identifier
stringlengths 1
43
| dataset
stringclasses 3
values | question
stringclasses 4
values | rank
int64 0
99
| url
stringlengths 14
1.88k
| read_more_link
stringclasses 1
value | language
stringclasses 1
value | title
stringlengths 0
200
| top_image
stringlengths 0
125k
| meta_img
stringlengths 0
125k
| images
listlengths 0
18.2k
| movies
listlengths 0
484
| keywords
listlengths 0
0
| meta_keywords
listlengths 1
48.5k
| tags
null | authors
listlengths 0
10
| publish_date
stringlengths 19
32
⌀ | summary
stringclasses 1
value | meta_description
stringlengths 0
258k
| meta_lang
stringclasses 68
values | meta_favicon
stringlengths 0
20.2k
| meta_site_name
stringlengths 0
641
| canonical_link
stringlengths 9
1.88k
⌀ | text
stringlengths 0
100k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 9 |
https://au.news.yahoo.com/10-times-aurora-australis-inspired-014053073.html
|
en
|
10 times the aurora australis inspired remarkable works of art
|
https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/m2w_ni_eABAY4_PE2O38og--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyMDA7aD03OTI-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/876b3e61ad1ead0b70dfd24416fadbf8
|
https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/m2w_ni_eABAY4_PE2O38og--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyMDA7aD03OTI-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/876b3e61ad1ead0b70dfd24416fadbf8
|
[
"https://au.news.yahoo.com/_td_api/beacon/info?beaconType=noJSenabled&bucket=news-AU-en-AU-def%2Cseamless&code=pageRender&device=desktop&lang=en-AU&pageName=deeplink®ion=AU&rid=3v7u43hjbh379&site=news&t=1723370730237",
"https://s.yimg.com/rz/stage/p/yahoo_news_en-US_h_p_newsv2.png",
"https://s.yimg.com/rz/stage/p/yahoo_news_en-US_h_p_newsv2.png",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/Oaci6Pr4G7vFlZAKpt_cGg--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTM4MDtoPTYw/https://s.yimg.com/os/creatr-uploaded-images/2021-11/47e88570-47e0-11ec-9f6f-957a490c91ca",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/HKlZnc2PbqUBXkE9roycxQ--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTEyNDI7aD04MTk-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/876b3e61ad1ead0b70dfd24416fadbf8",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/sTZwnCmnltbbUmb1atg9lg--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYyNg--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/61714e8a4e4232e08ecaaa137f0af17f",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/sTZwnCmnltbbUmb1atg9lg--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYyNg--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/61714e8a4e4232e08ecaaa137f0af17f",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/M8JiZpfXYeeYiJUE8UKvhA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTcxOA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/fd418d5c05fa961fd67f3fb7fe8c7d3e",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/M8JiZpfXYeeYiJUE8UKvhA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTcxOA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/fd418d5c05fa961fd67f3fb7fe8c7d3e",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/tHLtu5zoXw9T5vLZ0h5wnw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYwNQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/5add8106d93541296960578fd423df29",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/tHLtu5zoXw9T5vLZ0h5wnw--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYwNQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/5add8106d93541296960578fd423df29",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/UpFFjGxGMXTIOHDsw7VqWA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTcyNQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/867cdf1e642169a2ab09952de405d9c1",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/UpFFjGxGMXTIOHDsw7VqWA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTcyNQ--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/867cdf1e642169a2ab09952de405d9c1",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vzCUAFFlGdpNdsIPq5Xa0g--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTc5Mg--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/dd17ee23e8d81d0116afad341901bb90",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/vzCUAFFlGdpNdsIPq5Xa0g--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTc5Mg--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/dd17ee23e8d81d0116afad341901bb90",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/x1RS9yMOdTDclwQ5gGbTYA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzNw--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/bd661e1b139694b40ea5e86cbacd6bb5",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/x1RS9yMOdTDclwQ5gGbTYA--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTYzNw--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/bd661e1b139694b40ea5e86cbacd6bb5",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/bsi..qGNHZY_PCC6g3iK2A--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTU0MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/eed206579de96221dc897e429b73e223",
"https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/bsi..qGNHZY_PCC6g3iK2A--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTk2MDtoPTU0MA--/https://media.zenfs.com/en/the_conversation_au_articles_517/eed206579de96221dc897e429b73e223",
"https://s.yimg.com/g/images/spaceball.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://s.yimg.com/cv/apiv2/default/20190501/placeholder.gif",
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=7241469&c5=14589907&c7=https%3A%2F%2Fau.news.yahoo.com%2F10-times-aurora-australis-inspired-014053073.html&c14=-1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Adele Jackson, University of Tasmania"
] |
2024-07-31T01:40:53+00:00
|
The southern lights have inspired artists for more then 200 years. Here are some of the best examples from across the decades.
|
en
|
https://s.yimg.com/rz/l/favicon.ico
|
Yahoo News
|
https://au.news.yahoo.com/10-times-aurora-australis-inspired-014053073.html
|
Social media has once again lit up with the spectacle of aurora australis, also known as the Southern Lights, as it became visible in some skies across the southern states last night.
The lights – which aren’t seen outside the south polar region very often – were last sighted in May, unusually far north in the skies of Australia, New Zealand, South America and South Africa.
Despite (or maybe because of) their infrequent appearance, the Southern Lights have long inspired humans. From as far back as early Aboriginal ancestral accounts, to recent contemporary art, they have continued to ignite our imagination. Let’s take a look at some examples.
Visual works
1. Pavel Mikhailov
Pavel Mikhailov (1787–1840) was a Russian expedition artist with the Imperial Russian Navy’s first Antarctic expedition, which sailed from 1819 to 1821.
Captained by Fabian Bellingshausen, the voyage circumnavigated the south polar seas in search of the fabled “southern continent” which Captain James Cook had hoped to find some 50 years earlier.
In 1820, Bellingshausen’s became one of three expeditions to glimpse the edges of the continent (the others were headed by Irish-British explorer Edward Bransfield and US explorer Nathaniel Palmer).
Although there are much earlier accounts of aurora australis, Mikhailov’s watercolour – reproduced from a sketch he drew on March 2 1820, is one of the first painted depictions to come straight from Antarctic waters.
The expedition’s astronomer noted in his diary:
2. Edward Roper
Painter and printer Edward Roper (1854–1909) was born in the United Kingdom and lived between the UK, Canada and Australia in the late 19th century.
His 1870 portrayal of an aurora seen from Port Phillip, Melbourne, shares a striking resemblance to Mikhailov’s painting (albeit minus the icebergs). The red tinge in the rays of light indicates Roper’s lower-latitude viewpoint.
3. Edward Wilson
Edward Adrian Wilson (1872–1912) was a naturalist, physician and expedition artist with both of British Captain Robert Falcon Scott’s Antarctic expeditions, Discovery (1901–04) and Terra Nova (1910–13). Throughout these, Wilson faithfully recorded Antarctica’s landscapes, wildlife and atmospheric phenomena for the benefit of science.
His white-on-black chalk sketches of south polar aurorae emphasise the shape of the various formations as seen in the winter of 1902. He meticulously recorded the date, time and a descriptive title with each of his drawings.
4. George Marston
George Edward Marston (1882–1940) was the expedition artist for famous explorer Ernest Shackleton’s Nimrod (1907–09) and Imperial Trans-Antarctic (1914–17) expeditions.
In 1908, during his first Antarctic winter, Marston used oil paints to capture the aurora australis. In his atmospheric scene the air is still, the night is clear and sled dogs frolic in the snow under the blue/green glow of the moonlight and the aurora. The Cape Royds expedition hut (now a protected historic site) blends into the hillside while three men brave the cold to watch the lights perform over Mount Erebus.
5. George Marston
Worthy of a second mention, Marston produced the images for “Aurora Australis”, the first book to be written, printed and published in Antarctica. Copies are highly prized, as fewer than 100 were lovingly hand-printed during the dark and frigid winter months of 1908. The title page features Marston’s lithographic print of the aurora australis dancing above Mount Erebus, the southernmost active volcano.
6. David Abbey-Paige
David Abbey-Paige (1901–1978) was the official expedition artist with Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd’s second Antarctic expedition (1933–1935). The artist worked almost exclusively in pastels in Antarctica to avoid the issue of freezing paints. His drawings are a celebration of polar light and colour.
In one drawing, a lone emperor penguin stands in an icescape illuminated by a stream of green auroral light.
7. Stephen Eastaugh
Stephen Eastaugh is an Australian itinerant artist who has travelled to Antarctica nine times, including three times with the Australian Antarctic Division (AAD). He is the only AAD arts fellow to have over-wintered.
He created his Outlandish – Aurora Australis series during a winter at Mawson Station in 2009. Each panel in this work has an icy feature in the foreground and a black polar night backdrop, upon which Eastaugh has stitched astonishing green aurorae, streaming and unfurling playfully across the sky.
8. Bill Sutton
The late William Alexander “Bill” Sutton (1917–2000) was one of New Zealand’s most respected 20th-century landscape painters.
His work Aurora at Arrowtown (1949), painted early in his career, contrasts with his later expansive mountain scenes and abstracted landscapes. The greyed Arrowtown buildings are barely visible in the gloomy half-light. Like a portent of doom, a glowing blood-red aurora looms ominously over the town.
Multimodal works
9. David Haines and Joyce Hinterding
David Haines and Joyce Hinterding – two contemporary artists based in Sydney’s Blue Mountains – brought the energy of the solar and electromagnetic realms into the art gallery in their 2008 multi-sensory installation EarthStar.
The artwork combined sight, sound and smell. A video projection of the Sun’s surface, recorded through a hydrogen-alpha telescope lens, showed the detail of the Sun’s corona and the ejections of material that can cause auroral activity. Copper-coiled antennas tuned to detect electromagnetic activity were hooked up to amplifiers that emitted audible pops and sizzles of invisible energy.
To complete the “triptych”, Haines created a synthetic aroma in liquid form that represented the smell of burning ions in an aurora. As Haines explained, “If one could go up into the Earth’s ionosphere when an aurora takes place it would probably smell like this due to burning of oxygen molecules.”
10. Jason O’Hara and Warren Maxwell
Jason O’Hara is a digital storyteller, photographer and experience designer based in Wellington, New Zealand. Along with Auckland-based musician and composer Warren Maxwell, the pair created the immersive 2019 work Where Memories Sleep: The Legend of the Aurora.
O'Hara and Maxwell travelled south with Antarctica New Zealand, the government agency responsible for supporting the country’s Antarctic research program. These journeys inspired their spectacular cine-dance production which combines music, dance and cinematography.
The story follows a young explorer who ventures to the ice, where she meets a powerful kuia (female Māori elder), who gifts her the memories of the world (a metaphor for scientific research into Earth’s geological and climate pasts).
She falls in love with a selkie, a seal-human shapeshifter. In the closing scene, when she has to return home, the selkie’s love song transcends from the ocean to the sky, transforming into the aurora australis – beckoning his love back to Antarctica.
This article is republished from The Conversation. It was written by: Adele Jackson, University of Tasmania
Read more:
Giant waves, monster winds and Earth’s strongest current: here’s why the Southern Ocean is a global engine room
Powerhouse Museum acquires David Jones’ archive, brimming with forgotten stories of Australia’s past
Historians of the Labour party put Britain’s new government into context
Adele Jackson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 46 |
https://www.smh.com.au/national/shoot-the-aurora-australis-like-a-pro-even-on-a-smartphone-20240512-p5jcwp.html
|
en
|
Shoot the aurora australis like a pro – even on a smartphone
|
https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.5521%2C$multiply_0.7554%2C$ratio_1.777778%2C$width_1059%2C$x_0%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/t_smh_no_label_social_wm/l_text:PT%20Sans_41_bold_italic:%20from%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_84%2Cx_288%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/l_text:PT%20Sans_41_bold:%20May%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_84%2Cx_375%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/l_text:AbrilTitling-Bold.ttf_83:%202024%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_15%2Cx_274%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/93caa5e943fa3075944cb430713a8d24d10590f9
|
https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.5521%2C$multiply_0.7554%2C$ratio_1.777778%2C$width_1059%2C$x_0%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/t_smh_no_label_social_wm/l_text:PT%20Sans_41_bold_italic:%20from%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_84%2Cx_288%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/l_text:PT%20Sans_41_bold:%20May%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_84%2Cx_375%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/l_text:AbrilTitling-Bold.ttf_83:%202024%20%2Cg_south_west%2Cy_15%2Cx_274%2Cco_rgb:0a1633/93caa5e943fa3075944cb430713a8d24d10590f9
|
[
"https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_0.467%2C$multiply_0.7725%2C$ratio_1.5%2C$width_756%2C$x_70%2C$y_0/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/93caa5e943fa3075944cb430713a8d24d10590f9"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Carolyn Webb"
] |
2024-05-12T09:58:45+00:00
|
These stunning photos of the southern lights were taken by a professional, but most smartphones can take top shots too.
|
en
|
/favicons/smh.ico
|
The Sydney Morning Herald
|
https://www.smh.com.au/national/shoot-the-aurora-australis-like-a-pro-even-on-a-smartphone-20240512-p5jcwp.html
|
Photos of the stunning lights of the aurora australis flooded social media on the weekend, and many shots were taken on humble mobile phones.
But is that a good way to capture this beautiful natural display in the night sky?
Professional photographer Luke Tscharke said that while he used a Sony Alpha 7 IV digital camera when covering the display on a beach near Hobart, people can also take good shots using modern mobile phones.
Here are Tscharke’s tips for photographing the southern lights using a mobile phone camera: The phone’s camera should be set to night mode, or it may automatically do so. Don’t use flash.
Monitor forecasting apps like windy.com to find a time to shoot when there isn’t much cloud.
Choose a place with as little light pollution as possible, away from street lights and buildings. When shooting, point to the southern horizon and hold the phone steady. Consider attaching a tripod.
Including subjects such as trees, buildings, a bridge, or people can tell a story and add interest to photos.
Reflective surfaces like a pond create a mirror effect that can amplify colours.
Review shots on your phone: what the camera picks up can be different to what the eye sees because cameras are more sensitive.
Loading
If using a digital camera rather than a phone, choose a wide-angle lens, which allows for a wide shot, and use a wide aperture – a rating of F2.8 or lower – to let in as much light as possible. ISO – a measure of sensitivity – should be on the higher end of up to 6400.
Shutter speed should be five to 30 seconds. The longer the shutter speed, the less detail is captured.
A gallery of aurora australis photos on Tscharke’s Facebook page, Luke Tscharke Photography, posted at midday on Saturday received more than 290,000 “likes” and Tasmanian Premier Jeremy Rockliff was among the social media users who shared it.
On a separate matter, The Age deputy picture editor Paul Rovere says artificial enhancement is one issue that arises among some images shared online.
Here are Rovere’s tips that may help spot images that may be less than authentic.
Rovere says that when a digital image has been overprocessed with photo editing software, the quality of the picture is reduced, coarse pixels appear, the number of colours decreases, and detail gets lost.
“If you’re trying to ascertain whether the photo of the aurora australis your friend posted on Facebook has been photoshopped too much, look for blocky, tile-like squares in the saturated colours, or horizontal or vertical patterns at the extremes of the image,” Rovere said.
“Although the southern aurora colours are spectacular, a hyper-realistic or artificial appearance can also be a giveaway.”
But Tscharke was more understanding and said images can be edited differently. But he also added: “At the end of the day what people choose to show in their photos is all part of their own artistic vision, and it’s much more important for everyone to be out there enjoying these amazing spectacles and respecting the work that people are sharing and recognising that that’s what those people are choosing to put out into the world.”
“There may be fakery out there, but just because you don’t like it doesn’t mean other people will feel the same.”
Start the day with a summary of the day’s most important and interesting stories, analysis and insights. Sign up for our Morning Edition newsletter.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 49 |
https://aglobewelltravelled.com/2015/03/25/how-to-take-photos-of-the-night-sky/
|
en
|
How to take photos of the night sky
|
[
"https://aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/AGWT-logo-alternate.png",
"https://aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/AGWT-logo-mobile.png",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Night-Sky-1-2.jpg?fit=1920%2C1280&ssl=1",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d1d96be92b8891f3be7b2f1b44821bb?s=150&d=mm&r=g",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Night-Sky-3.jpg?resize=1000%2C667&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Aurora-3-small.jpg?resize=1000%2C667&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Night-Sky-1-small.jpg?resize=1000%2C667&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Aurora-2-small.jpg?resize=1000%2C664&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/IMG_20180226_125247_016.jpg?resize=1024%2C859&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Fraser.jpg?resize=385%2C217&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Marie-Bondi-8.jpg?resize=385%2C217&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/aglobewelltravelled.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/GoPro-1.jpg?resize=385%2C217&ssl=1",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cc8b9cd2d7b9d8d201bb4f0cca5b6a68?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d1d96be92b8891f3be7b2f1b44821bb?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fce483bacb3c395273971a92bbaef5b0?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d1d96be92b8891f3be7b2f1b44821bb?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/cbaba5d9c7407c1050bbd0856c2aa989?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2dba2f7f4d243d4d33651570ed5ce887?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ac963ff28a96504d52c13fdb0953c344?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d1d96be92b8891f3be7b2f1b44821bb?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/1055364aaad1f1cebb04046d8a30b74c?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e29f12ccdf289a9d3fdf4235e9f05e88?s=60&d=mm&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d1d96be92b8891f3be7b2f1b44821bb?s=60&d=mm&r=g"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Ashlea Wheeler"
] |
2015-03-25T00:00:00
|
This was my first time ever photographing an aurora. Here's what I learnt in a step by step guide on how to take photos of the night sky.
|
en
|
A Globe Well Travelled
|
https://aglobewelltravelled.com/2015/03/25/how-to-take-photos-of-the-night-sky/
|
Is seeing the northern lights on your travel list?
Most people have this as a must-see in their lifetime. But did you know that you can see an aurora in the southern hemisphere? The aurora australis (southern lights) can sometimes be spotted from southern tip of South America, New Zealand’s south island, and Tasmania.
My parents let me know that was going to be an aurora one night during my time in Hobart, so we made it our mission to seek out a nearby spot to take photos.
This was my first time ever photographing the aurora, so before we departed on our epic mission I did some research as to the best way to go about it. And it was worth it – my photos came out looking fairly good (though there’s definitely room for improvement). Here’s what I learnt in a step by step guide on how to take photos of the night sky.
1. Track when an aurora will appear
There’s no point going out into the night and twiddling your thumbs waiting for an aurora to appear. There are numerous websites you can use to track auroras. I used this Aurora Service to track the southern lights in Australia and New Zealand, but you can use something like this site for the northern lights.
It’s quite normal for the lights to be brightest at some un-godly hour in the middle of the night, so take a thermos of strong coffee for your 2am sleep deprivation.
2. Scout the perfect spot
You should choose somewhere with very little light pollution, away from city lights and overlooking an area without many lights in it. As you can see, I could have chosen a better spot if I’d been willing to drive a little further out of the city!
It’s also good to have an object in foreground for scale. A line of trees or a hill/mountain top will do the job.
3. Take the right gear
A point and shoot is just not going to do the trick here as you will need to manually adjust your camera settings to catch the right amount of light, so a DSLR or Mirrorless Camera with manual mode is essential. Also, a wide-angle lens (I used a 15-85mm zoom lens) is essential for capturing a large expanse of sky in the frame.
A tripod is also essential. You’ll need the camera to stay very still when you’re taking the photo. I use a Joby GorillaPod, which is a super versatile and lightweight tripod for travellers.
A camera remote might also come in handy as you’ll need to take the photo without moving the camera, though I just used a 2 second timer setting on my camera to get around this.
4. Get into manual mode
It might sound scary if you haven’t used manual mode before, but don’t worry, it’s not so bad! It might be worth doing some online training at websites like Courses to become more familiar with manual mode and photography techniques. You should also take a good look through the instruction manual for your camera as might need to refer to it when you change settings.
Set your camera to manual focus instead of auto focus, and choose a distant object to focus on (you can use the moon if there’s not much else around).
Now you need to set your ISO, aperture, and shutter speed. Your settings will vary depending on how much light you have around you, whether the moon is out, and what type of camera and lens you have. Here’s a rough guide:
ISO – A low ISO of 400-800 would be best, but I ended up using an ISO of 1600 as it worked better for my surroundings.
Aperture – You want to let in as much light as you can into your camera sensor, so a low aperture is best. My lens can go down to f3.5, so this is what I used for my photos. Most lenses will go down to somewhere between f2-f5 so just choose the lowest setting.
Shutter speed – depending on your ISO, you’ll need a shutter speed of between 5 and 30 seconds. A lengthy shutter speed might seem like a better option, but it means the stars might move in the time that you take the photo. You might need to reduce it a little to avoid star trails.
5. Tweak your settings
Once you’ve taken a test photo (remembering to use the remote/2 second delay), have a look at the result and see what needs to be changed. Is it too dark? If so, increase the ISO or lengthen the shutter speed, or do the opposite if it’s too light.
The best thing to do is to keep taking photos and tweaking your settings bit by bit until you have something that looks super amazing! Don’t delete the underexposed/overexposed photos, you may need them later.
6. Edit your photos
Once you’ve taken a few good shots and moved them onto your computer, you can edit them to improve the colours, brightness, and contrast.
I used HDR techniques to layer a few of my photos. HDR basically means you have a few photos taken of the same scene with different levels of brightness, and you combine them all to get one perfectly exposed photo. If you don’t want to go down the HDR path, then just play with the exposure/brightness/saturation settings. I’ve put together a tutorial on photo editing in Lightroom that might come in handy for this.
This tutorial on photographing the night sky is also relevant for other types of night shots, such as lightning storms and fireworks. The key is to just continue tweaking your settings until you get something that works!
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 52 |
https://secretmelbourne.com/locations-aurora-australis-victoria/
|
en
|
8 Spectacular Locations To See Aurora Australis In Victoria
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1543543449260625&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1543543449260625&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/generic-animated-spinner.svg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/generic-animated-spinner.svg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/484527b074aa02dce79a95006cdd2252?s=24&d=mm&r=g",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/13181634/aurora-australis-locations-victoria-1024x744.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/09171706/Melbourne-Fringe-Festival-24_The-Winner-Takes-It-All-netball8_credit-The-Huxleys-96x73.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/09171706/Melbourne-Fringe-Festival-24_The-Winner-Takes-It-All-netball8_credit-The-Huxleys-96x73.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/08190750/2023_09_07_Palacio-Fernan-Nunez_MADRID_SP_93_zinilk-1-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/08190750/2023_09_07_Palacio-Fernan-Nunez_MADRID_SP_93_zinilk-1-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/13224549/melbourne-royal-show-2-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/13224549/melbourne-royal-show-2-96x73.jpg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/secret-media-network-new-logo.svg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/secret-media-network-new-logo.svg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/locations-aurora-australis-victoria/"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nicole de Souza"
] |
2024-05-13T08:21:28+00:00
|
Not sure where to see the southern lights? See this list for some stunning locations around Victoria the next time aurora australis strikes.
|
en
|
Secret Melbourne
|
https://secretmelbourne.com/locations-aurora-australis-victoria/
|
Over the weekend, Melburnians were treated to an unforgettable display of the southern lights. Thanks to an extreme geomagnetic storm, stargazers around Melbourne were able to see the mesmerising aurora australis in locations like Altona Beach and St Kilda Beach. And if you happened to miss out, don’t worry. While the weekend storm was particularly extreme, we are entering a period of time in the solar cycle known as solar maximum, which means that there will be more solar activity, and possibly more southern lights, to look forward to this year. Stay prepared for the next sighting by figuring out some locations around Victoria for you to visit the next time aurora australis strikes.
Generally speaking, you’ll want to find somewhere dark, with a view to the south. The further south you go, the better. Visiting a beach is a good plan, because the ocean is nice and flat, allowing you to see further out. Here are some locations for you to check out the next time you’re searching for aurora australis in Victoria.
1. Werribee South Beach
This beach is a great spot to look out for aurora australis if you’re living in Melbourne’s western suburbs. Located roughly 4o minutes away from the CBD, Werribee South Beach is quiet, faces south and offers great views towards the horizon. While there are a few street lights on the roads, it should be dark enough on the beach for you to enjoy the southern lights.
2. Rickett’s Point
With its rockpools and clear waters, Rickett’s Point in Beaumaris is a lovely spot to visit during the day. It’s also a great place to look out for aurora australis in Melbourne, as it faces south and offers clear views.
3. Cape Schanck Lighthouse
Cape Schanck Lighthouse is a favourite spot for photographers looking to capture the southern lights. Located on the southernmost tip of the Mornington Peninsula, on top of dramatic cliffs, this beautiful corner of Victoria offers panoramic views of the Bass Strait and the night sky. The area has a number of scenic viewing platforms, so you can take your pick.
4. Flinders Blowhole
Just a 15 minute drive away from Cape Schanck Lighthouse, you’ll find Flinders Blowhole. From the carpark, head down the wooden boardwalk and stairway to the lookout, where you can admire the blowhole and take in more southern ocean views.
5. Point Lonsdale Lighthouse
Heading west to the Bellarine, you’ll have a good chance of seeing aurora australis at Point Lonsdale Lighthouse. The surrounding area offers views over the entrance the Port Phillip, and along the coast to Ocean Grove in the west and Cape Schanck in the east. And, most importantly, it provides a great vantage point to seeing the ocean in the south.
6. Great Ocean Road
It’s hard to pick just one spot on the Great Ocean Road, as this scenic coastal drive has a number of beaches and lookout points that face south. The famous Bells Beach, for example, is about 90 minutes away from Melbourne, and has some lookout points on top of cliffs that will offer a stunning glimpse of the night sky and the southern lights. Aireys Inlet has a number of walking trails that will provide a great vantage point, including the iconic Split Point Lighthouse. And can you just imagine seeing the colourful aurora australis dance through the sky above landmarks like The Twelve Apostles? Given its distance away from Melbourne, a trip to the Great Ocean Road will need some planning ahead of time, but if the stars, or lights, align, it would make some unforgettable photos.
7. Phillip Island
Phillip Island is famous for its adorable penguins, but this island also has wonderfully clear skies and endless ocean views. Simply head to any southern spot or lookout point on the island, like Pyramid Rock and Cape Woolamai. Find more tips here.
8. Wilsons Prom
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 0 |
https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/southern-lights
|
en
|
iStock
|
[
"https://www.istockphoto.com/sign-in/assets/static/istock_global-4918a622f02f75589638.svg#istock-logo"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
iStock. Die offizielle iStock-Website bietet Millionen exklusive, lizenzfreie Dateien. Um die perfekte Foto, Video oder Vektor finden, nach unserer Sammlung jetzt.
|
de
| null | |||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 93 |
https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/10-surprising-things-you-never-knew-about-the-northern-lights-and-where-to-see-them
|
en
|
10 Surprising Things You Never Knew About the Northern Lights and Where to See Them
|
[
"https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/picture2.png",
"https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/picture3.png",
"https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/picture4.png",
"https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/picture5.png",
"https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/picture6.png",
"https://no-cache.hubspot.com/cta/default/5659226/a383ef51-e62e-48bd-9df5-d55dcb672d2d.png"
] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/eJV_wlCm6ms",
"//www.youtube.com/embed/XzBp6Bt503o?si=nVkPJRkDE_iRzBX5",
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/sX1lHUpuucs",
"//www.youtube.com/embed/ettFgJ8jIV4"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Frontiers North"
] | null |
10 Surprising Things You Never Knew About the Northern Lights and Where to See Them
|
en
|
https://blog.frontiersnorth.com/10-surprising-things-you-never-knew-about-the-northern-lights-and-where-to-see-them
|
The northern lights are one of nature’s most beautiful displays—an example of Mother Nature at her best. And winter in the north is one of the best places to get a fantastic look at this awe-inspiring light show. But there’s more to the northern lights than meets the eye. The dancing greens and pinks of the aurora are actually caused by collisions between the gas particles in the earth’s atmosphere and the charged particles released by the sun. The colors change depending on the type of gas molecules that collide—oxygen, for example, causes the greens, while the pinks are caused by nitrogen.
Want to know more about these amazing natural spectacles? Here are 10 facts to pique your interest in the northern lights.
1. The charged particles from the sun travel over 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) before they reach Earth to cause northern lights.
Did you know there is wind on the sun? Well, kind of. So the corona (or outer layer) of the sun is so hot—like 1.1 million degrees Celsius (2 million degrees Fahrenheit) hot—that the sun’s gravity can’t contain the charged particles. So they “blow” away creating solar wind. After travelling 150 million kilometers (at 800 kilometres per second, no less), these rapidly moving particles reach the Earth. And when the solar wind hits our planet, interesting things can happen, such as the aurora borealis.
On occasion, the sun will release large bursts of plasma. These bursts are known as coronal mass ejections (CME) or solar storms. If the solar storms reach us, they bounce off of the Earth’s magnetic shield (that protects us from the powerful radiation these solar winds bring) and onto the planet’s poles. The phenomenon produces beautiful, colourful lights in the upper atmosphere, hence why we have the northern lights. #themoreyouknow
2. The colours of the northern lights depend on two things—gas and distance.
Ever wondered why the northern lights are nifty neon colours? There’s actually a very scientific answer. The colours are actually caused by collisions of electrons entering the Earth’s atmosphere as they hit gaseous particles. Depending on the gas and the distance above the ionosphere these collisions take place, a different colour is made.
Oxygen generates green lights at lower altitudes (97 kilometres or 60 miles above the earth), and red lights at higher altitudes (322 kilometres or 200 miles). Nitrogen particles cause blue or purplish-red lights. Even an orange/white colour can be seen sometimes, but it is extremely rare.
3. The aurora borealis in the north and the aurora australis in the south are mirror images of each other that occur at the same time and in the same shape.
Did you know there are actually “Southern Lights” too? That’s right, when the solar storms bounce off of the Earth’s magnetic fields and hit the poles, colourful lights are created in both the northern and southern hemispheres. And moreover, they are mirror images of each other. Does it get any cooler than that?!
The aurora australis is best seen in Antarctica, but can also be seen on the southern coasts of Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina. In fact, this past year was the first commercial flight in New Zealand taking passengers through the Southern Lights.
4. Astronauts in the International Space Station sometimes fly right through the northern lights.
Not many people can say they’ve seen the aurora borealis in person, and even fewer can say they’ve flown right through it! But some astronauts actually have! The International Space Station flies about 322 kilometres (200 miles) above the Earth’s surface. Since the Northern Lights can occur between 97 and 644 kilometres (60 and 400 miles) above Earth, it just so happens that sometimes our space heroes get a spectacular show.
5. Earth isn’t the only planet that has northern lights.
Surprisingly, Earth isn’t the only planet in our solar system. Shocking, I know. So it would make sense that there are other planets that experience the same phenomenon of solar winds bouncing off of their magnetic shields to create beautifully colourful lights. The big, gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) all have powerful magnetic fields, but since they have different gasses, the colours are not necessarily the same as Earth’s.
Also, these planets have multiple moons, many of which are larger than our own, and can affect which colours are produced. Who knows if any other lifeforms are in awe of the light shows like the people of Earth!
6. Your camera can actually “see” the northern lights better than you can.
Wouldn’t it be interesting to know how many things there are in the universe that the human eye simply can’t see? Thankfully, we have stellar technology, like cameras, that are more sensitive than the human retina and can pick up colours we may not be able to see on our own. But some skilled photography work is needed in order to get these amazing shots.
Hiring a guide to help you locate and take you to the northern lights is essential for truly amazing pictures. And why wouldn’t you want to get the best pictures you can? You’ve travelled a long way and spent some money to see the aurora borealis—you should ensure excellent photographs are captured! Your guide can assist you in making sure that your camera is at the best settings as well as position you in the best spot possible for magnificent photos.
7. The Inuit called the aurora “aqsarniit,” or “football players.” They believed the northern lights were spirits of the dead playing football with a walrus skull.
Many legends have been passed down by the Inuit and other peoples of the Arctic as to what exactly the northern lights are. The most amusing? The aurora borealis is actually a ball game played by those who have passed on. And the ball? A walrus skull. Some versions are a little more ominous and are the other way around—walruses playing with a human skull!
8. Galileo gave the northern lights the name “aurora borealis” in the early 17th century.
It would only make sense that the term “aurora borealis” derives from Greek and Roman words. After all, the planets are named after gods and goddesses. In the 17th Century, Galileo coined the term “aurora” after the goddess of the dawn. Likewise, “Boreas” is the Greek term for “north wind.”
Galileo may not have known exactly what the northern lights were, but 400+ years later, the name has stuck.
9. The northern lights are beautiful to see, but did you know they also make sounds?
Lights producing noises?! Sounds like something out of a science fiction movie! Believe it or not, many people have heard static or hissing sounds, almost like a radio, while viewing the lights. Remember those charged particles from the sun? They most certainly have something to do with it. Essentially, negative electrical charge gets trapped in the inversion layer, a region of the atmosphere where temperature actually increases with altitude, rather than decreases.
When a major solar storm hits Earth, the inversion layer releases the negative electrical charge, which in turn creates the snapping and crackling noises sometimes heard with the northern lights. So when you’re looking at the lovely lights in the night sky, don’t worry, it’s not aliens after all.
10. Although you can see the northern lights as far south as New Orleans during intense solar storms, the best place to find them in North America is in places like Churchill.
They don’t call them the northern lights for nothin’! Truly, the best viewing is in the north, and the best place in North America to see the aurora borealis? Churchill, MB. A major reason why—location. Churchill lies directly below the auroral oval (a giant ring surrounding the Earth’s geomagnetic North Pole where northern lights are most visible).
Churchill is also only a two hour flight from Winnipeg, which means you might only have one layover before being able to see the Polar Lights! Here, you can experience the northern lights in a Tundra Buggy and in the Thanadelthur Lounge. Add some wine and appetizers to your viewing experience, and you are good to go!
Finally, your chances of seeing the aurora borealis are fantastic in Churchill. Situated under the auroral oval, there's a pretty good odds that you will see them!
Ready to see the northern lights in person?
Reading about nature’s “greatest show on earth” can’t do the northern lights justice. They have to be seen in person. If you’re ready to make memories that will last a lifetime, click here to start planning your adventure.
Want more information on our northern lights tours?
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 71 |
http://www.reubenjames.co.nz/b-l-o-g/auroraaustralisblog
|
en
|
Aurora Australis lights up New Zealand — New Zealand Fine Art Photographer
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/t/66417931857de62d1d7e33b7/1715566897344/Aurora+Blog.jpg?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/t/66417931857de62d1d7e33b7/1715566897344/Aurora+Blog.jpg?format=1500w
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=162218267827997&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"http://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1500023525598-W9J6J12BS8RG8E5U6Z1T/Reuben-James-black-high-res.png?format=750w",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/43f0864f-2b13-4946-b5bd-20e881fdbe46/Aurora+Blog.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557437458-IMDN6VJKHV7KZ2BV3WOU/Aurora+whanau.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557437458-IMDN6VJKHV7KZ2BV3WOU/Aurora+whanau.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715556986150-4DK2GPI7FPAGMOJIGI4D/Ka%CC%84piti+Aurora.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715556986150-4DK2GPI7FPAGMOJIGI4D/Ka%CC%84piti+Aurora.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715566010105-0VJSKJ8XXM4EF4X9PJ80/Screen+Shot+2024-05-13+at+2.06.19+PM.png",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715566010105-0VJSKJ8XXM4EF4X9PJ80/Screen+Shot+2024-05-13+at+2.06.19+PM.png",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557064945-PM3UMBVALJ3JAELE5QG8/Spectacle.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557064945-PM3UMBVALJ3JAELE5QG8/Spectacle.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715566266817-MXBKKJSS3YQY5J5TPDMC/Screen+Shot+2024-05-13+at+2.10.27+PM.png",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715566266817-MXBKKJSS3YQY5J5TPDMC/Screen+Shot+2024-05-13+at+2.10.27+PM.png",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557301538-TDWBEPBDWONH8XXVW2BP/Australis+Hues.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557301538-TDWBEPBDWONH8XXVW2BP/Australis+Hues.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557104515-WLAINN0U4R79SDHV5A34/Tahu-nui-a-rangi.jpg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1715557104515-WLAINN0U4R79SDHV5A34/Tahu-nui-a-rangi.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"rue nicklin"
] |
2024-05-13T14:22:25+12:00
|
Nau mai! This weeks blog is a quick one to show you what I captured during the spectacle that was Tahu-nui-a-rangi - more commonly known as the aurora australis. It was a light-show visible all over the country (from Saturday morning through to Sunday evening) and it was a once in a lifetime phe
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/579c0fe5be6594806c0fa139/1506894688269-T71142EDRE22Z5EX19WH/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
New Zealand Fine Art Photographer | Photographic Prints | Home Decor Blogger
|
http://www.reubenjames.co.nz/b-l-o-g/auroraaustralisblog
|
Nau mai!
This weeks blog is a quick one to show you what I captured during the spectacle that was Tahu-nui-a-rangi - more commonly known as the aurora australis. It was a light-show visible all over the country (from Saturday morning through to Sunday evening) and it was a once in a lifetime phenomenon!
My mornings start well before the sun comes up and Saturday morning was no different, although this particular morning the sky to the southeast had a faint pink glow to it. My bro noticed it first so we headed up to the sand dunes before our walk and my first thought was the northern lights, but, as we got in to our walk I assumed it was the glow of the morning sun coming up. It wasn’t until later in the day a photographer I follow shared a few pics of the morning that I realised it was in fact the southern lights lighting the sky. It didn’t take long to figure out there was going to be another flare up that night so I waited patiently for the sun to set and headed to the beach with the fam.
Here’s what I captured.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 87 |
https://www.astronomy.com/science/an-expert-explains-the-psychedelic-rainbow-colors-of-the-aurora/
|
en
|
An expert explains the psychedelic rainbow colors of the aurora
|
[
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/05/nothern-lights-kohler-andrae-state-park.jpeg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/nrothern-lights-red.jpeg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2024/05/aurora-tasmania.jpeg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/universe-6807690_1280-768x576.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/Low-Res_image-000-_000150.webp",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/winter-stars-2-768x512.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/chandra-artists-impression-768x432.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/07/micrometeorites.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/TESS_V7-768x442.gif",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/Pragyan-tracks-768x769.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2024/08/delporte-768x494.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/03/JWST_Jupiter_closeup.jpg",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/bg-image-footer-newsletter-mobile.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/3-Issue-Image@2x.png?w=620",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/bg-image-footer-newsletter-mobile.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/11/ProjectApolloCC_768.jpg?w=600",
"https://www.astronomy.com/uploads/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/cropped-Logo-white@2x.png",
"https://www.astronomy.com/science/an-expert-explains-the-psychedelic-rainbow-colors-of-the-aurora/state.currentImage.currentSrc",
"https://www.astronomy.com/science/an-expert-explains-the-psychedelic-rainbow-colors-of-the-aurora/state.enlargedSrc"
] |
[
"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/229899/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Timothy Schmidt, The Conversation",
"Timothy Schmidt",
"The Conversation"
] |
2024-05-13T19:45:57+00:00
|
If you saw the aurora or photos, you might be wondering what exactly was going on. What makes the glow, and the different colors?
|
en
|
Astronomy Magazine
|
https://www.astronomy.com/science/an-expert-explains-the-psychedelic-rainbow-colors-of-the-aurora/
|
Last week, a huge solar flare sent a wave of energetic particles from the Sun surging out through space. Over the weekend, the wave reached Earth, and people around the world enjoyed the sight of unusually vivid aurora in both hemispheres.
While the aurora is normally only visible close to the poles, this weekend it was spotted as far south as Hawaii in the northern hemisphere, and as far north as Mackay in the south.
This spectacular spike in auroral activity appears to have ended, but don’t worry if you missed out. The Sun is approaching the peak of its 11-year sunspot cycle, and periods of intense aurora are likely to return over the next year or so.
If you saw the aurora, or any of the photos, you might be wondering what exactly was going on. What makes the glow, and the different colours? The answer is all about atoms, how they get excited – and how they relax.
When electrons meet the atmosphere
The auroras are caused by charged subatomic particles (mostly electrons) smashing into Earth’s atmosphere. These are emitted from the Sun all the time, but there are more during times of greater solar activity.
Most of our atmosphere is protected from the influx of charged particles by Earth’s magnetic field. But near the poles, they can sneak in and wreak havoc.
Earth’s atmosphere is about 20% oxygen and 80% nitrogen, with some trace amounts of other things like water, carbon dioxide (0.04%) and argon.
When high-speed electrons smash into oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere, they split the oxygen molecules (O₂) into individual atoms. Ultraviolet light from the Sun does this too, and the oxygen atoms generated can react with O₂ molecules to produce ozone (O₃), the molecule that protects us from harmful UV radiation.
But, in the case of the aurora, the oxygen atoms generated are in an excited state. This means the atoms’ electrons are arranged in an unstable way that can “relax” by giving off energy in the form of light.
What makes the green light?
As you see in fireworks, atoms of different elements produce different colours of light when they are energised.
Copper atoms give a blue light, barium is green, and sodium atoms produce a yellow–orange colour that you may also have seen in older street lamps. These emissions are “allowed” by the rules of quantum mechanics, which means they happen very quickly.
When a sodium atom is in an excited state it only stays there for around 17 billionths of a second before firing out a yellow–orange photon.
But, in the aurora, many of the oxygen atoms are created in excited states with no “allowed” ways to relax by emitting light. Nevertheless, nature finds a way.
The green light that dominates the aurora is emitted by oxygen atoms relaxing from a state called “¹S” to a state called “¹D”. This is a relatively slow process, which on average takes almost a whole second.
In fact, this transition is so slow it won’t usually happen at the kind of air pressure we see at ground level, because the excited atom will have lost energy by bumping into another atom before it has a chance to send out a lovely green photon. But in the atmosphere’s upper reaches, where there is lower air pressure and therefore fewer oxygen molecules, they have more time before bumping into one another and therefore have a chance to release a photon.
For this reason, it took scientists a long time to figure out that the green light of the aurora was coming from oxygen atoms. The yellow–orange glow of sodium was known in the 1860s, but it wasn’t until the 1920s that Canadian scientists figured out the auroral green was due to oxygen.
What makes the red light in the aurora?
The green light comes from a so-called “forbidden” transition, which happens when an electron in the oxygen atom executes an unlikely leap from one orbital pattern to another. (Forbidden transitions are much less probable than allowed ones, which means they take longer to occur.)
However, even after emitting that green photon, the oxygen atom finds itself in yet another excited state with no allowed relaxation. The only escape is via another forbidden transition, from the ¹D to the ³P state – which emits red light.
This transition is even more forbidden, so to speak, and the ¹D state has to survive for about about two minutes before it can finally break the rules and give off red light. Because it takes so long, the red light only appears at high altitudes, where the collisions with other atoms and molecules are scarce.
Also, because there is such a small amount of oxygen up there, the red light tends to appear only in intense auroras – like the ones we have just had.
This is why the red light appears above the green. While they both originate in forbidden relaxations of oxygen atoms, the red light is emitted much more slowly and has a higher chance of being extinguished by collisions with other atoms at lower altitudes.
Other colors, and why cameras see them better
While green is the most common colour to see in the aurora, and red the second most common, there are also other colours. In particular, ionised nitrogen molecules (N₂⁺, which are missing one electron and have a positive electrical charge), can emit blue and red light. This can produce a magenta hue at low altitudes.
All these colors are visible to the naked eye if the aurora is bright enough. However, they show up with more intensity in the camera lens.
There are two reasons for this. First, cameras have the benefit of a long exposure, which means they can spend more time collecting light to produce an image than our eyes can. As a result, they can make a picture in dimmer conditions.
The second is that the colour sensors in our eyes don’t work very well in the dark – so we tend to see in black and white in low light conditions. Cameras don’t have this limitation.
Not to worry, though. When the aurora is bright enough, the colors are clearly visible to the naked eye.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 24 |
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1600502583537289/posts/just-a-newbie-question-i-have-just-purchased-a-camera-with-capabilities-to-captu/3624414077812786/
|
en
|
Facebook
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
| null | |||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 48 |
https://www.wistv.com/2024/07/03/mysterious-comet-like-object-lights-up-early-morning-sky-above-midlands/
|
en
|
Mysterious comet-like object lights up the early-morning sky above the Midlands
|
[
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/FQVDE6BDWNFLNMACZBBLUDIRK4.png?auth=9d32c9e831c87ae65895d18d150cadbc32dd466347aac18afc00cdd50464b702&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/CH4AOA2HJVCIPJPSATAR2SYH34.jpg?auth=6820d4bc8c39dc83206b0528acdbe52ee037cf7ba438807281fef6f64087a01b&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/SGM6VZP3YRHYFGSEDOQKHWVDW4.jpg?auth=cdd560e717901c03ec8ba4732ed98fd71c3eceb3067ea79df2bbb8ee1cc14de0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/ZZA4TXCXBJA3HBVVP2YBZLAUXM.png?auth=727f5a6e3d978f0f00eda1198c867c2b69011d1cef7a4cab2d635e434930a1f0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/U6SH5VQBIRAVBJ23HJYKV7755E.bmp?auth=c105bdfbeea550a214189ae0dcd4fd3e75027b7bc924c288999608760984771d&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/DTN2U6BQ7RAHHIBNZYAF5HXOQU.png?auth=dd7a81a6fe8e7b428ffb9b8634b88a112dcd3882268840f0a4e1b9f41cba786d&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/BR5PPV76XBEA7M7O3IQWJPV7RU.png?auth=dcc44f812275c2da172230b009450ed409c586db69a5dfd214fdd619af90075e&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/XPJZIZUJQJCE3NLRZWJ37RFSJM.jpg?auth=1d58cf73aedf2e3000f186a27037973fb276b725a8ab104cf0f953f741043ed0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/QFOQE4S6YZGB7B5WUUQC3IWOBU.jpg?auth=81d33cc9a7573ad2a1ca34b751133657b7edc8bc5b62362f6cb1e64a06bece63&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/A6KCM4ALEJATXOO6YLL5YQDM6U.jpeg?auth=f448842390566bc99724c7821286864adff0e166e38f74f26677871e0cdf4be3&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/MB2M57R5O5GMNLCBI6ZCYN5WYE.jpg?auth=cff94fdcae787329d27c5731ef2f7a038afd8b5a19411ffe4fbfb33c15566ff9&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/BR5PPV76XBEA7M7O3IQWJPV7RU.png?auth=dcc44f812275c2da172230b009450ed409c586db69a5dfd214fdd619af90075e&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/VGFSVHHOV5BJFGX5TPGM35DTUY.png?auth=46a5ec249d04aad259fcc57b71ae6b29bda4bf66c56f8ce48f44c41516c60c1d&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/BKXDGJLXC5AGBPTPM24CPBWF4U.png?auth=85a249e1570a2e46f82e3f9c1d668e09fdd9ea58d19a9e45daef93bc71f84cc2&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-10-2024%2Ft_e1b306e504a947db821af719148bc831_name_Collage___2024_08_09T134554_113.png?auth=e3e1417891e883f3e1bcae6d87da04c6fe9b2be76788f1e77ee51e254d70edb7&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-10-2024%2Ft_5f8edf83da184391b0b12297d8f8f343_name_Derrick__CD__Wilson___1_.png?auth=f20db19d75906ed02630405abbe3a9263a28e3b37595726243478444600ec9a7&width=800&height=450&smart=true"
] |
[
"https://d1l66zlxaqpl1u.cloudfront.net/wp-gray/20240703/668530e4581bf81a3e510576/t_4aa585c3703d4f08b4699e92ca2506b3_name_10_2___The_CW_2024_07_03T07_00_55__9131333_04_00D50350__Track_00/file_1280x720-2000-v3_1.mp4",
"https://d1l66zlxaqpl1u.cloudfront.net/wp-gray/20240703/668533cb14e78e77055751b9/t_bf910c80a3a148069d138638a5f2dd53_name_IMG_1936/file_1280x720-2000-v3_1.mp4"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Kevin Connaughton"
] |
2024-07-03T00:00:00
|
A mysterious comet-like object was spotted in the skies above the Midlands early Wednesday morning.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/wistv/favicon.ico?d=423
|
https://www.wistv.com
|
https://www.wistv.com/2024/07/03/mysterious-comet-like-object-lights-up-early-morning-sky-above-midlands/
|
COLUMBIA, S.C. (WIS) - A mysterious comet-like object was spotted in the skies above the Midlands early Wednesday morning.
While the object might look like a comet or a meteor, the First Alert Weather team discovered the object was actually a spacecraft launched by SpaceX.
The astronautics company conducted their Falcon 9 launch at 4:55 a.m. Wednesday morning, launching 20 Starlink satellites into low-Earth orbit from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.
The launch was widely visible over the Carolinas Wednesday morning, and several WIS News 10 viewers submitted images and video of the spacecraft wondering if it was a comet, a meteor or even a UFO.
While it doesn’t look like aliens have touched down in South Carolina just yet, the launch was a striking part of Wednesday’s skyline. If you took a picture or video of the launch, submit it to us by clicking here!
Feel more informed, prepared, and connected with WIS. For more free content like this, subscribe to our email newsletter, and download our apps. Have feedback that can help us improve? Click here.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 53 |
https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/travel/southern-lights-ultimate-guide-seeing-auroras-in-australia-new-zealand/
|
en
|
Your ultimate guide to seeing the southern lights in Australia & New Zealand
|
[
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/tourhero_logo-01-2-e1590557906626.png",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/tourhero_logo-01-2-e1590557906626.png",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/aurora-australis-scaled.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0b9a555bff83b40967586a269a06fef5?s=40&d=mm&r=g",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/southern-lights-new-zealand.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/aurora-new-zealand-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sebastian-knoll-zVzu0F9z44I-unsplash-1024x683.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/0b9a555bff83b40967586a269a06fef5?s=68&d=mm&r=g",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/korean-street-food-stall.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a76072422d49b245c0fb993d1d1d096?s=40&d=mm&r=g",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/iceland-travel-plans-to-hidden-towns.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/2a76072422d49b245c0fb993d1d1d096?s=40&d=mm&r=g",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/philippines-5-hidden-gems.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/feature-image-1-380x220.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cameron-highlands-itinerary-380x220.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/honduras-1-380x220.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/koh-hong-island-thailand-380x220.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/jakob-owens-h2QjM-Z5mUA-unsplash-380x220.jpg",
"https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/tourhero_logo-01-1-e1597938359177.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Angela Goh",
"Cheryl Ang"
] |
2020-06-04T03:13:13+00:00
|
Best aurora australis views? Here’s everything you need to know about when and where to see southern lights in Australia and New Zealand.
|
en
|
TourHero
|
https://www.tourhero.com/en/magazine/travel/southern-lights-ultimate-guide-seeing-auroras-in-australia-new-zealand/
|
Just under a couple of months ago, the night skies over parts of New Zealand and Australia were lit up by the amazing colors of the aurora australis, better known as the southern lights. From Queenstown to Tasmania, viewers were treated to this rare phenomenon and took to social media to share their snaps. For many people outside of the Oceania region, this may come as a surprise, as auroras are more commonly talked about and photographed in the far north of the world map, spotted over countries like Canada, Norway, and Iceland.
While the aurora borealis may get a lot of attention, we want to share the mystical delights of its lesser–known counterpart in the south. Only visible in the southern hemisphere, the best places to catch a glimpse of the southern lights are in New Zealand and Australia. When, then, should you be jetting off to the lands down under to go on a hunt for auroras? You’ll be glad to know that southern lights can be seen throughout the year. The spectacle takes place at random, when solar particles and atmospheric gases collide to emit the ghostly glow. That said, during these high bouts of sunspot activity, there are times where sky conditions are best to keep a lookout for that lovely glow.
Read on to find out more about the best places to see the southern lights, and the right conditions to look out for if you want to try your luck at viewing the aurora australis!
Spotting Aurora Australis: When to catch the southern lights in action
Tip #1: The winter months provide perfect conditions
Unlike the northern lights, the southern lights aren’t quite as severely affected by seasonal light changes, meaning they can be visible throughout the year. The trick is, dark skies and a clear atmosphere can greatly increase the beauty and visibility of the glow, and as such, the winter months — May to August — are great times to see the aurora australis in all its glory, right until the spring equinox in September.
Tip #2: Be at your designated viewing spot by midnight
The best time to see the southern lights at its brightest is when the night sky is as dark as it can get. Midnight is the optimal time, as the sun is on the other side of the planet. Be sure to give yourself plenty of time to get to your viewpoint before midnight arrives to make the most of the hour!
Tip #3: Take note of the phases of the moon and plan accordingly
The moon can be incredibly bright and could put a damper on the aurora viewing experience. Plan your excursions for nights that fall between the waning crescent and the waxing crescent, and definitely try to avoid a viewing when the moon is full!
Tip #4: The weather forecast is your best friend
Like any outdoor activity, checking the weather forecast for the night can greatly help you to avoid disappointment. It might be necessary to wait several days or even weeks to find the best conditions and clearest skies. To make things easier, check the Aurora Service website for accurate readings of aurora australis activity levels and hourly forecasts.
Best places to see the southern lights in New Zealand
Stewart Island
Stewart Island has been given the internationally–recognized status of a Dark Sky Sanctuary, meaning the quality of the night sky over this remote part of the world is exceptional. Easily accessible, the island has the perfect nocturnal conditions to make it a true paradise for stargazers and aurora chasers alike.
How to get to Stewart Island by ferry: Ferries depart from the South Island seaport town of Bluff and take approximately 60 minutes to reach Stewart Island. Check the Stewart Island Experience Ferry timetable for more information.
How to get to Stewart Island by plane: Flights depart from Invercargill Airport and take approximately 20 minutes to reach Oban, Stewart Island. Flight times depend on the season — check the Stewart Island Flights timetable for more information.
Invercargill
Unable to get to Stewart Island? Invercargill is located close by, on the southern tip of South Island. You might be lucky enough to spot the aurora australis here, but you will need to get away from the city lights in order to catch a glimpse of the phenomenon!
How to get to Invercargill by plane: You can fly directly into Invercargill Airport from Wellington and Christchurch, or catch a connecting flight from Auckland.
How to get to Invercargill by coach: The InterCity bus service departs daily for Invercargill from various locations around the South Island, including from Christchurch, Dunedin, and Te Anau.
Otago Peninsula
While rare, the southern lights have been known to grace the night skies over Dunedin. That said, if you’re going to be in Dunedin, you might as well try your luck over at the adjoining Otago Peninsula. There, you’ll find Hoopers Inlet, two kilometers south of Portobello, known for its great natural beauty and also its reputation as one of the best spots to view the aurora lights.
How to get to Otago Peninsula: The Otago Peninsula is located approximately 15 kilometers from the city of Dunedin and is easily accessible by road. The city’s local bus service covers the Otago Peninsula, with bus 18 making a stop at Portobello. Refer to the Dunedin bus timetable for more information.
Lake Tekapo
Located in the middle of South Island, Lake Tekapo is famous for its clear skies and starry nights. On top of being one of the best places to stargaze, it is also a good spot to look out for the southern lights. Lake Tekapo is surrounded by mountains, so you can set up camp on higher ground to get a better view of the lights!
How to get to Lake Tekapo by coach: The InterCity bus service provides daily trips to Tekapo from Christchurch and Queenstown. The journey from Christchurch takes approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes. The journey from Queenstown takes approximately 4 hours and 15 minutes.
Queenstown
Highly accessible, Queenstown and its lovely night skies have, on occasion, dazzled its residents with views of the southern lights. With wide, open areas surrounding the town itself, it’s easy to find a place away from the city lights to set up camp for the night.
How to get to Queenstown: You can catch direct flights into Queenstown Airport from Auckland, Christchurch, and Wellington, as well as Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, and the Gold Coast in Australia.
Best places to see the southern lights in Australia
Mount Wellington, Tasmania
Aurora hotspots in Australia are mostly found in Tasmania, thanks to the island state’s southern–most location and its clear skies that are free from major light pollution. Unsurprisingly, Mount Wellington, located close to Hobart on the southeast coastal region, has been known to provide an unobstructed view of the southern lights on a clear night.
How to get to Mount Wellington: Mount Wellington is not far from Hobart, Tasmania’s capital city. The drive from Hobart to the top of Mount Wellington is approximately 21 kilometers and takes about 30 minutes.
South Arm Peninsula, Tasmania
Also close to Hobart, the South Arm Peninsula provides a good stretch of flat terrain to get a perfect view of the horizon. If you’re staying for the southern lights, you might as well stay for the beautiful beaches and the relaxing atmosphere.
How to get to South Arm Peninsula: The South Arm Peninsula is easily accessible from Hobart. Various routes along the South Arm Peninsula are covered by the local bus service, with bus 646 departing daily from Hobart City Interchange. Refer to the Metro Tasmania timetable for more information.
Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park, Tasmania
Considered one of the most beautiful national parks in Australia with its lovely lakes and gorgeous alpine forests, Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park makes a great backdrop for an aurora viewing. The park is located in the middle of Tasmania and can be easily accessed from Hobart and Launceston.
How to get to Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park: Located in the middle of the island, Cradle Mountain–Lake St. Clair National Park is easily accessible from Tasmania’s two major towns, Hobart and Launceston. If driving by car, the northern entrance of the park is 90 minutes from Launceston, and the southern entrance is 2 hours and 30 minutes from Hobart.
Of course, the night sky hides so much more than just the southern lights and northern lights. For anyone just getting started with astronomy, there’s a world of fascinating planets, stars, galaxies, constellations, and celestial phenomena out there, just out of reach of the naked eye. Check out this beginner’s guide on the top things to see in the night sky with a telescope if you’d love to discover something new!
About TourHero
TourHero is a social travel platform that enables you to travel with like-minded people and fall in love with the journey. We work closely with handpicked local operators to ensure every experience curated is unique and exclusive to your travel group. Come with us on epic adventures and create memories that last a lifetime!
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 45 |
http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/the-northern-lights-photos-vs-reality/
|
en
|
The Northern Lights: Photos vs. Reality
|
[
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/logo-new-small5.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_4593-Edit-550x365.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_1628-Edit-2-550x365.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_4884-Edit-Edit-550x405.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_3089-550x365.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Group-1-DSC_3909_DSC_3913-5-images-Edit-550x177.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_3923-Edit-2-Edit-550x376.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_4637-Edit-Edit-550x366.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/DSC_6003-Edit-528x750.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSC_5346-Edit-150x150.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/DSC_2213-150x150.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/DSC_1655-Edit-Edit-150x150.jpg",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/DSC_5219-Edit-150x150.jpg",
"http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/57a476e166103c8cfe80f3ae3dcdf17e?s=68&d=mm&r=g",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/google-plus.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/facebook.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/twitter.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/feed.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/flickr.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/pinterest.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/instagram.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/faded_social/500px.png",
"http://2.gravatar.com/avatar/57a476e166103c8cfe80f3ae3dcdf17e?s=50&d=mm&r=g",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Guide-to-Lapland-in-Winter-Cover.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F04%2FDSC_2969-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FDSC_6729-Edit-Edit-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FDSC_8098-Edit-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F07%2FDSC_6871-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FDSC_1138-Edit-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2FDSC_2330-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FDSC_2316-Edit-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F08%2FDSC_2393-Edit.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2FQueen-Charlotte-Track-025.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bootsandabackpack.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F06%2FDSC_7359.jpg&q=90&w=390&h=246&zc=1",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/AsSeenIn.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Vanguard-Professional-PVD-Badge-500x500.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/ico_twitter.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/ico_facebook.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/ico_rss.png",
"http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/themes/journey/images/ico_newspaper.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"travel",
"blog",
"writing",
"australia",
"new zealand",
"adventure travel",
"hiking",
"tramping",
"photography",
"photos"
] | null |
[
"Kristin"
] |
2013-10-29T08:00:39+00:00
|
You’d be hard pressed finding someone who doesn’t have “see the who doesn’t have “see the northern lights”on their bucket list. I know it featured on mine for years, even though I’d never given much thought to how I would accomplish it. Because all of these people have, at some point, seen a photo of…
|
http://www.bootsandabackpack.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/possible-boots-logo-1boot-2.ico
|
A Pair of Boots and a Backpack
|
https://www.bootsandabackpack.com/the-northern-lights-photos-vs-reality/
|
You’d be hard pressed finding someone who doesn’t have “see the who doesn’t have “see the northern lights”on their bucket list. I know it featured on mine for years, even though I’d never given much thought to how I would accomplish it.
Because all of these people have, at some point, seen a photo of green lights dancing over a pristine winter landscape, they all have a preconception of what they are going to see. For those people, me included (despite all the cautions I received to the contrary), it’s expected that they will walk outside after dark and the sky will simply light up above them. The reality isn’t quite so straightforward.
Don’t get me wrong: it’s still one of the most awe-inspiring sights you’ll ever see. It’s just good to know what to expect so you don’t feel disappointed.
They Can Take a While to Appear In Colour
The first thing to know is that the aurora doesn’t usually appear in brilliant colours all at once. Instead, it often gradually makes its presence known as a rainbow-like arc across the northern sky. Rather than being the unmistakable green colour, though, it is can be an off-white colour, almost like a cloud.
However, it won’t behave like a cloud, which you would expect to continue moving across the sky with a reasonably constant speed. At this point, it’s often possible to see the telltale oscillating movement within the arc itself — which was one of the ways I managed to convince my otherwise incredulous mother that I hadn’t gotten her out of bed at 1am to watch clouds move across the sky.
The oscillations of the aurora are best described by traditional Sami drawings of the phenomenon. To me, it almost looked like a slinky being pushed together and then pulled apart on a massive, massive scale.
If the lights do form like this, there are a few ways you can prove to yourself that you’re actually watching the northern lights. You can:
Excitedly point and ask everyone if that is what you think it is. This is what I did the first time I saw them, but fortunately I had a group of about 10 other people around me that were all doing the same thing.
Take a photo with high ISO and a long shutter speed. I usually cranked mine up to ISO3200 with an aperture of 2.8 and a shutter speed of 1s or so. It doesn’t matter if it’s handheld and blurry — what you want to see is whether what you’re watching in the sky is still white (meaning it’s a cloud) or whether it’s started to turn green with the longer exposure.
It’s well worth sticking around if the northern lights appear in this form, because they alternate between strong and weak phases, often in a very short period of time. That “white cloud” can very quickly turn into a full-fledged green and pink light show…or it could be the strongest the aurora gets all night.
It’s also good to remember that conditions can drastically affect the visibility of the aurora — if it’s full moon or if you’re around a lot of light pollution from city lights, the aurora will appear a lot duller than it actually is. Also, if you are seeing the aurora at a lower altitude — for instance, in the lower 48 US states or in Tasmania — it is likely to be much less obvious in the sky.
When They Do Appear, They Won’t (Always) Look Like The Photos
All aurora photographers — myself included — are guilty of taking photos that don’t quite reflect reality. Aside from being able to make the sky appear green when the naked eye can only see white, long exposure photos mean a lot more movement is captured in one shot than you would see otherwise.
Essentially, this takes several moments in time and combines them into one photo, making an image that is more spectacular because it was more than you ever could have seen at one time. It also creates shapes and formations that you may not be able to spot at the time, especially because there is often so much movement going on in the sky that it’s hard to concentrate on just one section.
I took this photo in a series as the lights welled up in the sky, turning from the aforementioned arch in the sky into a writhing mass of green. As I stood there in awe of the most spectacular aurora I’d seen so far, I definitely did not have time to pick out any particular shapes in the sky, yet now I can very clearly see what looks like a man with a hood on and his arms out flying across the sky.
This photo was taken during a solar storm that I witnessed from a hilltop in Kätkävaara, Finland. Again, I didn’t stop and point as I would to a interestingly-shaped cloud, thinking, “wow, doesn’t that look like a smiley face?” On that night, the entire sky, from northern to southern horizon, was alight, and I had no idea which way to look. I probably would have spend most of the night with my mouth hanging open if the temperature hadn’t been hovering around -20ºC.
So is it a bad thing that the lights won’t look like the photos you’ve seen? Not at all — that’s part of the joy of it. You never know what you’re going to see or what shape or colour it might take.
It’s just important to know that the images your eye can see are very different to what your camera can capture. Each are spectacular in their own way, and while there may not be as much going on — or as much colour — in the sky as you see in one image, it’s always much, much better because you are there witnessing it for yourself.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 10 |
https://www.enriquepacheco.com/blog/about-aurora-borealis
|
en
|
About Aurora Borealis — Enrique Pacheco
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/6051ddb2a7dc6251dc593360/60732bc56c0d160d0cb9236c/1618497706765/Aurora-thumb.jpeg?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/6051ddb2a7dc6251dc593360/60732bc56c0d160d0cb9236c/1618497706765/Aurora-thumb.jpeg?format=1500w
|
[
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1615971481144-9E0DCCVAVOZIGGL3BA92/logo-enrique-pacheco1.png?format=1500w",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1615971481144-9E0DCCVAVOZIGGL3BA92/logo-enrique-pacheco1.png?format=1500w",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1618422358558-DPTWYRO7Y41E4W4V6FHV/Aurora_Borealis-1.jpeg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1618422399580-S8JAISQIU079UAE9RPKC/AuroraSky-2.jpeg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Enrique Pacheco"
] |
2013-09-23T10:57:00+02:00
|
Lee en español
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/29d9955a-843d-45b1-acae-0aaa984f9575/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Enrique Pacheco
|
https://www.enriquepacheco.com/blog/about-aurora-borealis
|
In more than ten years as a professional photographer, I’ve had the opportunity to contemplate and photograph lots of different scenes and breathtakingly beautiful places. In my images, I always try to not only show the beauty of the landscape, but to transmit the emotion I felt while shooting as well.
Aurora Borealis are a natural phenomena that move and touch the spectator as no other scenery. I have seen the Northern Lights countless times over the years, yet I still experience them just like the first time: with childlike wonder, fascination and euphoria.
Aurora Borealis awake lots of questions in the photographer and traveller. I’m not an astronomy expert, but I’ll try to share what I have learned while hunting and capturing Auroras.
How do Aurora Borealis happen?
Auroras are a natural light phenomena that can be seen on the Earth Poles. The North Pole ones are called Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights, and the ones in the South Pole are known as Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. They appear as a result of a particle collision between the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic fields.
Where can Aurora Borealis be seen?
Aurora Borealis become more visible the closer we get to the Earth Poles. As the Antarctica is an underpopulated place, very difficult to access, most of the pictures of Aurora Borealis we see have been taken not in Antarctica, but as close as possible to the North Pole.
In some cases, Aurora Borealis have been seen on lower latitudes, in places like the United Kingdom. However, without a doubt the best places to see them are Alaska, Norway and of course, Iceland. Iceland is considered the most comfortable country to see the Northern Lights, for its more welcoming and relatively mild climate. Thanks to the proximity to the Gulf Stream, in Iceland we can see Aurora Borealis at -10ºC, compared to -25ºC (or lower) for the same conditions in Norway or Alaska.
When is the best date to see Aurora Borealis?
Aurora Borealis might be visible at any time of the year, as long as the sky is dark enough. Contrary to what people think, there is not a time of the year when they are more frequent. The crucial factor is the light. Close to the Arctic the sun doesn’t go down in summer, which means that during the summer months of the year the northernmost countries don’t see the night. This, consequently, prevents the visibility of the Northern Lights. When the night falls, the Auroras appear. When planning an Aurora hunting trip, I usually choose November and March, because these are months with lots of night hours but not as cold as December or January. Additionally, the winter months have much less light hours, and that makes planning the trip additionally difficult.
Can Aurora Borealis be predicted?
There are internet pages that predict the appearance of Aurora Borealis with accuracy. The sun wind creating the Auroras takes two days to reach Earth from the Sun. As the Sun is observed and analyzed constantly by astronomers, when a sun storm or an explosion happens, it’s possible to know that two days after, there will be a lot of Aurora Borealis activity.
The website I use is the Geophysical Institute, Alaska University.
How can we photograph Aurora Borealis?
Aurora Borealis appear in very low light conditions. That will definitely put our photography equipment to the test, and we’ll need the best equipment we can afford. That is to say: low light lenses and sensitive cameras with a low noise level. Besides, Aurora Borealis move quite fast, so we can’t use long exposures or we won’t capture them with enough definition, and that definition is essential in achieving a stunning image. The ideal picture should show an Aurora with defined limits.
I know many of you are expecting the proper Exif data, so I’m going to share what works in most cases, but remember, the best you can do is to evaluate the scene and adapt to it.
ISO: The higher your camera allows for an acceptable level, in my case with a Sony a99 I can go up to 3200ISO with a reasonable noise level, easily rectifiable with Lightroom.
Fstop: The faster that your lens permit, keeping in mind the definition loss with high diaphragm aperture. There are lenses that open 1.4, like the Canon 24mm, but loosing a lot of quality, best results at f2. I use Zeiss 16-35mm f2.8, that offers a great quality even with the highest aperture.
Shutter Speed: This depends on the brightness the Aurora Borealis that we are photographing. In some cases, I had to use only 5s of exposition, when the usual is between 15 and 20s. We will always have to bear in mind that if we use very long exposures the Aurora will look blurry and soft, with no definition, and we are also have the risk of showing moved stars in our picture.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 12 |
https://mymodernmet.com/aurora-australis-dan-zafra/
|
en
|
Stunning View of the Aurora Australis in New Zealand
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=438929739853889&ev=PageView &noscript=1",
"https://s3.feedly.com/img/follows/feedly-follow-rectangle-volume-medium_2x.png",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/geothermal-energy-fervo-large.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/dog-negro-guardian-pays-with-leaves-large.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/px3-2023-large-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/lily-hevesh-national-building-museum-large.jpg",
"https://s3.feedly.com/img/follows/feedly-follow-rectangle-volume-medium_2x.png",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-2.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/31a62c6c24bcd6637c7c271e8efc26e7?s=100&d=mm&r=g",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-logo-white.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Kjara-Plicanic-Crochet.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/cactus-embroidery-kit-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/memberful-sidebar-background.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-logo-black-v2.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Melissa-de-Nobrega-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Melissa-de-Nobrega-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Margherita-Cole-1-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-9.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Margherita-Cole-7-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-10.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-7.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-6.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-13.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-12.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-11.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-4.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-4.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Danison-Fronda-Hand-Lettering-06.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-20.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-17.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-16.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Floor-Geibels-1.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-22.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-19.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-18.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-14.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-15.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-21.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-23.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Demi-Lang-Architectural-Drawing-02.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-29.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Anna-Sokolova-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-31.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-5.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-25.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-26.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-32.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Floor-Geibels-1.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-28.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Anna-Sokolova-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-27.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-30.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-24.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-35.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-2.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-38.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-36.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-41.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Nitika-Ale-2.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-40.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Nitika-Ale-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-33.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-34.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-39.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-37.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-play-button.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-pause-button.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Shovava-Vintage-Scarf.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Frida-Kahlo.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Cat-Pile-Big.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Viviva-Watercolor-Sheets.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/greg-martin-olympic-rings-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/soumyadeep-mukherjee-kyrgyzstan-small.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/miguel-claro-iss-transit-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Astronomy-Photographer-Year-shortlist-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/kolari-solar-eclipse-photo-contest-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/andrew-mccarthy-sunspot-timelapse-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/miguel-claro-total-eclipse-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Milky-Way-Photographer-Year-2024-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/lunar-analemma-betul-turksoy-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/northern-lights-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Milky-Way-Black-Hole-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/redbull-aerobatic-pilots-2024-eclipse-square.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jessica Stewart",
"Oh Sew Bootiful",
"Today is Art Day",
"Viviva Colorsheets"
] |
2023-09-29T14:45:44+00:00
|
Photographer Dan Zafra traveled to New Zealand in order to capture a rare image of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
My Modern Met
|
https://mymodernmet.com/aurora-australis-dan-zafra/
|
Most of us know of the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, but did you know that the Southern Hemisphere has its own natural light show? Photographer Dan Zafra of Capture the Atlas traveled to southern New Zealand, where he was able to photograph the Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern Lights. While not as widely known as its northern companion, the Southern Lights put on just as good a display.
While photographing the Northern Lights is already tricky, requiring advanced planning and some luck, getting the Southern Lights on camera is even more difficult. Zafra outlined all the challenges that he faced when thinking about how to view this aurora and capture it on film.
“Realistically, you can only photograph them in Southern New Zealand/Australia,” he shared, noting that it's also possible in Antarctica. But as only scientists can winter there, that location is out of the question.
“The second challenge is the solar activity; you need a really strong show to have the opportunity to see them. The third part is location. Unlike the Northern Lights, which ‘dance' across the entire sky on big shows, the Aurora Australis is limited to the South and lower in the horizon, so any location blocked by mountains will prevent you from seeing it.”
And, of course, the weather also needs to cooperate. As Zafra hunkered down in Dunedin, which is located on New Zealand's South Island, there were several days when the solar activity was either too weak or cloud cover was too strong to get any good photos.
Luckily, Zafra's luck then turned around after he decided to drive a few hours to the Eastern Coast, where the weather was better. His gamble paid off, and he was awarded three consecutive days of spectacular auroras. Given that the light show was sandwiched between astronomical twilight and sunrise, he had just a few minutes to get a few good shots in before the colorful lights disappeared.
“It might not be my best Aurora image,” he confesses, “but it is definitely one of the most specials I have ever captured.”
On a recent trip to New Zealand, photographer Dan Zafra had a chance to capture images of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights.
Capture the Atlas: Website | Facebook | Instagram
My Modern Met granted permission to feature photos by Dan Zafra.
Related Articles:
Behold the Best Northern Lights Photographs of 2022
The Best Milky Way Photographers of the Year Show the Beauty of Our Galaxy
Photographer Chronicles a Magical Week of Swimming With Orcas in Norway
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 27 |
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/northern-lights-photos-around-the-world/
|
en
|
Spectacular photos show the northern lights around the world
|
[
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/a96f4b63-4aeb-42d3-b2fc-68fc3b68df12/thumbnail/620x413/e7cc09fa5b406de7f1d475e3e432e8ef/idaho-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/0d4db37c-a576-4a05-af58-e1acd18b5767/thumbnail/620x413/e405c5b7e71927b747a1cf12e29a9030/missouri-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/ae0768e4-90db-43a9-8b90-b1b12b20d3c5/thumbnail/620x465/fde72365063063e3ffded679385b4660/ann-arbor-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/76218996-e268-40f9-8e22-1ca294bc2f7b/thumbnail/620x413/4e80602f232bae10358e49848a24b8dd/maine-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/4e4e2f16-46d6-4fd0-a53d-d2a45969bf4b/thumbnail/620x465/0b4d6209b06761a49d8771230c8c703f/minnesota-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/0c51aa3d-b166-4689-af0c-7d13b629bc89/thumbnail/620x413/fca166b2af878bed77a96337cb9eca73/oregon-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/c98a19dc-b6b6-4b2f-b70a-e55e04846bff/thumbnail/620x413/1dccddd035541bdd7f5ae34a0ffafed0/texas-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/d8984b5b-0384-475c-abdc-576bd243fb68/thumbnail/620x413/c77217f67ebd6fd56d3e3a3f54394d6a/washington-northern-lights.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/63a0f948-c315-418e-8ae1-1cbfda28b299/thumbnail/620x413/552cab84c7f0d960c1d3d023d91e3130/2024-05-11t084341z-1866139782-rc26o7ahjs1j-rtrmadp-3-canada-weather-aurora.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/5b4bdffd-3e36-40f0-b623-32e421b04df5/thumbnail/620x407/08524a2f9157d4d0b64ad0be93f39f4a/2024-05-11t064351z-39057184-rc2zn7abea9m-rtrmadp-3-britain-weather.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets3.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/c40e2f0d-7aff-448f-b2d1-70381b0d99c6/thumbnail/620x413/d692e16e367984b81def2fe7c184c638/2024-05-10t234047z-482740681-rc2yn7a30bhp-rtrmadp-3-northernlights-poland.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets3.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/e28275d4-3456-4722-a6cf-980b21650c6a/thumbnail/620x417/a7d5f4becbe5499353f0bdb1fe05d3c9/2024-05-11t070331z-1431755933-rc2wn7aft1q2-rtrmadp-3-russia-weather-aurora.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/05/12/f30d6619-aa62-4077-8e16-1ba85e38bd3a/thumbnail/620x413/08ac055ee575aa596914726093192dcb/gettyimages-2152519828.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets3.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/97fed76c-3e42-498e-bc4f-4f994c9a2f79/thumbnail/1200x630/3299e612b18c249bd09356bc5d073963/ukraine-russia-2167561257.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/d29a4065-beda-4601-b668-0d11275d9f98/thumbnail/1200x630/41a779c497af1d47c0b6211524a13e69/uber-france-eu.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/c8119896-2373-4ed3-8ab7-331a88e07b89/thumbnail/1200x630/ff4342ae13805bc9b8d355464bceddcb/orcas-sink-boat.png?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/755710a6-f313-4f7b-b0f1-9c01b114557b/thumbnail/1200x630g3/b7d511042d5f65d1d1d73437afb4f879/pakistan-baluchistan-2167767929.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets3.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/97fed76c-3e42-498e-bc4f-4f994c9a2f79/thumbnail/1200x630/3299e612b18c249bd09356bc5d073963/ukraine-russia-2167561257.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/d29a4065-beda-4601-b668-0d11275d9f98/thumbnail/1200x630/41a779c497af1d47c0b6211524a13e69/uber-france-eu.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets2.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/c8119896-2373-4ed3-8ab7-331a88e07b89/thumbnail/1200x630/ff4342ae13805bc9b8d355464bceddcb/orcas-sink-boat.png?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72",
"https://assets1.cbsnewsstatic.com/hub/i/r/2024/08/26/755710a6-f313-4f7b-b0f1-9c01b114557b/thumbnail/1200x630g3/b7d511042d5f65d1d1d73437afb4f879/pakistan-baluchistan-2167767929.jpg?v=29ebd300d9a3cd24077d945a46991f72"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration",
"Aurora Borealis",
"Space",
"Northern Lights"
] | null |
[
"Emily Mae Czachor"
] |
2024-05-12T11:09:31-04:00
|
People from the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom, Poland, parts of China and Russia saw the northern lights this weekend.
|
en
|
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/northern-lights-photos-around-the-world/
|
A series of powerful solar storms colored skies across the Northern Hemisphere this weekend, as people witnessed brilliant displays of the northern lights in the United States, Canada, Europe, China and beyond. Officials have said the dazzling light shows could continue for several more days.
The aurora borealis — the phenomenon more commonly known as the northern lights — happens because of a molecular collision in the upper levels of Earth's atmosphere that causes bursts of energy to be released in the form of visible light. The aurora borealis has a counterpart, the aurora australis, or southern lights, which is the same phenomenon in the southern hemisphere. These light shows can be visible for as much as half the year in certain places near either of the planet's two poles, but it's uncommon to see them in areas that are closer to the equator, which is why the spectacles over North America, Europe and other places on similar latitutdes were such a treat in the last few days.
