurora possibly taken from a remote, dark location in a Nordic country.
Note the lack of stars in this – very believable – photo of Battersea Power Station.
Why are cameras able to see the colours more vividly?
The technology behind modern digital cameras is rapidly improving, with every generation of camera being far superior to the last. Advancements in mobile phone cameras have been driven partly by people wanting to take photographs in dimly lit night clubs and bars, and that sensitivity to low light levels allows modern phone cameras to also see the northern lights so clearly.
Inside the human eye, there are two types of cells used for seeing. The “cone” cells are sensitive to colour but need plenty of light in order to function, whereas the “rods” cells are sensitive to low light levels but cannot distinguish colour.
When it’s dark, the cone cells don’t work and the rods take over. This is why, when you stumble to the bathroom in the middle of the night, everything appears grey as the cones aren’t receiving enough light to recognise colours. But that’s when the rods come into their own, allowing to see your way in grey scale.
Cameras don’t have this problem when taking a photograph. To compensate for the dark conditions, a camera can just take a longer exposure and collect light for longer, building up a picture of the scene and collecting colours that the rods in the human eye cannot detect.
Can you give us an example?
Sure. Here are three versions of the same photo I took in my back garden on the outskirts of Brighton, on England’s south coast. The first is the original unprocessed photo, while the second has been processed – I changed the brightness and contrast and upped the saturation. The third version has been processed to represent more or less what I saw with my eyes.
What about light pollution?
Another problem is inefficient lights that shine into the sky where it is neither needed nor wanted. This reflects off the atmosphere and drowns out our view of the stars and aurora. The pupils in our eyes shrink to prevent us from being blinded by light, whether it be sunlight or a neighbour’s floodlight – but this also prevents us from seeing the fainter aurora.
For the best views of the aurora, you need to go somewhere dark so that the pupils in your eyes can relax and open up to allow as much light into your eyes as possible, which also allows you to see some of the colours.
Are some auroras more photogenic than others?
Auroras form a wide variety of different patterns and colours, depending on several factors including how the magnetic fields of the Earth and Sun are interacting with each other, the gases in our atmosphere that are emitting the light, and how energetic the auroral activity is.
Some of these aurora can be quite static, such as a green glow caused by oxygen in our atmosphere, while others can be colourful and dynamic.
Are some phones and cameras better than others?
All cameras are different, but usually the more you spend the better the camera. I personally have a relatively cheap mobile phone, so I was unable to capture any of the aurora using that. However, I also have a relatively expensive DSLR camera, and I was able to capture some stunning views using that.
For next time, what are some tips for taking good photos of the aurora?
To get great photos of the aurora and the night sky in general, aim for dark skies. The further away you can get from the inefficient lights of towns and cities, the better. Also the more you can spend on your camera, the better your results will be.
When photographing aurora, you want your camera to be collecting as much light as possible. Automatic camera modes find it difficult to judge this, but in manual mode have the aperture of your camera wide open (f/4, for example), make your camera chip amplify the image by using a higher ISO setting, and use exposure times of a few seconds.
Personally, I found four second exposures at f/3.5 and ISO 2500 worked well for me on Friday night. But the beauty of digital photography is that you can experiment with different settings as you go along, and see the results for yourself in real time.
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https://www.autumnschrock.com/blog/aurora-photography-guide
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Aurora Photography Guide — Autumn Schrock
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[
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[
"Autumn Schrock"
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2021-02-20T08:30:00-07:00
|
Every person who has witnessed the aurora will tell you it’s one of, if not THE, most magical sights you can see from this planet. Follow along with this guide and learn how to come away with some seriously epic aurora photos!
|
en
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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/58eab551db29d654dc57277a/1555384387863-6820JDTC3QZSZ9J9ZZ87/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Autumn Schrock
|
https://www.autumnschrock.com/blog/aurora-photography-guide
|
Every single person who has witnessed the aurora will tell you it’s one of, if not THE, most magical sight they’ve ever seen. It leaves me speechless every time I see it, and I honestly can’t even find words to describe just how breathtaking and unreal it is.
Like all things beautiful, we want to capture it to save the memory, but photographing the night sky in any regard can seem like an incredibly daunting task. It requires a great deal of patience and planning, not to mention the right gear, but I’m here to tell you that everyone is absolutely capable! With this guide, I’ll cover everything to get you started from what gear to use to how to even go about finding the aurora. Warning: once you know when, where, and how to photograph the aurora, it can get extremely addicting.
As a massive nerd, it’s no shock that I’ve always been enamored by space and its stunningly mystifying celestial objects. One of the reasons why I love shooting the night sky and its many mysteries is how it evokes such wonder in me, like I’m a child again gazing up at the twinkling stars and pondering all the secrets of life, but I digress. Follow along with this guide, whether you’re already an astro shooter or hoping to take your first aurora shot this year, and come away with some seriously epic photos!
P.S. I lead aurora borealis photography tours every winter if you’d like to shoot with me! You can view all of the details on my workshops site, In the Wild Workshops.
What Exactly is Aurora?
The dancing aurora that many know as the northern and southern lights are formed by particles, primarily electrons, that stream into Earth’s atmosphere from the sun and hit atoms and molecules. When these particles collide, they release energy that we see as glowing light. Simplistically speaking, aurora occurs when there’s a disturbance to Earth’s magnetosphere. Thanks to Earth’s magnetic field, the particles flow into our atmosphere at about 65º North and South, which is why the aurora only occurs near the North and South Poles. Aurora is known as aurora borealis in the Northern Hemisphere and aurora australis in the Southern Hemisphere.
Many colors can be seen in an auroral display, but the most common colors that our eyes see are green and magenta. The green color is associated with oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere at around 80 miles, magenta and/or blue is associated with nitrogen molecules that are located at around 50 miles, and the rarest of all colors, red, comes from atomic oxygen higher up in the atmosphere at around 200 miles.
The aurora can occur year-round, but is only seen in dark skies. In the summer, it doesn’t get dark enough at 65º North and South to see the lights, so the best time for viewing is fall through spring.
I got lucky and had some help from the wispy clouds to diffuse the light reflecting off the quarter moon—think of it like nature’s softbox. Compositional aspects aside, the white snow reflects the aurora extremely well without any moonlight (too well, some might say). As a result, your images may turn out with just a green wash over the entire image. This is where the moon comes into play; it helps to illuminate the foreground elements and neutralize the green cast on the snow. This effect helps to add depth to your photos by separating the foreground and sky.
Smaller city lights can also help you achieve this effect. In the photo below, bridge lights helped to illuminate the mountains in the foreground, which minimized the green cast from the aurora.
Finding the Aurora
As I said above, aurora can be very difficult to predict (it even confounds scientists!), but there are some helpful apps out there with all of the information you need in order to improve your chances of seeing a spectacular light show. Okay, let’s get nerdy.
There are two phone apps that I use to help me predict the aurora. I prefer using the app Aurora Alerts for the actual data and My Aurora Forecast for visual representations.
Aurora Alerts provides data directly from the DSCOVR (Deep Space Climate Observatory) satellite, which monitors solar winds in real-time from a distance of 932,056 miles from Earth. This is largely beneficial for forecasting, because the satellite can provide anywhere from 15-60 minute advanced warnings, which gives you time to prepare for a fabulous aurora show if need be.
There is quite a lot of overwhelming information on the “Short Forecast” screen, but once you’re familiar with it, it’s all very useful information.
To start, let’s look at the screenshots below. There are percentages at the top for the likelihood of seeing aurora at your current location both overhead and at the horizon. Since the aurora borealis is near the North Pole, it will appear to the north if you aren’t quite in the aurora oval, and that’s where the horizon percentage comes into play. I was in Tromsø, Norway for these screenshots, so the percentage is the same because I was so far north at 69.6º N.
Below that is the most useful information on the screen, four data points from DSCOVR located inside odometer graphics:
Speed: This measures the speed of solar winds coming from the sun. Particles with a higher speed hit Earth’s magnetosphere harder and have a higher chance of causing collisions and therefore aurora. Ambient solar wind speeds are around 300 km/s, so anything above 500 km/s is good news for aurora.