The aurora will extend from the poles toward the equator in periods of intense space weather activity, and it has been known in the past to reach as far as the continental U.S. when the activity is particularly extreme. That was the case over the weekend, as an unusually strong geomagnetic storm reached Earth and set the stage for a string of explosive nighttime scenes world over. The geomagnetic storm that arrived on Friday was a historic G5, the highest level on a ranking scale that starts at G1, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
A solar storm of that size has not come into contact with Earth in decades. It arrived in the midst of a parade of coronal mass ejections — eruptions of magnetic field and other solar material from the Sun's corona that can cause geomagnetic storms — which continued to fuel the northern lights shows throughout Friday and Saturday. The next bursts of solar material are expected to arrive at Earth midday on Sunday, according to NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center, which issued a geomagnetic storm watch in anticipation of G4 or G5 events likely following those upcoming coronal mass ejections.
"Watches at this level are very rare," the space weather prediction center said in an advisory on Saturday. It noted that the oncoming solar activity could potentially cause the aurora to "become visible over much of the northern half of the country, and maybe as far south as Alabama to northern California."
Ahead of the next round of solar flares, here's a look at some brilliant auroras that have materialized so far this weekend in different parts of the world.
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 84 |
https://esahubble.org/news/heic1815/
|
en
|
Hubble observes energetic lightshow at Saturn’s north pole
|
http://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1815a.jpg
|
http://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1815a.jpg
|
[
"https://esahubble.org/assets/images/logo.9ab14af4d8f2.png",
"https://esahubble.org/assets/images/esa-logo.ef184288fbe7.png",
"https://esahubble.org/media//app/djangoplicity/kids/unawe-flag-en.png",
"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/newsfeature/heic1815a.jpg",
"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic1815a.jpg",
"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/news/heic1815b.jpg",
"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/videos/news/heic1815a.jpg",
"https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/videos/news/heic1815b.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"information@eso.org"
] | null |
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space telescope have taken a series of spectacular images featuring the fluttering auroras at the north pole of Saturn. The observations were taken in ultraviolet light and the resulting images provide astronomers with the most comprehensive picture so far of Saturn’s northern aurora.
|
en
|
/assets/images/favicon.031037e8e407.ico
|
www.esahubble.org
|
https://www.esahubble.org/news/heic1815/
|
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space telescope have taken a series of spectacular images featuring the fluttering auroras at the north pole of Saturn. The observations were taken in ultraviolet light and the resulting images provide astronomers with the most comprehensive picture so far of Saturn’s northern aurora.
In 2017, over a period of seven months, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope took images of auroras above Saturn’s north pole region using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. The observations were taken before and after the Saturnian northern summer solstice. These conditions provided the best achievable viewing of the northern auroral region for Hubble.
On Earth, auroras are mainly created by particles originally emitted by the Sun in the form of solar wind. When this stream of electrically charged particles gets close to our planet, it interacts with the magnetic field, which acts as a gigantic shield. While it protects Earth’s environment from solar wind particles, it can also trap a small fraction of them. Particles trapped within the magnetosphere — the region of space surrounding Earth in which charged particles are affected by its magnetic field — can be energised and then follow the magnetic field lines down to the magnetic poles. There, they interact with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the upper layers of the atmosphere, creating the flickering, colourful lights visible in the polar regions here on Earth [1].
However, these auroras are not unique to Earth. Other planets in our Solar System have been found to have similar auroras. Among them are the four gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Because the atmosphere of each of the four outer planets in the Solar System is — unlike the Earth — dominated by hydrogen, Saturn’s auroras can most easily be seen in ultraviolet wavelengths; a part of the electromagnetic spectrum which can only be studied from space.
Hubble allowed researchers to monitor the behaviour of the auroras at Saturn's north pole over an extended period of time. The Hubble observations were coordinated with the “Grand Finale” of the Cassini spacecraft, when the spacecraft simultaneously probed the auroral regions of Saturn [2]. The Hubble data allowed astronomers to learn more about Saturn’s magnetosphere, which is the largest of any planet in the Solar System other than Jupiter.
The images show a rich variety of emissions with highly variable localised features. The variability of the auroras is influenced by both the solar wind and the rapid rotation of Saturn, which lasts only about 11 hours. On top of this, the northern aurora displays two distinct peaks in brightness — at dawn and just before midnight. The latter peak, unreported before, seems specific to the interaction of the solar wind with the magnetosphere at Saturn’s solstice.
The main image presented here is a composite of observations made of Saturn in early 2018 in the optical and of the auroras on Saturn’s north pole region, made in 2017, demonstrating the size of the auroras along with the beautiful colours of Saturn.
Hubble has studied Saturn's auroras in the past. In 2004, it studied the southern auroras shortly after the southern solstice (heic0504) and in 2009 it took advantage of a rare opportunity to record Saturn when its rings were edge-on (heic1003). This allowed Hubble to observe both poles and their auroras simultaneously.
Notes
[1] The auroras here on Earth have different names depending on which pole they occur at. Aurora Borealis, or the northern lights, is the name given to auroras around the north pole and Aurora Australis, or the southern lights, is the name given for auroras around the south pole.
[2] Cassini was a collaboration between NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency. It spent 13 years orbiting Saturn, gathering information and giving astronomers a great insight into the inner workings of Saturn. Cassini took more risks at the end of its mission, travelling through the gap between Saturn and its rings. No spacecraft had previously done this, and Cassini gathered spectacular images of Saturn as well as new data for scientists to work with. On 15 September 2017 Cassini was sent on a controlled crash into Saturn.
More information
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
Image credit: NASA, ESA & L. Lamy
Links
Images of Hubble
Press release Observatoire de Paris
Study in Geophysical Research Letters
Contacts
Laurent Lamy
Observatoire de Paris
Paris, France
Tel: +33 145 077668
Email: [email protected]
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 72 |
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/l/lights%2Baurora%2Baustralis
|
en
|
lights aurora australis: Topics by Science.gov
|
[
"https://www.science.gov/scigov/desktop/en/images/SciGov_logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
STS-45 Earth observation of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights
NASA Image and Video Library
1992-04-02
STS-45 Earth observation taken onboard Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, is of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. The green appearing auroral activity engulfs the thin blue line on the Earth's limb. Aurorae were observed and photographed throughout the STS-45 nine-day mission.
STS-45 Earth observation of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1992-01-01
STS-45 Earth observation taken onboard Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, is of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. The green appearing auroral activity engulfs the thin blue line on the Earth's limb. Aurorae were observed and photographed throughout the STS-45 nine-day mission.
STS-45 Earth observation of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights
NASA Image and Video Library
1992-04-02
STS-45 Earth observation taken onboard Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, is of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. The STS-45 crewmembers note the interesting spiralling or corkscrew appearance of this particular sighting. Aurorae were observed and photographed throughout the STS-45 nine-day mission.
STS-45 Earth observation of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1992-01-01
STS-45 Earth observation taken onboard Atlantis, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 104, is of the Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. The STS-45 crewmembers note the interesting spiralling or corkscrew appearance of this particular sighting. Aurorae were observed and photographed throughout the STS-45 nine-day mission.
Aurora Australis as seen from STS-62
NASA Image and Video Library
1994-03-05
STS062-58-025 (4-18 March) --- This photo shows the aurora australis or souther lights. The multi-hued shafts of light, extending upward to 200 miles above the earth's surface, are caused by beams of energetic electrons colliding with the oxygen and nitrogen in the earth's upper atmosphere. The strong red glow occurs at the highest altitude where the air is least dense and composed mostly of oxygen. At lower altitudes, the greater density favors the green color, also produced by atomic oxygen. Sometimes at the bottom (the lowest altitude of the aurora) a pink border is produced by nitrogen. The aurora usually can be seen only in Arctic regions. However, because of the tilt of the magnetic axis of the space shuttle mission orbits. One of these regions is over eastern North American, and the second one is south of Australia. Since most shuttle launches occur in daytime, the North American region is in daylight, and the only auroras that can be seen are usually in the Southern Hemisphere.
Time lapse - Aurora Australis
NASA Image and Video Library
2013-07-05
ISS040-E-040088 (5 July 2014) --- As the International Space Station was flying at an altitude of 226 nautical miles on July 5 above a point in the southern Indian Ocean near South Africa's Prince Edwards Islands, one of the Expedition 40 crew members photographed this image of Aurora Australis.
Time lapse - Aurora Australis
NASA Image and Video Library
2013-07-05
ISS040-E-040103 (5 July 2014) --- As the International Space Station was flying at an altitude of 226 nautical miles on July 5 above a point in the southern Indian Ocean near South Africa's Prince Edwards Islands, one of the Expedition 40 crew members photographed this image of Aurora Australis.
STS-47 view of the Aurora Australis
NASA Image and Video Library
1992-09-20
STS047-20-015 (12-20 Sept. 1992) --- This 35mm frame represents one of the more spectacular views of Aurora Australis, photographed by the crew. The crew observed and photographed a great deal of auroral activity from the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Endeavour during the eight-day Spacelab-J mission.
Aurora Australis, Spiked and Sinuous Red and Green Airglow
NASA Image and Video Library
1991-05-06
STS039-342-026 (28 April-6 May 1991) --- This view of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, shows a band of airglow above the limb of Earth. Photo experts at NASA studying the mission photography identify the airglow as being in the 80-120 kilometer altitude region and attribute its existence to atomic oxygen (wavelength of 5,577 Angstroms), although other atoms can also contribute. The atomic oxygen airglow is usually most intense at altitudes around 65 degrees north and south latitude, and is most intense in the spring and fall of the year. The aurora phenomena is due to atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen being excited by the particles from the Van Allen Radiation belts which extend between the two geomagnetic poles. The red and green rays appear to extend upward to 200-300 kilometers, much higher than the usual upper limits of about 110 kilometers.
Aurora Australis view taken by the Expedition 29 crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-006406 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis and parts of the southeastern Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 49.30 degrees south latitude and 121.56 degrees east longitude.
Aurora Australis view taken by the Expedition 29 crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-006404 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis and parts of the southeastern Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 49.42 degrees south latitude and 121.01 degrees east longitude.
Aurora Australis view taken by the Expedition 29 crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-17
ISS029-E-008433 (17 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis, seen from a point over the southeast Tasman Sea near southern New Zealand. The station was located at 46.65 degrees south latitude and 169.10 degrees east longitude.
NASA's IMAGE Spacecraft View of Aurora Australis from Space
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-12-08
NASA file image acquired September 11, 2005 To view a video of this event go here: www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/6257608714 From space, the aurora is a crown of light that circles each of Earthâs poles. The IMAGE satellite captured this view of the aurora australis (southern lights) on September 11, 2005, four days after a record-setting solar flare sent plasmaâan ionized gas of protons and electronsâflying towards the Earth. The ring of light that the solar storm generated over Antarctica glows green in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, shown in this image. The IMAGE observations of the aurora are overlaid onto NASAâs satellite-based Blue Marble image. From the Earthâs surface, the ring would appear as a curtain of light shimmering across the night sky. Like all solar storms, the September storm distorted the shape of the magnetic field that surrounds the Earth. Without buffeting from the solar wind (charged particles like protons and electrons that are ejected from the Sun), the Earthâs magnetic field would look something like a plump doughnut, with the North and South poles forming the slender hole in the center. In reality, the nearly constant solar winds flatten the space side of the âdoughnutâ into a long tail. The amount of distortion changes when solar storms, such as the flare on September 7, send stronger winds towards the Earth. Changes to the magnetic field release fast-moving particles, which flow with charged particles from the Sun towards the center of the âdoughnutâ at the Earthâs poles. As the particles sink into the atmosphere, they collide with oxygen and nitrogen, lighting the sky with Natureâs version of neon lights, the aurora. Though scientists knew that the aurora were caused by charged particles from the Sun and their interaction with the Earthâs magnetic field, they had no way to measure the interaction until NASA launched the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite in 2000. The
"Aurora Australis, Airglow, Terminator view taken by the Expedition 29 crew"
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-007455 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis, airglow, Earth?s Terminator and the southeastern Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 51.78 degrees south latitude and 124.41 degrees east longitude.
"Aurora Australis, Airglow, Terminator view taken by the Expedition 29 crew"
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-007500 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features the Aurora Australis, airglow and parts of the southeastern Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 50.66 degrees south latitude and 137.70 degrees east longitude.
"Aurora Australis, Airglow, Terminator view taken by the Expedition 29 crew"
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-007502 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis, airglow, and parts of the southeast Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 50.58 degrees south latitude and 138.28 degrees east longitude.
"Aurora Australis, Airglow, Terminator view taken by the Expedition 29 crew"
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-18
ISS029-E-007473 (18 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis, airglow, Earth?s Terminator and parts of the southeast Indian Ocean. Nadir coordinates are 51.53 degrees south latitude and 129.80 degrees east longitude.
Aurora Australis over the southern Indian ocean view taken by the Expedition 29 crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-17
ISS029-E-005904 (17 Sept. 2011) --- This is one of a series of night time images photographed by one of the Expedition 29 crew members from the International Space Station. It features Aurora Australis over the southern Indian ocean. Nadir coordinates are 50.16 south latitude and 48.11 degrees east longitude.
Auroras light up the Antarctic night
NASA Image and Video Library
2012-12-05
NASA acquired July 15, 2012 On July 15, 2012, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite captured this nighttime view of the aurora australis, or âsouthern lights,â over Antarticaâs Queen Maud Land and the Princess Ragnhild Coast. The image was captured by the VIIRS âday-night band,â which detects light in a range of wavelengths from green to near-infrared and uses filtering techniques to observe signals such as city lights, auroras, wildfires, and reflected moonlight. In the case of the image above, the sensor detected the visible auroral light emissions as energetic particles rained down from Earthâs magnetosphere and into the gases of the upper atmosphere. The slightly jagged appearance of the auroral lines is a function of the rapid dance of the energetic particles at the same time that the satellite is moving and the VIIRS sensor is scanning. The yellow box in the top image depicts the area shown in the lower close-up image. Light from the aurora was bright enough to illuminate the ice edge between the ice shelf and the Southern Ocean. At the time, Antarctica was locked in midwinter darkness and the Moon was a waning crescent that provided little light. NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon, using VIIRS Day-Night Band data from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership. Suomi NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense. Caption by Mike Carlowicz. Instrument: Suomi NPP - VIIRS Credit: NASA Earth Observatory Click here to view all of the Earth at Night 2012 images Click here to read more about this image NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASAâs mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASAâs accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to
Aurora over Earth limb
NASA Image and Video Library
1994-04-10
STS059-52-029 (9-20 April 1994) --- The constellation Orion is backdropped against a colorful display of the Southern Lights (aurora australis) in this 35mm image. Six NASA astronauts went on to spend a week and a half aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in support of the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL-1) mission.
TL Aurora Night 500 mm lens
NASA Image and Video Library
2014-07-07
ISS040-E-048027 (7 July 2014) --- One of the Expedition 40 crew members aboard the International Space Station, flying 226 nautical miles above the Indian Ocean, south of Australia, recorded this image of Aurora Australis or the Southern Lights on July 7, 2014.
TL Aurora Night 500 mm lens
NASA Image and Video Library
2014-07-07
ISS040-E-048011 (7 July 2014) --- One of the Expedition 40 crew members aboard the International Space Station, flying 226 nautical miles above the Indian Ocean, south of Australia, recorded this image of Aurora Australis or the Southern Lights on July 7, 2014.
Nature's Fireworks: The Inner Workings of the Auroras.
ERIC Educational Resources Information Center
Kikoyin, A. K.
1992-01-01
Describes the great variety of observations surrounding the auroras (both borealis and australis), and provides photographs from the space shuttle, Discovery. Discusses where and when the auroras can be observed, the process that the Earth's magnetic phenomena fulfill in how and why auroras appear, and the effects of solar wind upon auroras. (JJK)
Aurora Astralis taken by the Expedition Seven crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2003-06-03
ISS007-E-06077 (3 June 2003) --- This view featuring the Aurora Australis or Âsouthern lights was photographed by astronaut Edward T. Lu, Expedition 7 NASA ISS science officer and flight engineer aboard the International Space Station (ISS). When this was taken, the Station was in a position over the Indian Ocean, southwest of Australia. The four stars hanging above EarthÂs limb are the brightest stars of the southern constellation Corvus.
Aurorae in Australian Aboriginal Traditions
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hamacher, Duane W.
2013-07-01
Transient celestial phenomena feature prominently in the astronomical knowledge and traditions of Aboriginal Australians. In this paper, I collect accounts of the Aurora Australis from the literature regarding Aboriginal culture. Using previous studies of meteors, eclipses, and comets in Aboriginal traditions, I anticipate that the physical properties of aurora, such as their generally red colour as seen from southern Australia, will be associated with fire, death, blood, and evil spirits. The survey reveals this to be the case and also explores historical auroral events in Aboriginal cultures, aurorae in rock art, and briefly compares Aboriginal auroral traditions with other global indigenous groups, including the Maori of New Zealand.
Short-term Responses of Posidonia australis to Changes in Light Quality
PubMed Central
Strydom, Simone; McMahon, Kathryn M.; Kendrick, Gary A.; Statton, John; Lavery, Paul S.
2018-01-01
Seagrass meadows are highly productive ecosystems that provide ecosystem services to the coastal zone but are declining globally, particularly due to anthropogenic activities that reduce the quantity of light reaching seagrasses, such as dredging, river discharge and eutrophication. Light quality (the spectral composition of the light) is also altered by these anthropogenic stressors as the differential attenuation of wavelengths of light is caused by materials within the water column. This study addressed the effect of altered light quality on different life-history stages of the seagrass Posidonia australis, a persistent, habitat-forming species in Australia. Aquarium-based experiments were conducted to determine how adult shoots and seedlings respond to blue (peak λ = 451 nm); green (peak λ = 522 nm); yellow (peak λ = 596 nm) and red (peak λ = 673 nm) wavelengths with a control of full-spectrum light (λ = 400 â 700 nm, at 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Posidonia australis adults did not respond to changes in light quality relative to full-spectrum light, demonstrating a capacity to obtain enough photons from a range of wavelengths across the visible spectrum to maintain short-term growth at high irradiances. Posidonia australis seedlings (<4 months old) grown in blue light showed a significant increase in xanthophyll concentrations when compared to plants grown in full-spectrum, demonstrating a pigment acclimation response to blue light. These results differed significantly from negative responses to changes in light quality recently described for Halophila ovalis, a colonizing seagrass species. Persistent seagrasses such as P. australis, appear to be better at tolerating short-term changes in light quality compared to colonizing species when sufficient PPFD is present. PMID:29387070
GATEWAY Demonstrations: OLED Lighting in the Offices of Aurora Lighting Design, Inc.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Miller, Naomi J.
At the offices of Aurora Lighting Design, Inc., in Grayslake, IL, the GATEWAY program conducted its first investigation involving OLED lighting. The project experienced several challenges, but also highlighted a number of promising attributes â which indicate that with continued improvements in efficacy, longevity, size, and flexibility, OLEDs could provide a new tool for creative and effective lighting.
Stunning Aurora Borealis from Space - Ultra-High Definition 4K
NASA Image and Video Library
2016-04-17
NASA Televisionâs newest offering, NASA TV UHD, brings ultra-high definition video to a new level with the kind of imagery only the worldâs leader in space exploration could provide. Harmonic produced this show exclusively for NASA TV UHD, using time-lapses shot from the International Space Station, showing both the Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis phenomena that occur when electrically charged electrons and protons in the Earth's magnetic field collide with neutral atoms in the upper atmosphere.
GATEWAY Report Brief: OLED Lighting in the Offices of Aurora Lighting Design, Inc.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
None, None
Summary of a GATEWAY report evaluation at the offices of Aurora Lighting Design, Inc., in Grayslake, IL, where the GATEWAY program conducted its first investigation involving OLED lighting. The project experienced several challenges, but also highlighted a number of promising attributes â which indicate that with continued improvements in efficacy, longevity, size, and flexibility, OLEDs could provide a new tool for creative and effective lighting.
Endeavour and its SRL-1 payload backdropped against the Southern Lights
NASA Image and Video Library
1994-04-10
STS059-58-018 (9-20 April 1994) --- Part of the Space Shuttle Endeavour and its Space Radar Laboratory (SRL-1) payload are backdropped against a colorful display of the Southern Lights (aurora australis). The vehicle was firing a reaction control subsystem thruster (below center) when the 35mm image was exposed.
Aurora Research: Earth/Space Data Fusion Powered by GIS and Python
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kalb, V. L.; Collado-Vega, Y. M.; MacDonald, E.; Kosar, B.
2017-12-01
The Aurora Borealis and Australis Borealis are visually spectacular, but are also an indicator of Sun-magnetosphere-ionosphere energy transfer during geomagnetic storms. The Saint Patrick's Day Storm of 2015 is a stellar example of this, and is the focus of our study that utilizes the Geographical Information Services of ArcGIS to bring together diverse and cross disciplinary data for analysis. This research leverages data from a polar-orbiting Earth science sensor band that is exquisitely sensitive to visible light, namely the Day/Night Band (DNB) of the VIIRS instrument onboard the Suomi NPP satellite. This Sun-synchronous data source can provide high temporal and spatial resolution observations of the aurorae, which is not possible with current space science instruments. This data can be compared with auroral model data, solar wind measurements, and citizen science data of aurora observations and tweets. While the proposed data sources are diverse in type and format, their common attribute is location. This is exploited by bringing all the data into ArcGIS for mapping and analysis. The Python programming language is used extensively to automate the data preprocessing, group the DNB and citizen science observations to temporal windows associated with an auroral model timestep, and print the data to a pdf mapbook for sharing with team members. There are several goals for this study: compare the auroral model predictions with DNB data, look for fine-grained structure of the aurora in the DNB data, compare citizen science data with DNB values, and correlate DNB intensity with solar wind data. This study demonstrates the benefits of using a GIS platform to bring together data that is diverse in type and format for scientific exploration, and shows how Python can be used to scale up to large datasets.
Aurora Austrailis taken during Expedition Six
NASA Image and Video Library
2003-02-16
ISS006-E-028961 (16 Feb. 2003) --- The Expedition Six crew enjoyed this green aurora dancing over the night side of the Earth just after sunset on February 16, 2003. The reds and blues of sunset light up the air layer to the west. The image was recorded with a 58 mm lens on a digital still camera. Because auroras follow Earth's magnetic field, they are observed at Earth's poles when the oxygen and nitrogen atoms start to glow when bombarded by charged particles coming from the sun. In a sense, auroras are the "neon lights" of the poles.
Did Aboriginal Australians record a simultaneous eclipse and aurora in their oral traditions?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fuller, Robert S.; Hamacher, Duane W.
2017-12-01
We investigate an Australian Aboriginal cultural story that seems to describe an extraordinary series of astronomical events occurring at the same time. We hypothesise that this was a witnessed natural event and explore natural phenomena that could account for the description. We select a thunderstorm, total solar eclipse, and strong Aurora Australis as the most likely candidates, then conclude a plausible date of 764 CE. We evaluate the different factors that would determine whether all these events could have been visible, include meteorological data, alternative total solar eclipse dates, solar activity cycles, aurorae appearances, and sky brightness during total solar eclipses. We conduct this study as a test-case for rigorously and systematically examining descriptions of rare natural phenomena in oral traditions, highlighting the difficulties and challenges with interpreting this type of hypothesis.
Proteomic analysis of blue light-induced twining response in Cuscuta australis.
PubMed
Li, Dongxiao; Wang, Liangjiang; Yang, Xiaopo; Zhang, Guoguang; Chen, Liang
2010-01-01
The parasitic plant Cuscuta australis (dodder) invades a variety of species by entwining the stem and leaves of a host and developing haustoria. The twining response prior to haustoria formation is regarded as the first sign for dodders to parasitize host plants, and thus has been the focus of studies on the host-parasite interaction. However, the molecular mechanism is still poorly understood. In the present work, we have investigated the different effects of blue and white light on the twining response, and identified a set of proteins that were differentially expressed in dodder seedlings using a proteomic approach. Approximately 1,800 protein spots were detected on each 2-D gel, and 47 spots with increased or decreased protein levels were selected and analyzed with MALDI-TOF-MS. Peptide mass fingerprints (PMFs) obtained for these spots were used for protein identification through cross-species database searches. The results suggest that the blue light-induced twining response in dodder seedlings may be mediated by proteins involved in light signal transduction, cell wall degradation, cell structure, and metabolism.
Localized aurora beyond the auroral oval
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Frey, Harald U.
2007-03-01
Aurora is the result of the interaction between precipitating energetic electrons and protons with the upper atmosphere. Viewed from space, it generally occurs in continuous and diffuse ovals of light around the geomagnetic poles. Additionally, there are localized regions of aurora that are unrelated to the ovals and exhibit different morphological, spatial, and temporal properties. Some of these localized aurorae are detached from the oval poleward or equatorward of it. Others are located within the oval and are brighter than the surrounding diffuse aurora. Many of them occur only during preferred solar wind conditions and orientations of the interplanetary magnetic field. This review describes the different localized aurorae and their particle sources in the plasma sheet, at the plasmapause, or at the magnetopause. Their origin is still not completely understood, and the study of aurorae can teach a great deal about their underlying physical processes of reconnection, electrostatic acceleration, or wave-particle interactions.
Effects of transient Phragmites australis removal on brackish marsh greenhouse gas fluxes
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Martin, Rose M.; Moseman-Valtierra, Serena
2017-06-01
Phragmites australis is a common invasive reed of North American coastal marshes, and efforts to control or eradicate it often are included in coastal marsh restoration efforts. While much research has tested impacts of P. australis removal on plant and faunal communities, less is known about biogeochemical responses to P. australis removal. Since coastal marshes are valued for their robust carbon sequestration, understanding the effect of P. australis removal on marsh carbon cycling dynamics is important. Temporary P. australis aboveground biomass clearing conducted as part of a restoration effort provided an opportunity to evaluate changes in fluxes of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) during P. australis removal and recovery. In Experiment 1 (2014 growing season), GHG fluxes were compared between a P. australis stand cleared mechanically and recovered within months of initial removal and an uncleared stand in the same marsh system. CO2 uptake increased dramatically in the cleared stand as P. australis regrew, but CH4 emissions remained unchanged, demonstrating that P. australis did not directly contribute to CH4 emission. In Experiment 2 (2015 manipulations), to test mechanisms of P. australis' impact on GHG fluxes, fluxes (light and dark) were compared between unimpacted P. australis plots, cut P. australis plots with litter, and cleared P. australis plots without litter. P. australis cutting (independent of litter removal) resulted in increased CO2 and CH4 emissions. Recovery of P. australis directly drove the rapid recovery of CO2 uptake, and did not increase (and possibly attenuated) CH4 emissions. Results of this study suggest that at this site, P. australis removal, in the absence of native vegetation recovery, may exacerbate GHG emission of coastal marshes in the short term, and that longer-term impacts warrant investigation.
Conjugate Observations of Optical Aurora with POLAR Satellite and Ground Based Imagers in Antarctica
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mende, S. H.; Frey, H.; Vo, H.; Geller, S. P.; Doolittle, J. H.; Spann, J. F., Jr.
1998-01-01
Operation of the ultraviolet imager on the POLAR satellite permits the observation of Aurora Borealis in daylight during northern summer. With optical imagers in the Automatic Geophysical Observatories (AGO-s) large regions of the oval of Aurora Australis can be observed simultaneously during the southern winter polar night. This opportunity permits conducting a systematic study of the properties of auroras on opposite ends of the same field line. It is expected that simultaneously observed conjugate auroras occurring on closed field lines should be similar to each other in appearance because of the close connection between the two hemispheres through particle scattering and mirroring processes. On open or greatly distorted field lines there is no a priori expectation of similarity between conjugate auroras. To investigate the influence of different IMF conditions on auroral behavior we have examined conjugate data for periods of southward IMF. Sudden brightening and subsequent poleward expansions are observed to occur simultaneously in both hemispheres. The POLAR data show that sudden brightening are initiated at various local time regions. When the local time of this region is in the field of view of the AGO station network then corresponding brightening is also found to occur in the southern hemisphere. Large features such as substorm induced westward propagation and resulting auroral brightening seem to occur simultaneously on conjugate hemispheres. The widely different view scales make it difficult to make unique identification of individual auroral forms in the POLAR and in the ground based data but in a general sense the data is consistent with conjugate behavior.
R Coronae Australis: A Cosmic Watercolour
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
2010-06-01
This magnificent view of the region around the star R Coronae Australis was created from images taken with the Wide Field Imager (WFI) at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. R Coronae Australis lies at the heart of a nearby star-forming region and is surrounded by a delicate bluish reflection nebula embedded in a huge dust cloud. The image reveals surprising new details in this dramatic area of sky. The star R Coronae Australis lies in one of the nearest and most spectacular star-forming regions. This portrait was taken by the Wide Field Imager (WFI) on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. The image is a combination of twelve separate pictures taken through red, green and blue filters. This image shows a section of sky that spans roughly the width of the full Moon. This is equivalent to about four light-years at the distance of the nebula, which is located some 420 light-years away in the small constellation of Corona Australis (the Southern Crown). The complex is named after the star R Coronae Australis, which lies at the centre of the image. It is one of several stars in this region that belong to the class of very young stars that vary in brightness and are still surrounded by the clouds of gas and dust from which they formed. The intense radiation given off by these hot young stars interacts with the gas surrounding them and is either reflected or re-emitted at a different wavelength. These complex processes, determined by the physics of the interstellar medium and the properties of the stars, are responsible for the magnificent colours of nebulae. The light blue nebulosity seen in this picture is mostly due to the reflection of starlight off small dust particles. The young stars in the R Coronae Australis complex are similar in mass to the Sun and do not emit enough ultraviolet light to ionise a substantial fraction of the surrounding hydrogen. This means that the cloud does not glow with the characteristic red colour seen in
Aurora Borealis, A Painting by Frederic Edwin Church
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Love, J. J.
2015-12-01
This year marks the sesquicentennial anniversary of the end of the American Civil War. In 1865, the same year as the War's end, the great American landscape artist, Frederic Edwin Church, unveiled Aurora Borealis, a painting that depicts a fantastic, far-northern place, an auroral arch stretched across a quiet night-time sky, above dark mountains and a frozen sea. Church was born in Connecticut, lived in New York, and traveled to Labrador; he would have often seen the northern lights. Church might have also been influenced by the spectacular displays of aurora that were caused by some unusually intense magnetic storms in 1859. Aurora Borealis can certainly be interpreted in terms of 19th-century romanticism, scientific philosophy, and Arctic missions of exploration, all subjects of interest to Church. As with so many of his paintings, Church's meticulous attention to detail in Aurora Borealis reveals his deep admiration of nature. But his depiction of auroral light is a curious and possibly intentional departure from natural verisimilitude. Some art historians have suggested that Church painted Aurora Borealis as a subdued tribute to the end of the Civil War, with the drapery of auroral light forming an abstract representation of the American flag. If so, then colors of the flag have been unfurled across a cold and barren landscape, not in extravagant celebration, but in somber recognition of the reality of post-war desolation and an uncertain future.
Quantifying Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Pulsating Aurora
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Marchese, A. K.; Samara, M.; Michell, R.
2017-12-01
Aurorae are phenomena of colorful light due to charged solar wind particles colliding with gases in Earth's atmosphere. These events tend to be more prominent in higher latitudes since the particles travel along the magnetic field lines until they reach the poles where they enter the atmosphere. The effects of these energetic particles, however, also may damage technology. It is important to study aurorae to understand solar activity and how the magnetosphere responds to it to better deal with these problems. Imagers are located in Montana and Alaska facing towards the sky in order to take pictures of the aurora. Using the data from the imagers, numerous mathematical techniques were applied in order to extract quantitative information from the pictures to analyze pulsating aurora and study the differences between the aurora in Alaska and Montana. The two locations are at different latitudes and, thus, it is expected that they have different characteristics. Alaska, which is at a higher latitude, should have a more intense aurora than Montana.
Southern Auroras Over Saturn
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-07-28
Cassini gazed toward high southern latitudes near Saturn's south pole to observe ghostly curtains of dancing light -- Saturn's southern auroras, or southern lights. These natural light displays at the planet's poles are created by charged particles raining down into the upper atmosphere, making gases there glow. The dark area at the top of this scene is Saturn's night side. The auroras rotate from left to right, curving around the planet as Saturn rotates over about 70 minutes, compressed here into a movie sequence of about five seconds. Background stars are seen sliding behind the planet. Cassini was moving around Saturn during the observation, keeping its gaze fixed on a particular spot on the planet, which causes a shift in the distant background over the course of the observation. Some of the stars seem to make a slight turn to the right just before disappearing. This effect is due to refraction -- the starlight gets bent as it passes through the atmosphere, which acts as a lens. Random bright specks and streaks appearing from frame to frame are due to charged particles and cosmic rays hitting the camera detector. The aim of this observation was to observe seasonal changes in the brightness of Saturn's auroras, and to compare with the simultaneous observations made by Cassini's infrared and ultraviolet imaging spectrometers. The original images in this movie sequence have a size of 256x256 pixels; both the original size and a version enlarged to 500x500 pixels are available here. The small image size is the result of a setting on the camera that allows for shorter exposure times than full-size (1024x1024 pixel) images. This enabled Cassini to take more frames in a short time and still capture enough photons from the auroras for them to be visible. The images were taken in visible light using the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 20, 2017, at a distance of about 620,000 miles (1 million kilometers) from Saturn. The views look toward 74 degrees south
Visible Jovian Aurora
NASA Image and Video Library
1997-09-23
Jupiter's aurora on the night side of the planet is seen here at five different wavelengths. Jupiter's bright crescent, which is about half illuminated, is out of view to the right. North is at the top. The images are centered at 57 degrees north and 184 degrees West and were taken on April 2, 1997 at a range of 1.7 million kilometers (1.05 million miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) camera system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Although Jupiter's aurora had been imaged from Earth in the ultraviolet and infrared, these are the first images at visible wavelengths, where most of the emission takes place. CLR stands for clear (no filter) and shows the integrated brightness at all wavelengths. The other panels show the violet, green, red, and 889 nanometer-wavelength filtered images. The brightness of the aurora is roughly independent of wavelength, at least at the spectral resolution obtainable with these filters. As on Earth, the aurora is caused by electrically charged particles striking the upper atmosphere, causing the molecules of the atmosphere to glow. The brightness in the different filters contains information about the energy of the impinging particles and the composition of the upper atmosphere. If atomic hydrogen were the only emitter, the light would be much stronger in the red filter, which is not consistent with the observed distribution. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00605
Aurora Borealis and city lights on the horizon taken by the Expedition 29 crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-09-29
ISS029-E-012564 (29 Sept. 2011) --- The Midwestern United States at night with Aurora Borealis is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 29 crew member on the International Space Station. The night skies viewed from the space station are illuminated with light from many sources. For example, the Midwestern United States presents a night-time appearance not unlike a patchwork quilt when viewed from orbit. The artificial light from human settlements appears everywhere with a characteristic yellow tinge in this photograph. But green light of the Aurora Borealis also appears strongly in this view (top left)âeven seeming to be reflected off Earthâs surfaceâin Canadaâbeneath the aurora. A small white patch of light is almost certainly lightning from a storm on the East coast (top right). Part of the International Space Station appears across the top of the image. This photograph highlights the Chicago, IL, metropolitan area as the largest cluster of lights at center, next to the dark patch of Lake Michigan. The other largest metropolitan areas include St. Louis, MO (lower right), MinneapolisâSt. Paul, MN (left) and the OmahaâCouncil Bluffs region on the NebraskaâIowa border (lower left). City light clusters give an immediate sense of relative city size; demographers have used night time satellite imagery to make estimates of city populations, especially in the developing world where city growth can be very rapid. The U.S. northeast seaboard lies in the most oblique (meaning viewed at an angle) part of the image at top right, just beyond the Appalachian Mts., a dark winding zone without major cities. Scales change significantly in oblique views: Omaha is only 200 kilometers from Des Moines, but appears roughly the same distance from Minneapolisâwhich is actually 375 kilometers to the north of Des Moines. In addition to the major metropolitan areas, the rectangular NS/EW-oriented pattern of townships is clearly visible in the rural, lower left
STS-59 Endeavour's aft cargo bay in orbit
NASA Image and Video Library
1994-04-10
STS059-50-011 (9-20 April 94) --- A greenish appearing aurora forms the backdrop for this 35mm scene of the Earth orbiting Space Shuttle Endeavour's aft cargo bay. Featured in the bay are the antennae for the SIR-C/X-SAR imaging radar instruments, illuminated by moonlight. The crew sighted the southern lights (aurora australis) several times during each of the eleven days of the mission.
Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 23 Crew
NASA Image and Video Library
2010-05-29
ISS023-E-058455 (29 May 2010) --- Aurora Australis is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 23 crew member on the International Space Station. Among the views of Earth afforded crew members aboard the ISS, surely one of the most spectacular is of the aurora. These ever-shifting displays of colored ribbons, curtains, rays, and spots are most visible near the North (Aurora Borealis) and South (Aurora Australis) Poles as charged particles streaming from the sun (the solar wind) interact with Earthâs magnetic field, resulting in collisions with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen in the upper atmosphere. The atoms are excited by these collisions, and typically emit photons as a means of returning to their original energy state. The photons form the aurora that we see. The most commonly observed color of aurora is green, caused by photons (light) emitted by excited oxygen atoms at wavelengths centered at 0.558 micrometers, or millionths of a meter. Visible light is reflected from healthy (green) plant leaves at approximately the same wavelength. Red auroras are generated by light emitted at a longer wavelength (0.630 micrometers), and other colors such as blue and purple are also sometimes observed. While auroras are generally only visible close to the poles, severe magnetic storms impacting Earthâs magnetic field can shift them towards the equator. This striking aurora image was taken during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the sun on May 24, 2010. The ISS was located over the Southern Indian Ocean at an altitude of 350 kilometers, with the observer most likely looking towards Antarctica (not visible) and the South Pole. The aurora has a sinuous ribbon shape that separates into discrete spots near the lower right corner of the image. While the dominant coloration of the aurora is green, there are faint suggestions of red photon emission as well (light fuscia tones at center left). Dense cloud cover is dimly
Night Side Jovian Aurora
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1997-01-01
Jovian aurora on the night side of the planet. The upper bright arc is auroral emission seen 'edge on' above the planetary limb with the darkness of space as a background. The lower bright arc is seen against the dark clouds of Jupiter. The aurora is easier to see on the night side of Jupiter because it is fainter than the clouds when they are illuminated by sunlight. Jupiter's north pole is out of view to the upper right. The images were taken in the clear filter (visible light) and are displayed in shades of blue.
As on Earth, the auroral emission is caused by electrically charged particles striking the upper atmosphere from above. The particles travel along the magnetic field lines of the planet, but their origin is not fully understood. The field lines where the aurora is most intense cross the Jovian equator at large distances (many Jovian radii) from the planet. The faint background throughout the image is scattered light in the camera. This stray light comes from the sunlit portion of Jupiter, which is out of the image to the right. In multispectral observations the aurora appears red, consistent with glow from atomic hydrogen in Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo's unique perspective allows it to view the night side of the planet at short range, revealing details that cannot be seen from Earth. These detailed features are time dependent, and can be followed in sequences of Galileo images. North is at the top of the picture. A grid of planetocentric latitude and west longitude is overlain on the images. The images were taken on November 5, 1997 at a range of 1.3 million kilometers by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech). This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the
Aurora over North America
NASA Image and Video Library
2015-03-23
Using the âday-night bandâ (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite acquired this view of the aurora borealis on March 18, 2015. The northern lights stretch across Canadaâs Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Nunavut, and Newfoundland provinces in the image, and are part of the auroral oval that expanded to middle latitudes because of a geomagnetic storm on March 17, 2015. The DNB sensor detects dim light signals such as auroras, airglow, gas flares, city lights, and reflected moonlight. In the case of the image above, the sensor detected the visible light emissions as energetic particles rained down from Earthâs magnetosphere and into the gases of the upper atmosphere. The images are similar to those collected by the Operational Linescan System flown on U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites for the past three decades. Auroras typically occur when solar flares and coronal mass ejectionsâor even an active solar wind streamâdisturb and distort the magnetosphere, the cocoon of space protected by Earthâs magnetic field. The collision of solar particles and pressure into our planetâs magnetosphere accelerates particles trapped in the space around Earth (such as in the radiation belts). Those particles are sent crashing down into Earthâs upper atmosphereâat altitudes of 100 to 400 kilometers (60 to 250 miles)âwhere they excite oxygen and nitrogen molecules and release photons of light. The results are rays, sheets, and curtains of dancing light in the sky. Read more: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=8555... NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using VIIRS day-night band data from the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership. Suomi NPP is the result of a partnership between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Department of Defense. Caption by Mike Carlowicz and Adam Voiland. Credit
Auroras over North America as Seen from Space
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-12-08
Overnight on October 4-5, 2012, a mass of energetic particles from the atmosphere of the Sun were flung out into space, a phenomenon known as a coronal mass ejection. Three days later, the storm from the Sun stirred up the magnetic field around Earth and produced gorgeous displays of northern lights. NASA satellites track such storms from their origin to their crossing of interplanetary space to their arrival in the atmosphere of Earth. Using the âday-night bandâ (DNB) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP) satellite acquired this view of the aurora borealis early on the morning of October 8, 2012. The northern lights stretch across Canadaâs Quebec and Ontario provinces in the image, and are part of the auroral oval that expanded to middle latitudes because of a geomagnetic storm. The DNB sensor detects dim light signals such as auroras, airglow, gas flares, city lights, and reflected moonlight. In the case of the image above, the sensor detected the visible light emissions as energetic particles rained down from Earthâs magnetosphere and into the gases of the upper atmosphere. The images are similar to those collected by the Operational Linescan System flown on U.S. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites for the past three decades. âWhen I first saw images like this as a graduate student, I was immediately struck by the fluid dynamic characteristics of the aurora,â said Tom Moore, a space physicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. âViewing the aurora in this way makes it immediately clear that space weather is an interaction of fluids from the Sun with those of the Earth's upper atmosphere. The electrodynamics make for important differences between plasmas and ordinary fluids, but familiar behaviors (for example, waves and vortices) are still very apparent. It makes me wonder at the ability of apparently empty space to behave like a fluid
Earth Observation - time lapse
NASA Image and Video Library
2014-07-07
ISS040-E-050780 (7 July 2014) --- One of the Expedition 40 crew members aboard the International Space Station, flying 226 nautical miles above the Indian Ocean, south of Australia, recorded this image of Aurora Australis or the Southern Lights on July 7, 2014.
AuroraMAX!
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Donovan, E.; Spanswick, E. L.; Chicoine, R.; Pugsley, J.; Langlois, P.
2011-12-01
AuroraMAX is a public outreach and education initiative that brings auroral images to the public in real time. AuroraMAX utilizes an observing station located just outside Yellowknife, Canada. The station houses a digital All-Sky Imager (ASI) that collects full-colour images of the night sky every six seconds. These images are then transmitted via satellite internet to our web server, where they are made instantly available to the public. Over the last two years this program has rapidly become one of the most successful outreach programs in the history of Space Science in Canada, with hundreds of thousands of distinct visitors to the CSA AuroraMAX website, thousands of followers on social media, and hundreds of newspaper, magazine, radio, and television spots. Over the next few years, the project will expand to include a high-resolution SLR delivering real-time auroral images (also from Yellowknife), as well as a program where astronauts on the ISS will take pictures of the aurora with a handheld SLR. The objectives of AuroraMAX are public outreach and education. The ASI design, operation, and software were based on infrastructure that was developed for the highly successful ASI component of the NASA THEMIS mission as well as the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Canadian GeoSpace Monitoring (CGSM) program. So from an education and public outreach perspective, AuroraMAX is a single camera operating in the Canadian north. On the other hand, AuroraMAX is one of nearly 40 All-Sky Imagers that are operating across North America. The AuroraMAX camera produces data that is seamlessly integrated with the CGSM ASI data, and made widely available to the Space Science community through open-access web and FTP sites. One of our objectives in the next few years is to incorporate some of the data from the THEMIS and CGSM imagers into the AuroraMAX system, to maximize viewing opportunities and generate more real-time data for public outreach. This is an exemplar of a program that
The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonising roots and root nodules of New Zealand kauri Agathis australis.
PubMed
Padamsee, Mahajabeen; Johansen, Renee B; Stuckey, S Alexander; Williams, Stephen E; Hooker, John E; Burns, Bruce R; Bellgard, Stanley E
2016-05-01
As the only endemic member in New Zealand of the ancient conifer family, Araucariaceae, Agathis australis is an ideal species to study putatively long-evolved mycorrhizal symbioses. However, little is known about A. australis root and nodular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and how mycorrhizal colonisation occurs. We used light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to characterise colonisation, and 454-sequencing to identify the AMF associated with A. australis roots and nodules. We interpreted the results in terms of the edaphic characteristics of the A. australis-influenced ecosystem. Representatives of five families of Glomeromycota were identified via high-throughput pyrosequencing. Imaging studies showed that there is abundant, but not ubiquitous, colonisation of nodules, which suggests that nodules are mostly colonised by horizontal transmission. Roots were also found to harbour AMF. This study is the first to demonstrate the multiple Glomeromycota lineages associated with A. australis including some that may not have been previously detected. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
Solar Storm Triggers Whole-Planet Aurora at Mars
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-09-29
These images show the sudden appearance of a bright aurora on Mars during a solar storm in September 2017. The purple-white color scheme shows the intensity of ultraviolet light seen on Mars' night side before (left) and during (right) the event. A simulated image of Mars for the same time and orientation has been added, with the dayside crescent visible on the right. The auroral emission appears brightest at the edges of the planet where the line of sight passes along the length of the glowing atmosphere layer. The data are from observations by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument (IUVS) on NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution orbiter, or MAVEN. Note that, unlike auroras on Earth, the Martian aurora is not concentrated at the planet's polar regions. This is because Mars has no strong magnetic field like Earth's to concentrate the aurora near the poles. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21855
Alien aurorae spotted on Uranus by Hubble
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-12-08
This is a composite image of Uranus by Voyager 2 and two different observations made by Hubble â one for the ring and one for the auroras. Ever since Voyager 2 beamed home spectacular images of the planets in the 1980s, planet-lovers have been hooked on auroras on other planets. Auroras are caused by streams of charged particles like electrons that come from various origins such as solar winds, the planetary ionosphere, and moon volcanism. They become caught in powerful magnetic fields and are channeled into the upper atmosphere, where their interactions with gas particles, such as oxygen or nitrogen, set off spectacular bursts of light. The auroras on Jupiter and Saturn are well-studied, but not much is known about the auroras of the giant ice planet Uranus. In 2011, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope became the first Earth-based telescope to snap an image of the auroras on Uranus. In 2012 and 2014 a team led by an astronomer from Paris Observatory took a second look at the auroras using the ultraviolet capabilities of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) installed on Hubble. They tracked the interplanetary shocks caused by two powerful bursts of solar wind traveling from the sun to Uranus, then used Hubble to capture their effect on Uranusâ auroras â and found themselves observing the most intense auroras ever seen on the planet. By watching the auroras over time, they collected the first direct evidence that these powerful shimmering regions rotate with the planet. They also re-discovered Uranusâ long-lost magnetic poles, which were lost shortly after their discovery by Voyager 2 in 1986 due to uncertainties in measurements and the featureless planet surface. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, L. Lamy / Observatoire de Paris NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASAâs mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASAâ
Inspection work on THEMIS at Astrotech
NASA Image and Video Library
2002-01-01
At Astrotech Space Operations, a worker prepares the THEMIS spacecraft for black/white light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
Phragmites australis root secreted phytotoxin undergoes photo-degradation to execute severe phytotoxicity.
PubMed
Rudrappa, Thimmaraju; Choi, Yong Seok; Levia, Delphis F; Legates, David R; Lee, Kelvin H; Bais, Harsh P
2009-06-01
Our study organism, Phragmites australis (common reed), is a unique invader in that both native and introduced lineages are found coexisting in North America. This allows one to make direct assessments of physiological differences between these different subspecies and examine how this relates to invasiveness. Recent efforts to understand plant invasive behavior show that some invasive plants secrete a phytotoxin to ward-off encroachment by neighboring plants (allelopathy) and thus provide the invaders with a competitive edge in a given habitat. Here we show that a varying climatic factor like ultraviolet (UV) light leads to photo-degradation of secreted phytotoxin (gallic acid) in P. australis rhizosphere inducing higher mortality of susceptible seedlings. The photo-degraded product of gallic acid (hereafter GA), identified as mesoxalic acid (hereafter MOA), triggered a similar cell death cascade in susceptible seedlings as observed previously with GA. Further, we detected the biological concentrations of MOA in the natural stands of exotic and native P. australis. Our studies also show that the UV degradation of GA is facilitated at an alkaline pH, suggesting that the natural habitat of P. australis may facilitate the photo-degradation of GA. The study highlights the persistence of the photo-degraded phytotoxin in the P. australis's rhizosphere and its inhibitory effects against the native plants.
Inspection work on THEMIS at Astrotech
NASA Image and Video Library
2002-01-01
At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct black light inspection of the THEMIS probes. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
Saturn's Visible Aurora
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dyudina, U.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wellington, D. F.; Ewald, S.; Porco, C.
2013-12-01
Cassini camera's movies show Saturn's aurora in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The color of the aurora changes from pink at a few hundreds of km above the cloud tops to purple at 1000-1500 km above the cloud tops. The spectrum observed in 9 filters spanning wavelengths from 250 nm to 1000 nm has a prominent H-alpha line and roughly agrees with the laboratory simulated auroras by [1]. Auroras in both hemispheres vary dramatically with longitude. Auroras form bright arcs, sometimes a spiral around the pole, and sometimes double arcs. Auroras are observed at 70-75 degrees both north and south latitude. 10,000-km-scale longitudinal brightness structure can persist for more than 3 days. This structure rotates together with Saturn. Besides the steady structure, the auroras brighten suddenly on the timescales of few minutes. 1000-km-scale disturbances may move faster or lag behind Saturn's rotation on timescales of tens of minutes. The stability of the longitudinal structure of the aurora in 2009 allowed us to estimate its period of rotation of about 10.65 h. This is consistent with Voyager System III rotation and with the Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) period detected by Cassini at the time of aurora observations. These periods are also close to the rotation period of the lightning storms on Saturn. We discuss those periodicities and their relevance to Saturn's rotation. In April-May 2013 a multi-instrument campaign using Cassini and Earth-based data was monitoring Saturn's aurora. We will discuss the results of this campaign. [1] Aguilar, A. et al. The Electron-Excited Mid-Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Spectrum of H2: Cross Sections and Transition Probabilities. Astrophys. J. Supp. Ser. 177, 388-407 (2008).
Inspection work on THEMIS at Astrotech
NASA Image and Video Library
2002-01-01
At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct white light inspection of the THEMIS probes. They will also undergo black light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
Space Science
NASA Image and Video Library
1991-05-01
Red and Green colors predominate in this view of the Aurora Australis photographed from the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-39) in May 1991 at the peak of the last geomagnetic maximum. The payload bay and tail of the shuttle can be seen on the left hand side of the picture. Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth's magnetosphere and collide with atoms. Red aurora occurs from 200 km to as high as 500 km altitude and is caused by the emission of 6300 Angstrom wavelength light from oxygen atoms. Green aurora occurs from about 100 km to 250 km altitude and is caused by the emission of 5577 Angstrom wavelength light from oxygen atoms. The light is emitted when the atoms return to their original unexcited state. At times of peaks in solar activity, there are more geomagnetic storms and this increases the auroral activity viewed on Earth and by astronauts from orbit.
Hubble Provides Clear Images of Saturn's Aurora
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
1998-01-01
This is the first image of Saturn's ultraviolet aurora taken by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope in October 1997, when Saturn was a distance of 810 million miles (1.3 billion kilometers) from Earth. The new instrument, used as a camera, provides more than ten times the sensitivity of previous Hubble instruments in the ultraviolet. STIS images reveal exquisite detail never before seen in the spectacular auroral curtains of light that encircle Saturn's north and south poles and rise more than a thousand miles above the cloud tops.
Saturn's auroral displays are caused by an energetic wind from the Sun that sweeps over the planet, much like the Earths aurora that is occasionally seen in the nighttime sky and similar to the phenomenon that causes fluorescent lamps to glow. But unlike the Earth, Saturn's aurora is only seen in ultraviolet light that is invisible from the Earths surface, hence the aurora can only be observed from space. New Hubble images reveal ripples and overall patterns that evolve slowly, appearing generally fixed in our view and independent of planet rotation. At the same time, the curtains show local brightening that often follow the rotation of the planet and exhibit rapid variations on time scales of minutes. These variations and regularities indicate that the aurora is primarily shaped and powered by a continual tug-of-war between Saturn's magnetic field and the flow of charged particles from the Sun. Study of the aurora on Saturn had its beginnings just seventeen years ago. The Pioneer 11 spacecraft observed a far-ultraviolet brightening on Saturn's poles in 1979. The Saturn flybys of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft in the early 1980s provided a basic description of the aurora and mapped for the first time planets enormous magnetic field that guides energetic electrons into the atmosphere near the north and south poles. The first images of Saturn's aurora were provided in 1994-5 by the
GREECE Mission Launching Into Aurora
NASA Image and Video Library
2014-03-04
Caption: A NASA-funded sounding rocket launches into an aurora in the early morning of March 3, 2014, over Venetie, Alaska. The GREECE mission studies how certain structures â classic curls like swirls of cream in coffee -- form in the aurora. Credit: NASA/Christopher Perry More info: On March 3, 2014, at 6:09 a.m. EST, a NASA-funded sounding rocket launched straight into an aurora over Venetie, Alaska. The Ground-to-Rocket Electrodynamics â Electron Correlative Experiment, or GREECE, sounding rocket mission, which launched from Poker Flat Research Range in Poker Flat, Alaska, will study classic curls in the aurora in the night sky. The GREECE instruments travel on a sounding rocket that launches for a ten-minute ride right through the heart of the aurora reaching its zenith over the native village of Venetie, Alaska. To study the curl structures, GREECE consists of two parts: ground-based imagers located in Venetie to track the aurora from the ground and the rocket to take measurements from the middle of the aurora itself. At their simplest, auroras are caused when particles from the sun funnel over to Earth's night side, generate electric currents, and trigger a shower of particles that strike oxygen and nitrogen some 60 to 200 miles up in Earth's atmosphere, releasing a flash of light. But the details are always more complicated, of course. Researchers wish to understand the aurora, and movement of plasma in general, at much smaller scales including such things as how different structures are formed there. This is a piece of information, which in turn, helps paint a picture of the sun-Earth connection and how energy and particles from the sun interact with Earth's own magnetic system, the magnetosphere. GREECE is a collaborative effort between SWRI, which developed particle instruments and the ground-based imaging, and the University of California, Berkeley, measuring the electric and magnetic fields. The launch is supported by a sounding rocket team from
Phragmites australis root secreted phytotoxin undergoes photo-degradation to execute severe phytotoxicity
PubMed Central
Rudrappa, Thimmaraju; Choi, Yong Seok; Levia, Delphis F; Legates, David R; Lee, Kelvin H
2009-01-01
Our study organism, Phragmites australis (common reed), is a unique invader in that both native and introduced lineages are found coexisting in North America. This allows one to make direct assessments of physiological differences between these different subspecies and examine how this relates to invasiveness. Recent efforts to understand plant invasive behavior show that some invasive plants secrete a phytotoxin to ward-off encroachment by neighboring plants (allelopathy) and thus provide the invaders with a competitive edge in a given habitat. Here we show that a varying climatic factor like ultraviolet (UV) light leads to photo-degradation of secreted phytotoxin (gallic acid) in P. australis rhizosphere inducing higher mortality of susceptible seedlings. The photo-degraded product of gallic acid (hereafter GA), identified as mesoxalic acid (hereafter MOA), triggered a similar cell death cascade in susceptible seedlings as observed previously with GA. Further, we detected the biological concentrations of MOA in the natural stands of exotic and native P. australis. Our studies also show that the UV degradation of GA is facilitated at an alkaline pH, suggesting that the natural habitat of P. australis may facilitate the photo-degradation of GA. The study highlights the persistence of the photo-degraded phytotoxin in the P. australis's rhizosphere and its inhibitory effects against the native plants. PMID:19816146
Solar Storm Triggers Whole-Planet Aurora at Mars (Video)
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-09-29
This frame from an animation shows the sudden appearance of a bright aurora on Mars during a solar storm. The purple-white color scheme shows the intensity of ultraviolet light seen on Mars' night side over the course of the event. The data are from observations on Sept. 12 and 13, 2017, by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph instrument (IUVS) on NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution orbiter, or MAVEN. The aurora is occurring because energetic particles from the solar storm are bombarding gases in the planet's atmosphere, causing them to glow. A simulated image of the Mars surface for the same time and orientation is also shown, with the dayside crescent visible on the right. The auroral emission appears brightest at the edges of the planet where the line of sight passes along the length of the glowing atmosphere layer. Note that, unlike auroras on Earth, the Martian aurora is not concentrated at the planet's polar regions. This is because Mars has no strong magnetic field like Earth's to concentrate the aurora near the poles. An animation is available at https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21854
Saturn's visible aurora
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dyudina, U.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Ewald, S.; Porco, C. C.
2013-09-01
Cassini camera's movies show Saturn's aurora in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The color of the aurora changes from pink at a few hundreds of km above the cloud tops to purple at 1000-1500 km above the cloud tops. The spectrum observed in 9 filters spanning wavelengths from 250 nm to 1000 nm has a prominent H-alpha line and roughly agrees with the laboratory simulated auroras by [1]. Auroras in both hemispheres vary dramatically with longitude. Auroras form bright arcs, sometimes a spiral around the pole, and sometimes double arcs at 70-75° both north and south latitude. 10,000-km-scale longitudinal brightness structure can persist for â¼Ë3 days. This structure rotates together with Saturn. Besides the steady structure, the auroras brighten suddenly on the timescales of few minutes. 1000-km-scale disturbances may move faster or lag behind Saturn's rotation on timescales of tens of minutes. The auroral curtains can extend more than 1200 km from their base to their top. The stability of the longitudinal structure of the aurora in 2009 allowed us to estimate its period of rotation of 10.65 ± 0.05 h. This is consistent to the Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR) period detected by Cassini in 2009. These periods are also close to the rotation period of the lightning storms on Saturn. We discuss those periodicities and their relevance to Saturn's rotation. In April-May 2013 a multi-instrument campaign using Cassini and Earth-based data was monitoring Saturn's aurora. We will discuss the results of this campaign.
KSC-07pd0045
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, a worker prepares the THEMIS spacecraft for black/white light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
KSC-07pd0044
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, a worker prepares the THEMIS spacecraft for black/white light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
STS-34 earth observations
NASA Image and Video Library
1989-10-20
STS034-44-023 (20 Oct. 1989) --- The Southern Lights or Aurora Australis were photographed by the STS-34 crewmembers aboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Atlantis. From the Shuttle astronauts can photograph expanses of auroras, an advantage over scientists on Earth who can only get small sections at a time in a frame of photography. The space position allows for large-scale changes. This scene was one of 26 shown to the press by the five STS-34 crewmembers at their post-flight press conference.
KSC-07pd0047
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct white light inspection of the THEMIS probes. They will also undergo black light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
KSC-07pd0046
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct white light inspection of the THEMIS probes. They will also undergo black light inspection. White light inspection assures the telemetry is operating. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
KSC-07pd0049
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct black light inspection of the THEMIS probes. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
KSC-07pd0048
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct black light inspection of the THEMIS probes. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
KSC-07pd0050
NASA Image and Video Library
2007-01-10
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. -- At Astrotech Space Operations, technicians conduct black light inspection of the THEMIS probes. Black light inspection uses UVA fluorescence to detect possible particulate microcontamination, minute cracks or fluid leaks. THEMIS consists of five identical probes, the largest number of scientific satellites ever launched into orbit aboard a single rocket. This unique constellation of satellites will resolve the tantalizing mystery of what causes the spectacular sudden brightening of the aurora borealis and aurora australis - the fiery skies over the Earth's northern and southern polar regions. THEMIS is scheduled to launch Feb. 15 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Photo credit: NASA/George Shelton
Red Aurora as Seen From the International Space Station (ISS)
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
2001-01-01
Auroras are caused when high-energy electrons pour down from the Earth's magnetosphere and collide with atoms. Red aurora, as captured here by a still digital camera aboard the International Space Station (ISS), occurs from 200 km to as high as 500 km altitude and is caused by the emission of 6300 Angstrom wavelength light from oxygen atoms. The light is emitted when the atoms return to their original unexcited state. The white spot in the image is from a light on inside of the ISS that is reflected off the inside of the window. The pale blue arch on the left side of the frame is sunlight reflecting off the atmospheric limb of the Earth. At times of peaks in solar activity, there are more geomagnetic storms and this increases the auroral activity viewed on Earth and by astronauts from orbit.
Modeling the Jovian aurora
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Waite, J. Hunter, Jr.
1992-01-01
The Jovian aurora is the most powerful aurora in the solar system, over 100 times more powerful than the Earth's aurora. These magnificent visual displays can provide important information about the planetary magnetosphere which is responsible for the acceleration of energetic particles that produce aurora at any planet. Similarities and differences in planetary auroral emissions are thus a viable means of classifying and studying both comparative atmospheric and magnetospheric processes. For instance, at Earth the solar wind is the primary source of auroral power while at Jupiter it is conjectured that the rotation of the planet is the major source of magnetospheric and auroral power. The purpose of this IR project was to develop a model: (1) for use in interpreting the existing set of multispectral observations of Jupiter's aurora; and (2) to design new experiments based on the findings to improve understanding of the underlying auroral processes.
Pyrolytic Characteristics and Kinetics of Phragmites australis
PubMed Central
Zhao, Hui; Yan, Huaxiao; Zhang, Congwang; Liu, Xiaodong; Xue, Yanhui; Qiao, Yingyun; Tian, Yuanyu; Qin, Song
2011-01-01
The pyrolytic kinetics of Phragmites australis was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method with linear temperature programming process under an inert atmosphere. Kinetic expressions for the degradation rate in devolatilization and combustion steps have been obtained for P. australis with Dollimore method. The values of apparent activation energy, the most probable mechanism functions, and the corresponding preexponential factor were determined. The results show that the model agrees well with the experimental data and provide useful information for the design of pyrolytic processing system using P. australis as feedstock to produce biofuel. PMID:22007256
Dancing Lights: Creating the Aurora Story
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wood, E. L.; Cobabe-Ammann, E. A.
2009-12-01
Science tells a story about our world, our existence, our history, and the larger environment our planet occupies. Bearing this in mind, we created a series of lessons for 3rd-5th grades using a cross-disciplinary approach to teaching about the aurora by incorporating stories, photos, movies, and geography into the science in order to paint a broad picture and answer the question, âwhy do we care?â The fundamental backbone of the program is literacy. Students write and illustrate fiction and non-fiction work, poetry, and brochures that solidify both language arts skills and science content. In a time when elementary teachers relegate science to less than one hour per week, we have developed a novel science program that can be easily integrated with other topics during the typical school day to increase the amount of science taught in a school year. We are inspiring students to take an interest in the natural world with this program, a stepping-stone for larger things.
Photosynthetic and ultrastructural responses of Ulva australis to Zn stress.
PubMed
Farias, D R; Schmidt, E; Simioni, C; Bouzon, Z L; Hurd, C L; Eriksen, R S; Macleod, C K
2017-12-01
This research evaluated the effect of zinc (Zn) on the ultrastructure and the photosynthetic efficiency of a common green alga. Ulva australis was grown in the laboratory for 7days under a range of different Zn concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 100μgL -1 ). Growth rate (Gr), photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and ETRmax), photosynthetic pigments, and metal accumulation were measured. Samples of 1mm length were taken to analyse the effect of Zn on the ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cytochemical responses (TB-O and PAS) were evaluated by light microscopy (LM). There were no significant differences in the growth rate, Fv/Fm, ETRmax and the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids (p>0.05) after 7days of Zn exposure. However, TEM revealed cytoplasm retraction, compression of cellulose fibrils, dissembled thylakoids and electron-dense bodies suggesting ultrastructural impacts from metal exposure and accumulation. Cytological analysis demonstrated that Zn affected U. australis cells at the three concentrations tested. The main effect was cytoplasm retraction and a decrease on the amount of starch granules, following exposure at 25μgL -1 and 50μgL -1 of Zn. We conclude that concentrations of Zn assessed in U. australis in this research has a short-term cellular effect as revealed by TEM and cytological analysis, demonstrating the importance of measuring a broad suite of endpoints to better understand species responses to environmentally relevant concentrations of Zn. However, U. australis was able to physiologically tolerate adverse conditions, since there was no effect on the photosynthetic performance and growth. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Time Series of Jupiter Aurora
NASA Image and Video Library
1998-06-10
These mosaics of Jupiter's night side show the Jovian aurora at approximately 45 minute intervals as the auroral ring rotated with the planet below the spacecraft. The images were obtained by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft. during its eleventh orbit of Jupiter. The auroral ring is offset from Jupiter's pole of rotation and reaches the lowest latitude near 165 degrees west longitude. The aurora is hundreds of kilometers wide, and when it crosses the edge of Jupiter, it is about 250 kilometers above the planet. As on Earth, the auroral emission is caused by electrically charged particles striking atoms in the upper atmosphere from above. The particles travel along Jupiter's magnetic field lines, but their origin is not fully understood. The field lines where the aurora is most intense cross the Jovian equator at large distances (many Jovian radii) from the planet. The faint background throughout the image is scattered light in the camera. This stray light comes from the sunlit portion of Jupiter, which is out of the image. In multispectral observations the aurora appears red, consistent with how atomic hydrogen in Jupiter's atmosphere would glow. Galileo's unique perspective allows it to view the night side of the planet at short range, revealing details that cannot be seen from Earth. These detailed features are time dependent, and can be followed in this sequence of Galileo images. In the first mosaic, the auroral ring is directly over Jupiter's limb and is seen "edge on." In the fifth mosaic, the auroral emission is coming from several distinct bands. This mosaic also shows the footprint of the Io flux tube. Volcanic eruptions on Jupiter's moon, Io, spew forth particles that become ionized and are pulled into Jupiter's magnetic field to form an invisible tube, the Io flux tube, between Jupiter and Io. The bright circular feature towards the lower right may mark the location where these energetic particles impact Jupiter. Stars
Hubble Captures Vivid Auroras in Jupiterâs Atmosphere
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-12-08
Astronomers are using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study auroras â stunning light shows in a planetâs atmosphere â on the poles of the largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter. This observation program is supported by measurements made by NASAâs Juno spacecraft, currently on its way to Jupiter. Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is best known for its colorful storms, the most famous being the Great Red Spot. Now astronomers have focused on another beautiful feature of the planet, using Hubble's ultraviolet capabilities. The extraordinary vivid glows shown in the new observations are known as auroras. They are created when high-energy particles enter a planetâs atmosphere near its magnetic poles and collide with atoms of gas. As well as producing beautiful images, this program aims to determine how various components of Jupiterâs auroras respond to different conditions in the solar wind, a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun. This observation program is perfectly timed as NASAâs Juno spacecraft is currently in the solar wind near Jupiter and will enter the orbit of the planet in early July 2016. While Hubble is observing and measuring the auroras on Jupiter, Juno is measuring the properties of the solar wind itself; a perfect collaboration between a telescope and a space probe. âThese auroras are very dramatic and among the most active I have ever seenâ, said Jonathan Nichols from the University of Leicester, U.K., and principal investigator of the study. âIt almost seems as if Jupiter is throwing a firework party for the imminent arrival of Juno.â Read more: go.nasa.gov/294QswK Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Nichols (University of Leicester)
Hubble Captures Vivid Auroras in Jupiterâs Atmosphere
NASA Image and Video Library
2016-06-30
Astronomers are using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to study auroras â stunning light shows in a planetâs atmosphere â on the poles of the largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter. This observation program is supported by measurements made by NASAâs Juno spacecraft, currently on its way to Jupiter. Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, is best known for its colorful storms, the most famous being the Great Red Spot. Now astronomers have focused on another beautiful feature of the planet, using Hubble's ultraviolet capabilities. The extraordinary vivid glows shown in the new observations are known as auroras. They are created when high-energy particles enter a planetâs atmosphere near its magnetic poles and collide with atoms of gas. As well as producing beautiful images, this program aims to determine how various components of Jupiterâs auroras respond to different conditions in the solar wind, a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun. This observation program is perfectly timed as NASAâs Juno spacecraft is currently in the solar wind near Jupiter and will enter the orbit of the planet in early July 2016. While Hubble is observing and measuring the auroras on Jupiter, Juno is measuring the properties of the solar wind itself; a perfect collaboration between a telescope and a space probe. âThese auroras are very dramatic and among the most active I have ever seenâ, said Jonathan Nichols from the University of Leicester, U.K., and principal investigator of the study. âIt almost seems as if Jupiter is throwing a firework party for the imminent arrival of Juno.â Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Nichols (University of Leicester)
Aurora candidates from the chronicle of QÃng dynasty in several degrees of relevance
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kawamura, Akito D.; Hayakawa, Hisashi; Tamazawa, Harufumi; Miyahara, Hiroko; Isobe, Hiroaki
2016-10-01
We present the result of a survey of sunspots and auroras in QÃngshÇgÇo (æ¸ å²ç¨¿), a draft chronicle of QÃng dynasty, for the period of 1559-1912 CE. This is a sequel to a series of works surveying historical sunspot and aurora records, and providing online data to the scientific community regarding the attained results. In total of this QÃngshÇgÇo survey, we found 111 records of night-sky luminous events with such keywords as vapor (æ°£, qì), cloud (é², yún), and light (å , guÄng), which may indicate auroras as well as some other phenomena. Similarly, a keyword survey for sunspots was conducted, but no sunspot record was found. In comparison with the aurora records in the western world, we found that 14 of the 111 records have a corresponding record of simultaneous observation in the western world, and hence are very likely to be aurora. In order to investigate the likeliness of the remainder of the record being aurora, we calculated the lunar age and the phase of a solar cycle for each record. After these calculations, a notable fraction of these records clustered near the full moon were to be found statistically doubtful in considerations with atmospheric optics; meanwhile, a few records of observations near the new moon could be more likely interpreted as being auroras, including three records during the Maunder minimum.
Jupiter's Auroras Acceleration Processes
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-09-06
This image, created with data from Juno's Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (UVS), marks the path of Juno's readings of Jupiter's auroras, highlighting the electron measurements that show the discovery of the so-called discrete auroral acceleration processes indicated by the "inverted Vs"Â in the lower panel (Figure 1). This signature points to powerful magnetic-field-aligned electric potentials that accelerate electrons toward the atmosphere to energies that are far greater than what drive the most intense aurora at Earth. Scientists are looking into why the same processes are not the main factor in Jupiter's most powerful auroras. https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21937
Aurora Composite Image
NASA Image and Video Library
2017-12-08
This composite image presents the three most visible elements of space weather: a storm from the Sun, aurora as seen from space, and aurora as seen from the Earth. The solar storm is a corona mass ejection (CME) composite from EIT 304Ã superimposed on a LASCO C2 image, both from SOHO. The middle image from Polarâs VIS imager shows charged particles as they spread down across the U.S. during a large solar storm event on July 14, 2000. Lastly, Jan Curtis took this image of an aurora display in Alaska, the visible evidence of space weather that we see here on Earth. Credit: NASA/GSFC/SOHO/ESA To learn more go to the SOHO website: sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/home.html To learn more about NASA's Sun Earth Day go here: sunearthday.nasa.gov/2010/index.php
The Aurora space launcher concept
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kopp, Alexander; Stappert, Sven; Mattsson, David; Olofsson, Kurt; Marklund, Erik; Kurth, Guido; Mooij, Erwin; Roorda, Evelyne
2017-11-01
This paper gives an overview about the Aurora reusable space launcher concept study that was initiated in late-2015/early-2016. Within the Aurora study, several spaceplane-like vehicle configurations with different geometries, propulsion systems and mission profiles will be designed, investigated and evaluated with respect to their technical and economic feasibility. The first part of this paper will discuss the study logic and the current status of the Aurora studies and introduces the first vehicle configurations and their system design status. As the identification of highly efficient structural designs is of particular interest for Aurora, the structural design and analysis approach will be discussed in higher level of detail. A special design feature of the Aurora vehicle configurations is the utilization of the novel thin-ply composite material technology for structural mass reductions. Therefore, the second part of this paper will briefly discuss this technology and investigate the application and potential mass savings on vehicle level within simplified structural analysis studies. The results indicate that significant mass savings could be possible. Finally, an outlook on the next steps is provided.
The Aurora space launcher concept
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kopp, Alexander; Stappert, Sven; Mattsson, David; Olofsson, Kurt; Marklund, Erik; Kurth, Guido; Mooij, Erwin; Roorda, Evelyne
2018-06-01
This paper gives an overview about the Aurora reusable space launcher concept study that was initiated in late-2015/early-2016. Within the Aurora study, several spaceplane-like vehicle configurations with different geometries, propulsion systems and mission profiles will be designed, investigated and evaluated with respect to their technical and economic feasibility. The first part of this paper will discuss the study logic and the current status of the Aurora studies and introduces the first vehicle configurations and their system design status. As the identification of highly efficient structural designs is of particular interest for Aurora, the structural design and analysis approach will be discussed in higher level of detail. A special design feature of the Aurora vehicle configurations is the utilization of the novel thin-ply composite material technology for structural mass reductions. Therefore, the second part of this paper will briefly discuss this technology and investigate the application and potential mass savings on vehicle level within simplified structural analysis studies. The results indicate that significant mass savings could be possible. Finally, an outlook on the next steps is provided.
Exterior view of ISS and Shuttle Atlantis
NASA Image and Video Library
2011-07-14
ISS028-E-016368 (14 July 2011) --- This panoramic view, photographed from the International Space Station, looking past the docked space shuttle Atlantis' cargo bay and part of the station including a solar array panel toward Earth, was taken on July 14 as the joint complex passed over the southern hemisphere. Aurora Australis or the Southern Lights can be seen on Earth's horizon and a number of stars are visible also.
Visible aurora in Jupiter's atmosphere
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Cook, A. F., II; Jones, A. V.; Shemansky, D. E.
1981-01-01
The darkside limb pictures obtained by the imaging experiment on Voyager 1 have been reexamined. It is concluded that the observed luminosity is very likely due at least in part to Io torus aurora. If the effective wavelength of the emission lies in the 4000- to 5000-A region, the slant intensity is estimated to be about 20 kR. The observed double structure may be due to a number of causes such as horizontal structure in auroral emission, aurora plus twilight or photochemical airglow plus aurora.
"St. Patrick's Aurora"
NASA Image and Video Library
2015-03-17
Geomagnetic Storms Sometimes during the solar magnetic events, solar explosions hurl clouds of magnetized particles into space. Traveling more than a million miles per hour, these coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, made up of hot material called plasma take up to three days to reach Earth. Spacecraft and satellites in the path of CMEs can experience glitches as these plasma clouds pass by. In near-Earth space, magnetic reconnection incites explosions of energy driving charged solar particles to collide with atoms in Earthâs upper atmosphere. We see these collisions near Earthâs polar regions as the aurora. The prevalence of specific gases in the atmosphere determines the color of the aurora. For example, if charged particles strike oxygen atoms, the aurora will appear green. Excited nitrogen closer to 60 miles above Earthâs surface will produce a blood red color. Three spacecraft from NASAâs Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) mission, observe these outbursts known as substorms. Substorms can intensify auroraâs near Earthâs poles. To learn more about the aurora, go to NASAâs THEMIS mission: www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/themis/main/index.html ---------- Original caption: How about a little something green for St. Patrick's Day? "St. Patrick's Aurora" was taken at Donnelly Creek, Alaska at 1:30 am, March 17, 2015 by our good friend Sebastian Saarloos! You can see more images from Sebastian here: www.facebook.com/SebastianSaarloos Credit: Sebastian Saarloos NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASAâs mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASAâs accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agencyâs mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram
Three types of aurora on Mars
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Schneider, N. M.; Jain, S.; Deighan, J.; Stewart, I. F.; Stiepen, A.; Larson, D. E.; Halekas, J. S.; Mitchell, D. L.; Mazelle, C. X.; Lee, C. O.; Lillis, R. J.; Evans, J. S.; Gerard, J. C. M. C.; Brain, D.; Clarke, J. T.; Mayyasi, M.; Chaffin, M.; Fang, X.; Stevens, M. H.; Crismani, M. M. J.; Lo, D.; Lefèvre, F.; McClintock, B.; Holsclaw, G.; Montmessin, F.; Jakosky, B. M.
2017-12-01
Observations by the Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS)
|
|||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 7 |
https://testbook.com/physics/aurora-borealis
|
en
|
Aurora Borealis: Know Definition, Causes, and Places to Explore
|
[
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/Physics_All_1682596120.png",
"https://testbook.com/physics/assets/img/banner-bg/bottom-banner-preparation.svg",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/BSF%20Head%20Constable%20&%20ASI_All_1718006809.png",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/coaching/wallet-2.svg",
"https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/aurora-borealis-344af1a8.png",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/pass-new/pass-pro-icon.svg?v=05092023",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/NDA_All_1594143675.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/production/test_series/ca_All_1707493263.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/Airforce_All_1594152047.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/productionimages/Ministry%20of%20Defence_All_1610024806.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/production/test_series/Physics_All_1618301495.png",
"https://cdn.testbook.com/resources/production/test_series/English_All_1618394644.png",
"https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/formation-of-aurora-borealis-38e82016.png",
"https://blogmedia.testbook.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/aurora-borealis_1-a164c2f9.png",
"https://testbook.com/assets/img/other/get-access-text.svg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/appstore.svg",
"https://testbook.com/angular/assets/img/template-img/playstore.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Testbook"
] |
2023-04-27T12:42:07.950000+00:00
|
An example of a natural sky phenomena is the aurora borealis. Learn about aurora borealis, its definition, causes and places to explore with some FAQs
|
en
|
favicon.ico
|
Testbook
|
https://testbook.com/physics/aurora-borealis
| |||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 28 |
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-12/aurora-australis-southern-lights-sunday-night/103836548
|
en
|
Missed the aurora australis? You should get another chance to see the southern lights tonight
|
https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/4b3b06096ebe4150ef2f84521f0b0727?impolicy=wcms_watermark_news&cropH=1152&cropW=2048&xPos=0&yPos=2&width=862&height=485&imformat=generic
|
https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/4b3b06096ebe4150ef2f84521f0b0727?impolicy=wcms_watermark_news&cropH=1152&cropW=2048&xPos=0&yPos=2&width=862&height=485&imformat=generic
|
[
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/4b3b06096ebe4150ef2f84521f0b0727?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1152&cropW=2048&xPos=0&yPos=2&width=862&height=485",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/f558888b75578831d23cc9c8eecf1c3c?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=839&cropW=1258&xPos=94&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/9a2c7847cc06ea8a5ed20432bcfd41f2?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2813&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=260&width=862&height=485",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/442f1c9479d1070cc30501372e606262?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1280&xPos=235&yPos=0&width=862&height=485",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/c74ab1505418e969addeb4057458ed0f?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/442f1c9479d1070cc30501372e606262?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=335&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/2b91c5fbb2192a307ce800aa5b07d3ba?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1312&cropW=1968&xPos=80&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/518b07c78d9525b7e97166aabcf8cc52?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1365&cropW=2048&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/c0738abb384cf55e537827062e317f2a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1365&cropW=2048&xPos=1&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/70fdbbc745735f64588b7bb11b918397?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=680&cropW=1020&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/07373561cbcc22f5572a61560ad45877?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2048&cropW=1536&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=1149",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/3d975310e686aca0fa5ce9325d9e1b15?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=694&cropW=1041&xPos=97&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/9442f22b8be2e1288bc1e159b86e1769?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1149&cropW=1148&xPos=900&yPos=205&width=160&height=160",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0131ac91a047f50526eb71f5fe6e172f?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=533&cropW=800&xPos=0&yPos=33&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/54c05b26762edc30b5864b062e6eade8?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2667&cropW=4000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/e818a561b542f9649c1cac01bae01cf7?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2160&cropW=3240&xPos=300&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/d950f86632cabe095f6d54b5da060d97?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=853&cropW=1280&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/c74ab1505418e969addeb4057458ed0f?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/3d975310e686aca0fa5ce9325d9e1b15?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=694&cropW=925&xPos=154&yPos=0&width=862&height=647",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/9442f22b8be2e1288bc1e159b86e1769?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1149&cropW=1148&xPos=900&yPos=205&width=160&height=160"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"aurora australis",
"southern lights",
"geomagnetic storm",
"g5 storm",
"aurora borealis"
] | null |
[
"Liana Walker",
"www.abc.net.au",
"liana-walker"
] |
2024-05-12T00:00:00
|
The Earth has seen its biggest geomagnetic storm in more than 20 years, creating spectacular auroras across the globe. And the Bureau of Meteorology says the southern lights should be visible again tonight.
|
en
|
/news-assets/favicon-32x32.png
|
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-12/aurora-australis-southern-lights-sunday-night/103836548
|
Missed out on last night's aurora australis light show?
Fortunately the Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) has confirmed the southern lights should be visible once again tonight.
Here's what you need to know.
Why will the lights still be visible?
According to the BOM, the geomagnetic storms that have caused the aurora australis over the weekend are forecast to continue.
University of Tasmania physics professor Andrew Cole says while the peak has passed, another light show may be visible tonight.
"Because things are happening right now during daylight I would start looking as soon as it gets dark after sunset, and just find an area that's free from obstructions on the southern horizon, generally free from city lights," he said.
ANU astrophysicist Brad Tucker says the Southern Lights may be visible thought until the early hours of Monday.
"The aurora have been quite extreme. Often, given that the Sun has been quite active lately, you can see it decently in Tasmania," he said.
"But here, large parts of Australia — in some places it's predicted to reach as far north as Queensland, which is fairly rare."
Geomagnetic storms?
The Australian Space Weather Alert System says: "Coronal mass ejections occur when large clouds of plasma and magnetic field erupt in the Sun's outer atmosphere."
When the mass ejections hit Earth, they cause geomagnetic storms.
Geomagnetic storms are a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave.
The result of this a natural light display of bright colours and shapes in the sky.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration warns the storms pose a risk to radio, GPS and satellite communications.
Space scientist Robert Steenburgh said coronal mass ejections coming from the Sun carried a magnetic field which caused interruptions.
"As these things slam into our magnetic field, our magnetic field starts moving and that movement will induce currents on conductors like powerlines and train tracks and that induced current is unwelcome."
"For most people here on planet Earth, they won’t have to do anything.
"That’s really the gift from space weather: the aurora."
How often do we see them?
The BOM said the current storm occurring across the planet was at a G5 or extreme level.
The last time Earth experienced a G5 storm was in October 2003.
The G-scale is a measure of global geomagnetic activity, which refers to fluctuations in Earth's magnetic field. The G scale ranges from G1 (minor) to G5 (extreme).
Initially the storm was predicted to be a G4 severe level.
According to the BOM, over Australia geomagnetic conditions are lower than the planetary average, equivalent to G3 (strong) level. However, that has not stopped Australians from enjoying the latest light show.
The coronal mass ejections which cause geomagnetic activity are happening all the time. However, they ramp up as the Sun approaches the peak of its 11-year solar magnetic activity cycle — something that is happening right now.
Any photography tips?
Check out our gallery of photos of the aurora australis taken across Australia
The standard advice for viewing any astronomical event is to get away from city lights, which will wash out the sky.
Another piece of advice is to take photos of the night sky with your phone camera even if you can't see the lights with your naked eye.
"Just go out your back door and take a picture with the newer cell phones, and you'd be amazed at what you see in that picture versus what you see with your eyes," Brent Gordon, from America's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, said.
On social media, keen spotters backed that up, saying a reasonable phone camera with night-vision mode could capture more than the naked eye.
"View the sky through the camera of your phone," one user wrote.
"When there is ambient light around, the sky looks as though there's a misty cloud that is just a bit green but your camera app will pick up the other colours.
"Away from the lights, you can probably see colours without the camera."
But what if you have access to a DSLR or mirrorless camera with interchangeable lenses?
Get a tripod so you can take stable long-exposure photos, and a wide-angle fast lens in the 10mm-35mm range, Space.com suggests.
Use the slowest f-stop possible to let in the most light, and use an iso setting of 800-2,500 depending on how bright the lights are.
A remote shutter release can also help prevent the camera shaking.
Photos of aurora australis taken around Australia
The geomagnetic storm created a lightshow that few had seen before, thrilling amateur and professional photographers.
Here's what the aurora australis looked like around Australia.
|
|||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 64 |
https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/magellanic-clouds-large-small/
|
en
|
Large and Small Magellanic Clouds shine in southern skies
|
[
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/x.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/eslogo.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/user.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/user.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/user.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/602bdeb5d6e774986aba2086/602bdeb5d6e7748931ba2109_twitter-white.svg",
"https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/602bdeb5d6e774986aba2086/602bdeb5d6e774830fba20d6_facebook-white.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/sharelink.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2013/01/aurora_australis_colin_legg_Wilsons_Promontory_1-23-2013-e1696248027205.jpeg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/11/SMC-LMC-ESO-S-Brunier-e1636737388243.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/11/Large-and-Small-Magellanic-Clouds_Paranal-Chile_ESO-Y-Beletsky-e1636733419660.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/04/Simon-Capone_Magellanic-Clouds_Cosy-Corner-Western-Australia_2022-apr-05-e1650293099725.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/10/Milky-Way-and-LMC_Y-Beletsky-ESO-e1634764509839.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2022/01/Large-Magellanic-Cloud-Y-Beletksy-ESO-e1641168052739.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2021/11/SMC-and-LMC-over-ALMA-dish-telescopes-Chile_ESO-C-Malin-e1635943907533.jpg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/right.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/right-white.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/calendar.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/upl/2020/07/donate-ad300x250.jpeg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/twitter.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/facebook.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/instagram.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/cart.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/dollar-sign.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/mail.svg",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/esicon32_1esicon32.png",
"https://earthsky.org/wp-content/themes/earthsky-testing-6c8e0a978c578089f4b8b6-2/images/milkywayicon.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"clusters nebulae galaxies"
] | null |
[
"Editors of EarthSky"
] |
2023-10-03T06:45:39-05:00
|
en
|
EarthSky | Updates on your cosmos and world
|
https://earthsky.org/clusters-nebulae-galaxies/magellanic-clouds-large-small/
|
The Magellanic Clouds from the Southern Hemisphere
If you want to see the Magellanic Clouds, you have to head south. They’re not visible north of about 17 degrees north latitude. If you’re in the Southern Hemisphere, you can see these satellite galaxies any night of the year because they’re south circumpolar. In other words, they’re close enough to the South Celestial Pole that they never set.
The Large Magellanic Cloud is one of the closest galaxies to us at about 160,000 light-years away. It’s about 40,000 light-years closer than the Small Magellanic Cloud. As some of the closest galaxies to our home galaxy, they stand out as big, misty blobs of light under dark skies.
Scientists estimate the Small Magellanic Cloud contains around 3 billion stars, while the Large Magellanic Cloud houses some 30 billion stars.
The Clouds in myth
In the Southern Hemisphere, Australian Aborigines, the Maori people of New Zealand and the Polynesian people of the South Pacific were familiar with both the Large and Small Clouds. They used them as navigational markers during their oceanic expeditions. They considered these hazy star-clouds predictors of the winds. The website OzSky.org explains:
Many tribes of Australian Aboriginals have ‘dreamtime stories,’ which they have passed down from generation to generation, to explain the universe as they perceive it. One such legend describes the Clouds as the campfires of an old couple, the Jukara. The Jukara relied on other star people to supply them with fish and lily bulbs caught in the Milky Way to survive. The old couple cooked the food over their campfire, which was the star Achernar. The Large Cloud represented the old man while the Small Cloud was the old woman.
Another myth comes from South Africa. The nearby constellation Mensa the Table got its name from South Africa’s Table Mountain. One story says that the Large Magellanic Cloud is a puff of smoke from a pipe-smoking contest held on the mountain.
In history, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, a Persian astronomer, described the Large Magellanic Cloud in his Book of Fixed Stars in 964 CE. He called it Al Bakr, describing it as the White Ox of southern Arabia.
Science of the Magellanic Clouds
Henrietta Swan Leavitt – famous for her work on the Cepheid variable stars – studied the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds from Harvard College Observatory in Southern Peru. In the early 1900s, she published her work on variable stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, famously showing the relationship between the periods (cycles) of the stars’ variability and their luminosities. Her study was titled 1777 variables in the Magellanic Clouds. The period-luminosity relationship later became a reliable gauge for astronomers trying to parse the riddle of star and galaxy distances.
Astronomers believe that the Large and Small Clouds formed around the same time as our Milky Way, some 12 to 13 billion years ago. Due to their repeated interaction with our larger Milky Way galaxy, it’s thought that great galactic tides might have caused their irregular shape.
The ongoing Dark Energy Survey found a dark stream of interacting matter between the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Simulations performed by a team of scientists at the University of Arizona suggested that the two galaxies might be interacting with each other and might eventually merge.
Rename the Magellanic Clouds?
The controversy about renaming the Magellanic Clouds is heating up again. It’s been brewing for at least a couple of years. On September 12, 2023, astronomer Mia de los Reyes of Amherst College wrote in an opinion piece in the American Physical Society’s online magazine Physics:
The Milky Way is surrounded by a host of smaller satellite galaxies. The two brightest are known as the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Both galaxies are visible to the unaided eye, and both have been known for centuries by viewers of the Southern Hemisphere sky.
But the beauty of these starry objects is clouded by their names, which honor a man who was a colonizer, a slaver, and a murderer. Now I and a coalition of astronomers are calling for the scientific community to rename these galaxies …
These two famous Milky Way satellites are named for the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.
Why rename the galaxies?
According to Mia de los Reyes and her colleagues, on Magellan’s travels, he killed and enslaved the native peoples he met. De los Reyes wrote:
… Magellan was no astronomer, and he was not the first to document these galaxies. Indigenous peoples across the Southern Hemisphere have names and legends for these systems that predate Magellan by thousands of years.
Some of the previous names and descriptions for the satellite galaxies are beautiful and descriptive. De los Reyes wrote:
… the Mapuche of modern-day Chile and Argentina call them Rvganko, or water ponds, which they think are in the process of drying out. The Kamilaroi of modern-day Australia regard the galaxies as places where people go after death. And the Arimi of modern-day Tanzania see the clouds as a man and a woman who help the Pleiades bring heavy rains during the rainy season.
Read the September 12, 2023, opinion piece by Mia de los Reyes here.
What do you think? Share your opinion in the comments below.
More from Mia de los Reyes
Furthermore, she wrote:
… Magellan committed horrific acts. A first-hand account of Magellan’s expedition describes how, in what is now known as Argentina, Magellan enslaved the native Tehuelche people. He placed iron manacles on the ‘youngest and best proportioned’ men, telling them that the manacles were gifts. In what became Guam and the Philippines, Magellan and his men burned villages and killed their inhabitants.
Despite his actions, Magellan has been – and continues to be – widely honored by the field of astronomy. Magellan’s name currently appears in over 17,000 peer-reviewed academic articles. His name is attached to astronomical objects such as a lunar crater and a Martian crater, both of which are named Magalhaens; the NASA Magellan spacecraft; the twin 6.5-m Magellan telescopes; and most recently, an under construction, next-generation extremely large telescope called the Giant Magellan Telescope. The Magellan telescopes are all located in Chile, a country with a history of violent Spanish conquest. Indeed, Magellan’s ‘discovery’ of the Strait of Magellan allowed Spanish conquistadors to explore Chile’s coast and led to genocidal campaigns against the native Mapuche people.
I and many other astronomers believe that astronomical objects and facilities should not be named after Magellan, or after anyone else with a violent colonialist legacy. We would like the International Astronomical Union – the body in charge of naming astronomical objects – to rename the Magellanic Clouds. We hope other astronomical institutions, particularly the consortia that manage the 6.5-m Magellan telescopes and the upcoming Giant Magellan Telescope, will also revisit the use of Magellan’s name.
Read the September 12, 2023, opinion piece by Mia de los Reyes here.
What do you think? Share your opinion in the comments below.
What would we call them?
Writing in Science News on September 26, 2023, senior physics writer Emily Conover explained:
The galaxies have been known scientifically by Magellan’s name since only the end of the 19th century, well after Magellan’s voyage. That’s just a blip in the history of astronomy, the researchers argue.
More than 100 astronomers have expressed interest in the campaign, anchored by a core group of about 50, de los Reyes says. The group aims to bring the proposal to the International Astronomical Union, in hopes of eventually holding a vote on the name change …
The astronomers are now trying out new names. One popular suggestion is to call them the ‘Milky Clouds.’ That would maintain the commonly used acronyms, LMC and SMC.
And, Conover wrote, it would reflect the galaxies’ connection to something much bigger than any one person: our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
Read the September 26, 2023, reporting by Emily Conover in Science News, here.
What do you think? Share your opinion in the comments below.
Bottom line: The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are two of the closest galaxies to the Milky Way. They can be seen without optical aid from southern skies. In September 2023, astronomers again began calling for the clouds to be renamed.
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 92 |
https://media.bom.gov.au/social/blog/1114/10-awesome-aurora-facts/
|
en
|
10 awesome aurora facts
|
http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/Annibale_Carracci_Aurora_Museo_Conde_Chantilly.jpg
|
[
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/crest.gif",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/files/thumbs/7101612129-57f706a981694.jpg",
"http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/Asta_Norregaard_Kristian_Birkeland_1900.jpg",
"http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/Annibale_Carracci_Aurora_Museo_Conde_Chantilly.jpg",
"http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/147512main_macaronis_large.jpg",
"http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/5.jpg",
"http://media.bom.gov.au/social/upload/images/Hubble aurora Jupiter.jpg",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/facebook-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/twitter-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/linkedin-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/email-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/reddit-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/stumbleupon-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/digg-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/delicious-32.png",
"https://media.bom.gov.au/social/assets/img/socialicons/newsvine-32.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The Bureau of Meteorology's blog gives you the inside information on weather, climate, oceans, water and space weather.
|
en
|
/social/assets/ico/favicon.ico
| null |
Auroras are one of nature’s most spectacular visual phenomena. It’s now understood that auroras are created by the interaction of charged particles raining down into the earth’s atmosphere from space, but once upon a time they were an unexplained mystery.
Through modern science and technology we learn more about the aurora every day. Here’s ten interesting facts you might not know.
1. Auroras constantly change shape
The patterns and shapes of auroras are determined by the changing flow of charged particles and the varying magnetic fields.
The ‘beams’ dance across the sky, sometimes very rapidly . Auroras are the optical signatures of electrical currents flowing up and down the magnetic field lines which are almost vertical at high latitudes; hence the near vertical rays of light.
Auroras look like moving curtains of light because the particles of plasma are moving in response to the earth's magnetic field.
2. A Norwegian scientist was the first to explain the aurora phenomenon
For thousands of years people have marvelled at the spectacular displays that occasionally light up the night sky. Once thought to be portents of doom, there have been hundreds of stories and theories to explain what we now know as auroras. But no one until about a century ago suspected a connection with the sun.
Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland (1867–1917) was the first to explain the source of the aurora and by his discovery a new field of science was created—the sun–earth connection.
Image: Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland.
3. The term ‘aurora borealis’ was coined in 1619
The term for the Northern Lights, 'aurora borealis', was derived from Roman goddess of dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for the north wind, Boreas. There is some debate however, as to who was the first to name them—French astronomer Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) or Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642).
Image: “Aurora” by Annibale Carracci (16th century).
4. Captain James Cook named the ‘aurora australis’
Captain James Cook named the same phenomenon in the southern hemisphere ‘aurora australis’, following his voyage of discovery to the Antarctic in Resolution (1772–75). ‘Australis’ is derived from the Latin word meaning southern.
5. The oldest known record of an aurora dates back to 2600 BC
Archaeologists believe that some impressionistic cave drawings depict auroras in the sky. The earliest known auroral citing was written in 2600 B.C. in China: "Fu-Pao, the mother of the Yellow Empire Shuan-Yuan, saw strong lightning moving around the star Su, which belongs to the constellation of Bei-Dou, and the light illuminated the whole area." Auroras are also significant in Australian Indigenous oral traditions. Aboriginal people associate auroras with fire, death, blood, and omens, sharing many similarities with Native American communities.
Image: Cro-Magnon cave-paintings. "Macaronis" may be earliest depiction of aurora (30,000 BC). Credit: NASA.
6. There are hundreds of documented reports of ‘auroral sound’
Auroras are renowned for their spectacular light shows, but less well known are unexplained reports of sounds being heard during auroral displays—with many reports indicating a hissing sound followed by a sharper crackling or clapping.
7. The most common aurora colours are red and green
The colours of the polar lights depend on whether electrons collide with oxygen or nitrogen, and how energetically. Oxygen emits greenish-yellow or red light, while nitrogen generally gives off blue light; the blending of these produces purple, pink, and white. Our night vision is most sensitive to green light so we are more likely to see the oxygen green line emissions. Nitrogen auroras are sometimes blue, or a mixture of blue and red (purple). Some nitrogen aurora emissions are in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, which we can't see.
Image: aurora australis, Davis station, Antarctica, 6 June 2016. Credit: Aaron Stanley.
8. For night owls only!
Auroras are more likely to occur close to the equinoxes, in late March and late September, but displays can occur at any time of year. Winter months are naturally good aurora-watching times, simply because the nights are longer. The brightest displays typically last for about 1–3 hours, and the best viewing times are generally between 10 pm and 2 am. However, there's no magic hour that you're guaranteed to see auroras—keen aurora chasers usually keep an eye on our real-time geomagnetic indices (which show the level of geomagnetic activty) and stay up all night if need be!
9. In Australia, auroras have been seen as far north as southern Queensland
The brightest auroras are concentrated in a ring—the ‘auroral oval ’—centred on the earth’s magnetic pole. This ring of light is usually located above the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, but enlarges and expands towards the equator during a geomagnetic storm. This is why auroras are best viewed from our south coasts, and are usually low to the horizon.
However, at times when the earth is most affected by activity on the sun, they can be seen at lower latitudes. In Australia, auroras have been seen on rare occasions from as far north as southern Queensland.
10. Earth isn’t the only planet with auroras
Auroras also occur on other planets in our solar system—including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Mars. Similar to earth's aurora, the lights have been seen close to other planets’ magnetic poles.
Image: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope captures Jupiter’s aurora. Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Nichols (University of Leicester).
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 66 |
https://www.visiticeland.com/article/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-with-a-smartphone/
|
en
|
How to photograph the Northern lights with a smartphone
|
[
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/9583cb68-1aa1-4d16-a7ad-6291b6444d6c_Northern%20Lights_mt%20Esja%20near%20Reykjav%C3%ADk_Photographer-Snorri%20Thor%20Tryggvason_large2400x1350.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&rect=3%2C0%2C2397%2C1350&w=950&h=535",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/9583cb68-1aa1-4d16-a7ad-6291b6444d6c_Northern%20Lights_mt%20Esja%20near%20Reykjav%C3%ADk_Photographer-Snorri%20Thor%20Tryggvason_large2400x1350.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&rect=3%2C0%2C2397%2C1350&w=950&h=535",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/4eddbcab-b15f-48f0-bc07-4e64dbab5d8a_Northern+Lights_Woman+taking+photo+at+Dyrh%C3%B3laey+sea+cliffs_Photographer-Snorri+Thor+Tryggvason_large2400x1516.jpg?auto=compress,format",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/13eed82e-ff5b-4f56-95aa-88323a583a67_Kirkjufell_Northern%20Lights_3000.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=3000&h=2000",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/13eed82e-ff5b-4f56-95aa-88323a583a67_Kirkjufell_Northern%20Lights_3000.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=3000&h=2000",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/29af19ec-8ea0-462b-8b64-9ec43e486e71_Rvk_Esjan.png?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1067",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/29af19ec-8ea0-462b-8b64-9ec43e486e71_Rvk_Esjan.png?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1067",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/93938329-d5b1-4322-ad4b-9602da954da8_Baugur%20Bj%C3%B3lfs.png?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=750&h=456",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/93938329-d5b1-4322-ad4b-9602da954da8_Baugur%20Bj%C3%B3lfs.png?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=750&h=456",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/c54e806a-2993-4c25-a38d-9f2bcedfb9f1_Volcano_Fagradalsfjall_RTH_clean.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1200",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/c54e806a-2993-4c25-a38d-9f2bcedfb9f1_Volcano_Fagradalsfjall_RTH_clean.jpg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1200",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/65352958-ec71-4899-9b10-258e1c92db68_haust_Rth.jpeg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1066",
"https://images.prismic.io/visiticeland/65352958-ec71-4899-9b10-258e1c92db68_haust_Rth.jpeg?ixlib=gatsbyFP&auto=compress%2Cformat&fit=max&w=1600&h=1066"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Unlock the secrets to photographing the aurora with your smartphone. Discover practical tips for immortalizing nature's most mesmerizing light show.
| null |
Unlock the secrets to photographing the aurora with your smartphone. Discover practical tips for immortalizing nature's most mesmerizing light show.
For many, glimpsing the Northern—or Southern—Lights is an awe-inspiring experience they have waited years to see. Rightly so. Witnessing colorful lights dance across the sky is mesmerizing and slightly eerie. From late August to early April, the skies over Iceland are dark enough to see the lights. Although the lights are always active (no, it has nothing to do with the cold weather), between late August and early April, the Icelandic skies become sufficiently dark to reveal their full splendor.
Are you keen to capture Mother Nature's elusive show? You're certainly not alone in wanting to share this magic with friends and family—and show them what they are missing. Thankfully, you don't need a high-end full-frame camera and expensive wide-angled lenses with 1.2 aperture—although those are excellent choices. Advancements in smartphone technology now allow us to capture the Northern Lights and other low-light scenes effectively. The settings are relatively easy, and the results can be stunning. Experiment and practice your setup before you get out in the field! The more you practice, the better (and faster) you'll get. Before heading out, familiarize yourself with your device's settings and practice; tweaking settings with cold fingers is less fun. Trust me on that!
You need dark, clear skies and sightings are greatly improved outside populated areas
Smartphone Photography Tips for the Northern Lights:
Guided Tours: Consider joining one. Experienced guides know the best spots, understand the terrain and can predict weather conditions. Relax and await the luminous show. Find a Northern lights tour
Steady Tripod: Essential for long exposures in low light. Some tripods have hooks to add weight, ensuring they remain grounded in Iceland's sometimes fierce winds.
Manual Focus: Lock your focus to infinity. In low light, cameras might have difficulty focusing. Adjust manually until the aurora appears sharp.
No Flash: Models like the iPhone 11 Pro and newer have Night mode. Use it to adjust your exposure time (around 10-15 seconds) to capture the aurora's dance.
Apps: If your default camera lacks manual controls, consider apps like Northern Lights Photo Taker, NightCap Camera, ProCamera, and Slow Shutter for iOS. For Android, ProCam X Lite is a good choice.
Screen Brightness: Dim your screen. A bright screen can hinder your night vision and may disturb others who are not so enthusiastic about your bright screen.
Shoot in RAW: This format captures more details, offering better post-processing opportunities to bring out the details in your pictures.
Battery Backup: Cold can deplete your battery faster. Bring a power bank if you plan to stay out for extended periods.
Experiment: Play with exposure times, lenses, and framing. Including some of the landscape can give a sense of scale to the aurora.
Dress Warmly: We cannot emphasize this enough. Icelandic weather can be harsh. Dress appropriately to stay cozy.
Savor the Moment: While photographing the Northern Lights is rewarding, take time to immerse yourself in the experience without any gadgets. Sometimes, fond memories are the best capture.
Find northern lights tours
|
|||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 90 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora
|
en
|
Wikipedia
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Church_of_light.jpg/308px-Church_of_light.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Northern_Lights_02.jpg/151px-Northern_Lights_02.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Polarlicht_2.jpg/153px-Polarlicht_2.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg/153px-Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Red_and_green_aurora.jpg/151px-Red_and_green_aurora.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aurora_australis_ISS.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis_ISS.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/290px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aurora_Kp_Map_North_America.gif/450px-Aurora_Kp_Map_North_America.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aurora_Kp_Map_Eurasia.gif/450px-Aurora_Kp_Map_Eurasia.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aurora_shapes.jpg/220px-Aurora_shapes.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Magenta_G5_aurora_over_Tuntorp%2C_Lysekil_Municipality_11.jpg/220px-Magenta_G5_aurora_over_Tuntorp%2C_Lysekil_Municipality_11.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AuroraBorealisOkeford20240510-01.jpg/220px-AuroraBorealisOkeford20240510-01.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Keogram_explainer.gif/220px-Keogram_explainer.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Moon_and_Aurora.jpg/220px-Moon_and_Aurora.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aurora_australis_20050911.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis_20050911.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/310px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Aurora_australis.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Utsjoki.vaakuna.svg/150px-Utsjoki.vaakuna.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aurora_Borealis_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg/220px-Aurora_Borealis_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg/220px-Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturns_Northern_Aurora_still.jpg/220px-Saturns_Northern_Aurora_still.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2002-02-25T15:43:11+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora
|
Atmospheric effect
An aurora[a] (pl. aurorae or auroras),[b] also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis),[c] is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals, or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky.[3]
Auroras are the result of disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by the solar wind. Major disturbances result from enhancements in the speed of the solar wind from coronal holes and coronal mass ejections. These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying colour and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles.
Most of the planets in the Solar System, some natural satellites, brown dwarfs, and even comets also host auroras.
Etymology
[edit]
The term aurora borealis was coined by Galileo in 1619, from the Roman Aurora, goddess of the dawn and the Greek name for the north wind (Boreas).[4][5]
The word aurora is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, who travelled from east to west announcing the coming of the Sun.[6] Ancient Greek poets used the corresponding name Eos metaphorically to refer to dawn, often mentioning its play of colors across the otherwise dark sky (e.g., "rosy-fingered dawn").[7]
The words borealis and australis are derived from the names of the ancient gods of the north wind (Boreas) and the south wind (Auster) in Greco-Roman mythology.
Occurrence
[edit]
Most auroras occur in a band known as the "auroral zone",[8] which is typically 3° to 6° (approximately 330–660 km) wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the "auroral oval", a band displaced by the solar wind towards the night side of Earth. Auroras at the North Pole itself are rare due to it being on the Arctic Ocean, while auroras at the South Pole itself are very common and guaranteed to be visible.[9] Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860),[10] and later Hermann Fritz (1881)[11] and Sophus Tromholt (1881)[12] in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the auroral zone.
In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis or the northern lights. The southern counterpart, the aurora australis or the southern lights, has features almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone.[13] The aurora australis is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, the Southern Cone, South Africa, Australasia and under exceptional circumstances as far north as Uruguay.[14] The aurora borealis is visible from areas around the Arctic such as Alaska, Canada, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Russia. On rare occasions the aurora borealis can be seen as far south as the Mediterranean and the southern states of the US. During the Carrington Event, the greatest geomagnetic storm ever observed, auroras were seen even in the tropics.
A geomagnetic storm causes the auroral ovals (north and south) to expand, bringing the aurora to lower latitudes. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval")[8] is slightly different, being centered about 3–5° nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator when the magnetic pole in question is in between the observer and the Sun. The aurora can be seen best at this time, which is called magnetic midnight.
Auroras seen within the auroral oval may be directly overhead. From farther away, they illuminate the poleward horizon as a greenish glow, or sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Auroras also occur poleward of the auroral zone as either diffuse patches or arcs,[15] which can be subvisual.
Auroras are occasionally seen in latitudes below the auroral zone, when a geomagnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval. Large geomagnetic storms are most common during the peak of the 11-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after the peak.[16][17] An electron spirals (gyrates) about a field line at an angle that is determined by its velocity vectors, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the local geomagnetic field vector B. This angle is known as the "pitch angle" of the particle. The distance, or radius, of the electron from the field line at any time is known as its Larmor radius. The pitch angle increases as the electron travels to a region of greater field strength nearer to the atmosphere. Thus, it is possible for some particles to return, or mirror, if the angle becomes 90° before entering the atmosphere to collide with the denser molecules there. Other particles that do not mirror enter the atmosphere and contribute to the auroral display over a range of altitudes. Other types of auroras have been observed from space; for example, "poleward arcs" stretching sunward across the polar cap, the related "theta aurora",[18] and "dayside arcs" near noon. These are relatively infrequent and poorly understood. Other interesting effects occur such as pulsating aurora, "black aurora" and their rarer companion "anti-black aurora" and subvisual red arcs. In addition to all these, a weak glow (often deep red) observed around the two polar cusps, the field lines separating the ones that close through Earth from those that are swept into the tail and close remotely.
Images
[edit]
Early work on the imaging of the auroras was done in 1949 by the University of Saskatchewan using the SCR-270 radar.[19] The altitudes where auroral emissions occur were revealed by Carl Størmer and his colleagues, who used cameras to triangulate more than 12,000 auroras.[20] They discovered that most of the light is produced between 90 and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above the ground, while extending at times to more than 1,000 km (620 mi).
Forms
[edit]
According to Clark (2007), there are five main forms that can be seen from the ground, from least to most visible:[21]
A mild glow, near the horizon. These can be close to the limit of visibility,[22] but can be distinguished from moonlit clouds because stars can be seen undiminished through the glow.
Patches or surfaces that look like clouds.
Arcs curve across the sky.
Rays are light and dark stripes across arcs, reaching upwards by various amounts.
Coronas cover much of the sky and diverge from one point on it.
Brekke (1994) also described some auroras as "curtains".[23] The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds within the arcs. Arcs can fragment or break up into separate, at times rapidly changing, often rayed features that may fill the whole sky. These are also known as discrete auroras, which are at times bright enough to read a newspaper by at night.[24]
These forms are consistent with auroras being shaped by Earth's magnetic field. The appearances of arcs, rays, curtains, and coronas are determined by the shapes of the luminous parts of the atmosphere and a viewer's position.[25]
Colors and wavelengths of auroral light
[edit]
Red: At its highest altitudes, excited atomic oxygen emits at 630 nm (red); low concentration of atoms and lower sensitivity of eyes at this wavelength make this color visible only under more intense solar activity. The low number of oxygen atoms and their gradually diminishing concentration is responsible for the faint appearance of the top parts of the "curtains". Scarlet, crimson, and carmine are the most often-seen hues of red for the auroras.
Green: At lower altitudes, the more frequent collisions suppress the 630 nm (red) mode: rather the 557.7 nm emission (green) dominates. A fairly high concentration of atomic oxygen and higher eye sensitivity in green make green auroras the most common. The excited molecular nitrogen (atomic nitrogen being rare due to the high stability of the N2 molecule) plays a role here, as it can transfer energy by collision to an oxygen atom, which then radiates it away at the green wavelength. (Red and green can also mix together to produce pink or yellow hues.) The rapid decrease of concentration of atomic oxygen below about 100 km is responsible for the abrupt-looking end of the lower edges of the curtains. Both the 557.7 and 630.0 nm wavelengths correspond to forbidden transitions of atomic oxygen, a slow mechanism responsible for the graduality (0.7 s and 107 s respectively) of flaring and fading.
Blue: At yet lower altitudes, atomic oxygen is uncommon, and molecular nitrogen and ionized molecular nitrogen take over in producing visible light emission, radiating at a large number of wavelengths in both red and blue parts of the spectrum, with 428 nm (blue) being dominant. Blue and purple emissions, typically at the lower edges of the "curtains", show up at the highest levels of solar activity.[26] The molecular nitrogen transitions are much faster than the atomic oxygen ones.
Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation from auroras (within the optical window but not visible to virtually all[clarification needed] humans) has been observed with the requisite equipment. Ultraviolet auroras have also been seen on Mars,[27] Jupiter, and Saturn.
Infrared: Infrared radiation, in wavelengths that are within the optical window, is also part of many auroras.[27][28]
Yellow and pink are a mix of red and green or blue. Other shades of red, as well as orange and gold, may be seen on rare occasions; yellow-green is moderately common.[clarification needed] As red, green, and blue are linearly independent colors, additive synthesis could, in theory, produce most human-perceived colors, but the ones mentioned in this article comprise a virtually exhaustive list.
Changes with time
[edit]
Auroras change with time, over the night they begin with glows and progress toward coronas, although they may not reach them. They tend to fade in the opposite order.[23] Until about 1963, it was thought that these changes are due to the rotation of the Earth under a pattern fixed with respect to the Sun. Later, it was found by comparing all-sky films of auroras from different places (collected during the International Geophysical Year) that they often undergo global changes in a process called auroral substorm. They change in a few minutes from quiet arcs all along the auroral oval to active displays along the darkside and after 1 – 3 hours they gradually change back.[29] Changes in auroras over time are commonly visualized using keograms.[30]
At shorter time scales, auroras can change their appearances and intensity, sometimes so slowly as to be difficult to notice, and at other times rapidly down to the sub-second scale.[24] The phenomenon of pulsating auroras is an example of intensity variations over short timescales, typically with periods of 2–20 seconds. This type of aurora is generally accompanied by decreasing peak emission heights of about 8 km for blue and green emissions and above average solar wind speeds (c. 500 km/s).[31]
Other auroral radiation
[edit]
In addition, the aurora and associated currents produce a strong radio emission around 150 kHz known as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR), discovered in 1972.[32] Ionospheric absorption makes AKR only observable from space. X-ray emissions, originating from the particles associated with auroras, have also been detected.[33]
Noise
[edit]
Aurora noise, similar to a crackling noise, begins about 70 m (230 ft) above Earth's surface and is caused by charged particles in an inversion layer of the atmosphere formed during a cold night. The charged particles discharge when particles from the Sun hit the inversion layer, creating the noise.[34][35]
Unusual types
[edit]
STEVE
[edit]
In 2016, more than fifty citizen science observations described what was to them an unknown type of aurora which they named "STEVE", for "Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement". STEVE is not an aurora but is caused by a 25 km (16 mi) wide ribbon of hot plasma at an altitude of 450 km (280 mi), with a temperature of 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F) and flowing at a speed of 6 km/s (3.7 mi/s) (compared to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) outside the ribbon).[36]
Picket-fence aurora
[edit]
The processes that cause STEVE are also associated with a picket-fence aurora, although the latter can be seen without STEVE.[37][38] It is an aurora because it is caused by precipitation of electrons in the atmosphere but it appears outside the auroral oval,[39] closer to the equator than typical auroras.[40] When the picket-fence aurora appears with STEVE, it is below.[38]
Dune aurora
[edit]
First reported in 2020,[41][42] and confirmed in 2021,[43][44] the dune aurora phenomenon was discovered[45] by Finnish citizen scientists. It consists of regularly-spaced, parallel stripes of brighter emission in the green diffuse aurora which give the impression of sand dunes.[46] The phenomenon is believed to be caused by the modulation of atomic oxygen density by a large-scale atmospheric wave travelling horizontally in a waveguide through an inversion layer in the mesosphere in presence of electron precipitation.[43]
Horse-collar aurora
[edit]
Horse-collar auroras (HCA) are auroral features in which the auroral ellipse shifts poleward during the dawn and dusk portions and the polar cap becomes teardrop-shaped. They form during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is permanently northward, when the IMF clock angle is small. Their formation is associated with the closure of the magnetic flux at the top of the dayside magnetosphere by the double lobe reconnection (DLR). There are approximately 8 HCA events per month, with no seasonal dependence, and that the IMF must be within 30 degrees of northwards.[47]
Conjugate auroras
[edit]
Conjugate auroras are nearly exact mirror-image auroras found at conjugate points in the northern and southern hemispheres on the same geomagnetic field lines. These generally happen at the time of the equinoxes, when there is little difference in the orientation of the north and south geomagnetic poles to the sun. Attempts were made to image conjugate auroras by aircraft from Alaska and New Zealand in 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971, with some success.[48]
Causes
[edit]
A full understanding of the physical processes which lead to different types of auroras is still incomplete, but the basic cause involves the interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetosphere. The varying intensity of the solar wind produces effects of different magnitudes but includes one or more of the following physical scenarios.
A quiescent solar wind flowing past Earth's magnetosphere steadily interacts with it and can both inject solar wind particles directly onto the geomagnetic field lines that are 'open', as opposed to being 'closed' in the opposite hemisphere and provide diffusion through the bow shock. It can also cause particles already trapped in the radiation belts to precipitate into the atmosphere. Once particles are lost to the atmosphere from the radiation belts, under quiet conditions, new ones replace them only slowly, and the loss-cone becomes depleted. In the magnetotail, however, particle trajectories seem constantly to reshuffle, probably when the particles cross the very weak magnetic field near the equator. As a result, the flow of electrons in that region is nearly the same in all directions ("isotropic") and assures a steady supply of leaking electrons. The leakage of electrons does not leave the tail positively charged, because each leaked electron lost to the atmosphere is replaced by a low energy electron drawn upward from the ionosphere. Such replacement of "hot" electrons by "cold" ones is in complete accord with the second law of thermodynamics. The complete process, which also generates an electric ring current around Earth, is uncertain.
Geomagnetic disturbance from an enhanced solar wind causes distortions of the magnetotail ("magnetic substorms"). These 'substorms' tend to occur after prolonged spells (on the order of hours) during which the interplanetary magnetic field has had an appreciable southward component. This leads to a higher rate of interconnection between its field lines and those of Earth. As a result, the solar wind moves magnetic flux (tubes of magnetic field lines, 'locked' together with their resident plasma) from the day side of Earth to the magnetotail, widening the obstacle it presents to the solar wind flow and constricting the tail on the night-side. Ultimately some tail plasma can separate ("magnetic reconnection"); some blobs ("plasmoids") are squeezed downstream and are carried away with the solar wind; others are squeezed toward Earth where their motion feeds strong outbursts of auroras, mainly around midnight ("unloading process"). A geomagnetic storm resulting from greater interaction adds many more particles to the plasma trapped around Earth, also producing enhancement of the "ring current". Occasionally the resulting modification of Earth's magnetic field can be so strong that it produces auroras visible at middle latitudes, on field lines much closer to the equator than those of the auroral zone.
Acceleration of auroral charged particles invariably accompanies a magnetospheric disturbance that causes an aurora. This mechanism, which is believed to predominantly arise from strong electric fields along the magnetic field or wave-particle interactions, raises the velocity of a particle in the direction of the guiding magnetic field. The pitch angle is thereby decreased and increases the chance of it being precipitated into the atmosphere. Both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves, produced at the time of greater geomagnetic disturbances, make a significant contribution to the energizing processes that sustain an aurora. Particle acceleration provides a complex intermediate process for transferring energy from the solar wind indirectly into the atmosphere.
The details of these phenomena are not fully understood. However, it is clear that the prime source of auroral particles is the solar wind feeding the magnetosphere, the reservoir containing the radiation zones and temporarily magnetically trapped particles confined by the geomagnetic field, coupled with particle acceleration processes.[49]
Auroral particles
[edit]
The immediate cause of the ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents leading to auroral emissions was discovered in 1960, when a pioneering rocket flight from Fort Churchill in Canada revealed a flux of electrons entering the atmosphere from above.[50] Since then an extensive collection of measurements has been acquired painstakingly and with steadily improving resolution since the 1960s by many research teams using rockets and satellites to traverse the auroral zone. The main findings have been that auroral arcs and other bright forms are due to electrons that have been accelerated during the final few 10,000 km or so of their plunge into the atmosphere.[51] These electrons often, but not always, exhibit a peak in their energy distribution, and are preferentially aligned along the local direction of the magnetic field.
Electrons mainly responsible for diffuse and pulsating auroras have, in contrast, a smoothly falling energy distribution, and an angular (pitch-angle) distribution favouring directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Pulsations were discovered to originate at or close to the equatorial crossing point of auroral zone magnetic field lines.[52] Protons are also associated with auroras, both discrete and diffuse.
Atmosphere
[edit]
Auroras result from emissions of photons in Earth's upper atmosphere, above 80 km (50 mi), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen based molecules returning from an excited state to ground state.[53] They are ionized or excited by the collision of particles precipitated into the atmosphere. Both incoming electrons and protons may be involved. Excitation energy is lost within the atmosphere by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:
Oxygen emissions
green or orange-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.
Nitrogen emissions
blue, purple or red; blue and purple if the molecule regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.
Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take 0.7 seconds to emit the 557.7 nm green light and up to two minutes for the red 630.0 nm emission. Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission, this process is called collisional quenching. Because the highest parts of the atmosphere contain a higher percentage of oxygen and lower particle densities, such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red light. Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere due to increasing density, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually, even green light emissions are prevented.
This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitudes oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/purple/red, then finally nitrogen blue/purple/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common color. Then comes pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, then yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue.
Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes.[54]
Ionosphere
[edit]
Bright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents (Schield et al., 1969;[55] Zmuda and Armstrong, 1973[56]), which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest ("region 2") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to the equator and closing through the "partial ring current" carried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor, so some consider that such currents require a driving voltage, which an, as yet unspecified, dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms. In another interpretation, the currents are the direct result of electron acceleration into the atmosphere by wave/particle interactions.
Ionospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet. An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla) is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity. Kristian Birkeland[57] deduced that the currents flowed in the east–west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents). Ionosphere can contribute to the formation of auroral arcs via the feedback instability under high ionospheric resistance conditions, observed at night time and in dark Winter hemisphere.[58]
Interaction of the solar wind with Earth
[edit]
Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a flow of magnetized hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm3 and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.[59] Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.
The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane, known as the Parker spiral. The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.[60]
The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by the temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection. As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.
Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.[61]
Magnetosphere
[edit]
Earth's magnetosphere is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re),[62] producing a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density, and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favored by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines.[63] The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward Earth, around Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.[64] Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the Moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.[65]
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both the solar and Earth's axis to the ecliptic plane. As Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23-degree tilt of Earth's axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout a year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door[colloquialism] through which energy from the solar wind can reach Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras. Recent evidence in 2021 has shown that individual separate substorms may in fact be correlated networked communities.[66]
Auroral particle acceleration
[edit]
Just as there are many types of aurora, there are many different mechanisms that accelerate auroral particles into the atmosphere. Electron aurora in Earth's auroral zone (i.e. commonly visible aurora) can be split into two main categories with different immediate causes: diffuse and discrete aurora. Diffuse aurora appear relatively structureless to an observer on the ground, with indistinct edges and amorphous forms. Discrete aurora are structured into distinct features with well-defined edges such as arcs, rays and coronas; they also tend to be much brighter than the diffuse aurora.
In both cases, the electrons that eventually cause the aurora start out as electrons trapped by the magnetic field in Earth's magnetosphere. These trapped particles bounce back and forth along magnetic field lines and are prevented from hitting the atmosphere by the magnetic mirror formed by the increasing magnetic field strength closer to Earth. The magnetic mirror's ability to trap a particle depends on the particle's pitch angle: the angle between its direction of motion and the local magnetic field. An aurora is created by processes that decrease the pitch angle of many individual electrons, freeing them from the magnetic trap and causing them to hit the atmosphere.
In the case of diffuse auroras, the electron pitch angles are altered by their interaction with various plasma waves. Each interaction is essentially wave-particle scattering; the electron energy after interacting with the wave is similar to its energy before interaction, but the direction of motion is altered. If the final direction of motion after scattering is close to the field line (specifically, if it falls within the loss cone) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting the atmosphere. The process is mediated by the plasma waves, which become stronger during periods of high geomagnetic activity, leading to increased diffuse aurora at those times.
In the case of discrete auroras, the trapped electrons are accelerated toward Earth by electric fields that form at an altitude of about 4000–12000 km in the "auroral acceleration region". The electric fields point away from Earth (i.e. upward) along the magnetic field line.[67] Electrons moving downward through these fields gain a substantial amount of energy (on the order of a few keV) in the direction along the magnetic field line toward Earth. This field-aligned acceleration decreases the pitch angle for all of the electrons passing through the region, causing many of them to hit the upper atmosphere. In contrast to the scattering process leading to diffuse auroras, the electric field increases the kinetic energy of all of the electrons transiting downward through the acceleration region by the same amount. This accelerates electrons starting from the magnetosphere with initially low energies (tens of eV or less) to energies required to create an aurora (100s of eV or greater), allowing that large source of particles to contribute to creating auroral light.
The accelerated electrons carry an electric current along the magnetic field lines (a Birkeland current). Since the electric field points in the same direction as the current, there is a net conversion of electromagnetic energy into particle energy in the auroral acceleration region (an electric load). The energy to power this load is eventually supplied by the magnetized solar wind flowing around the obstacle of Earth's magnetic field, although exactly how that power flows through the magnetosphere is still an active area of research.[68] While the energy to power the aurora is ultimately derived from the solar wind, the electrons themselves do not travel directly from the solar wind into Earth's auroral zone; magnetic field lines from these regions do not connect to the solar wind, so there is no direct access for solar wind electrons.
Some auroral features are also created by electrons accelerated by dispersive Alfvén waves. At small wavelengths transverse to the background magnetic field (comparable to the electron inertial length or ion gyroradius), Alfvén waves develop a significant electric field parallel to the background magnetic field. This electric field can accelerate electrons to keV energies, significant to produce auroral arcs.[69] If the electrons have a speed close to that of the wave's phase velocity, they are accelerated in a manner analogous to a surfer catching an ocean wave.[70][71] This constantly-changing wave electric field can accelerate electrons along the field line, causing some of them to hit the atmosphere. Electrons accelerated by this mechanism tend to have a broad energy spectrum, in contrast to the sharply-peaked energy spectrum typical of electrons accelerated by quasi-static electric fields.
In addition to the discrete and diffuse electron aurora, proton aurora is caused when magnetospheric protons collide with the upper atmosphere. The proton gains an electron in the interaction, and the resulting neutral hydrogen atom emits photons. The resulting light is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Other aurora not covered by the above discussion include transpolar arcs (formed poleward of the auroral zone), cusp aurora (formed in two small high-latitude areas on the dayside) and some non-terrestrial auroras.
Historically significant events
[edit]
The discovery of a 1770 Japanese diary in 2017 depicting auroras above the ancient Japanese capital of Kyoto suggested that the storm may have been 7% larger than the Carrington event, which affected telegraph networks.[72][73]
The auroras that resulted from the Carrington event on both 28 August and 2 September 1859, are thought to be the most spectacular in recent history. In a paper to the Royal Society on 21 November 1861, Balfour Stewart described both auroral events as documented by a self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory and established the connection between the 2 September 1859 auroral storm and the Carrington–Hodgson flare event when he observed that "It is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken in the act."[74] The second auroral event, which occurred on 2 September 1859, was a result of the (unseen) coronal mass ejection associated with the exceptionally intense Carrington–Hodgson white light solar flare on 1 September 1859. This event produced auroras so widespread and extraordinarily bright that they were seen and reported in published scientific measurements, ship logs, and newspapers throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia. It was reported by The New York Times that in Boston on Friday 2 September 1859 the aurora was "so brilliant that at about one o'clock ordinary print could be read by the light".[75] One o'clock EST time on Friday 2 September would have been 6:00 GMT; the self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory was recording the geomagnetic storm, which was then one hour old, at its full intensity. Between 1859 and 1862, Elias Loomis published a series of nine papers on the Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859 in the American Journal of Science where he collected worldwide reports of the auroral event.[10]
That aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125,000 miles (201,000 km) of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off.[76] The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:
Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes."
Portland operator: "Will do so. It is now disconnected."
Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"
Portland: "Better than with our batteries on. – Current comes and goes gradually."
Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."
Portland: "Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"
Boston: "Yes. Go ahead."
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.[75] Such events led to the general conclusion that
The effect of the Aurora on the electric telegraph is generally to increase or diminish the electric current generated in working the wires. Sometimes it entirely neutralizes them, so that, in effect, no fluid [current] is discoverable in them. The aurora borealis seems to be composed of a mass of electric matter, resembling in every respect, that generated by the electric galvanic battery. The currents from it change coming on the wires, and then disappear: the mass of the aurora rolls from the horizon to the zenith.[77]
In a very rare event on Saturday, 11 May 2024, an aurora borealis was observed from the desert areas of Ferdows,South Khorasan province in the east of Iran[78][79][80]
Historical views and folklore
[edit]
The earliest datable record of an aurora was recorded in the Bamboo Annals, a historical chronicle of the history of ancient China, in 977 or 957 BC.[81] An aurora was described by the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th century BC.[82] Seneca wrote about auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, classifying them, for instance, as pithaei ('barrel-like'); chasmata ('chasm'); pogoniae ('bearded'); cyparissae ('like cypress trees'); and describing their manifold colors. He wrote about whether they were above or below the clouds, and recalled that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above the port city of Ostia that was so intense and red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fire duty, galloped to the rescue.[83] It has been suggested that Pliny the Elder depicted the aurora borealis in his Natural History, when he refers to trabes, chasma, 'falling red flames', and 'daylight in the night'.[84]
The earliest depiction of the aurora may have been in Cro-Magnon cave paintings of northern Spain dating to 30,000 BC.[85]
The oldest known written record of the aurora was in a Chinese legend written around 2600 BC. On an autumn around 2000 BC,[86] according to a legend, a young woman named Fubao was sitting alone in the wilderness by a bay, when suddenly a "magical band of light" appeared like "moving clouds and flowing water", turning into a bright halo around the Big Dipper, which cascaded a pale silver brilliance, illuminating the earth and making shapes and shadows seem alive. Moved by this sight, Fubao became pregnant and gave birth to a son, the Emperor Xuanyuan, known legendarily as the initiator of Chinese culture and the ancestor of all Chinese people.[citation needed] In the Shanhaijing, a creature named Shilong is described to be like a red dragon shining in the night sky with a body a thousand miles long. In ancient times, the Chinese did not have a fixed word for the aurora, so it was named according to the different shapes of the aurora, such as "Sky Dog" (天狗), "Sword/Knife Star" (刀星), "Chiyou banner" (蚩尤旗), "Sky's Open Eyes" (天开眼), and "Stars like Rain" (星陨如雨).[citation needed]
In Japanese folklore, pheasants were considered messengers from heaven. However, researchers from Japan's Graduate University for Advanced Studies and National Institute of Polar Research claimed in March 2020 that red pheasant tails witnessed across the night sky over Japan in 620 A.D., might be a red aurora produced during a magnetic storm.[87]
In the traditions of Aboriginal Australians, the Aurora Australis is commonly associated with fire. For example, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria called auroras puae buae ('ashes'), while the Gunai people of eastern Victoria perceived auroras as bushfires in the spirit world. The Dieri people of South Australia say that an auroral display is kootchee, an evil spirit creating a large fire. Similarly, the Ngarrindjeri people of South Australia refer to auroras seen over Kangaroo Island as the campfires of spirits in the 'Land of the Dead'. Aboriginal people[which?] in southwest Queensland believe the auroras to be the fires of the Oola Pikka, ghostly spirits who spoke to the people through auroras. Sacred law forbade anyone except male elders from watching or interpreting the messages of ancestors they believed were transmitted through an aurora.[88]
Among the Māori people of New Zealand, aurora australis or Tahunui-a-rangi ("great torches in the sky") were alight by ancestors who sailed south to a "land of ice" (or their descendants);[89][90] these people were said to be Ui-te-Rangiora's expedition party who had reached the Southern Ocean.[89] around the 7th century.[91]
In Scandinavia, the first mention of norðrljós (the northern lights) is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230. The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires; that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side; or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent.[92]
Walter William Bryant wrote in his book Kepler (1920) that Tycho Brahe "seems to have been something of a homœopathist, for he recommends sulfur to cure infectious diseases 'brought on by the sulphurous vapours of the Aurora Borealis'".[93]
In 1778, Benjamin Franklin theorized in his paper Aurora Borealis, Suppositions and Conjectures towards forming an Hypothesis for its Explanation that an aurora was caused by a concentration of electrical charge in the polar regions intensified by the snow and moisture in the air:[94][95][96]
May not then the great quantity of electricity brought into the polar regions by the clouds, which are condens'd there, and fall in snow, which electricity would enter the earth, but cannot penetrate the ice; may it not, I say (as a bottle overcharged) break thro' that low atmosphere and run along in the vacuum over the air towards the equator, diverging as the degrees of longitude enlarge, strongly visible where densest, and becoming less visible as it more diverges; till it finds a passage to the earth in more temperate climates, or is mingled with the upper air?
Observations of the rhythmic movement of compass needles due to the influence of an aurora were confirmed in the Swedish city of Uppsala by Anders Celsius and Olof Hiorter. In 1741, Hiorter was able to link large magnetic fluctuations with an aurora being observed overhead. This evidence helped to support their theory that 'magnetic storms' are responsible for such compass fluctuations.[97]
A variety of Native American myths surround the spectacle. The European explorer Samuel Hearne traveled with Chipewyan Dene in 1771 and recorded their views on the ed-thin ('caribou'). According to Hearne, the Dene people saw the resemblance between an aurora and the sparks produced when caribou fur is stroked. They believed that the lights were the spirits of their departed friends dancing in the sky, and when they shone brightly it meant that their deceased friends were very happy.[98]
During the night after the Battle of Fredericksburg, an aurora was seen from the battlefield. The Confederate Army took this as a sign that God was on their side, as the lights were rarely seen so far south. The painting Aurora Borealis by Frederic Edwin Church is widely interpreted to represent the conflict of the American Civil War.[99]
A mid 19th-century British source says auroras were a rare occurrence before the 18th century.[100] It quotes Halley as saying that before the aurora of 1716, no such phenomenon had been recorded for more than 80 years, and none of any consequence since 1574. It says no appearance is recorded in the Transactions of the French Academy of Sciences between 1666 and 1716; and that one aurora recorded in Berlin Miscellany for 1797 was called a very rare event. One observed in 1723 at Bologna was stated to be the first ever seen there. Celsius (1733) states the oldest residents of Uppsala thought the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 and 1715 corresponds to the Maunder minimum in sunspot activity.
In Robert W. Service's satirical poem "The Ballad of the Northern Lights" (1908), a Yukon prospector discovers that the aurora is the glow from a radium mine. He stakes his claim, then goes to town looking for investors.
In the early 1900s, the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland laid the foundation[colloquialism] for current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras.
In Sami mythology, the northern lights are caused by the deceased who bled to death cutting themselves, their blood spilling on the sky. Many aboriginal peoples of northern Eurasia and North America share similar beliefs of northern lights being the blood of the deceased, some believing they are caused by dead warriors' blood spraying on the sky as they engage in playing games, riding horses or having fun in some other way.[citation needed]
Extraterrestrial Aurorae
[edit]
See also: Magnetosphere of Jupiter § Aurorae
Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields that are stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both gas planets, most clearly using the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft, as well as on Uranus and Neptune.[101]
The aurorae on Saturn seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. However, Jupiter's aurorae are more complex. Jupiter's main auroral oval is associated with the plasma produced by the volcanic moon Io, and the transport of this plasma within the planet's magnetosphere. An uncertain fraction of Jupiter's aurorae are powered by the solar wind. In addition, the moons, especially Io, are also powerful sources of aurora. These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, which have been studied since 1955. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, auroras over Io, Europa and Ganymede have all been observed.
Auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars. Venus has no magnetic field and so Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed over the full disc of the planet.[102] A Venusian aurora originates when electrons from the solar wind collide with the night-side atmosphere.
An aurora was detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° east, 52° south. The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high. By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized. This correlation indicated that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.[101][103]
Between 2014 and 2016, cometary auroras were observed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by multiple instruments on the Rosetta spacecraft.[104][105] The auroras were observed at far-ultraviolet wavelengths. Coma observations revealed atomic emissions of hydrogen and oxygen caused by the photodissociation (not photoionization, like in terrestrial auroras) of water molecules in the comet's coma.[105] The interaction of accelerated electrons from the solar wind with gas particles in the coma is responsible for the aurora.[105] Since comet 67P has no magnetic field, the aurora is diffusely spread around the comet.[105]
Exoplanets, such as hot Jupiters, have been suggested to experience ionization in their upper atmospheres and generate an aurora modified by weather in their turbulent tropospheres.[106] However, there is no current detection of an exoplanet aurora.
The first ever extra-solar auroras were discovered in July 2015 over the brown dwarf star LSR J1835+3259.[107] The mainly red aurora was found to be a million times brighter than the northern lights, a result of the charged particles interacting with hydrogen in the atmosphere. It has been speculated that stellar winds may be stripping off material from the surface of the brown dwarf to produce their own electrons. Another possible explanation for the auroras is that an as-yet-undetected body around the dwarf star is throwing off material, as is the case with Jupiter and its moon Io.[108]
See also
[edit]
Airglow
Aurora (heraldry)
Heliophysics
List of solar storms
Paschen's law
Space tornado
Space weather
Explanatory notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Procter, Henry Richardson (1878). "Aurora Polaris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). pp. 90–99.
Chree, Charles (1911). "Aurora Polaris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 927–934. These two both include detailed descriptions of historical observations and descriptions.
Stern, David P. (1996). "A Brief History of Magnetospheric Physics During the Space Age". Reviews of Geophysics. 34 (1): 1–31. Bibcode:1996RvGeo..34....1S. doi:10.1029/95rg03508.
Stern, David P.; Peredo, Mauricio. "The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere". phy6.org.
Eather, Robert H. (1980). Majestic Lights: The Aurora in Science, History, and The Arts. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 978-0-87590-215-9.
Akasofu, Syun-Ichi (April 2002). "Secrets of the Aurora Borealis". Alaska Geographic Series. 29 (1).
Daglis, Ioannis; Akasofu, Syun-Ichi (November 2004). "Aurora – The magnificent northern lights" (PDF). Recorder. 29 (9): 45–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2020. Alt URL
Savage, Candace Sherk (1994). Aurora: The Mysterious Northern Lights. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books / Firefly Books. ISBN 978-0-87156-419-1.
Hultqvist, Bengt (2007). "The Aurora". In Kamide, Y.; Chian, A (eds.). Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 331–354. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-46315-3_13. ISBN 978-3-540-46314-6.
Sandholt, Even; Carlson, Herbert C.; Egeland, Alv (2002). "Optical Aurora". Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. pp. 33–51. doi:10.1007/0-306-47969-9_3. ISBN 978-0-306-47969-4.
Phillips, Tony (21 October 2001). " 'tis the Season for Auroras". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006 .
Davis, Neil (1992). The Aurora Watcher's Handbook. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 0-912006-60-9.
Aurora forecast – Will there be northern lights?
Current global map showing the probability of visible aurora
Aurora – Forecasting (archived 24 November 2016)
Official MET aurora forecasting in Iceland
Aurora Borealis – Predicting
Solar Terrestrial Data – Online Converter – Northern Lights Latitude
Aurora Service Europe – Aurora forecasts for Europe (archived 11 March 2019)
Live Northern Lights webstream
World's Best Aurora – The Northwest Territories is the world's Northern Lights mecca.
Multimedia
[edit]
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 38 |
https://southernoceanblog.com/2019/05/18/chasing-the-southern-lights/
|
en
|
Chasing the Southern Lights 2019
|
[
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0777_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0799_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0813_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0831_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0851_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0928_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0936_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0940_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/john-langmead_untitled_0944_20190517_online.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/img_7859.jpg?w=1100",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/img_7855.jpg?w=1100",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/eb1c9f41a4c14472a8f4cc1b695812dc5b72e84d7699aec59b110d38423b3296?s=80&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-backlit-green-wave1.jpg?w=50",
"https://southernoceanblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cropped-backlit-green-wave1.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"John Langmead"
] |
2019-05-18T00:00:00
|
I have long wanted to see the aurora australis (southern lights) from my home coast, but living in Victoria as I do, it seems I could be waiting for a while. Gazing south from some coastal vantage point on a moonless clear night and seeing the southern sky lighting up on cue with dancing curtains…
|
en
|
South
|
https://southernoceanblog.com/2019/05/18/chasing-the-southern-lights/
|
I have long wanted to see the aurora australis (southern lights) from my home coast, but living in Victoria as I do, it seems I could be waiting for a while. Gazing south from some coastal vantage point on a moonless clear night and seeing the southern sky lighting up on cue with dancing curtains of green light (or some variation on that theme) is not a common event for Victorians. Those in Antarctica see them best of all. Residents of Tasmania and the south island of New Zealand see them regularly even if not frequently. It seems Victorians should really view themselves as lucky if they see one from their local coast at all. I may eventually decide that a better solution than waiting is to visit somewhere closer to the south pole.
But two nights ago, a rare opportunity to see the southern lights from Victoria (and places further south) was promoted with excitement by numerous boffins, their animation index peaking (excitement is a relative concept, but I could tell they were excited about breaking this news to an aurora-hungry population of Victorians and others). This was in stark contrast to the kp numbers (a scale of 0-9 where 9 is a strong geomagnetic storm with visible auroras likely) which were excitingly high, but started to drop off as soon as my alarm sounded at 3am yesterday. Should I go back to bed after seeing these disappointing numbers? Well, I was already awake, the moon would soon set, the sky was completely clear of cloud, and while the air a little chillier than I would have preferred it was tolerable in appropriate snow clothing including thermals, neck muff and NZ possum hair hat (9°C wind chill 7°C), so I decided I would not ignore the advice (promise?) of some, umm, unknown persons and unidentified organisations on the internet that this was the morning I would see the aurora. I stoked the wood fire in readiness for my weary and chilly return after dawn and drove a short distance to where I took up position in long dewy grass on a small cliff on the Great Ocean Walk overlooking a beach, a reef and the Southern Ocean. A refrigerated light northerly on my back prevented overheating.
Following the anonymous but unanimous advice online that 3am-5am would be peak aurora viewing time for Victorians on Friday, I positioned myself in the cold and dark by 0315 with my camera on its tripod and pointing south. As my eyes adjusted to the dark, I realised it wasn’t all that dark, thanks to what must have been a noteworthy astronomical event in itself – the brightest moon for quite a while. The sky was bluish, and the Milky Way and the rest of the star show a little dim as a result. Apparently an aurora can be so faint that a glance at your luminous watch numerals can ruin your night vision and deprive you of your next ten minutes of aurora viewing as your eyes re-adjust. Even on a moonless night the naked eye (pluralise if that better fits your particular eye situation) may not be enough to allow you to see the aurora show in full flight or at all. So with a near full moon on a cloudless night that was outdoing the MCG night lights, I realised that until 0501 (forecast moonset time) I would have to fill in time by taking photos of the Milky Way, while monitoring the gradual onset of my hypothermia. As it turned out between 0501 (moonset) and sunrise was the most productive time, not for aurora photography but for Milky Way and dawn photos.
The photos below appear in the order in which they were taken, between around 0330 and a bit after 0700.
POSTCRIPT
A mysterious thing happened with some of the images taken from Marriners Lookout between first light and sunrise. On the viewing display on the camera I could see a faint but unmistakeable green arc of light which may or may not be from the aurora australis. It was where the aurora was meant to be, it was the right colour, and there was nothing else in the heavens casting an arc of light of this colour, dimension, proximity to the horizon and orientation. Further, I have taken a lot of dawn photos and never seen a green arc such as this associated with the gradual spread of morning light from the east. It was invisible to the naked eye, but recorded nonetheless by the sensitive light sensor on the Nikon D810. The mysterious thing was that the faint green arc of light visible on the image on the camera display, was not visible on the downloaded image on my computer.
Each of the two images below is a photo of the actual display on the back of the camera of the images on my camera memory card. These photos have not had any editing or post-processing whatsoever. It is far from the mesmerising display of coloured light dominating the southern night skies that I’d hoped for and that I would associate with the aurora. But I have seen similar single green arcs on photos confirmed as capturing the southern lights. It may however be some reflective or refractive effect above the boundary area of the advancing morning light. Or it could be an artefact of the camera optics or the digital photo process. I will seek expert advice on this.
Update: the experts seem to agree that the source of the green light was not an aurora. There are numerous speculative explanations for the green light on the image (along the lines I suggested above), but an aurora is not on that list. My novice status as an aurora hunter is confirmed.
Seeing the full show of the southern lights remains a tantalising and elusive goal. But spending some hours on a clear dark night gazing south from Marengo or Marriners Lookout, with meteors occasionally blazing across the skies and the grand arch of the Milky Way scintillating overhead with countless stars spread from horizon to horizon in every direction, is always a wonderful few hours. Then there is the sunrise. All this is available every single night the sky is clear, yet it always feels such a privilege to be on some lonely and chilly vantage point to see it.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 80 |
https://www.almanac.com/massive-aurora-displays-posed-repeat-june-6
|
en
|
Massive Aurora Displays Posed for a Repeat on June 6
|
[
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-fakTEIAyhixmo.gif",
"https://www.almanac.com/themes/almanaco/logo.svg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/logo-mobile-menu.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/2025-almanac-us-cover-tilt.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/josh-davis.jpg?itok=gk0O9aPv",
"https://www.almanac.com/themes/almanaco/images/print-icon.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/The%20Editors/chart.jpeg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumbnail/public/pictures/picture-567869-1544647271.jpg?itok=YI4arsDH",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/stars.jpg?itok=uyC28KVT",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/spin-earth.jpg?itok=Xqghb-9i",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/black-hole_1.jpg?itok=aF7lpITn",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/images/kepler452b_0.jpg?itok=hMwiKzrG",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/carina.png?itok=y2oi7Pg-",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/The%20Planets%20in%20Order.jpg?itok=h3N3u6k5",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/the-old-farmers-store-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Bob Berman"
] |
2024-06-03T11:55:22-04:00
|
Excitement accompanied the numerous auroras seen a few weeks ago. The good news is that the incredibly powerful sunspot group that created the Northern Lights will appear again for a few nights on either side of Thursday, June 6!
|
en
|
/themes/almanaco/images/favicon.ico
|
Almanac.com
|
https://www.almanac.com/massive-aurora-displays-posed-repeat-june-6
|
Excitement accompanied the numerous auroras seen a few weeks ago. The good news is that the incredibly powerful sunspot group that created the Northern Lights will appear again for a few nights on either side of Thursday, June 6. This is also the night of the new Moon, so we may see more wondrous displays. Get the facts from astronomer Bob Berman.
The Record-Setting May 2024 Auroras
On May 10, the colorful, shimmering displays of light called auroras appeared in many places they’d never been seen before. Here at the Almanac, we were bowled over by the hundreds of reader photos on our Almanac Facebook page, and they were truly stunning, even with a basic phone camera.
In the U.S., this magical light show appeared as far south as Florida. This is highly unusual as Northern Lights are usually more prevalent in the far north, near the poles.
Further, instead of the more common green colors, many viewers saw unusual pink and reddish colors! This was related to the very high altitude of the far-spreading Northern Lights.
The June 6 Aurora Forecast
The aurora display across the globe on May 10 was primarily due to a super-big sunspot, which had the catchy name AR13664 but has now been renamed AR13697.
This sunspot—essentially a massive storm on the Sun—was close to the center of the Sun when it was facing Earth and flinging out large expulsions of plasma and magnetic field from the Sun’s corona.
Since May 10, the sunspot rotated out of sight (the Sun rotates every 27 days), but it’s about to emerge again on Thursday, June 6.
For two to three nights on either side of June 6, we may again see a Northern Lights show at low latitudes across North America (and Europe). Even better, June 6 is the month’s new Moon, so the light show will be easier to see.
How do we know if early June will bring another stunning aurora display across the world? There are several factors at play. Let’s get into the violent details of “space weather” to see what all of this really means.
Factor 1: The Sun’s Cycle
Essentially, a whole lot of physical violence created these record-setting displays a few weeks ago. The Sun is wildly stormy, and we feel its effects on Earth. Scientists use the term “Space Weather” to describe the dramatic emissions from the Sun.
Why is the Sun so stormy right now? The Sun’s activity level famously gets stronger and weaker in a roughly 11-year solar cycle. Experts believe we’re heading towards the peak of the current cycle, number 25. See the predictions of when Solar Cycle 25 will end. A very active sun cycle results in more visible auroras.
Factor 2: A Sunspot With Massive CMEs
Sunspots like AR13697 appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface but form when intense magnetic fields deep within the Sun well up to the surface.
Without going into more scientific explanation, know that the magnetic fields sometimes get all twisted and this produces extreme violence, such as flares, which spew energy and plasma (broken bits of atoms) into their surroundings.
Violent flares erupt from the Sun; these are labeled M-class. Super-violent ones are labeled X-class. A month ago, we had a whole series of X-class flares.
But those can still be small potatoes compared to the even more violent events called CMEs, or Coronal Mass Ejections, where 10 billion tons of sun-stuff can be blasted off like an enormous shotgun discharge, aimed in one direction.
Factor 3: Direction of the Solar Flares and CMEs
So you need a sunspot that’s ejecting masses of magnetic material or CMEs. But how do we know that they will travel in space towards Earth?
CMEs are directional, and the mass of material has its own magnetic field! That field has a spiral pattern, named for the brilliant Eugene Parker, who uncovered it after first discovering and naming “solar wind.”
Solar wind is a more-or-less steady stream of Sun debris that typically sweeps past Earth at around 300 miles a second. Each cubic centimeter or sugar-cube piece of space typically contains five solar wind particles. But flares, and especially CMEs, enormously multiply the density of material hitting us, as well as the speed of impact.
And wait, this is where the story’s greatest drama is just beginning. The solar material hits Earth’s magnetosphere, our Earth’s magnetic field.
Factor 4: Aligned Magnetic Fields
Or maybe it doesn’t. If the field’s north and south poles happen to be aligned to match Earth’s, the solar material will not interact with us at all. It’ll just keep going outward, perhaps to harass other planets and maybe create the huge auroras we see on Jupiter and Saturn.
But if the CME’s material’s magnetism is oriented opposite to Earth’s field, then it comes right on in to interact with us and possibly create damage to electronics and satellites, threaten electrical transmission facilities and pipelines, and concoct gorgeous auroras.
How? Glad you asked. Atom fragments like electrons and protons each have an electrical charge. And when a charged particle sweeps past a magnetic field, awesome electricity is generated. In this case, we’re talking about millions of amps—power that makes lightning seem like a bit of static electricity from a winter doorknob.
This electricity excites the atoms of our air. Oxygen is most dramatically affected. As its eight newly-excited electrons settle back down to their preferred orbitals, bits of colored light are produced. (The only way light is ever created in the entire universe is when an electron moves inward, closer to its atom’s nucleus.)
Oxygen’s most common color emission is green (at 557.7 nanometers wavelength if you love physics and want to know such things.) That’s good luck for humans since that happens to be the tint where our retinas are most sensitive to faint light. So green auroras are the tuna-on-white of this whole aurora business. But high-altitude oxygen tends to create red (at 640 nanometers if you insist on knowing. That’s the same shade of red as most laser pointers.)
And that’s the aurora story. We first need a huge local solar magnetic field, yielding spots, and then flares or CMEs. These storms never sit on the Sun’s equator, not very near its poles.
Bottom-Line on June 6 Auroras
The super-big spot (AR13697) will need to rotate back to the place just to the right of the Sun’s center.
Then, the sunspot must hurl explosive detritus into space.
Then, the Parker Spiral guides to Earth (after 2 ½ days of travel).
Then, one final thing: We have to hope its own magnetic field is aligned opposite to Earth’s, with the south pointing up. This is a little complicated, but the point it …
We won’t know this until it’s almost here. That’s why aurora predictions sometimes fail.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 35 |
https://alexconu.com/how-to-photograph-the-aurora-borealis-or-australis-northern-or-southern-lights/
|
en
|
How to Photograph the Aurora Borealis or Australis (Northern or Southern Lights)
|
[
"http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/logo_conu_site.png",
"http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/logo_conu_site.png",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/panorama_fineart-1170x563.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e55caaeedfc71b4ea80b407245bdf2ef?s=72&d=mm&r=g",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AC5D3_150914_00060.jpg",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ancaunderthelights.jpg",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/DX6B3824.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e55caaeedfc71b4ea80b407245bdf2ef?s=96&d=mm&r=g",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Provia-Copy-540x368.jpg",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/meteors-540x368.jpg",
"https://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/panorama_cathedralcove_conu_fb-540x368.jpg",
"http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/bannerfornax_blog2.jpg",
"http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/twan.png",
"http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/awb_150x219.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Alex Conu"
] |
2015-12-11T20:52:16+00:00
|
I get this question very frequently, whenever I post a photo depicting the Aurora Borealis. The answer is simple, but complicated: It depends. :) There is no universal recipe for photographing the Northern Lights, but there are some general aspects that have to be taken care of.
|
en
|
http://alexconu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/acfavicon.png
|
Alex Conu Photography - Photographe de mode Paris
|
https://alexconu.com/how-to-photograph-the-aurora-borealis-or-australis-northern-or-southern-lights/
|
I get this question very frequently, whenever I post a photo depicting the Aurora Borealis.
The answer is simple, but complicated: It depends. 🙂 There is no universal recipe for photographing the Northern Lights, but there are some general aspects that have to be taken care of.
First, you need a tripod. Yup, it’s more important than the camera. Why is that? Usually, you are going to shoot the Aurora from polar or sub-polar regions. Quite often, that means pretty strong winds. And we don’t want comma shaped stars, right? So, get the sturdiest tripod you can afford. If it’s not rigid enough, you can hang some sort of weight to your tripod. Most tripods will have a hook, under the central column. Hang anything heavy from it: your backpack, a bottle of water, a rock, your fat cat etc.
Then, you need a camera. Basically, almost any digital camera nowadays (even some mobile phone cameras) will be able to get decent photos of the Lights. The best option would be a DSLR or a mirrorless that gives you full manual control (exposure, aperture, ISO and focus). I use a Canon EOS 5D Mark III for Northern Lights photography, but I got great shots with an Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark II camera, too (the Live Composite mode of the Oly is pretty useful in Aurora photography).
In terms of lenses, you need a fast wide angle one. f/2.8 would be awesome. Usually, you don’t want to shoot the Aurora with a focal length longer than 35 mm. A fisheye lens might be useful for those very high activity nights.
A cable/infrared/radio release would also be very useful. I prefer the cable version as you don’t need batteries to operate it, and that’s pretty important when you’re shooting in the cold. If you don’t have one, you can use the self timer feature on your camera. You need this to get rid of vibrations induced by actually pressing the shutter button.
As long as we talked about cold conditions, it’s a good idea to have 2 or three spare batteries and a few memory cards.
[Best_Wordpress_Gallery id=”2″ gal_title=”aurora”]
Probably the most challenging part of the actual shooting is focusing. Your auto-focus won’t work in the dark, so this is how to do it. Set the camera on manual focus, open the aperture as much as you can, turn on the live view and set a high ISO (around 6400, if possible). If you’re using a zoom lens, set the focal length. If you want to change it later, you will have to refocus. Now, point your camera to the sky and find a brighter star in the field of view of your camera. Centre the star and zoom in the live view image (not by using the zoom ring on your lens, but the controls on the back of your camera; read the manual of your camera, if you don’t know how to do it). Now, gently move the focusing ring of your lens and get that star into focus. Once focus is achieved, carefully tape down both the focus and the zoom ring (if there is one) on your lens, using some gaffer tape. Even though you taped the rings, try as much as possible not to touch the rings from now on, unless you need to change settings.
Now, it’s pretty tricky to give you any advice on the exposure time and ISO. And that’s because the behaviour of the Northern Lights is unpredictable. They can be static and, in a matter of seconds, they can start moving like there’s no tomorrow. That’s why you have to adapt to the Lights. One thing is sure: open up the aperture as much as you can. As a general rule, if the Lights are static you can try ISO’s between 800 and 1600 and exposure times of 10 to 20 seconds. If the lights move very fast, you will need high ISO (3200 to 6400) and short exposure times (sometimes below 3 seconds; I have even shot Northern Lights at 0.5 seconds).
Be careful with your maximum exposure time, so that you don’t get trailing stars. We want the stars to be points of light, not small arcs. It’s a simple formula that gives you this value: 500 divided by the focal length (full frame equivalent) of your lens (t = 500/fl, where fl = focal length and t = maximum exposure time for point stars). Stay below that number and you will get nice point like stars.
Another thing to be careful with is framing. Try to include some terrestrial elements and/or people in the photo and use the rule of thirds. The results will be a lot better than shooting just the sky. Of course, shoot RAW files. Many photographers will tell you to avoid Moon lit nights when shooting the Northern or Southern Lights. I tell you the contrary. The landscape will always look better when you have the Moon present in the sky. Moonless nights will make all terrestrial elements look dark and featureless. I don’t like that at all.
Last, but totally not least, take the time and look at the Aurora with your own eyes. It’s a mind blowing experience. Yes, the Lights will look a lot more saturated and brighter in your photos, because of the way cameras see the world, but experiencing a strong display of the Northern Lights with your naked eye could be life changing.
Clear skies!
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 60 |
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/majestic-aurora-borealis-illuminates-a-solitary-tree-in-lapland--304274518553424577/
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2015-10-01T15:18:14+00:00
|
etherealvistas: “ Aurora Borealis Tree (FInland) by The Aurora Zone ”
|
en
|
Pinterest
|
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/majestic-aurora-borealis-illuminates-a-solitary-tree-in-lapland--304274518553424577/
| |||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 96 |
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/layers-earths-atmosphere
|
en
|
Center for Science Education
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/logo-ucar-active.png",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_withkm.png.webp?itok=PdmnRDX2",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/themes/custom/scied_unity/img/NSF_Official_logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Layers of Earth's atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
|
en
|
/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/atmosphere/layers-earths-atmosphere
|
Earth's atmosphere is composed of a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are called the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space.
Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere. Starting at ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level. We humans live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Air pressure drops, and temperatures get colder, as you climb higher in the troposphere.
Stratosphere
The next layer up is called the stratosphere. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat. Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere actually gets warmer the higher you go! That trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts of the troposphere beneath. Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. The jet stream flows near the border between the troposphere and the stratosphere.
Mesosphere
Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. It extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles) above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. Unlike the stratosphere, temperatures once again grow colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer. The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe (the air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at sea level and continues dropping as you go higher).