Bz: This is generally regarded as the most important parameter when predicting the aurora. Bz is the solar wind’s magnetic orientation in the south to north direction. Although an aurora can happen with a positive Bz, a negative Bz is generally better. A negative Bz helps the solar wind grab the Earth’s magnetic field, which can more easily lead to an auroral display. The more negative the Bz, the better. -7 and -8 seen in the screenshots are excellent numbers to see!
Density: Measures how dense the solar wind is. The more particles in the solar wind, the greater chances of an auroral display as more particles collide with Earth’s magnetosphere. A density of 10 is pretty good, but the higher the number, the better.
Bt: This measures the strength of the interplanetary magnetic field or IMF. Again, the higher the number, the better.
Next up is the Kp Index, which is a measure of how strong the geomagnetic activity is. The Index is a number from 0 to 9, which is used to refer to geomagnetic activity for a 3-hour period. The lower the number, the lower the geomagnetic activity. This number is also used in relation to how far south the storm will be visible. Many people look at this number alone when trying to predict the aurora, but it should be taken with a grain of salt if you’re far enough north. The Kp isn’t the only indicator for good aurora; I’ve seen Kp 7+ aurora that didn’t result in much, and I’ve seen Kp 1 aurora that absolutely blew my mind. Use the other four metrics above to further your prediction.
Lastly at the bottom of the screen, there is an overview of the weather and moon—the current cloud cover, the cloud cover in one hour, when sunrise and sunset is, moon phase, and when the moon rises and sets.
The “Long Forecast” section of the app (as seen below) is basically just a Kp indicator, so I don’t typically pay a whole lot of attention to that, depending on where I’m located obviously. It can be a good indicator as to when DSCOVR is predicting high aurora activity, but again, the Kp isn’t the tell-all for the strength of aurora if you’re far enough north. The percentages to the right of the Kp-indices measure the cloud cover.
There is a “Graph” section, but I don’t find the visuals to be that helpful. You can see an image of the aurora oval, but it’s hard to pinpoint exactly where you are as it’s quite a large map.
Gear
Now that you know how to predict the aurora, it’s time to shoot! You don’t need top of the line gear to shoot the aurora, but there are certain requirements to keep in mind that will make a big impact. A camera body that’s able to operate manual shooting mode is mandatory, lenses that are wide angle (8mm - 35mm) with fast apertures (think f/1.4 - f/2.8) are preferable, and don’t forget a tripod (which I have, ahem, done)! The following gear options that I use and recommend will give you the best results, but this is by no means an exhaustive list; there are more affordable options out there, but at the cost of image quality.
Getting the Right Exposure
You’ve made it to your shooting spot and set your camera up on the tripod—now what? It’s time to manually focus on the brightest star in the sky. Take a test photo, scope it out, and adjust from there. Don’t worry, it’s rare if I nail the focus on the first try, especially with a super wide lens. Once you’ve focused and generally set up your composition, the fun begins!
There are an infinite number of variables that can affect your exposure, and I encourage you to experiment and play around with it. Aurora changes quickly and dramatically, so it can be tough to give a rough estimate of the proper exposure that you’ll need. This is a good place to start:
Aperture (f/): It’s generally a best practice to choose the widest aperture that is available for your lens. You want as much light as possible to hit your sensor. A range from f/1.4 - f/2.8 is ideal. The aurora can be quite bright, but it isn’t always, so using the widest aperture available allows you better flexibility.
Shutter Speed: This is my most-changed variable when shooting the aurora. I like to play around with different speeds for different effects or for compositing photos together later in post. Because the aurora tends to move rather quickly, you’ll use a faster shutter speed than you may think for photographing the night sky. When photographing the Milky Way, I typically start out with a shutter speed of 8-10 seconds, but I typically start at 2 seconds for the aurora. Sometimes it’s moving quicker and I need to speed up my shutter, sometimes it’s slower and I can slow it down to 4 or 5 seconds. Thankfully you don’t really need to worry about capturing any star trails when photographing the aurora, because your shutter speed will most likely be fast enough. You have creative freedom here as well: if you want to capture the texture of the aurora, choose a faster shutter speed, and if you want to capture something more dreamy and flowy, choose a slower shutter speed.
ISO: My second most-changed variable when shooting at night. Usually an ISO around 1600-3200 will be sufficient with an aperture of f/1.8 or f/2.8 for the aurora.
White Balance: An oft-overlooked setting, it’s possible to leave this on auto and come away with great results when photographing the Milky Way or other celestial objects, but not so much with the aurora. While it’s easy enough to adjust white balance through post-processing if you shoot in RAW, it’s a good practice to handle this in-camera. When choosing a custom white balance for aurora, I find that I’m drawn toward cooler skies and usually live in the Kelvin range of 3700 - 4200, depending on the scene.
Post-Processing
This can be a touchy subject for some people, and I’m honestly not sure why. Photography is an art-form, and whatever I like, you may not. Just like with any other subjective art piece. It should be noted that every photo that is displayed on this page (and this entire website) has had some sort of adjustment made to it. With that being said, post-processing can amplify your aurora shots immensely in so many different ways. I almost exclusively use Adobe Photoshop for editing because I personally do a great deal of selective editing and compositing, but Adobe Lightroom will also work just as well for more basic editing.
My first step in post-processing is envisioning what I wish the photo looked like. What do I want the aurora to look like? Do I want the foreground to play a large role or do I want it to fade away to allow the aurora to truly shine? From there I make my adjustments. I like to split the image into sky and foreground sections and start with the foreground first.
In the photo below, you’ll see the result of about an hour of editing in Photoshop. You definitely don’t need to make as many edits as I have—this is an extreme example—but it just depends on your vision. I wanted to bring out the epic mountains in the foreground to make them a centerpiece along with the aurora, but just a few edits to bring the shadows up alone would have sufficed as well for a different, moodier photo.
Generally speaking, these are the steps I take when editing aurora photos:
Apply noise reduction.
Bring up the shadows and lower any peaking highlights.
Up the contrast to darken the sky while simultaneously brightening the aurora.
Remove any unwanted items, such as airplane lights and hot pixels.
Neutralize any yellow/red cast on foreground from city lights.
Color balance the foreground snow to have a slightly less green/cyan hue.
Last Minute Thoughts
One cardinal rule of photographing the aurora is that you MUST take some time away from your camera to witness the aurora with your God-given lenses. Simply observing the aurora as a spectator is a full-body experience; you would be remiss not to allow yourself this very special, human activity.
While I’m still learning so much myself about aurora, I hope this guide helps you on your photography journey! Remember that art, including photography, is subjective and if you like something that I’ve advised against or vice versa, that’s perfectly okay! Actually, I encourage you to explore and try all sorts of settings and lens variations to find what YOU most like. The more time you spend with your camera practicing, learning, and experimenting, the better your chances of capturing the aurora shot of a lifetime.
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https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/
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en
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What Is an Aurora?
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https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/favicon.ico
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https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/favicon.ico
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[] | null |
What causes this beautiful light show?
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/favicon.ico
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If you're ever near the North or South Pole, you may be in for a very special treat. Frequently there are beautiful light shows in the sky. These lights are called auroras. If you're near the North Pole, it is called an aurora borealis or northern lights. If you're near the South Pole, it is called an aurora australis or the southern lights.
What makes this happen?
Even though auroras are best seen at night, they are actually caused by the Sun.
The Sun sends us more than heat and light; it sends lots of other energy and small particles our way. The protective magnetic field around Earth shields us from most of the energy and particles, and we don't even notice them.
But the Sun doesn't send the same amount of energy all the time. There is a constant streaming solar wind and there are also solar storms. During one kind of solar storm called a coronal mass ejection, the Sun burps out a huge bubble of electrified gas that can travel through space at high speeds.
When a solar storm comes toward us, some of the energy and small particles can travel down the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into Earth's atmosphere.
There, the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of light in the sky. Oxygen gives off green and red light. Nitrogen glows blue and purple.
Do other planets get auroras?
They sure do! Auroras are not just something that happen on Earth. If a planet has an atmosphere and magnetic field, they probably have auroras. We've seen amazing auroras on Jupiter and Saturn.
Want to make some aurora art? Check out this pastel aurora activity!
Related Resources for Educators
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215858/
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en
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Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859
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[
"James L. Green",
"Scott Boardsen"
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2006-08-11T00:00:00
|
The great geomagnetic storm of August 28 through September 3, 1859 is, arguably, the greatest and most famous space weather event in the last two hundred years. For the first time observations showed that the sun and aurora were connected and that auroras ...