Thermosphere
The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere. High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees. However, the air in this layer is so thin that it would feel freezing cold to us! In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space than a part of the atmosphere. In fact, the approximate boundary between our atmosphere and outer space, known as the Kármán Line, is in the thermosphere, at an altitude of about 100 km. Many satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere! Variations in the amount of energy coming from the Sun exert a powerful influence on both the height of the top of this layer and the temperature within it. Because of this, the top of the thermosphere can be found anywhere between 500 and 1,000 km (311 to 621 miles) above the ground. Temperatures in the upper thermosphere can range from about 500° C (932° F) to 2,000° C (3,632° F) or higher.
Exosphere
Although some experts consider the thermosphere to be the uppermost layer of our atmosphere, others consider the exosphere to be the actual "final frontier" of Earth's gaseous envelope. As you might imagine, the "air" in the exosphere is very, very, very thin, making this layer even more space-like than the thermosphere. In fact, the air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space. There is no clear-cut upper boundary where the exosphere finally fades away into space. Different definitions place the top of the exosphere somewhere between 100,000 km (62,000 miles) and 190,000 km (120,000 miles) above the surface of Earth. The latter value is about halfway to the Moon!
Ionosphere
|
|||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 79 |
https://www.tcpi.com/how-paint-color-changes-with-light/
|
en
|
How Paint Color Changes with Light
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1061851250872710&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://tcpidev.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/TCP-logo.png",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/color-changing-lights.jpg",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/commercial-LED-retrofit-kits-lighting-compressor-400x250.jpg",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/horticulture-lighting-types-400x250.jpg",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Accent-Series-Pendants-400x250.jpeg",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/price-project-icon.png",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/mess-ic-300x300-1-1.png",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/location-dot.png",
"https://www.tcpi.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/tcp-logo-white.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"TCPi"
] |
2024-08-07T13:00:32+00:00
|
Learn the science behind the impact of different lighting types, and tips for using colored light bulbs. Enhance your home with lighting solutions from TCP.
|
en
|
TCP Lighting
|
https://www.tcpi.com/how-paint-color-changes-with-light/
|
We all know the disappointment: You carefully select the perfect paint color from samples at the store, but it looks completely different on your walls at home.
What happens between the purchase and the painting? Does the paint color somehow change after you leave the store? And why does wall color sometimes seem to change throughout the course of a day?
The light-obsessed pros at TCP have some answers for you. Our decades of experience designing LED lights have allowed us to spend hours every day playing with the science of light. We’ve long been champions of why home lighting color temperature matters – and it all comes down to how paint color changes with light of differing types.
We break down for you the basics of how human beings perceive color, why cool or warm lighting color can impact that perception and where to position lights for better control over a room’s ambience.
Then, just for fun, we dive into the effects of colored light on wall color. You’ll be amazed at how color-changing lights let you change up the vibe without switching out the bulb!
The Basics of Color Perception
We don’t really see color with our eyes. They are the portals for receiving light, but the human brain is the organ that interprets that light as color. And none of us perceive color exactly the same way.
Here’s basically what happens during color perception:
Light hits an object, some light is reflected, and some light is absorbed by the object.
The reflected light enters our eyes where photoreceptors in our retinas – rods and cones – transmit signals to the brain for it to interpret.
Rods in our retinas help discern shades of gray in very low light.
Cones in our retinas allow us to pick out the specific wavelengths that correspond to different colors.
Our brains interpret color very quickly while making unconscious assumptions about the conditions around the perceived object.
One interesting fact is that color perception is highly subjective – meaning we each interpret colors according to our unique anatomy, beliefs and circumstances.
Factors that can impact our perception of an object’s color include:
The number and quality of cones in our eyes
The light source illuminating the object
The background color behind the object
The language and culture of the observer
The age, memory and mood of the observer
The takeaway here is that we cannot always trust our perception of colors. Remember the polarizing online debate about the color of a dress a few years ago? Turns out, the whole thing hinged on differences in background color, illumination source and those unconscious assumptions our brains make.
How Lighting Affects Paint Colors
Now, we can’t control most of the factors that impact color perception. In fact, there are only two you can control: background color and light source. This is why neutral wall paint colors and high CRI light bulbs are important in settings where color consistency matters, like factories or offices that use color-coded organizational systems.
Let’s look at three ways lighting, color and perception work together to change how paint colors appear:
Natural Light
Light that comes naturally from the sun contains the full spectrum of visible and invisible wavelengths. Its color quality changes throughout the day from sunrise to high noon to sunset. Old incandescent bulbs covered the full spectrum of light, as well, and you can mimic natural light with LED bulbs that deliver that familiar warm glow with higher efficiency and less heat output.
When it comes to natural sunlight in rooms of a house, the direction the windows face plays a part in the lighting color of that room.
Here’s what you can expect from light in rooms facing:
North – Soft light with a touch of blue. Dark paint colors will look darker, and light paint colors may appear dim or muted.
South – The most intense light. Dark paint colors will appear a little brighter, and light paint colors can look washed out, especially whites.
East – Early light with a touch of green, then shadows later in the day. Warmer hues may appear muted with morning exposure, and all paint colors will seem duller in the evening.
West – Early shadows followed by warm, orangey light. All paint colors may appear darkened early in the day, and warm shades of red, orange or yellow can appear over-saturated with evening western exposure.
Artificial Lighting
Artificial lighting is, obviously, any light that comes from a man-made source like light bulbs. If you’ve tried to figure out how to read a light bulb box recently, you know that there are hundreds of choices out there. That’s because each type of lighting emits a different lighting color temperature. The main choices include:
Incandescent = Warm Lighting Color with a slight yellowish tint that can make cool colors appear muted and warm colors appear more intense
Fluorescent = Cool Lighting Color with a bluish tint that makes most colors appear washed out
LED = A Wide Range of Lighting Color Temperatures that allow you to set the visual tone you want, from cool and vibrant to neutral to warm – especially LED lighting with selectable color temperature or wattage
Light Positioning
The number and position of lights in a room can have a huge impact on how the space looks and feels. For example, a single overhead fixture might emit enough brightness for your kitchen, but its placement in the center of the ceiling will leave a lot of shadowy corners. Layered lighting from several sources helps you join the aesthetics and function of lights for a more pleasing effect.
Here’s how to do it:
Set the overall tone with ambient lighting. This typically comes from an overhead light, but it can also be a floor lamp that’s particularly bright.
Make chores safer and easier with task lighting. Under cabinet lighting, table lamps and pendants focus downward on areas where you chop veggies, read or do other focused work. They reduce the glare and dark shadows overhead lights can produce.
Add accent lighting for depth and dimension. Wall sconces, track lighting and recessed lights help any space feel more fully and comfortably lit. Track lights and some recessed lighting can be angled to highlight artwork or architectural features, but even a sconce washing up or down a blank wall brings a sense of proportion to a room.
Experimenting with Color-Changing Lights
Understanding the way paint color changes with light can be freeing! Rather than obsessing about finding the “perfect” hue for your walls, consider playing with light to alter your home’s vibe with the flip of a switch.
Options like TCP’s ColorFlip bulbs deliver warm white light when you’re playing it straight – then switch to a fun colored light when you want to change things up.
Effects of Colored Light Bulbs on Paint Color
Own the way paint color changes with light by using our color-changing lights deliberately! These fun light bulbs feature the familiar A19 shape and E26 base, so they’ll work in all your regular fixtures. Here’s how each of the five available color options will affect the way your painted walls look:
Red – Neutralizes yellows while deepening blues and purples.
Blue – Adds luminosity or brightness to cool tones, like blue, gray and green.
Yellow – Adds brightness and visual warmth to all colors.
Green – Mutes reds and oranges while making blues appear more complex.
Purple – Saturates and punches up warm tones, like red, mauve and orange.
Practical Uses For Color-Changing Light Bulbs
Along with the fun of making paint color change with light on purpose, our ColorFlip bulbs have a practical side. They can serve as holiday decorations that require zero cleanup, especially in porch lights. They also give you effortless control over the ambiance in every room of your home.
Keep them in the warm white light setting while you prep food and beverages – then flip to yellow or purple when guests arrive for a colorful party vibe. There’s even a ColorFlip bulb that switches from warm white to more vibrant white light, which could make cleaning or other chores easier. And if you’ve got a teenager who’s lobbying for a paint color in their room that you don’t like, consider letting them use a ColorFlip bulb as a compromise that personalizes their space without the expense or commitment of painting.
Transform Your Home with TCP Lighting
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 94 |
https://lightsoverlapland.com/what-does-an-aurora-look-like-to-the-naked-eye/
|
en
|
What does an aurora look like to the naked eye?
|
[
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/themes/lol/static/vectors/logo.svg",
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/aurora-1.jpg",
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/uploads/aurora/aurora-forecast-northern-hemisphere.jpg?v=1723370462",
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/themes/lol/static/images/ta-footer.gif",
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/themes/lol/static/images/ntf-footer.png",
"https://lightsoverlapland.com/wp-content/themes/lol/static/images/wwf-2023-logo-small.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Chris Hodgson"
] |
2019-10-24T09:30:32+01:00
|
Whilst we are waiting to photograph the aurora at one our beautiful locations in Abisko National Park our guides often find themselves answering the two questions below more often than others
|
en
|
Lights over Lapland AB
|
https://lightsoverlapland.com/what-does-an-aurora-look-like-to-the-naked-eye/
|
Whilst we are waiting to photograph the aurora at one our beautiful locations in Abisko National Park our guides often find themselves answering the two questions below more often than others. I’m not writing this to stop the questions: we love it when our guests ask us about the science behind the aurora, how to photograph the aurora, or any other general questions about life here deep inside of the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden.
That said, I want to sew a seed that may help you to enjoy your aurora adventure in Abisko with us just a little bit a little more.
1. When will I be able to see the aurora clearly?
The aurora can appear in many different strengths, sometimes predictable due to the scientific data we glean from our favourite website spaceweather.com. At other times, the aurora forecast will call for very little activity and we can be treated to big dancing auroras, purely because we are watching the aurora from our geographicly lucky position in Abisko National Park.
A weak aurora usually builds in strength and becomes brighter one as the evening progresses, so what you may be first seeing as a silvery colour or ribbon, can soon develop into a brighter and easier to see arc or even a dance. It can also go totally crazy in a matter of seconds, from a mere shimmer to a sky exploding with intense coronas. Abisko is situated approximately 200km north of the Arctic Circle so your chances of seeing brighter auroras when the forecasts are calm are a lot higher than destinations like Iceland where you are further south.
There are two factors that can effect how you see the aurora: the quality of your night vision and light pollution.
I’ve discovered that my night vision is often very different to the person I’m stood next to. This isn’t necessarily age specific, but more on the health of my sight. I’ve probably spent too much time staring at screens when I should be outside taking photographs. That’s likely the same as nearly every person that visits us in Abisko to see the aurora. How you see the aurora could vary to that of your travel partner and even every one around you, (more of this covered in section 2).
The other main factor that can cause the aurora to be difficult to see is light pollution, whether manmade or natural. A full moon reflecting on snow can light up the landscape beautifully but if the aurora is very weak, it can detract from the visibility of it. It does however look spectacular on camera.
The more distance you can put yourself from large towns and cities with light pollution, the better. Luckily for our guests, Abisko has a year round population of 86, so aside from some weak residual light there is not a huge effect on our beautiful clear skies. We believe that this is another one of many factors that makes Abisko one of the best places on Earth to see the northern lights.
In theory, the calmer the aurora forecast then the less bright it will appear. However even when it’s calm there can still be a huge aurora show brewing, it just takes longer to build when the protons that cause it are travelling slower than normal.
Sometimes, the aurora can be so calm that you can only see it using a camera and it can be so difficult to locate that you need a guide with an experienced eye to help you find it. We see this as yet another reason for choosing an operator with well trained guides and included camera as they can spot an aurora when others may miss it! As you might have guessed, Lights Over Lapland’s guides have seen countless auroras and are sure to be able to help you spot even the weakest aurora.
So, if you’re stood watching your first aurora display and it isn’t as bright as you hoped for, give it a few minutes to develop as there is a very good chance it can build into something that is much more impressive and easy to see.
2. Why isn’t the aurora green?
Simply put, most auroras are green. That would be the shortest and scientifically correct answer, (there are other colours of the aurora but green is the most commonly observed and relevant colour to this question). However, it doesn’t always appear green to our eyes. Sometimes it can be silvery in appearance, or even a strange hue of grey or white, however if you point a camera at it, you will usually see green pop out from the sky.
As stated above, all of our eyes differ and we have tested this theory by asking our groups when out on tour as to what colours they can see. Out of ten people, it is not uncommon for eight people to clearly see green, and for the remaining two people to only see it as white or silver. This has nothing to do with colour blindness but more of a night blindness to colour. For my first three seasons I wore a bright yellow jacket for the whole winter. The yellow was visible indoors and on camera. As soon as I was out in the dark, I just became a grey blob that taught aurora photography and guided our guests in the dark. Fortunately I’m quite loud so my guests can always find me, but humans and colour at night don’t always work well together!
My theory is, when humans became active hunters, we rarely hunted at night. Instead we hid in caves, rolling a big rock against the entrance to keep any of the predators with better vision than ours out of our homes. We are therefore pretty useless at night without the use of a light source.
Using a camera to view the aurora also enhances your colour vision. Our eye is unbeatable in daylight, however a camera at night can absorb so much more light in one image that they become an invaluable tool. This is a major consideration when choosing which aurora tour to join: we believe that having a camera is an invaluable part of every aurora watchers tool kit, whether they are into photography or not.
If you think our optic nerve is processing everything we see instantly, and then relaying that data to our brains to allow us to see the image that we are seeing right now. It all happens in a microsecond. So a camera pointing at the night-sky for 15 seconds can record so much more light than our eyes can, the auroras and therefore colours become more visible.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 19 |
https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
|
en
|
Photographing Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) With An iPhone
|
[
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logotype-black-1x.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-iphone-northern-lights-thumb-scaled.jpeg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-iphone-northern-lights-thumb-scaled.jpeg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/northernlights-iphone-active-scaled.jpeg",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hello-aurora-kp.jpeg",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/petapixel-jeroenvannieuwenhove-volcanic-aurora-phone-scaled.jpeg",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/tripod-iphone-aurora-scaled.jpeg",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iphone-camera-aurora.jpeg",
"https://jvn.photo/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/iphone-camera-aurora-1.jpeg",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/wphb-cache/gravatar/aa3/aa389215cdc58ceb5502d9847120463cx80.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/wphb-cache/gravatar/aa3/aa389215cdc58ceb5502d9847120463cx80.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mads-highlands-thumbnail-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/mads-highlands-thumbnail-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/andrealivieri-workshop-report-jvnphoto-6-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/andrealivieri-workshop-report-jvnphoto-6-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/puffins-midnightsun-photoworkshop-jeroenvannieuwenhove-3-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/puffins-midnightsun-photoworkshop-jeroenvannieuwenhove-3-100x100.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Vranckx-en-de-Nomaden-Beneath-the-surface-Stills-1-2-100x100.jpeg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Vranckx-en-de-Nomaden-Beneath-the-surface-Stills-1-2-100x100.jpeg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/naturedronephotography-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/naturedronephotography-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/locationsebook-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/locationsebook-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/newearth-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/newearth-thumb-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ebookbundle-thumb-1-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ebookbundle-thumb-1-300x300.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-047-2.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-047-2.png?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1672454246392428&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/free-ebook-drone-jeroenvannieuwenhove-scaled.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1",
"https://b2480247.smushcdn.com/2480247/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/free-ebook-drone-jeroenvannieuwenhove-scaled.jpg?lossy=1&strip=1&webp=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove"
] |
2024-05-11T15:00:27
|
Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis) try doing that with the only camera they own: their smartphone.
|
en
|
https://jvn.photo/photographing-northern-lights-aurora-borealis-with-an-iphone/
|
Most people trying to photograph the Northern Lights (or Aurora Borealis), and even the Southern Lights (or Aurora Australis), try doing that with the only camera they own: the smartphone in their pockets. In this article, I explain how you can photograph this beautiful natural phenomenon using an iPhone, with the default Camera app, while also giving you a few tips to get the best result. Don’t worry: it’s easy and straightforward!
Note: If you want to photograph the northern lights using a camera, I have a much more detailed blog article explaining that in detail.
What Should You Know About Chasing The Northern Lights
Before I can explain how you can photograph the Northern Lights using your iPhone, there are a few important things to know:
The Northern Lights are only visible when the nights are dark enough.
If it’s too cloudy, you probably won’t see the aurora as it takes place high above the clouds.
To get the best results, you need to be away from light pollution.
Strong moonlight can interfere with the ability to see the Northern Lights. If there’s a full moon, you’ll have a lot more difficulty seeing them compared to when there is no moon.
Even if the sky is clear, the nights are dark and there is no moonlight, there’s no guarantee that you’ll see them. It’s always possible there’s not enough solar activity going on during that night.
The Northern Lights are not active all the time, nor is the intensity of the light the same. They usually appear in spikes, increasing & decreasing in intensity.
There’s no precise time when you will see the Northern Lights.
The Kp index is a pointless metric for northern lights chasers, which could potentially make you miss a potentially great display of the northern lights.
Use a good smartphone app which notifies you of when the aurora will be visible or most active.
The most important one of all: be patient & don’t give up after being outside for a short time!
Which iPhone App Should I Use For The Northern Lights?
The best available (& free) iPhone app today is Hello Aurora. It’s available for iOS, iPadOS, macOS and Android. Hello Aurora shows actual live measurements and also shows you the activity map as it is displayed on spaceweather.com. You get a lot more information (such as solar wind speeds, solar wind density & IMF strength for example) which helps make a more reliable forecast.
On top of that, it gives you push notifications so you get notified by others who are currently seeing the northern lights! That last feature I have found to be extremely useful if I don’t want to stay outside in the cold. Finally, Hello Aurora has a very clear and comprehensive interface to make you understand what all the numbers and measurements mean. It’s also useful as it combines cloud coverage with the map.
While there are many other apps available, I have found that there is no other app that is as reliable or contains the same level of information.
What Do I Need To Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Now that you know what to look out for, what do you minimally need to capture the northern lights with your iPhone?
An iPhone that supports ‘Night Mode’ is highly recommended. This special camera mode is available on every iPhone since iPhone 11.
The free Hello Aurora application.
While you can do handheld iPhone shots, without any additional equipment, there are a few things that make your life easier:
A sturdy tripod is needed to get the best and cleanest results. Alternatively, you can mount your iPhone on a fixed surface.
An Apple Watch to remote trigger your iPhone. While this is not absolutely necessary, it prevents accidental shaking and vibrations.
How Can I Photograph The Northern Lights With My iPhone?
Photographing the northern lights using your iPhone is quite easy. Below I have detailed the approach in a step-by-step manner.
Step 1: Mount Your iPhone On A Tripod (Or A Fixed Surface)
While it is possible to take handheld long exposures with an iPhone, you will get the best & clearest results using a tripod. Even the slightest movement while taking your photograph can result in a blurry photo. After you mounted the tripod, you can use your Apple Watch’s remote camera functionality to photograph without touching your phone. This will help in decreasing any possible movement. If you do not have access to a tripod, try putting the iPhone on a fixed surface.
Step 2: Make Sure To Use The 1x Lens
Many iPhones these days have multiple camera modules and lenses. The lens with the best low light capabilities is by far the 1x wide-angle lens. This is true for every iPhone on the market today. While you could use any lens on your iPhone, it is highly recommended to use the one with the best low light capabilities.
Step 3: Switch On The Camera App’s ‘Night Mode’
Open the Camera application on your iPhone and enable ‘Night Mode’ (the moon icon) if it hasn’t activated automatically. Usually, if the Camera app detects it is dark, it will automatically switch it on. If it hasn’t, you can enable it at the top left by pressing the moon icon.
What is ‘Night Mode’? Night Mode allows you to take long exposure photographs to get the most out of low light situations. Using clever computational photography and the phone’s gyroscope, it will even allow you to do handheld long exposures.
Step 4: Frame Your Photograph
Decide on a composition! Traditionally, aurora shots include minimal foreground so the focus is mostly on the northern lights themselves. If the northern lights appear more directly above you, you can get the better results by placing your iPhone fairly low to the ground and tilting the phone upwards.
Step 5: Manually Focus On Your Subject & Take The Shot
Tap on the screen to manually focus on your subject. This could be a fun or interesting object in the foreground, or even yourself if you are attempting to take a selfie under the northern lights. If you want to include only sky, your iPhone will automatically focus to infinity.
Step 6: Adjust The Shutter Speed Manually If Needed
After taking a first test shot, verify how visible the northern lights are on your photograph. If they are quite weak, try increasing the shutter speed. You can do that by swiping up in the middle of the Camera app, and then tapping the ‘Night Mode’ icon. If you are using a tripod to stabilise your iPhone, you will be able to do much longer exposures than when shooting handheld. One final tip: don’t make exposures longer than 20 seconds, as you will get star trails in your shot due to the planet’s rotation.
Step 7: Enjoy The Moment!
Don’t forget to enjoy the show and look at up at the sky — not only through your lens!
Support Jeroen’s Work
As an independent photographer, Jeroen partially relies on your support to keep producing worthwhile content such as blogs, photographs, books and much more. If you want to support his work, it is possible to do so by buying his e-books & books, prints or calendars.
You can also sign up to the newsletter to stay up to date on new blog posts, projects, workshops and other interesting information.
Thank you for considering!
Written by Jeroen Van Nieuwenhove
Jeroen is an award-winning Belgian photographer based in Iceland. The past years, he dedicated his photography to the Central Highlands & volcanic eruptions. Most recently, he received international attention for his work at the Fagradalsfjall volcano.
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 55 |
https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/arctic-weather-and-climate/science-arctic-weather-and-climate
|
en
|
The Science of Arctic Weather and Climate
|
[
"https://nsidc.org/themes/custom/nsidc/logo.svg",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/Summer-and-Winter-Solstice-Earth-Axis-Climate.jpg.webp?itok=vIzg9Sl7",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/gfs_nh-sat2_mslp_1-day.png.webp?itok=qw435bky",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/gfs_nh-sat1_t2min_1-day.png.webp?itok=Efgepon2",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/2880px-Earth_Global_Circulation_-_en.svg.png.webp?itok=sVfoWdbe",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/3205835988_9b8c195fb8_o.jpg.webp?itok=vcHkKYT9",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/foehn-clouds-patagonia-imaggeo.jpeg.webp?itok=O6cztNWO",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/Arctic_cyclone_image2.jpeg.webp?itok=t0Z3UDP9",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/Arctic-oscillation-graphic.jpg.webp?itok=lgpxFdO4",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/aurora-borealis-norway-Tony-Flickr.jpg.webp?itok=Vg-Ft6hv",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/corona-clouds-weather-arctic.jpg.webp?itok=UKpT42TA",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/water-sky.jpeg.webp?itok=SABXJjfb",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/iceblink-1000px.jpeg.webp?itok=9VNK1Wk_",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/Fata%20morgana.jpeg.webp?itok=6-FiEGcm",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/halo.jpeg.webp?itok=h-kAEwae",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/sun-dogs-arctic-weather.jpg.webp?itok=jGixLEJC",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/fog-bow-arctic-Flickr.jpg.webp?itok=DWCQC484",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/styles/article_image/public/images/20200104_MOSAiC_Leg2_Fishing-in-the-ice_IvoBeck_003.jpg.webp?itok=6Y6d60CE",
"https://nsidc.org/themes/custom/nsidc/images/logos/nsidc-logo-footer.png",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/WorldDataSystem.png",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Cires_Logo.png",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/UniversityofCO_logo.png",
"https://nsidc.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/Nasalogo_footer.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Factors affecting Arctic weather and climateJust like other areas on Earth, weather and climate in the Arctic depend on a lot of variables, including latitude that affects how mu
|
en
|
/themes/custom/nsidc/favicon.ico
|
National Snow and Ice Data Center
|
https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/arctic-weather-and-climate/science-arctic-weather-and-climate
|
Factors affecting Arctic weather and climate
Just like other areas on Earth, weather and climate in the Arctic depend on a lot of variables, including latitude that affects how much energy is received from the sun, and the distribution of land and water. Arctic climates are highly varied. Individually the factors that affect Arctic climate are important. However, they also interact with each other to produce weather patterns and climate feedbacks, which have effects both within the Arctic region and far beyond the Arctic.
One way of thinking about Arctic climate is to consider the Arctic energy budget, or the balance of energy that flows into and out of the Arctic region. Over the course of the year, the atmosphere and ocean move energy northward into the Arctic. Energy escapes by moving through the atmosphere and then to outer space in a process known as radiative cooling. But energy can be added to the atmosphere from the ocean and land or can flow into the ocean and land. These energy flows vary throughout the year.
Latitude and sunlight
If the axis of Earth's rotation were perfectly perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit around the sun, known as the ecliptic, the duration of daylight in every 24-hour period would be uniform across the globe: 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. Earth's axis is tilted, however, and depending on where Earth is on its annual trip around the sun, the Northern Hemisphere is either tilted towards the sun (summer), or tilted away from the sun (winter). Whatever the season in the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere is in the opposite season.
The Earth's tilt creates differences in the length of daylight and nighttime. Seasons are least pronounced near the Equator, and most pronounced at high latitudes, where daylight and nighttime can last months. Depending on latitude, the seasonal difference in the duration of light and dark is greater closer to the pole or smaller closer to the Equator.
At the North Pole, the sun sets on the autumnal equinox (around September 21) and stays below the horizon until the following vernal equinox (around March 21). The sun rises to its maximum height at the summer solstice, usually around June 21, but depending on the year can also occur on June 20 or 22. Because the sun stays above the horizon around the clock in summer, the Arctic is sometimes called the “land of the midnight sun.”
How much of the sun's energy reaches the ground in a particular region depends on the angle and duration of sunlight, affected by Earth's tilt, as well as factors such as cloud cover and elevation.
Pressure
Meteorologists look at spatial variations and changes in air pressure to figure out how air masses are moving and predict how weather will change.
Surface air pressure, or atmospheric pressure, represents the weight of a column of air directly above a point on Earth. At high elevations such as the top of mountains, there is less air above Earth's surface than at lower elevations such as sea level, so atmospheric pressure is lower at the top of a mountain than at sea level. Most weather maps show sea level pressure, which is the atmospheric pressure corrected to sea level. Weather maps show atmospheric pressure using lines called isobars, which are similar to contours on a topographic map. Just as topographic contours show hills, basins, ridges, and valleys, isobars show areas of high pressure (called anticyclones) and low pressure (called cyclones).
Changes in atmospheric pressure can indicate what the weather will be like. A decrease in pressure can indicate an approaching low-pressure system (cyclone), which tends to be associated with cloudy and wet conditions. An increase in pressure indicates an approaching high-pressure system (anticyclone), which tends to be associated with clear and dry conditions. Over longer periods of time, weather maps show patterns where high pressure and low pressure features are common. The names of these patterns often reflect their location. In the Arctic, the common features are the Aleutian Low, Siberian High, Icelandic Low, and Beaufort Sea High. Scientists look at the strength of these patterns to study changes in atmospheric circulation, and how these changes are related to changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds.
Temperature
Temperature is often the first thing read in a weather report, and can help decide what clothes to wear, what activities to plan, and what gear to bring when heading outside.
Air temperature is a measure of the amount of energy held in the air. Warm air has more internal energy than cooler air. Temperature can be reported using several different scales. In the United States, the Fahrenheit scale is the most common. Internationally and in science, people use the Celsius scale or the Kelvin scale.
Just like other regions of Earth, temperatures in the Arctic tend to rise during the day, when sunlight warms the ground, and fall at night. Arctic temperatures are higher in summer, when there is more sunlight, and lower in winter, when the region is dark.
Scientists also use temperature for monitoring changes in climate. Long-term measurements of air temperatures over many years are important for scientists to track climate change. Temperature data show that the Arctic has warmed strongly over the past several decades.
Geography
Much of the Arctic region stays warmer than one would expect based solely on latitude. That warmth comes from both the poleward transport of energy by the atmosphere and the poleward transport of energy by the ocean. The ocean effect is most pronounced in the North Atlantic and Scandinavia. Water has a high heat capacity, meaning that it takes a lot of energy to change its temperature. This is one reason that coastal areas tend to have mild climates: the ocean keeps them cool during the summer and warm during the winter. Land, in contrast, has a lower heat capacity, so it heats up quickly during the day and cools down as soon as the sun goes down.
Ocean currents bring heat from warmer regions into the Arctic Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, a current commonly called the Gulf Stream brings warm water up along the coast of North America. The Gulf Stream current then transitions to the North Atlantic Drift and crosses the North Atlantic Ocean towards northern Europe. This ocean current keeps places like Norway and the island of Svalbard much warmer than other places at similar latitudes in the Arctic.
But the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean acts like a lid, preventing heat from the ocean from escaping to warm the atmosphere. That means that the air above the ice can get bitterly cold—deep below freezing—while the water underneath remains much warmer—never getting colder than the freezing point.
Wind
Wind is simply the movement of air. The larger the difference between high and low pressure (closely spaced isobars on weather maps indicate big air-pressure differences), the faster the wind. Wind speed and direction is influenced by other factors, including the Coriolis force, surface friction, and the effects of gravity. The Coriolis force, caused by the rotation of Earth, changes the direction of the wind. In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis force deflects the wind to the right, so that winds circulate in a clockwise direction around high-pressure regions, and counterclockwise around low-pressure regions. The opposite occurs in the southern hemisphere. Surface friction is caused by the movement of air across land and ocean surfaces. Friction slows the wind.
Winds in the Arctic can vary greatly in strength. Winds tend to be stronger in the Russian Arctic, where there are more storms, than in the Canadian Arctic. Winds can be strong in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic where there are many storms. Strong temperature inversions form in winter, which slow winds near the ground. Temperature inversions are where air at the surface is cooler than the air above. These inversions disconnect the surface air from the air above. Katabatic winds flowing off the Greenland ice sheet, driven by gravity, can be very strong.
Although Arctic winds are often light, strong gales can form and last can several days. In the winter, these strong winds scour the snow from exposed areas and form large snow drifts in sheltered areas. Strong winds increase the wind chill factor. Wind chill refers to the cooling effect of any combination of temperature and wind, expressed as the loss of body heat in watts per square meter of skin surface. The body has a very thin layer of still air immediately adjacent to it called the boundary layer that helps to insulate the body from heat loss. As wind speed increases, the thickness of the boundary layer diminishes, and the rate of heat loss from the body increases.
Humidity
Air is a mixture of gases, and includes mostly nitrogen, oxygen, but also some argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapor (water in its gas form). Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in air. All air contains at least some water vapor, but the amount of water vapor differs greatly from place to place and from time to time. The amount of water vapor in air can increase when water evaporates from land and water surfaces, and as plants respire. Humidity decreases when water vapor condenses to form very small drops of liquid water, forming clouds or growing to become rain drops. Evaporation and condensation happen all the time. Sometimes more water is evaporating into the atmosphere, sometimes more water is condensing out of the atmosphere, and sometimes evaporation and condensation are in balance. When evaporation is the same as condensation at a particular location in the atmosphere, scientists call the air at this point saturated.
There are several measures of the amount of water vapor in air. Relative humidity is one measure often used by meteorologists and TV weather reporters. Relative humidity is the ratio of water vapor in the air to the saturated water vapor content of the air.
Overall, the amount of water vapor in the Arctic atmosphere is low. Cold air has a lower capacity to hold water vapor than warm air. In some places, Arctic air is as dry as air in the Sahara Desert and very little precipitation can fall. The amount of water vapor tends to be higher over the oceans and in coastal areas and in summer, when water vapor evaporates from the relatively warm ocean surfaces. Humidity is lower over land areas, such as Canada, where it is colder and there is less water to evaporate. In winter, the air holds little water vapor because surface temperatures are very cold. At this time of year, sea ice covers much of the Arctic Ocean, also preventing evaporation from ocean water. However, in areas where there is no sea ice cover, there can be a lot of evaporation and fog can form, making the ocean look as if it is steaming.
Clouds
Clouds are made of tiny water droplets, ice crystals of a combination of the two (called mixed phase clouds) that have condensed onto tiny pieces of sea salt, dust, smoke, or other particles in the air. Clouds have two major effects on weather and climate. Clouds reflect sunlight, which can keep surface temperatures cool. However, they also trap heat close to the Earth's surface, which keeps temperatures warmer. Which one of these processes wins out depends on a number of factors, including cloud type and thickness, the magnitude of the solar radiation, and the reflectivity of the underlying surface.
For the Arctic as a whole, the cloudiest months are in summer, when the sea ice melts away and exposes open water in the Arctic Ocean. That open water adds more moisture to the air, helping to increase cloud cover. Cloud cover is lowest in December and January, when the ice cover is extensive and temperatures are lowest. However, in the Atlantic sector, clouds are common year round.
Precipitation
Precipitation is water that is deposited on Earth's surface from the atmosphere. Although we generally think of precipitation as rain or snow, other forms of precipitation include hail, dew, or hoar frost. Precipitation is part of the hydrological cycle. It supplies water for plants to grow, soaks into the soil, and feeds rivers and lakes, which eventually drain to the ocean. Water from plants, soil, and the oceans evaporates back into the atmosphere. There it forms clouds and returns to the Earth's surface as precipitation.
Over much of the Arctic, precipitation amounts are low. Some areas are called polar deserts and receive as little precipitation as the Sahara Desert. However, the Atlantic sector of the Arctic, between Greenland and Scandinavia is an exception. Storms forming in the Atlantic Ocean bring moisture up into this area, especially in winter.
Almost all precipitation in the central Arctic Ocean and over land falls as snow in winter. However, rain can occur on rare occasions during winter in the central Arctic Ocean when warm air is transported into this region. Snow also falls in summer. More than half of the precipitation events at the North Pole in summer are snowfall. Over the warmer Atlantic sector, snow is rare in summer.
Patterns in Arctic weather and climate
The geography of the Arctic leads to weather patterns that persist in the region year after year. Some weather patterns, such as cyclones or anticyclones, are common outside the Arctic. The Arctic Oscillation is an atmospheric circulation pattern that occurs over the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, including the Arctic.
Weather patterns that persist are called semi-permanent highs and lows, because these patterns show up in long-term averages of the regional weather. A good example is the Icelandic Low.
Cyclones and anticyclones
Cyclones, or low-pressure systems, are roughly circular weather patterns that rotate in a counter-clockwise direction. In a cyclone, air moves upwards in the center of the pattern, bringing stormy wet weather. Air also moves upwards along warm fronts and cold fronts. In the Arctic, cyclones occur year round, but they tend to happen more in certain places depending on the time of year. Semi-permanent lows in the Arctic include the Aleutian Low, a low-pressure center located around the Aleutian Islands that experiences many cyclones and storms in the winter, and the Icelandic Low, a low-pressure center located near Iceland.
Anticyclones are the opposite of cyclones, high-pressure systems that rotate in a clockwise direction. An anticyclone known as the Beaufort High recurs year after year, sitting over the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Archipelago in winter and spring. An anticyclone also appears over Siberia during the winter season, known as the Siberian High.
Polar lows
Polar lows are small, intense cyclones that form over the open ocean during the cold season. From satellite imagery, polar lows sometimes look much like a hurricane, with a large spiral of clouds centered around an eye—for this reason they are sometimes called Arctic hurricanes. However, polar lows develop from different processes than tropical hurricanes. Polar lows range in size from around 100 to 500 kilometers (62 to 310 miles) in diameter. Wind speeds average around 80 kilometers (50 miles) per hour, although they can occasionally reach hurricane strength at 103 kilometers (64 miles) per hour.
Polar lows tend to form when cold Arctic air flows over relatively warm open water. The storms can develop rapidly, reaching their maximum strength within 12 to 24 hours of formation, but they dissipate just as quickly, lasting on average only one or two days.
Semi-permanent highs and lows
Weather maps show the circulation and pressure patterns over one or several days. But maps of sea level pressure can also be averaged over several months or years, to show the average circulation patterns in the atmosphere. These averaged maps remove some of the variability caused by day-to-day weather changes, instead showing longer-term patterns that can affect weather and climate both within and outside of the Arctic.
Researchers compare the relative strengths of semi-permanent highs and lows, and report these comparisons in indices such as the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. These indices have been linked to variability in temperatures and to sea ice conditions in the Arctic.
Arctic Oscillation
The Arctic Oscillation refers to an opposing pattern of sea level pressure between the Arctic and the northern middle latitudes. Overall, if the atmospheric pressure is high in the Arctic, it tends to be low in the northern middle latitudes, such as northern Europe and North America. If atmospheric pressure is low in the middle latitudes it tends to be high in the Arctic. When pressure is high in the Arctic and low in mid-latitudes, the Arctic Oscillation is in its negative phase. In the positive phase, the pattern is reversed.
Meteorologists and climatologists pay attention to the Arctic Oscillation, because its phase has an important effect on weather in northern locations. The positive phase of the Arctic Oscillation brings ocean storms farther north, tending to make the weather wetter in Alaska, Scotland, and Scandinavia and drier in the western United States and Mediterranean. The positive phase also keeps weather warmer than is typical in the eastern United States, but makes Greenland colder than normal.
In the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation the patterns are reversed. A strongly negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation tends to bring warm weather to high latitudes, and cold, stormy weather to the more temperate regions where people live. Over most of the past century, the Arctic Oscillation alternated between its positive and negative phase. For a period during the late 1980s to mid-1990s, the Arctic Oscillation tended to stay in its positive phase. However, since then it has again alternated between positive and negative, with a record negative phase.
Explore further: Semi-permanent patterns
The semi-permanent patterns listed below are centers of action in the Arctic atmosphere, influencing weather patterns in the Arctic and around the world.
Aleutian Low: This semi-permanent low-pressure center is located near the Aleutian Islands. Most intense in winter, the Aleutian Low is characterized by many strong cyclones. Cyclones formed in subpolar latitudes in the North Pacific usually slow down as they traverse northward and reach maximum intensity in the area of the Aleutian Low. Storms also form in this region.
Icelandic Low: This low-pressure center is located near Iceland, usually between Iceland and southern Greenland. Most intense during winter, it weakens and splits into two centers in summer, one near Davis Strait and the other west of Iceland. Many storms that form to the south end up in the Icelandic Low region and many storms form in the region.
Azores High: The Azores High is a high-pressure pattern that forms in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Although it occurs outside the Arctic Ocean, it is linked to the Icelandic Low through the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Siberian High: The Siberian High is an intense, cold anticyclone that forms over eastern Siberia in winter, associated with frequent cold air outbreaks over east Asia.
Beaufort High: The Beaufort High is a high-pressure center over the Beaufort Sea present mainly in winter.
North American High: The North American High is a relatively weak area of high pressure that covers most of North America during winter. This pressure system tends to be centered over the Yukon, but is not as well defined as its continental counterpart, the Siberian High.
Optical and acoustical phenomena
In the Arctic, people can sometimes see and hear things that they cannot see or hear most other places on Earth. These phenomena are caused by special atmospheric conditions. Microscopic ice crystals are suspended in the air, changing how light and sound travel over distances. Layers of warm and cold air refract, or bend, light rays. Light bounces off the surfaces of clouds, water, and ice to create optical illusions.
People also sometimes report that they can hear noises from much further away in the Arctic. As with optical phenomena, this phenomenon occurs because cold atmospheric conditions bend sound waves differently than the air at lower latitudes. The air near the surface tends to be colder and more dense than air higher up, causing sound waves to tend to reflect down toward the surface rather than up away from Earth as they do in more temperate latitudes where air temperature on average decreases with height. The range at which sound can be heard depends on the temperature of the air, the speed and direction of the wind, and the rate at which sound energy is absorbed by the Earth's surface. For instance, soft snow absorbs sound energy very efficiently, effectively muting the transmission of sound. In contrast, a hard-crusted snow surface absorbs little energy and a smooth ice surface is an almost ideal reflector of sound. Given the right conditions, conversations can sometimes be heard up to 3 kilometers (2 miles) away.
Aurora
Also called the northern lights, the spectacular color displays of the aurora borealis appear in the sky on clear, dark nights, particularly during periods when solar storms are active. The aurora borealis is centered around the geomagnetic North Pole and is most often seen above the Arctic Circle. However, displays occasionally appear as far south as the northern United States. The same phenomenon occurs in the Southern Hemisphere, known there as the aurora australis or southern lights.
Auroras gleam like rainbows or hang like curtains, sometimes seeming to almost touch the ground. But the actual light is produced high in the sky, 70 to 200 kilometers (43 to 124 miles) above the Earth's surface—far higher than an airplane flies. The amazing color displays and formations are produced by the solar wind, a stream of electrons and protons coming from the sun. The high-energy solar wind collides with oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the upper atmosphere, exciting the gases so that they give off light. Different colors of light result from different gases at different altitudes. Auroras most commonly appear in green, although red, yellow, and blue auroras occasionally appear.
Coronas and anticoronas
A corona appears as a ring of light that surrounds the sun or the moon, sometimes forming a luminous disk, or even a series of rings with the sun or moon at its center when light is diffracted by water vapor. Coronas often appear blue on the inside and red on the outside. They are often seen when the sun or moon shines through a diffuse mist or thin clouds, as light waves from the sun or moon get slightly deflected around cloud droplets.
A similar phenomenon, the anticorona or glory, consists of one or more colored rings that appear around the shadow cast by an observer on a cloud or in fog. These can sometimes be seen from airplanes.
Water sky and ice blink
Water sky refers to the dark appearance of the underside of a cloud layer when it is over a surface of open water. Ice blink refers to a white glare seen on the underside of low clouds.
An ice blink indicates the presence of light-reflecting ice which may be too far away to see. When other means of reconnaissance are not available, travelers in the polar seas can use water sky and ice blink to get a rough idea of ice conditions at a distance.
Mirages and optical illusions
Mirages and other optical illusions occur in the Arctic because of special atmospheric conditions that bend light. A superior mirage occurs when an image of an object appears above the actual object. Superior mirages sometimes appear in the Arctic because of the weather condition known as a temperature inversion, where cold air lies close to the ground with warmer air above it. Since cold air is denser than warm air, it reflects light towards the eyes of someone standing on the ground, changing how a distant object appears. Superior mirages can produce a few different types of images: Distant objects can appear to float high above their actual position, for example a boat can look like it is floating in the sky, or an object below the horizon can become visible. This is known as a looming type of superior mirage. Superior mirages can also distort images so that the object appears stretched and elevated, called towering.
A Fata Morgana is a complex mirage in which distant objects are distorted as well as elongated vertically. For example, a relatively flat shoreline may appear to have tall cliffs, columns, and pedestals. The phenomenon can also result from temperature inversions.
While mirages may seem like fun, they proved confounding for early explorers. In 1818, British explorer John Ross entered Lancaster Sound while seeking the Northwest Passage. He saw mountains blocking the sound, and decided to sail no further. Ross named the range the Croker Mountains—but a later expedition showed that they did not exist: Ross had likely mistaken a superior mirage for a mountain range. In 1906, American explorer Robert E. Peary viewed a vast land northwest of Ellesmere Island and named it Crocker Land after his patron George Crocker. The next decade, American explorer Donald MacMillan and his men traveled laboriously over the frozen ocean toward what appeared to be the snow-capped peaks, hills, and valleys of Crocker Land. But the landscape ahead seemed to change its form and extent over time, and MacMillan realized that he and the members of his expedition were seeing, as Peary had seen, a superior mirage.
Optical haze
Also called shimmer, optical haze can work like a fog or mist, blurring objects seen at a distance. Optical haze occurs in a layer of air next to the ground where warmer air flows up and colder air descends, creating wind patterns known as convective currents. The difference in how the warm and cold air refract light causes objects seen through the layer to blur. Optical haze occurs quite frequently in the Arctic, often making it difficult to identify details in the landscape.
Halos
A halo occurs around the sun when light is refracted as it passes through ice crystals and produces a very well-defined ring of light around the sun. This is different from a corona whose ring is created when light is diffracted through small droplets of liquid water in clouds. When a thin uniform cirrostratus cloud deck containing ice crystals covers the sky, the halo may be in the form of a complete circle.
Sun dog
There are many types of halos. One special note is the parhelion or "sun dog." Sun dogs are luminous spots on both sides of the sun that occasionally occur with a halo.
Fogbow
A fogbow is caused by a process similar to that causing rainbows, but because of the very small size of the water droplets, the fog bow has very pale colors.
Whiteout
Whiteout occurs when the sky and snow assume a uniform whiteness, making the horizon indistinguishable and eliminating the contrast between visible objects both near and far. The observer loses all sense of perspective, and aircraft and other operations become extremely hazardous. Whiteouts happen most frequently in spring and fall, when the sun is near the horizon. Low clouds or fog and high-albedo surfaces such as snow create whiteout conditions because, under those conditions, light is reflected by multiple surfaces.
Research
Early research
Indigenous people have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years. Europeans began venturing into the Arctic around a thousand years ago, as Russians and Scandinavians ventured north and west, exploring new lands and searching for shipping routes. Scientific exploration began in earnest in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as people realized that there was much to learn about the Arctic climate.
In 1882 and 1883, 12 countries participated in the first International Polar Year expedition, establishing research stations and conducting extensive studies of oceanography, sea ice, and biology of the polar regions. The expeditions catalogued new islands, animals, and plants.
While many nations have contributed to Arctic research, Russia in particular has a long history of exploration and science in the Arctic. Large parts of Russia lie above the Arctic Circle, and the country is home to the three largest communities in the Arctic. Russians first started exploring the Arctic as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and carried out a number of expeditions starting in the early eighteenth century. In 1937, Russia established drifting stations that floated on sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, which laid the foundation for later studies of sea ice.
For more information on Russian research in the Arctic, see the Environmental Working Group Arctic Meteorology and Climate Atlas.
Research today
Today, scientists study the Arctic to learn more about how climate and weather are changing. They investigate how Arctic climate and weather interact with weather and climate in the middle latitudes, and are working to understand how climate change will affect the Arctic. To study the Arctic, researchers sometimes travel to the field to conduct experiments or make observations. They study the properties of snow and sea ice, digging snow pits to examine the properties of snow, or measuring the thickness of sea ice by hand to determine how the ice cover is changing. Researchers also study the frozen ground and permafrost that covers much of the Arctic lands. Other scientists use data collected by satellites or during aircraft missions while still others conduct experiments with climate models. Biologists research the unique plants and animals that live in the Arctic. In 2007 to 2008, researchers from around the world participated in another International Polar Year, launching international expeditions and collecting vast amounts of data about the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
In October 2019, the German Research Vessel Polarstern locked into sea ice for a yearlong expedition, drifting with the currents to study the Arctic climate system. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) was a 13-month, $155 million expedition focused on the interactions between the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. Over 600 experts from 20 countries divided their time on the ship to get a complete picture of the Arctic across all seasons. With MOSAiC having an open sharing data policy, results from this expedition are unlocking the complexities of the Arctic climate system to see what potential impacts may ripple to the rest of the planet.
Researchers are now also collaborating with Indigenous Peoples, who know a lot about the weather, plants, and animals that they see and rely upon. For example, Inuit in northern Canada noticed that weather patterns in their region had changed in a way that scientists had not noticed. When researchers listened to the Inuit and collaborated with them, they documented new changes in local weather that they think are related to climate change.
The Arctic is a huge region, and scientists cannot conceivably measure every bit of it in person. Hence researchers also use other tools to study the Arctic from afar. They make observations using satellite and aircraft remote sensing that allow them to measure factors that they cannot see directly, or which are too big to observe in person. Instead, they mount sensors on airplanes or satellites to record data. For example, satellite data provide estimates of the sea ice cover on the Arctic Ocean as well as weather patterns over the Arctic.
Researchers also combine their observations and data with computer models that try to replicate weather and sea ice conditions in the Arctic, and make predictions about the future. Models can help scientists understand what effects higher temperatures will have, for instance, or whether declining sea ice cover on the Arctic Ocean will add to climate change.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 57 |
https://m.facebook.com/groups/NZaurora/posts/8411008938913130/
|
en
|
Facebook
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
| null | |||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 14 |
https://secretmelbourne.com/aurora-australis-victoria/
|
en
|
Everything You Need To Know About Finding Aurora Australis In Victoria
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1543543449260625&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1543543449260625&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/generic-animated-spinner.svg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/generic-animated-spinner.svg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/484527b074aa02dce79a95006cdd2252?s=24&d=mm&r=g",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225318/aurora-australis-melbourne-victoria-1024x683.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225312/Aurora-4360-1024x550.jpg 1024w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225312/Aurora-4360-300x161.jpg 300w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225312/Aurora-4360-768x413.jpg 768w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225312/Aurora-4360.jpg 1280w",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225312/Aurora-4360-1024x550.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225311/Aurora-5878-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225311/Aurora-5878-300x199.jpg 300w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225311/Aurora-5878-768x511.jpg 768w, https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225311/Aurora-5878.jpg 1280w",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/13225311/Aurora-5878-1024x681.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/09171706/Melbourne-Fringe-Festival-24_The-Winner-Takes-It-All-netball8_credit-The-Huxleys-96x73.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/09171706/Melbourne-Fringe-Festival-24_The-Winner-Takes-It-All-netball8_credit-The-Huxleys-96x73.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/08190750/2023_09_07_Palacio-Fernan-Nunez_MADRID_SP_93_zinilk-1-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/08190750/2023_09_07_Palacio-Fernan-Nunez_MADRID_SP_93_zinilk-1-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/13224549/melbourne-royal-show-2-96x73.jpg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/13224549/melbourne-royal-show-2-96x73.jpg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/secret-media-network-new-logo.svg",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/themes/secretmedianetwork/images/secret-media-network-new-logo.svg",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://offloadmedia.feverup.com/secretmelbourne.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/03033628/secretmelbourne.com-logo-768x65.png",
"https://secretmelbourne.com/aurora-australis-victoria/"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nicole de Souza"
] |
2023-04-26T09:57:55+00:00
|
Did you know you can see aurora australis, or the Southern Lights, right here in Victoria? Find out the best spots and more tips.
|
en
|
Secret Melbourne
|
https://secretmelbourne.com/aurora-australis-victoria/
|
Aurora borealis, or the Northern Lights, might be famous, but you don’t have to travel all the way to the far reaches of Northern Hemisphere to see the shimmering beauty of this astrological phenomenon. You can see the Southern Lights, or aurora australis, right here in Victoria. Like its northern counterpart, this spectacular cosmic show occurs when high-energy particles from the sun collide with the Earth’s magnetic field. This produces splendid colours, like green, red and purple, that dance across the sky. While you’re more likely to spot aurora australis in Tasmania, there are times when you can spot it in Melbourne and Victoria.
When can you see aurora australis in Victoria?
Conditions for auroras are more likely when the sun is more active. The sun’s magnetic field goes through a cycle called the solar cycle. Every 11 years, this magnetic field flips, which affects activity on the sun’s surface. We’re leaving the start of the cycle, known as the solar minimum, and approaching the middle of the solar cycle, which is called the solar maximum. That’s when the sun has the most sunspots, and it’s a period of increased solar activity, like solar flares and coronal mass ejections. These coronal mass ejections throw out plasma at a high velocity, which interact with the Earth’s magnetic field to create stunning aurora displays.
You’re also likely to see auroras when there are coronal holes, which are darker regions on the sun with open magnetic fields. This open area allows high-speed solar wind to rush out into space. If a coronal hole is facing our planet, that solar wind will blast charged particles to Earth’s magnetosphere, which can also create auroras.
As we reach solar maximum, the chances of seeing aurora australis will increase. As you can only see it properly at night, you’ll also have better luck looking for auroras during the winter months, when the nights are longer. You’re also likely to see aurora australis during the September spring equinox, when our planet’s tilt aligns with its orbit around the sun, putting our magnetic field in a great position to receive charged particles.
What’s the best way to stay up-to-date?
We asked aurora enthusiast and photographer, Roger Bowker, for tips on chasing these glimmering lights. If you’re interested in the science of it all, he recommends Space Weather Live, which is a great place to keep track of solar and auroral activity in real time. They also have an app so you can keep track while you’re on the move.
You can also join Facebook groups, like Aurora Hunters Victoria, for local information.
“They’ve got a few people in there who will actually look ahead and study what’s happening with the sun and what’s happening with the solar winds,” said Bowker. “They’ll take some of the data that we get from satellites, which basically picks up some of that high flying plasma before it hits the Earth. It gives us about a 45 minute warning. I know that for most of us, 45 minutes is not enough time to get to where you need to get the photos. But it’s a good warning system to know that there’s something coming.”
Where are the best spots to see aurora australis?
As you might guess from the term Southern Lights, you need to look south, preferably out over the ocean where it’s dark and flat. You don’t want any light pollution to get in the way. Popular spots in Victoria include Flinders Blowhole, Cape Schanck, St Andrews Beach, Gunnamatta Beach, Kilcunda Bridge, Cape Paterson, Wilsons Promontory, Phillip Island, Aireys Inlet, Anglesea and Ninety Mile Beach. Closer to Melbourne, you might have luck at Rickett’s Point or the beach at Werribee South.
However, if you can’t make it to the coast, that’s ok! You can still see aurora inland, as long as there aren’t any obstructions like mountains, or any light pollution. Heathcote, for example, which is near the Astronomical Society of Victoria (ASV) dark sky site, is a great place to try your luck. Just remember to look south.
You will also need to allow time for your eyes to adjust to the darkness. This can range from ten to twenty minutes, depending on your age.
What your eyes see and what the cameras see will also look different. While you might be expecting vivid colours of greens and reds, the naked eye will more likely see moments of brightness, like a flickering white light. Cameras, which have a longer exposure, can pick up the colours to create the spectacular photos you’re more familiar with. When the particles interact with oxygen in our atmosphere, they give off a green and red light, whereas nitrogen creates gorgeous hues of blue and purple.
Photography tips
Roger Bowker has been a part of the Astronomical Society of Victoria for two years, but has been taking photos of aurora australis and other astronomical events for the last six or seven years.
For a start, he recommends using a tripod to keep your camera steady and a longer exposure to capture the lights. He uses a wide angle lens, shoots between 20 to 30 seconds depending on light conditions, and an ISO of 3200. Of course, it all depends on the type of camera you have, so definitely have a play around when you can.
Another tip is to remember to switch your camera to manual focus. “A lot of people try to go down there, and they won’t switch their lenses onto manual focus,” said Bowker. “There’s not enough light source for the camera to put its own focus down, so what ends up happening is you go down in the cold wet weather down the southern coastline, freeze your backside off, and come back and the camera’s not in focus! It’s not fun, and it’s something I’ve done before.”
When playing around with your settings, if you’ve got live view on your camera, find a bright object, like a ship in the horizon or a bright light on land, go to live view, zoom in, switch your focus to manual, focus it in and keep it on manual, so that when you switch back to shooting, it will keep that focus while you capture your incredible aurora australis pictures.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 16 |
https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
|
en
|
Why Auroras Look Different on The Camera
|
[
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375w.png",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/hdcache/auroras/PECB6247-BRIGHT.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/auroras/P1540799.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/polar/gunnar_BB78331.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/P1926357-RED.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247-EYE.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247-RAW.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/C1-editing.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/PECB6247-C1.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375b.png",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//auroras/P1926479 1.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//ICM/ICM-DSC01452.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//youtube/DSC01738.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//BhutaFlies/BhutaP1109919.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//gh6stars/gh6-uluru-triptic-23.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//WWM/P1884957.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/books/4K-A4872.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375w.png"
] |
[
"https://youtube.com/embed/6_ze-1ga64o",
"https://youtube.com/embed/mcjEbU0XsOU",
"https://youtube.com/embed/1tLZ6XAlNFY"
] |
[] |
[
"Aurora Photography",
"Northern Lights",
"Aurora",
"Nordlys",
"Arctic Norway",
"Norway",
"Photographic Field Guides",
"Photography",
"Practical Philosphies",
"Travel Photography."
] | null |
[
"Ewen Bell"
] | null |
What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
|
/favicon.ico
|
Photography by Ewen Bell
|
https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
|
What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
The Photography Blog
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 5 |
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
en
|
Photo tip of the week: Aurora Australis
|
[
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/SourceImage/spacer1.gif",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dspSite/siteLogo/APH-Masthead_330.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/SourceImage/spacer1.gif",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/1 - Mt Roland.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/3-Evandale resize.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/9 - Evadale resize.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/7--Hillwood-.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/4- Nile resize.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/6 - Cradle Mountain.jpg",
"https://yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/images/dmImage/StandardImage/5-Evandale-1.jpg",
"https://res.cloudinary.com/yaffa-publishing/image/fetch/fl_keep_iptc,c_fit,w_630/http%3A%2F%2Fyaffa%2Dcdn%2Es3%2Eamazonaws%2Ecom%2Fyaffadsp%2Fimages%2FdmImage%2FSourceImage%2F1%20%2D%20Mt%20Roland%2Ejpg",
"https://res.cloudinary.com/yaffa-publishing/image/fetch/fl_keep_iptc,c_fit,w_630/http%3A%2F%2Fyaffa%2Dcdn%2Es3%2Eamazonaws%2Ecom%2Fyaffadsp%2Fimages%2FdmImage%2FSourceImage%2F3%2DEvandale%20resize%2Ejpg",
"https://res.cloudinary.com/yaffa-publishing/image/fetch/fl_keep_iptc,c_fit,w_630/http%3A%2F%2Fyaffa%2Dcdn%2Es3%2Eamazonaws%2Ecom%2Fyaffadsp%2Fimages%2FdmImage%2FSourceImage%2F4%2D%20Nile%20resize%2Ejpg",
"https://www.yaffa.com.au/covers/APH.jpg",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=344809043372767&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=809876939848680&ev=PageView&noscript=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-07-11T00:00:00
|
Seen the Northern Lights and dream of having that eerie green glow in your photos? Launceston photographer Jason Stephens shares how you can capture the Southern Hemisphere's equivalent - the Aurora A...
|
en
|
//yaffa-cdn.s3.amazonaws.com/yaffadsp/files/aph-favico.png
|
https://www.australianphotography.com/photo-tips/photo-tip-of-the-week-aurora-australis
|
I first noticed the Aurora in 2012 when looking at some photos taken by a local photographer. I remember wondering what it was I looking at – the Northern lights in the South? Surely not! Since then I’ve taken hundreds of photos of the Aurora around Tasmania.
First off, it's important to look to the South if you want to have any success with photographing the Aurora. It's known as the Southern Lights for a reason – the clearest view South you can find is your best place to start.
When people ask me about photographing the Aurora, I'll often tell them to try and obtain a basic knowledge of how Auroras occur and when they are likely to occur first, as this is the best way to increase your chances of success. The Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights, happen when the sun releases a massive burst of solar wind and magnetic fields into space. These solar winds carry particles which interact with the earth’s magnetic field, colliding to produce energy releases in the form of Auroras.
I look at websites like spaceweather.com as well as the Facebook Page Aurora Australis Tasmania ahead of a photography trip. Being on the front foot and not waiting for others to notify you often means can get photographs you may otherwise have missed. A basic knowledge of your local weather patterns and moon phases is handy too.
Conditions-wise, you should be looking for clear skies and cloudless nights as the Aurora rarely shows her beauty behind clouds. But don’t let a little cloud deter you, they often provide an interesting feature in a photo, complimenting the Aurora.
I see many images with a stunning Aurora sky that would have been the most spectacular photograph with an interesting foreground or landscape. So when setting up your shot, try to choose a landscape scene that would be interesting enough without the Aurora - you'll then be amazed at how good it looks with the Aurora in there too! It's not always easy, but it is worth scouting during the day to find a place you can go to directly when the Aurora is on, rather than driving around in the dark when you can’t see a thing.
Gear
There's a few things you'll need to have in your camera bag for a successful trip.
DSLR Camera – it doesn't have to be the best on the market, but it does need to be able to take long exposure photographs.
A tripod – again, not a necessity to have the most expensive, but generally the more you spend, the most stable they will be in windy conditions. I started off with a cheap light tripod, which was fine, but soon outgrew it.
Memory cards. The more space, the more images you can bring home.
Batteries – Obviously your camera will not work without one, and I highly recommend at least 2 or 3. Batteries go flat rather quickly in the cold and taking multiple long exposures will drain that energy. Trust me, it's not a pleasurable experience to be out photographing an Aurora that's dazzling away and you run out of battery.
A remote shutter release cable or wireless remote – It helps to reduce vibration through the camera from pressing the shutter button. I often use mine on continuous shooting mode, so I can sit back and enjoy the Aurora whilst my camera and remote are doing all the work! You can also use the self timer mode (2 sec) so once you press the shutter button the camera waits 2 seconds to capture the exposure.
Warm clothes – if you are warm and comfortable you will be happy, and so will your images. If you become cold and miserable, your images will suffer. Believe me it is not a fun experience sitting there freezing when a couple of coats, thermals, beanie and gloves are sitting at home doing nothing.
Head Torch or Torch – It is dark at night, so bring one along to see where you are walking in the dark, as well as illuminate foregrounds (light paint) and to see your camera dials if they need adjusting.
Remember to have your gear ready at all times with your batteries charged. Nothing is more annoying than a great Aurora display and you are at home charging batteries and missing it.
Camera settings
I suggest you select manual mode, which allows you to adjust aperture and your desired shutter speed. Use your tripod for stability and your remote cable release to operate the shutter or self timer. Shoot in RAW, and if you can, use a wide angle lens. The advantage of a wide angle is it allows you to fit more of the Aurora and landscape into your image.
With photographing the night sky, you want to let in as much light as you can. For this reason, the widest possible aperture is best (the lowest f-stop number). Typically this will be f2.8 to f4, depending on which lens you choose or own. There are prime lenses that stop down to f1.4!
When setting your ISO, you'll need to make a call depending on what levels of noise your camera can handle. The higher level the better for more light. As a rule it’s generally around 1600-3200. Any moonlight will lower the ISO as there is natural light to begin with. Adjust it when you're in the field for the best results.
As the Aurora is moving constantly, the faster the shutter speed you choose the more detail you will capture. I like to start at around 10-15 seconds, although depending on which lens you use, you may need 15 to 30 seconds. This will still capture the Aurora, although loss of detail and trailing stars may affect the image quality.
To ensure everything is sharp, set both the camera body and lens to manual. Then, set your lens to infinity (most lenses have the infinity symbol on the focus ring). If the moon is out you can check focus using the moon, or a bright object in the distance. It's even easier if your camera has live view - zoom in 10x on a bright star, then adjust focus manually until the star is sharp.
White balance is often the forgotten setting. It's a personal preference, as the Aurora is not always visible to the naked eye – so set it to your tastes. My preferred choice is Kelvin 3850. It's what I believe gives the closest colour balance to the Auroras greens and reds. A lower value seems too cold and higher tends to be too warm.
Finally, always tell someone where you're going. It's dark, and accidents can happen. Shoot with a friend or two, not only for the company. Safety in numbers.
Remember you won’t see the Aurora sitting on the couch at home, so get out there amongst it! The most important thing is to enjoy being out on dark, cold nights. I have memories of so many great nights as I was prepared and enjoyed myself. An Aurora sighting will leave you speechless and wanting to see another and another!
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 34 |
https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103RBW
|
en
|
Aurora and Cephalus (The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection)
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Getty Museum collections",
"artworks",
"art works",
"art history",
"video",
"interpretation of art",
"acquisitions",
"artists",
"Getty art",
"collections Getty",
"collezioni Getty",
"colecciones Getty",
"Sammlung Getty",
"Getty exhibits",
"Getty current exhibitions",
"Getty Museum exhibits",
"los angeles collections",
"antiquities",
"decorative arts",
"sculpture",
"manuscripts",
"photography",
"paintings",
"drawings"
] | null |
[] | null |
Explore the collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center and the Getty Villa.
|
en
|
/art/collection/favicon.ico
|
The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection
|
https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103RBW
| |||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 97 |
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/05/12/northern-lights-across-us-see-photos/73664616007/
|
en
|
See stunning northern lights photos: The celestial sight dazzled again on Saturday
|
[
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/05/11/USAT/73655470007-clean.jpg?crop=1919,1079,x0,y0",
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/icon-play-alt-white.svg",
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/icon-instagram_24.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"USA TODAY",
"Julia Gomez"
] |
2024-05-12T00:00:00
|
The ongoing solar storm provided a celestial spectacle and enthusiastic viewers took to social media and elsewhere to share photos.
|
en
|
USA TODAY
|
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2024/05/12/northern-lights-across-us-see-photos/73664616007/
|
On Saturday, minutes before midnight, folks parked their cars, whipped out the bug spray and laid out blankets at a dark recreation area off the side of Interstate 75 in South Florida and waited for a glimpse of the northern lights.
While they didn't see much more than dozens of twinkling stars and an alligator lurking in dark, murky waters behind a guard rail, the ongoing solar storm provided a celestial spectacle in other parts of the country where enthusiastic viewers took to social media and elsewhere to share the sights.
As forecasters predict even better viewing on Sunday night, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, here's what people saw Saturday.
Better luck elsewhere
Those in Reno, Nevada, got to see a spectacle of purples and blues as the northern lights danced across the horizon.
Photos from the National Weather Service's Reno office near Truckee Meadows Community College show the full extent of the colorful night sky.
People in Seattle and Mexicali, Mexico, got to take some photos of the northern lights, too
However, folks in Joshua Tree National Park, California, had the same bad luck as people in South Florida
Will the northern lights be visible Sunday night?
According to NOAA, people in most of Canada and Alaska will be able to see the dazzling lights.
NOAA also predicts that the lights will most likely be visible over a large portion of the US. People as far south as Iowa and Nebraska could potentially see the northern lights tonight.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 61 |
https://www.9news.com.au/world/aurora-australis-borealis-southern-northern-lights-in-pictures/4ee95247-1f83-4143-811e-7dee36398887
|
en
|
Aurora Australis and Aurora Borealis in pictures: Geomagnetic storm lights up skies around the world
|
https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/PRN_znpMuyr8mX3ufGrs7P8QHts=/0x66:1079x673/1200x628/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F8b007b5d-9a07-43ab-be1e-14ab470dbf50
|
https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/PRN_znpMuyr8mX3ufGrs7P8QHts=/0x66:1079x673/1200x628/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F8b007b5d-9a07-43ab-be1e-14ab470dbf50
|
[
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/ITJX6b963abNq1E-Uipu5h0gPNo=/0x42:720x447/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Ffae58068-3d47-47fa-b0d1-1708407e4b1b",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/umZwQhOstTFzAqDXZaD6XJvBIAk=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Ff58692d0-2a42-4d57-9d96-043fdcbb43d9",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/u31_POwwVohj9cW3fVJ_6u4hEkI=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F12f571b5-edc4-434d-8012-5df6688173b1",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/Wu0YJ3QtqXMYwOyKSR1jsBPpGSk=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F8b007b5d-9a07-43ab-be1e-14ab470dbf50",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/4VTIWkrmVQ44U5m4j88-4_gf8v4=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Fe34ef340-d0f4-418a-88e2-f497f317f653",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/lQPGGRgR3_sHJ-oidRDMlETiKjU=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F14de6b81-587a-42c4-b741-181b17a09344",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/XdE1W2srAAsu1iLE6-o3ECXYMY4=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F82fd06d2-8612-4fc5-bebe-cde0140c0916",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/p1FUxdAnxYT29y5I19Mt6WbiAjE=/0x69:959x608/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F8bdbea03-885a-4e47-987e-485eb6bd933b",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/L0khci60UVWstoF_NfLTl2M-8_Y=/0x101:960x641/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Fed4162af-4185-4347-8c96-107cfc8ad007",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/t7peULkpKdtMfnOMHxpJ83Hemck=/0x32:720x437/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F34538800-eb0c-4069-9eec-c4f37db334b5",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/UQBrbfDIxW9_awVM0WJy7z5W_3M=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F5151aa4c-6f92-4ff6-aec8-03e2dec9aa06",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/LVY_-fY3lV5rqAN57d00-x59sbw=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Ffb5e715a-ae33-471f-b4fa-37483262f72b",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/jLyQl7rSlnP0A-mFJrejjjYMgMc=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F9add9d88-d7f2-4d69-bfaa-b9e4c3a2f7ec",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/3EvLnJu2lP0yjA7HuX8Edjq_IY8=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F8712101f-c270-42a0-8f8f-ef6b654bfe89",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/pfi3RHUiDpqWCC-Gv74JskBpi2Q=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Fc0c8db49-1a68-4c7a-a763-41752c9268ef",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/JRRlWuhc6-xqJ0Gkxhd2b1w6bRE=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Faa7e35ec-119c-47d4-8bb3-d6165b7a7f58",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/tnvRR2OuFBrQ8Nk66-KVuisoVn8=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Fc8686e43-73e5-4fa6-94ac-c97e1e959821",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/idz229a6w-nu6sWjh44FxQqoaCo=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F6003896c-5a61-43e8-933d-8b7844b858d1",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/AP67VofKO--AKD4whEEIv_Ycs1s=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2Fe4ffed60-740c-48a4-8c5f-77349b50e976",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/mb_uyXiAAvNVzbHU1bsF-8JrOkc=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F5deab121-2752-4a32-b3bf-dce37ff6a829",
"https://imageresizer.static9.net.au/xW9W8410_6sPrD4Jg6Al6VXPB7k=/400x0/https%3A%2F%2Fprod.static9.net.au%2Ffs%2F4ede63b1-5936-4b42-8637-0f9b4a0f280d"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-08-01T12:05:17+00:00
|
Last night's severe geomagnetic storm caused the "Aurora Australis" or southern lights to put on a show.
|
/assets/img/favicon.6c717b9f.svg
|
https://www.9news.com.au/world/aurora-australis-borealis-southern-northern-lights-in-pictures/4ee95247-1f83-4143-811e-7dee36398887
| |||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 78 |
https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/aurora-photography-tips
|
en
|
Southern Lights By Flight
|
http://vivaexpeditions.com/assets/Uploads/page-preview-images/Right-side-Dr-Stephen-Voss-9-1.jpg
|
http://vivaexpeditions.com/assets/Uploads/page-preview-images/Right-side-Dr-Stephen-Voss-9-1.jpg
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=543079396157036&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/assets/Blog/AuthorImages/_resampled/CroppedFocusedImageWzEwMCwxMDAsInkiLDExXQ/Stephen-Voss-2.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCw0MDBd/DSC03859-1-1.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCw0MDBd/Aurora-March-2021-c-Brad-Phipps-SM.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCwzMzhd/DSC08779-1.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCw0MDBd/Right-side-Dr-Stephen-Voss-4-1.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCw0MDBd/Right-side-Dr-Stephen-Voss-9-1.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/23112-L-LO.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCwzMzhd/DSC03800-1.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/assets/Uploads/_resampled/ResizedImageWzYwMCw0MDFd/Aurora-shot-for-web.jpg",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/latam-airlines-logo-min.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/air-nz-logo.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/rainforest-logo.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/adventure-travel-logo.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/trustpilot-logo-2021.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/TAANZ_Circle_Logo_C_Tagline_AM_ORG_CMYK.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/100__Pure_NZ-footer.png",
"https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/themes/base/production/images/footer/QualmarkSilverAwardLogoHorizontal.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Want to learn about photographing an aurora? Check out our top tips on how best to photograph the Southern Lights onboard an aircraft 40,000 feet in the sky.
|
en
|
favicon.png
|
Viva Expeditions
|
https://vivaexpeditions.com/blog/aurora-photography-tips/
|
Night-sky photography from 40,000 feet in the sky on a moving Air New Zealand dreamliner platform through a small window presents a few unique challenges compared to traditional photography.
There are some issues around how to stabilise your camera, how to focus in the dark, what camera settings to use, how to look with our eyes and photograph through the same window, and whether it’s possible to use your phone camera to capture images.
I’ll address each of these issues individually, but for now I’ll open with just one bit of general advice - get to know your camera! We really can’t over-emphasise how important it is to have an understanding of your camera and lens settings if you plan to take your own photographs on the Southern Lights by Flight.
Click the links below to skip through the article:
1. Adapting to the Dark on the Flight
2. Camera Settings
3. Stabilising the Camera Inside the Cabin
4. Focusing in the Dark
5. Phone Camera
Photo Credit: Brad Phipps
Learn how to put your camera into manual mode (including manual focus), how to turn off the flash, and how to adjust the exposure time, aperture and ISO settings. If you can control these basic settings, then you are 80% of the way there already to capture the night sky and the Aurora Australis. There will have photographers on board all of our upcoming flights who can try to help with these things, but there is a limitation to what can be done, in the dark, with unfamiliar equipment and without the benefit of the user manual in front of us. If you’re not sure how to adjust these settings, read your camera manual now.
Photo Credit: Brad Phipps
Adapting to the Dark on the Flight
Before we get into the detail, it’s perhaps also important to think about what your main focus is for the Southern Lights by flight. I’m going to be a little controversial here and say that I don’t think it is possible to take the perfect photo and have the perfect visual experience of the Aurora Australis at the same time.
Taking photos means you will be occupied with many of the things mentioned above, and it will invariably also involve spending lots of time looking at settings and images on an illuminated LCD screen. This will impair your night vision. I cannot over-emphasise this enough - looking at the brightly lit LCD screen of your camera or phone will impair the dark adaptation of your eyes and limit your visual experience.
It takes 20 minutes for the human eye to fully dark adapt, but a glimpse of a bright light or illuminated LCD screen will quickly set this process back by 5-6 minutes. If you keep looking at your LCD screen every few minutes, your eyes will never adjust to the darkness (the equivalent of looking out the window wearing sunglasses for the entire flight!).
The best views of the aurora are only achieved with fully dark adapted vision (and I can guarantee that we will be keeping it very dark in the cabin when we’re in the auroral zone on the Southern Lights by Flight).
If you really want to maximise the visual experience, then I would suggest putting the phone or camera down, enjoy the views during the flight, and then look forward to the free photos that the onboard photographers will be making available afterwards. If you are going to take photos, try to protect your eyes from unnecessary light - cover the back of the LCD screen, or at least have the brightness dimmed as low as it will go. Turn off “auto-preview” which flashes up a copy of the image each time you take a shot. Another technique is to cover the LCD screen with red cellophane (the dark adapted eye is less sensitive to the effects of red light).
Right, onto the more specific photography advice…
Camera Settings
One of the main challenges photographing the aurora from an aircraft is that we’re on a moving platform. Even during a smooth flight the aircraft is making small adjustments to maintain the correct course and level flight, and this translates to subtle movement of the background sky in relation to our view out the window. An exposure taken while the aircraft alters its pitch or attitude will produce motion blur on your image (particularly noticeable with stars).
Photo Credit: Stephen Voss
So the aim is to keep exposures as short as possible to maximise your chance of capturing a crisp static shot with pinpoint stars. This means keeping the lens aperture as wide open as possible, and pushing the ISO (“sensitivity”) setting on your camera as high as you’re prepared to go (the compromise is that higher ISO’s introduce more noise to your images). I usually start out with a pretty high ISO (6400-12800) to capture the first hints of auroral glow, then drop down if/when the display gets brighter. It will depend on your camera however, older cameras may have a more limited ISO range, and they will likely introduce a lot more noise at higher settings.
Apart from very intense displays, most aurora are a relatively faint phenomenon, so exposures of a few seconds are usually required to bring out the detail. A bright auroral display coupled with a fast lens and high ISO may permit exposures as short as 1 second or less, but dimmer displays will need longer (e.g 4-5 seconds). Less sensitive cameras or slower lenses will need even longer exposures, increasing the likelihood of movement blur. To get a feel for what settings are ideal for your own set-up, it can be helpful to experiment taking photos of the night sky in the weeks before for flight, aiming to capture images with a good range of stars showing up in the frame. You’ll need to mount your camera on a tripod, and If you live in a larger city you may wish to travel outside the city boundary away from streetlights on a moonless night to more accurately simulate the level of darkness we will have on the flight. If you can photograph stars from on the ground, then there’s a good chance you’ll be able to at least capture something of the aurora from in-flight.
Stabilising the Camera Inside the Cabin
So we’ve talked about camera settings to minimise the effect of aircraft movement when photographing the aurora in flight, but we also have movement of the camera inside the cabin to combat. We need some way of securing the camera next to the window so that the camera itself doesn’t move while capturing an image. You can try a hand-held shot at high ISO, but the exposure times needed increase the likelihood that your hand will introduce some motion blur.
If you’re fortunate enough to have a camera capable of taking very high ISO video (such as the Sony A7s series), and we encounter a particularly bright aurora on the night, it may be possible to capture some hand-held real time video. But for the rest of us we’re going to benefit from a small tripod, monopod or suction mount to hold the camera steady.
Photo Credit: Stephen Voss
On the first Flight to view the Southern Lights in 2017, I used a small tripod, but space was pretty limited and there was the need for at least one tripod leg to rest on the seat cushion (which itself is not the most stable platform). An alternative is to use a monopod -this is still dependent on providing some manual support to the camera yourself while pushing the lens up close to the window, but a monopod is small, compact and easily deployed without upsetting your seat neighbour. Air New Zealand would prefer that we don’t go scrapping our lens hoods all over their windows and leaving scratches. Sticking some soft adhesive felt around the edge of your lens hood to provide some protection should the lens makes contact with the window would be a good idea. Alternatively, just be careful to maintain a small distance between the lens and the window.
One of the more efficient ways of stabilising the camera inside the cabin is to use a suction mount that attaches to the window and supports the camera. There’s a numerous range of suction mounts available out there, many of them only suitable for lightweight cameras or “GoPro’s”. A full size dSLR and lens can be a bit weighty, so you need to make sure your mount is capable of supporting your own setup.
Suction Mount
Photographers on previous flights have had success with dual or triple mount systems such as those marketed by “Fat Gecko”. Air New Zealand are happy with these devices being attached to the Windows (just not during take-off or landing!). You would need to accept the risk that if we hit a significant pocket of turbulence, there’s a risk that your entire rig may come tumbling down. Also, it’s important that whatever you use, it can be quickly and easily removed when it comes time to seat swap (not a problem if you’ve purchase an entire row between friends), and that it doesn’t impinge on your neighbour.
Focusing in the Dark
Trying to achieve accurate focus in the dark can be a challenge. Unless there is a reasonably bright distant object to centre on, it’s likely that the built-in auto focus won’t work and the lens will just whir back and forth trying but failing to find something to lock on. A simple trick is to focus on a distant object during daylight before boarding, then turn off auto focus and hold the lens at that focal setting for the duration of the flight. You can even tape the focus ring in place to prevent an inadvertent knock altering the focus through the night.
If you have a camera with an LCD live view option, this can be especially useful for refining focus manually. Try centering on a bright star then use the digital zoom to magnify the image on the screen. From there you can manually adjust the focus, the aim being to settle on the focal point where the star looks smallest. Again, it’s a good idea to try practicing this from home beforehand without the confined space and more limited field of view of an aircraft seat. And as mentioned above, once you’ve achieved focus, turn off the LCD screen to help improve your own dark adaptation.
What about Phone Cameras?
So one of the most common questions we get asked is “can I take a photo of an aurora with my phone camera”, and there’s no single answer that applies to all the different phones that are now out there. Some phone cameras just don’t have the sensitivity to capture the night sky at all, while there are others that can do a pretty good job using the stock camera app. Whether you have a phone capable of capturing the aurora will depend pretty much on its quality and age. Some of the most recent iPhones and Huawei phones are pretty capable.
Photo Credit: Viva Expeditions
My advice is to try using the stock camera app first - this may be all you need. Just as with the advice above for stand-alone cameras, try taking some photos of stars in the night sky in the days prior to the flight.
If you’re unable to photograph a range of stars, then it’s unlikely that the combination of your phone and the stock camera app will be successful with the aurora.
You could try downloading an app that is tailored toward getting a bit more out of your phone in low light.
For the iPhone a simple option is “Easy Long Exposure Camera” (free download, but paid to be able to get full access to ISO settings) and I’ve also had some success using “NightCap Camera”.
For Android phones I’ve seen some good results from “Manual Camera DSLR” although the interface looks a bit fiddly. Any app that gives you manual control over exposure, ISO and aperture is likely to help.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 95 |
https://www.secretatlas.com/explorers-club/photography-tips/northern-lights-photography/
|
en
|
Northern Lights Photography – An Expert’s Guide with Top Tips
|
[
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/logo-secret-atlas-dark.svg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/logo-secret-atlas-dark.svg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/antarctica-85x85.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/explorers-club-logo-1400x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Virgil-Reglioni-Expedition-Leader-Secret-Atlas-500x500.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-northern-lights-mountains-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-northern-lights-sky-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-frozen-camera-greenland-secret-atlas-1-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-taking-photos-northern-lights-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-regloni-reading-wind-forecast-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Florian_Ledoux_Drone_Shot_Zodiacs_Sea_Ice-320x240.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/svalbard-by-florian-ledoux-320x240.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/secret-atlas-explorers-club-magazine-scaled-1400x0-c-default.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Mariano-in-Greenland-900x0-c-default.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/greenland-photography-workshop-751x500.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-taking-photos-northern-lights-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Greenland-weather-Secret-Atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/virgil-reglioni-northern-lights-mountains-greenland-secret-atlas-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/East-greenland-cruise-scoresby-sund-900x0-c-default.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Greenland-4-900x0-c-default.jpeg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Polar_Bear_Svalbard_Shutterstock_SecretAtlas_WebVersion-900x0-c-default.jpg",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/sa-icon-grey.png",
"https://crm.zoho.eu/crm/CaptchaServlet?formId=2fcebfcac1fa8c2c644bf20dae4586441b445dc0817f5d16b90ca9fa97fe3a1985c93ba20e5865229670e1025b47254a&grpid=5ed4950edfd22af868f9ce65aed3d16d03c91dc28657b7f61542ef5dab43cdc9",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/sa-icon-grey.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/IAATO-PNG-2-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/ATTA-Member-Badge-Horizontal-white-1024x298-1.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/aeco-logo-white-2048x489-1.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/1percentfortheplanet-900x0-c-default.png",
"https://www.secretatlas.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Polar-Tourism-Guides-Association-logo-International-guiding-standards-for-Polar-regions.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Ennio"
] |
2023-09-12T17:49:48+00:00
|
Join photographer Virgil Reglioni to capture the magic of the Northern Lights. Learn about camera settings, composition, and preparation.
|
en
|
Secret Atlas
|
https://www.secretatlas.com/explorers-club/greenland/northern-lights-photography/
|
This is what Virgil’s camera looks like while photographing the Northern Lights in Greenland
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 63 |
https://www.slideserve.com/hila/auroras
|
en
|
AURORAS PowerPoint Presentation, free download
|
[
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/logo.svg",
"https://cdn3.slideserve.com/5438159/auroras-n.jpg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/photo/30446.jpeg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/output_cBjjdt.gif",
"https://cdn4.slideserve.com/625217/slide1-dt.jpg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg",
"https://www.slideserve.com/img/preload-bg.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-10-12T00:00:00
|
AURORAS. Aurora borealis (northern lights) Aurora australis (southern lights) Beautiful, dynamic, light displays seen in the night sky in the northern and southern latitudes, near the poles. Aurora Australis. Slideshow 5438159 by hila
|
en
|
https://www.slideserve.com/img/favicon.ico
|
SlideServe
|
https://www.slideserve.com/hila/auroras
|
AURORAS • Aurora borealis (northern lights) • Aurora australis (southern lights) • Beautiful, dynamic, light displays seen in the night sky in the northern and southern latitudes, near the poles.
Aurora Australis • Looking toward the south, the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor made this stunning time exposure of the aurora australis (southern lights) in April of 1994.
Sailing upside down, 115 nautical miles above Earth, the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor made this spectacular time exposure of the southern aurora (aurora australis) in October of 1994. The dark object at lower left is the Earth. A Side View of Aurora Australis
Prime Viewing • Alaska, and northern Canada • Northernmost part of Scandinavia, in Europe • Antarctica
Aurora View
Aurora View
ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS • Thermosphere: Temperatures can reach 2000 degrees F because high energy x-rays are being absorbed into this layer. • Mesosphere: The mesosphere also contains ozone. Ozone filters out powerful ultraviolet rays from the sun. This zone has the coldest temperatures in the atmosphere. • Stratosphere: The stratosphere is the layer in which jets most often travel. It is clear and cold and contains clouds. A special form of oxygen, called ozone is also found in the stratosphere. • Troposphere: This is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and the layer in which you live. Almost all weather takes place in the troposphere.
Final Atmospheric Layers Ionosphere & Magnetosphere • The ionosphere is the region of the atmosphere that contains many electrically charged particles, called ions. These charged particles result from powerful cosmic rays that collide with the atoms of the atmosphere. The ionosphere extends from approximately 70 to over 400 miles above the surface of the Earth. • The magnetosphere is the farthest layer of Earth’s atmosphere and contains the magnetic field that surrounds the planet. This layer protects Earth from the bombardment of particles coming from outer space.
It All Starts Here! • Moving at a million miles per hour, the Sun’s hot ionized gas, called plasma, carries particles and magnetic fields from the Sun outward past the planets. • This stream of charged particles is called the solar wind.
Ultraviolet image of the 1 million degree plumes from the sun's surface near the south pole. Taken by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), March 7, 1996
SOLAR WIND • Composed mainly of hydrogen ions (protons) and electrons. It carries the magnetic field from the Sun into interplanetary space. • Speed and density vary tremendously. Its speed and density tend to go up when it comes from active regions on the Sun, like sunspots, solar flares, and coronal holes. • The solar wind streams outward through the solar system at an average speed of 400 km/sec (1,440,000 km/hr, 893,000 mi/hr). • At the distance of the Earth from the Sun, 93 million miles, it has an average density of 8 particles per cubic centimenter. • On average, solar wind originating from around the equator on the Sun takes approximately four days to reach Earth.
SOLAR FLARE • Intense explosions on the Sun • Occurs because of a very active Sun.
Gaseous eruptions occur when a significant amount of cool dense plasma or ionized gas escapes from the normally closed, low-level magnetic fields of the Sun's atmosphere. • Eruptions travel out into space and can produce major disruptions in the near Earth environment, affecting communications, navigation systems and even power grids.
Solar Wind Affects Comets • The tail of a comet always points away from the Sun because of the force of the solar wind. • The tail of comet Hyakutake, visible in this (March 26, 1996) color image, is composed of dust and gas driven off the icy comet nucleus by the Sun's heat and blown away by the solar wind. • Bathed in sunlight, the gas molecules break down and are excited, producing a characteristic glow. This glow is responsible for visible light from the tail.
PLASMA APPROACHES THE MAGNETOSPHERE
BLAST OF SOLAR WIND AS IT REACHES EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE
CAUSE OF THE NORTHERN LIGHTS • Sun spews out charged particles from its solar wind that stream toward Earth’s magnetosphere. • The particles speed up as they travel down the magnetic field lines toward the poles. • The particles gain a lot of energy so that when they blast into the Earth’s atmosphere they collide with ionized gas particles of oxygen and nitrogen gas, causing the brilliant light show of the auroras. But, how do particle collisions make the sky glow?
ELECTRONS POP BACK INTO ORBITS TO PRODUCE LIGHT • Solar wind particles blast into the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the magnetosphere - energy is given off and the electrons jump into a higher energy shell around their nucleus. • Electrons want to return to their normal shell because they can’t keep this energy for long. When the electrons return to their lower energy level (shell), the energy they give off is a small burst of light, called a photon of a particular wavelength. • The wavelength determines the color of the light. (Nitrogen gas ions produce pink and magenta color of light whereas oxygen ions emit greenish light) Billions of atoms and molecules undergoing these electron excitations are what produce the light in the auroras. The color of the light is determined by the amount of energy absorbed and released by the atom or molecule.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 36 |
https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/northern-lights-vs-southern-lights-which-celestial-show-is-better/
|
en
|
Southern Lights vs. Northern Lights: What's the Difference?
|
[
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/DTC_XS_LOGO.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/DTC_XS_LOGO.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/HERO-NewZealand_NicoVeraOrtiz_Shutterstock-scaled.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/HERO-NewZealand_NicoVeraOrtiz_Shutterstock-scaled.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RandiGollin_Madrid_Headshot2-1-150x150.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RandiGollin_Madrid_Headshot2-1-150x150.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/TromsoNorway.BjornAreWithAndreassen_Unsplash-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/TromsoNorway.BjornAreWithAndreassen_Unsplash-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/BlueLagoonIceland.KenPhung_Shutterstock-1024x743.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/BlueLagoonIceland.KenPhung_Shutterstock-1024x743.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/YellowknifeCanada.KwanFung_Unsplash-1024x768.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/YellowknifeCanada.KwanFung_Unsplash-1024x768.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Tasmania.TristanPokornyi_Pexels-1024x623.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Tasmania.TristanPokornyi_Pexels-1024x623.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/NewZealand.SebastianKnoll_Unsplash-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/NewZealand.SebastianKnoll_Unsplash-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/SouthPoleStation.Pixabayjpg-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/SouthPoleStation.Pixabayjpg-1024x683.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RandiGollin_Madrid_Headshot2-1.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/RandiGollin_Madrid_Headshot2-1.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hero-image-stargazing-europe-120x120.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/hero-image-stargazing-europe-120x120.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/poweredby.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/poweredby.png",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-days-to-come.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-days-to-come.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-tourradar.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-tourradar.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-tourradar.jpg",
"https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/wp-content/themes/tour-radar/assets/images/logo-tourradar.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Randi Gollin",
"Randi Gollin →",
"Felipe Rosen Mosquera",
"Jehangir Irani"
] |
2023-10-31T12:17:04+00:00
|
Planning a trip with the hopes of an aurora borealis or aurora australis sighting? Discover the best times of year, and the most magical places to see these mystical wonders.
|
en
|
Days to Come
|
https://www.tourradar.com/days-to-come/northern-lights-vs-southern-lights-which-celestial-show-is-better/
|
Whether you’ve read about the majestic northern lights in books or watched them dance across the night sky in movie scenes, chances are you’ve caught wind of this incredible natural phenomenon also known as aurora borealis. After all, the northern lights have captivated mankind since ancient times, even playing a role in Norse mythology and Inuit legends.
As amazing as the northern lights may be (and believe us, they are) this aurora isn’t the only celestial light display to stoke the imagination. The Southern Hemisphere boasts its own spectacular blaze of glory called the southern lights or aurora australis.
In weighing southern lights vs. northern lights, which is better, aurora borealis or aurora australis?
Our travel guide explains everything you need to know, from southern lights and northern lights differences to the most compelling corners of the earth to witness, or even chase, these elusive, unpredictable auroras in real life. Some vantage points are a world away, while others may be closer to your own backyard.
Is it easier to see the northern lights or the southern lights?
One of the key differences between aurora borealis and aurora australis centers around where each rarity takes place. Northern lights streak across the heavens in remote destinations close to the North Pole, especially those near the Arctic Circle, and far away from cities (where light pollution occludes visibility). Aurora borealis has earned more of a reputation because the light dance is more visible from these expansive prime areas, including Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and the Scandinavian countries of Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Sweden, and Norway, which tops the list.
While southern lights are as good as northern lights, aurora australis occurs in less-accessible places near the South Pole, including Antarctica and Down Under in Australia, Tasmania, an island state of Australia, south of the mainland, and New Zealand. Though fantastic, viewing conditions aren’t as ideal, and given the capriciousness of auroras, it may be more of a gamble than the northern lights.
What causes aurora borealis and aurora australis?
Though rare, auroras are natural interactions that occur when electrically charged solar particles crash into atoms of oxygen and nitrogen from the Earth’s atmosphere. As they travel along the magnetic field between the North Pole and the South Pole, the particles wind up trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere, and when the gasses release energy, voila! The night sky is illuminated by shimmering auroras near the poles, around 60-620 miles (97-1,000 kilometers) above Earth’s surface. The stronger the solar wind, the more intense the auroras.
Northern lights vs. southern lights colors
The fascinating tableau you see also depends on the gasses released into the night sky. Oxygen emits a red or greenish-yellow light. The higher the altitude (about 300 km or 186 mi) the more likely pinks and reds will appear. Nitrogen flashes blue and purple, a less common color story, at different altitudes. The spectral spectacle of southern lights and northern lights may last for mere minutes or several days.
Are you ready to embrace the magic and the mystery of the otherworldly aurora borealis and aurora australis? Here are some of the best places to experience southern lights and northern lights’ brightest colors.
Best places to see the northern lights vs southern lights
Northern lights
Tromsø, Norway: Norway is lauded as the best place to see the aurora phenomenon. Surrounded by mountain peaks, this charming city, the gateway to the Arctic Circle (where the sun never sets), is known as the “Arctic Capital.”
Yellowknife, Canada: Canada also ranks as a top sighting spot, with most of its land strategically located under the Auroral Oval, famous for its powerful geomagnetic activity. The jewel in the crown is Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories, aka the “Aurora Capital of North America.”
Grótta, Iceland: This nature reserve in the northwestern reaches of Greater Reykjavík features a historic lighthouse surrounded by black sands. There’s minimal pollution, making it a magnet for aurora-gazers.
Churchill, Canada: Perfectly situated in the Auroral Oval, this small Manitoba town boasts over 300 nights of aurora activity a year, with the strongest showings in February and March. Polar bears also bear witness.
Aurora Sky Station, Sweden: Getting to this mountaintop perch in the Swedish Lapland is an adventure in itself. From the Abisko National Park board a chairlift that zips you up to the viewing tower.
Nuuk, Greenland: With little pollution, awe-inspiring mountains and fjords, the capital of Greenland is one of the most scenic spots to observe aurora borealis.
Southern lights
Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania: This picturesque coastal town southeast of Hobart, Tasmania’s capital, offers incredible cliffs, a rugged landscape and the chance to spy aurora australis.
Mount Wellington, Tasmania: Tasmania is considered prime aurora viewing turf, and Mount Wellington offers vistas as far as the eye can see from its 4,100-foot peak.
South Georgia Island, British Overseas Territory: It’s incredibly challenging to reach this remote sub-Antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, but intrepid adventurers may also be rewarded with a glimpse of humpback whales.
Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania: Boasting stupendous mountain scenery, including Cradle Mountain, glacial-carved lakes, wildlife and the Overland Track, a hikers’ nirvana, this national park in the Central Highlands is a premier perch to spot the southern lights.
Stewart Island, New Zealand: Home to Rakiura National Park, this secluded island in southernmost New Zealand boasts rainforests, beaches and unique birdlife, including the kiwi, a fantastic backdrop for catching the southern lights.
Ushuaia, Argentina: Known as the “Gateway to Antarctica,” this south-of-the-equator adventure hub is the world’s southernmost city. It’s also much easier to get to than its counterparts, so you may have more luck viewing flighty auroras.
Prime time for southern lights and northern lights
You can catch auroras almost any time of the year, but you’re more likely to see them when the night skies are clear, dark, and cloudless, which means wintertime. For northern lights, that window is August through late February, and for southern lights, March to September, with May offering the most light show potential. Timing your adventure to a new moon, when the sky is its darkest, may work in your favor, too, but remember that pollution, clouds, starlight, and moonlight can also obstruct visibility.
How to take photos of the southern lights and northern lights
Plenty of smartphone apps let you track the Northern Lights in real-time, such as My Aurora Forecast and Aurora Alerts; that said, nothing can replace the expertise of an experienced tour guide.
If your patience pays off, you can also capture the fickle spectacle with smartphone apps including Northern Lights Photo Taker, NightCap Camera and Cortex Camera. (Check out our complete guide to photographing the northern lights with a smartphone here.) If a DSLR camera is more your speed, it’s worthwhile to also bring along a tripod, wide lens and spare batteries.
How to dress for the southern lights vs. northern lights
Once you pinpoint your destination, it’s essential to dress for the elements. Warm clothing is, of course, a no-brainer, especially in the wintertime. Think long johns, layers of fleece or woolen sweaters, warm socks, a waterproof jacket and pants, plus boots that keep your feet toasty in frigid temperatures.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 0 |
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aurora/
|
en
|
Aurora
|
[
"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/_next/static/media/nglogo.73d6b6aa.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/aurora
|
An aurora is a natural light display that shimmers in the sky. Blue, red, yellow, green, and orange lights shift gently and change shape like softly blowing curtains. Auroras are only visible at night, and usually only appear in lower polar regions.
Auroras are visible almost every night near the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, which are about 66.5 degrees north and south of the Equator. In the north, the display is called aurora borealis, or northern lights. In the south, it is called aurora australis, or southern lights.
Auroras and the Solar Wind
The activity that creates auroras begins on the sun. The sun is a ball of superhot gases made of electrically charged particles called ions. The ions, which continuously stream from the sunâs surface, are called the solar wind.
As solar wind approaches Earth, it meets Earthâs magnetic field. Without this magnetic field protecting the planet, the solar wind would blow away Earthâs fragile atmosphere, preventing all life. Most of the solar wind is blocked by the magnetosphere, and the ions, forced around the planet, continue to travel farther into the solar system.
Although most of the solar wind is blocked by the magnetosphere, some of the ions become briefly trapped in ring-shaped holding areas around the planet. These areas, in a region of the atmosphere called the ionosphere, are centered around Earthâs geomagnetic poles. The geomagnetic poles mark the tilted axis of Earthâs magnetic field. They lie about 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) from the geographic poles, but are slowly moving.
In the ionosphere, the ions of the solar wind collide with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen from Earthâs atmosphere. The energy released during these collisions causes a colorful glowing halo around the polesâan aurora. Most auroras happen about 97-1,000 kilometers (60-620 miles) above Earthâs surface.
The most active auroras happen when the solar wind is the strongest. The solar wind is usually fairly constant, but solar weatherâthe heating and cooling of different parts of the sunâcan change daily.
Solar weather is often measured in sunspots. Sunspots are the coldest part of the sun and appear as dark blobs on its white-hot surface. Solar flares and coronal mass ejections are associated with sunspots . Solar flares and coronal mass eject ions are sudden, extra bursts of energy in the solar wind . Sunspot activity is tracked over an 11-year cycle. Bright, consistent auroras are most visible during the height of sunspot activity.
Some increased activity in the solar wind happens during every equinox. These regular fluctuat ions are known as magnetic storms. Magnetic storms can lead to auroras being seen in the midlatitudes during the time around the spring and autumnal equinoxes. Auroras have been visible as far south as the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico.
Magnetic storms and active auroras can sometimes interfere with communicat ions . They can disrupt radio and radar signals. Intense magnetic storms can even disable communicat ion satellites.
Coloring an Aurora
The colors of the aurora vary, depending on altitude and the kind of atoms involved. If ions strike oxygen atoms high in the atmosphere , the interact ion produces a red glow. This is an unusual aurora âthe most familiar display, a green-yellow hue, occurs as ions strike oxygen at lower altitudes . Reddish and bluish light that often appears in the lower fringes of auroras is produced by ions striking atoms of nitrogen . Ions striking hydrogen and helium atoms can produce blue and purple auroras , although our eyes can rarely detect this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
To find out more about the mysterious light displays, scientists have launched satellites specially designed to study auroras . Until 2005, NASAâs IMAGE ( Imager for Magnetopause-to- Aurora Global Explorat ion ) satellite used ultraviolet and radio waves to study auroras and how they are formed.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 75 |
https://ui.aceternity.com/components/aurora-background
|
en
|
Aurora Background
|
[
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=128&q=75 2x",
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo-dark.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo-dark.png&w=128&q=75 2x",
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=128&q=75 2x",
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=128&q=75 2x",
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo.png&w=128&q=75 2x",
"https://ui.aceternity.com/_next/image?url=%2Flogo-dark.png&w=64&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Flogo-dark.png&w=128&q=75 2x"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
A subtle Aurora or Southern Lights background for your website.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
"use client"; import { cn } from"@/lib/utils"; importReact, { ReactNode } from"react"; interfaceAuroraBackgroundPropsextendsReact.HTMLProps<HTMLDivElement> { children: ReactNode; showRadialGradient?: boolean; } exportconstAuroraBackground= ({ className, children, showRadialGradient=true, ...props }: AuroraBackgroundProps) => { return ( <main> <div className={cn( "relative flex flex-col h-[100vh] items-center justify-center bg-zinc-50 dark:bg-zinc-900 text-slate-950 transition-bg", className )} {...props} > <divclassName="absolute inset-0 overflow-hidden"> <div // I'm sorry but this is what peak developer performance looks like // trigger warning className={cn( ` [--white-gradient:repeating-linear-gradient(100deg,var(--white)_0%,var(--white)_7%,var(--transparent)_10%,var(--transparent)_12%,var(--white)_16%)] [--dark-gradient:repeating-linear-gradient(100deg,var(--black)_0%,var(--black)_7%,var(--transparent)_10%,var(--transparent)_12%,var(--black)_16%)] [--aurora:repeating-linear-gradient(100deg,var(--blue-500)_10%,var(--indigo-300)_15%,var(--blue-300)_20%,var(--violet-200)_25%,var(--blue-400)_30%)] [background-image:var(--white-gradient),var(--aurora)] dark:[background-image:var(--dark-gradient),var(--aurora)] [background-size:300%,_200%] [background-position:50%_50%,50%_50%] filter blur-[10px] invert dark:invert-0 after:content-[""] after:absolute after:inset-0 after:[background-image:var(--white-gradient),var(--aurora)] after:dark:[background-image:var(--dark-gradient),var(--aurora)] after:[background-size:200%,_100%] after:animate-aurora after:[background-attachment:fixed] after:mix-blend-difference pointer-events-none absolute -inset-[10px] opacity-50 will-change-transform`, showRadialGradient&& `[mask-image:radial-gradient(ellipse_at_100%_0%,black_10%,var(--transparent)_70%)]` )} ></div> </div> {children} </div> </main> ); };
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 83 |
https://talesfromthelens.com/how-to-photograph-northern-lights-camera-tips/
|
en
|
How to photograph Northern Lights
|
[
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/cropped-logo_tales_from_the_lens_black_1.png",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/cropped-logo_tales_from_the_lens_black_1.png",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-300x200.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-768x512.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-600x400.jpg 600w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-930x620.jpg 930w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-272x182.jpg 272w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1-300x117.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1-1024x399.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1-768x299.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1-1536x599.jpg 1536w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-daylight-panorama-1.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1.png 955w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1-300x8.png 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1-768x20.png 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1-930x25.png 930w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1.png",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image.png 1167w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-300x106.png 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-1024x362.png 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image-768x272.png 768w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/image.png",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kpmapb.jpg 650w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kpmapb-300x245.jpg 300w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/kpmapb.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-300x200.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-768x512.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-600x400.jpg 600w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-930x620.jpg 930w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result-272x182.jpg 272w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-06_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-300x200.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-768x512.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-600x400.jpg 600w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-930x620.jpg 930w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result-272x182.jpg 272w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-05_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result-300x198.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result-768x507.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result-1536x1013.jpg 1536w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-14_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3-300x197.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3-1024x672.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3-768x504.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3-1536x1008.jpg 1536w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norwaysmal-3.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result.jpg 1980w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result-300x197.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result-1024x672.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result-768x504.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result-1536x1008.jpg 1536w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-15_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result.jpg 1320w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result-200x300.jpg 200w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result-1024x1536.jpg 1024w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-17_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result.jpg 1320w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result-200x300.jpg 200w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result-768x1152.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result-1024x1536.jpg 1024w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Norway-Tromso-Northern-Lights-HQ-04_result.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-930x620.jpg 930w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-272x182.jpg 272w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1.jpg 1280w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-no-preset-1-1024x682.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-600x400.jpg 600w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-930x620.jpg 930w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-272x182.jpg 272w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2.jpg 1280w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Example-preset-blue-2-1024x682.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-200x300.jpg 200w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights.jpg 735w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-683x1024.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-2-683x1024.jpg 683w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-2-200x300.jpg 200w, https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-2.jpg 735w",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Pin-it-Northern-Lights-2-683x1024.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IMG_5245-1024x682.jpg",
"https://talesfromthelens.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IMG_5245-1024x682.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jen",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2019-12-28T20:30:38+00:00
|
A guide to learn essential camera settings to photograph Northern lights with a DSLR or a phone, best tricks and best photography equipment.
|
en
|
https://talesfromthelens.com/how-to-photograph-northern-lights-camera-tips/
|
Last January, I flew to Tromsø in Norway about 350km north of the 66° Arctic circle line. Despite almost no daylight and temperatures as low as minus 20°c, that week was one of the most incredible trips of my life, because I witnessed the most amazing show of Mother Nature: The Northern Lights.
While they are easy to witness in the middle of winter in such latitude, it can be really tricky to capture them with a camera…
I have been taking photos for almost 10 years and the Northern lights are one of the trickiest things to capture if it’s something you have never done before. There are in fact a few parameters that you absolutely need to control to make the best images. Although, the last thing you want is to worry about the camera settings when such a trip may already be a once in a lifetime opportunity.
For this reason, I will explain in this blog post all these parameters and how to control them. I’ll share the keys of a good picture of Auroras and all the steps to photograph Northern lights, worry-free, and without spending all your time changing the settings.
What is a Northern or Southern light?
Called Borealis in the northern hemisphere and Australis in the southern hemisphere, the Aurora occurs on Earth when the solar activity is important and charged particles are ejected after a magnetic storm for example. This high energy spreads into our solar system to finally meet the Earth atmosphere. As they do so, they are attracted by our planet’s magnetic field and are dragged to both poles – this is the reason why the auroras are solely visible under these extreme latitudes.
Upon entering the atmosphere, the particles mingle and react with the Earth’s atoms – ie. oxygen, nitrogen, etc. – creating a vivid show of nature: a display of multi-colour floating lines in the sky!
Note | I will mostly use the term of “Northern Lights” and “Aurora Borealis” as they are most common, however, all the below applies to the Southern lights/ Aurora Australis.
Where and when can you see best the Auroras?
Since the solar particles are attracted by the magnetic poles, it is necessary to travel to extreme latitudes to see best the Auroras. While it is almost certain to witness Northern lights from the north of Canada, Russia, Iceland and the Nordic countries, it is sometimes possible to see them near the horizon from Ireland, the Baltic countries and even Poland or Germany. These are rare occurrences but if the solar activity is really high (about 7-8 KP – see below) and that you are far from any light pollution (cities, full moon, etc.) you may spot them. Although, northern countries are still the best places to see the Northern Lights.
It is also easier to see Northern lights than Southern lights as the northern latitudes are a lot more populated and much easier to travel to. The southern lights would require a trip to Antarctica in the middle of winter or a lot of luck while travelling in the southern part of New Zealand, Tasmania, Chile or the Subantarctic islands (south Georgia, Kerguelen…).
In terms of the best season to see the Northern lights, winter is always a good choice. In fact, even if this phenomenon happens pretty much all year long, the activity tends to be stronger during the coldest months. It is best to travel to these northern destinations from the end of November to mid-January, as the sun is also at its lowest and rarely passes the horizon, giving you almost 18 hours of nighttime every day!
Mi-December until mid-January, the days in the North of Norway and Sweden, are quasi-inexistent. You would need to wait until the end of January to have a bit of daylight from 11 am to 3 pm – and yet it’s more a sort of 2 hours of dawn, 2 hours of dusk and 20 hours of night! In my opinion, this is just the best season to travel because the light over the cities and surrounding snowy landscapes are incredible and the rest of the time, you can spend it watching and photographing Northern lights!
To check the daylight hours, you can use this website or this one and choose the destination. I also use the Photographer’s Ephemeris website to check where to expect the sun to set or rise. It is an excellent tool for photographers.
As an example, here is a Sun graph monthly view for Tromso in Norway – You can see that the best month to see the northern lights are those with longer nights and twilights such as December and January. Although, as you can see February, March, October and November are good candidates as the daylight remain low. Now, if you plan a trip in the middle of summer, during June or July, don’t expect to see any Norther lights since the sun never sets!! Expect to watch the midnight sun instead 🙂
Checking the aurora activity and forecast
The Aurora activity will define if you can see the Northern Lights with the naked eye and where from. To find the best spots and check how strong the aurora should be, I use the website Aurora Service – it gives real-time information on the level of activity as well as a 3-day forecast. The data is based on solar wind activity and geomagnetism provided by Nasa and a network of magnetometers.
Also, make sure to also check the weather forecast. Obviously, if the sky is overcast, you might not see the Auroras which will be hidden behind the clouds. Finally, as well as finding a clear sky, it is important to remain away from light pollution (from cities) and travel outside the week preceding or following the full moon. I find that website quite fun to look for “dark sky” and this one can be useful to calculate the moon phase from anywhere in the world!
If you are in Iceland, you can also check out the Icelandic Met Office website.
In terms of Smartphone Apps, there are a few you can download for free. Aurora, Aurora Alerts or Aurora Forecast allow you to check the activity where you are but also choose a destination – so you can check the forecast from home or before your plane takes off! It provides weather forecast, cloud coverage as well as current KP-index and a 3-day forecast. You can purchase an extension to get a long-term forecast, but I am not sure that is very necessary. Note: These apps seem to pull the data from the Aurora Service website.
Equipment to photograph Northern Lights
Minimum Requirements
| A Camera with Manual Mode
You will need a camera with a manual mode functionality; It doesn’t have to be expensive but obviously the higher range it is, the best it will handle night photography. Ideally, a full-frame DSLR with high ISO capability will get you the best conditions for high-quality photographs, but as long as your camera let you choose the aperture and time of exposition, you are good to go! It doesn’t have to be expensive and in fairness, the brand doesn’t really matter.
So you have a large choice from Full-frame to APC-C to Mirrorless cameras. Technology evolves on a daily basis and new cameras tend to handle high ISO a lot more (check this section to understand why ISO capability is important).
All my photos were taken with a Canon 6D and a 24-105 mm 1:4 USM Serie L lens – You can also rent a camera or a lens from your local camera shop if you don’t want to invest in brand-new equipment but make sure to have an insurance covering gadgets.
| A Sturdy Tripod
You will also need a sturdy tripod such as this one – The tripod keeps your camera steady during long exposures. Hand holding a camera even for a 1/100-second opening is really hard! The camera will sense the smallest movement and just the fact of breathing will get your hands and body to move, creating unwanted blur on your photos. Invest or rent a good Tripod. The bigger and heavy your camera is, the stronger your tripod must be. You really don’t want it to fall in the snow…
Complementary gears recommended
A few spare batteries, fully charged;
A lens with a large opening – f2.8 being best quality-price;
A lens as wide as possible. You can have a fish-eye for fun but 14 to 28 mm is perfectly fine;
A couple of “empty” Memory cards or one with high capacity
A remote controller or a shutter release cable – make sure the release is adapted to your camera
A phone that can be linked with an app to the camera – if your camera has a Wifi or Bluetooth connection.
Good warm clothes (see this section)
Keys for a good picture of Auroras
How to photograph Northern lights | Camera settings
| Shutter speed
This corresponds to the time the shutter opens to let the light enter the lens. With a DSRL camera, it can be set manually between 1/4000 s and 30 s. You will need to adjust the shutter speed depending on the type of aurora and the result you want. If the aurora is strong and moving fast, you will choose a fast opening to capture the movement (1-6 s) and catch what your eyes see.
If you let it open longer, you will let a lot more light in and might either get a photo overexposed (white) if the aurora is very bright or you will miss its swirls.
Long exposure is however recommended if the aurora moves slowly or isn’t bright enough. In this instance, it will be more about capturing the colours in the sky (15-30 s) than the movement.
To change the shutter speed, choose the mode manual “M” or the “TV” function. For the first one, you will be in charge of also choosing your aperture, while with the TV, you are only responsible for the shutter speed – the camera will calculate and change the aperture on its own. The Manual Mode remains the best to use, as you are in total control of all the settings and the results you will get.
Most cameras allow an automatic shutter speed up to 30 seconds. If you need to go beyond that, you have to choose the “B” bulb function and press the button without releasing it for the desired period. This technique is not ideal at night, as the slightest movements of your finger or breath can make your photography blurry. I would recommend getting a remote control or managing your device from your smartphone if your camera has the Wifi or Bluetooth integrated.
| Aperture / “f”
The aperture is the size of the lens opening. It is symbolised by the letter “f” and a number that usually ranges from 1 to 5. The lower the number is, the wider the shutter opens, letting more light come into the lens and allowing you to decrease the shutter speed and get sharper shots. Although, lenses with a large aperture such as f.1 are quite expensive and don’t focus well at night.
Basic lenses sold as bundled with the camera body usually have a minimum aperture of f4/4.5 which is unfortunately too small to capture a really good photo of Northern Lights. Ideally, I would recommend a lens that opens to f2.8. They have a good focus at night, they perform well for northern lights, and more generally are good for landscape and travel photography.
If your lens has a high aperture and you can’t invest in a new lens, you will need to work around the limitation by compensating with a higher ISO or a slower shutter speed.
| Sensor sensitivity / “ISO”
Those who have used film cameras prior to the digital era will know that sensor sensitivity is important depending on the brightness (cloudy, sunny, etc.). The higher the ISO, the more sensitive to the light the captor is. With a high ISO, you do not need to open too wide or keep the shutter open too long. However, by setting a high ISO you will lose in sharpness and details. In fact, high ISO creates “grain” in the picture and mostly in the “black”, compromising the quality of your image.
Nowadays, the ISO can be chosen without having to change the film and can even reach up numbers such as 12000… but that would not be recommended for night photography! Even if a camera lets you choose really high ISO, it is essential to identify the “limit” of the equipment, ie. at which level the grain starts to appear. Do not hesitate to test the settings at home before going on an Aurora Borealis photo trip.
To find the ISO limit for your device, take the time to take photos in pitch black and analyze the “grain” or pixelisation of your image when you get higher in ISO. Personally, I try to not get higher than 1600 with my full-frame camera (Canon 6D).
Start shooting at 800-1000 ISO and move up from here. If you don’t get enough light, you can adapt the shutter speed and aperture.
| Camera focus
It is necessary to set your lens in manual mode because at night lenses have difficulties finding a focus point automatically. To do so, slice the button on the side of your lens from “AF” (automatic) to “M” (manual), then rotate your lens to focus on “Infinity” – ∞ symbol. You may still need to adjust slightly your lens focus to the left or right from the ∞ symbol in order to get a sharper image.
I would recommend doing some tests in bright light and marking the sharpest focus point with a pencil or white tape. Make sure to wear your glasses if you are shortsighted… or what you think is sharp might not be in reality!! There is often a small scroll wheel near the viewfinder to change adapt it to your sight. Make sure to check your photo afterwards to be sure, the photos are sharp.
| Image format
Most cameras nowadays will let you take photos in Raw and Jpeg. If you want to edit your photos with Lightroom or Photoshop, I would recommend shooting in Raw which will allow you to control a lot of parameters in the post-editing and get the best out of your images. However, if you are a beginner, not into post-editing, don’t know how to or quickly want to share your images on social media, then, shooting in Jpeg should be enough.
Raw images take a lot of space on your memory card – about 20 Mb per image – while Jpeg images range from 500 Kb to 2 Md depending on the size chosen: S (Small), M (medium), L (Large)… The larger the size, the better the quality is. Keep this in mind and bring a few Memory cards with you.
| White balance
If you don’t shoot in Raw, you will need to choose the correct Kelvin value to capture the most accurate colours possible. I would recommend choosing the custom mode and a Kelvin value between 2400 and 4000 for night photography and Aurora Borealis.
For those shooting in Raw, the white balance can easily be corrected in post-production, however, it is always best to get it right from the first shooting!
Tips to photograph the Northern Lights
Clean your lens | and your captor to avoid dust that may alter your final image
Zoom out | Do not zoom in to use the lowest aperture as possible and take a wide photo of the Aurora and the landscape.
Focus to Infinity | Identify the best place to focus to the infinity during the day. Mark the best setting on your lens to find it easily.
Use a sturdy tripod | It is very important that your camera does not move at all during the shooting. With a necessarily long exposure, the slightest movement would disturb the smooth running of the shooting and make your photographs blurry.
Do not use a flash | If you want to highlight an object or a person in the foreground of your image, use a headlamp and illuminate your subject very quickly at the beginning of the shooting (then keep the light away from the landscape while your camera continues on with the long exposure).
Have your camera ready to shoot | prepare some settings ahead and learn/practice prior your trip to understand how your camera handles photography at low light or at night
Shoot in manual mode | to control the aperture, ISO and shutter speed and avoid automatic focus (that wouldn’t work at night).
Choose a low aperture and change the shutter speed | according to the Aurora intensity (1-6 s for strong aurora, 15 to 30 s for low activity)
Do not use the Image Stabilizer of your lens | It’s not necessary since you are using a tripod. It will save some of your batteries already weakened by the cold weather.
Know the limit of your ISO capability | The sensitivity of the sensor must be consistent with the capacity of the camera and lens. For an entry-level device, do not go higher than an ISO 1000. For a mid-range, you can probably push up to 2000. Finally, for a full-frame, you can go up to an ISO 3200 but you shouldn’t need to get higher. Ideally, choose an ISO as low as possible such as 800 -1000.
Keep the aperture as wide as possible | Set your aperture to the smallest possible to open the shutter a maximum (f2.8 or lower being the best)
Balance the 3 parameters | keep in mind the relationship between ISO, aperture and Shutter speed
Shoot in RAW | for a fun and creative post-production photo editing!
Control the white balance | between 2400 and 4000 Kelvin
Use a remote release | to avoid blurry images
or Download a Camera control App | if you have Wifi or Bluetooth connectivity – it is useful if you get too cold as you can control your camera from the car/van!!
Keep the spare battery close to your body heat | to keep them warm. Batteries lose power with cold weather
Stay away from light pollution | A dark sky (with no moon) and away from city lights will give you a better chance to see and photograph the Northern lights
Stay warm and dry | by wearing high-quality clothes made for snow and below zero/extreme temperatures.
Don’t build up expectation, but keep a positive attitude | Nature is unpredictable and Northern Lights don’t always show up.
Don’t forget to watch the Northern Light with your eyes and enjoy the show!
After shoot | Prevent condensation
Condensation forms on the glass when there is a drastic change in temperature. For example, getting back to your warm hotel after shooting Northern lights by -10 degrees… This condensation can form on your camera and inside your lens causing in the long term moisture and altering the internal mechanism.
To prevent this fog to appear within your gear, keep your camera inside a bag correctly closed and do not open it inside until fully acclimatised. If you don’t have a camera bag, cover your camera with one of your clothes (not something humid) when you are about to enter the warm room from outside and let it settle until it warms up to the ambient temperature. Depending on the temperature differences, you may have to keep it acclimatising for up to a few hours.
If it is too late, wipe the lens, don’t detach the lens from the camera body and place it in an airtight bag until the condensation has fully disappeared.
Photographing Northern Lights with a phone
If you don’t have a DSLR and don’t want to invest in one to photograph Northern Lights, you can still try to use your phone! The more recent smartphones handle pretty well night photography and also offer a manual functionality that allows you to control the shutter speed (sometimes aperture) and ISO. Even if it will never give the same results as a DSLR, for most travellers it will be enough to capture a memory of the lights and share it with friends and family on social media.
Just like with any DSLR, you will need to find a dark but clear sky and travel to latitudes where you can see northern lights. You will also need a tripod to avoid unwanted movements. Most smartphones will have a Manual mode (or “pro”) integrated into the camera apps or a predefined mode such as “light painting” or “night photo”. If your device doesn’t have one, you can download an app such as ProCam or Camera FV-5 Lite.
With a phone, for a good start, choose an ISO 800 and a shutter speed of 10-20 s. Don’t be scared to then edit your images with Snapseed or Lightroom Mobile.
NOTE | if you decide to join a tour, guides often share their photos with the group. You can check ahead if they are included or sold separately.
Edit your Northern light pictures with Lightroom
Editing an image doesn’t have to be too complicated. Adjusting some settings such as the brightness, contrast, white balance or vibrance can already make a huge difference. Although, one of the major differences between a good photo and a random Northern lights image is often down to the composition. Editing won’t make miracles! Shooting the landscape as well as the sky is important to get a sense of the scale of the Northern light environment.
When you edit your images, try to open the blacks (shadow) and create details in the foreground with gradual filters. I also like to brighten the stars in the sky (brightness) and play a little bit with the individual colours… Even if Northern Lights are mostly green, they sometimes display some red and purple on the outskirt – With Lightroom you can enhance these colours that are slightly less intense!
Best tours to see the Northern Lights in Europe
There are a few places in Europe that are easy to reach for a quick trip from any large city. Count 4 to 5 days to really make it worth and do not hesitate to join tours to get out of the towns and find the best spots to see the Northern Lights. Ideally, you can head to Tromso in the far north of Norway as I did, or to Rovaniemi in Sweden or even Iceland. I gathered a few tours in each place to give you an idea of the cost and what’s included.
What to pack to not freeze during the shooting
Warm clothes | such as skying gear, merino undergarments, warm hat and balaclava! It will be necessary as you will mostly spend time standing still to watch the northern lights, likely by minus 10 or 20 Celsius degrees,
Footwear | After ski boots are best as they will keep your feet warm and dry.
Hot drink and snack | Your body will work hard to remain warm so give it some extra boost with snacks and hot drinks
Thick Gloves and inner gloves | Inner gloves are important to have for better manipulation of the camera settings which is quite impossible with thick gloves. Have an extra warm pair though, to keep warm when you don’t touch the camera.
Headlamp | Useful to change the settings if your camera doesn’t have a built-in light but also to take pictures of yourself and the landscape in the foreground
If you can, bring a chair, blanket, hot water bottle, etc.
Lip balm, hand and face moisturisers | to protect your body from the extreme cold and dryness.
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 20 |
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-space-weather/aurora
|
en
|
Auroras: The Northern and Southern Lights
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://scied.ucar.edu/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/logo-ucar-active.png",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/images/southern_lights_ISS_2.jpeg.webp?itok=GkfN73Bc",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/images/Aurora_diagram_0.png.webp?itok=o_88NHa8",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/images/Red_Aurora_2011.jpeg.webp?itok=nGdhMzEE",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/styles/extra_large/public/images/Jupiter_aurora.jpeg.webp?itok=Vz69FC5f",
"https://scied.ucar.edu/themes/custom/scied_unity/img/NSF_Official_logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Auroras are dazzling displays of light, seen most often near the poles, that are caused by solar storms that disrupt Earth's atmosphere.
|
en
|
/profiles/composer/unity-profile/themes/unity/img/app-favicons/ucar/favicon.ico
|
https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/sun-space-weather/aurora
|
Have you ever seen the dazzling, dancing lights of the aurora in the night sky? The closer you are to the North or South Pole, the greater your chances are of seeing this amazing spectacle. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is called an aurora borealis or the northern lights. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is called an aurora australis or the southern lights.
What Causes the Aurora?
Auroras are a natural interaction between the Sun and Earth's atmosphere. Our Sun generates a strong solar wind, which carries about one million tons of extremely hot plasma (electrons, protons, and other particles) away from the Sun every second. Earth’s magnetosphere acts like a shield that protects us from most of this constant solar wind, deflecting it around Earth.
During a solar storm, such as a solar flare or coronal mass ejection, a large amount of plasma hurls through space at high speeds as part of the solar wind. When this extra solar energy collides with Earth’s magnetosphere, some of the electrically charged particles move down strong magnetic field lines at the North and South Poles and become trapped in Earth's atmosphere. These particles bounce from the North Pole to the South Pole and back again, transferring energy to molecules in Earth’s atmosphere as they go. The colorful, glowing lights of the aurora result when these energized molecules release their extra energy.
Why Are Auroras Different Colors?
Auroras occur within one of Earth’s upper atmosphere layers, the thermosphere. Solar particles trapped here interact with different types of gas molecules, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, resulting in unique, colored displays of light. Oxygen gives off green and red light, while nitrogen glows blue and reddish-purple. Green-colored auroras are most frequent, resulting from interactions with oxygen molecules at lower altitudes (between 100-300 km or 62-180 mi), while the less commonly occurring red auroras form from interactions with higher altitude (above 300 km or 180 mi) oxygen molecules.
Do Auroras Affect Earth?
Auroras have delighted and inspired curiosity in humans throughout time. The only significant impact to Earth associated with auroras is a possible disruption of radio communications as charged particles from the Sun create a disturbance in Earth’s magnetic field. When the magnetic disturbance is particularly strong, auroras can sometimes be seen farther from the poles, in mid-latitude locations.
Other Planets Have Auroras, Too!
Earth isn’t the only planet that experiences auroras. Any planet with an atmosphere and a magnetic field is likely to have auroras. Spectacular auroras have been observed on Saturn and Jupiter.
|
|||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 22 |
https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/aurora-borealis-4806
|
en
|
Aurora Borealis
|
https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=SAAM-1911.4.1_2-000001&max=960
|
https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=SAAM-1911.4.1_2-000001&max=960
|
[
"https://americanart.si.edu/themes/custom/azalea/dist/media/images/logo.png",
"https://cdn.saam.media/_V-w4ViVCCG7zD3mzm85xZbYlB0/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Fluce_foundation_center.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/WNGyjsX7MT_uXogV5vfxOOhPTms/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Frenwick_stairwellodiledecqrug2.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/6rF-mArxD6atNhygtEhcoDfD-58/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F14c6b5ea87a9e54cbb789ff9867557d7.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/HqGYtr7cs7igAOgWa0ItTAphrzE/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2Fd072a4f042a26de62b4848e12f39becd.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/WotqOXZm9kLrkOwlNhu3mncOCLI/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2022-06%2Fhighlights_-_photography_untitled_broach_with_goatee.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/VNgg4-8PrHcWAy6W8WqWqeehpwI/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2FSAAM-2020.25.1_1.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/FYnJ6XGUSpOnRWa5YndNyDUA7H4/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F93d15294cfd738f54b853dc9516bdbf6.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/glUBZha_vwxiu4aKxWdx5QbWxMQ/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F77c3efc7523630f72aee5830c94fdd1b.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/Ca_H8DMj_UC3NjDXkjCgg8rshXs/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F1967%2FSAAM-1967.110_1.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/6yWoajeJYaf08oT3To_R7XR-hpQ/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F1967%2FSAAM-1967.59.664_2.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/TjoKygiRWR4WTNaqDB_8B6yDQhI/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fimage%2F1718742884%2F2024_3_1_SAAM_WilliamJohnson_FighterForFreedom-117_home%2520page%2520crop.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/uJlEByfKHHbFgBKqsIoRgUoy0yM/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Fdonate_hero_planned_giving.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/s88HvgSPSEA_IlPQUHkAYDHCsjg/640/360/top/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fimage%2F1684034713%2Fsaam-creatives-thumbnail.jpg",
"https://ids.si.edu/ids/deliveryService?id=SAAM-1911.4.1_2-000001&max=960",
"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/item.thumbnail",
"https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/image.sizes?.jpg?.default",
"https://americanart.si.edu/themes/custom/azalea/dist/media/images/SI-Sunburst-Logo.png",
"https://cdn.saam.media/_V-w4ViVCCG7zD3mzm85xZbYlB0/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Fluce_foundation_center.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/WNGyjsX7MT_uXogV5vfxOOhPTms/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Frenwick_stairwellodiledecqrug2.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/6rF-mArxD6atNhygtEhcoDfD-58/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F14c6b5ea87a9e54cbb789ff9867557d7.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/HqGYtr7cs7igAOgWa0ItTAphrzE/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2Fd072a4f042a26de62b4848e12f39becd.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/WotqOXZm9kLrkOwlNhu3mncOCLI/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2022-06%2Fhighlights_-_photography_untitled_broach_with_goatee.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/VNgg4-8PrHcWAy6W8WqWqeehpwI/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2FSAAM-2020.25.1_1.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/FYnJ6XGUSpOnRWa5YndNyDUA7H4/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F93d15294cfd738f54b853dc9516bdbf6.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/glUBZha_vwxiu4aKxWdx5QbWxMQ/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fartwork%2Fimages%2F77c3efc7523630f72aee5830c94fdd1b.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/Ca_H8DMj_UC3NjDXkjCgg8rshXs/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F1967%2FSAAM-1967.110_1.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/6yWoajeJYaf08oT3To_R7XR-hpQ/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F1967%2FSAAM-1967.59.664_2.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/TjoKygiRWR4WTNaqDB_8B6yDQhI/640/640/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fd3ec1vt3scx7rr.cloudfront.net%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fimage%2F1718742884%2F2024_3_1_SAAM_WilliamJohnson_FighterForFreedom-117_home%2520page%2520crop.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/uJlEByfKHHbFgBKqsIoRgUoy0yM/640/360/center/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2F2017-08%2Fdonate_hero_planned_giving.jpg",
"https://cdn.saam.media/s88HvgSPSEA_IlPQUHkAYDHCsjg/640/360/top/cover/jpg/https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fassets.saam.media%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fimage%2F1684034713%2Fsaam-creatives-thumbnail.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Exhibition Label, Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2006
|
en
|
/themes/custom/azalea/dist/favicon.ico
|
Smithsonian American Art Museum
|
https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/aurora-borealis-4806
|
Gallery Label
Under a dark Arctic sky, polar explorer Isaac Israel Hayes's ship, the SS United States, lies frozen in the pack ice at the base of a looming cliff. The auroras above erupt in a cascade of eerie lights, while the dogsled implies the hope of rescue from this icy prison. Hayes and Frederic Church were friends, and upon Hayes's return from the Arctic in 1861, he gave Church his sketches as inspiration for this painting. When Hayes returned to New York, the country was in the thick of civil war and, in a rousing speech, he vowed that "God willing, I trust yet to carry the flag of the great Republic, with not a single star erased from its glorious Union, to the extreme Northern limits of the earth."
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 77 |
https://www.gpb.org/news/the-picture-show/2024/05/11/photos-see-the-northern-lights-rare-solar-storm
|
en
|
Photos: See the Northern lights from rare solar storm
|
[
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/logo/gpb-logo-2023.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/play/play--blue-bright.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/email/monoline-email--blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/email/monoline-email--white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/search/search--blue-bright.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/search/search--blue-bright.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/search/search--black.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/search/search--black.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/passport/passport--blue-bright.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/passport/passport--black.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/donate/donate--blue-bright.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/donate/donate--blue-sky.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/listen/listen.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/interaction/play/play--white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/email/monoline-email--blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/email/monoline-email--white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/print/monoline-print--blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/monoline/print/monoline-print--white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151894317_custom-d9876c83ec4e2ad127b666eeb8e9e0474a74220b.jpg?itok=O0s8vwUm",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/ap24132132453833-81843cf2315ab2dfb10a4a2ceeace397089d8d79.jpg?itok=i7jdEi4A",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/ap24132279733027_custom-4071bfd0dda51bc4006fd620c027112d9b00c972.jpg?itok=3MRfp8ne",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151911157_custom-410e6962e4d53d3f130491cdd188c1db950a3d22.jpg?itok=P29ITDk0",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151854847_custom-bff1da2fd952f0fed2b12466348c1fd71bf75b3e.jpg?itok=k2THZbMC",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151840300-b3a49cef7476fc851ada995e9b338433ea5927bb.jpg?itok=fl-D0-Km",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2152392412_custom-22a5865dbf972a48a1676597e427ae1a5215cada.jpg?itok=6eT0uH1O",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151834840-fc02fbdca9cfe3f8bff91453b82d5e83809a3c0b.jpg?itok=nM8B9lZF",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151835211_custom-dfcf92eff4aec34d3cda48b8f75bbd8b80dc439a.jpg?itok=1QlQT4z6",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151862048_custom-f38a5d49049a40de736224fb9efcc969dd7fa152.jpg?itok=rEJybrA8",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151852220_custom-bcfbbd8dc3db007b71b686fe8ef79518120efc10.jpg?itok=skTp-IRg",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151883018_custom-4b0d6045e4ed9a49d2713bd343a15d3280291242.jpg?itok=xNNq2WFT",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151854735_custom-9062b9ee0ba31467c0284c7bea7f93015a39c5aa.jpg?itok=_sEbPfAm",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151857766_custom-0d1acb96dea03285159a15c3c7e576cc54ac2bdf.jpg?itok=RZ9X0BNe",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151855028_custom-8b4975ba8f6d4beb2187e318257791bc5027b49a.jpg?itok=pIQHF8t0",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151855096_custom-0444b69232d513ef1ece5a73247dfd58e6ec44d9.jpg?itok=iUomiEBw",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/ap24132152565455_custom-71e9238d38c26f84c8f9cc6a3894ef232ac5258d.jpg?itok=RgM6aQ68",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151860524_custom-d427615757accea7285fc9d02888209b0f67d805.jpg?itok=3qQFLtmD",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/ap24132207098893_custom-2a09ca043595e44a2159e3ad0eb0fdf4c509e397.jpg?itok=-PC_kesq",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/gettyimages-2151878499_custom-1dfbafa08af9524153588ce3518d66f7fe89668b.jpg?itok=I0EiMbsK",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/flexheight/public/npr_story_images/2024/05/11/ap24132279008643_custom-505b6deee16c4880aee5710d6b6a88e7fceb1fe5.jpg?itok=MFkZiEbC",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/three_two_702x468/public/npr_story_images/2022/08/18/ap17262859612136-62db31ce1563bb7cf471ce84fe6773a4360fc815.jpg?h=22cc3527&itok=R4XaQ5Pe",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/three_two_702x468/public/npr_story_images/2022/08/12/gettyimages-1414284786-918bbf9e077d8828190d4b9a90cf36330ef1755c.jpg?h=59c0db65&itok=Am4tZRT8",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/three_two_702x468/public/npr_story_images/2022/01/25/ap22018042134706-5c307addc8bc9fe0ffb1e124208825eba4b95a6b.jpg?h=a9bce0be&itok=1IACIZJD",
"https://www.gpb.org/sites/default/files/styles/three_two_702x468/public/2020-06/gpb.jpg?h=f5007b8c&itok=I2YtKsVu",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/logo/gpb-logo--horizontal-2023.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/youtube/social-youtube--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/youtube/social-youtube--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/apple-news/social-applenews--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/apple-news/social-applenews--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/facebook/social-facebook--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/instagram/social-instagram--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/twitter/social-twitter--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/youtube/social-youtube--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/youtube/social-youtube--fill-white.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/apple-news/social-applenews--fill-blue.svg",
"https://www.gpb.org/themes/custom/ga_forest/assets/images/icons/social/apple-news/social-applenews--fill-white.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"northern lights",
"geomagnetic storms",
"aurora bourealis"
] | null |
[] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
A powerful solar storm struck Earth, triggering spectacular celestial light shows in skies around the world — and threatening possible disruptions to satellites and power grids.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Georgia Public Broadcasting
|
https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2024/05/11/1250750303/photos-see-northern-lights-from-rare-solar-storm
|
The Northern Lights, known scientifically as auroras borealis, are triggered by geomagnetic activity from the sun. They typically occur closer to the North Pole, near Alaska and Canada.
The Sturgeon Moon became visible Thursday night, appearing bigger and brighter than usual because of its proximity to Earth.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 81 |
https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/greenville/2024/05/13/northern-lights-greenville-sc-see-aurora-borealis/73677749007/
|
en
|
Aurora borealis was spectacular. Will northern lights be visible again soon in Greenville, SC?
|
[
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/authoring/authoring-images/2024/05/13/PAPP/73670776007-20240513-t-113119-z-1-lop-214313052024-rp-1-rtrmadp-baseimage-960-x-540-usaweathernorthernlightsnoaaexpertroughcut.JPG?crop=959,539,x0,y0",
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/icon-play-alt-white.svg",
"https://www.gannett-cdn.com/appservices/universal-web/universal/icons/icon-instagram_24.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"The Greenville News",
"Iris Seaton"
] |
2024-05-13T00:00:00
|
After the dazzling surprise appearance of northern lights in the Upstate last weekend, will residents have another chance to view an aurora?
|
en
|
Asheville Citizen Times
|
https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/greenville/2024/05/13/northern-lights-greenville-sc-see-aurora-borealis/73677749007/
|
As photos spread of the stunning aurora borealis display that made a surprise appearance in the Upstate the weekend of May 10-11, residents are wondering whether they might have another chance to see the cosmic phenomenon.
Originally, Accuweather reported that the auroras were going to be visible largely in northern states, already a significantly farther reach than usual. Friday night, May 10, however, the geomagnetic storm responsible for the aurora was upgraded from G4 (severe) to G5 (extreme). USA TODAY reported that a G5 rating represents the best chances of seeing auroras over the greatest expanse of the Earth.
Will there be more northern lights in SC?
Jake Wimberley, a meteorologist for the National Weather Service, said that the chance to spot auroras caused by this geomagnetic storm has unfortunately passed.
"The sunspots that produced the coronal mass ejections that caused the aurora, those are rotating as the sun rotates," Wimberley said. "So, they're rotating away from the Earth. Therefore, we're not expecting that they're going to be anything like what we saw Friday night for this event. I don't think there's any real possibility it's going to occur ... in the next day or two."
As for the future, it's hard to say whether we'll see more auroras in S.C. anytime soon. NOAA explained that CMEs are seen in higher numbers the closer the sun is to solar maximum, and current estimates say that the solar maximum could be somewhere between late 2024 and early 2026. However, scientists cannot determine whether we are at solar maximum until at least seven months after it occurs, and the occurrences and intensities of solar flares are difficult to predict.
Additionally, not all CMEs create auroras that are visible as far south as the ones visible in the Upstate May 10. In short, at this point all stargazers can do is wait, keep an eye on space weather predictions and hope for another of these rare opportunities.
More: Your guide to the week ahead – family fun for the week of May 10
What causes aurora borealis?
Auroras may look magical, but the explanation for the phenomenon is hard science. The displays form when particles flowing from the sun are caught in Earth's magnetic field. When these particles interact with molecules of atmospheric gases, the famous eerie green and rusty red become visible.
As stated by NOAA, CMEs that produce these particles are more common the closer the sun is to solar maximum, the point at which the sun undergoes the highest rate of activity in its cycle of roughly 11 years. The last solar maximum occurred in 2014.
More: Taking photos of the northern lights with your smartphone? Tips to get the best picture
Were northern lights visible to the naked eye in SC?
From the many photos on social media, the northern lights were visible to the naked eye May 10-11 in the Greenville area. Though Accuweather predicted that the aurora would not be visible without enhancement, the storm upgrade provided the stunning surprise of visible northern lights in the night sky.
Photographer Jen Blake Fraser, who provided images of the northern lights in Western North Carolina, said in an email that almost all of the photos she captured were also visible to the naked eye.
"It was mostly a faint glow and I could tell that it was red, pink or green," Fraser said. "Occasionally more brilliant streaks would appear. Some of those streaks moved and changed quickly, as if they were blowing in the wind."
Fraser also said that, as she photographed the northern lights on the Blue Ridge Parkway at an overlook near Craggy Gardens around 11 p.m. May 10, the crowd of onlookers she was a part of celebrated particularly bright movements in the aurora.
"At one point a series of streaks broke out and were moving and changing quite rapidly," Fraser said. "The sizable crowd gathered at the overlook was gasping and cheering as it happened. It was a fun experience and you definitely felt a sense of unity as we all watched in amazement."
All of Fraser's photos of the aurora and more of her work are available at on her Instagram @jenniferblakefraserphoto as well as her website, jenniferblakefraser.com.
Iris Seaton is the trending news reporter for the Asheville Citizen Times, part of the USA TODAY Network. Reach her at iseaton@citizentimes.com.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 59 |
https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/us/what-is-the-concept-behind-northern-lights/articleshow/96259918.cms
|
en
|
What is the concept behind northern lights?
|
[
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-76920425,quality-100/et-logo.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/104857408.cms",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-96259994,width-300,height-225,imgsize-3448,resizemode-75/what-is-the-concept-behind-northern-lights.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112406959,imgsize-1416227,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/economy-and-policy/3-key-things-nirmala-sitharaman-can-do-to-restore-buddhas-legacy-draw-global-tourists.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112389370,imgsize-93436,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/money-and-markets/options-traders-are-unhappy-as-sebis-new-paper-changes-the-way-they-invest.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112384767,imgsize-977052,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/technology-and-startups/spotted-a-flying-saucer-dont-fret-its-just-doing-an-e-com-delivery-.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112398243,imgsize-25768,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/media-and-communications/for-multiplex-operators-like-pvr-inox-cinepolis-is-it-interval-or-curtains.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112396547,imgsize-1048054,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/transportation/three-reasons-why-tata-motors-has-taken-a-contrarian-view-on-hybrids.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112376258,imgsize-45668,width-138,height-104,quality-100/prime/economy-and-policy/two-things-that-froze-a-gold-smuggling-route.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-109982599,imgsize-67937/desktop-rhs-on-rise-section.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-25290,msid-112406025/trump-announces-another-face-off-with-vp-harris.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-28330,msid-112403705/youre-disrespecting-constitution-amp-democracy-dhankhar.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-17226,msid-112407173/fm-clarifies-on-gadkaris-letter-on-health-insurance.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-31912,msid-112403129/govt-forms-committee-to-monitor-indo-bdesh-border.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-26264,msid-112401639/pm-modi-lauds-chopras-mother-for-praising-paks-nadeem.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-24208,msid-112400228/vp-to-jaya-you-may-be-a-celebrity-but-maintain-decorum.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-38664,msid-112398602/sc-grants-bail-to-sisodia-leaders-weigh-in.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-21400,msid-112398044/sisodia-pushed-children-of-delhi-from-paathshala-to-madhushala-bjp-mp.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-24450,msid-112394599/manish-sisodia-to-walk-out-of-jail-after-17-months.jpg",
"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/thumb/width-152,height-114,resizemode-75,imgsize-17294,msid-112396079/delhi-minister-atishi-breaks-down-as-she-remembers-manish-sisodia.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-74462387,quality-100/et-logo.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-74451948,quality-100/et-logo.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/47865640.cms"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Northern Lights",
"earth",
"sun",
"royal observatory",
"neptune",
"aurorae",
"tom kerss",
"jupiter"
] | null |
[
"ET Spotlight Special"
] |
2022-12-15T22:13:00+05:30
|
Northern lights also known as aurora borealis are caused due to activity on the sun surface. These beautiful lights are seen in the northern and southern hemisphere.
|
en
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
|
The Economic Times
|
https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/us/what-is-the-concept-behind-northern-lights/articleshow/96259918.cms
|
Synopsis
Northern lights also known as aurora borealis are caused due to activity on the sun surface. These beautiful lights are seen in the northern and southern hemisphere.
Both the northern and southern hemispheres' poles are good places to watch the aurora. The phenomenon is referred to as the aurora australis in the south and the aurora borealis in the north. People have been captivated, terrified, and inspired by these 'northern' and 'southern lights' for millennia. More recently, photographers have gone to extraordinary lengths to try and capture the magnificence of these atmospheric phenomena. In reality, activity on the Sun's surface is what causes the lights we see in the night sky.
Huge clouds of electrically charged particles are released from solar storms on the surface of our star. These particles can travel for millions of miles, and some may eventually impact the Earth. Astronomer Tom Kerss of the Royal Observatory explains that when these particles collide with atoms and molecules in the atmosphere, they effectively heat them up. We refer to this physical process as 'excitation', yet it is quite similar to heating a gas and making it light.
Therefore, what we see is the result of solar particle collisions with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. The Earth's magnetic field's lines of force are what give the aurora its distinctive wavy patterns and 'curtains' of light.
The two main gases in the Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen, and these substances emit various hues when an aurora show occurs.
Aurorae are likely to exist on any planet with an atmosphere and magnetic field. On Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, aurorae have been photographed by scientists in breathtaking detail. The Sun's activity varies, with peaks occurring every 11 years. The cycle is nearing its minimum right now, and the last peak in solar activity occurred in 2014. By the middle of the 2020s, solar activity is anticipated to go up once more.
Observers in high latitudes should keep an eye out for aurorae at all times, regardless of the Sun's activity.
FAQ:
For how much duration can northern lights be seen in the sky?
A good display may last for no longer than 15-30 minutes at a time, although if you're really lucky, it could extend to a couple of hours or longer. To see the Northern lights, the sky needs to be dark and clear of any clouds. Some people claim the aurora comes out when temperatures are colder.
What is the biggest myth northern people still fear about aurora borealis?
The biggest faux pas you can commit while viewing the Northern Lights is to wave, sing or whistle at them. Alerted to your presence, the spirits of the lights will come down and take you away.
(You can now subscribe to our Economic Times WhatsApp channel)
Disclaimer Statement: This content is authored by an external agency. The views expressed here are that of the respective authors/ entities and do not represent the views of Economic Times (ET). ET does not guarantee, vouch for or endorse any of its contents nor is responsible for them in any manner whatsoever. Please take all steps necessary to ascertain that any information and content provided is correct, updated, and verified. ET hereby disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, relating to the report and any content therein.
(Catch all the US News, UK News, Canada News, International Breaking News Events, and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.)
Download The Economic Times News App to get Daily International News Updates.
...moreless
(You can now subscribe to our Economic Times WhatsApp channel)
(Catch all the US News, UK News, Canada News, International Breaking News Events, and Latest News Updates on The Economic Times.)
Download The Economic Times News App to get Daily International News Updates.
...moreless
3 key things Nirmala Sitharaman can do to restore Buddha’s legacy, draw global tourists
Why a new Sebi paper is making options traders sweat
Spotted a flying saucer? Don’t fret, it’s just doing an e-com delivery.
For multiplex operators like PVR Inox, Cinepolis, is it interval or curtains?
Three reasons why Tata Motors has taken a contrarian view on hybrids
Two things that froze a gold smuggling route
1
2
3
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 54 |
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/night-lights-photographing-the-magic-of-the-aurora
|
en
|
Night Lights: Photographing the Magic of the Aurora Borealis
|
[
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vHomepage_Nav_OM1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.gx_Q5ozP5-_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_PEN_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.chBxNaguFt_1_.webp",
"https://explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/Nav_Lenses_20200206.jpg",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tough_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.bJffX1Cpln_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_ws852_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.AtF2xcgNVa.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_lsp4_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.cvJwPR-TAM.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_as2400_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.C4lEfrDcec.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_ds9000_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.YOqPf2vhos.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vHomepage_Nav_OM1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.gx_Q5ozP5-_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tough_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.bJffX1Cpln_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_lsp4_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.cvJwPR-TAM.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_pro_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic._P9PDbbPzQ.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tips.jpg.pagespeed.ic.kutIvMFch8.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Events.jpg.pagespeed.ic.qoze62RX8z.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_PhotoGeneres.jpg.pagespeed.ic.-Cw6Sp7cYF.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Pros.jpg.pagespeed.ic.X39_YD1b3R.webp",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/P8310006.jpg?itok=25YgaLnr 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/P8310006.jpg?itok=2uwWN1kz 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/P8310006.jpg?itok=vN5vsvzr 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/P8310006.jpg?itok=QMxGSScm 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights1.jpg?itok=kn1KAzTS 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights1.jpg?itok=eWXiIj7H 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights1.jpg?itok=NYpxyweJ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights1.jpg?itok=zMo3issc 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights3.jpg?itok=7ymZMC4O 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights3.jpg?itok=dgQCtA5M 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights3.jpg?itok=-omUJjFB 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/chenalights3.jpg?itok=u6XGfHSF 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/_9021670.jpg?itok=ieeATVJe 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/_9021670.jpg?itok=7q8Qa49g 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/_9021670.jpg?itok=1-_dxynC 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/_9021670.jpg?itok=hXr0ySDA 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/P8310017.jpg?itok=j6N1J4wG 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/P8310017.jpg?itok=4x6HNR2G 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/P8310017.jpg?itok=J76Ohw4S 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/P8310017.jpg?itok=TJeMcDtL 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/P83011752.jpg?itok=G43BAIiu 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/P83011752.jpg?itok=PuDW519w 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/P83011752.jpg?itok=SIRMY1lx 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/P83011752.jpg?itok=4mEHtb7B 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2021/10/_3043446.jpg?itok=ViyK7EWj 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2021/10/_3043446.jpg?itok=Tj00knEe 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2021/10/_3043446.jpg?itok=ZRhfNFQ9 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2021/10/_3043446.jpg?itok=xCRaDFRq 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430ericrock.png?itok=ACf_bjAP 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430ericrock.png?itok=OdOT7KwT 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430ericrock.png?itok=PpvMSTgP 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430ericrock.png?itok=3Dv8JTu4 1200w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/thawte.png",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-americanexpress.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-mastercard.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-visa.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-discover.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-paypal.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/images/2022/03/OMSYSTEM_footer.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Get tips for photographing the Northern Lights!
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/TypeA_Black_Letters.png
|
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/night-lights-photographing-the-magic-of-the-aurora
|
For nature photographers, each season brings its gifts. In the northern hemisphere winter brings shorter days and longer, often colder, nights. If you live far enough to the north, winter brings the potential of one of the more spellbinding of winter’s phenomena: the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights. Modern digital cameras and lenses like the OM-D system are great for capturing the auroral glow emanating from the earth's atmosphere.
If you have ever had the pleasure of seeing or photographing the Northern Lights then you will know how special these displays can be. With the recent and official beginning of the 25th Solar cycle, the promise of increased auroral activity at more southerly latitudes should have you excited about a chance to get in place should the conditions arise for the Northern Lights to be observed in your area.
It seems that this year’s aurora activity has started out pretty strong and if you live under the Auroral Oval, (the active region of the earth where the Northern Lights most often make their appearance) then you have probably already observed some excellent displays. If you live just south of this region, there have be some great aurora viewable already this season. If by chance you live well south and outside this active aurora region, this is a good time to begin planning a trip to a more northerly destination for the chance to see and photograph the magic of the Northern Lights.
Where and When
While I will be discussing photographing the Aurora Borealis that occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, the same phenomena known as the Aurora Australis does appear in the Southern Hemisphere. This far southern display often happens far out over the Southern Ocean and Antarctica where far fewer folks have the opportunity to photograph its magic. On occasion during very active nights, it is sometimes seen over the far southern reaches of South America, New Zealand, and Tasmania.
Clear weather is your friend. One thing to keep in mind when hunting the aurora, clear skies are a must. Cloudless nights will be required as the displays happen far above where clouds form and it can be much more difficult or impossible to photograph on cloudy nights. Watch your weather forecasts and don’t be shy about checking the weather often when the other conditions are right for good lights in the sky. On nights when I am leading aurora photography trips and cloud cover rolls in, I am constantly checking the sky for any clearing conditions that may occur.
Preparation is very important for getting ready and putting yourself in position for viewing and photography. Scouting and doing your research can be done in advance and with the internet and some quality apps we have some great tools for being prepared.
Astronomers and physicists are working all the time to monitor the conditions that produce space weather - the necessary components for aurora to occur here on earth. This research is used to formulate aurora forecasts and can be found online with updates as conditions change. I have a couple of go to websites and check them often when hunting aurora:
Aurora Forecast
Aurora Alerts
Space Weather
Smartphone apps have been a great addition to aiding the success of the aurora hunter. Apps like Aurora Pro will even send out notifications when there is a good chance of seeing auroral displays in your area. That said, I often use apps like the Photographer Ephemeris and PhotoPills more for planning my shoot than relying on alerts when I put myself in good position for Northern Lights photography.
To increase you odds, plan a trip further north to an area of the earth where the aurora is more active. Fairbanks, Alaska, Yellowknife, North West Territories, and Churchill, Manitoba are great locations for North America. While Greenland, Iceland, and most of Norway have great travel locations dedicated to aurora hunting. You would do best to choose a location that has ample daytime photography opportunities as well in order to get the most out of you adventure.
Still, patience is important!
Scouting
I always have a place in mind when looking to watch or photograph the night skies. The first thing I consider is safety - are there any dangers? Steep embankments, open water, or the possible presence polar bears should be researched and planned for.
Secondly, can I find areas of dark skies with out interference of power lines and radio towers? On nights of strong aurora, I have even photographed the displays over villages and cities and have found photographing aurora on nights with a full moon to be rewarding. However, my go to scene is finding a view to the north with plenty of open sky and little or no outside lighting to interfere with my shot.
If you are fortunate to be viewing the aurora from areas to the south of the Aurora Oval you will most likely be framing your view to the north. If by chance you are much further north and under the Oval you might have the chance to frame the lights directly overhead. I have photograph many a nights aurora display while looking strait up into the curtains of light and I encourage everyone to do so if you are so lucky. Most of the time the we should be able to frame the aurora with some sort of foreground detail. I try to pick out something that adds interest to the frame. A tree-lined ridge, a snow clad forest or in warmer climates a pond or flowing stream to add reflected light into the scene.
Being Prepared
To photograph the aurora, you will be photographing at night and it will likely require a tripod, the sturdier the better. In less than adequate conditions you can sometimes shore up a lighter weight tripod with the addition of extra weight by suspending a camera bag from the center post. While the Olympus image stabilization is award winning, under these conditions it would be nearly impossible to hand hold the camera.
Most photographers also don’t have a ton of experience shooting in cold dark conditions so the more you prepare ahead of time, the more pleasant and safe the experience will be.
Let’s start with the dealing with photographing in the dark. The fewer adjustments you have to make in the dark the better. I try to have most of my settings made well ahead of any aurora activity before even going outside. The less light you can work with the better as it can easily take 20 min in the dark for your eyes to adjust to seeing more of the brilliance of the night sky.
For lighting, a headlamp with a red filter is best as it keeps your hands free for camera and tripod adjustments. The red lamp or filter helps keep your eyes adjusted for the dark conditions. It’s good to note that you will want to turn off your head lamp when making your exposures to insure your light doesn’t influence the image or any foreground objects in the frame.
Getting ready for the cold is a little more personal and needs to be adjusted for the location and time of the season you will be photographing the aurora. Dressing for autumn in Alaska is considerably different than dressing for winter in Greenland. Be respectful of winter cold and freezing conditions. I have spent what some might consider too many nights out in minus 40 degree temperatures photographing the northern lights and have so far avoided frost bite and hyperthermia.
Whatever the location and season, it will always feel much colder standing outside in the dark after the sun goes down. Layers are your best approach to dressing for the cold. I start with a good base layer and go up from there. Warm sweaters and insulated pants are always part of my attire. Most of the time I have a light fleece jacket or vest under my heavy down insulated jacket. You can always peel off a layer if the conditions are too warm for the full layering. Next would be a warm insulated hat with ear coverings, the warmer the better as you can loose a great amount of heat out of your noggin.
Hands and feet need to be well insulated especially when out in the extreme winter cold. For footwear I usually trust good insulated, felt Pac style boots, the warmer the better. When waiting for or photographing the aurora, you are usually just standing around. Boots should be heavier than you would want for hiking and a bit roomier for heavy socks. You should be able to wiggle your toes for better circulation and more warmth.
To keep my hands warm, I prefer loose fitting mittens than gloves. Heavy bulky mittens are fine with room for liner gloves underneath. I will also activate a pair or two of the charcoal type hand warmers before heading out into the cold night to photograph. Doing this ahead of time is essential as it can be difficult if you wait to open the package when your hands are already cold, and they can take some time to be fully activated and warm. You can easily keep hand warmers in a coat pocket for when needed or tuck them into the fingers of your roomy mittens when needed.
Better to be warm because nothing is more frustrating than getting cold just as the great displays begin and needing to seek the warmth of your car or lodging.
Another tip for shooting in the cold would be to keep a spare battery or two placed in an inside pocket where they will be warm and ready when needed.
Camera and Lens Selection
Camera selection is easy. All the OM-D cameras are more than capable, but my go-to cameras for aurora photography have always been the OM-D E-M1 line. Right now, I use the E-M1 Mark III, mainly for the starry sky focus feature this camera has to offer.
When it comes to lens selection, wide and fast is the name of the game. Since the aurora is happening at altitudes between 50 and 250 miles, spanning over hundreds of miles of visible sky, you will most likely want to photograph with a wide angle lens. I believe most will find aurora exposures much easier when shooting with a wide aperture of 2.8 or wider. Luckily Olympus has a battery of lenses that meet the criteria. Some of my favorites include the M.Zuiko 8mm F1.8 Fisheye PRO, 12mm F2.0, 17mm F1.2 PRO, 7-14mm F2.8 PRO, and 12-40mm F2.8 PRO. That said, I have been known to swap out a fast moderate telephoto zoom like the M.Zuiko 40-150mm F2.8 PRO for a shot or two when the lights are further off in the distance. (Be careful, with longer lenses the amount of earths movement is magnified and stars begin to elongate at much shorter exposer times).
Long Exposure Setup
The majority of the set up for aurora photography can be done ahead of time.
I usually start out by setting my camera to write highest quality RAW files. I find the Olympus raw file format to work best for northern lights photography, with plenty of exposure latitude while making it very easy to adjust the color balance in post processing. That said, I usually leave my white balance set to auto and adjust to my liking in post.
My ISO is usually adjusted to around 1600 on the OM-D cameras. While shooting, the aurora may change intensity so I may change my ISO to a lower or higher setting to meet changing conditions. If the aurora gets brighter I adjust it down, rarely going below 400 ISO. If the the aurora dims, I might reach for a higher ISO setting around 3200.
My choice of aperture is easy, I feel confident shooting all the M.Zuiko PRO lenses at the widest or maximum aperture. This is where the F2.8 and wider lenses allow much more light into the camera and onto the sensor for the brightest lowlight shooting allowable.
The final setting to balance for the best night exposures would be shutter speed. I try to keep in mind that I want to maintain shutter speeds under 25 seconds with most of my wide angle lenses to manage the amount of star elongation or trailing that occurs with the earths movement. If you are using a lens in the normal or telephoto perspective, you will need shorter shutter speeds to minimize star trailing. If you are not really deterred by star trailing, no worries! Longer times are okay but if there is a high intensity aurora going on you could easily over expose or loose definition in the patterns in the display.
Focus
Originally, focusing had been the most difficult aspect of night photography and aurora photography was no different. With aurora displays happening up to 50 miles above the earth and beyond, focus is more than adequate when set to infinity. I have found, however, that it is not precise enough to simply set most lenses to infinity and just go with that. With the E-M1 Mark III, Starry Sky AF was added and night photography became that much easier. Simply set the camera up in the general direction of your sky, choose the Starry Sky AF option in with the cameras auto focus and touch the shutter button half way. The camera will do the computations and in a few seconds, have you focused to infinity for pin point stars and sharp aurora.