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PubMed Central (PMC)
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215858/
|
2. Sequence of events
On September 1, 1859, Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson, while observing a large sunspot group independently, were the first to observe a white light flare (Carrington, 1860; Hodgson, 1860). Both observers also noted the nearly simultaneous Solar Flare Effects (SFE) seen in ground-based magnetometers from currents arising from enhanced ionospheric ionization. Within ~17 h later the Earth experienced the massive auroral display of September 2–3 from a coronal mass ejection (CME). The Great Storm in 1859 occurred about 10 months prior to the peak of the sunspot number, but that was not an unusually strong peak, only about 98. Of the 33 cycles since 1700, there have been 16 that have peaked higher. This indicates that the sun is capable of producing solar wind conditions (e.g., CME) necessary to produce a comparable auroral event during almost any solar cycle.
The database developed for this study contains observations of aurora, magnetometer, and telegraph station information and was complied from scientific reports [primarily Editors, 1859, 1860a,b,c; Loomis, 1860a,b, 1861a,b, 1865] (periodicals and books), newspaper accounts, ship logs, other manuscript reports, and the catalogs created by Kimball (1960) and Silverman (see Hills, 1998). The auroral observations used in this study must contain three major elements. They have to provide a start and stop time of the aurora along with the location of the observation and a description of the auroral form or color. There are literally several hundred reports that the authors have uncovered that could not be used since they typically do not report a start and stop time of the observed aurora. Since aurora are produced by precipitating particles carrying field-aligned currents that close in the ionosphere, magnetic fields generated by these currents can be measured by ground-based magnetometers and induce currents in telegraph systems. As discussed earlier, for the great storm of 1859, these ionospheric currents were so strong that magnetometers frequently went off scale and telegraph systems became inoperable. These observations where included in this study since they provide strong indirect evidence that the aurora was nearby even during the daytime. Once again, start and stop time of these events and location were necessary.
Each panel in is a geographic mercator projection of data for 1-h time spans of the Northern hemisphere for the August 28–29. is the same for September 2–3. The blue lines are the corresponding geomagnetic dipole latitudes. is populated with orange dots marking the location of the auroral observations and blue dots the magnetometers stations. The poleward (yellow) and equatorward (orange) auroral boundaries from the Holzworth–Meng model (Holzworth and Meng, 1975) have been added to show the extreme lower latitude auroral zone boundary. It is important to note that the equator-ward boundary uses a Q index of 60 in which a Q index of 11 is the largest recorded over the last 40 years. Although use of Q index of 60 is not a valid input to the model it is the only way we can obtain some idea of where the auroral zone might be located. In the second panel from the top of , close to the height of event on September 2 the auroral zone from the extrapolated Holzworth–Meng model is within 8° of the magnetometer observations in Bombay, India.
The database used in this study contains all the information the authors have been able to find in the 1859 event no matter where the location of the observations comes from (for example there might be several papers that describe the aurora observed in New York City). The only filter that is used is that each observation must contain information that can uniquely describe the time of the observation (i.e.; “at sunset,” “at 8PM,” “lasting till midnight,” “continued till sunrise”). It is important to note that 1859 was well before the adoption of a standard time system and that variations of an hour can easily exist. All efforts were made to map the reported observation time to universal time, which is then used throughout this study. As a default, reported times were assumed to be “local time” unless specifically noted in the report. The fact that the observed aurora existed for many hours greatly facilitates this analysis making the data set look more uniform than it probably is, as shown in . In addition, nearly all of the observations are not precise beyond 30–60 min as reported.
All auroral observations used in this study are plotted in by the absolute value of their corrected geomagnetic latitude versus the derived universal time (ranging over 8 days around the event) using the 1900 model coefficients in the international geomagnetic reference field (IGRF) model (see for example: Campbell, 1997). The IGRF 1900 model coefficients are the closest to 1859 that have been published, and are the most authoritative magnetic field model that can be used (we did not extrapolate the coefficients back to 1859). Corrected geomagnetic coordinates are important for accurate mapping of the observations. Since this event is very near equinox it is reasonable to add both the Northern and the small number of Southern hemisphere data together. The long black bars show that the auroral sightings were made over significant portions of the night and over an extensive range in geomagnetic latitudes, the blue bars are from telegraph stations and the orange bars from ground magnetometer stations.
The data in are all ground-based observations that by their very nature must be made on a cloudless night. The unique data in are from US government ship logs stored in the archives of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) and provide the data containing the lowest latitude observations of the aurora. The NARA Record Group (RG) 24 contains records from the Bureau of Naval Personal while RG27 are records from the Weather Bureau. Clearly, regions on the globe were very cloudy accounting for gaps in coverage. Many of the US government ships were in harbors at various locations in Japan and did not see the aurora, however, we have an observation of a red aurora being observed in Northern Japan at the same time (Nakazawa et al., 2004). To compensate for times of clouds an “envelop” or probably maximum extent for the aurora is given in as a dashed line. The actual variation is not known but it is expected that it would be within this envelope at any one time. Also shown is the Bombay magnetometer station data that Tsurutani et al. (2003) claim is measuring the ring current.
Table 1
ShipDateLocal timeLatitudeLongitudeReferenceReleaseAugust 288 to midnight39° 11′N72° 07′RG24SavannahAugust 288 to midnight37°24′N65°51′WRG24ArcoleAugust 28–298PM-morning41° 40′46° 45′RG27SavannahAugust 29Midnight to 436°09′N64°11′WRG24SaranacAugust 29Till 4AMPanamaRG24ReleaseSeptember 2Midnight to 435° 32′N60°14′WRG24MessengerSeptember 2By 1AM49° 09′67° 28′RG27ArcoleSeptember 24AM41° 16′27° 12′RG27St. Mary’sSeptember 212:00 AM12°23′00″N88°28′00″WRG24SabineSeptember 212:30 AM11° 14′19″N83°49′30″WRG24
Nearly, all the reports during the time of the two maximum auroral expansions to the lowest geomagnetic latitudes were for the brilliantly bright red (Type A) aurora. A vertical strip pattern appears in that is a direct result of the majority of observations coming from English speaking countries when they are on the nightside. Some observations of the aurora in Russia and Asia (Japan was mostly cloudy during the event) and from ship logs fill in this gap and lead us to the conclusion that the aurora was observed steadily for many hours at a time over very large regions as indicated by the latitudinal envelop of the aurora drawn in .
3. Discussion
The appearance and dissipation of the ring current, as measured by Dst, are the basic definition of a geomagnetic storm. A typically geomagnetic storm lasts for a day or more. The process of onset, expansion, and recovery of high latitude aurora during a geomagnetic storm is defined as a substorm. During a geomagnetic storm, multiple substorms (auroras) are nearly always observed.
Since the white light flare that Carrington (1860) and Hodgson (1860) observed on September 1 is believed to be the initiator of a CME that reached the Earth on September 2–3 (Tsurutani et al., 2003) it is therefore, most likely, that the two major auroral storms on August 28–29 and again on September 2–3 as shown in are from two closely spaced interplanetary CME’s reaching the Earth very close together. The interaction of a fast CME plowing through a slower CME has been observed (Gopalswamy et al., 2001) and produces a stronger shock. This effect may be partially responsible for the extreme nature of the September 2–3 auroral event. It is for these reasons that this study has loosely referred to these two major auroral substorms as part of one geomagnetic storm.
Many of the high latitude ground-based magnetometer data are unusable since the auroral currents were so strong that they went off scale. Recently, Tsurutani et al. (2003) reanalyzed the ground-based magnetometer observations at Bombay, India. The main conclusion reached by that study was that the Bombay magnetometer, on September 2–3, was primarily observing the ring current and that it reached a phenomenal Dst of −1760 nT at the beginning of the event. The long red bar in , on September 2 near 10° corrected magnetic latitude, shows the total time interval of the reported Bombay magnetometer Dst observations. As shown in , the large negative Dst values of the Bombay magnetometer occurred during a time of rapid equatorward expansion of the aurora to the incredibly low geomagnetic latitudes (as observed on the nightside) of ~18°. Ground-based auroral electrojet magnetometer measurements of −1760 nT, although large, are much more in line with what is measured from auroral currents than the ring current. Based on these results, the Bombay magnetometer was most likely measuring magnetic field perturbations from currents in the nearby auroral electrojet and the magnetopause, in addition to the ring current with the nearby auroral electrojet potentially dominating the measurements.