If you are shooting any of the other OM-D models, I would recommend setting the camera/lens to Manual Focus in order to focus the camera to infinity. The focus peaking or focus magnification option will help ensure you are focused correctly. I find this is best done by taking the camera outside in daylight, focusing on a distant subject and using a little gaffers tape to keep the focus ring from moving. I like to tape the focus ring so that gloved or mittened hands have less of a chance of bumping the focus. I also check and recheck my focus throughout any night photography sessions. During these focus checks, I play back the last image and zoom in to ensure stars are pin sharp even when the northern lights maybe moving.
Framing and Composition
When you have the focus set and beginning exposure dialed in, the last step is framing and will be done when the activity begins.
If you have done your scouting as well as watched the weather and aurora forecast, you will be at your location and ready to place your tripod. A Northern Lights display can begin anyplace in the night sky but for most it begins in the north and can end up in any other location. Whenever setting up and framing, unless you have a great reflective surface like a pond or stream, you will want to fill most of your frame shooting skyward.
Its awesome if you can include some aspect of the foreground to add interest to your composition. A tree covered ridge line, a shoreline of a lake, or cabin under the northern sky will add a sense of place to your image. When you have the ability, you can add a person to the composition for scale and wonder. Make sure that whatever foreground you use, the distance is great enough between the camera and the subject to maintain acceptably sharp focus on aurora as well.
On nights of extreme auroral activity it can be possible to have the lights displaying directly overhead. At these times, I often compose shooting strait up into the lights, doing my best to frame around an easily identifiable constellation like the big dipper. A quick note, these displays are often part of a substorm event and are much brighter, often requiring quick exposure adjustments. Consider yourself lucky if you have the opportunity to witness such a dramatic display.
A solid tip for making your nighttime composing much easier. Employ the Live Boost function (Menu D2) found in your OM-D cameras. I usually set mine to “On 2,” making the display much brighter and, as such, easier to see my composition. Using Live Boost, the image recorded will appear as exposed not as viewed during set up.
Conclusion
Just as the solar wind ebbs and flows, each nights auroral display will be different. Practicing your set up and being ready will always favor the best aurora photography. Knowing your camera as well as being comfortable with the dials and buttons will allow you to make minor adjustments as the display changes. In these ways, you are setting yourself up for capturing the images you want.
If all is done in advance, it is mostly about positioning your tripod, turning on your camera and watching as the magic of the light unfold overhead!
Multi-day and nightly tours to photograph the aurora are quite popular and are excellent for increasing your chances of photographing this amazing phenomena. If you are interested in tours, there are private guides and group tours that specialize in photography at most locations where the northern lights can be observed with any frequency. Good leaders will help you navigate every step to getting great photographs.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 56 |
https://www.amazon.com/Northern-Lights-Aurora-Canvas-Wall/dp/B0CBN27FK9
|
en
|
Amazon.com
|
[
"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/captcha/usvmgloq/Captcha_dpqnjxxtxe.jpg",
"https://fls-na.amazon.com/1/oc-csi/1/OP/requestId=19HA51FM2RCXFCGFD40B&js=0"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
Enter the characters you see below
Sorry, we just need to make sure you're not a robot. For best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies.
|
|||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 8 |
https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
en
|
Why do the aurora look better through a camera? And how do you spot a fake image? Q&A with an astrophotographer
|
[
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg",
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/594010/original/file-20240514-20-9frcoj.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=6%2C0%2C4239%2C2807&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip",
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1534515/width170/photo_%282%29.jpg",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/594062/original/file-20240514-21-95i4t4.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/594063/original/file-20240514-22-o6qxqk.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/594064/original/file-20240514-18-b37rd1.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/337389371/logo-1520549009.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/336998628/TC_rescaled_logo_for_Jobboard_copy_TRANSPARENT.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/336930475/CC_logo.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/335860244/AUT-logo-block-international.jpg",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/335398166/3_monash.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Darren Baskill"
] |
2024-05-14T13:37:03+00:00
|
The aurora was noticeable with the naked eye – but was spectacular through a camera lens.
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/why-do-the-aurora-look-better-through-a-camera-and-how-do-you-spot-a-fake-image-qanda-with-an-astrophotographer-229974
|
On 10 and 11 May 2024, large parts of the world were treated to their most spectacular display of the aurora – the northern and southern lights – in a generation. Thanks to modern cameras, the phenomenon was all over social media. It seems almost everyone knew someone who managed to snap vivid images of the night sky illuminated in pink, purple and green.
To understand why camera phones were able to pick out colours and details invisible to the naked eye, The Conversation spoke to Darren Baskill, an astrophysicist and photographer – an astrophotographer – at the University of Sussex.
For those who missed them, were the lights really as spectacular as they looked in photos?
The short answer is: no. I was lucky enough to see the aurora in person, in the dark skies of the South Downs National Park. But even there, I could only faintly see the colours with my own eyes. The difference between the green and red hues were particularly striking, even with the naked eye, but those colours were certainly enhanced when viewed through a camera.
However, there were also lots of fake images, often where two completely different photos had been merged together to form one. Be particularly wary of any photo claiming to show the aurora amid a starry sky above a large city.
Even on a perfectly clear night you wouldn’t see many stars due to light pollution. For instance, London’s Tower Bridge has been superimposed on a photo of the aurora possibly taken from a remote, dark location in a Nordic country.
Note the lack of stars in this – very believable – photo of Battersea Power Station.
Why are cameras able to see the colours more vividly?
The technology behind modern digital cameras is rapidly improving, with every generation of camera being far superior to the last. Advancements in mobile phone cameras have been driven partly by people wanting to take photographs in dimly lit night clubs and bars, and that sensitivity to low light levels allows modern phone cameras to also see the northern lights so clearly.
Inside the human eye, there are two types of cells used for seeing. The “cone” cells are sensitive to colour but need plenty of light in order to function, whereas the “rods” cells are sensitive to low light levels but cannot distinguish colour.
When it’s dark, the cone cells don’t work and the rods take over. This is why, when you stumble to the bathroom in the middle of the night, everything appears grey as the cones aren’t receiving enough light to recognise colours. But that’s when the rods come into their own, allowing to see your way in grey scale.
Cameras don’t have this problem when taking a photograph. To compensate for the dark conditions, a camera can just take a longer exposure and collect light for longer, building up a picture of the scene and collecting colours that the rods in the human eye cannot detect.
Can you give us an example?
Sure. Here are three versions of the same photo I took in my back garden on the outskirts of Brighton, on England’s south coast. The first is the original unprocessed photo, while the second has been processed – I changed the brightness and contrast and upped the saturation. The third version has been processed to represent more or less what I saw with my eyes.
What about light pollution?
Another problem is inefficient lights that shine into the sky where it is neither needed nor wanted. This reflects off the atmosphere and drowns out our view of the stars and aurora. The pupils in our eyes shrink to prevent us from being blinded by light, whether it be sunlight or a neighbour’s floodlight – but this also prevents us from seeing the fainter aurora.
For the best views of the aurora, you need to go somewhere dark so that the pupils in your eyes can relax and open up to allow as much light into your eyes as possible, which also allows you to see some of the colours.
Are some auroras more photogenic than others?
Auroras form a wide variety of different patterns and colours, depending on several factors including how the magnetic fields of the Earth and Sun are interacting with each other, the gases in our atmosphere that are emitting the light, and how energetic the auroral activity is.
Some of these aurora can be quite static, such as a green glow caused by oxygen in our atmosphere, while others can be colourful and dynamic.
Are some phones and cameras better than others?
All cameras are different, but usually the more you spend the better the camera. I personally have a relatively cheap mobile phone, so I was unable to capture any of the aurora using that. However, I also have a relatively expensive DSLR camera, and I was able to capture some stunning views using that.
For next time, what are some tips for taking good photos of the aurora?
To get great photos of the aurora and the night sky in general, aim for dark skies. The further away you can get from the inefficient lights of towns and cities, the better. Also the more you can spend on your camera, the better your results will be.
When photographing aurora, you want your camera to be collecting as much light as possible. Automatic camera modes find it difficult to judge this, but in manual mode have the aperture of your camera wide open (f/4, for example), make your camera chip amplify the image by using a higher ISO setting, and use exposure times of a few seconds.
Personally, I found four second exposures at f/3.5 and ISO 2500 worked well for me on Friday night. But the beauty of digital photography is that you can experiment with different settings as you go along, and see the results for yourself in real time.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 3 |
https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-patterns-day-night-and-seasons/the-aurora-inspiration-for-art-and-poetry-integration
|
en
|
The Aurora: Inspiration for Art and Poetry Integration
|
[
"https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/wp-content/themes/bppb/img/logo.png",
"https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/wp-content/themes/bppb/img/logo.png",
"https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/files/2011/06/web_Northern_Lights_Greenland-300x198.jpg 300w, https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/files/2011/06/web_Northern_Lights_Greenland.jpg 500w",
"http://sites.ehe.osu.edu/beyondpenguins/files/2011/06/web_Northern_Lights_Greenland-300x198.jpg",
"https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/wp-content/themes/bppb/styles/img/ehe-logo.png",
"https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/wp-content/themes/bppb/styles/img/ehe-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"mlefever"
] |
2011-06-20T12:45:25+00:00
|
This article lists seven art techniques and four poetry types that can be used to depict and describe the aurora.
|
en
|
Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears - Just another Sites.EHE site
|
https://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar-patterns-day-night-and-seasons/the-aurora-inspiration-for-art-and-poetry-integration
|
Depicting the Aurora: Art Techniques
Before beginning any of the art projects listed below, introduce your students to the aurora through children’s literature, expository articles, images, and video. If you are fortunate enough to have an art educator at your school, you can collaborate on an integrated unit. If not, don’t worry – the activities below provide step-by-step directions for each art technique. Most of the lessons and activities featured do not specifically reference the aurora, but are general instructions to be used with a wide variety of subjects.
Artist in Residence: Watercolor Lessons
A comprehensive guide including watercolor techniques, defining, finding, and painting the horizon, and silhouette techniques. This guide is especially helpful for classroom teachers without an art background or an art educator to collaborate with. The “wet-on-wet” technique is most suitable for painting the aurora.
Painting Like an Impressionist
A lesson plan on painting in the impressionist style, which could be easily adapted to paint a scene depicting the aurora. This lesson refers to a color wheel and the use of complementary colors (colors opposite one another on the color wheel). It would also be helpful to have images of impressionist paintings on display. Many of Monet’s pieces would introduce students to the soft swirls and dabs of paint that defined the impressionist style.
Crepe Paper Blots
A lesson plan for creating crepe paper blots. Students could use crepe paper in the colors of the aurora.
Pumpkin Seed Mosaics
In this activity, students use dyed pumpkin seeds to create a mosaic. This could be adapted to depict the aurora.
Crayon Resist
In the crayon-resist technique, students use light-color crayons to draw the shimmering bands of the aurora, stars, and the landscape (horizon, mountains, trees). Students then cover their drawing with watered-down black tempera or watercolor paint. The crayon resists, or shows through, the black paint. Perfect for depicting the aurora against the night sky!
Torn Paper Pictures
This document describes the process of creating a torn-paper collage. The irregular shapes of torn paper reflect the irregular shapes of the aurora.
Describing the Aurora in Poetry
Use the featured lessons to help students write poems about the aurora. Poetry can be written before, after, or independently of the art projects listed above. The aurora is also a natural springboard for descriptive writing and pourquoi stories, in which students explain how or why something exists in nature.
Composing Cinquain Poems: A Quick-Writing Activity (Grades K-2)
Cinquain (pronounced “cin-kain”) is a five-line poetic form, using a wavelike syllable count of two-four-six-eight-two. In this lesson, students write simple cinquain of their own as a follow-up to a subject they have been exploring in class.
Composing Cinquain Poems with Basic Parts of Speech (Grades 3-5)
Students learn about cinquain poetry and write their own cinquain poems.
Acrostic Poems (Grades K-5)
This interactive resource guides students through brainstorming about a topic and then writing original acrostic poems. The finished poems can be printed.
Dynamite Diamante Poetry (Grades 3-5, modify for grades K-2)
In this lesson, students review nouns, adjectives, and verbs and learn about gerunds. They then practice using them as new vocabulary words by composing structured diamante poems as a class and independently using an online interactive tool. The poems can be printed and displayed or published as a class book or magazine.
Reading, Writing, Haiku Hiking! A Class Book of Picturesque Poems (Grades 3-5)
Using One Leaf Rides the Wind by Celeste Davidson Mannis as an introductory text, students learn to identify elements of haiku poetry. Students go on a class hike to observe nature in their own neighborhood, and collect “picturesque” words in their writer’s notebooks. (Instead of a hike, students could view images of the aurora in a video or on a web site.) They explore syllable counts in their word collections and use descriptive words to compose original haiku. Students then use print and online resources to locate facts for informational notes on the topics of their poems. Finally, students work collaboratively to publish their poetry and notes in an illustrated class book.
Seasonal Haiku: Writing Poems to Celebrate Any Season (Grades 3-5)
In this three-part lesson, students write and illustrate haiku depicting seasonal images. First they use their observation skills, real-world knowledge, and knowledge of parts of speech to help them create seasonal word charts. They then listen to and read samples of haiku to identify haiku criteria, followed by a writing session where they create haiku that depict seasonal images. Finally, they publish their poetry mounted on colorful backgrounds that illustrate the images in their poems.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 19 |
https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurora.htm
|
en
|
AURORAL GUIDE
|
[
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurstott.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/stsaur1.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurdraw.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/solterrwind.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/solterrcme.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/magsphere.gif",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/cmelasco.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurcrowns.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/auroval.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurmag.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurdiff.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/ISSaur.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/STSaur.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurspec.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/aurphoto.gif",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/thetaaur.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/chaur.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/jupaur.jpg",
"https://www.spaceacademy.net.au/env/terra/aurora/sataur.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
WHY ARE AURORAE IMPORTANT?
Interest in aurorae is manyfold. It ranges from a casual interest in observing the beauty of the spectacle to a problem of system interference that has strategic security implications. Some of these are listed below.
The Magnificent Aurora
The emotion that the aurora brings forth in many people is perhaps best expressed by a quote from Donald G Carpenter (USAF Academy) in "Environmental Space Sciences":
The awe-inspiring shimmering aurora is a splashing of radiant colors on the TV screen of our atmosphere. It is part of a cosmic display conceived by God, produced by the Sun, directed by Earth's magnetic field, starring plasma fluxes and released photons, and with makeup by atomic de-ionizations and de-excitation. It is one of the classic beauties of nature, and fortunately its "run" will not be limited to a single season.
Historical Aurora
The reaction of various peoples in history to auroral displays has depended largely on where they lived. Those people who live near the auroral zones and see frequent aurorae tend to regard it as a benign or even beneficial event. Some Canadian eskimos believed that the aurora was the dance of the animal spirits. In Scandanavian folklore an aurora was thought to enhance the fertility of the Earth, with a promise of an abundance of seeds and a rich harvest, or a large fish catch from the ocean. Chinese and Japanese myths associated it with fertility, and even today Japanese honeymooners travel to Alaska in the belief that a child conceived under the aurora will prosper and be blessed with good luck. Some Alaskan motels are happy to oblige with bedrooms with glass ceilings. On the other hand, in societies where the aurora is only seen infrequently, it has often been seen as a bad omen, particularly as aurorae seen at lower latitudes (closer to the equator) are most often present as red glows. A spectacular aurora seen over middle Europe in 1570 brought forth the following admonition:
Wherefore, dear Christians, take such terrible portents to heart and digilently pray to God, that He will soften His punishments and bring us back into His favor, so that we may await with calm the future of our souls and salvation. Amen.
The drawing below was made of the same aurora, from what is now the west of the Czech Republic.
AURORAL COLOURS
When particles precipitate down from the magnetosphere into the auroral zone they encounter ever increasing density of air molecules. Eventually they will strike one of these molecules, transferring energy to it, and leaving it in an "excited" state. It only remains in this state for a short while. The excess energy is disposed of by emitting a particle or photon of light. The wavelength, and hence the colour of the emitted light is determined both by the type of air molecule, and the amount of energy it is given in the collision.
Up to an altitude of about 100 km, the Earth's atmosphere is homogeneous, consisting of about 20% oxygen molecules (two atoms of oxygen joined together) and 80% nitrogen molecules (also two atoms of nitrogen joined together). Above 100 km oxygen molecules start to 'dissociate' and so we tend to find increasing concentration of individual oxygen atoms. Even higher, above about 500 km we start to find significant numbers of hydrogen atoms (these come from the Sun rather than the Earth's lower atmosphere).
Although most aurora are formed in the altitude range between about 100 and 300 km, sometimes the precipitating particles have energies high enough to penetrate down to 70 km, and in some conditions very high altitude aurorae can form up to around 600 km.
Near the auroral zones green is the most common colour seen in auroral displays. Green aurora tend to occur at altitudes from 100 250 km by oxygen atoms emitting light at 557.7 nanometres. Red aurora are less common and form around 200 500 km from oxygen atoms emitting light at 630 nm. These are often the aurora seen at mid-latitudes following large solar outbursts.
When particles are energetic enough to penetrate down to altitudes below 100 km, blue aurora may be seen, and this is produced by nitrogen molecules emitting light at 423.6 and 427.8 nm. Converse to this in altitude, a rare high altitude form of red aurora around 600 km is due to hydrogen atoms emitting light at the hydrogen-alpha wavelength of 656.3 nm.
The most common auroral colours,
the elements that produce them, and
their wavelengths (nanometres).
Only nitrogen is in its molecular
form, all the other elements are in
atomic form.
Occasionally a yellow colour may be seen in bright aurora. This is due to a combination of red and green auroral emission.
Most faint aurorae show no color to the eye at all, appearing only as white forms. This is not because the aurora is not coloured, but because of how the eye perceives low intensity light. In the retina, the light sensitive part of the eye, on the back wall of the eyeball, there are two types of light sensors: rods and cones. The cones are concentrated near the central field of vision and are used to give high resolution seeing under moderate to high light levels. The rods are spread around the peripheral field of view. These are more sensitive to light than are the cones, and are the sensors used at night and in low light levels. Only the cones are sensitive to color. And thus in low light levels, we are unable to appreciate any color that may be present. Thus we see faint stars and faint aurora as being devoid of colour. A camera however, will reveal any colour that is present.
CLASSIFYING THE AURORA
People have categorised aurora in many different ways, according to colour, shape, structure, brightness and energy. However, before discussing any of these classification schemes we should point out a major division between what are called discrete aurora and diffuse aurora.
Discrete aurora are those that have reasonably well defined boundaries, and are the ones that are most readily seen. Diffuse aurora on the other hand are much fainter and spread out over a wide area. Diffuse aurora can be divided into two sub-categories of pulsating aurora and hydrogen arc aurora. The former undergo fluctuations in brightness with periods of from 1/10 of a second to 20 seconds. The latter is a uniform broadband of light that results from a steady precipitation of protons and electrons from the outer Van Allen radiation belt.
When most people talk about the aurora they are referring to the discrete aurora.
Aurorae may be classified according to their colour. However, because color is related to brightness when viewing the aurora (see the last paragraph of the last section), this type of classification must be used with caution. This list also only includes the most common auroral colours.
Color TypeDescription AGreen aurora with red tops BGreen aurora with red bottom CPure green aurora DPure red aurora
Aurorae occur in a variety of forms. Ground observers use single letters for shape and structure:
Shape Structure A arc D diffuse B band F glowing C corona H homogeneous D drapery P pulsating G glow R rayed R ray(s) S surface
These letters may be combined to describe a specific auroral form:
HA homogeneous arc RB rayed bands PA pulsating arcs FC glowing corona
An atlas of auroral forms is a great help in serious auroral observing.
Auroral brightness is specified by an International Brightness Coefficient (IBC) or with a light meter (photometer) that measures in units called kiloRayleighs (kR):
IBCkRDescription I 1 Faint, brightness of milky way.
No colour apparent. II 10 Brightness of thin moonlit cirrus cloud. III 100 Brightness of moonlit cumulus cloud. IV 1000 Bright as the full moon.
Casts shadows. Very rare.
The extent of the aurora may also be specified,varying from a small glow or patch to an all sky storm. The aurora section of the Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand uses a seven point Storm Intensity (SI) code to indicate the extent of the aurora.
SIAuroral Form 1Glow or Patch 2Arc, Veil or Band 3Rayed Arc, Veil or Band4Ray Bundles 5Active, Moving or Flaming Forms 6Corona 7All Sky Storm
A satellite can also be used to measure the integrated brightness or activity of the aurora by measuring the electron power input to the polar regions. The brightness of the aurora is proportional to the precipitating electron flux, which may vary from 1012 electrons per square metre for a very faint aurora to over 1017 electrons per square metre for a very bright aurora. The power associated with this flux is measured in gigawatts (109W) according to the table below:
Activity Index Power (GW) 1 0 2.5 2 2.5 4 3 4 6 4 6 10 5 10 16 6 16 24 7 24 39 8 39 61 9 61 96 10 96 +
VIEWING & PHOTOGRAPHING THE AURORA
Aurora are not often seen in Australia, but observers in Tasmania will see them more frequently than those along the southern coast of the mainland. Scientists in Australian Antarctic bases may see an aurora every dark night, weather permitting.
The occurrence of moderate intensity aurora tend to follow the sunspot cycle which has a period of about 11 years. Thus when there a lot of sunspots on the Sun we expect to see more aurora further away from the polar zones. However, the really big aurora tend to occur only a very few times during a single sunspot cycle, and they may occur at virtually any time within the cycle.
People living in the south of the south island of New Zealand see frequent auroral displays. However, those of us living in mainland Australia are not so lucky. Auroral alerts can be received by email and even by SMS on a mobile phone (see the Auroral Alerts section below), and for anyone who is interested in viewing and imaging the aurora australis this is a very worthwhile service.
For those interested in photographing aurorae the graph below gives a guide to camera settings. Although it was devised for film cameras, many digital cameras will now allow an ISO "film speed" setting to be entered into the camera. Because long exposures are required for all but the brightest aurorae, it will be necessary to mount the camera on a tripod. And of course, with digital cameras, the instant display feature allows another exposure to be taken immediately if the parameters were not set right in the first place.
CURRENT ISSUES
Three current issues in auroral studies relate to the origin of the theta aurora, the reality of coast hugging aurorae, and the nature of sounds sometimes heard from the aurora.
The Theta Aurora
Most aurora as seen from space take the form of an oval centred on either the north or the south magnetic pole. Occasionally, however, a line appears across a diameter of the oval, forming the greek letter theta, after which this type of aurora is named.
A theta aurora as seen
by the Dynamics Explorer
satellite.
[NASA-Univ of Iowa]
How this aurora forms, and the circumstances that lead to its formation are still matters of debate and investigation.
Coast Hugging Aurorae
Up until recently scientists assumed that only the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere had any effect on auroral formation. However, examination of many satellite auroral images seems to indicate that there is an excess (with respect to expected statistical occurrence) of aurora that seem to line up with coastlines on the Earth's surface below the aurora. Why the Earth's surface topography should influence auroral behaviour is very unclear at this time.
An aurora "hugging" the
coast of Greenland.
[POLAR satellite image
NASA - Univ of Iowa]
The strange phenomenon of auroral sounds is discussed in the following section.
AURORAL SOUNDS
For over 200 years occasional reports have been made by both scientific and lay people about hearing sounds associated with some aurora, usually those that are bright and rapidly varying. The sounds are described as hissing, whooshing, swishing, and sometimes crackling noises. And the amazing part of the reports is that these sounds seem to relate directly to visible changes in the auroral display.
Although there appears no doubt that auroral sounds are real, they present science with a conundrum, because even if sound could travel through the near vacuum of the upper atmosphere where aurorae are produced, it would take a minimum of 300 seconds to travel over the distance between the aurora and the observer. And thus the sight and sound should be totally uncorrelated.
The only possible explanations must involve electromagnetic phenomena, which travel at the speed of light, together with a transduction mechanism which converts the electromagnetic quantity to sound near the observer. Some researchers have proposed that the explanation lies with the electric field associated with auroral particle acceleration, whereas others maintain that electromagnetic radiation (very low frequency radio waves) are emitted by the aurora, and that this signal is rectified/converted into sound energy near the ground. Possible conversion detectors have been suggested as dry pine needles or even frizzy hair on the observer.
It appears that no-one has recorded this sound or a VLF signal directly associated with it, although VLF signals have been recorded that are related to auroral activity, and also from bright meteors, which might be related to the auroral sound phenomenon. A Finnish group from Sodanklya Geophysical Observatory and the Finnish Meteorological Institute have made attempts in this area of research, and their results indicate a possible connection between VLF signals and auroral sounds, but more work needs to be done in this area.
OTHER PLANETS
The Earth is not the only place to have aurorae. The Hubble Space Telescope has now photographed aurorae on Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. To host aurorae a planet needs an atmosphere and a reasonable magnetic field. The images below show the auroral ovals on the two largest planets in the solar system.
|
||||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 43 |
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-14/aurora-australia-watching-and-photographing-the-southern-lights/11197868
|
en
|
Aurora australis: Where to view the southern lights and how to photograph them
|
https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a5dc7e4f986d6e0b8eafffe827d92a86?impolicy=wcms_watermark_news&cropH=608&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=135&width=862&height=485&imformat=generic
|
https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a5dc7e4f986d6e0b8eafffe827d92a86?impolicy=wcms_watermark_news&cropH=608&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=135&width=862&height=485&imformat=generic
|
[
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a5dc7e4f986d6e0b8eafffe827d92a86?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=608&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=135&width=862&height=485",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/73bfadb9e28e9286b55a7b3f3e139b59?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=721&cropW=961&xPos=59&yPos=0&width=862&height=647 543w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/73bfadb9e28e9286b55a7b3f3e139b59?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a959a2e5e7480c7d0faa87b9c9a99a52?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=809&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=27&width=862&height=647 543w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a959a2e5e7480c7d0faa87b9c9a99a52?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=719&cropW=1080&xPos=0&yPos=70&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b1bab0655d3bd1938fb851e1fa9ec3a7?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1357&cropW=1808&xPos=122&yPos=0&width=862&height=647 543w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b1bab0655d3bd1938fb851e1fa9ec3a7?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1357&cropW=2042&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/ce505656b8794ac92db19ba40bf91513?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=672&cropW=898&xPos=182&yPos=0&width=862&height=647 543w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/ce505656b8794ac92db19ba40bf91513?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=657&cropW=988&xPos=92&yPos=0&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/75604292145d69c5d0a5d119fd3b12d6?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=481&cropW=640&xPos=0&yPos=78&width=862&height=647 543w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/75604292145d69c5d0a5d119fd3b12d6?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=426&cropW=640&xPos=0&yPos=131&width=862&height=575",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/e5c3a6fba8cd6b9371ed11bf70f02ece?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=576&cropW=861&xPos=81&yPos=0&width=160&height=107",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0796837ae6667f392ef7922da28c312c?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=612&cropW=920&xPos=112&yPos=144&width=160&height=107",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/cd303221c686888895822ea0b9802367?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1281&cropW=1925&xPos=58&yPos=0&width=160&height=107",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/8206b3114e25c1ccad6a5bc51ebc4a90?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=669&cropW=669&xPos=300&yPos=16&width=160&height=160",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b70fa75ab6a777f453a4d0c18c9a175a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2510&cropW=3765&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/b70fa75ab6a777f453a4d0c18c9a175a?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2510&cropW=3765&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/4078a15f505a3465ec19066396d642b4?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=100&yPos=0&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/4078a15f505a3465ec19066396d642b4?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=720&cropW=1080&xPos=100&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/cf83b3291b9a08098d01eab9089d7ae2?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1688&cropW=2524&xPos=238&yPos=0&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/cf83b3291b9a08098d01eab9089d7ae2?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=1688&cropW=2530&xPos=235&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/bb027eb620b26c9781d9e2306bc8f6bf?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/bb027eb620b26c9781d9e2306bc8f6bf?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/6eee07f7aeb4aef2f2e7c2c6e78f1668?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/6eee07f7aeb4aef2f2e7c2c6e78f1668?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0b3760645d8ab890a9ce19cdce0a4e71?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2229&cropW=3344&xPos=893&yPos=284&width=160&height=107 160w, https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0b3760645d8ab890a9ce19cdce0a4e71?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=5000&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=862&height=575 862w",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/0b3760645d8ab890a9ce19cdce0a4e71?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=3333&cropW=4444&xPos=278&yPos=0&width=862&height=647",
"https://live-production.wcms.abc-cdn.net.au/a881abfa24cfd146acd8f2c4ac909a45?impolicy=wcms_crop_resize&cropH=2541&cropW=2541&xPos=0&yPos=0&width=160&height=160"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"southern lights",
"aurora australis",
"aurora",
"green lights",
"night sky",
"northern lights",
"aurora borealis",
"bruny island",
"cradle mountain",
"light pollution",
"freycinet",
"the hazards",
"bancoora beach"
] | null |
[
"ABC News"
] |
2019-06-14T00:00:00
|
You don't need to travel to the South Pole to get a perfect photo of the green and pink lights of the aurora australis — there's incredible vantage points right here in our own backyard.
|
en
|
/news-assets/favicon-32x32.png
|
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-06-14/aurora-australia-watching-and-photographing-the-southern-lights/11197868
|
If you've spent any time at all on a social media, chances are you've stumbled across some serious #TravelInspo in the form of swaths of ethereal-looking green and pink lights in the night sky.
While the northern hemisphere — we're looking at you, Iceland, Norway and friends — may have a monopoly on the northern lights, there is no need to travel all that way if seeing the aurora phenomena is on your bucket list.
We have the southern lights, otherwise known as aurora australis, right here in our own backyard.
For the weather uninitiated, ABC Weather reporter Kate Doyle said the process could be compared to that used in neon lighting.
"The sun excites atoms of gas in the same way electricity is used to excite the atoms of gas in a neon tube," she said.
"When the excited atoms come back down to earth, as it were, they release their energy in the form of mesmerising light.
Experiment, adjust and enjoy
We asked our audience to share some of the places they have captured aurora australis.
And while the lights are most visible and occur more regularly the further south you go, sightings are not limited to Tasmania.
To photograph aurora australis there are a few things you will need:
A clear night — the Bureau of Meteorology has a space weather page providing aurora predictions
Set up in a position looking south and away from city lights to avoid light pollution and flare
A tripod, camera, and wide-angle lens (ideally f2.8 or faster)
To increase your chances of capturing the aurora australis in all its glory:
Use a remote trigger with mirror lock to reduce camera shake — if you do not have a remote try using a timer on your camera
Shoot in raw format for better quality photos
Turn your manual focus to infinity — test this on a clear, non-aurora night to avoid disappointment
Set your ISO from 1,600 to 3,200 or greater if your camera has the capability
Set your exposure from 10 to 30 seconds — longer exposures will start to show stars as trails rather than dots
Keep in mind all of these settings will depend on the brightness of the aurora, so experiment, adjust, and enjoy the magic.
Bruny Island, Tasmania
Tasmanian photographer, Luke Tscharke, has been taking regular snaps of the state's solar activity from Bruny Island, less than an hour's drive south of Hobart.
"The clearest air in the world also provides for some of the clearest skies, and when the clouds stay away it provides an unobstructed view into the cosmos," he said.
Cradle Mountain, Tasmania
In the heart of Tasmania's wilderness and far from any light pollution, Cradle Mountain made an incredible backdrop when Jai Moyle captured an aurora.
"Never will I see a night like this again," he said.
Breamlea, Victoria
Surrounding light pollution, and its more northerly location, can make it harder to see the aurora australis in areas like Breamlea in Victoria, but if there is enough cosmic activity and the aurora is big enough, you might just be in luck.
Augusta, Western Australia
Michelle Peak spotted aurora australis from Augusta in the far south-west of Western Australia in 2015.
"I have been chasing those amazing southern lights ever since."
|
|||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 16 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora
|
en
|
Wikipedia
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Church_of_light.jpg/308px-Church_of_light.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Northern_Lights_02.jpg/151px-Northern_Lights_02.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Aurora_borealis_over_Eielson_Air_Force_Base%2C_Alaska.jpg/153px-Aurora_borealis_over_Eielson_Air_Force_Base%2C_Alaska.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg/153px-Aurore_australe_-_Aurora_australis.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Red_and_green_aurora.jpg/151px-Red_and_green_aurora.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Aurora_australis_ISS.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis_ISS.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg/290px-Antarctic_aurora_ESA313457.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Aurora_Kp_Map_North_America.gif/450px-Aurora_Kp_Map_North_America.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aurora_Kp_Map_Eurasia.gif/450px-Aurora_Kp_Map_Eurasia.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aurora_shapes.jpg/220px-Aurora_shapes.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Magenta_G5_aurora_over_Tuntorp%2C_Lysekil_Municipality_11.jpg/220px-Magenta_G5_aurora_over_Tuntorp%2C_Lysekil_Municipality_11.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/AuroraBorealisOkeford20240510-01.jpg/220px-AuroraBorealisOkeford20240510-01.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Keogram_explainer.gif/220px-Keogram_explainer.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Moon_and_Aurora.jpg/220px-Moon_and_Aurora.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Aurora_australis_20050911.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis_20050911.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg/310px-Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Aurora_australis.jpg/220px-Aurora_australis.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Utsjoki.vaakuna.svg/150px-Utsjoki.vaakuna.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Aurora_Borealis_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg/220px-Aurora_Borealis_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg/220px-Jupiter.Aurora.HST.UV.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Saturns_Northern_Aurora_still.jpg/220px-Saturns_Northern_Aurora_still.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/21px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2002-02-25T15:43:11+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora
|
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
An aurora[a] (pl. aurorae or auroras),[b] also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis),[c] is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of brilliant lights that appear as curtains, rays, spirals, or dynamic flickers covering the entire sky.[3]
Auroras are the result of disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere caused by the solar wind. Major disturbances result from enhancements in the speed of the solar wind from coronal holes and coronal mass ejections. These disturbances alter the trajectories of charged particles in the magnetospheric plasma. These particles, mainly electrons and protons, precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying colour and complexity. The form of the aurora, occurring within bands around both polar regions, is also dependent on the amount of acceleration imparted to the precipitating particles.
Most of the planets in the Solar System, some natural satellites, brown dwarfs, and even comets also host auroras.
Etymology
[edit]
The term aurora borealis was coined by Galileo in 1619, from the Roman Aurora, goddess of the dawn and the Greek name for the north wind (Boreas).[4][5]
The word aurora is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, who travelled from east to west announcing the coming of the Sun.[6] Ancient Greek poets used the corresponding name Eos metaphorically to refer to dawn, often mentioning its play of colors across the otherwise dark sky (e.g., "rosy-fingered dawn").[7]
The words borealis and australis are derived from the names of the ancient gods of the north wind (Boreas) and the south wind (Auster) in Greco-Roman mythology.
Occurrence
[edit]
Most auroras occur in a band known as the "auroral zone",[8] which is typically 3° to 6° (approximately 330–660 km) wide in latitude and between 10° and 20° from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), most clearly seen at night against a dark sky. A region that currently displays an aurora is called the "auroral oval", a band displaced by the solar wind towards the night side of Earth. Auroras at the North Pole itself are rare due to it being on the Arctic Ocean, while auroras at the South Pole itself are very common and guaranteed to be visible.[9] Early evidence for a geomagnetic connection comes from the statistics of auroral observations. Elias Loomis (1860),[10] and later Hermann Fritz (1881)[11] and Sophus Tromholt (1881)[12] in more detail, established that the aurora appeared mainly in the auroral zone.
In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the aurora borealis or the northern lights. The southern counterpart, the aurora australis or the southern lights, has features almost identical to the aurora borealis and changes simultaneously with changes in the northern auroral zone.[13] The aurora australis is visible from high southern latitudes in Antarctica, the Southern Cone, South Africa, Australasia and under exceptional circumstances as far north as Uruguay.[14] The aurora borealis is visible from areas around the Arctic such as Alaska, Canada, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Scandinavia, Scotland, and Russia. On rare occasions the aurora borealis can be seen as far south as the Mediterranean and the southern states of the US. During the Carrington Event, the greatest geomagnetic storm ever observed, auroras were seen even in the tropics.
A geomagnetic storm causes the auroral ovals (north and south) to expand, bringing the aurora to lower latitudes. The instantaneous distribution of auroras ("auroral oval")[8] is slightly different, being centered about 3–5° nightward of the magnetic pole, so that auroral arcs reach furthest toward the equator when the magnetic pole in question is in between the observer and the Sun. The aurora can be seen best at this time, which is called magnetic midnight.
Auroras seen within the auroral oval may be directly overhead. From farther away, they illuminate the poleward horizon as a greenish glow, or sometimes a faint red, as if the Sun were rising from an unusual direction. Auroras also occur poleward of the auroral zone as either diffuse patches or arcs,[15] which can be subvisual.
Auroras are occasionally seen in latitudes below the auroral zone, when a geomagnetic storm temporarily enlarges the auroral oval. Large geomagnetic storms are most common during the peak of the 11-year sunspot cycle or during the three years after the peak.[16][17] An electron spirals (gyrates) about a field line at an angle that is determined by its velocity vectors, parallel and perpendicular, respectively, to the local geomagnetic field vector B. This angle is known as the "pitch angle" of the particle. The distance, or radius, of the electron from the field line at any time is known as its Larmor radius. The pitch angle increases as the electron travels to a region of greater field strength nearer to the atmosphere. Thus, it is possible for some particles to return, or mirror, if the angle becomes 90° before entering the atmosphere to collide with the denser molecules there. Other particles that do not mirror enter the atmosphere and contribute to the auroral display over a range of altitudes. Other types of auroras have been observed from space; for example, "poleward arcs" stretching sunward across the polar cap, the related "theta aurora",[18] and "dayside arcs" near noon. These are relatively infrequent and poorly understood. Other interesting effects occur such as pulsating aurora, "black aurora" and their rarer companion "anti-black aurora" and subvisual red arcs. In addition to all these, a weak glow (often deep red) observed around the two polar cusps, the field lines separating the ones that close through Earth from those that are swept into the tail and close remotely.
Images
[edit]
Early work on the imaging of the auroras was done in 1949 by the University of Saskatchewan using the SCR-270 radar.[19] The altitudes where auroral emissions occur were revealed by Carl Størmer and his colleagues, who used cameras to triangulate more than 12,000 auroras.[20] They discovered that most of the light is produced between 90 and 150 km (56 and 93 mi) above the ground, while extending at times to more than 1,000 km (620 mi).
Forms
[edit]
According to Clark (2007), there are five main forms that can be seen from the ground, from least to most visible:[21]
A mild glow, near the horizon. These can be close to the limit of visibility,[22] but can be distinguished from moonlit clouds because stars can be seen undiminished through the glow.
Patches or surfaces that look like clouds.
Arcs curve across the sky.
Rays are light and dark stripes across arcs, reaching upwards by various amounts.
Coronas cover much of the sky and diverge from one point on it.
Brekke (1994) also described some auroras as "curtains".[23] The similarity to curtains is often enhanced by folds within the arcs. Arcs can fragment or break up into separate, at times rapidly changing, often rayed features that may fill the whole sky. These are also known as discrete auroras, which are at times bright enough to read a newspaper by at night.[24]
These forms are consistent with auroras being shaped by Earth's magnetic field. The appearances of arcs, rays, curtains, and coronas are determined by the shapes of the luminous parts of the atmosphere and a viewer's position.[25]
Colors and wavelengths of auroral light
[edit]
Red: At its highest altitudes, excited atomic oxygen emits at 630 nm (red); low concentration of atoms and lower sensitivity of eyes at this wavelength make this color visible only under more intense solar activity. The low number of oxygen atoms and their gradually diminishing concentration is responsible for the faint appearance of the top parts of the "curtains". Scarlet, crimson, and carmine are the most often-seen hues of red for the auroras.
Green: At lower altitudes, the more frequent collisions suppress the 630 nm (red) mode: rather the 557.7 nm emission (green) dominates. A fairly high concentration of atomic oxygen and higher eye sensitivity in green make green auroras the most common. The excited molecular nitrogen (atomic nitrogen being rare due to the high stability of the N2 molecule) plays a role here, as it can transfer energy by collision to an oxygen atom, which then radiates it away at the green wavelength. (Red and green can also mix together to produce pink or yellow hues.) The rapid decrease of concentration of atomic oxygen below about 100 km is responsible for the abrupt-looking end of the lower edges of the curtains. Both the 557.7 and 630.0 nm wavelengths correspond to forbidden transitions of atomic oxygen, a slow mechanism responsible for the graduality (0.7 s and 107 s respectively) of flaring and fading.
Blue: At yet lower altitudes, atomic oxygen is uncommon, and molecular nitrogen and ionized molecular nitrogen take over in producing visible light emission, radiating at a large number of wavelengths in both red and blue parts of the spectrum, with 428 nm (blue) being dominant. Blue and purple emissions, typically at the lower edges of the "curtains", show up at the highest levels of solar activity.[26] The molecular nitrogen transitions are much faster than the atomic oxygen ones.
Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation from auroras (within the optical window but not visible to virtually all[clarification needed] humans) has been observed with the requisite equipment. Ultraviolet auroras have also been seen on Mars,[27] Jupiter, and Saturn.
Infrared: Infrared radiation, in wavelengths that are within the optical window, is also part of many auroras.[27][28]
Yellow and pink are a mix of red and green or blue. Other shades of red, as well as orange and gold, may be seen on rare occasions; yellow-green is moderately common.[clarification needed] As red, green, and blue are linearly independent colors, additive synthesis could, in theory, produce most human-perceived colors, but the ones mentioned in this article comprise a virtually exhaustive list.
Changes with time
[edit]
Auroras change with time, over the night they begin with glows and progress toward coronas, although they may not reach them. They tend to fade in the opposite order.[23] Until about 1963, it was thought that these changes are due to the rotation of the Earth under a pattern fixed with respect to the Sun. Later, it was found by comparing all-sky films of auroras from different places (collected during the International Geophysical Year) that they often undergo global changes in a process called auroral substorm. They change in a few minutes from quiet arcs all along the auroral oval to active displays along the darkside and after 1 – 3 hours they gradually change back.[29] Changes in auroras over time are commonly visualized using keograms.[30]
At shorter time scales, auroras can change their appearances and intensity, sometimes so slowly as to be difficult to notice, and at other times rapidly down to the sub-second scale.[24] The phenomenon of pulsating auroras is an example of intensity variations over short timescales, typically with periods of 2–20 seconds. This type of aurora is generally accompanied by decreasing peak emission heights of about 8 km for blue and green emissions and above average solar wind speeds (c. 500 km/s).[31]
Other auroral radiation
[edit]
In addition, the aurora and associated currents produce a strong radio emission around 150 kHz known as auroral kilometric radiation (AKR), discovered in 1972.[32] Ionospheric absorption makes AKR only observable from space. X-ray emissions, originating from the particles associated with auroras, have also been detected.[33]
Noise
[edit]
Aurora noise, similar to a crackling noise, begins about 70 m (230 ft) above Earth's surface and is caused by charged particles in an inversion layer of the atmosphere formed during a cold night. The charged particles discharge when particles from the Sun hit the inversion layer, creating the noise.[34][35]
Unusual types
[edit]
STEVE
[edit]
In 2016, more than fifty citizen science observations described what was to them an unknown type of aurora which they named "STEVE", for "Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement". STEVE is not an aurora but is caused by a 25 km (16 mi) wide ribbon of hot plasma at an altitude of 450 km (280 mi), with a temperature of 3,000 °C (3,270 K; 5,430 °F) and flowing at a speed of 6 km/s (3.7 mi/s) (compared to 10 m/s (33 ft/s) outside the ribbon).[36]
Picket-fence aurora
[edit]
The processes that cause STEVE are also associated with a picket-fence aurora, although the latter can be seen without STEVE.[37][38] It is an aurora because it is caused by precipitation of electrons in the atmosphere but it appears outside the auroral oval,[39] closer to the equator than typical auroras.[40] When the picket-fence aurora appears with STEVE, it is below.[38]
Dune aurora
[edit]
First reported in 2020,[41][42] and confirmed in 2021,[43][44] the dune aurora phenomenon was discovered[45] by Finnish citizen scientists. It consists of regularly-spaced, parallel stripes of brighter emission in the green diffuse aurora which give the impression of sand dunes.[46] The phenomenon is believed to be caused by the modulation of atomic oxygen density by a large-scale atmospheric wave travelling horizontally in a waveguide through an inversion layer in the mesosphere in presence of electron precipitation.[43]
Horse-collar aurora
[edit]
Horse-collar auroras (HCA) are auroral features in which the auroral ellipse shifts poleward during the dawn and dusk portions and the polar cap becomes teardrop-shaped. They form during periods when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is permanently northward, when the IMF clock angle is small. Their formation is associated with the closure of the magnetic flux at the top of the dayside magnetosphere by the double lobe reconnection (DLR). There are approximately 8 HCA events per month, with no seasonal dependence, and that the IMF must be within 30 degrees of northwards.[47]
Conjugate auroras
[edit]
Conjugate auroras are nearly exact mirror-image auroras found at conjugate points in the northern and southern hemispheres on the same geomagnetic field lines. These generally happen at the time of the equinoxes, when there is little difference in the orientation of the north and south geomagnetic poles to the sun. Attempts were made to image conjugate auroras by aircraft from Alaska and New Zealand in 1967, 1968, 1970, and 1971, with some success.[48]
Causes
[edit]
A full understanding of the physical processes which lead to different types of auroras is still incomplete, but the basic cause involves the interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetosphere. The varying intensity of the solar wind produces effects of different magnitudes but includes one or more of the following physical scenarios.
A quiescent solar wind flowing past Earth's magnetosphere steadily interacts with it and can both inject solar wind particles directly onto the geomagnetic field lines that are 'open', as opposed to being 'closed' in the opposite hemisphere and provide diffusion through the bow shock. It can also cause particles already trapped in the radiation belts to precipitate into the atmosphere. Once particles are lost to the atmosphere from the radiation belts, under quiet conditions, new ones replace them only slowly, and the loss-cone becomes depleted. In the magnetotail, however, particle trajectories seem constantly to reshuffle, probably when the particles cross the very weak magnetic field near the equator. As a result, the flow of electrons in that region is nearly the same in all directions ("isotropic") and assures a steady supply of leaking electrons. The leakage of electrons does not leave the tail positively charged, because each leaked electron lost to the atmosphere is replaced by a low energy electron drawn upward from the ionosphere. Such replacement of "hot" electrons by "cold" ones is in complete accord with the second law of thermodynamics. The complete process, which also generates an electric ring current around Earth, is uncertain.
Geomagnetic disturbance from an enhanced solar wind causes distortions of the magnetotail ("magnetic substorms"). These 'substorms' tend to occur after prolonged spells (on the order of hours) during which the interplanetary magnetic field has had an appreciable southward component. This leads to a higher rate of interconnection between its field lines and those of Earth. As a result, the solar wind moves magnetic flux (tubes of magnetic field lines, 'locked' together with their resident plasma) from the day side of Earth to the magnetotail, widening the obstacle it presents to the solar wind flow and constricting the tail on the night-side. Ultimately some tail plasma can separate ("magnetic reconnection"); some blobs ("plasmoids") are squeezed downstream and are carried away with the solar wind; others are squeezed toward Earth where their motion feeds strong outbursts of auroras, mainly around midnight ("unloading process"). A geomagnetic storm resulting from greater interaction adds many more particles to the plasma trapped around Earth, also producing enhancement of the "ring current". Occasionally the resulting modification of Earth's magnetic field can be so strong that it produces auroras visible at middle latitudes, on field lines much closer to the equator than those of the auroral zone.
Acceleration of auroral charged particles invariably accompanies a magnetospheric disturbance that causes an aurora. This mechanism, which is believed to predominantly arise from strong electric fields along the magnetic field or wave-particle interactions, raises the velocity of a particle in the direction of the guiding magnetic field. The pitch angle is thereby decreased and increases the chance of it being precipitated into the atmosphere. Both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves, produced at the time of greater geomagnetic disturbances, make a significant contribution to the energizing processes that sustain an aurora. Particle acceleration provides a complex intermediate process for transferring energy from the solar wind indirectly into the atmosphere.
The details of these phenomena are not fully understood. However, it is clear that the prime source of auroral particles is the solar wind feeding the magnetosphere, the reservoir containing the radiation zones and temporarily magnetically trapped particles confined by the geomagnetic field, coupled with particle acceleration processes.[49]
Auroral particles
[edit]
The immediate cause of the ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents leading to auroral emissions was discovered in 1960, when a pioneering rocket flight from Fort Churchill in Canada revealed a flux of electrons entering the atmosphere from above.[50] Since then an extensive collection of measurements has been acquired painstakingly and with steadily improving resolution since the 1960s by many research teams using rockets and satellites to traverse the auroral zone. The main findings have been that auroral arcs and other bright forms are due to electrons that have been accelerated during the final few 10,000 km or so of their plunge into the atmosphere.[51] These electrons often, but not always, exhibit a peak in their energy distribution, and are preferentially aligned along the local direction of the magnetic field.
Electrons mainly responsible for diffuse and pulsating auroras have, in contrast, a smoothly falling energy distribution, and an angular (pitch-angle) distribution favouring directions perpendicular to the local magnetic field. Pulsations were discovered to originate at or close to the equatorial crossing point of auroral zone magnetic field lines.[52] Protons are also associated with auroras, both discrete and diffuse.
Atmosphere
[edit]
Auroras result from emissions of photons in Earth's upper atmosphere, above 80 km (50 mi), from ionized nitrogen atoms regaining an electron, and oxygen atoms and nitrogen based molecules returning from an excited state to ground state.[53] They are ionized or excited by the collision of particles precipitated into the atmosphere. Both incoming electrons and protons may be involved. Excitation energy is lost within the atmosphere by the emission of a photon, or by collision with another atom or molecule:
Oxygen emissions
green or orange-red, depending on the amount of energy absorbed.
Nitrogen emissions
blue, purple or red; blue and purple if the molecule regains an electron after it has been ionized, red if returning to ground state from an excited state.
Oxygen is unusual in terms of its return to ground state: it can take 0.7 seconds to emit the 557.7 nm green light and up to two minutes for the red 630.0 nm emission. Collisions with other atoms or molecules absorb the excitation energy and prevent emission, this process is called collisional quenching. Because the highest parts of the atmosphere contain a higher percentage of oxygen and lower particle densities, such collisions are rare enough to allow time for oxygen to emit red light. Collisions become more frequent progressing down into the atmosphere due to increasing density, so that red emissions do not have time to happen, and eventually, even green light emissions are prevented.
This is why there is a color differential with altitude; at high altitudes oxygen red dominates, then oxygen green and nitrogen blue/purple/red, then finally nitrogen blue/purple/red when collisions prevent oxygen from emitting anything. Green is the most common color. Then comes pink, a mixture of light green and red, followed by pure red, then yellow (a mixture of red and green), and finally, pure blue.
Precipitating protons generally produce optical emissions as incident hydrogen atoms after gaining electrons from the atmosphere. Proton auroras are usually observed at lower latitudes.[54]
Ionosphere
[edit]
Bright auroras are generally associated with Birkeland currents (Schield et al., 1969;[55] Zmuda and Armstrong, 1973[56]), which flow down into the ionosphere on one side of the pole and out on the other. In between, some of the current connects directly through the ionospheric E layer (125 km); the rest ("region 2") detours, leaving again through field lines closer to the equator and closing through the "partial ring current" carried by magnetically trapped plasma. The ionosphere is an ohmic conductor, so some consider that such currents require a driving voltage, which an, as yet unspecified, dynamo mechanism can supply. Electric field probes in orbit above the polar cap suggest voltages of the order of 40,000 volts, rising up to more than 200,000 volts during intense magnetic storms. In another interpretation, the currents are the direct result of electron acceleration into the atmosphere by wave/particle interactions.
Ionospheric resistance has a complex nature, and leads to a secondary Hall current flow. By a strange twist of physics, the magnetic disturbance on the ground due to the main current almost cancels out, so most of the observed effect of auroras is due to a secondary current, the auroral electrojet. An auroral electrojet index (measured in nanotesla) is regularly derived from ground data and serves as a general measure of auroral activity. Kristian Birkeland[57] deduced that the currents flowed in the east–west directions along the auroral arc, and such currents, flowing from the dayside toward (approximately) midnight were later named "auroral electrojets" (see also Birkeland currents). Ionosphere can contribute to the formation of auroral arcs via the feedback instability under high ionospheric resistance conditions, observed at night time and in dark Winter hemisphere.[58]
Interaction of the solar wind with Earth
[edit]
Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a flow of magnetized hot plasma (a gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree temperature of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona. The solar wind reaches Earth with a velocity typically around 400 km/s, a density of around 5 ions/cm3 and a magnetic field intensity of around 2–5 nT (for comparison, Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT). During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger. Joan Feynman deduced in the 1970s that the long-term averages of solar wind speed correlated with geomagnetic activity.[59] Her work resulted from data collected by the Explorer 33 spacecraft.
The solar wind and magnetosphere consist of plasma (ionized gas), which conducts electricity. It is well known (since Michael Faraday's work around 1830) that when an electrical conductor is placed within a magnetic field while relative motion occurs in a direction that the conductor cuts across (or is cut by), rather than along, the lines of the magnetic field, an electric current is induced within the conductor. The strength of the current depends on a) the rate of relative motion, b) the strength of the magnetic field, c) the number of conductors ganged together and d) the distance between the conductor and the magnetic field, while the direction of flow is dependent upon the direction of relative motion. Dynamos make use of this basic process ("the dynamo effect"), any and all conductors, solid or otherwise are so affected, including plasmas and other fluids.
The IMF originates on the Sun, linked to the sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind. That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun angles them at Earth by about 45 degrees forming a spiral in the ecliptic plane, known as the Parker spiral. The field lines passing Earth are therefore usually linked to those near the western edge ("limb") of the visible Sun at any time.[60]
The solar wind and the magnetosphere, being two electrically conducting fluids in relative motion, should be able in principle to generate electric currents by dynamo action and impart energy from the flow of the solar wind. However, this process is hampered by the fact that plasmas conduct readily along magnetic field lines, but less readily perpendicular to them. Energy is more effectively transferred by the temporary magnetic connection between the field lines of the solar wind and those of the magnetosphere. Unsurprisingly this process is known as magnetic reconnection. As already mentioned, it happens most readily when the interplanetary field is directed southward, in a similar direction to the geomagnetic field in the inner regions of both the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.
Auroras are more frequent and brighter during the intense phase of the solar cycle when coronal mass ejections increase the intensity of the solar wind.[61]
Magnetosphere
[edit]
Earth's magnetosphere is shaped by the impact of the solar wind on Earth's magnetic field. This forms an obstacle to the flow, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re),[62] producing a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream. The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long "magnetotail" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).
The high latitude magnetosphere is filled with plasma as the solar wind passes Earth. The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with additional turbulence, density, and speed in the solar wind. This flow is favored by a southward component of the IMF, which can then directly connect to the high latitude geomagnetic field lines.[63] The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is mainly from the magnetotail toward Earth, around Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side. In addition to moving perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travels down along Earth's magnetic field lines, gains additional energy and loses it to the atmosphere in the auroral zones. The cusps of the magnetosphere, separating geomagnetic field lines that close through Earth from those that close remotely allow a small amount of solar wind to directly reach the top of the atmosphere, producing an auroral glow.
On 26 February 2008, THEMIS probes were able to determine, for the first time, the triggering event for the onset of magnetospheric substorms.[64] Two of the five probes, positioned approximately one third the distance to the Moon, measured events suggesting a magnetic reconnection event 96 seconds prior to auroral intensification.[65]
Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both the solar and Earth's axis to the ecliptic plane. As Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23-degree tilt of Earth's axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout a year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door[colloquialism] through which energy from the solar wind can reach Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras. Recent evidence in 2021 has shown that individual separate substorms may in fact be correlated networked communities.[66]
Auroral particle acceleration
[edit]
Just as there are many types of aurora, there are many different mechanisms that accelerate auroral particles into the atmosphere. Electron aurora in Earth's auroral zone (i.e. commonly visible aurora) can be split into two main categories with different immediate causes: diffuse and discrete aurora. Diffuse aurora appear relatively structureless to an observer on the ground, with indistinct edges and amorphous forms. Discrete aurora are structured into distinct features with well-defined edges such as arcs, rays and coronas; they also tend to be much brighter than the diffuse aurora.
In both cases, the electrons that eventually cause the aurora start out as electrons trapped by the magnetic field in Earth's magnetosphere. These trapped particles bounce back and forth along magnetic field lines and are prevented from hitting the atmosphere by the magnetic mirror formed by the increasing magnetic field strength closer to Earth. The magnetic mirror's ability to trap a particle depends on the particle's pitch angle: the angle between its direction of motion and the local magnetic field. An aurora is created by processes that decrease the pitch angle of many individual electrons, freeing them from the magnetic trap and causing them to hit the atmosphere.
In the case of diffuse auroras, the electron pitch angles are altered by their interaction with various plasma waves. Each interaction is essentially wave-particle scattering; the electron energy after interacting with the wave is similar to its energy before interaction, but the direction of motion is altered. If the final direction of motion after scattering is close to the field line (specifically, if it falls within the loss cone) then the electron will hit the atmosphere. Diffuse auroras are caused by the collective effect of many such scattered electrons hitting the atmosphere. The process is mediated by the plasma waves, which become stronger during periods of high geomagnetic activity, leading to increased diffuse aurora at those times.
In the case of discrete auroras, the trapped electrons are accelerated toward Earth by electric fields that form at an altitude of about 4000–12000 km in the "auroral acceleration region". The electric fields point away from Earth (i.e. upward) along the magnetic field line.[67] Electrons moving downward through these fields gain a substantial amount of energy (on the order of a few keV) in the direction along the magnetic field line toward Earth. This field-aligned acceleration decreases the pitch angle for all of the electrons passing through the region, causing many of them to hit the upper atmosphere. In contrast to the scattering process leading to diffuse auroras, the electric field increases the kinetic energy of all of the electrons transiting downward through the acceleration region by the same amount. This accelerates electrons starting from the magnetosphere with initially low energies (tens of eV or less) to energies required to create an aurora (100s of eV or greater), allowing that large source of particles to contribute to creating auroral light.
The accelerated electrons carry an electric current along the magnetic field lines (a Birkeland current). Since the electric field points in the same direction as the current, there is a net conversion of electromagnetic energy into particle energy in the auroral acceleration region (an electric load). The energy to power this load is eventually supplied by the magnetized solar wind flowing around the obstacle of Earth's magnetic field, although exactly how that power flows through the magnetosphere is still an active area of research.[68] While the energy to power the aurora is ultimately derived from the solar wind, the electrons themselves do not travel directly from the solar wind into Earth's auroral zone; magnetic field lines from these regions do not connect to the solar wind, so there is no direct access for solar wind electrons.
Some auroral features are also created by electrons accelerated by dispersive Alfvén waves. At small wavelengths transverse to the background magnetic field (comparable to the electron inertial length or ion gyroradius), Alfvén waves develop a significant electric field parallel to the background magnetic field. This electric field can accelerate electrons to keV energies, significant to produce auroral arcs.[69] If the electrons have a speed close to that of the wave's phase velocity, they are accelerated in a manner analogous to a surfer catching an ocean wave.[70][71] This constantly-changing wave electric field can accelerate electrons along the field line, causing some of them to hit the atmosphere. Electrons accelerated by this mechanism tend to have a broad energy spectrum, in contrast to the sharply-peaked energy spectrum typical of electrons accelerated by quasi-static electric fields.
In addition to the discrete and diffuse electron aurora, proton aurora is caused when magnetospheric protons collide with the upper atmosphere. The proton gains an electron in the interaction, and the resulting neutral hydrogen atom emits photons. The resulting light is too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Other aurora not covered by the above discussion include transpolar arcs (formed poleward of the auroral zone), cusp aurora (formed in two small high-latitude areas on the dayside) and some non-terrestrial auroras.
Historically significant events
[edit]
The discovery of a 1770 Japanese diary in 2017 depicting auroras above the ancient Japanese capital of Kyoto suggested that the storm may have been 7% larger than the Carrington event, which affected telegraph networks.[72][73]
The auroras that resulted from the Carrington event on both 28 August and 2 September 1859, are thought to be the most spectacular in recent history. In a paper to the Royal Society on 21 November 1861, Balfour Stewart described both auroral events as documented by a self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory and established the connection between the 2 September 1859 auroral storm and the Carrington–Hodgson flare event when he observed that "It is not impossible to suppose that in this case our luminary was taken in the act."[74] The second auroral event, which occurred on 2 September 1859, was a result of the (unseen) coronal mass ejection associated with the exceptionally intense Carrington–Hodgson white light solar flare on 1 September 1859. This event produced auroras so widespread and extraordinarily bright that they were seen and reported in published scientific measurements, ship logs, and newspapers throughout the United States, Europe, Japan, and Australia. It was reported by The New York Times that in Boston on Friday 2 September 1859 the aurora was "so brilliant that at about one o'clock ordinary print could be read by the light".[75] One o'clock EST time on Friday 2 September would have been 6:00 GMT; the self-recording magnetograph at the Kew Observatory was recording the geomagnetic storm, which was then one hour old, at its full intensity. Between 1859 and 1862, Elias Loomis published a series of nine papers on the Great Auroral Exhibition of 1859 in the American Journal of Science where he collected worldwide reports of the auroral event.[10]
That aurora is thought to have been produced by one of the most intense coronal mass ejections in history. It is also notable for the fact that it is the first time where the phenomena of auroral activity and electricity were unambiguously linked. This insight was made possible not only due to scientific magnetometer measurements of the era, but also as a result of a significant portion of the 125,000 miles (201,000 km) of telegraph lines then in service being significantly disrupted for many hours throughout the storm. Some telegraph lines, however, seem to have been of the appropriate length and orientation to produce a sufficient geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field to allow for continued communication with the telegraph operator power supplies switched off.[76] The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American Telegraph Line between Boston and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Traveler:
Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes."
Portland operator: "Will do so. It is now disconnected."
Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"
Portland: "Better than with our batteries on. – Current comes and goes gradually."
Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."
Portland: "Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"
Boston: "Yes. Go ahead."
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, and it was said that this was the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.[75] Such events led to the general conclusion that
The effect of the Aurora on the electric telegraph is generally to increase or diminish the electric current generated in working the wires. Sometimes it entirely neutralizes them, so that, in effect, no fluid [current] is discoverable in them. The aurora borealis seems to be composed of a mass of electric matter, resembling in every respect, that generated by the electric galvanic battery. The currents from it change coming on the wires, and then disappear: the mass of the aurora rolls from the horizon to the zenith.[77]
In May 2024, a series of solar storms caused the aurora borealis to be observed from as far south as Ferdows, Iran.[78][79][80]
Historical views and folklore
[edit]
The earliest datable record of an aurora was recorded in the Bamboo Annals, a historical chronicle of the history of ancient China, in 977 or 957 BC.[81] An aurora was described by the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th century BC.[82] Seneca wrote about auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, classifying them, for instance, as pithaei ('barrel-like'); chasmata ('chasm'); pogoniae ('bearded'); cyparissae ('like cypress trees'); and describing their manifold colors. He wrote about whether they were above or below the clouds, and recalled that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above the port city of Ostia that was so intense and red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fire duty, galloped to the rescue.[83] It has been suggested that Pliny the Elder depicted the aurora borealis in his Natural History, when he refers to trabes, chasma, 'falling red flames', and 'daylight in the night'.[84]
The earliest depiction of the aurora may have been in Cro-Magnon cave paintings of northern Spain dating to 30,000 BC.[85]
The oldest known written record of the aurora was in a Chinese legend written around 2600 BC. On an autumn around 2000 BC,[86] according to a legend, a young woman named Fubao was sitting alone in the wilderness by a bay, when suddenly a "magical band of light" appeared like "moving clouds and flowing water", turning into a bright halo around the Big Dipper, which cascaded a pale silver brilliance, illuminating the earth and making shapes and shadows seem alive. Moved by this sight, Fubao became pregnant and gave birth to a son, the Emperor Xuanyuan, known legendarily as the initiator of Chinese culture and the ancestor of all Chinese people.[citation needed] In the Shanhaijing, a creature named Shilong is described to be like a red dragon shining in the night sky with a body a thousand miles long. In ancient times, the Chinese did not have a fixed word for the aurora, so it was named according to the different shapes of the aurora, such as "Sky Dog" (天狗), "Sword/Knife Star" (刀星), "Chiyou banner" (蚩尤旗), "Sky's Open Eyes" (天开眼), and "Stars like Rain" (星陨如雨).[citation needed]
In Japanese folklore, pheasants were considered messengers from heaven. However, researchers from Japan's Graduate University for Advanced Studies and National Institute of Polar Research claimed in March 2020 that red pheasant tails witnessed across the night sky over Japan in 620 A.D., might be a red aurora produced during a magnetic storm.[87]
In the traditions of Aboriginal Australians, the Aurora Australis is commonly associated with fire. For example, the Gunditjmara people of western Victoria called auroras puae buae ('ashes'), while the Gunai people of eastern Victoria perceived auroras as bushfires in the spirit world. The Dieri people of South Australia say that an auroral display is kootchee, an evil spirit creating a large fire. Similarly, the Ngarrindjeri people of South Australia refer to auroras seen over Kangaroo Island as the campfires of spirits in the 'Land of the Dead'. Aboriginal people[which?] in southwest Queensland believe the auroras to be the fires of the Oola Pikka, ghostly spirits who spoke to the people through auroras. Sacred law forbade anyone except male elders from watching or interpreting the messages of ancestors they believed were transmitted through an aurora.[88]
Among the Māori people of New Zealand, aurora australis or Tahunui-a-rangi ("great torches in the sky") were alight by ancestors who sailed south to a "land of ice" (or their descendants);[89][90] these people were said to be Ui-te-Rangiora's expedition party who had reached the Southern Ocean.[89] around the 7th century.[91]
In Scandinavia, the first mention of norðrljós (the northern lights) is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230. The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires; that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side; or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent.[92]
Walter William Bryant wrote in his book Kepler (1920) that Tycho Brahe "seems to have been something of a homœopathist, for he recommends sulfur to cure infectious diseases 'brought on by the sulphurous vapours of the Aurora Borealis'".[93]
In 1778, Benjamin Franklin theorized in his paper Aurora Borealis, Suppositions and Conjectures towards forming an Hypothesis for its Explanation that an aurora was caused by a concentration of electrical charge in the polar regions intensified by the snow and moisture in the air:[94][95][96]
May not then the great quantity of electricity brought into the polar regions by the clouds, which are condens'd there, and fall in snow, which electricity would enter the earth, but cannot penetrate the ice; may it not, I say (as a bottle overcharged) break thro' that low atmosphere and run along in the vacuum over the air towards the equator, diverging as the degrees of longitude enlarge, strongly visible where densest, and becoming less visible as it more diverges; till it finds a passage to the earth in more temperate climates, or is mingled with the upper air?
Observations of the rhythmic movement of compass needles due to the influence of an aurora were confirmed in the Swedish city of Uppsala by Anders Celsius and Olof Hiorter. In 1741, Hiorter was able to link large magnetic fluctuations with an aurora being observed overhead. This evidence helped to support their theory that 'magnetic storms' are responsible for such compass fluctuations.[97]
A variety of Native American myths surround the spectacle. The European explorer Samuel Hearne traveled with Chipewyan Dene in 1771 and recorded their views on the ed-thin ('caribou'). According to Hearne, the Dene people saw the resemblance between an aurora and the sparks produced when caribou fur is stroked. They believed that the lights were the spirits of their departed friends dancing in the sky, and when they shone brightly it meant that their deceased friends were very happy.[98]
During the night after the Battle of Fredericksburg, an aurora was seen from the battlefield. The Confederate Army took this as a sign that God was on their side, as the lights were rarely seen so far south. The painting Aurora Borealis by Frederic Edwin Church is widely interpreted to represent the conflict of the American Civil War.[99]
A mid 19th-century British source says auroras were a rare occurrence before the 18th century.[100] It quotes Halley as saying that before the aurora of 1716, no such phenomenon had been recorded for more than 80 years, and none of any consequence since 1574. It says no appearance is recorded in the Transactions of the French Academy of Sciences between 1666 and 1716; and that one aurora recorded in Berlin Miscellany for 1797 was called a very rare event. One observed in 1723 at Bologna was stated to be the first ever seen there. Celsius (1733) states the oldest residents of Uppsala thought the phenomenon a great rarity before 1716. The period between approximately 1645 and 1715 corresponds to the Maunder minimum in sunspot activity.
In Robert W. Service's satirical poem "The Ballad of the Northern Lights" (1908), a Yukon prospector discovers that the aurora is the glow from a radium mine. He stakes his claim, then goes to town looking for investors.
In the early 1900s, the Norwegian scientist Kristian Birkeland laid the foundation[colloquialism] for current understanding of geomagnetism and polar auroras.
In Sami mythology, the northern lights are caused by the deceased who bled to death cutting themselves, their blood spilling on the sky. Many aboriginal peoples of northern Eurasia and North America share similar beliefs of northern lights being the blood of the deceased, some believing they are caused by dead warriors' blood spraying on the sky as they engage in playing games, riding horses or having fun in some other way.[citation needed]
Extraterrestrial Aurorae
[edit]
See also: Magnetosphere of Jupiter § Aurorae
Both Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields that are stronger than Earth's (Jupiter's equatorial field strength is 4.3 gauss, compared to 0.3 gauss for Earth), and both have extensive radiation belts. Auroras have been observed on both gas planets, most clearly using the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Cassini and Galileo spacecraft, as well as on Uranus and Neptune.[101]
The aurorae on Saturn seem, like Earth's, to be powered by the solar wind. However, Jupiter's aurorae are more complex. Jupiter's main auroral oval is associated with the plasma produced by the volcanic moon Io, and the transport of this plasma within the planet's magnetosphere. An uncertain fraction of Jupiter's aurorae are powered by the solar wind. In addition, the moons, especially Io, are also powerful sources of aurora. These arise from electric currents along field lines ("field aligned currents"), generated by a dynamo mechanism due to the relative motion between the rotating planet and the moving moon. Io, which has active volcanism and an ionosphere, is a particularly strong source, and its currents also generate radio emissions, which have been studied since 1955. Using the Hubble Space Telescope, auroras over Io, Europa and Ganymede have all been observed.
Auroras have also been observed on Venus and Mars. Venus has no magnetic field and so Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed over the full disc of the planet.[102] A Venusian aurora originates when electrons from the solar wind collide with the night-side atmosphere.
An aurora was detected on Mars, on 14 August 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. The aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° east, 52° south. The total size of the emission region was about 30 km across, and possibly about 8 km high. By analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor, scientists observed that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized. This correlation indicated that the origin of the light emission was a flux of electrons moving along the crust magnetic lines and exciting the upper atmosphere of Mars.[101][103]
Between 2014 and 2016, cometary auroras were observed on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by multiple instruments on the Rosetta spacecraft.[104][105] The auroras were observed at far-ultraviolet wavelengths. Coma observations revealed atomic emissions of hydrogen and oxygen caused by the photodissociation (not photoionization, like in terrestrial auroras) of water molecules in the comet's coma.[105] The interaction of accelerated electrons from the solar wind with gas particles in the coma is responsible for the aurora.[105] Since comet 67P has no magnetic field, the aurora is diffusely spread around the comet.[105]
Exoplanets, such as hot Jupiters, have been suggested to experience ionization in their upper atmospheres and generate an aurora modified by weather in their turbulent tropospheres.[106] However, there is no current detection of an exoplanet aurora.
The first ever extra-solar auroras were discovered in July 2015 over the brown dwarf star LSR J1835+3259.[107] The mainly red aurora was found to be a million times brighter than the northern lights, a result of the charged particles interacting with hydrogen in the atmosphere. It has been speculated that stellar winds may be stripping off material from the surface of the brown dwarf to produce their own electrons. Another possible explanation for the auroras is that an as-yet-undetected body around the dwarf star is throwing off material, as is the case with Jupiter and its moon Io.[108]
See also
[edit]
Airglow
Aurora (heraldry)
Heliophysics
List of solar storms
Paschen's law
Space tornado
Space weather
Explanatory notes
[edit]
References
[edit]
Further reading
[edit]
Procter, Henry Richardson (1878). "Aurora Polaris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). pp. 90–99.
Chree, Charles (1911). "Aurora Polaris" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 927–934. These two both include detailed descriptions of historical observations and descriptions.
Stern, David P. (1996). "A Brief History of Magnetospheric Physics During the Space Age". Reviews of Geophysics. 34 (1): 1–31. Bibcode:1996RvGeo..34....1S. doi:10.1029/95rg03508.
Stern, David P.; Peredo, Mauricio. "The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere". phy6.org.
Eather, Robert H. (1980). Majestic Lights: The Aurora in Science, History, and The Arts. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. ISBN 978-0-87590-215-9.
Akasofu, Syun-Ichi (April 2002). "Secrets of the Aurora Borealis". Alaska Geographic Series. 29 (1).
Daglis, Ioannis; Akasofu, Syun-Ichi (November 2004). "Aurora – The magnificent northern lights" (PDF). Recorder. 29 (9): 45–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2020. Alt URL
Savage, Candace Sherk (1994). Aurora: The Mysterious Northern Lights. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books / Firefly Books. ISBN 978-0-87156-419-1.
Hultqvist, Bengt (2007). "The Aurora". In Kamide, Y.; Chian, A (eds.). Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. pp. 331–354. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-46315-3_13. ISBN 978-3-540-46314-6.
Sandholt, Even; Carlson, Herbert C.; Egeland, Alv (2002). "Optical Aurora". Dayside and Polar Cap Aurora. Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. pp. 33–51. doi:10.1007/0-306-47969-9_3. ISBN 978-0-306-47969-4.
Phillips, Tony (21 October 2001). " 'tis the Season for Auroras". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 April 2006 .
Davis, Neil (1992). The Aurora Watcher's Handbook. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 0-912006-60-9.
Aurora forecast – Will there be northern lights?
Current global map showing the probability of visible aurora
Aurora – Forecasting (archived 24 November 2016)
Official MET aurora forecasting in Iceland
Aurora Borealis – Predicting
Solar Terrestrial Data – Online Converter – Northern Lights Latitude
Aurora Service Europe – Aurora forecasts for Europe (archived 11 March 2019)
Live Northern Lights webstream Archived 27 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
World's Best Aurora – The Northwest Territories is the world's Northern Lights mecca.
Multimedia
[edit]
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 58 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)
|
en
|
Aurora (Sleeping Beauty)
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Aurora_%28Sleeping_Beauty%29.png/200px-Aurora_%28Sleeping_Beauty%29.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mary_Costa_1976.JPG/220px-Mary_Costa_1976.JPG",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Audrey_Hepburn_1956.jpg/197px-Audrey_Hepburn_1956.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Elle_Fanning-1733_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Elle_Fanning-1733_%28cropped%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Princesses%21_-_12871848293.jpg/170px-Princesses%21_-_12871848293.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mickey_Mouse_colored_%28head%29.svg/30px-Mickey_Mouse_colored_%28head%29.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2008-10-18T05:55:18+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)
|
Title character from Disney's 1959 animated film Sleeping Beauty
Fictional character
AuroraSleeping Beauty characterFirst appearanceSleeping Beauty (1959)Created byBased onSleeping Beauty
by Charles PerraultVoiced by
Mary Costa (1959 film)
Erin Torpey (speaking voice; Disney Princess Enchanted Tales)
Cassidy Ladden (singing voice; Disney Princess Enchanted Tales)
Christie Houser (singing voice)
Jennifer Hale (2001–2010)
Kate Higgins (2010–present)
Janet McTeer (narrator; Maleficent)
Aline Mowat (narrator; Maleficent: Mistress of Evil)
Portrayed byIn-universe informationNicknameSleeping Beauty
Briar Rose (alias)TitlePrincess, Queen (Maleficent)AffiliationDisney PrincessesFamily
King Stefan (father)
Queen Leah (mother)
SpousePrince PhillipChildrenPrincess Audrey (Descendants)RelativesNationalityEuropean, most likely French
Aurora, also known as Sleeping Beauty or Briar Rose,[1][2][3] is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Productions' animated film Sleeping Beauty (1959). Originally voiced by singer Mary Costa, Aurora is the only child of King Stefan and Queen Leah. An evil fairy named Maleficent seeks revenge for not being invited to Aurora's christening and curses the newborn princess, foretelling that she will prick her finger on a spinning wheel's spindle and die before sunset on her sixteenth birthday. Merryweather, one of the three good fairies, weakened the curse so Aurora would only sleep. Determined to prevent this, three good fairies raise Aurora as a peasant in order to protect her, patiently awaiting her sixteenth birthday—the day the spell can only be broken by a kiss from her true love, Prince Phillip.
Aurora is based on the princess in Charles Perrault's fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty". Some elements, such as her name, are derived from the ballet The Sleeping Beauty by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. For several years, Walt Disney had struggled to find a suitable actress to voice the princess and nearly abandoned the film entirely until Costa was discovered by composer Walter Schumann. However, Costa's southern accent nearly cost her the role until she proved that she could sustain a British accent for the duration of the film. In order to accommodate the film's unprecedentedly detailed backgrounds, Aurora's refined design demanded more effort than had ever been spent on an animated character before, with the animators drawing inspiration from Art Nouveau. Animated by Marc Davis, Aurora's slender physique was inspired by actress Audrey Hepburn. With only 18 lines of dialogue and equally few minutes of screen time, the character speaks less than any speaking main character in a feature-length Disney animated film.
When Sleeping Beauty was first released in 1959, the film was both a critical and commercial failure, discouraging the studio from adapting fairy tales into animated films for three decades. Aurora herself received negative reviews from both film and feminist critics for her passivity and similarities to Snow White, and would remain Disney's last princess until The Little Mermaid's Ariel debuted 30 years later in 1989. However, Costa's vocal performance was praised, which inspired her to pursue a full-time career as an opera singer to great success. Chronologically, Aurora is the third Disney Princess. Actress Elle Fanning portrayed a live-action version of Aurora in the film Maleficent (2014), a retelling of the 1959 animated film Sleeping Beauty from the perspective of the title character. Fanning returned to portray Aurora in Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (2019), which is set five years later.
The Sleeping Beauty Castle is an attraction at Disneyland. Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant (French for "The Castle of the Beauty in the Sleeping Forest", but known more roughly in English as "Sleeping Beauty Castle") was built at Disneyland Paris. The castle was replaced by the Castle of Magical Dreams in Hong Kong Disneyland; however, the new castle still pays tribute to Aurora and the other Disney Princesses. Along with Cinderella Castle, the Castle is a main symbol of The Walt Disney Company.