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https://www.aurorainak.com/post/using-iphone-to-take-aurora-photos
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Wondering if your iPhone can take pictures of the Northern Lights?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Nick Williams"
] |
2022-10-16T11:31:24.838000+00:00
|
We are the Northern Lights Experts here to help! Offering daily Aurora photography adventures 
|
en
|
Aurora In Alaska
|
https://www.aurorainak.com/post/using-iphone-to-take-aurora-photos
|
The best way to capture the Aurora is to let the Aurora In Alaska team of professional photographers help you on our tour. ;)
The short Answer is yes if you have IPhone 11 Pro or newer you can take some amazing photos and sometimes even videos.
Video of Aurora Borealis Storm Captured on iPhone
An easy way to figure this out is by looking at the back of your phone. If it has the three cameras the your good to go. If you don't have three cameras you may still be able to see some Aurora in your pictures but not with very much clarity. It will come out looking dark and fuzzy unless it's a spectacular night with a very bright sky.
As always while doing night sky photography with your smart phone, or any camera a tripod will always significantly improve your night sky photos.
The reason for the tripod is the iPhone is taking what is called a long exposure picture. This means the shutter on the camera stays open for typically around three seconds. Any movement during this time will cause the photo to blur.
For these pictures always place your iPhone in Night Mode and never use the flash.
You will see a slider at the bottom of your iPhone when in night mode. You can adjust the exposure upper down as needed however I usually always leave my exposure on Auto.
If you do have a tripod handy I would recommend trying different exsposure settings from 3 second all the way up to 10 seconds. Compare the photos and keep shooting with the settings that look the best.
Here is a photo taken on an IPhone 11 Pro March 5th 2022. Aurora Borealis storm forecasted to be KP 6
When taking a video of the Aurora on your iPhone there are no tricks you simply point and shoot. While it is fairly difficult to video Aurora on an iPhone and it typically only bright enough to be see on very high Aurora activity nights.
In summary well you can use an iPhone 11 pro or newer to capture photos and videos of the Aurora that look fairly decent for your social media they are not photos that would be able to printed out for wall art due to the clarity. If using a properly equipped full frame camera you're able to capture crystal clear images of the aurora and yourself that can be turned into beautiful wall art.
We offer Aurora photography tours in Alaska. That means even if you don't have a newer iPhone or maybe you do and woukd just like that perfect Aurora picture we got you covered. We will have our expensive aurora camera equipment and all photos are included in the price of the tour. We do provide tripods available for your iPhones at no charge. We also have our very expensive Aurora photography equipment with us and will have it set up to get that perfect picture of you and the northern lights. All photos are included for free in the price of the tour. Book Here
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https://www.universetoday.com/73846/aurora/
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The Northern and Southern Lights – What is an Aurora?
|
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[
"Matt Williams",
"www.facebook.com",
"?ref=hl"
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2010-09-17T11:13:11+00:00
|
For many people around the world the ability to see the Aurora Borealis or Aurora Australis is a rare treat. Unless you live north of 60° latitude (or south of -60°), or who have made the trip to tip of Chile or the Arctic Circle at least once in their lives, these fantastic light shows … Continue reading "The Northern and Southern Lights – What is an Aurora?"
|
en
|
Universe Today
|
https://www.universetoday.com/73846/aurora/
|
For many people around the world the ability to see the Aurora Borealis or Aurora Australis is a rare treat. Unless you live north of 60° latitude (or south of -60°), or who have made the trip to tip of Chile or the Arctic Circle at least once in their lives, these fantastic light shows are something you’ve likely only read about or seen a video of.
But on occasion, the “northern” and “southern lights” have reached beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and dazzled people with their stunning luminescence. But what exactly are they? To put it simply, auroras are natural light displays that take place in the night sky, particularly in the Polar Regions, and which are the result of interaction in the ionosphere between the sun’s rays and Earth’s magnetic field.
Description:
Basically, solar wind is periodically launched by the sun which contains clouds of plasma, charged particles that include electrons and positive ions. When they reach the Earth, they interact with the Earth’s magnetic field, which excites oxygen and nitrogen in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. During this process, ionized nitrogen atoms regain an electron, and oxygen and nitrogen atoms return from an excited state to ground state.
Excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon of light, or by collision with another atom or molecule. Different gases produce different colors of light – light emissions coming from oxygen atoms as they interact with solar radiation appear green or brownish-red, while the interaction of nitrogen atoms cause light to be emitted that appears blue or red.
This dancing display of colors is what gives the Aurora its renowned beauty and sense of mystery. In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the Aurora Borealis, named after the Roman Goddess of the dawn (Aurora) and the Greek name for the north wind (Boreas). It was the French scientist Pierre Gassendi who gave them this name after first seeing them in 1621.
In the southern latitudes, it is known as Aurora Australis, Australis being the Latin word for “of the south”. Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from farther away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red. The auroras are usually best seen in the Arctic and Antarctic because that is the location of the poles of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Names and Cultural Significance:
The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history and a great deal of significance to a number of cultures. The Cree call this phenomenon the “Dance of the Spirits”, believing that the effect signaled the return of their ancestors.
To the Inuit, it was believed that the spirits were those of animals. Some even believed that as the auroras danced closer to those who were watching them, that they would be enveloped and taken away to the heavens. In Europe, in the Middle Ages, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.
According to the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá (ca. 1230 CE), the first encounter of the norðrljós (Old Norse for “northern light”) amongst the Norsemen came from Vikings returning from Greenland. The chronicler gives three possible explanations for this phenomena, which included the ocean being surrounded by vast fires, that the sun flares reached around the world to its night side, or that the glaciers could store energy so that they eventually glowed a fluorescent color.
Auroras on Other Planets:
However, Earth is not the only planet in the Solar System that experiences this phenomena. They have been spotted on other Solar planets, and are most visible closer to the poles due to the longer periods of darkness and the magnetic field.
For example. the Hubble Space Telescope has observed auroras on both Jupiter and Saturn – both of which have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth’s and extensive radiation belts. Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras which, same as Earth, appear to be powered by solar wind.
Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede using the Hubble Space Telescope, not to mention Venus and Mars. Because Venus has no planetary magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc.
An aurora was also detected on Mars on August 14th, 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. This aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South, and was estimated to be quite sizable – 30 km across and 8 km high (18.5 miles across and 5 miles high).
Though Mars has little magnetosphere to speak of, scientists determined that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized on the planet. This they concluded by analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor.
More recently, an aurora was observed on Mars by the MAVEN mission, which captured images of the event on March 17th, 2015, just a day after an aurora was observed here on Earth. Nicknamed Mars’ “Christmas lights”, they were observed across the planet’s mid-northern latitudes and (owing to the lack of oxygen and nitrogen in Mars’ atmosphere) were likely a faint glow compared to Earth’s more vibrant display.
In short, it seems that auroras are destined to happen wherever solar winds and magnetic fields coincide. But somehow, knowing this does not make them any less impressive, or diminish the power they have to inspire wonder and amazement in all those that behold them.
We have written many articles about Aurorae here at Universe Today. Here’s What is the Aurora Borealis?, What is the Aurora Australis?, What Causes an Aurora?, Your Guide to When, Where, and How to see the Aurora Borealis, Northern and Southern Lights are Siblings, not Twins.
and See the Latest Jaw-Dropping Aurora Views from the ISS.
If you’d like more info on the aurora, check out Space Weather Center, and here’s a link to some amazing Aurora Borealis pictures taken from Alaska.
We’ve also recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast all about Aurora. Listen here, Episode 163: Auroras.
Sources:
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https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
en
|
Why do the aurora look better through a camera? And how do you spot a fake image? Q&A with an astrophotographer
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Darren Baskill"
] |
2024-05-14T13:37:03+00:00
|
The aurora was noticeable with the naked eye – but was spectacular through a camera lens.
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
On 10 and 11 May 2024, large parts of the world were treated to their most spectacular display of the aurora – the northern and southern lights – in a generation. Thanks to modern cameras, the phenomenon was all over social media. It seems almost everyone knew someone who managed to snap vivid images of the night sky illuminated in pink, purple and green.
To understand why camera phones were able to pick out colours and details invisible to the naked eye, The Conversation spoke to Darren Baskill, an astrophysicist and photographer – an astrophotographer – at the University of Sussex.
For those who missed them, were the lights really as spectacular as they looked in photos?
The short answer is: no. I was lucky enough to see the aurora in person, in the dark skies of the South Downs National Park. But even there, I could only faintly see the colours with my own eyes. The difference between the green and red hues were particularly striking, even with the naked eye, but those colours were certainly enhanced when viewed through a camera.
However, there were also lots of fake images, often where two completely different photos had been merged together to form one. Be particularly wary of any photo claiming to show the aurora amid a starry sky above a large city.
Even on a perfectly clear night you wouldn’t see many stars due to light pollution. For instance, London’s Tower Bridge has been superimposed on a photo of the aurora possibly taken from a remote, dark location in a Nordic country.
Note the lack of stars in this – very believable – photo of Battersea Power Station.
Why are cameras able to see the colours more vividly?
The technology behind modern digital cameras is rapidly improving, with every generation of camera being far superior to the last. Advancements in mobile phone cameras have been driven partly by people wanting to take photographs in dimly lit night clubs and bars, and that sensitivity to low light levels allows modern phone cameras to also see the northern lights so clearly.
Inside the human eye, there are two types of cells used for seeing. The “cone” cells are sensitive to colour but need plenty of light in order to function, whereas the “rods” cells are sensitive to low light levels but cannot distinguish colour.
When it’s dark, the cone cells don’t work and the rods take over. This is why, when you stumble to the bathroom in the middle of the night, everything appears grey as the cones aren’t receiving enough light to recognise colours. But that’s when the rods come into their own, allowing to see your way in grey scale.
Cameras don’t have this problem when taking a photograph. To compensate for the dark conditions, a camera can just take a longer exposure and collect light for longer, building up a picture of the scene and collecting colours that the rods in the human eye cannot detect.
Can you give us an example?
Sure. Here are three versions of the same photo I took in my back garden on the outskirts of Brighton, on England’s south coast. The first is the original unprocessed photo, while the second has been processed – I changed the brightness and contrast and upped the saturation. The third version has been processed to represent more or less what I saw with my eyes.
What about light pollution?
Another problem is inefficient lights that shine into the sky where it is neither needed nor wanted. This reflects off the atmosphere and drowns out our view of the stars and aurora. The pupils in our eyes shrink to prevent us from being blinded by light, whether it be sunlight or a neighbour’s floodlight – but this also prevents us from seeing the fainter aurora.
For the best views of the aurora, you need to go somewhere dark so that the pupils in your eyes can relax and open up to allow as much light into your eyes as possible, which also allows you to see some of the colours.
Are some auroras more photogenic than others?
Auroras form a wide variety of different patterns and colours, depending on several factors including how the magnetic fields of the Earth and Sun are interacting with each other, the gases in our atmosphere that are emitting the light, and how energetic the auroral activity is.
Some of these aurora can be quite static, such as a green glow caused by oxygen in our atmosphere, while others can be colourful and dynamic.
Are some phones and cameras better than others?
All cameras are different, but usually the more you spend the better the camera. I personally have a relatively cheap mobile phone, so I was unable to capture any of the aurora using that. However, I also have a relatively expensive DSLR camera, and I was able to capture some stunning views using that.
For next time, what are some tips for taking good photos of the aurora?
To get great photos of the aurora and the night sky in general, aim for dark skies. The further away you can get from the inefficient lights of towns and cities, the better. Also the more you can spend on your camera, the better your results will be.
When photographing aurora, you want your camera to be collecting as much light as possible. Automatic camera modes find it difficult to judge this, but in manual mode have the aperture of your camera wide open (f/4, for example), make your camera chip amplify the image by using a higher ISO setting, and use exposure times of a few seconds.
Personally, I found four second exposures at f/3.5 and ISO 2500 worked well for me on Friday night. But the beauty of digital photography is that you can experiment with different settings as you go along, and see the results for yourself in real time.
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https://qz.com/1437598/pictures-the-northern-and-southern-lights-from-space
|
en
|
What the Northern and Southern lights look like from space
|
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[] |
[] |
[
"Quartz"
] | null |
[
"Johnny Simon"
] |
2018-10-25T13:46:31-04:00
|
The ultimate view is not from Iceland or New Zealand.
|
en
|
Quartz
|
https://qz.com/1437598/pictures-the-northern-and-southern-lights-from-space
|
Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis, commonly known as the Northern and Southern lights, beautiful phenomena that bring stargazers to the ends of the Earth to view them. Caused by charged solar particles interacting with the atmosphere, the often green bands of color streaking across the sky are a magnificent free light show for anyone on who can catch them.
Even if you’re camped out in top terrestrial viewing spots such as Iceland, New Zealand or an Antarctic research station, the ultimate place to view them is from space, as many astronauts have done while at the International Space Station or on NASA space shuttle missions.
You can see here how the green bands of the lights cascade across the atmosphere:
|
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https://www.travelandleisure.com/what-are-the-southern-lights-8623028
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en
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The Northern Lights Have a Southern Hemisphere Counterpart That Is Harder to See — What to Know
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Stefanie Waldek",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2024-04-01T17:30:00-04:00
|
We've got the answers to all your questions about the aurora australis.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Travel + Leisure
|
https://www.travelandleisure.com/what-are-the-southern-lights-8623028
|
I first glimpsed the northern lights on a red-eye flight across the Atlantic. Just a few pale wisps in the night sky were enough to get me hooked on the celestial phenomenon, and my aurora chasing has since brought me to Greenland, Iceland, and Churchill, Canada. Now, my sights are set on their even more elusive counterpart: the southern lights, or aurora australis.
Here’s everything you need to know about the southern lights, including when and where to see them.
What are the southern lights?
The southern lights are the Southern Hemisphere’s version of the northern lights — that is, they're both the aurora. "The aurora is a visual representation of the Earth’s magnetic field protecting us from the sun’s disruptive bursts of energy," Jonathan Belles, meteorologist at The Weather Channel and Weather.com, tells Travel + Leisure. When energized particles from the sun slam into the Earth's magnetic field, they're redirected toward the poles, and the particles glow.
Are the northern lights and southern lights different?
The only major difference between the northern and southern lights is the hemisphere in which they occur. Otherwise, they're the same phenomenon. They even tend to occur in sync. "Usually, both auroras will brighten when there is a lot of solar activity," Dr. Jason Steffen, associate professor of physics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, tells T+L. "The particles will be trapped by the magnetic field and will be concentrated simultaneously at both magnetic poles."
But there's always a chance for variation. "They can occur simultaneously when a solar storm occurs, but often their impacts will be asymmetric. In other words, aurora may be more prevalent in one hemisphere versus the other depending on how the burst of energy reaches the Earth and from what direction," says Belles.
When is the best time to see the southern lights?
As with the northern lights, the best time to see the southern lights is whenever the sky is dark. Because the aurora occurs at high latitudes — that is, close to the poles — you may not get much darkness, if any at all, during the summer. So the best time of year to see the southern lights is from roughly March through September, the Southern Hemisphere’s autumn through spring. (The Northern Hemisphere’s aurora season lasts from around September through March.)
On a larger time scale, this year is one of the best years to see the aurora. We’re approaching solar maximum in the solar cycle, which could mean brighter and more frequent auroras. "We’re currently in the most active part of an 11-year solar cycle, when bursts from the sun are most common," says Belles. But that's not to say the southern lights will be no-shows after that — the aurora can (and does) happen frequently, though the light show is often dimmer than the dazzling displays you might be picturing. For the breathtaking dancing ribbons, you might have to wait for strong solar storms. (In case you're wondering, it takes about three days for the sun's aurora-causing emissions to reach the Earth, so you'll have a tiny bit of a heads-up that a good show might be brewing.)
How can I increase my chances of seeing the southern lights?
There's one simple thing you can do to increase your chances of seeing the southern lights — spend as much time near the magnetic south pole as possible, particularly during the dark months. (Remember, Southern Hemisphere winter occurs in June, July, and August.) Of course, that's much easier said than done. "It is more difficult to see the southern lights only in that there is less land in the Southern Hemisphere to see it from," says Belles.
Can I see the southern lights on an Antarctica cruise?