Development
[edit]
Conception and writing
[edit]
Filmmaker Walt Disney had long been struggling to adapt the fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty" into a full-length animated film for several years, intending to base the project on both Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm's versions of the story.[4] Disney was considering abandoning work on the film altogether until singer Mary Costa was discovered, the casting of whom as the film's heroine finally allowed the project to graduate from development to production.[5] At the time Aurora was conceived, there had only been two prior Disney princesses: Snow White and Cinderella, the heroines of Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Cinderella (1950), respectively.[5] Disney wanted his third princess to be as different from Snow White as possible,[6] but several strong similarities remain between the two characters and their respective stories.[7] Gary Susman of Moviefone observed that both films feature "an evil witch jealous of a young and beautiful princess, the princess hiding out in a woodland cottage with a group of comic-relief caretakers ... and the witch putting the princess into a deathlike sleep, from which only true love's kiss can awaken her."[8]
In the original fairy tale, the princess actually sleeps for 100 years before she is finally awakened by the prince's kiss; this detail was adjusted for the film in favor of having Prince Phillip introduced earlier, and thus Aurora is awakened much sooner.[7] In the Grimm version, the princess is destined to prick her finger at the age of 15, while Disney decided to age the character by one year.[9] Tchaikovsky named the princess "Aurora" in his ballet, whereas "Briar Rose" is the name of the character from the Brothers Grimm fairy tale.[10] Disney utilized both names in the film,[11] with the princess's birth name being Aurora, and her assumed name while living as a peasant being Briar Rose.[8] Aurora was the last princess in whose conception Walt Disney himself was directly involved prior to his death.[12][13]
Voice
[edit]
Aurora is voiced by American singer Mary Costa,[14] who was 22 years old when she was cast as the character in 1952.[15] Costa had grown up a fan of Disney films, the first of which she saw was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[5] As a child, Costa adored the film so much that she would imitate Snow White by parading around her house wearing a bath towel as a makeshift cape.[16] Costa described herself garnering the role of Aurora as simply "being in the right place at the right time."[17] The filmmakers had long struggled to cast Aurora, having been searching for the right voice for the character for three years. Disney himself had been considering to shelving the project unless a suitable voice actress was found,[18] insisting that the same performer provide both the character's speaking and singing voices.[15] Costa was attending a dinner party for the entertainment industry, to which she had been invited by a friend who was hoping to introduce her to some influential people,[15] where she performed the popular standard "When I Fall in Love".[19] The performance was heard by film composer Walter Schumann who, impressed by her vocals, approached Costa about possibly voicing Aurora and inviting her to audition the following morning.[19] Despite doubting that she would be cast, Costa agreed to audition mostly because she wanted to meet Walt Disney.[16] Upon arriving at the studio the next day, composer George Bruns welcomed Costa by asking her to perform a bird call,[5][16] which she did successfully.[19] However, being from Knoxville, Tennessee, Costa's strong southern accent nearly prevented her from being cast until she proved that she could sustain a fake British accent for the entire film.[11][19] The filmmakers likened the situation to English actress Vivien Leigh successfully feigning a southern accent for her role as Scarlet O'Hara in the film Gone With the Wind (1939).[16] Within hours of her audition,[17] Walt Disney himself contacted Costa via telephone to offer her the job,[20] which she immediately accepted.[19] Aurora became Costa's first major film role.[21]
Costa communicated with Walt Disney at least twice a week for nine months,[15][18] but almost exclusively via telephone because the producer feared that her personality or physical appearance would influence his vision of Aurora if they were to meet in person too soon.[5] They first met when Costa was recording "Once Upon a Dream", Walt's favorite song in the film.[5] When Costa asked Walt why he decided to cast her as Aurora out of all the actresses who auditioned, the producer explained that it was because her singing voice sounded "like an extension of speech."[5] Walt advised Costa to "paint with [her] voice",[19] as well as refuse to let anyone demonstrate her lines for her.[16] Walt also instructed Costa to avoid catching a cold, eat a warm meal two hours prior to her recording sessions, exercise her vocal cords, and get nine hours of sleep every night.[14] Walt and Costa developed a special father-daughter relationship.[15] Aurora's supervising animator Marc Davis would often observe and sketch Costa while she worked in order to incorporate her mannerisms into the character.[5] Costa worked closely with actresses Verna Felton, Barbara Jo Allen and Barbara Luddy, the voices of Flora, Fauna and Merryweather, respectively,[19] with whom she became good friends,[5] while declaring the utmost respect for actress Eleanor Audley, voice of Maleficent.[16][19] She also recorded with actor Bill Shirley, voice of Prince Phillip, admitting to having had a crush on him.[5] Costa cites the scene in which Aurora and Phillip meet as her favorite.[19] Schumann, the composer responsible for discovering Costa, eventually departed the project due to creative differences with Disney,[22] and ultimately died before the film was completed.[15]
Costa's singing voice is a combination of classical and pop singing.[18] Aurora's songs were recorded within the first year of production.[15] Costa would practice her songs live with the orchestra before recording them.[15] After working on the film for three years,[15] Costa finally finished recording in 1955,[18] long before the film was completed; it would take the animators another several years to complete the footage to accompany Costa's vocals and dialogue.[8] Costa would often return to the studio to re-record lines as the story changed and evolved,[18] which she described as a "painstaking" process.[15] However, with only 18 spoken lines, Aurora speaks less than any other main character in a full-length Disney animated feature—aside from Dumbo, who is completely silent[23]—and has absolutely no dialogue once she is awakened from her deep sleep.[8] Ultimately, Costa's performance in Sleeping Beauty—and Walt Disney himself—inspired her to pursue a full-time career as a professional opera singer,[5] advising her "Mary, just remember the three Ds... Dedication, Determination, and Discipline, and you'll achieve your Dreams!".[21] Costa's salary was $250 per week.[24]
Personality and design
[edit]
Aurora's blurb on the Disney Princess website once cited the character as "gentle and loving".[25] Walt Disney introduced Aurora to Costa as "a very layered character", describing her as "different. She's calm, yet she's playful. She has a sense of humor, and she has an imagination."[16] Despite popular opinion that Aurora is a very passive character, Costa believes that the princess is actually "very strong", citing her urge to defy her guardians as an example of her strength, while referring to the character as "a beautiful personification of femininity."[5] Raised exclusively by three women in a very sheltered environment, Aurora had never been exposed to a man prior to meeting Phillip.[15] Costa believes that, because of this, Aurora is "innately romantic" as opposed to simply lonely, explaining, there "was a certain part of her that maybe she didn't realize that was just so romantic and maybe expecting something that she didn't even know what", and credits the fact that she was raised by three older women as opposed to her parents with making her "a little bit older, and yet, she ... had this young outreaching spirit."[15] A very loving character, Aurora enjoyed her lonely life as much as she did because she had never experienced anything else.[15] Additionally, the character's close companionship with woodland creatures is used to demonstrate that she is a loving individual.[26]
Walt Disney challenged his animators to make the film's characters appear "as real as possible".[27] Animator Marc Davis was the supervising animator for Aurora, responsible for animating the character's most important scenes who also animated the film's antagonist Maleficent.[28] By the time he started working on Sleeping Beauty, Davis' prior work experience had already established him as "one of Walt Disney’s go-to animators for pretty girls,"[29] having previously animated Snow White and Cinderella,[30] as well as Alice from Alice in Wonderland (1951) and Tinker Bell from Peter Pan (1953).[31] Although heroines are among the most difficult characters to animate, Davis' knowledge of the human body and anatomy "brought these iconic female characters to life and made them believable", according to The Walt Disney Family Museum.[32] While other Sleeping Beauty animators struggled to adapt to artistic director Eyvind Earle's unprecedented preference for detailed backgrounds, Davis himself rather embraced this new style.[29] Collaborating with character designer Tom Oreb on Aurora, Davis "crafted a leading lady of elegance",[29] while Oreb drew vertical lines into the pleats of Briar Rose's skirt and incorporated two-dimensional swirls into her hair.[33] With a dignified, angular shape that complemented Earle’s vertical and horizontal backgrounds, the princess was "more refined" than preceding Disney heroines, and thus required much more attention to detail than any animated character before her.[29] Quality control animator Iwao Takamoto described working on Aurora as "a laborious job ... because the drawings were so refined", and ultimately limited in-betweeners such as himself to completing only seven drawings per day.[29] With an artistry "characterized by a sense of style", Davis incorporated Art Nouveau and Art Deco into Aurora's long, golden curls.[29][30] The character also has violet eyes, Disney's first princess to have eyes that are this color.[34] Notably, Davis animated Aurora throughout the entire film as opposed to eventually being replaced by another animator which, according to Costa, would have altered the appearance of the character for the worse.[5] Aurora's refined features complement those of her nemesis Maleficent, who is similarly as refined and "alluring" but in a more "manipulative manner."[29] Both characters were animated by Davis.[29][35]
Walt Disney strongly encouraged Costa to work closely with Davis while he animated Aurora so that she could learn as much as possible about her character and familiarize herself with "all aspects of her."[16] Drawing Aurora to resemble her voice actress,[36] Davis incorporated Costa's habit of gesturing with her hands while speaking and singing into the character's design, and defended the singer's performance when it was incorrectly referred to a voice-over by a fan, explaining that Costa's voice was "the ocean of sound upon which we animated."[36] Davis and Costa eventually became close friends.[15] Actress and dancer Helene Stanley served as the live-action model for Aurora, providing visual reference for the animators.[8] The performer was recruited due to the high degree of realism required to animate Aurora.[28] Stanley's costume was designed by costume designer Alice Estes at the behest of Davis, then a student of the animator at Chouinard Art Institute.[37] To complement the "tapestry pattern" of the film's backgrounds, Estes agreed to design the dress to "move like [the tapestry] was animated."[38] Estes and Davis eventually got married.[29] Meanwhile, British actress Audrey Hepburn served as Oreb's inspiration for Aurora's body type, from whom they borrowed the princess' "elegant, slender features".[6] The studio disagreed about whether Aurora's gown should be pink or blue, a conflict that was written into the film in the form of an argument between Flora and Merryweather.[12] Aurora has a total of only 18 minutes of screen time.[23]
International versions
[edit]
When Sleeping Beauty was released in 1959, a dubbing process was started which, in the space of one year, brought the movie to number 10 dubbings by 1960. Along the years, Disney's expanded its market to new countries, having the movie dubbed into a constantly growing number of dubbings, as well as a starting massive re-dubbing process which regarded many of the oldest dubbings. To this date, only five of the 10 dubbings initially released are still in use and were never redubbed. To this date, the animated movie numbers a total of 34 dubbings currently in use in as many languages, and 9 more versions which were later substituted by newer dubbings.[39]
Originally, in the Danish and the first Latin American Spanish dubbings, Aurora's speaking voices, Ellen Winther and Estrellita Díaz respectively, were meant to sing the princess' songs as well. But while Winther was replaced by Inge Stauss because the Danish directors thought that her voice didn't suit Aurora's singing well enough, Díaz didn't get to sing because she died short after having recorded her spoken lines, without having recorded the songs.[40]
Highlighted versions were released between 1959 and 1960
Highlighted versions are a redubbing of an older dubbing
Aurora's dubbers worldwide[39] Language Speaking Singing Arabic رشا طلعت (Rasha Talaat) Bulgarian Вилма Карталска (Vilma Kartalska) [bg] Емилия Цветкова (Emilia Tsvetkova) Cantonese Chinese 雷碧娜 (Lui Bik-Na) [zh] 陈美凤 (May Chan) 张佩德 (Jeung Pooi-Dak) 陈美凤 (May Chan) Croatian Maja Posavec [hr; sh] Renata Sabljak Czech Iveta Dufková Danish Ellen Winther Inge Stauss [da] Dutch Maria de Booy [nl] Christine Spierenburg Joke de Kruijf English Mary Costa Finnish Mervi Hiltunen Päivi Ristimäki French Irène Valois Huguette Boulangeot Jeanine Forney [fr] Danielle Licari German Maria Milde [de] Greek Αγγελική Δημητρακοπούλου (Aggelikí Dimitrakopoúlou) Hebrew לימור שפירא (Limor Shapira) [he] Hindi — — Hungarian Tiboldi Mária [hu] Bertalan Ági [hu] Kertesi Ingrid [hu; eo] Icelandic Þórunn Lárusdóttir Indonesian — — Esty Rohmiati Italian Maria Pia Di Meo Tina Centi [it] Japanese 高田敏江 (Takada Toshie) [ja] 牧三都子 (Maki Satoko) すずきまゆみ (Suzuki Mayumi) Korean 함수정 (Ham Su-Jung) [ko] 홍화진 (Hong Hwa-Jin) Malay — — Mandarin Chinese 王儷樺 (Wáng Lì-Huà) 趙粟 (Zhào Sù) Norwegian Liv Ragnhild Sømme Tomeberg Polish Maria Broniewska [pl; fr; vo] Bogna Sokorska [pl; de] Małgorzata Długosz Portuguese (Brazil) Maria Alice Barreto [pt] Maria Norma Moraes Illner Portuguese (European) Carla Garcia Ana Paula Almeida Romanian Mediana Vlad Russian Карина Сербина (Karina Serbina) Spanish Estrellita Díaz Lupita Pérez Arias [es] Laura Ayala Brenda Ruiz Swedish Liz-Beth Olsson [sv] Birgitta Larsson Thai จันทร์จิรา นิ่มพิทักษ์พงศ์ (Chanjira Nimpitakpong) Turkish Tülay Uyar [tr] Ukrainian Дарина Муращенко (Daryna Murashchenko) Vietnamese TBA TBA
Characterization and themes
[edit]
Aurora is a member of a trifecta known as the "Golden Era" of Disney heroines.[41] Alongside her two predecessors Snow White and Cinderella, Aurora is one of the three original Disney princesses.[42]
By default, Aurora is usually considered to be the film's main character.[43] Leigh Butler of Tor.com argues that the role of "protagonist" rightfully belongs to the three good fairies because they "make all the critical decisions in the film, the ones which drive the action", while Aurora acts as little more than a pawn.[44] Butler expounded that Aurora "never grows as a character during the course of the film; she has no agency at all, in fact. She doesn’t act; she is acted upon. So she is definitely not the hero of the story."[44] Helping Writers Become Authors' K. M. Weiland agreed, writing, "Sleeping Beauty has no arc. Prince Phillip has no arc. And, even more importantly, neither of them are present from start to finish in the story. Without the fairies to hold this thing together, the plot would have lacked any kind of impetus or cohesion."[43] Upon initial viewing of Sleeping Beauty, a writer for Anibundel originally dismissed Aurora as "the ultimate Disney princess in the most negative and passive sense of the stereotype ... playing no part whatsoever in her own outcome." However, in retrospect, the author's opinion eventually evolved upon subsequent viewings: "Although Aurora has little to do with her own conclusion, it’s not a mark of her being a non-person. Instead it reflects how sometimes bad things just happen which we have no control over, a difficult but important lesson."[45] Anibundel does agree that although Aurora is Sleeping Beauty's title character, she can hardly be considered the film's protagonist, believing instead that the film actually lacks one completely.[45] Meanwhile, the author dubbed Aurora the film's most sympathetic character because she has "thoughts, feelings, aspirations, and emotions," elaborating, "While most characters ... are overly focused on the plot and reacting to events, Briar Rose is unaware of the other events so we get to see a more authentic everyday side of her."[45] In his book Multiculturalism and the Mouse: Race and Sex in Disney Entertainment, author Douglas Brode wrote that the fairies' raising of Aurora mirrors "precisely that sort of women's commune numerous feminists experimented with throughout the seventies."[9]
Writing for Durham College's The Water Buffalo, Michelle Munro observed that the first five Disney Princesses share physical and personality traits, namely their white skin, naivety, kindness and compassion, "showing viewers what Disney believed a princess should look and act like" at that time.[46] Munro concluded that Aurora specifically can appear both spoiled and childish in demeanor at times.[46] Bailey Cavender of The Silver Petticoat Review believes that the character's appearance and style is reminiscent of the Gibson Girl, a popular character created and designed by graphic artist Charles Dana Gibson, who embodied the idea that "physical beauty was a measure of fitness, character, and Americanness".[35] According to Cavender, Aurora's beauty was considered to be "ideal" for women at the time her film was released, embodying the "classic standards of beauty."[35] In his book Debating Disney: Pedagogical Perspectives on Commercial Cinema, Douglas Brode agreed that Aurora is "a model of modern (1950s) female glamour", comparing her long blonde hair to that of actress Brigitte Bardot while likening her gown to the work of fashion designer Christian Dior.[2] According to The Dissolve's Noel Murray, Aurora's story is a metaphor about a "young woman being cautioned to avoid penetration."[47] Similarly, Carrie R. Wheadon, writing for Common Sense Media, interpreted Aurora's arousal by a handsome prince as being symbolic of a young woman's "transition to adulthood and sexual awakening."[48] According to Multiculturalism and the Mouse: Race and Sex in Disney Entertainment author Douglas Brode, Aurora is "torn between childlike loyalties and adult instincts",[9] while The Disney Middle Ages: A Fairy-Tale and Fantasy Past author Tison Pugh believes that Aurora's first encounter with Prince Phillip "tips her from fantasy into reality, from childhood into womanhood."[49]
Appearances
[edit]
Film and television
[edit]
Aurora debuted in Sleeping Beauty (1959) as the only daughter of King Stefan and Queen Leah. Angered at not receiving an invitation to her christening, an evil fairy, Maleficent, curses Aurora to prick her finger on a spinning wheel's spindle and die before sunset on her 16th birthday. Fortunately, one of the three good fairies, Merryweather, alters the curse so Aurora will prick her finger, but instead of dying, she'll only sleep until she is awakened by a kiss from her true love. Merryweather and the two other fairies, Flora and Fauna, take extra precautions by raising the princess in a secluded cottage under the alias Briar Rose to protect her from Maleficent until her sixteenth birthday arrives. Years later, a 16-year-old Aurora meets a handsome man in the forest. Unaware that he is actually a prince named Phillip, to whom she has been betrothed since infancy, the two fall in love and agree to meet again. However, the fairies finally reveal Aurora's true identity to her and thus forbid her from seeing him because they plan on returning the heartbroken princess to her parents. While alone at the castle, Aurora is lured by Maleficent to prick her finger on a spinning wheel's spindle, and Maleficent reveals the sleeping Aurora to the fairies. They then place Aurora on a bed in the highest tower to sleep peacefully and put the entire kingdom to sleep until the spell is broken. Meanwhile, Maleficent has captured Phillip, whom the fairies release upon realizing that he is in fact the same man Aurora met in the forest earlier that day. Along with everyone else in the kingdom, Aurora is successfully awakened by Phillip's kiss, and is finally reunited with her parents.
In Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007), Aurora, voiced by actress Erin Torpey,[50] stars in the segment "Keys to the Kingdom", in which her parents leave her responsible for running the kingdom in their two-day absence with assistance of their majordomo, Lord Duke. Declining assistance from the fairies, they give her her own wand instead should she need help. At first reluctant to use it because she is determined to accomplish everything on her own, Aurora eventually succumbs when her duties prove overwhelming. However, her inexperience with magic leads to several consequences, which forces Lord Duke into warning Stefan, Leah, King Hubert, and Prince Phillip, who were all coming back from a royal conference, about the giant chickens, green pigs, and cows. She is then forced to solve without magic before the others came in the throne room. She hosts a banquet for her parents, King Hubert, Prince Phillip, Lord Duke, Flora, Fauna, and Merryweather.
In Maleficent (2014), a live-action re-imagining of the animated film, the Sleeping Beauty story is retold from the villain's perspective. Here, Aurora is portrayed by Elle Fanning,[51] while Janet McTeer portrays a narrator who turns out to be Aurora as an elderly woman.[52] As an infant, the princess is cursed by Maleficent...in order to avenge a years-old betrayal by King Stefan, Aurora's father. Three quarrelsome pixies are charged with raising the princess, but their glaring ineptitude threatens to kill Aurora long before her 16th birthday. Maleficent's pity for the princess overcomes her rage toward Stefan; along with her minion Diaval, the dark fairy herself brings up Aurora...albeit covertly. When the young princess ultimately encounters Maleficent for the first time, the dark fairy is touched by Aurora's affectionate nature; the girl, who has never known her biological parents, regards Maleficent as her fairy godmother. When the dark fairy's curse is at last fulfilled, despite her efforts to renounce it, Maleficent herself (rather than Phillip) breaks the spell with a remorseful kiss on Aurora's brow. Aurora then saves Maleficent from her royal father, by returning the dark fairy's wings to her. The princess is subsequently crowned queen of both her own human kingdom and the fairy kingdom known as the Moors.
Fanning reprises the role in the sequel, Maleficent: Mistress of Evil (2019). Five years have passed since Aurora became Queen of the Moors. One day Phillip finally asks for her hand in marriage, which she gladly accepts. Despite Maleficent initially not accepting Phillip's blessing, she agrees to go have dinner at the castle in Ulsted, Phillip's kingdom, to meet Aurora's future in-laws. Maleficent is then wrongfully blamed for cursing Phillip's father, King John, and Aurora refuses to go back home with her. Eventually, Aurora begins to miss her godmother as well as her life in the Moors. She soon discovers that it was Phillip's mother, Queen Ingrith, who cursed the king and that a trap is being set to kill the creatures of the Moors. Aurora and Phillip help Maleficent stop the war against Queen Ingrith, and they are finally married.
An alternate version of Aurora appears as a recurring character in the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time, portrayed by actress Sarah Bolger.[53] Aurora made a guest appearance in a Sofia the First episode, Holiday in Enchancia called on by the mystical amulet of Avalor to assist young Princess Sofia in finding her missing stepfather, King Roland II. She assured Sofia that she could rely on her animal friends' to help just as she had long ago.
Aurora, alongside other Disney Princesses, appeared in the film Ralph Breaks the Internet, as was announced at the 2017 D23 Expo.[54]
Aurora appeared in the short film Once Upon a Studio standing with Prince Phillip in the group photo.[55]
Miscellaneous
[edit]
Aurora appears as a non-player character in the Kingdom Hearts video game series, depicted as one of the seven Princesses of Heart.[56] In the prequel Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep (2010), the character goes through the same events as the original film. Aurora appears in Kinect Disneyland Adventures (2011),[57] asking players to collect items various items, including songs performed by birds.[58]
Performers dressed as Aurora make "fairly regular" appearances throughout several popular locations at the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, specifically Walt Disney World's Epcot France Pavilion,[59] Cinderella's Royal Table, Disney Dreams Come True Parade, and Princess Fairytale Hall in the Magic Kingdom,[60][61] Fantasyland's Princess Meet 'n' Greet at Disneyland California, Fantasyland's Princess Pavilion and Auberge de Cendrillon at Disneyland Paris, Fantasyland and World Bazaar at Tokyo Disneyland, and the Wishing Well at Hong Kong Disneyland.[62]
Aurora appears as a playable character in the video game Disney Magic Kingdoms.[63]
Books
[edit]
Mistress of All Evil: A Tale of the Dark Fairy
[edit]
Aurora appears in the fourth book of Serena Valentino's Villains series. In the book she has been cursed by Maleficent to remain in slumber and is trapped in the realm of mirrors with the Odd Sisters, who constantly torment her during the course of the book. It is revealed during the course of the novel that Aurora is actually the daughter of Maleficent, who was created by the Odd Sisters from the remaining best parts of Maleficent. However rather than a feeling of love for her, Maleficent only feels a powerful urge to protect her from developing powers, which will manifest on her sixteenth birthday similar to Maleficent, hence the Sleeping Curse. After Maleficent dies, Circe is able to bind Aurora's powers and wake her from her slumber.
Once Upon A Dream: A Twisted Tale
[edit]
In the second book of A Twisted Tale, written by Liz Braswell, the question is asked What if the Sleeping Beauty never woke up? Aurora is trapped in a dream world of Maleficent's design, and when Phillip tries to awaken her with a kiss, he becomes trapped in the dream world as well. Aurora eventually becomes a warrior in her own right and rises up against Maleficent to break herself out of the Dream World.
Trademark
[edit]
The Walt Disney Company currently has a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office, filed March 13, 2007, for the name "Princess Aurora" that covers production and distribution of motion picture films; production of television programs; production of sound and video recordings.[64] This has caused some controversy because "Princess Aurora" is the name of the lead character in The Sleeping Beauty ballet, from where Disney acquired the name and some of the music for its animated film, and which is performed live on stage and sometimes television and often sold later as a recorded performance on video.[65] The trademark was granted on January 17, 2012.[64]
Reception and legacy
[edit]
Initial critical response towards Aurora was generally unfavorable,[66][67] with film critics complaining about Aurora's passivity and overall similarity to Snow White.[1] During the 1950s, Disney received "harsh criticism" for depicting both Cinderella and Aurora as "naïve and malleable" characters, and failing to acknowledge the ways in which women's roles in society had evolved since Snow White's debut in 1937.[67] Critics agree that Aurora represents "the classic damsel in distress" by being depicted as a beautiful young woman who is rescued by a stranger.[66] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times felt that the character was too similar to Snow White, writing, "The princess looks so much like Snow White they could be a couple of Miss Rheingolds separated by three or four years."[68] Time Out dismissed Aurora as a "delicate" and "vapid" character.[69] Bustle's Mary Grace Garis wrote that the character "suffers from having very little definable personality and ... serious Damsel-in-Distress syndrome".[42] Sonia Saraiya of Jezebel echoed this sentiment, criticizing Aurora for lacking "interesting qualities"; Saraiya also ranked Aurora Disney's least feminist princess.[70] Similarly, Bustle also ranked Aurora the least feminist Disney Princess, with author Chelsea Mize expounding, "Aurora literally sleeps for like three quarters of the movie ... Aurora just straight-up has no agency, and really isn't doing much in the way of feminine progress."[71] Dismissing the character as "barely more than a cipher", Leigh Butler of Tor.com panned Aurora as "a Barbie doll knockoff who does nothing the whole film but sing wistfully about Finding Her Man, before becoming the ultimate passive Damsel in Distress". However, Butler went on to defend the character somewhat, writing, "Aurora’s cipher-ness in Sleeping Beauty would be infuriating if she were the only female character in it, but the presence of the Fairies and Maleficent allow her to be what she is without it being a subconscious statement on what all women are."[44] Similarly, Refinery29 ranked Aurora the fourth most feminist Disney Princess because "Her aunts have essentially raised her in a place where women run the game."[72]
Sleeping Beauty herself is barely more than a cipher. Princess Aurora has virtually no character at all in the film other than to be an ideal—and, I might add, an ideal only achieved with the magical fairy tale equivalent of surgical enhancement ... Aurora in the film is not a person, per se; she is the prize that the other characters fight over. She is an object, really, and that is not feminist at all.
—Tor.com's Leigh Butler on Aurora's lack of character and feminism.
Aurora was Disney's last princess created before Walt Disney's death in 1966.[12] When Sleeping Beauty was first released in 1959, the film performed poorly at the box office while failing to impress critics.[47] In response, the studio decided to avoid adapting fairy tales into feature-length animated films for several years; Aurora would remain Disney's last princess until The Little Mermaid's Ariel debuted in 1989, 30 years later.[47] Mic's Melissa Hugel believes that the negative reception instigated by Aurora's passive role as a woman in Sleeping Beauty also contributed to this hiatus,[67] earning the character a reputation as one of Disney's worst princesses.[45][73][74][75][76][77] Meanwhile, David Nusair of About.com attributes the film's failure with "the familiarity of its storyline, as the film boasts many of the elements contained within both of its predecessors – including the revelation that Princess Aurora can only be awakened from her deep slumber by a kiss from her one true love" similar to Snow White.[41] Hollywood.com ranked Sleeping Beauty Disney's worst princess film because its main character remains asleep for the majority of it.[78] At one point, the name "Aurora" became a popular baby name, with parents often naming their daughters after the character.[18] Still, "Aurora has become an oft-forgotten princess" who is not as prominently featured in Disney merchandise and her popularity pales in comparison to that of Cinderella, Ariel, and Snow White.[13][79] While creating the Disney Princess franchise, Disney Consumer Products decided that Aurora should be marketed wearing the pink version of her dress in order to further distinguish her from Cinderella, who also wears blue.[80] BuzzFeed readers voted Aurora their sixth favorite Disney Princess, who garnered 7% of the 9,554 votes.[81] Time reported that Aurora was the seventh best-selling Disney Princess on eBay in 2014, having sold $215,856 in merchandise that year.[82] However, Seventeen argues that Aurora is one of Disney's most famous princess[es]".[21]
Media publications often tend to place Aurora towards the end of their Disney Princess rankings. Seventeen ranked Aurora last on their "Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses" list.[83] Similarly, BuzzFeed also ranked Aurora last.[84] Moviepilot placed Aurora last on the website's "All of the Disney Princess Ranked from Worst to Best" ranking, with author Kristin Lai dismissing the character as "a snooze."[85] Meanwhile, MTV ranked Aurora 12th on the website's "Ultimate Ranking Of The Best Disney Princesses Of All Time".[86] Similarly, E! also ranked Aurora 12th, with author John Boone elaborating, "She's not a bad princess, per se. She might actually be the prettiest of all the princesses ... But she's asleep half the movie! Pretty...but so, so boring."[87] Zimbio ranked Aurora the second worst Disney Princess,[74] while BuzzFeed ranked the character one of Disney's least intelligent princesses, with author Leonora Epstein dismissing Aurora as the "equivalent to the child who puts his finger in a socket when expressly told not to."[88] However, the character has garnered recognition for her beauty and fashion, with Stylist extolling Aurora's "blowout" as "the ultimate hairstyle when it comes to being a princess" while ranking it among Disney's "Best beauty looks",[89] and Bustle dubbing her "the hottest Disney Princess".[42] Entertainment Weekly ranked Aurora's hair the second best of all the Disney Princesses, with author Annie Barrett describing it as "aspirational".[90] Oh My Disney ranked the pink and blue versions of Aurora's dress 15th and 16th on their countdown of every Disney Princess outfit, voicing their preference for the character in blue.[91] Marie Claire ranked Aurora's outfits among "The 20 Greatest Movie Dresses of All Time", writing, "Of all the Disney princesses, Sleeping Beauty's Aurora had a fashionable edge" potentially worthy of being imitated by singers Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj.[92] Aurora was ranked first on Moviepilot's "Which Outfit is Fairest of Them All? 13 Disney Divas Ranked" list. Author Mikayla Sloan enthused that "The lines of Aurora's dress are flawless and her shoulders are set off beautifully" while "Her hair is effortlessly wavy and her accessories accentuate her features perfectly."[93] According to Bustle, the character is the third most stylish Disney Princess,[94] while E! believes that Aurora owns the sixth greatest Disney Princess wardrobe, voicing their preference for the character in pink.[95] BuzzFeed ranked Aurora's ballgown 11th on their "Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits".[96] According to Seventeen, the character underwent the fifth greatest Disney Princess makeover.[97] On Cosmopolitan's list of "the 14 Hottest Disney Princesses", Aurora was ranked 12th, with author Frank Kobola dismissing the character as "a snoozefest" and comparing her to "that girl in college who was always taking naps".[98]
Costa has garnered widespread acclaim for her performance as Aurora. BuzzFeed ranked Aurora ninth on the website's ranking of Disney Princess singing voices, with author Kelcie Willis awarding it "Extra props for bringing operatic vocals to Disney."[99] Variety complimented Costa's "rich and expressive" performance, praising the singer for providing Aurora with both "substance and strength".[100] John Clark of SFGate credited Costa's vocals with "manag[ing] to make an enchanting impression in just a few onscreen minutes without being pushy or saccharine."[36] Meanwhile, Artistdirect's Rick Florino wrote that the singer "brought a pure and honest vibrancy to the film."[16] Additionally, Sleeping Beauty served as Costa's first singing job, prior to which she had had little professional singing experience.[101] The role has since had a profound impact on Costa's career, allowing her to successfully transition from animated to operatic roles.[5][15] Costa credits Walt Disney and Sleeping Beauty with instilling a work ethic in her, which she maintained throughout her entire career.[5] Costa has achieved great success as an opera singer;[20] The New York Times hailed her as "one of the most beautiful women to grace the operatic stage",[101] while Paul MacInnes of The Guardian referred to her as "One of America's finest sopranos".[102] First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy personally requested that Costa perform at the memorial service of her late husband, United States President John F. Kennedy.[102] Despite her success elsewhere, Costa continues to hold voicing Aurora in high regard as her greatest accomplishment because the role "keeps [her] close to young people."[101] Costa was officially recognized as a Disney Legend in 1999,[101] and continues to make promotional appearances for Disney.[103] In 1997, Costa hosted a theatrical screening of Sleeping Beauty in her hometown of Knoxville, Tennessee to commemorate the film's home video release.[104] In 1989, Costa sued Disney for royalties owed since the film's 1986 home video release, claiming that her contract with the studio prevented them from producing "phonograph recordings or transcriptions for sale to the public" without her permission, although Disney claimed that the video tapes are simply versions of the film.[105] The case was settled out-of-court in favor of Costa for an undisclosed sum,[106] provided she relinquish all future rights.[24] Costa continued responding to all fan letters for nearly 60 years after the film's original release, until she found that she had become too elderly to continue responding at the age of 86 in 2016; she continues to meet fans and sign autographs at conventions.[22] In 2020, following her 90th birthday, Costa then asked people to stop sending her any fan-mail in general, but once again thanked them for their continued love and support over the years.[107]
Elle Fanning's performances as Aurora in Maleficent and Maleficent: Mistress of Evil were generally well-received. J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters said Fanning was an "inspired choice" for the character.[108] Her acting was also praised by Michael Philips of the Chicago Tribune.[109] Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter said that Fanning brought a "diamond-in-the-rough aspect to Aurora’s loveliness", and added that "she’s no conventional Disney Princess but a child of nature with a strong sense of justice and an innate toughness."[110] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times praised Fanning's performance in the sequel for having, "quite a bit of spunk and fight in her."[111] Empire's Helen O'Hara was pleased that in Mistress of Evil, "Fanning manages to occasionally find something useful for Aurora to do: no mean feat in a character essentially designed to be a simpering blank."[112] Rosie Knight of IGN found Fanning's portrayal in the second movie to be "charming as ever".[113] Fanning's performance in the first film earned her a nomination for Best Performance by a Younger Actor at the 41st Saturn Awards as well as nominations for the "Choice Movie Actress: Action" at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards and "Favorite Movie Actress" at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards.[114][115][116]
See also
[edit]
Disney portal
References
[edit]
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 41 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Borealis_(painting)
|
en
|
Aurora Borealis (painting)
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Aurora_Borealis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Aurora_Borealis_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Rainy_Season_in_the_Tropics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Frederic_Edwin_Church_-_Rainy_Season_in_the_Tropics_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2013-02-15T15:21:33+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Borealis_(painting)
|
Painting by Frederic Edwin Church
Aurora BorealisArtistFrederic Edwin ChurchYear1865 ( )MediumOil on canvasDimensions142.3 cm × 212.2 cm (56 in × 83.5 in)LocationSmithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.WebsiteCollections
Aurora Borealis is an 1865 painting by the American artist Frederic Edwin Church of the aurora borealis and the Arctic expedition of Isaac Israel Hayes. The painting measures 142.3 by 212.2 centimetres (56.0 in × 83.5 in) and is now owned by the Smithsonian American Art Museum.[1][2]
Background
[edit]
Aurora Borealis is based on two separate sketches.[3] The first incident was an aurora witnessed by Church's pupil, the Arctic explorer Isaac I. Hayes. Hayes provided a sketch and description of the aurora borealis display he witnessed one January evening. Coinciding with Hayes' furthest northern movement into what he named Cape Leiber, the aurora borealis appeared over the peak.[4]
Describing the event, Hayes wrote:
The light grew by degrees more and more intense, and from irregular bursts it settled into an almost steady sheet of brightness... The exhibition, at first tame and quiet, became in the end startling in its brilliancy. The broad dome above me is all ablaze... The colour of the light was chiefly red, but this was not constant, and every hue mingled in the fierce display. Blue and yellow streamers were playing in the lurid fire; and, sometimes starting side by side from the wide expanse of the illuminated arch, they melt into each other, and throw a ghostly glare of green into the face and over the landscape. Again this green overrides the red; blue and orange clasp each other in their rapid flight; violet darts tear through a broad flush of yellow, and countless tongues of white flame, formed of these uniting streams, rush aloft and lick the skies.[5]
Description and influences
[edit]
The iconography of the painting suggested personal and nationalistic references. The peak in the painting had been named after Church during Hayes's expedition. Aurora Borealis incorporated details of Hayes' ship, drawn from a sketch he brought back upon returning from his expedition. Contrasted with Church's earlier painting of the north, The Icebergs (1861), the intact ship highlights Hayes' achievement in navigating this space, as well as the state of the nation in navigating the contentious historical moment. Presenting the ship's safe passage through the dark Arctic environment, Church suggested optimism for the future; a tiny light shines out from the ship's window.[6]
Charles Millard describes Church's paintings as "large in scale and size, sharply horizontal in format" and "dramatic in subject, but yielding in execution, and tend[ing] to exploit both value contrast and continuous tonal transition." Church's works, including Aurora Borealis, were completed using small touches of pigment built together through thin applications, leaving the viewer unaware of fracture between strokes. These works are also built around the tones of "ochre, brown, gray going to blue or green, and green" at the expense of the full value of color.[7]
Exhibition
[edit]
Completed in New York that winter,[8] Aurora Borealis was exhibited publicly in London in 1865 as a triumvirate with two paintings by Church of Ecuadoran volcanoes: Cotopaxi (his 1862 painting of an eruption)[9] and Chimborazo (his 1864 reprise of the dormant mountain that had been the subject of his 1858 masterwork Heart of the Andes).[10]
Reception and legacy
[edit]
Created at the end of the American Civil War, Aurora Borealis (1865) was believed to depict the portent of a simultaneously triumphant and desolate Union victory, its meaning amplified in relation to later works, including The After Glow (1867) and other works.[8]
Aurora Borealis (1865) was associated with Rainy Season in the Tropics (1866) for two reasons. First, the two paintings marked the completion of the arctic-tropical sequence created with The Heart of the Andes (1859) and The North, also known as The Icebergs (1861). These pairings drew together popular attention on exploration of the arctic North and the tropical South. The second association between Aurora Borealis and Rainy Season in the Tropics was established through their compositions and "in their luminosity", where each suggested a "renewed optimism in natural and historic events".[6]
See also
[edit]
List of paintings by Frederic Edwin Church
Notes
[edit]
External videos Podcast: The Civil War and American Art, Episode 3, Smithsonian American Art Museum
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 76 |
https://amazingsky.net/2024/05/18/the-great-aurora-show-of-may-10-2024/
|
en
|
The Great Aurora Show of May 10, 2024
|
[
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/lake-louise-by-night-2-1.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/great-aurora-blog-title.jpg?w=1513&h=1009&crop=1",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/great-aurora-blog-title.jpg?w=1024",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/img_0176.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/img_7335-1.png",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/img_0132.png",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/img_9541.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/hmi1898.jpg?w=1024",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-in-cloudy-twilight-sky-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-behind-purple-clouds-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/selfie-with-twilight-aurora-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/auroral-arc-across-the-north-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/multi-coloured-aurora-to-the-south-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/multi-colored-aurora-panorama-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/overhead-aurora-corona-panorama-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/all-sky-aurora-corona-outburst-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/overhead-aurora-corona-outburst-may-10-2024.jpg?w=683",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/overhead-aurora-corona-colors-may-10-2024.jpg?w=683",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/all-sky-aurora-may-10-2024-zenith-outburst-series.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/all-sky-aurora-may-10-2024-wide-angle-series.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-selfie-2-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-selfie-1-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/aurora-rays-over-house-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/blue-ray-aurora-panorama-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/blue-aurora-panorama-e28093-spherical-may-10-2024.jpg",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/0e9e42d3fd5f7f757b0a5de95278ba1f6fa571e283da50e6a8d4e4060dac2148?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bf7a004833896d8fd917f9ef4050733c96f8a38bcbba3554d1269b82be52df3d?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b51dd9460b9d36f507b38a904eea80b848c38d669c6580ddf3dc8906d330926b?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bf7a004833896d8fd917f9ef4050733c96f8a38bcbba3554d1269b82be52df3d?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/b51dd9460b9d36f507b38a904eea80b848c38d669c6580ddf3dc8906d330926b?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bf7a004833896d8fd917f9ef4050733c96f8a38bcbba3554d1269b82be52df3d?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9715a319eb693987fa0af934f79b79cb966454bc517d661aaa8ce0e9ea6de811?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://2.gravatar.com/avatar/bf7a004833896d8fd917f9ef4050733c96f8a38bcbba3554d1269b82be52df3d?s=100&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cover-apple-edition.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/1-canon-r6-review-title.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/0-canon-test-title.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/great-aurora-blog-title.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/sony-review-title.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/0-title-image-for-review.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://amazingsky.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/sunrise-on-a-canola-field-july-9-2013.jpg?w=40&h=40&crop=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/1-testing-msm-nomad-title.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/0-title-image.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/1-testing-ai-noise-reduction-programs-title-v2.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/amazingsky.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/6d-mkii-on-cygnus.jpg?resize=40%2C40&ssl=1",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53901164537_7551a3b8c3_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53902506615_943f05c33c_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53902506650_e6105fa956_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53902068751_649f81625c_s.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/339e910c4b95b16acc49216123bded30c957f75cb9aa3748198c24691b2a8781?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/339e910c4b95b16acc49216123bded30c957f75cb9aa3748198c24691b2a8781?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[
"https://video.wordpress.com/embed/8qTlfRVi?cover=1&preloadContent=metadata&useAverageColor=1&hd=0",
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/cmnhwOrIAFo?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=en&autohide=2&wmode=transparent"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Alan Dyer"
] |
2024-05-18T00:00:00
|
It has been many years since we were treated to an aurora as widely seen as the show on May 10, 2024. Here's my tale of the great display. As the sky darkened around the world on May 10/11, 2024, sky watchers in both the northern and southern hemispheres were amazed to see the sky…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/339e910c4b95b16acc49216123bded30c957f75cb9aa3748198c24691b2a8781?s=32
|
The Amazing Sky
|
https://amazingsky.net/2024/05/18/the-great-aurora-show-of-may-10-2024/
|
It has been many years since we were treated to an aurora as widely seen as the show on May 10, 2024. Here’s my tale of the great display.
As the sky darkened around the world on May 10/11, 2024, sky watchers in both the northern and southern hemispheres were amazed to see the sky lit by the deep reds, greens and pinks of a massive display of aurora. For me, this was my first Kp8 to 9 show (to use one measure of aurora intensity) in more than 20 years, back in the film era!
Throughout the day, aurora chasers’ phones (mine included) had been beeping with alerts of the arrival of a major solar storm, with the usual indicators of auroral activity pinned to the top of the scale.
As I show below, the graphic of the intensity of the band of aurora, the auroral oval, was lit up red and wide. This was a night we didn’t have to chase north to see the Northern Lights or aurora borealis — they were coming south to meet us (as I show above).
Observers in the southern hemisphere had the normally elusive aurora australis move much farther north than usual, bringing the Southern Lights even to tropical latitudes in Australia, South America and Africa.
The cause was a massive sunspot group on the Sun which had let off several intense solar flares.
The flares had in turn blown off parts of the Sun’s atmosphere, the corona, that anyone who saw the total eclipse a month earlier had admired so much. But a month later, the corona was being blown our way, in a series of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), to collide with Earth.
As it happened I was scheduled to give a community talk in the nearby town early in the evening of May 10, on the topic of The Amazing Sky! Watching the indicators, I could more or less promise the audience that we would indeed see an amazing sky later that evening as it got dark.
Post talk, I hurried home to get the cameras ready, choosing to forgo more hurried driving out to a scenic site in southern Alberta, for the convenience of shooting from my rural backyard. As the sky darkened, the clouds were lit purple, and curtains of aurora appeared in the clear patches.
Something big was going on! This was promising to be the best show of Northern Lights I had seen from home in a year. (Spring 2023 had three great shows at monthly intervals, followed by an aurora drought for many months. See The Great April Aurora.)
I shot with four cameras (a Canon EOS R, Ra, R5 and R6) — two for time-lapses, one for real-time movies, and one for still images. I used the latter to take many multi-image panoramas, as they are often the best way to capture the wide extent of an aurora across the sky.
Early in the evening the arc of aurora wasn’t the usual green from oxygen, but shades of purple, pink, and even white, likely from sunlit nitrogen. The panorama above is looking north toward a strangely coloured arc of nitrogen (?) aurora.
Then after midnight a more normal curtain appeared suddenly, but toward the south, brightening and rising to engulf much of the southern sky and the sky overhead.
It is at local midnight to 1 a.m. when substorms usually hit, as we are then looking straight down Earth’s magnetic tail, toward the rain of incoming aurora particles bombarding the Earth. During a substorm, the rain turns into a deluge — the intensity of the incoming electrons increases, sparking a sudden brightening of the aurora, making it dance all the more rapidly.
As the aurora explodes in brightness it often swirls up to the zenith (or more correctly, the magnetic zenith) to form one of the sky’s greatest sights, a coronal outburst. Rays and beams converge overhead to form a tunnel effect. It is jaw-dropping.
I’ve seen this many times from northern sites such as Churchill and Yellowknife, where the aurora often dances straight up. And from my latitude of 51° N in western Canada, the aurora does often come down to us.
But this night, people at latitudes where, at best, the aurora might be seen just as a glow on the horizon, saw it dance overhead in a corona show to rival the solar eclipse, and that other corona we saw on April 8!
Yes, the long exposures of aurora photos (even those taken with phone cameras) show the colours better than your eye can see them (insensitive as our eyes are to colour in dim light). But this night portions of the arcs and rays were bright enough that greens and pinks were easily visible to the naked eye.
At its peak the show was changing rapidly enough, I couldn’t get to all the cameras to aim and frame them, especially the movie camera. The brightest outburst at 1 a.m. lasted just a minute — the time-lapse cameras caught it. The sequence below shows the view in 9-second exposures taken consecutively just 1 second apart.
Here’s another sequence of frames taken as part of a time-lapse sequence with the 11mm lens. It shows the change in the aurora over the 80 minutes or so that it was most active for me at my site.
Shooting time-lapses with fish-eye lenses captures the show with a minimum of attention needed (except to adjust ISO or exposure times when the aurora brightens!). I could use the still camera (with the Laowa 15mm f/2 lens) to take individual shots, such as more selfies and home shots.
As colourful as the aurora was at its best between midnight and 1:30 a.m., I think the most unique shots came after the show had subsided to appear just as faint rays across the north again, much as it had begun. To the eye it didn’t look like much, but even on the camera’s live screen I could see unusual colours.
I took more panoramas, to capture one of the most unusual auroral arcs I’ve even seen — a blue and magenta aurora across the north, similar to how the night started.
The colours may be from nitrogen glowing, which tends to light up in blues and purples, especially when illuminated by sunlight at high altitudes. At 2 to 2:30 a.m. the Sun might have been illuminating the aurora at a height of 150 to 400 km, and far to the north.
I’d seen blue-topped green auroras before (and there’s a green aurora off to the west at left here). But this was the first time I’d seen an all-blue aurora, no doubt a product of the intense energy flowing in the upper atmosphere this night. And the season and my latitude.
The weirdest aurora was at 2:30 a.m., when in addition to the blue rays of nitrogen, an odd white and magenta patch appeared briefly to the south. What was that??
The lesson here? During a bright show do not go back to sleep when things seem to be dying down. Interesting phenomena can appear in the post-storm time, as we’ve learned with STEVE and other odd red arcs and green proton blobs that we aurora photographers have helped document.
I end with a finale music video, mostly made of the time-lapses I shot this night.
Enjoy!
Bring on more aurora shows as the Sun peaks in activity, perhaps this year. But the best shows often occur in the 2 or 3 years after solar max. So we have several more years to look forward to seeing the Lights dance in our skies.
Watch in full screen and in 4K if you can. For all the tech details click through to YouTube and check the description below the video.
Thanks and clear skies!
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 80 |
https://adventures.com/blog/how-take-pictures-northern-lights/
|
en
|
How to Take Pictures of the Northern Lights
|
[
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19289/canada_flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602795620000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19658/greenland-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132623397860000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19291/sweden-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815370000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19657/faroe-islands-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717554480000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19697/norway-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717738380000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19837/finland-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132718389690000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19293/flag-flag-of-lithuania-lithuania-lithuania-large-flag-lithua.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815830000000",
"https://adventures.com/assets/images/brand/adv_logo.svg",
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19289/canada_flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602795620000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19658/greenland-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132623397860000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19291/sweden-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815370000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19657/faroe-islands-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717554480000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19697/norway-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717738380000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19837/finland-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132718389690000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19293/flag-flag-of-lithuania-lithuania-lithuania-large-flag-lithua.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815830000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/6166/h-how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=2000&height=600&rnd=132633096360000000&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3851/kristina.jpg?center=0.32166666666666666,0.54666666666666663&mode=crop&width=110&height=110&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132055221840000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/6168/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-3.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132633097070000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6169/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-4.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132633097450000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6172/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-7.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132635649510000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/213336/man-taking-pictures-of-the-northern-lights.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=133356039480000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/5246/13-northern-lights-iceland-people.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132072411050000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6167/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-2.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132633102730000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6171/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-6.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132633103280000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6174/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132635649010000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6170/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights-camera-tripod-5.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132635650400000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/2508/aa11-northern-lights-iceland-super-jeep-tour-people.jpg?center=0.69162995594713661,0.46470588235294119&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=133099651300000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/2933/aurora-borealis-canada-wilderness-nature-northern-lights-night-1.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132042137980000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/2855/northern-lights-magical-auroras-5.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=970&height=645&rnd=132041922700000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/206593/t-super-jeep-tour-aurora-borealis-watching-tour.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=350&height=220&rnd=132750680410000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/13179/t-northern-lights-boat-tour-from-reykjavik.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=350&height=220&rnd=132596712760000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/207468/s-ll-couple-watching-northern-lights-norway-lofoten.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=350&height=220&rnd=132793764200000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/214437/m-ring-road-itinerary-iceland-1.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=133576343520000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/214206/milky-blue-waters-lake-myvatn-nature-baths-thumbnail.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=133522900380000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/214010/t-glacier-activities.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=133509904610000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3513/musk-ox-canada-cruise-tour.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132060039510000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3747/t-kayaking-canada-lake-mountains-tour.jpg?center=0.69166666666666665,0.50166666666666671&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132101807180000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/4298/mount-thor-baffin-island-nunavut-auyuittuq-national-park.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132060092610000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/6180/how-to-take-pictures-of-the-northern-lights.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=310&height=465&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132127479090000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/11353/s-family-watching-northern-lights.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132491367290000000&format=jpg&quality=70",
"https://adventures.com/media/19200/t-aurora-borealis-sweden-lapland-winter-forest.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132663228390000000&format=jpg&quality=70",
"https://adventures.com/media/5475/t-canmore-canada-couple-love-landscape.jpg?center=0.98333333333333328,0.515&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132632879990000000&format=jpg&quality=70",
"https://adventures.com/media/206593/t-super-jeep-tour-aurora-borealis-watching-tour.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132750680410000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/207468/s-ll-couple-watching-northern-lights-norway-lofoten.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132793764200000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/207519/t-ll-night-winter-mountain-range-view-lofoten-islands-norway-northern-lights-group.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=530&height=330&rnd=132791215960000000&format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19287/1250px-flag_of_icelandsvg.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602793560000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19289/canada_flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602795620000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19658/greenland-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132623397860000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19291/sweden-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815370000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19657/faroe-islands-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717554480000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19697/norway-flag.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132717738380000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19837/finland-flag-png-large.png?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132718389690000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/19293/flag-flag-of-lithuania-lithuania-lithuania-large-flag-lithua.jpg?anchor=center&mode=crop&width=0&height=18&format=jpg&quality=80&rnd=132602815830000000",
"https://adventures.com/media/3372/mastcard.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3373/visa.png?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3375/unionpay.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3376/jcb.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3379/discover.png?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3380/amex-card.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/212851/apple-pay.png?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/212852/google-pay-mark.png?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3377/diners-club-logo.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80",
"https://adventures.com/media/3387/alipay.jpg?format=jpg&quality=80"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Kristina Ziauke"
] |
2023-08-03T00:00:00
|
A beginner’s guide to Northern Lights Photography - tips, tricks, and everything you need to know about equipment.
|
en
|
/assets/images/brand/com/favicon-16x16.png
|
Adventures.com
|
https://adventures.com/blog/how-take-pictures-northern-lights/
|
The Northern Lights are only visible in Earth’s northernmost regions. This is because Earth’s magnetic field sends solar particles toward the North Pole. Those solar particles then collide with molecules in the atmosphere and bam! A magnificent light show.
The best places to see the Northern Lights are anywhere between 66°N and 69°N latitude, also called the Aurora Zone. This includes Iceland and northern Canada - the most magical places to visit during the winter!
For total darkness, get away from the city lights. Luckily, the more north you go, the less light pollution there is.
Reykjavik is one of the very few cities and the only capital in the world where you can observe the Northern Lights in the city center. It's also a great base to park your suitcase while you head out on a Northern Lights tour in the countryside.
To shoot the Northern Lights might seem easy, yet it’s challenging even to the best hunters out there. So let’s get to the nitty-gritty of the basic camera settings for Northern Lights photography you need to master:
1. Switch to Manual Mode
The first step is to set your camera and lens to manual mode. This gives you full control over your camera's settings, allowing you to adjust them according to the lighting conditions. Remember to turn off the flash and image stabilization as you won't need them for Northern Lights photography.
2. Adjust the ISO
The ISO setting controls your camera's sensitivity to light. Since you'll be taking photos of the Aurora Borealis at night when there isn't much light available, you should set your ISO to 1600 or above. However, be aware that a higher ISO can lead to more noise or grain in your Northern Lights photography, so you may need to experiment to find the best balance.
3. Set the Aperture
The aperture, or f-stop, controls how open the lens is. A wider aperture allows more light to enter the camera, which is crucial when photographing the Northern Lights. Set the aperture to f-2.8 or even lower if your lens allows it. Remember, the lower the f-stop number, the wider the aperture.
4. Control the Shutter Speed
Shutter speed refers to the amount of time that your lens is open and absorbing light. You'll need to adjust this setting based on the brightness and movement of the lights. If the colors of the aurora are bright and fast-moving, your shutter speed should be set to 1-5 seconds. If the lights are slow and dim, set your shutter speed to 20-30 seconds.
5. White Balance Adjustment
While photographing the Northern Lights, it's crucial to manually set your white balance. A good starting point is to set your white balance around 3500 Kelvin, which is when the Northern Lights show a more natural color. For faster editing, aim for color consistency in your Aurora photography. This is crucial for Northern Lights panoramas and saves time in post-processing.
6. Focus Properly
Focusing can be tricky at night. One trick is to zoom in on a star or the moon, set your focus, and then zoom out. This ensures that your camera is focused at infinity, which is ideal for capturing the vast night sky. If your camera has a manual focus option, use it and set your focus to infinity.
Remember, these settings are just a starting point. The Northern Lights can vary greatly in brightness and speed, so you'll need to adjust your settings as needed throughout the night. Don't be afraid to experiment and make adjustments until you get the perfect shot!
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 99 |
https://www.felixinden.com/blog/blog/some-tips-for-photographing-the-elusive-aurora-borealis
|
en
|
How to photograph the Aurora borealis I Northern Lights — Felix Inden Photography
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/t/5f25dedbd9bc7b2a92b96ac9/1596317424488/Skagsanden-Auroraflections-Kopie.jpg?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/t/5f25dedbd9bc7b2a92b96ac9/1596317424488/Skagsanden-Auroraflections-Kopie.jpg?format=1500w
|
[
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596318417831-IKTUPD4ST7BTWNOH60BE/Photographer+taking+pictures+of+the+northern+lights+on+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596318806765-DVEQD816NCH8OQBTR0M0/Reflections+of+the+northern+lights+on+Skagsanden+beach%2C+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319125107-KF6WC2YWJ8B356VCH6RB/Reflections+of+the+northern+lights+and+the+rising+full+moon+on+Lofoten+islands%2C+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319853631-FK71A1FVSZOLH7NEH8FM/Aurora+borealis+above+a+freezing+stream+in+northern+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319957941-NWGJ0QCOZQ7LNM1PSEEP/Aurora+borealis+reflecting+on+receding+water+at+Skagsanden+beach%2C+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v2/namespaces/memberAccountAvatars/libraries/5f04edfb9872af3f269a67b6/6782a5ec79cb473cb1453340af07f305/6782a5ec79cb473cb1453340af07f305.jpeg?format=300w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Felix Inden"
] |
2020-08-02T00:15:15+02:00
|
Learn how to take amazing landscape photographs with the Aurora borealis as icing on the cake. Which camera settings are best and which other things do we have to keep in mind in order to not only take a picture of the northern lights, but great landscape photography with the Aurora borealis on top.
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596061369523-LPBUA242T03F69ROWC9G/favicon.ico
|
Felix Inden Photography
|
https://www.felixinden.com/blog/blog/some-tips-for-photographing-the-elusive-aurora-borealis
|
Recommended Camera Settings
You will need to crank up the light sensitivity (ISO) of your camera as far up as your camera allows while still retaining a decent image quality. For entry level cameras that will be something around ISO 800- 1500. With professional cameras like the Nikon D850, Sony A7R4, Canon 5D IV, Canon EOS R 5 and many more, you can also go way further up to ISO3600-8000 and still get a printable result. Then there are also the ISO monster like the Sony Alpha A7S III. These fantastic little night vision devices allow you to go up to ISO 45000 and still retain a nice workable file at a lower resolution.
Open the aperture (f-stop) of your lens as much as you can to let as much light as possible hit the sensor. After all we are talking about night photography, which of course includes shooting in total darkness depending on the moon. Entry level l enses will most like stop at f 4 or f 5.6. This doesn´t mean that it´s impossible to shoot night images with them, but you won´t have much playground compared to more sophisticated lenses. Even a small jump in the aperture will mean significantly less light hitting the sensor of your camera. You´ll most likely be forced to shoot at the higher end of your ISO range and still need to do long exposures of around 30". Most professional lenses will offer at least f2.8. A very popular lens for aurora photography which i almost exclusively use for this purpose is the NIkkor 14-24 2.8.
Even Canon and Sony users often use this Nikon lens on their cameras, as it has had the fame to be the sharpest zoom lens with the best values for coma and corner sharpness. There are also many prime wide angle lenses that offer wider apertures, but many of them face different issues when used wide open. If this interests you, check out Petapixel about how to read MTF charts. I personally don´t give much about all these charts and controlled test examinations. Instead, i´ll always just search for real life user feedback and then rent a lens in order to test it out there in the field- that´s the only thing that matters to me in the end.
The exposure you should go for is depending on the intensity of the Aurora and especially the speed of the movement. The faster it dances- the shorter we have to expose to retain the gorgeus textures preventing rendering the result to nothing more than a colorful blop in the sky.
If the lights are faint and only slowly moving, start with f2.8, ISO1000, 20-30"
When they pick up pace adjust to f2.8, ISO2000, 10-20"
Now the lights go totally crazy like they are likely to do in the next days you will need to play with the settings to stay under 10" exposure for the best results.
Something i have frequently used: f2.8, ISO3600, 2-8"
All this is dependant on your camera gear and most importantly light sources like the moon and also the light pollution of street lamps, cities and even boats on the sea. While searching for tips to shoot the Aurora borealis one will often find people saying that the days around new moon are the best. I disagree with this and prefer to shoot with increasing or decreasing moon- but not at full moon. The landscape will be extremely dark around full moon while it get´s lid up beautyfully when the moonlight shines to gently play with the surrounding landscapes. This effect adds so much to a landscape photograph... in the end the best you can do is extending your trip as much as possible to make sure to get multiple chances to shoot the northern lights- this way you can also learn how much moonlight adds to your scenery and how much it can cause trouble when it´s missing.
How to nail focus in the dark
During the night we will be opening the aperture to collect as much light as possible, which also leads to a shallow depth of field. For most purposes of Aurora photography we will want to have as much of our scene tack sharp as possible. We can achieve this by avoiding to have elements too close to the lens.
The easiest way of focussing in the darkness of the night is searching for a bright light source that is far away from you- some cameras are capable of doing this in liveview using a bright star, for most we´ll have to drop a lamp around 50m from us and then focus on it. Sometimes we can also use the car lights of some other photographers which might be somewhere around or street lamps, houses (which we normally try to avoid- some of the best locations still feature a few of them unfortunately). This will lead to an image that is sharp enough overall and with some sharpening applied in postprocessing it´s totally useable.
Now shooting with wideangle lenses really invites to play with prominent foregrounds- this can result in quite a pain. But luckily there is the great technique of focus stacking. For this you shoot different images at the same settings while adjusting only the focus throughout the scene. I do it manually without even watching it anymore nowadays, but using liveview and a torch to light up the area of interest is also a good technique. This can be very disturbing for other photographers though- so be always conscient about this and don´t overdo it.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 23 |
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050411140441.htm
|
en
|
NASA Study Finds Earth's Auroras Are Not Mirror Images
|
[
"https://www.sciencedaily.com/images/sd-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Geomagnetic Storms; Atmosphere; Geology; Earth Science; Renewable Energy; Near-Earth Object Impacts; Earthquakes; Environmental Issues"
] | null |
[] |
2024-08-11T03:15:01+00:00
|
Scientists looking at the Earth's northern and southern auroras were surprised to find they are not mirror images of each other, as was once thought. The main cause behind the differences appears to be the interaction between the Sun's outer atmosphere and the Earth's magnetic field.
|
en
|
ScienceDaily
|
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050411140441.htm
|
Analysis of the images from NASA's Polar spacecraft and the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) spacecraft showed how the auroras move and change, based on the "tilt" of the Earth's magnetic field toward the Sun and conditions in the solar wind.
By knowing how auroras react to the solar wind, scientists can better determine the impacts of space weather in the future. The new discovery by scientists from NASA, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, and the University of California at Berkeley, shows that auroras may be more complicated than previously thought. The NASA-funded study appeared in a recent issue of Geophysical Research Letters.
The aurora form near-circular bands around both the northern and southern poles of the Earth, known as the auroral ovals. These phenomena also are known as the aurora borealis, or northern lights, and the aurora australis, or southern lights. It was expected that the auroral ovals would be mirror images of each other.
"This is the first analysis to use simultaneous observations of the whole aurora in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to track their locations," said lead author Timothy J. Stubbs of the Laboratory for Extraterrestrial Physics at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
The Sun's outer atmosphere is an extremely thin electrified gas, or "plasma," better known as the "solar wind," since it blows constantly out from the Sun at around 250 miles per second. The Earth's magnetic field provides an obstacle in the solar wind flow and becomes compressed into an extended teardrop-shaped bubble known as the "magnetosphere."
The magnetosphere protects the Earth by shielding it from the solar wind. However, under certain conditions charged particles from the solar wind are able to penetrate this magnetic shield and become energized. Collisions between these charged particles and the Earth's upper atmosphere emit light which we observe as an "aurora."
Stubbs and his colleagues used data from the two spacecraft to study the auroras. By luck the orbits of Polar and IMAGE were aligned so the entire auroral ovals in both hemispheres could be observed simultaneously in detail.
Stubbs and his colleagues noted four important items in their study of auroras observed in October 2002. As predicted, they observed the auroral ovals shift in opposite directions to each other depending on the orientation of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF). The IMF is the Sun's magnetic field that travels out into space with the solar wind.
They noted the auroral ovals also shift in opposite directions to each other depending on how far the Earth's northern magnetic pole is leaning toward the Sun (known as the "dipole tilt angle").
Following a change in the orientation of the IMF, they observed the southern auroral oval shift toward the Sun while the northern auroral oval remained in about the same location. The scientists believe the southern aurora moved because the solar wind was able to penetrate into the magnetosphere in the southern hemisphere, but not in the northern hemisphere.
What was most surprising was that both the northern and southern auroral ovals were leaning toward the dawn (morning) side of the Earth for this event. The scientists suspect the leaning may be related to "imperfections" of the Earth's magnetic field. The Earth has a similar type of magnetic field to that which occurs around a simple bar magnet, which causes iron filings to arrange themselves in loops around it.
"Because Earth's magnetic field is not a perfect dipole, we think this fact plays some role in causing the auroras to not be mirror images of each other," Stubbs said.
For more information and images related to this story on the Internet, visit:
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 21 |
https://www.facebook.com/nasaspaceplace/videos/what-is-an-aurora/533908521023059/
|
en
|
An aurora looks like a beautiful display of lights in the sky. We can also see auroras from space! The name of an aurora changes depending on its...
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
An aurora looks like a beautiful display of lights in the sky. We can also see auroras from space! The name of an aurora changes depending on its...
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
|
https://www.facebook.com/nasaspaceplace/videos/what-is-an-aurora/533908521023059/
| ||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 38 |
https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
|
en
|
How to Shoot the Southern Lights
|
[
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/2015_Vallerret_Icon_Black_L_410x.png?v=1613678500",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Vallerret_logo_only_Trademark_White_410x.png?v=1685000793",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Vallerret_logo_only_Trademark__Black_410x.png?v=1684795784",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Last_Chance_Mega_Menu_Low_1600x.png?v=1684831672",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Last_Chance_Mega_Menu_Low_2000x.png?v=1684831672",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Last_Chance_Mega_Menu_Low_1600x.png?v=1684831672",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Last_Chance_Mega_Menu_Low_2000x.png?v=1684831672",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Tips-_-inpiration---YouTube_new_1600x.jpg?v=1631617517",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Tips-_-inpiration---YouTube_new_2000x.jpg?v=1631617517",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Tips-_-inpiration---YouTube_new_1600x.jpg?v=1631617517",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/Tips-_-inpiration---YouTube_new_2000x.jpg?v=1631617517",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/APPAREL_Mega_Menu_Low_1600x.png?v=1684833023",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/APPAREL_Mega_Menu_Low_2000x.png?v=1684833023",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/APPAREL_Mega_Menu_Low_1600x.png?v=1684833023",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/APPAREL_Mega_Menu_Low_2000x.png?v=1684833023",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights-571735_1600x.png?v=1574865545",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights-571735_2000x.png?v=1574865545",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/DSC08878_1024x1024.jpg?v=1567637948",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/DSC09790-Edit_copy_1024x1024.jpg?v=1567637778",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/DSC06606-Recovered_1024x1024.jpg?v=1567637825",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/DSC09923_1024x1024.jpg?v=1567637868",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/the-best-glove-for-your-winter-holiday-923623_1600x.png?v=1574867761",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/the-best-glove-for-your-winter-holiday-923623_2000x.png?v=1574867761",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/Untitled_design_14_1600x.png?v=1606969624",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/Untitled_design_14_2000x.png?v=1606969624",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/Featured-min_1600x.png?v=1637760800",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/articles/Featured-min_2000x.png?v=1637760800",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/products/MarkhofProV3-Feature_160x160.jpg?v=1631707820",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/Tinden_Feature-new-min_23e04700-632f-4347-bb0c-89ba1a72d24d_240x240.jpg?v=1686660759",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/Tindenwcamera-new-min_240x240.jpg?v=1688130460",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/MarkhofProV3-Feature-new-min_464a219d-435c-4e63-a546-afdfa9875a76_240x240.jpg?v=1686660556",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/MarkhofProV3-Camera-new-min_240x240.jpg?v=1694630568",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/Urbex_Feature-new-min_240x240.jpg?v=1688130528",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/urbex_phone_touch-new-min_0dda0c5f-7566-4795-b264-f3a9073d971f_240x240.jpg?v=1687439013",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/MilfordfleeceandShell-5-new-min_240x240.jpg?v=1687440790",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/files/MilfordfleecewCamera-new-min_240x240.jpg?v=1688127203",
"https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0074/4505/3498/products/Milfordfleeceandcoverfeature_160x160.jpg?v=1632770820",
"https://photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/VLRT-and-1-pct-Cons-Alliance_461x_96130fd6-4001-4323-92e8-b49b712a2ab0_2048x.png?v=1648647380"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Vallerret Photography Gloves"
] | null |
Vallerret Photography Gloves collaborator Levi Harrell dives deep into shooting the lesser-known. The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora
|
en
|
//photographygloves.com/cdn/shop/files/2015-VLRT-Icon-small-100px_180x180.png?v=1613507776
|
Vallerret Photography Gloves
|
https://photographygloves.com/blogs/vallerret-blog/how-to-shoot-the-southern-lights
|
Shooting the Northern Lights is a must-do for many photographers but did you know that the Souther Hemisphere has a light show of its own? The Aurora Australis is a spectacle that can only be seen from Australia, Chile, Argentina, New Zealand and Antarctica meaning that while it's more difficult to see than the Aurora Borealis, it's no less spectacular. Below, adventure photographer Levi Harrell gives his best tips for shooting these elusive lights.
Shooting the aurora can be a once in a lifetime event for many photographers. When the opportunity presents itself, you want to make sure you have the necessary skills and tools!
Firstly you will need the appropriate safety equipment. Auroras are most active in winter so layers of warm clothes are an absolute must. Warm boots, hat, and gloves are also essential, preferably a pair of gloves that don’t inhibit your ability to operate a camera or remote. Next, you will need a head torch to illuminate your way to and from your shooting location. Make sure you keep extra batteries with you, as the cold will reduce the lifespan of your batteries.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Now that you have all the essential gear to keep you warm and safe on a cold winters night, let's talk about the planning aspect of shooting an aurora storm. Aurora’s intensities are measured on the KP index. The KP index measures the global geomagnetic activity from the poles and will give you an indication as to how strong of an aurora you may have that night simply by looking up the forecast online.
In New Zealand, the most accurate way to get KP information is by checking out aurora-service.net, which will give you the three-day forecast for your local area. Be sure to also scout out locations with the help of Google Maps and Google Earth. This will help you search the location at large and check for any features that may help or hinder your photoshoot such as tree density, hills with a good vantage point, power lines, etc.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Where to shoot the Southern Lights
Also when planning an aurora shoot you want to consider your location in relation to the strength of the aurora. Travelling further south while in New Zealand greatly strengthens your chances of seeing the southern lights on a more frequent basis and of a higher intensity.
Places like Stewart Island, for example, have a much higher chance of seeing beautiful light shows as they are so far south and have little competing light versus a place like Queenstown or Dunedin that have a significant amount of light pollution from street lights and buildings. These more northerly cities will as well see visible auroras less frequently and of lower intensity.
I would also recommend visiting the location you would like to shoot during the day to consider your framing and your foreground objects. You need something compelling to draw your eye and lead it into the shot. I love shooting the aurora with a water feature such as a lake or the ocean to create a reflection of colour.
Another important tip to framing the southern lights is to try and create size references within the landscape. Shooting with an aurora over a mountain or against a beach will create a much more dramatic scene then a tight shot with no reference of size.
Photo by Levi Harrell
Camera Settings and Equipment
When you are setting up your camera for an aurora shoot there are certain things you will most certainly need. A sturdy tripod, a camera with the option to manually focus, and the ability to change the shutter speed will be imperative to capture a great photo.
Start by setting your lens to the infinite focusing distance. You can do this in the daylight by picking an object on the horizon to focus on then leaving your camera focused there until your night under the stars.
A good starting place for your camera settings would be shutter speed at 18 seconds, ISO at 4000, and your aperture at the lowest possible, preferably at f2.8 to f2 to let in as much light at possible. If your camera lens doesn't go down to f2.8, set it at the lowest possible aperture.
Every aurora storm you shoot will be different so be sure to play with your settings to achieve the best possible image!
Photo by Levi Harrell
Levi Harrell is a photographer and writer specializing in adventure and astrophotography. Currently, Levi lives in Boulder, Colorado and spends most of his time chasing good light around the world. You can find his work in print or online.
@ofallnationsmedia
If you liked this article, you'll love these!
How to Shoot the Northern Lights
The Ultimate Photographer's Guide to the Northern Lights
Northern Lights Photography – 8 Tips from the Night guys.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 74 |
https://www.universetoday.com/73846/aurora/
|
en
|
The Northern and Southern Lights – What is an Aurora?
|
[
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/cropped-cleanutlogo-1.png",
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/aurora-iss.jpg",
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Aurora-cause-colors-NASA-580x422.jpg",
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/aurora.jpg",
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Saturn-Aurora-580x435.jpg",
"https://www.universetoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Mars-aurora-panel-NASA_S-580x289.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Matt Williams",
"www.facebook.com",
"?ref=hl"
] |
2010-09-17T11:13:11+00:00
|
For many people around the world the ability to see the Aurora Borealis or Aurora Australis is a rare treat. Unless you live north of 60° latitude (or south of -60°), or who have made the trip to tip of Chile or the Arctic Circle at least once in their lives, these fantastic light shows … Continue reading "The Northern and Southern Lights – What is an Aurora?"
|
en
|
Universe Today
|
https://www.universetoday.com/73846/aurora/
|
For many people around the world the ability to see the Aurora Borealis or Aurora Australis is a rare treat. Unless you live north of 60° latitude (or south of -60°), or who have made the trip to tip of Chile or the Arctic Circle at least once in their lives, these fantastic light shows are something you’ve likely only read about or seen a video of.
But on occasion, the “northern” and “southern lights” have reached beyond the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and dazzled people with their stunning luminescence. But what exactly are they? To put it simply, auroras are natural light displays that take place in the night sky, particularly in the Polar Regions, and which are the result of interaction in the ionosphere between the sun’s rays and Earth’s magnetic field.
Description:
Basically, solar wind is periodically launched by the sun which contains clouds of plasma, charged particles that include electrons and positive ions. When they reach the Earth, they interact with the Earth’s magnetic field, which excites oxygen and nitrogen in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. During this process, ionized nitrogen atoms regain an electron, and oxygen and nitrogen atoms return from an excited state to ground state.
Excitation energy is lost by the emission of a photon of light, or by collision with another atom or molecule. Different gases produce different colors of light – light emissions coming from oxygen atoms as they interact with solar radiation appear green or brownish-red, while the interaction of nitrogen atoms cause light to be emitted that appears blue or red.
This dancing display of colors is what gives the Aurora its renowned beauty and sense of mystery. In northern latitudes, the effect is known as the Aurora Borealis, named after the Roman Goddess of the dawn (Aurora) and the Greek name for the north wind (Boreas). It was the French scientist Pierre Gassendi who gave them this name after first seeing them in 1621.
In the southern latitudes, it is known as Aurora Australis, Australis being the Latin word for “of the south”. Auroras seen near the magnetic pole may be high overhead, but from farther away, they illuminate the northern horizon as a greenish glow or sometimes a faint red. The auroras are usually best seen in the Arctic and Antarctic because that is the location of the poles of the Earth’s magnetic field.
Names and Cultural Significance:
The northern lights have had a number of names throughout history and a great deal of significance to a number of cultures. The Cree call this phenomenon the “Dance of the Spirits”, believing that the effect signaled the return of their ancestors.
To the Inuit, it was believed that the spirits were those of animals. Some even believed that as the auroras danced closer to those who were watching them, that they would be enveloped and taken away to the heavens. In Europe, in the Middle Ages, the auroras were commonly believed to be a sign from God.
According to the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá (ca. 1230 CE), the first encounter of the norðrljós (Old Norse for “northern light”) amongst the Norsemen came from Vikings returning from Greenland. The chronicler gives three possible explanations for this phenomena, which included the ocean being surrounded by vast fires, that the sun flares reached around the world to its night side, or that the glaciers could store energy so that they eventually glowed a fluorescent color.
Auroras on Other Planets:
However, Earth is not the only planet in the Solar System that experiences this phenomena. They have been spotted on other Solar planets, and are most visible closer to the poles due to the longer periods of darkness and the magnetic field.
For example. the Hubble Space Telescope has observed auroras on both Jupiter and Saturn – both of which have magnetic fields much stronger than Earth’s and extensive radiation belts. Uranus and Neptune have also been observed to have auroras which, same as Earth, appear to be powered by solar wind.
Auroras also have been observed on the surfaces of Io, Europa, and Ganymede using the Hubble Space Telescope, not to mention Venus and Mars. Because Venus has no planetary magnetic field, Venusian auroras appear as bright and diffuse patches of varying shape and intensity, sometimes distributed across the full planetary disc.
An aurora was also detected on Mars on August 14th, 2004, by the SPICAM instrument aboard Mars Express. This aurora was located at Terra Cimmeria, in the region of 177° East, 52° South, and was estimated to be quite sizable – 30 km across and 8 km high (18.5 miles across and 5 miles high).
Though Mars has little magnetosphere to speak of, scientists determined that the region of the emissions corresponded to an area where the strongest magnetic field is localized on the planet. This they concluded by analyzing a map of crustal magnetic anomalies compiled with data from Mars Global Surveyor.
More recently, an aurora was observed on Mars by the MAVEN mission, which captured images of the event on March 17th, 2015, just a day after an aurora was observed here on Earth. Nicknamed Mars’ “Christmas lights”, they were observed across the planet’s mid-northern latitudes and (owing to the lack of oxygen and nitrogen in Mars’ atmosphere) were likely a faint glow compared to Earth’s more vibrant display.
In short, it seems that auroras are destined to happen wherever solar winds and magnetic fields coincide. But somehow, knowing this does not make them any less impressive, or diminish the power they have to inspire wonder and amazement in all those that behold them.
We have written many articles about Aurorae here at Universe Today. Here’s What is the Aurora Borealis?, What is the Aurora Australis?, What Causes an Aurora?, Your Guide to When, Where, and How to see the Aurora Borealis, Northern and Southern Lights are Siblings, not Twins.
and See the Latest Jaw-Dropping Aurora Views from the ISS.
If you’d like more info on the aurora, check out Space Weather Center, and here’s a link to some amazing Aurora Borealis pictures taken from Alaska.
We’ve also recorded an episode of Astronomy Cast all about Aurora. Listen here, Episode 163: Auroras.
Sources:
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 82 |
https://digitalrev.com/2020/12/11/these-photos-of-the-aurora-will-blow-your-mind/
|
en
|
These photos of the aurora will blow your mind!
|
[
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/cropped-digitalrev_logo.png",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/7670e-1.sergey-korolev.jpg?w=2000&h=1200&crop=1",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ddc51b2db27b05de8640a69a146df4c3952afe11002c9b4473c0fc4f29343cf6?s=96&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/7670e-1.sergey-korolev.jpg?w=1024&h=795",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/50852-2.ben-maze.jpg?w=1024&h=768",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/1bc2e-3.roksolyana-hilevych.jpg?w=682&h=1024",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/aa580-4.benjamin-eberhardt.jpg?w=1024&h=576",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/c2212-5.agnieszka-mrowka.jpg?w=819&h=1024",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/c57b3-6.kim-jenssen.jpg?w=722&h=1024",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/c7461-7.dennis-hellwig.jpg?w=1024&h=683",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/a1d1d-9.iurie-belegurschi.jpg?w=1024&h=1024",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/cropped-profile-logo-default_512-1.png?w=50",
"https://digitalrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/cropped-profile-logo-default_512-1.png?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-12-11T00:00:00
|
Selected images from the Northern Light Photographer of the Year contest are out of this world…
|
en
|
DigitalRev
|
https://digitalrev.com/2020/12/11/these-photos-of-the-aurora-will-blow-your-mind/
|
Ask any photographer what images are on their photo bucket list and there’s sure to be one answer that crops up again and again. Shooting the aurora, also called the Northern Lights, is both an exciting and challenging photo task, but one that can create amazing frames. Well, the best images of the aurora have been recognised by the Northern Light Photographer of the Year contest.