It's not likely — I've cruised to Antarctica five times, and I've never seen the southern lights from my ships. There are two main reasons why.
First, the Antarctic cruise season runs through the austral summer, when Antarctica gets up to 24 hours of daylight. If the sky is bright, you won't be able to see the aurora. And second, most cruises visit the Antarctic Peninsula, where the aurora doesn't often appear overhead.
The "auroral oval," or the region of the Earth in which you're most likely to see the aurora, is farther south than most visited parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. "The magnetic field is tilted slightly, so the auroras align with the magnetic poles instead of the geographic poles," says Steffen. And the south magnetic pole is closer to the other side of the continent. So even if you're visiting Antarctica in November or March, when you do get some darkness each night, the southern lights might only appear faintly and far in the distance, not overhead.
Best Places to See the Southern Lights
They’re not easy to spot, but these are three of the best places to see the southern lights.
South Island, New Zealand
The farther south you go in New Zealand, the better your chances of seeing the southern lights. An ideal location would have unobstructed views towards the south, since the southern lights will appear low on the horizon rather than overhead. For your best chances, I'd recommend taking the ferry from Bluff to Stewart Island, which is off the southern tip of the South Island. But it is possible to see the southern lights from popular destinations like Dunedin and Queenstown, too — just make sure you get away from city lights to reduce light pollution.
Tasmania, Australia
Tasmania is another prime destination for southern lights viewing. As in New Zealand, the farther south you go, the better your odds. Some of the most popular viewpoints include Goat Bluff, Carlton Beach, and Tinderbox, all of which are fairly close to Hobart, though far enough from substantial light pollution. You could also try the summit of kunanyi / Mount Wellington, but beware the glare of city lights. For more darkness, you'll want to head to more remote destinations, such as Southwest National Park, the state's largest expanse of wilderness.
Antarctica
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 10 |
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/photos-of-aurora-in-new-zealand-photographer-captures-southern-lights-after-decade-long-chase/ZXVQ5SMO2VDMBMK7CDRSHA3HCQ/
|
en
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Photos of Aurora in New Zealand: Photographer captures southern lights after decade
|
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] | null |
[
"Nathan Morton"
] |
2023-04-24T21:09:06.226000+00:00
|
Last night was one for the Kiwi photographers, as images flooded in showing their prized captures of the Aurora southern lights following a solar storm...
|
en
|
/pf/resources/images/favicons/favicon.ico?d=811
|
NZ Herald
|
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/photos-of-aurora-in-new-zealand-photographer-captures-southern-lights-after-decade-long-chase/ZXVQ5SMO2VDMBMK7CDRSHA3HCQ/
|
“I messaged my mum and said ‘I feel like I’m gonna cry’, it was so amazing to see.”
The 29-year-old has typically headed to her secret hunting ground near the lake twice or three times a year for the last decade. She uses an Aurora-tracking website to give her hints of what to expect.
Capturing the southern lights is the result of a culmination of good intel, an understanding of weather and sometimes, according to Crowther, a good gut instinct.
While location-spotting ahead of her next attempt, Crowther had been visiting Lake Ellesmere and discovered a rusted, burned ute abandoned on the side of the road.
“I’d never seen it there before, I thought it would make the perfect foreground.”
The media had reported a solar flare would be hitting New Zealand a month ago but nothing came to fruition. However, Crowther’s observations of data on Sunday revealed signs of hope.
“It showed a new moon coming down and it was a clear night, it looked really promising,” she said.
“I decided to leave home just before 6pm and hoped to get there just before the sun went down, I was getting notifications and everything met up. In my mind, I thought this would be perfect.”
Her mind proved her right.
Arriving at her shooting spot, Crowther watched the sunset and saw a small haze of pink, further cementing her belief her run of bad luck would finally be broken.
The sun disappeared from view, twilight arrived and for the following two hours, the photographer witnessed “weird fog curtains” and small verticle beams of pink light - constantly changing in front of her.
Crowther pointed her Canon60 and 40mm lens towards the ute and started clicking.
“I haven’t been out photographing for a while as I’ve had lots of things going on, so it’s about charging batteries for me,” she said.
“The first time I saw it was when I was 18 years old, now everyone is out taking photos of it. People were on the hill trying to capture it - but not knowing what direction to look.”
Christchurch can prove a tricky city to capture the lights from, particularly during autumn as grey cloud becomes a prevalent mask for the lights to hide behind.
But it’s a night that will last long in the memory of the accomplished photographer whose hobby produced a wonderful moment of achievement.
“It’s just a matter of timing and when you come out, you go ‘yes, all perfect’.”
While Crowther was winning in Christchurch, members of the Aurora Australis (NZ) Facebook page were showing off their cunning captures as the evening sky turned a purple and pink hue.
The lights were spotted all over the country - from the Bay of Plenty, Hawke’s Bay and Wellington, to the south in Cromwell, Twizel, and Queenstown.
Jonathan Usher captured the light display in Wellington and said the Aurora Australis was “strongly visible.
“The beams of light were clearly visible to the naked eye, though the camera was also able to capture the colour of the aurora,” Usher said.
Hauraki Gulf weather reported a significant G4 level geomagnetic storm had been under way.
As explained by astronomer and Otago Museum director Dr Ian Griffin last month during another stunning display, solar storms are caused by magnetically driven explosions on the sun that fire material at high speed away from the sun.
“That sounds terribly complicated, but what it is is basically the sun fires material occasionally towards Earth,” he told the Otago Daily Times.
“And we’ve had two of those ejections in the last two days.”
Both were travelling between the sun and the Earth at about 800km per second.
When that material hits the Earth’s magnetic field it starts to spiral around it, he said.
When energetically charged particles travelling along the Earth’s magnetic field lines strike the upper atmosphere, the Southern (and Northern) Lights can be observed around the magnetic poles.
These powerful electrons produce light when they strike atmospheric gases.
The phenomenon is known as the Aurora Borealis in the Northern Hemisphere and as Aurora Australis down under.
|
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dbpedia
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3
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https://southernlightsinc.com/feline-object-92-1200-0863/
|
en
|
Feline Object (92|1200-0863)
|
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At Southern Lights in Minnesota, we love helping people find the perfect lighting for their home or business. Browse our online catalog today to discover amazing fixtures for every room!
|
en
|
Southern Lights
|
https://southernlightsinc.com/feline-object-92-1200-0863/
|
Currey
$740.00
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AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE:
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QUANTITY AVAILABLE AT MANUFACTURER:
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LOCAL_ON_DISPLAY:
0
ON DISPLAY IN SHOWROOM:
No
LOCAL_COUNT_ON_DISPLAY:
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LOCAL_SALE:
0
LOCAL_COUNT_SALE:
0
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STYLE:
CONTEMPORARY
DEPTH:
7.75
INTRODUCTION DATE:
03/01/2024
MATERIAL:
PORCELAIN
SHIP CARTON HEIGHT:
17''
SHIP CARTON LENGTH:
13
SHIP CARTON WIDTH:
13''
SHIP WEIGHT:
8
VENDOR SHIP METHOD:
PARCEL OVERSIZE (P/OS)
WARRANTY:
1 YEAR
WEIGHT:
6
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PLEASE MEASURE YOUR SPACE CAREFULLY AND REFER TO PRODUCT DIMENSIONS TO ENSURE A FIT. RETURNS CONTRIBUTE TO OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT.
COLOR:
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FELT
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NUMBER OF CARTONS:
1
TOTAL PACKED WEIGHT:
8
HEIGHT:
14.25
WIDTH:
9.50
WIDTH RANGE:
0-15''
FINISH:
COMBINATION FINISHES
STANDARD STYLE:
CONTEMPORARY
IMAGE INFO:
''''
|
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1605
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dbpedia
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2
| 2 |
https://www.livescience.com/space/the-sun/stunning-photos-of-auroras-seen-from-space
|
en
|
32 stunning photos of auroras seen from space
|
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2024-05-25T10:00:00+00:00
|
Auroras (also called the northern and southern lights) are visible from the ground after powerful solar storms, but these natural light shows look even more majestic from above. Here are 32 spectacular photos of auroras taken from space.
|
en
|
livescience.com
|
https://www.livescience.com/space/the-sun/stunning-photos-of-auroras-seen-from-space
|
Auroras are perhaps the most spectacular natural light shows on Earth — and they look even more majestic from above.
Also called the northern lights (aurora borealis) and southern lights (aurora australis), auroras occur when charged particles from the sun crash into our planet's atmosphere and ride its magnetic-field lines toward the poles. As they zip along, those particles knock into other molecules in the atmosphere, exciting them and causing them to emit vibrant colors that are visible to the naked eye. Still, the full scope of this natural wonder is hard to take in from the ground.
Here are 32 of the most spectacular aurora photos taken by astronauts in orbit, showcasing the incredible scale and unbelievable beauty of Earth's atmospheric lights.
1. View of the southern lights from Challenger
A green aurora slices through the Southern Hemisphere somewhere between Antarctica and Australia. This vintage shot of the southern lights was captured in April 1985 by astronaut Robert F. Overmyer aboard the space shuttle Challenger.
2. Aurora over Moscow
The northern lights swoop beneath a full moon as Moscow glows like a golden spider in the left of the frame. This photo was taken in April 2014 by an Expedition 39 crewmember aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
3. A world-eating serpent
A vivid-green, nearly round aurora curls over the Southern Hemisphere like an enormous serpent. This exquisite photo was taken with NASA's IMAGE satellite in September 2005 from its orbit more than 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) over Earth.
4. Auroras at solar maximum
A green-and-red aurora snakes across the Southern Hemisphere in this photo taken from space shuttle Discovery in May 1991. This photo was captured during solar maximum — the period of maximum solar activity in the sun's 11-year cycle — when outbursts of charged solar particles are far more common, resulting in more frequent auroras on Earth.
5. Aurora with a dragon
Earth is bathed in green, orange and red auroral light in this photo taken from the ISS in August 2016. In the foreground, a SpaceX Dragon resupply vehicle docks with the space station's Harmony module.
6. Blood-red aurora
A blood-red aurora hovers over Earth in this eerie image taken from the ISS in October 2001. Red auroras occur when charged solar particles slam into oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere, briefly exciting them; when the atoms return to their unexcited state, they emit red light as a byproduct, according to NASA.
7. Sinuous southern lights
A sinuous green aurora curls through the Southern Hemisphere in this photo taken from space shuttle Discovery in spring 1991. Much of the shuttle's operations over Earth's nightside were devoted to studying auroras, according to NASA.
8. Sparkling cities
Splotchy cities in Russia and Ukraine sparkle beneath the northern lights in this photo taken from the ISS in January 2019. Vast fields of snow and ice are clearly visible from space.
9. Aurora at sunrise
A green aurora steals the show from a blue sunrise creeping over the horizon as European cities twinkle in the predawn light. This image was captured by Italian astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti aboard the ISS in March 2015.
10. Aurora with a vortex
A low-pressure area, or cloud vortex, spirals over the Gulf of Alaska as the northern lights dance overhead. This image was taken by a crewmember of the Endeavor while the space shuttle was docked with the ISS in March 2008.
11. Aurora with Orion
A multicolored aurora spikes toward the constellation Orion while the Southern Hemisphere sleeps below. This photo was taken from the space shuttle Endeavor in April 1994.
12. Southern lights at sunset
The southern lights swoop across the atmosphere in a bow shape while the waning light of the setting sun crawls over the horizon to the west. This image was taken from the ISS in February 2003.
13. Sea of green
The Indian Ocean becomes a sea of green as the southern lights douse the atmosphere overhead. This image was taken by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide aboard the ISS in August 2021.
14. Waves of white
Peaks of light stab 200 miles (320 km) over the Southern Hemisphere in this dazzling image of the southern lights. Astronauts took the photo from the space shuttle Columbia in March 1994, according to NASA.
15. Corkscrew in the sky
The aurora australis corkscrew over the Southern Hemisphere at night, stunning astronauts. This photo was taken by the crew of NASA's Atlantis orbiter during a nine-day mission in 1992.
16. Space station over a green planet
Two modules of the ISS gaze down at a stormy sea of green auroras below. This image was taken by European Space Agency (ESA) astronaut Thomas Pesquet in August 2021, during his tenure aboard the ISS.
17. Rainbow in the atmosphere
Gorgeous bands of red, green and orange auroras slice across the Southern Hemisphere in this epic photo snapped by astronaut Tim Peake. Peake took this photo from aboard the ISS in early 2016.
18. Northern lights before Christmas
Golden European cities shimmer at Christmastime in this December 2018 photo of the northern lights. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst caught this gorgeous image from aboard the ISS.
19. "6 nose prints on the window"
The dark ocean broods beneath the green southern lights in this image snapped from the ISS in June 2018. "Saw my first Aurora Australis on this mission today, my silent magical old friend," ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst, who took the photo, wrote on social media. "6 nose prints on the window, despite being busy with science."
20. Aurora over Canada
A colorful display of northern lights dance over Canada in this January 2016 photo taken by ESA astronaut Tim Peake during his stay aboard the ISS. The dark foreground shows Banff and Jasper national parks, while the bright city lights of Edmonton and Calgary glow in the distance.
21. Waterfall of light
Blue and green auroras crash over the horizon like a waterfall of light in this evocative image of Europe captured by ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet in 2017. The waning glow of the setting sun can be seen far in the background.
22. "I can't look away"
A city smolders in the foreground while colorful auroras peek over the horizon. "The view at night recently has been simply magnificent," ESA astronaut Thomas Pesquet, who snapped the photo, wrote in 2017. "Few clouds, intense auroras. I can't look away from the windows."
23. "Thick, green fog"
ESA astronaut Tim Peake also took this haunting photo as the ISS passed directly through a curtain of green auroras in 2016. "The ISS just passed straight through a thick green fog of aurora," Peake wrote when he posted the photo. "Eerie but very beautiful."
24. Space station bathed in moonlight
ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti caught this upside-down image of the northern lights while working aboard the ISS in 2015. "An aurora in the distance and the Space Station bathed in moonlight," Cristoforetti wrote on social media at the time.
25. Lighting up the clouds
Looking straight down from the ISS in 2015, ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst took this photo of a green aurora washing over the clouds of Earth. "An aurora lighting up the clouds beneath us," Gerst wrote on social media.
26. Blue planet
Green and red auroras swoop over the clouds and ocean in this beautiful image that shows off Earth's reputation as the blue planet. ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst snapped this image from the ISS in 2014.
27. Hello from Canadarm2
The ISS' Canadarm2 robotic arm curls up, seemingly waving at the dazzling auroras below. The last remnants of disappearing sunlight can be seen far to the left in this 2014 photo.
28. Antarctic magic
The Antarctic aurora waves farewell as the sun begins to rise. "Antarctic Aurora fleeing from sunrise," ESA astronaut Alexander Gerst wrote about this 2014 photo. "I have rarely seen something more magical in my life!"
29. Green aurora, green isles
Ireland and the U.K. glow under green and purple auroras in this brilliant 2012 image. ESA astronaut André Kuipers snapped this image during his mission aboard the ISS in 2012.
30. Aurora with the Milky Way
The stars of the Milky Way shimmer above a green aurora in this 2012 photo. Astronaut Andre Kuipers also took this photo during his mission aboard the ISS, part of which can be seen at the top of the image.
31. Upside-down reach
The green hand of the aurora borealis reaches over Earth in this surreal, upside-down photo taken from the ISS. Astronaut André Kuipers took this photo during his mission in 2012.
32. Aurora and crater
Green auroras snake over northern Canada in this epic 2006 photo taken from the ISS. In the foreground, the Manicouagan impact crater stands as a testament to Earth's ancient relationship with space.
|
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dbpedia
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| 13 |
https://www.snexplores.org/article/explainer-auroras-northern-lights-sky
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en
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Explainer: How auroras light up the sky
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Maria Temming"
] |
2021-10-08T06:30:00-04:00
|
The northern and southern lights are considered natural wonders of the world. Here’s how these and related splendid sky glows form.
|
en
|
Science News Explores
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https://www.snexplores.org/article/explainer-auroras-northern-lights-sky
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Alfvén wave: A type of magnetic wave that can develop in hot plasma.
Antarctica: A continent mostly covered in ice, which sits in the southernmost part of the world.
arc: A curve, often mapping out what appears to be part of a circle.
atmosphere: The envelope of gases surrounding Earth, another planet or a moon.
atom: The basic unit of a chemical element. Atoms are made up of a dense nucleus that contains positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. The nucleus is orbited by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
aurora: A light display in the sky caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in a planet’s upper atmosphere. The best known of these is Earth’s aurora borealis, or northern lights. On some outer gas planets, like Jupiter and Saturn, the combination of a fast rate of rotation and strong magnetic field leads to high electrical currents in the upper atmosphere, above the planets’ poles. This, too, can cause auroral “light” shows in their upper atmosphere.
aurora borealis: Also known as the northern lights, this light display in the Northern Hemisphere sky is caused when incoming energetic particles from the sun collide with gas molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere.
comet: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice and dust. When a comet passes near the sun, gas and dust vaporize off the comet’s surface, creating its trailing “tail.”
crest: The highest part of a hill, a mountain or a swell of water. (in physics) The top, or highest point, in a wave.
diffuse: adj.) To be spread out thinly over a great area; not concise or concentrated. (v) To spread light or to broadly release some substance through a liquid (such as water or air) or through some surface (such as a membrane).
distort: (n. distortion) To change the shape or image of something in a way that makes it hard to recognize, or to change the perception or characterization of something (as to mislead).
ejection: A sudden or forceful removal or jettisoning of something from its position, container or housing.
electron: A negatively charged particle, usually found orbiting the outer regions of an atom; also, the carrier of electricity within solids.
equator: An imaginary line around Earth that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Europa: One of the moons of Jupiter and the sixth-closest satellite to the planet. Europa, 1,951 miles across, has a network of dark lines on a bright, icy surface.
excite: (in chemistry and physics) To transfer energy to one or more outer electrons in an atom. They remain in this higher energy state until they shed the extra energy through the emission of some type of radiation, such as light.
field: (in physics) A region in space where certain physical effects operate, such as magnetism (created by a magnetic field), gravity (by a gravitational field), mass (by a Higgs field) or electricity (by an electrical field).
frequency: The number of times some periodic phenomenon occurs within a specified time interval. (In physics) The number of wavelengths that occurs over a particular interval of time.
friction: The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over or through another material (such as a fluid or a gas). Friction generally causes a heating, which can damage a surface of some material as it rubs against another.
gale: A very strong wind at sea or coming off of the sea. To qualify as a gale, winds must be at least 51 to 102 kilometers per hour (32 to 63 miles per hour).
gas giant: A giant planet that is made mostly of helium and hydrogen, which on Earth are gases. Jupiter and Saturn are gas giants.
Greenland: The world’s largest island, Greenland sits between the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic. Although it is technically part of North America (sitting just east of Northern Canada), Greenland has been linked more politically to Europe. Ice covers roughly 80 percent of Greenland. Indeed, the Greenland ice sheet is the world’s largest. If its frozen water were to melt, it could raise sea levels around the world by 6 meters (about 20 feet).
Iceland: A largely arctic nation in the North Atlantic, sitting between Greenland and the western edge of Northern Europe. Its volcanic island was settled between the late 800s and 1100 by immigrants from Norway and Celtic lands (ones governed by the Scots and Irish). It is currently home to roughly a third of a million people.
infrared: A type of electromagnetic radiation invisible to the human eye. The name incorporates a Latin term and means “below red.” Infrared light has wavelengths longer than those visible to humans. Other invisible wavelengths include X-rays, radio waves and microwaves. Infrared light tends to record the heat signature of an object or environment.
Jupiter: (in astronomy) The solar system’s largest planet, it has the shortest day length (9 hours, 55 minutes). A gas giant, its low density indicates that this planet is composed mostly of the light elements hydrogen and helium. This planet also releases more heat than it receives from the sun as gravity compresses its mass (and slowly shrinks the planet).
magnetic field: An area of influence created by certain materials, called magnets, or by the movement of electric charges.
mass: A number that shows how much an object resists speeding up and slowing down — basically a measure of how much matter that object is made from.
moon: The natural satellite of any planet.
New Zealand: An island nation in the southwest Pacific Ocean, roughly 1,500 kilometers (some 900 miles) east of Australia. Its “mainland” — consisting of a North and South Island — is quite volcanically active. In addition, the country includes many far smaller offshore islands.
nitrogen: A colorless, odorless and nonreactive gaseous element that forms about 78 percent of Earth's atmosphere. Its scientific symbol is N. Nitrogen is released in the form of nitrogen oxides as fossil fuels burn. It comes in two stable forms. Both have 14 protons in the nucleus. But one has 14 neutrons in that nucleus; the other has 15. For that difference, they are known, respectively, as nitrogen-14 and nitrogen-15 (or 14N and 15N).
oxygen: A gas that makes up about 21 percent of Earth's atmosphere. All animals and many microorganisms need oxygen to fuel their growth (and metabolism).
parallel: An adjective that describes two things that are side by side and have the same distance between their parts. In the word “all,” the final two letters are parallel lines. Or two things, events or processes that have much in common if compared side by side.
particle: A minute amount of something.
phenomena: Events or developments that are surprising or unusual.
photon: A particle representing the smallest possible amount of light or other type of electromagnetic radiation.
planet: A large celestial object that orbits a star but unlike a star does not generate any visible light.
plasma: (in chemistry and physics) A gaseous state of matter in which electrons separate from the atom. A plasma includes both positively and negatively charged particles. (in medicine) The colorless fluid part of blood.
plume: (in biology) A single large feather. (in environmental sciences) The movement of some gas or liquid, under the direction of gravity, winds or currents. It may be in air, soil or water. It gets its name from the fact that it tends to be long and relatively thin, shaped like a large feather. (in geology) Fluids (air, water or magma typically) that move, largely intact, in a feather-like shape over long distances.
poles: (in Earth science and astronomy) The cold regions of the planet that exist farthest from the equator; the upper and lower ends of the virtual axis around which a celestial object rotates. (in physics and electrical engineering) The ends of a magnet. (in chemistry) two areas of opposite electrical charge, one positive and one negative.
Saturn: The sixth planet out from the sun in our solar system. One of the two gas giants, this planet takes 10.6 hours to rotate (completing a day) and 29.5 Earth years to complete one orbit of the sun. It has at least 82 moons. But what most distinguishes this planet is the broad and flat plane of bright rings that orbit it.
shroud: A cloth sometimes used in burials to cover the body. It can also mean any cover that drapes over something, hiding its details.
Siberia: A region in northern Asia, almost all of which falls within Russia. This land takes its name from the language of the Tatar people, where Siber means sleeping land. This region is vast. It has become famous for its long, harsh winters, where temperatures can fall to −68° Celsius (−90° Fahrenheit).
solar: Having to do with the sun or the radiation it emits. It comes from sol, Latin for sun.
solar wind: A flow of charged particles (including atomic nuclei) that have been ejected from the surface of the star, such as our sun. It can permeate the solar system. This is called a stellar wind, when emitted by a star other than the sun.
sun: The star at the center of Earth’s solar system. It is about 27,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Also a term for any sunlike star.
Tasmania: A major, mountainous island of Australia, south of the eastern part of the mainland across the Bass Strait. Until 1856, Tasmania had been known as Van Diemen's Land. Home to nearly 500,000 people, it’s capital city is Hobart. The name also refers to a state in Australia that comprises this island and several smaller ones.
thermal: Of or relating to heat. (in meteorology) A relatively small-scale, rising air current produced when Earth’s surface is heated. Thermals are a common source of low level turbulence for aircraft.
thermosphere: An upper region of the atmosphere that extends from 85 to 600 kilometers (53 to 372 miles) above Earth’s surface. In the thermosphere, temperature increases with height because of the sun’s energy. It's upper boundary is known as the thermopause.
ultraviolet: A portion of the light spectrum that is close to violet but invisible to the human eye.
unique: Something that is unlike anything else; the only one of its kind.
velocity: The speed of something in a given direction.
wave: A disturbance or variation that travels through space and matter in a regular, oscillating fashion.
wavelength: The distance between one peak and the next in a series of waves, or the distance between one trough and the next. It’s also one of the “yardsticks” used to measure radiation. Visible light — which, like all electromagnetic radiation, travels in waves — includes wavelengths between about 380 nanometers (violet) and about 740 nanometers (red). Radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light includes gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet light. Longer-wavelength radiation includes infrared light, microwaves and radio waves.
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