Organised by travel and photography blog Capture the Atlas, this year’s finalist collection saw images that were taken around the world, in countries like the United States, Russia, Finland, Norway, Iceland, Australia, Canada, and Antarctica, by 25 photographers of 18 different nationalities.
“Heavenly Dance” was captured by Sergey Korolev on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. ‘I’ve been hunting landscapes and Northern Lights on Russia’s Kola Peninsula for several years and I still find new spots. I found this stone beach on the coast of the Barents Sea a few years ago. At the time, I was mesmerized by the shape of the boulders, which moved with the rumble of the ocean waves, as well as the steep mountains rising from the sea.
I tried to shoot the Aurora here for a long time, and one day, I got lucky and captured this image. The photo is very simple and consists of two shots; one short exposure to freeze the movement of the Aurora in the sky, and another longer exposure for the rocks,’ commented Sergey.
Of course, along with the Northern Lights the Southern Lights can also be seen, as demonstrated by Ben Maze’s image – entitled ‘The Hunt’s Reward” – which was captured at Tasmania, Australia. ‘I have had the incredible fortune to witness the Southern Lights twice during two photography trips to Tasmania. Captured in this image is a trifecta of astronomical phenomena that made for some of the best astrophotography conditions one can witness in Australia, namely, the setting Milky Way galactic core, zodiacal light, and of course, the elusive Aurora Australis. On top of this, a sparkling display of oceanic bioluminescence adorned the crashing waves, adding the cherry on top to what was already a breathtaking experience. Having been out of reception and civilization for over a day, fellow photographer Luke Tscharke and I had no idea the aurora would strike on this night. We’d just heard rumors of a potential solar storm. We could barely contain our excitement when the lights first showed up on our camera’s screens. We later realized we were in the best place on the entire continent to witness the rare show, with Lion Rock being on the southernmost cape of Tasmania and much more cloud-free than the rest of the state at the time. The colors that our cameras picked up were incredible, too. Rather than the classic green, the display ranged from yellow and orange to pink and purple. When I’d captured enough frames that I was happy with, I simply stood by my camera with my head tilted towards the sky, occasionally swirling my hand around in the sparkling water by my feet. I’m forever grateful for moments in nature like this that show us the true wonders of our planet.’
Roksolyana Hilevych captured this spectacular image, entitled; Dragon’s Eggs’ in the Lofoten Islands, Norway. Roksolyana commented; ‘I found this unknown place on the Lofoten Islands as I was moving around the Gimsoya Islands. That night was very cold, with temperatures reaching -20º C. It was probably one of the best shows of watching and photographing the Northern Lights I’ve ever experienced, because in a place like this, it’s not easy to find something new with such a magical foreground and the kp5/kp6 Northern Lights dancing all night long. For this shot, I did a focus-stacking of three shots, two for the foreground at f/8, 10s, ISO 400 and one for the sky at f/4, 2s and ISO 640.’
Some of the locations for the contests’s images were extremely remote. “Antarctic Night” by Benjamin Eberhardt was captured at the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica. ‘This image shows a strong and colorful aurora over the IceCube Neutrino observatory in the South Pole and is part of a longer time-lapse series. The South Pole is probably one of the most remote and challenging environments to do photography, and it is strenuous for both humans and technology. To achieve 24h-long time-lapse shots, you need some creativity to heat and insulate your equipment in order to keep it running, and even rotating, in temperatures ranging down to -80ºC (-112 ºF). In my case, this was a learning curve over multiple months, with a lot of trial and error and frostbite. On the upside, once you have tackled all the challenges, you have plenty of reasons to be proud of your shots,’ commented Benjamin.
“Convergence” was captured by Agnieszka Mrowka in Jökulsárlón, Iceland. ‘It was late September 2020, and finally, the perfect conditions for the Northern Lights came together; +Kp6 converged with unusually calm weather and the moon illuminating the ice of the most popular glacier lagoon in Iceland. It was a fierce and peaceful night to remember.’
Photographers must endure extreme temperatures when shooting the aurora. “Finland at night” was captured by Kim Jenssen at a location in Finnish Lapland. “After spending many hours waiting in the cold forest of Ruka, Finland, at – 36 Cº, and without any visible aurora activity, we decided to walk back to our cars. On the trail down, I saw something on my left side and told my friend to stop and wait. Suddenly, the aurora started to “dance”, and all I had to do was to jump in the snow, get my camera ready, and shoot! There was no planning or time to focus on composition. After 5 minutes, the Northern Lights disappeared, but it was a night with a happy ending.”
“Lofoten ice lights” was captured by Dennis Hellwig in Norway’s stunning Lofoten Islands. “These beautiful icicles were created by thawed ice that froze over. I noticed this place during the day, and when the Northern Lights were visible, I returned to photograph it. This place was very difficult to get to. It was narrow and there was ice and snow over the icicles. I was able to stand through a hole in the stream and use the tripod to bring my camera close to the icicles. It was so tight that it was almost impossible to work with a tripod. I also had to make sure that my tripod legs didn’t break the ice. Another challenge was the light pollution from passing cars (it was only 8 p.m. and there were still a lot of people on the road) and other photographers with their headlights on. But in the end, everything went well and I got my picture.”
Thingvellir in Iceland was the location for this epic frame by Iurie Belegurschi, which is entitled “Symphony of the lights”. “My plan for the night was to photograph the Northern Lights at Thingvellir National Park, Iceland. The day before the chase, there was a blizzard and the roads were full of snow. After waiting 4 hours for the Aurora to show up with no luck, I decided to drive home. My car got stuck in the snow and, when I was waiting for help, the Northern Lights finally showed up and “danced” for about ten minutes. I was lucky to get stuck next to this pond and take this shot with the Aurora reflected on the water. It was probably the first time that I was happy to be stuck in the snow.”
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 62 |
https://www.almanac.com/what-are-northern-lights
|
en
|
What Are the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis)? And Where Can You See Them?
|
[
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-fakTEIAyhixmo.gif",
"https://www.almanac.com/themes/almanaco/logo.svg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/logo-mobile-menu.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/2025-almanac-us-cover-tilt.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/aurora-gb22147633_1920.jpg?itok=20nvVM0p",
"https://www.almanac.com/themes/almanaco/images/print-icon.png",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/The%20Editors/aurora-borealis-69221_1920_full_width.jpg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/images/solar%2Bflares.jpg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/The%20Editors/aurora-iss_full_width.jpg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/The%20Editors/northern-lights-225514_1920_full_width.jpg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/users/The%20Editors/aurora-snow_full_width.jpg",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumbnail/public/pictures/picture-567869-1544647271.jpg?itok=YI4arsDH",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/solar-cycle.jpg?itok=d4F51FNb",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/thomasedison.jpg?itok=eUfViIn9",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/solar-sun.png?itok=6ER1sxgH",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/noctilucent-clouds.jpg?itok=dquPIO15",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/sunspots.jpg?itok=XHZx43ac",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/landscape/public/image_nodes/storm-1627684_1920.jpg?itok=fepWJjMy",
"https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/the-old-farmers-store-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Bob Berman"
] |
2024-05-30T13:00:00-04:00
|
Did anyone see the aurora borealis last night? Look again TONIGHT for neon rays of magenta, green, and blue! Typically, nature's most colorful sky show is only in high north latitudes, but this time, it stretched as far south as Florida. See update!
|
en
|
/themes/almanaco/images/favicon.ico
|
Almanac.com
|
https://www.almanac.com/what-are-northern-lights
|
Aurora alert! In early June 2024, we expect to see colorful, shimmering lights in the night sky. What are the aurora borealis, also called the Northern Lights? What causes them? Almanac astronomer Bob Berman explains.
What Are the Northern Lights?
The aurora borealis, which often appears like dancing ribbons of green and purple in the night sky, originate from the Sun itself!
The stormy, active Sun constantly throws off energized particles from its upper atmosphere. When these particles travel at high speeds toward Earth, our planet’s upper atmosphere protects us. The particles collide with gases in Earth’s atmosphere, creating colorful lights in the sky.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the event is called the aurora borealis, which means “dawn of the North,” or the northern lights.
In the Southern Hemisphere, it is called the aurora australis, which means “dawn of the South,” or the southern lights.
2024 Brings the Best Northern Lights in 20 Years
The Sun has weather just like Earth! At times, it is very stormy and ejects more charged particles and solar flares, which are large eruptions of electromagnetic radiation. These create the auroras.
This storminess is especially severe when the Sun is nearing the peak of its 11-year solar cycle and its “solar maximum.” Current Solar Cycle 25 began in December 2019. Experts believe that the Sun may peak in mid- to late 2024. Read more about Solar Cycle 25.
Thanks to the especially stormy Sun, we see auroras more frequently and often more extreme than we have in many years.
See my article about aurora displays forecasted for June 6. 2024!
What Causes the Auroras?
The streams of charged particles that erupt from the Sun’s surface can travel at speeds of up to a million miles per hour. As strong solar activity enters the Earth’s magnetic field, the particles (electrons and protons) collide with gases in the upper atmosphere, which causes the gases to glow. As billions of collisions occur in sequence, auroras appear to move or “dance” in the sky.
Because of the shape of Earth’s magnetic field, the charged particles stream towards the poles. This is why auroras are most often seen in the high latitudes near the North and South Poles. They can appear as curtains of light moving across the entire sky and sometimes appear as huge arcs and pillars of color that dance and float through the dark.
Auroras often start with a green glow. You could see shades of green, red, yellow, purple, and blue. The colors depend on the energy level of each gas particle and which gas particles are present. The movement is also beautiful. When the solar winds ripple through the magnetic field, the curtains of light appear to dance, brighten, or fade.
One of the most colorful auroras occurred in March 1989. It was visible in Canada and the United States and as far south as Mexico. The electrical surge that accompanied it was so strong that parts of Canada were blacked out all night!
When Can You See Auroras? When Are the Northern Lights?
While auroras are triggered at any time by strong solar activity, the traditional aurora-watching season is during the weeks before and after the vernal equinox and autumnal equinoxes, when we transition between seasons.
Why? According to NOAA, the times around the equinoxes are when the Earth is affected more directly by the Sun’s geomagnetic storms, which cause disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field. This seems to be related to the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and the position of our planet’s magnetic poles at any given time of year.
The best time of the day to spot auroras is late at night and in the early morning (from 10:00 P.M. to about 3:00 A.M.). Look north on a clear, moonless night from a dark place away from city lights.
Where Can You See the Northern Lights?
Traditionally, the northern lights are most commonly seen at high latitudes. Aurora fans will often travel to Alaska on a tour to see the sights.
However, if you live in Canada or the northern-tier states (Maine, Michigan, etc.), you are likely to see the northern lights from right where you are if you make an effort.
However, in 2024, what’s exciting is that people are reporting viewings not only in the usual places, such as the northern-tier states and Canada, but also in the Midwest and even lower Midwest. There have even been sightings in southern states down to North Carolina, central California, and even Arizona!
Why is this happening? Again, it’s all related to the Sun and the solar cycle. The current Solar Cycle 25 is “heating up,” which means that the Sun is especially active; this increased activity in the Sun’s magnetic field will also expand the visibility of the northern lights. When there are massive solar storms (as is more likely near the solar maximum), the lights will appear farther south. Learn more about Solar Cycle 25.
Just get out away from city lights and look up toward the north.
Fun Facts About the Northern Lights
No two light shows are ever the same.
The most common colors are green and pink, but the aurora may also appear to be purple, red, blue, or yellow.
It’s oxygen in the atmosphere that creates the green light, while nitrogen causes the blue light.
A single active display can produce one trillion watts of electricity.
Some people claim that they have heard the northern lights hiss and crackle.
Web sites such as Spaceweather.com will report on solar explosions and forecast upcoming auroras. NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center also reports solar flare activity. If you have a shortwave or CB radio, hearing disturbances or skips can also a be a telltale sign.
Have you ever seen the northern lights in person? Tell us about your experience in the comments below!
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 60 |
https://www.wistv.com/2024/05/11/calm-after-storm-midlands-covered-beautiful-auroras/
|
en
|
Beautiful auroras: Northern Lights visible across central South Carolina
|
[
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/U6WQIBUDWNBN3KPBV5FDLDUV4A.jpeg?auth=90b7453639daad86fb302724dccc295a0e369de8a55d22fdde7f2083da80bf3e&width=1200&height=800&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/ZXEQIS2ZOJEOHAEX4O7G4ZMECY.jpeg?auth=ae312c8cbbc8fdfdccfc540f6d21bc5d61964a9a59a4c7a864557e82d75bb46f&width=1200&height=800&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/TIWNMEB4WJFYHOLVHUBAPJHORE.jpeg?auth=91dd2cdfadef2e8691c6e9cd979066cb4ef639906ea3504efa3c9566c451adfe&width=1200&height=800&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/JZI6FIO3JRGMNOPIY7QKS5XKJQ.jpeg?auth=03580ce54c77200cd2d1cc83c996384feaa811c3b727e0d4555874c685386d0b&width=1200&height=800&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/VDT2YJZLZVCIFLQQEUODCT2AUY.jpeg?auth=bd370ec40101bbf1d6708685c1c42b15d485d4b5ef4d7d5a8b309d7da75d0ace&width=1200&height=800&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/4KVXJIIIURHGJCAK7472GFHENA.png?auth=dff2cabebba6c4808a0f71730ccf90a47d61a187d9c2b20fda4c46b673e8807c&width=980&height=1089&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/FQVDE6BDWNFLNMACZBBLUDIRK4.png?auth=9d32c9e831c87ae65895d18d150cadbc32dd466347aac18afc00cdd50464b702&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/CH4AOA2HJVCIPJPSATAR2SYH34.jpg?auth=6820d4bc8c39dc83206b0528acdbe52ee037cf7ba438807281fef6f64087a01b&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/SGM6VZP3YRHYFGSEDOQKHWVDW4.jpg?auth=cdd560e717901c03ec8ba4732ed98fd71c3eceb3067ea79df2bbb8ee1cc14de0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/ZZA4TXCXBJA3HBVVP2YBZLAUXM.png?auth=727f5a6e3d978f0f00eda1198c867c2b69011d1cef7a4cab2d635e434930a1f0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/U6SH5VQBIRAVBJ23HJYKV7755E.bmp?auth=c105bdfbeea550a214189ae0dcd4fd3e75027b7bc924c288999608760984771d&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/DTN2U6BQ7RAHHIBNZYAF5HXOQU.png?auth=dd7a81a6fe8e7b428ffb9b8634b88a112dcd3882268840f0a4e1b9f41cba786d&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/BR5PPV76XBEA7M7O3IQWJPV7RU.png?auth=dcc44f812275c2da172230b009450ed409c586db69a5dfd214fdd619af90075e&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/XPJZIZUJQJCE3NLRZWJ37RFSJM.jpg?auth=1d58cf73aedf2e3000f186a27037973fb276b725a8ab104cf0f953f741043ed0&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/FQVDE6BDWNFLNMACZBBLUDIRK4.png?auth=9d32c9e831c87ae65895d18d150cadbc32dd466347aac18afc00cdd50464b702&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/BR5PPV76XBEA7M7O3IQWJPV7RU.png?auth=dcc44f812275c2da172230b009450ed409c586db69a5dfd214fdd619af90075e&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-10-2024%2Ft_18aaed9dd443490cabd8806ea94fa759_name_1trop__2_.PNG?auth=75d9b8cb6659db81d4a20094f36e38e11aefbc4781320c1de06e1da9a9b5df8c&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/3DF7Y7PSQFH5RACKHAYFPOOC2E.png?auth=abeae81263155b16f83f47420a4129ce254dd77248744b590093acf08a85bc14&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-09-2024%2Ft_b156f6e397f84880a727fdd2f93e0625_name_Heat_Alerts.png?auth=755b28b1a3600cafb8327f10e70d1eed9ce567abc2f036b2d7a27025597df05b&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/https%3A%2F%2Fdo0bihdskp9dy.cloudfront.net%2F08-09-2024%2Ft_a988d0e0b6d34bf4804b9f6050620c0b_name_file_1280x720_2000_v3_1_.jpg?auth=80ad09c616daf2b2c77ca6dba7bae04bdd665ccbbce3065a4350c24ee9c383eb&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/ZUMRMPQRHRCIDBKTDAHUXPZNBE.jpg?auth=9023949cade995d4f34d6a8593bbf5fc4553153f87caa738aaad2913889b6549&width=800&height=450&smart=true",
"https://gray-wistv-prod.cdn.arcpublishing.com/resizer/v2/PPNJ76MTE5HWHOMVIDPUMMI4NY.jpg?auth=f8907f3952cebebce34bfe2c9cca5e2bec75c334fc47ca00c4d9f3d0ed669b62&width=800&height=450&smart=true"
] |
[
"https://d1l66zlxaqpl1u.cloudfront.net/wp-gray/20240511/663f8dcba78b901e6e644bdd/t_8cf88b99e5a14fceaf435f45b526c940_name_Crime_Still_template__1_/file_1280x720-2000-v3_1.mp4"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"WIS News 10 Staff"
] |
2024-05-11T00:00:00
|
Central South Carolina was covered in an array of beautiful auroras on Friday night after a series of storms passed.
|
en
|
//webpubcontent.gray.tv/gray/arc-fusion-assets/images/favicons/wistv/favicon.ico?d=423
|
https://www.wistv.com
|
https://www.wistv.com/2024/05/11/calm-after-storm-midlands-covered-beautiful-auroras/
|
COLUMBIA, S.C. (WIS) - Central South Carolina was covered in an array of beautiful auroras on Friday night after a series of storms passed.
The Midlands saw brief flooding, heavy rain, winds and even hail.
Send us your photo of the sky!
But once that passed -- a scientific wonder filled the sky.
Scientists say at least five ejections from the Sun were directed toward the Earth, which when slam into the Earth’s atmosphere, caused a disruption of beautiful purple, pinks and greens. This phenomenon was visible all across parts of the Southeast.
The geomagnetic storm is the strongest to reach the Earth since 2003.
If you missed them on Friday night, you may still have a chance to see them once again.
“According to the KP Index forecast, if we were to see the Northern lights again tonight, Sunday, they will be strongest from 8 p.m. to 11 p.m. again,” said Chief Meteorologist Adam Clark. “It’s kinda strange because usually we see them from 1 a.m. to 4 a.m., the darkest part of night.”
Adam Clark recommends: “Let your eyes adjust and take photos with your phone in ‘dark mode.’”
NOAA issues K-Index Alerts when Kp-indices reach 4 through 9. The K-index quantifies disturbances in the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field with an integer in the range 0-9 with 1 being calm and 5 or more indicating a geomagnetic storm.
“We were at a 9 last night, and it looks like the same is possible tonight,” Clark said.
However, the auroras can be unpredictable -- and nothing is for certain.
“I tried my best forecasting them in Northern Minnesota for 10 years, one thing for sure is you need to be prepared for NOT seeing them,” Clark said. “They’ll let you down often.”
The National Weather Service says aurora can often be observed right after sunset or before sunrise.
“The aurora does not need to be directly overhead but can be observed from as much as a 1,000 km away when the aurora is bright and if conditions are right,” the NWS says.
Feel more informed, prepared, and connected with WIS. For more free content like this, subscribe to our email newsletter, and download our apps. Have feedback that can help us improve? Click here.
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 79 |
https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/13-05-2024/how-to-cope-with-not-seeing-the-aurora-this-weekend-when-everyone-else-did
|
en
|
How to cope with not seeing the aurora this weekend when everyone else did
|
[
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=640 640w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=1290 1290w",
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=70 70w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=250 250w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=640 640w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=768 768w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=1024 1024w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2023/05/shantimathias-may23.png?w=1290 1290w",
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2021/12/image002-1.png?w=300",
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2021/12/image002-1.png?w=300",
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=640 640w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/aurora.jpeg?w=1290 1290w",
"https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=70 70w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=250 250w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=640 640w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=768 768w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=1024 1024w, https://images.thespinoff.co.nz/1/2024/05/b430ab8e-bba4-4490-b51a-16194422f790.jpg?w=1290 1290w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Shanti Mathias"
] |
2024-05-13T13:20:03+12:00
|
Life is hard enough without also missing out on rare celestial phenomena
|
en
|
The Spinoff
|
https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/13-05-2024/how-to-cope-with-not-seeing-the-aurora-this-weekend-when-everyone-else-did
|
Didn’t see the amazing and exquisite southern lights over the weekend? You’re not alone: Shanti Mathias has some tips on how to cope.
Not to gloat, but I had a very lovely weekend. I went for a long bike ride in the sunshine. I read a magazine on the back deck while eating an iceblock. I called a friend on the phone. I listened to some podcasts while finishing a sewing project.
I felt engaged with the world around me; I talked to some people in the line at a cafe, read the entirety of the Spinoff’s weekend edition, went directly to the URLs of my favourite websites to read about what was happening in the world unmitigated by algorithms. On Saturday night I watched a documentary about surveillance conducted by the US government with my boyfriend.
Before I went to bed, I saw several messages from a dear friend who is often enthused about the natural world. She sends me photos of her garden; she sends me photos of some of the weird new creatures from under the sea. She’d sent me some photos of a kind of unusual looking sunset with lots of exclamation marks and no other explanation. I wondered if I should get more excited about everyday phenomena like sunsets; sent a heart reaction; went to sleep. You see now where this is going.
On Sunday afternoon, hanging out with some friends as we fixed bikes, I started to hear about the aurora australis. Suddenly the family group chat was popping off. “It was like a celestial sign from the gods,” said my sister, who was in a part of the South Island with absolutely no light pollution. “It was pretty cool, knowing it was caused by a geomagnetic storm,” said my bike-repairing friend. “Look at this cool photo from Whangārei,” said my aunty. My flatmates had gone outside to have a look while I was watching my documentary and hadn’t even invited me along. Everyone I knew (except me) had at least known to look for the aurora australis, the lights in the sky caused by the earth’s geomagnetic field intercepting huge amounts of radiation from a solar storm. SO WHY HAD NO ONE THOUGHT TO TELL ME UNTIL AFTERWARDS???!!!!!!
Unfortunately, learning that there was a cool, free, phenomenal celestial light show in the sky that I missed out did ruin my otherwise lovely weekend. But I refuse to let it ruin my week. This is a helpful resource for those who did not see the aurora, either because they were ignorant, there were clouds, or there just didn’t seem to be much celestial activity where you were.
Stage one: denial
This is easy: you didn’t see the aurora = it didn’t happen. It’s very easy to deny things you didn’t know about, especially if you refuse to trust any evidence that doesn’t come directly from yourself. This isn’t particularly healthy. Moving on.
Stage two: anger
Obviously I am very mad at everyone who didn’t tell me about the most powerful solar storm since 2003. “Why didn’t you tell me?” I whined to at least 10 different people on Sunday afternoon. I reread this New Yorker story about what a powerful solar storm could do to the planet. “I hope all your push notifications and digital media sites get wiped out by an even more powerful solar storm,” I muttered, to no-one in particular.
The best way I found to cope with this extremely understandable and justified anger was some good stomping around the house. Apologies to my flatmate’s afternoon nap. There might not be another solar storm like this for several decades, and if there is I could easily be near the equator when it happens, or it could be a cloudy night.
Stage three: bargaining
I extracted promises from several people that next time they hear of an extraordinary and rare cosmological event they must tell me immediately. I signed up for notifications from Space.com; its website was plastered with despicable pictures of radiant green and purple skies.
I thought that maybe, the terrible experience of not seeing the aurora that had happened to me, specifically, and no-one else, might mean I would be blessed to see some magic (yet scientific) rippling ribbons of light in the sky on Sunday night. I didn’t see anything except the Sky Tower. (It was pink and quite pretty.)
Stage four: depression
My flatmates went out for some drinks with neighbours. I promised I’d join them, but instead lay on my bed. “Nothing good ever happens to me, I never see anything special,” I thought, ignoring my healthy body, enjoyable work, clear skin, and photos on the wall of beautiful waterfalls, mountains and trees I have had the privilege of seeing, often with people who love me.
Stage five: acceptance
“Once in a lifetime opportunities come by more often than you think,” said my younger sibling sagely on the phone. I decided that I would definitely try to be in the path of totality for the solar eclipse that’s going through Aotearoa in 2028. I felt sick with jealousy looking at news photos of the aurora, so I closed the news sites.
Really magnificent displays of aurora are uncommon, but with any luck, I might have a chance to see them in the future. I looked forward to this possibility with no (OK, only a little) resentment.
In the meantime, I reflected on the beautiful things there are to see in the sky more frequently: the fiery orb that lights and heats our planet from 149 million kilometres away often creates beautiful red, orange and pink light as our planet rotates, twice every 24 hours. The lump of rock that revolves around us also catches this light and reflects it as if through a glass, darkly: silvery and strange. When there isn’t light pollution, we can see the ancient light of thousands of stars, like shining celestial rivers. And if it’s “coloured lights in the sky” that I care about, I am lucky enough to live somewhere where there is the right amount of sunshine and rain to frequently see curving rainbows created by prisms of water and light. They’re extraordinary but they also happen all the time.
I did not see the aurora this weekend, but I will be OK. And so will you.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 42 |
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3722206
|
en
|
SOUTHERN AURORA.
|
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page544056-t
|
http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page544056-t
|
[
"https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg",
"https://assets.nla.gov.au/logos/trove/trove-colour.svg",
"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif",
"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/assets/img/nla/ajax-loader-horizontal.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
MOST of our readers saw last week, for three nights, commencing after sunset, and lighting up the heavens with a gorgeous hue of red, the Southern Aurora. At Sydney they ...
|
en
|
Trove
|
https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/3722206
|
MOST of our readers saw last week, for three
nights, commencing after sunset, and light-
ing up the heavens with a gorgeous hue of
red, the Southern Aurora. At Sydney they
only appear to have had a tithe of the beauty,
as the Aurora did not shine so long or so
brightly as in Queensland. Friday night
was the grandest in appearance here, the
Aurora being visible from seven o'clock in
the evening until after midnight. At times
there was an appearance of rays down the
whole range of light, which seemed many
miles in extent, and a number of stars were
distinctly visible, contrasting their pale efful-
gence with the red hue of the Aurora. The
sight was the general object of remark on
Friday night by reason of its brilliancy and
the length of time it appeared. As all our
readers most probably saw the Aurora as
well as ourselves, and as some of those who
did see it testified to a similar appearance in
the Southern Islands, we shall take the evi-
dence of Mr. Scott, of the Sydney Observa-
tory, who, writing on the 29th ult., last Mon-
day week, to the Herald, says:—
"I have just been watching, with considerable
interest, the first specimen that I have ever wit-
nessed of the Southern Aurora. I was in the act
of observing a transit of our Pole Star when I
was struck with the redness of the southern sky.
Attributing it to some distant fire, I continued
the observation, and on looking out immediately
afterwards I was surprised to find a considerable
portion of the southern sky in a glow of red
light, similar to that which sometimes precedes
the rising of the sun. This red light formed a
tolerably regular arch from E.S.E. to W.S.W., ex-
tending in depth from the South Pole to within a
few degrees of the horizon. There was a partial
break to the S.S.W., and in some places there
were radiating streams of light brighter and of a
lighter red than the rest. I was immediately re-
minded that Mr. Cracknell had, this morning,
called my attention to some singular irregularities
in the workings of the Electric Telegraph. I
had been unable to point out any peculiarity in
the state of the atmosphere which could account
for such effects, but there can be little doubt that
they were connected with the same magnetic dis-
turbances as produced the Aurora. During the
last two days, we have had strong winds varying
from N. to W., accompanied by a somewhat
greater amount of evaporation than usual, and
followed to-day by moderate S. wind. The
amount of ozone indicated by the test papers has
been small, as is generally the case with a land
wind. Hoping to detect some sensible electrical
disturbance, I carried a gold-leaf electroscope to
the top of the tower, but could perceive no signs
of activity; this, however, cannot be considered a
fair test, as there is so great an extent of metallic
surface on the tower, connected by a lightning-
conductor with the ground. The Aurora was
first noticed by me at twenty minutes after seven
o'clock, and continued visible for about half an
hour, when it gradually faded away, and the sky,
which had been clear to a great extent, became
rapidly covered with clouds. On directing the
transit telescope to the most brilliant portion of
the Aurora, I noticed that stars of the eighth
magnitude were as distinctly visible as if there
had been no such phenomenon occurring."
The difference in the appearance of the Au-
rora in Queensland to that spoken of by Mr.
Scott is, we had three nights of beauty,
brought to a finale early on Saturday morn-
ing, after the greater space of red light and
rays and visible stars through the Aurora,
lasting with slight variations for eight hours.
In Brisbane, on Friday, the air was hot, and
there was an unpleasant feeling from the
closeness of the atmosphere. On Saturday,
about noon, the clouds gathered in black-
ness, the rain fell, and for about two hours
afterwards a thunder-storm raged, in which
the lightning was very vivid. For two days
after the storm it was noticed that the air
had become colder than ordinarily for the
time of year.
The Herald has the following:—
"It is only of late years that the laws of elec-
tricity and magnetism have been studied, that
anything like a rational exposition of the phe-
nomena of the Aurora has been afforded. That
it was connected with the magnetic peculiarities
of the earth was indicated by the fact that its
first appearance in the sky was generally in the
form of an arch, and that the crown of the arch
was in the line of the magnetic meridian of the
observer. This, however, is not always the case,
and Captain Sabine mentions instances where he
has observed it to be otherwise. Among
the most patient observers of the phe-
nomena of the Aurora was the late
prince of French astronomers, M. Arago. He
set himself particularly to mark the occurrence of
Auroras, and the contemporaneous agitation of
the magnetic needle. The needle is not always
disturbed in the presence of Aurora, but it sympa-
thises with it at spots far removed from the scene
of its visibility. The Aurora, though only
visible at certain places, is not a merely local
phenomenon like a shower of rain, but is con-
nected with a movement of the entire magnetic
condition of the earth. It would be premature
in the present state of science, to assert that
every Aurora would make its existence known in
every part of the world by its effect on the
magnetic needle, but there can be no doubt that
it does in this way telegraph itself far and wide.
The manifestation of Aurora in Australia has
been observed to synchronise with movements of
the needle in Paris, and it has been supposed that
the connection is not accidental. For ten years
M. Arago patiently watched with a microscope
the movements of the magnetic needle in its ob-
servatory at Paris, till the accumulated result
convinced him that in respect of declination, in-
clination, and force, the needle moved contem-
poraneously with Aurora. When he noticed the ac-
customed agitation of the needle, he would venture
to predict that there was an Aurora somewhere.
"Long experience," he says, "taught me that
great oscillations at hours when the needle is
almost always stationary are a nearly certain in-
dication of the existence of an aurora." He often
had to wait a long while before he heard of any
verification of his predictions, and sometimes he
never got any at all. He could not prove that
there had been aurora when nobody could be found
that had seen it. Still it was permitted to sup-
pose that it had existed, though without being
noticed, inasmuch as the great majority of obser-
vations showed that the light in the heavens
and the tell-tale needle on the earth spoke toge-
ther. The coincidence of aurora and magnetic
disturbances does not reveal which of the two is
the cause of the other. The facts as ob-
served being admitted, we are still in the
dark as to whether the aurora gives rise to
the magnetic disturbance or the magnetic
disturbance to the aurora. The Aurora is not
the generally seen in low latitudes. It has been
witnessed in Italy, however, and has not infre-
quently been noticed by mariners off the Southern
part of the coast of Australia. It has been occa-
sionally distinctly observed in daylight, though of
course not with the same brilliancy as at night.
But it is most frequently remarked shortly after
sunset. Some persons have averred that they
have heard it accompanied by a crackling sound,
like the rustling of silk, but others who have
watched purposely to detect the faintest trace of
such a noise, declare that it must be an illusion
of the senses. It is impossible of course to prove
a negative, but it has been supposed that it would
be so natural to imagine a sound as connected
with the aurora, that observers have fancied they
heard it, and reported accordingly. What the
Aurora is, remains as much a puzzle as ever.
Faraday ventures the conjecture that it may be
electricity returning from the poles to the equator
to restore the electrical equilibrium of the earth.
But he proposes this only as a guess, and puts it
forward rather as a guide to future inquiry than
as at all proved by what is known. We know
that under certain conditions electricity becomes
luminous. We can produce the phenomenon on a
small scale with our apparatus; we see it in
nature on a large scale in lightning. It is easy
to imagine, therefore, that under other conditions,
the precise nature of which we are unacquainted
with, and which we cannot, therefore, attempt to
reproduce, it may become luminous in the form of
Aurora. The effect of the Aurora on the working
of electric telegraphs has been observed in Eng-
land and in Italy. We are not aware whether
this effect has been observed in localities beyond
the range of the visibility of the Aurora. Had the
cause of the stoppage of the electric communica-
tion been suspected on Monday, it is possible that
some signs of the Aurora might have been detect-
ed, or at any rate magnetic observations would
have verified the fact of its existence.
LAMENTABLE ACCIDENT.—On Monday
evening an accident occurred to a widow,
lately residing in Brisbane, whose name is
Mrs. Ross. A party was proceeding to the
residence of Mrs. Genery, Kedron Brook,
with a bullock-dray, and between this and
the Three-Mile Scrub the dray, by some
means, was overthrown. There were three
women on the dray, Mrs. Genery, her sister,
and Mrs. Ross, and some children. The arm
of Mrs. Ross was crushed, but the others
escaped without injury. The poor woman
reached the hospital, and on examination of
the crushed limb by Drs. Cannan, Barton,
and Bell, amputation was deemed necessary,
which operation was skillfully performed.
We made inquiries yesterday, and were in-
formed that the woman was progressing fa-
vorably.
NEW FRUIT.—The papaw apple (carica
papaga). Mr. A. J. Hockings has succeeded
in fruiting this beautiful tree, which is the
first of his Indian fruit trees in bearing;
and if he is as successful with the mango,
star apple, Bengal quince, &c., our dessert
will have some dainty and attractive acces-
sions. The papaw apple is exhibited at Mr.
Hockings' establishment in Queen-street, or
may be seen on the tree at his orchard, South
Brisbane. The flavour somewhat resembles
the rock-melon, and the following description
by Stocqueller, in his "Fruits of India,"
may be interesting. Speaking of the papaw
apple he says, "As a fruit eaten both raw
and boiled, pickled or preserved, it ranks
high; the choice ones being of a very rich
and melon-like flavour when eaten with sugar
and wine. As a tree, it is highly ornamental,
few garden or orchard trees surpass it in
gracefulness of appearance, in which indeed
it approaches to the palm. The size and
beauty of the leaf, and even of the leaf
stalks, are always much admired when close-
ly examined by those to whom the wonders
of tropical vegetation are new. One of the
curious properties of the papaw tree is, that
it renders tough or newly-killed meat tender,
when hung up amongst its leaves for a few
hours."
PROSECUTIONS FOR LIBEL.—The particu-
lars of the Shoalhaven libel case will be re-
membered; how Dr. Lang fared, and also
how the proprietor of a country newspaper
was mulcted for the insertion of articles in
connection with that remarkable outburst of
feeling. A sympathetic movement has been
commenced in Sydney, and circulars, re-
questing the aid of those who have any re-
gard for those concerned, have been issued,
calling them to aid by subscriptions. A pre-
liminary meeting, to organise a relief fund
from Brisbane, is announced for Friday even-
ing next, time, half-past seven in the even-
ing, to which all those who take any interest
in the matter are invited.
THE A. S. N. Co.'s NEW WHARF.—By
reference to an advertisement it will be seen
that the Yarra Yarra wiil discharge cargo
at the new wharf, North Brisbane.
OH MY PROPHETIC SOUL! THE DOCTOR!
The Herald will certainly make something
of Dr. Lang before it has done with him.
One week he is pictured as a "heathen,"
another he is denounced as a "firebrand,"
but our contemporary on Saturday last "caps
the climax" by introducing him as "the
prophet Jeremiah!" We would suggest to
our friend, the "ingenious youth," the possi-
bility of taking the Doctor's parliamentary
seat from under him, on the ground that,
being "Jeremiah," he cannot be John Dun-
more Lang, and consequently his election for
West Sydney must be void.—Bell's Life in
Sydney.
FAT BULLOCK AND SHEEP.—The immense
fat bullock and two sheep purchased by Mr.
Sparke of Mr. Reynolds, of Tocal, have been
slaughtered and were on Wednesday afternoon
hanging outside Mr. Sparke's shop, where a
number of people were inspecting the meat,
which was very fine, and admiring the gigan-
tic proportions of the bullock. The bullock
weighed 1440 lbs. when dressed, and the
sheep each 80 lbs.—Maitland Mercury.
FAT STOCK.—On Thursday, Dodds and
Co. sold, at Campbell's Hill Sale Yards, two
fat Devon bullocks, and seven fat sheep,
bred and fed by Charles Reynolds, Esq., of
Tocal, Paterson. The bullocks were magni-
ficent animals, and were pronounced by
competent judges to be equal to any prize
cattle exhibited in England. There was a
large attendance of purchasers, and after
a brisk competition, one bullock was knocked
down to G. and E. Lee, and the other to A.
Sparke, for £40. The sheep were disposed
of for £4 odd each. The prices must con-
vince farmers that Mr. Reynolds is right in
breeding and fattening first-class cattle.
Some people have thought Mr. Reynolds too
lavish in the prices he has paid for imported
bulls and heifers, but the sale of his fat stock
is a proof that high breeding is profitable.—
Northern Times, August 20.
MAGNIFICENT BULLOCKS.—We were yes-
terday invited by Messrs. Pritchard and
Williams, to view a splendid beast, sold by
them on account of Messrs. G. and E. Lee of
Maitland, to Mr. Henry Bell of Pitt-street.
The animal is a splendid specimen of Aus-
tralian Beef, weighing (alive) 2040lbs. He
was bred by Charles Reynolds, Esq, of
Tocal, and is stall fed. Mr. Bell, we under-
stand, had a photographic likeness taken of
his purchase this afternoon, and both it and
the original are well worthy of inspection.
Bell's Life in Sydney.
|
|||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 15 |
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/aurora
|
en
|
What is Aurora? Definition of Aurora, Aurora Meaning
|
[
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-76931895,quality-100/et-logo.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112321882,width-160,height-120/tech/startups/spacetech-startup-pixxel-launches-aurora-studio-to-make-satellite-imagery-accessible.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112024493,width-160,height-120/news/international/us/what-is-aurora-will-your-state-witness-the-mesmerizing-northern-lights-this-week.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-111369752,width-160,height-120/news/international/us/where-can-you-see-the-northern-lights-tonight-everything-you-may-like-to-know.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-110579340,width-160,height-120/news/international/world-news/nasa-warns-of-powerful-solar-storm-says-may-cause-blackouts-when-it-is-likely-to-hit-earth.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-107129931,width-160,height-120/tech/technology/autonomous-driving-firm-aurora-lays-off-3-staff.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-107062250,width-160,height-120/news/international/us/northern-lights-to-be-observed-in-over-a-dozen-states-in-us-on-monday-night-where-and-how-to-watch.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-105007588,width-160,height-120/news/international/uk/the-science-behind-the-captivating-northern-lights.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-101362301,width-160,height-120/news/new-updates/ai-artist-envisions-futuristic-rainwear-and-amphibious-autorickshaws-as-solution-for-waterlogged-roads.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-101176277,width-160,height-120/markets/stocks/news/wall-street-extends-sell-off-as-powell-hints-at-further-rate-hikes.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-101148393,width-160,height-120/markets/stocks/news/wall-street-ends-lower-pausing-rally-as-powell-testimony-looms.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112390092,width-92,height-68/neeraj-chopra-wins-silver-at-paris-olympics-gave-my-best-but...,-ace-javelin-thrower-on-loosing-gold.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112369698,width-92,height-68/stock-radar:-bikaji-foods-international-stock-hits-fresh-record-high-in-august-time-to-buy-or-book-profits.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112384246,width-92,height-68/aaps-raghav-chadha-takes-dig-at-modi-govt-over-tax-system:-tax-on-waking,-sleeping-and-crying.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112383909,width-92,height-68/pm-modi-greets-bangladesh-interim-leader-muhammad-yunus-hopes-for-safety-of-hindus,-all-minorities.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112383325,width-92,height-68/bangladesh:-nobel-laureate-muhammad-yunus-takes-charge-of-caretaker-govt-amid-turbulent-times.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112382961,width-92,height-68/world-is-in-turmoil,-most-violent-phase-since-world-war-ii:-cds-gen-anil-chauhan.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112382737,width-92,height-68/pm-modi-speaks-to-indian-hockey-team-on-bronze-medal-victory-at-olympics,-watch.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112382489,width-92,height-68/olympics-2024:-words-cant-express-joy,-hockey-players-families-react-to-indias-bronze-win.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/thumb/msid-112382196,width-92,height-68/moment-when-russian-troops-surrendered-in-kursk,-ukrainian-military-releases-video,-watch.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-74462387,quality-100/et-logo.jpg",
"https://img.etimg.com/photo/msid-74451948,quality-100/et-logo.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Aurora definition - What is meant by the term Aurora ? meaning of IPO, Definition of Aurora on The Economic Times.
|
en
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/icons/etfavicon.ico
|
The Economic Times
|
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/aurora
|
An achromatic lens can be defined as a lens which is made by a combination of two different types of lenses carrying different focal powers in a manner such that the images formed by the light of both the combined lenses are free from chromatic aberration or achromatism. Description: A lens which is specially designed to control the effects of chromatic distortion or aberration (a defect of opt
An aurora is a natural phenomenon which is characterised by a display of a natural-coloured (green, red, yellow or white) light in the sky. It is a light show which is caused when electrically-charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases such as oxygen and nitrogen present in the Earth’s atmosphere. Description: Aurora is sometimes referred to as ‘polar light’. It is predomi
CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) is a scientific endeavor towards the creation of self-supporting environments to maintain and support human life on space stations or colonies. CELSS are typically “Living machines” which should ideally provide full life support (fresh air, organic food and clean water) to its inhabitants by continuous recycling of the waste products produced by th
Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to moon, was an unmanned spacecraft weighing 1380-Kg along with 11 scientific payloads built in India, UK, USA, Germany, Bulgaria and Sweden. The mission comprised an orbiter and an impactor. Launched successfully by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on October 22, 2008, the spacecraft was designed to study the Moon orbiting around it at a height of
Chromosphere is a reddish and glowing layer of gas above a star’s (or Sun's) photosphere. It is actually the transition between corona and the photosphere. Out of the three layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, chromosphere is the second one (with photosphere being the first layer and corona as the third). Description: As the name suggests, chromosphere literally translates into ‘sphere of light’. It
Corona is a luminous envelope of plasma that surrounds the Sun and other celestial bodies. It is extended to millions of kilometres into space and is commonly seen during a total solar eclipse. The intense temperature of the Sun's corona is due to the presence of highly ionized ions which give it a spectral feature. Description: The corona of the Sun is much hotter than its visible surface. The
A cryogenic engine/ cryogenic stage is the last stage of space launch vehicles which makes use of Cryogenics. Cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materials at extremely low temperatures (below -150 degree Centigrade) to lift and place the heavier objects in space. Description: Cryogenic stage is technically a much more complexed system with respect to solid or liquid prop
DSN (Deep Space network) is a network of large antennas and communication facilities, developed and established in the US by the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). It is spread across the world to support communication with spacecrafts on interplanetary missions. The DSN also provides the ability to support some Earth-orbiting missions (at Sun-Earth LaGrange points, at lunar dis
Dark Matter is referred to the hypothetical matter that scientists have not been able to locate in the universe - either through telescopes or using any other technological method. 27% of the matter in the universe is said to be dark matter. Its existence came to the fore because of its gravitational effects on matters that are visible in the universe. Description: Scientists have been unable t
Doppler Effect refers to the change in wave frequency during the relative motion between a wave source and its observer. It was discovered by Christian Johann Doppler who described it as the process of increase or decrease of starlight that depends on the relative movement of the star. Description: Doppler Effect works on both light and sound objects. For instance, when a sound object moves tow
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 59 |
https://guidetoiceland.is/the-northern-lights/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights
|
en
|
How to Photograph the Northern Lights
|
https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/iurie-auroras-2015-jpg?ar=1.91%3A1&w=1200&fit=crop
|
https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/iurie-auroras-2015-jpg?ar=1.91%3A1&w=1200&fit=crop
|
[
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4747/x/0/?w=360&h=430&fit=crop&crop=center&auto=format%2Ccompress&q=32&dpr=2&ixlib=react-9.8.1",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/17/x/0/profile-picture-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&fit=crop&crop=faces&w=32&h=32",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-1?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266386/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-1?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4866/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-2?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4866/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-2?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4864/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-3?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4864/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-3?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380580/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-4?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380580/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-4?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380581/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-5?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380581/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-5?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380582/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-6?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380582/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-6?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380583/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-7?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380583/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-7?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380584/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-8?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380584/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-8?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380585/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-9?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/380585/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-9?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745130/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-10.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745130/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-10.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4747/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-11?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4747/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-11?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528492/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-12?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528492/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-12?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528493/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-13?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528493/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-13?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528494/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-14?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528494/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-14?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528495/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-15?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528495/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-15?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528496/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-16?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528496/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-16?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528497/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-17?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528497/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-17?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528498/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-18?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528498/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-18?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745135/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-19.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745135/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-19.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528500/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-20?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528500/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-20?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528475/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-21.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528475/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-21.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528476/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-22.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528476/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-22.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528501/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-23?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528501/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-23?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528502/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-24?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/528502/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-24?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745136/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-25.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/745136/x/0/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights-25.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&w=883",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/309727/x/0/iurie-gti-reykjavik-tjorn-sunset-summer-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=undefined",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/309727/x/0/iurie-gti-reykjavik-tjorn-sunset-summer-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&w=204",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/286413/x/0/iurie-belegurschi16-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=undefined",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/286413/x/0/iurie-belegurschi16-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&w=204",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/887189/x/0/selfoss-waterfall-northeast-summer-no-watermark-oct-18.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=undefined",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/887189/x/0/selfoss-waterfall-northeast-summer-no-watermark-oct-18.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&w=204",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4950/x/0/northern-lights-in-iceland-by-budir-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=undefined",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4950/x/0/northern-lights-in-iceland-by-budir-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&w=204",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4828/x/0/mountains-in-iceland-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=undefined",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4828/x/0/mountains-in-iceland-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&w=204",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4950/x/0/northern-lights-in-iceland-by-budir-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/4950/x/0/northern-lights-in-iceland-by-budir-jpg-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240&w=540",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/356204/x/0/5-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/356204/x/0/5-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240&w=540",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/178663/x/0/w4a6030fb-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/178663/x/0/w4a6030fb-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=240&w=540",
"https://gte-gcms.imgix.net/zyn3pcxQoWyAetDHPohT?auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=393",
"https://gte-gcms.imgix.net/zyn3pcxQoWyAetDHPohT?auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=393&w=184",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/1771110/x/0/425900009-791973832976311-3306445851192595541-n.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/1771110/x/0/425900009-791973832976311-3306445851192595541-n.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266090/x/0/10271328-10205831605367354-4238318022177480181-o-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/266090/x/0/10271328-10205831605367354-4238318022177480181-o-jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/434103/x/0/northern-lights-tours-holidays.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/434103/x/0/northern-lights-tours-holidays.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/465301/x/0/self-drive-tours.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/465301/x/0/self-drive-tours.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/434105/x/0/golden-circle-tours.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/434105/x/0/golden-circle-tours.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/1245359/x/0/the-blue-lagoon-reykjanes-southwest-summer-free-stock.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/1245359/x/0/the-blue-lagoon-reykjanes-southwest-summer-free-stock.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/515567/x/0/copy-of-guide-to-iceland-jokulsarlon-16.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/515567/x/0/copy-of-guide-to-iceland-jokulsarlon-16.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/515559/x/0/reynisfjara-reynisdrangar-beach-cliffs-south-winter-wm-1.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=144",
"https://guidetoiceland.imgix.net/515559/x/0/reynisfjara-reynisdrangar-beach-cliffs-south-winter-wm-1.jpg?ixlib=php-3.3.0&auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&crop=focalpoint&fp-z=1.14&h=144"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Nanna Gunnarsdóttir"
] |
2013-09-22T12:49:35
|
Find out how to photograph the Northern Lights in Iceland. See our useful tips to help you get the perfect shots of the Aurora Borealis. Read more.
|
en
|
/_next/static/icons/guidetoiceland_is-favicon-32x32.png
|
Guide to Iceland
|
https://guidetoiceland.is/the-northern-lights/how-to-photograph-the-northern-lights
|
Best DSLR Cameras for Northern Lights Photography
Learning how to photograph the Northern Lights with a DSLR camera takes time to master. However, when you use the right equipment and start to practice, it becomes second nature to snapshots of one of the world's natural wonders.
To get the very best images of the aurora borealis, it’s preferable to have a full-frame or 35 mm DSLR camera with decent ISO capabilities (ideally between 2,000 and 12,800).
These cameras work best in low-light situations. More upmarket mirrorless cameras can also be used to good effect for photographing the Northern Lights.
Due to the cold of the winters in Iceland, it is advised that your camera should have a solid casing designed for harsh weather conditions.
Luckily, most modern cameras designed for landscape photography are quite durable and built for a range of different climates.
The Nikon D810, D850, and Z7 are some of the best cameras for Northern Lights photography, as are the Canon EOS 5DS R and the Sony a7R IV.
More affordable options, such as the Sony Alpha A6000 and the Nikon D3500, should still meet the needs of non-professional photographers when used with the right equipment.
As is often the case with photography, it’s usually more worthwhile to invest more into a high-quality lens than a high-quality camera.
You can always rent high-quality camera lenses that suit the shots you’re trying to take for a specified time period. This will come at a fraction of the cost of purchasing a new lens.
Best Camera Equipment for Northern Lights Photography
These are the essentials for Northern Lights photography:
DSLR Camera (Full Frame cameras are preferable)
Wide-angle or Ultra-wide angle lens
Tripod - a sturdy tripod that won’t shake or slip
Shutter Release - helps to avoid camera shake
Extra Camera Batteries
After sorting out the best DSLR camera, it’s time to consider the other equipment you will need.
Your first question will no doubt regard the best lens for Northern Lights photography.
Wide-angle and ultra-wide-angle lenses are the most highly recommended. They will allow you to get as much into your frame as possible and give your camera the most exposure time in the minimal light.
A wide-angle lens will also allow you to incorporate Iceland’s spectacular landscapes into your images of the aurora borealis.
Using the Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon, Kirkjufell Mountain, or an erupting geyser in the foreground of your shots of the Northern Lights will only add to their beauty.
The best lenses for Northern Lights photography will have a large aperture of f/2.8 or lower.
Aperture refers to the amount of light a camera lets in. A smaller aperture, such as a more standard f/4, will result in darker photographs. This is a problem in Northern Lights photography, as obviously, the camera is already working hard to pick up the dim light of the aurora.
While most lenses do not compare to wide-angle and ultra-wide-angle lenses, panoramic and fisheye lenses can produce some interesting images for the more creative photographer.
Tripods are another essential piece of equipment to know how to use when considering how to photograph the Northern Lights. As will be discussed below, you will more often than not need a slow shutter speed and will thus want your camera to be as still and secure as possible.
On this note, you’ll also find a remote shutter very useful, as it means you won’t nudge your camera when taking your photograph. Due to the high winds in Iceland, a cordless one is recommended when shooting here.
Finally, you’ll want to bring fully charged spare batteries with you and to keep them stored in a warm place. The reason for this is that the cold will drain your battery’s life very quickly, particularly if you have a DSLR camera that is not designed for such conditions. The last thing you want is to cut your Northern Lights shoot short because of something so avoidable.
Those particularly concerned about the cold could also get a remote battery pack, which they can keep warm in a pocket.
Best Camera Settings for Northern Lights Photography
Having the appropriate equipment and lenses is a great start, but it is also wise to make sure you are comfortable with the camera settings needed for Northern Lights photography before you begin shooting.
The main thing to get used to is a longer shutter speed than you would use in traditional landscape photography.
In order for the auroras to appear clearly in your photos, you need to let enough light into your lens. If the aurora display is strong without being notably intense, you will want an aperture of f/2.8 or lower, an ISO of around 1,600, and a shutter speed of around five seconds.
This, however, will depend on the conditions of the night and the photographs you wish to take. If there is a new moon, a lot of cloud cover, or if the aurora is faint, you may want to increase your shutter speed or your ISO.
Generally speaking, you don’t want too high an ISO when taking pictures of the aurora. You’ll want to decrease the ISO on nights with a bright moon or if the auroras are particularly intense. It is usually better to shoot with a longer exposure (e.g. longer shutter speed) and a lower ISO to avoid too much noise in your pictures.
Certain phenomena, such as the aurora bands which dimly line the skies on nights with low activity, are an example of when you will want to have a longer shutter speed. Longer shutter speed will blur the movements of the aurora when it is dancing intensely. Although be careful when using this feature because your images could become overexposed.
For example, the image on the left-hand side has a long shutter speed and low ISO. Whereas the image on the right has been taken with a quick shutter speed and higher ISO.
Of course, as you are trying to minimize unnatural light, your flash will need to be off.
When photographing the Northern Lights, you’ll also want to turn off your automatic focus. While convenient in daylight, your camera will constantly be trying to find something to hone in on in the dark nights.
Instead, use the manual settings to focus on the moon or stars to get the perfect composition. Alternatively, set the focus of the lens to infinity.
Finally, be sure that your images are RAW files, as they are much larger and hold much more data. You’ll want to ensure this is complemented with the right white balance for the type of Northern Lights shot you’re trying to take.
There is no perfect must-have white balance for Northern Lights photography. Instead, you should experiment with a mixture to determine the type of shot you’d like to capture.
For example, you could manually set your white balance between 3500 and 4000 K (Kelvin White Balance) when shooting in your camera’s raw format. This will allow you to edit the images more to your preference afterward.
Alternatively, setting your camera white balance to incandescence can bring out the blue and colder tones more strongly. However, if you want a much clearer representation of reality, setting your camera to a fluorescent white balance usually comes closest to what you’ll see with the naked eye.
We’d suggest not using the automatic white balance with your camera as it can vary the image style dramatically with different shots.
This is due to the fact that the lights and colors of the aurora always change. As a result, your camera won’t be able to properly analyze the scene and define the white balance. This often leads to overly warm northern lights shots with stronger oranges and yellows in the image.
It is recommended to practice shooting with your camera settings for Northern Lights photography before your trip to make sure you are more comfortable when on location.
Best Apps to Photograph the Northern Lights
As explained above, it is not ordinarily possible to capture the aurora on a smartphone.
For those travelers who wish to capture a shot of the Northern Lights without having to fork out a lot of money on expensive equipment, there are now apps available for smartphones.
These apps replicate the settings that would be used on a DSLR camera. This allows you to capture the green of the aurora, even when the display is paler and less obvious.
The other great benefit of being able to capture the Northern Lights via an app on your phone is that the photo is then readily available for you to share on your social media or privately with your friends and family.
With all this considered, it’s easy to see the attraction of using an app to capture the Northern Lights.
The ‘Northern Lights Photo Taker’ app is highly recommended. This app has a range of simple settings to play around with, depending on the strength of the aurora.
It will capture the precise amount of light needed for the perfect photograph, ensuring you will be the envy of your friends and family back home. As the app says “All you have to do is find those lights.”
Read more: Top 10 Apps for Traveling in Iceland
Best Locations for Northern Lights Photography in Iceland
From September to April, the Northern Lights can be seen anywhere in Iceland whenever it is dark, clear, and the forecast is good. So no matter what part of the country you are heading to, you’ll have an opportunity to try and photograph them.
In spite of this, there are a few tips on where to go to maximize your chances. Firstly, it is important to avoid urban areas as much as possible.
As mentioned, any light pollution will dilute the intensity of the lights, often obscuring them entirely. While you can find a dark spot in the city, such as at Grótta, it is a much better idea to escape the city altogether.
Similarly, if you are seeking the Northern Lights independently by renting a car (either based in Reykjavík or on a winter self-drive), you should avoid stopping in places with many tour buses. Even headlamps and other people’s electronics can impact your pictures.
As touched upon above, some of the most beautiful places to photograph the Northern Lights are simply some of Iceland’s most beautiful places.
Many of the country’s famous features and landscapes are incredibly photogenic. They make a great foreground for pictures of the aurora, too.
Planning your shoots at places like Jökulsárlón, Namaskarð, Thingvellir National Park, or Gullfoss will allow you to include icebergs, geothermal vents, or waterfalls in your Northern Lights photography. Due to the low light pollution in these areas, they are also favored among the best locations to see the Northern Lights in Iceland.
The nights of Iceland’s winters are longer in the North of the country. This allows travelers to areas such as Akureyri and Mývatn to spend more hours seeking and photographing the Northern Lights.
The north-east of the country, meanwhile, experiences clearer weather, meaning fewer tours will be canceled because of cloud cover.
Finally, photographers should focus on land-based Northern Lights tours rather than those by boat. While watching the auroras from the sea is spectacular, the rocking of the boat will present a host of otherwise avoidable challenges.
Other countries where the Northern Lights can be seen are those around the Arctic Circle, including Northern Norway, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, and Greenland.
When the aurora forecast is particularly strong, they can be seen at latitudes much further south, in places such as the UK and mainland China.
When to Photograph the Northern Lights in Iceland
The aurora appears all year round and at all times of the day. However, in order to see them, it needs to be dark, and you need a clear sky.
As Iceland doesn't get dark at all in the summertime due to the midnight sun, you can only see the Northern Lights in winter. The best time to see the Northern Lights, therefore, is from September to April.
You don't, however, need to wait until the middle of the night to see the aurora. If they are strong, you can often see them very clearly at dusk or dawn.
Photographing the auroras when it isn't completely dark outside may even help you to get focus and include more landscape in the photo.
If the aurora is weak, however, you will need to wait until night has fully set in, and you'll need your eyes to adjust to the darkness.
A good trick for finding where weak Northern Lights are dancing is to take a picture of the night sky. Looking at the scene through a camera screen will pick up any activity, as lenses let in more light than the human eye.
Best Weather Conditions to See Northern Lights
The main weather condition that impedes the appearance of the Northern Lights in Iceland and other locations is cloud cover. With heavy cloud cover, it’s almost impossible to see the Northern Lights, and you will need to wait for cloud gaps.
To maximize your chances, you can check the cloud cover forecast and the aurora forecast in Iceland and take advantage of spots in the country with cloud gaps.
Even so, photographers should be aware of the challenges other weather can bring to their shoots to help get the best images.
The most notable of these is the temperature. As the auroras only appear at night, shoots can get very chilly very quickly for those who are unprepared.
For all trips to Iceland in winter, you should bring windproof, waterproof, and warm clothing. This is especially important when you are planning to be outside without moving much for a prolonged period.
You’ll want thick gloves for when you are waiting for the lights to show, even if you need to take them off to adjust your camera settings.
Even if traveling in more temperate months, such as September and April, the weather can be fickle, and the nights are often freezing.
Another factor to consider is the wind; not only can it be incredibly chilling, but it can also be very powerful. Leaving a tripod with an expensive camera and lens unattended could result in a very costly accident should it be caught up in one of Iceland’s unpredictable gusts of wind.
Another enemy of aurora hunters is full moons. When Northern Lights activity is weak, often the bright light from a full moon can partially, if not fully, impact your view and photos. As pedantic as it might seem, planning your visit in line with the lunar cycle can help your ability to get some great shots.
A final thing to note is the snow and ice that covers Iceland’s ground in midwinter. If traveling out into nature, it is advisable to wear crampons over your boots to prevent slipping over. This is particularly easy to do at night when visibility is low.
The weather is regularly updated on Iceland’s weather website. This will quickly become an oracle of information on your trip to Iceland, as the weather can change rather quickly.
Ideally, the best weather conditions for Northern Lights are clear skies (no cloud coverage), a strong KP forecast, dark nights, a new moon, and no light pollution. Experience in night photography might come in handy when it comes to photographing the aurora, but this is by no means a necessity.
Joining a Northern Lights tour may be the best bet for inexperienced photographers. The guides are more than happy to assist travelers with setting up their camera to photograph the night sky.
Aurora Activity Needed to Photograph the Northern Lights
Aurora activity occurs all the time. Charged particles released from the sun are redirected by Earth’s magnetic field to the poles. As they penetrate the atmosphere, they create the Northern (and Southern) Lights. They can only be seen during winter nights simply because this is the only time that is dark enough.
The intensity of the auroras, however, is dependent on solar activity. This activity is measured, and as such, a forecast can be predicted for how likely the lights are to be seen. This is explained on a scale of 0 to 9 KP.
A forecast of 0 Kp means the aurora will most likely not appear, while anything above a 2 is usually worth heading out for in Iceland.
Aurora forecasts above 5 Kp is considered a geomagnetic storm, and such an occurrence is rare.
Although it is prudent to check the aurora borealis forecast in Iceland before departing to photograph the Northern Lights, please note that it is not entirely reliable.
Though you will undoubtedly want to experience the most intense aurora show imaginable, you will still be able to capture some spectacular images, even if they are faint.
Cameras are more sensitive to light than the human eye and will often capture colors and shapes you cannot see. This can sometimes result in unexpectedly spectacular photographs. As such, even a somewhat disappointing KP forecast may not be an impediment to your Northern Lights photography.
A final note on how to photograph the Northern Lights in regard to the aurora forecast is that they are very unpredictable. Therefore, exercising patience is essential. Allow your eyes to fully adjust to the darkness, and even if there is no sign of them, be prepared to wait.
At any moment, the auroras could descend with incredible intensity, providing you with otherworldly photographs that will be the prize of your portfolio.
We hope this guide helps you better understand how to photograph the Northern Lights. We wish you the best of luck in capturing the perfect photos to remember your experience in Iceland.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 40 |
https://mymodernmet.com/aurora-australis-dan-zafra/
|
en
|
Stunning View of the Aurora Australis in New Zealand
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=438929739853889&ev=PageView &noscript=1",
"https://s3.feedly.com/img/follows/feedly-follow-rectangle-volume-medium_2x.png",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/garage-sale-diamond-ring-thumb-large.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/josh-gluckstein-cardboard-coral-reef-large.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/carla-grace-ollwitz-wildlife-paintings-large.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/apollo-grey-parrot-genius-large.jpg",
"https://s3.feedly.com/img/follows/feedly-follow-rectangle-volume-medium_2x.png",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/southern-lights-dan-zafra-2.jpg",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/31a62c6c24bcd6637c7c271e8efc26e7?s=100&d=mm&r=g",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-logo-white.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/vintage-shawl.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/memberful-sidebar-background.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-logo-black-v2.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Margherita-Cole-1-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Melissa-de-Nobrega-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-12.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-6.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-7.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-13.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-4.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-10.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-11.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Margherita-Cole-7-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-9.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Danison-Fronda-Hand-Lettering-06.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-4.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Melissa-de-Nobrega-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Dimitra-Milan-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-21.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-15.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Floor-Geibels-1.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-22.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Demi-Lang-Architectural-Drawing-02.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-20.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-18.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-19.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-16.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-17.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-14.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Belinda-Richards-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-23.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-5.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Maria-Zamyatina-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-25.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-31.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-24.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-32.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-26.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-3.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Floor-Geibels-1.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-29.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-28.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Anna-Sokolova-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-27.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-30.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Anna-Sokolova-2.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Megan-Elizabeth-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-38.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-5.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-36.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-41.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Nitika-Ale-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-2.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Khara-Plicanic-3.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-39.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-40.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Nitika-Ale-2.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-1.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-37.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-35.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-34.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Anna-Zakirova-4.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/academy-33.jpeg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-play-button.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/assets/img/theme/academy-pause-button.svg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Shovava-Vintage-Scarf.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Frida-Kahlo.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Cat-Pile-Big.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Viviva-Watercolor-Sheets.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/josh-dury-perseid-meteor-stonehenge-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/greg-martin-olympic-rings-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/soumyadeep-mukherjee-kyrgyzstan-small.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/miguel-claro-iss-transit-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Astronomy-Photographer-Year-shortlist-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/kolari-solar-eclipse-photo-contest-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/andrew-mccarthy-sunspot-timelapse-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/miguel-claro-total-eclipse-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Milky-Way-Photographer-Year-2024-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/lunar-analemma-betul-turksoy-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/northern-lights-square.jpg",
"https://mymodernmet.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Milky-Way-Black-Hole-3.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jessica Stewart",
"Today is Art Day",
"Viviva Colorsheets"
] |
2023-09-29T14:45:44+00:00
|
Photographer Dan Zafra traveled to New Zealand in order to capture a rare image of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
My Modern Met
|
https://mymodernmet.com/aurora-australis-dan-zafra/
|
Most of us know of the Aurora Borealis, or Northern Lights, but did you know that the Southern Hemisphere has its own natural light show? Photographer Dan Zafra of Capture the Atlas traveled to southern New Zealand, where he was able to photograph the Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern Lights. While not as widely known as its northern companion, the Southern Lights put on just as good a display.
While photographing the Northern Lights is already tricky, requiring advanced planning and some luck, getting the Southern Lights on camera is even more difficult. Zafra outlined all the challenges that he faced when thinking about how to view this aurora and capture it on film.
“Realistically, you can only photograph them in Southern New Zealand/Australia,” he shared, noting that it's also possible in Antarctica. But as only scientists can winter there, that location is out of the question.
“The second challenge is the solar activity; you need a really strong show to have the opportunity to see them. The third part is location. Unlike the Northern Lights, which ‘dance' across the entire sky on big shows, the Aurora Australis is limited to the South and lower in the horizon, so any location blocked by mountains will prevent you from seeing it.”
And, of course, the weather also needs to cooperate. As Zafra hunkered down in Dunedin, which is located on New Zealand's South Island, there were several days when the solar activity was either too weak or cloud cover was too strong to get any good photos.
Luckily, Zafra's luck then turned around after he decided to drive a few hours to the Eastern Coast, where the weather was better. His gamble paid off, and he was awarded three consecutive days of spectacular auroras. Given that the light show was sandwiched between astronomical twilight and sunrise, he had just a few minutes to get a few good shots in before the colorful lights disappeared.
“It might not be my best Aurora image,” he confesses, “but it is definitely one of the most specials I have ever captured.”
On a recent trip to New Zealand, photographer Dan Zafra had a chance to capture images of the Aurora Australis, or Southern Lights.
Capture the Atlas: Website | Facebook | Instagram
My Modern Met granted permission to feature photos by Dan Zafra.
Related Articles:
Behold the Best Northern Lights Photographs of 2022
The Best Milky Way Photographers of the Year Show the Beauty of Our Galaxy
Photographer Chronicles a Magical Week of Swimming With Orcas in Norway
|
||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 56 |
https://www.space.com/37322-stunning-southern-lights-milky-way-photos.html
|
en
|
Brilliant Southern Lights and Milky Way Shine at South Pole (Photos)
|
[
"https://mos.fie.futurecdn.net/uyhgawbmc02uaww6-16455340654394.png",
"https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/SWaYfAXp9rqL56i4cke2Ze-320-80.jpg",
"https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/UUJQt9dttKxh6v6wS8tsXB-320-80.jpg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/cyclingnews/media/img/missing-image.svg",
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p/?c1=2&c2=10055482&cv=4.4.0&cj=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Doris Elin Urrutia",
"space.com-amazing-skywatching"
] |
2017-06-28T11:01:16+00:00
|
Hunter Davis captures the magic of the nightlong months of June and July near a relay station in Antarctica.
|
en
|
Space.com
|
https://www.space.com/37322-stunning-southern-lights-milky-way-photos.html
|
Like the inside of a child's iridescent summer bubble wand, the aurora australis — also known as the southern lights — and the Milky Way bend across the sky in a stunning display of sapphire blue and fuchsia pink.
Astrophotographer Hunter Davis captured two images of our galaxy's band of neighboring stars sharing the sky with the southern lights. They were taken in Antarctica, just over a relay station at the South Pole before the winter solstice, Davis said. The snow that blankets the base of the photos accentuates the brightness of the lights in the sky.
"I've been working and living at the South Pole station since Oct. 30th 2016, and will finally leave for home in early November," Davis told Space.com in an email. "The night sky down here is one of the prettiest things I've ever seen."
Magnetized plasma particles are often released from stormy sunspot regions on the sun's surface and travel into space as solar wind. After coming toward us in what is roughly a 40-hour journey, the particles meet Earth's upper atmosphere to create a magical display of southern lights. Most people in North America are more familiar with the term for this hemisphere's counterpart, the aurora borealis, than they are with the aurora australis. The stormy, smoldering birth of the solar wind might surprise admirers who are only familiar with the majestic, seemingly peaceful auroras that appears in the skies of each hemisphere.
The grandeur of the aurora australis is highlighted further with the Milky Way visibly shining behind it. The galaxy has a diameter of 100,000 light-years, so one can only imagine the colorful variety of aurora shows that could be playing out on other worlds with the Milky Way backdrop.
Hunter Davis captured these images with a Canon 6D camera and Nikon 14-24-mm lens.
Editor's note: If you capture an amazing photo of the night sky and you'd like to share it with us and our partners for a story or image gallery, send images and comments in to managing editor Tariq Malik at spacephotos@space.com.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 54 |
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13406415/Aurora-Australis-Astonishing-natural-light-display-captured-Australian-skies-heres-reason-one-best-ever.html
|
en
|
Aurora Australis: Astonishing natural light display captured across Australian skies - here's the reason it's one of the best ever
|
[
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/sitelogos/logo_mol.gif",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/facebook/DailyMail/DailyMail.png",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88308529-0-Mr_Doherty_right_with_his_wife_was_last_heard_from_on_Tuesday_ev-a-10_1723366787330.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88301093-0-image-m-17_1723369167538.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88356997-0-image-a-33_1723223482548.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384887-0-image-a-38_1723303203351.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384275-0-image-a-26_1723301480498.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/10/31776054-0-Look_up_Skywatchers_across_the_UK_will_be_among_those_able_to_en-a-74_1723195030847.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/15/88266425-0-image-m-22_1723042369364.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/19/88321987-0-image-a-18_1723142741466.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88385289-0-image-a-9_1723304209745.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391793-0-image-a-38_1723319666448.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88357855-0-image-m-69_1723221481370.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88393077-0-image-a-29_1723323142010.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88386805-0-image-a-25_1723308340108.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88386217-0-image-a-11_1723307119925.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88403139-0-image-a-6_1723364391698.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/10/75636409-0-image-m-9_1723108905025.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391775-0-image-a-13_1723319644121.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390099-0-image-a-33_1723315240788.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88404075-0-image-m-12_1723368526957.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88396045-0-image-m-4_1723365558413.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/14/88309243-0-image-a-20_1723124252992.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88393035-0-image-a-10_1723323534511.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393645-0-image-a-38_1723324955485.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396401-0-image-a-24_1723332712590.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732371-13406415-Aurora_Australis_was_seen_as_far_north_as_SA_pictured_Victoria_a-a-12_1715405998295.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732371-13406415-Aurora_Australis_was_seen_as_far_north_as_SA_pictured_Victoria_a-a-12_1715405998295.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732367-13406415-image-m-27_1715405488891.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732367-13406415-image-m-27_1715405488891.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84730991-13406415-The_lights_from_Coodlie_Park_Eco_Retreat_on_the_Eyre_Pennisula_P-m-33_1715405662325.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84730991-13406415-The_lights_from_Coodlie_Park_Eco_Retreat_on_the_Eyre_Pennisula_P-m-33_1715405662325.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732365-13406415-Massive_solar_flares_earlier_in_the_week_caused_the_geomagnetic_-a-13_1715405998622.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732365-13406415-Massive_solar_flares_earlier_in_the_week_caused_the_geomagnetic_-a-13_1715405998622.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84730995-13406415-The_lights_could_be_seen_from_all_over_Australia_s_south_Picture-m-34_1715405680043.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84730995-13406415-The_lights_could_be_seen_from_all_over_Australia_s_south_Picture-m-34_1715405680043.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732369-13406415-image-m-29_1715405533488.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/05/11/06/84732369-13406415-image-m-29_1715405533488.jpg",
"https://ads.creative-serving.com/pixel?id=3140889",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88354649-0-image-a-15_1723218676560.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88351891-0-image-a-47_1723213045382.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88281523-0-image-a-9_1723230008089.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88368235-0-image-a-54_1723238733003.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88363229-0-image-a-8_1723231195179.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/10/88344827-0-image-a-6_1723195769012.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/10/88345265-0-image-m-98_1723197076817.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/09/88342653-0-image-m-66_1723192670428.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/14/88352157-0-image-m-122_1723211126805.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88353627-0-image-m-135_1723212428798.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362805-0-image-m-21_1723228004479.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/18/88281523-0-image-a-13_1723139269628.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/16/88314115-0-image-m-23_1723130688412.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/20/88229487-0-image-a-46_1722971830259.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/22/88328415-0-image-a-9_1723151270389.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88403143-0-image-a-37_1723364525981.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88403143-0-image-a-37_1723364525981.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88394661-0-image-a-6_1723328166304.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88394661-0-image-a-6_1723328166304.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88402923-0-image-a-31_1723364684287.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88402923-0-image-a-31_1723364684287.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384887-0-image-a-38_1723303203351.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384887-0-image-a-38_1723303203351.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88403301-0-image-a-40_1723365278159.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88403301-0-image-a-40_1723365278159.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/01/11/86310791-0-Romantic_getaway_in_the_heart_of_the_Med_Maisie_Smith_and_Max_Ge-a-7_1722507434479.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/01/11/86310791-0-Romantic_getaway_in_the_heart_of_the_Med_Maisie_Smith_and_Max_Ge-a-7_1722507434479.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396401-0-image-a-24_1723332712590.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396401-0-image-a-24_1723332712590.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/12/88211581-0-image-m-8_1722943384593.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/12/88211581-0-image-m-8_1722943384593.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88395703-0-image-a-1_1723330812935.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88395703-0-image-a-1_1723330812935.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/25/11/87753963-0-image-a-2_1721904402870.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/25/11/87753963-0-image-a-2_1721904402870.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88404187-0-image-m-64_1723369426297.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88404187-0-image-m-64_1723369426297.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362145-0-image-a-147_1723226423315.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362145-0-image-a-147_1723226423315.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/04/88399473-0-image-a-115_1723347537946.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/04/88399473-0-image-a-115_1723347537946.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/12/88306047-0-image-a-29_1723117898346.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/12/88306047-0-image-a-29_1723117898346.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/16/88221369-0-image-a-36_1722957393222.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/16/88221369-0-image-a-36_1722957393222.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88403265-0-image-a-4_1723367002492.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/10/88403265-0-image-a-4_1723367002492.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/08/88402515-0-image-a-17_1723362647561.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/08/88402515-0-image-a-17_1723362647561.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88392801-0-image-a-173_1723322140187.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88392801-0-image-a-173_1723322140187.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88395285-0-image-a-21_1723329128309.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88395285-0-image-a-21_1723329128309.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88387511-0-image-a-32_1723309910501.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88387511-0-image-a-32_1723309910501.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398751-0-image-a-70_1723341401881.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398751-0-image-a-70_1723341401881.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396805-0-image-a-230_1723333263265.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396805-0-image-a-230_1723333263265.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/08/88402393-0-image-a-45_1723362111372.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/08/88402393-0-image-a-45_1723362111372.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398469-0-image-a-86_1723339143966.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398469-0-image-a-86_1723339143966.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/15/88266459-0-image-m-14_1723042781412.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/15/88266459-0-image-m-14_1723042781412.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/03/88399113-0-image-a-6_1723344907782.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/03/88399113-0-image-a-6_1723344907782.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/07/88401647-0-image-m-77_1723356994210.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/07/88401647-0-image-m-77_1723356994210.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396579-0-image-a-22_1723333645868.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396579-0-image-a-22_1723333645868.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/01/88397895-0-image-a-270_1723336494005.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/01/88397895-0-image-a-270_1723336494005.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398637-0-image-a-19_1723339913654.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88398637-0-image-a-19_1723339913654.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/05/88400793-0-image-a-38_1723350730915.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/05/88400793-0-image-a-38_1723350730915.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88397865-0-image-a-9_1723338238818.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88397865-0-image-a-9_1723338238818.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396595-0-image-a-47_1723332993488.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396595-0-image-a-47_1723332993488.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88385465-0-image-a-25_1723304751373.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88385465-0-image-a-25_1723304751373.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/14/88216507-0-image-a-4_1722951301082.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/14/88216507-0-image-a-4_1722951301082.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391137-0-image-m-135_1723318159658.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391137-0-image-m-135_1723318159658.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384281-0-image-a-7_1723301495324.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384281-0-image-a-7_1723301495324.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/29/12/87895547-0-image-a-15_1722251589715.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/29/12/87895547-0-image-a-15_1722251589715.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88397983-0-image-a-68_1723338087642.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/02/88397983-0-image-a-68_1723338087642.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391129-0-image-a-15_1723318161464.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/20/88391129-0-image-a-15_1723318161464.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/01/88398011-0-image-a-8_1723337395502.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/01/88398011-0-image-a-8_1723337395502.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356761-0-image-a-43_1723217994097.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356761-0-image-a-43_1723217994097.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384751-0-image-a-136_1723302874332.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384751-0-image-a-136_1723302874332.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396373-0-image-a-19_1723333530012.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396373-0-image-a-19_1723333530012.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/01/11/88035393-0-image-a-21_1722509353452.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/01/11/88035393-0-image-a-21_1722509353452.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396009-0-image-a-64_1723333603341.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396009-0-image-a-64_1723333603341.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388067-0-image-a-8_1723311658138.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388067-0-image-a-8_1723311658138.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396243-0-image-a-41_1723332293533.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396243-0-image-a-41_1723332293533.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88395793-0-image-a-45_1723330662358.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/23/88395793-0-image-a-45_1723330662358.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396165-0-image-a-8_1723331890345.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/00/88396165-0-image-a-8_1723331890345.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/11/88379915-0-image-a-43_1723286132253.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/11/88379915-0-image-a-43_1723286132253.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88392665-0-image-a-21_1723321772838.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88392665-0-image-a-21_1723321772838.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/12/88380693-0-image-m-64_1723287773603.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/12/88380693-0-image-m-64_1723287773603.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393467-0-image-a-43_1723324637222.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393467-0-image-a-43_1723324637222.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390359-0-image-a-51_1723316200490.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390359-0-image-a-51_1723316200490.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88391331-0-image-a-73_1723320150681.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/21/88391331-0-image-a-73_1723320150681.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388979-0-image-a-89_1723312257669.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388979-0-image-a-89_1723312257669.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393801-0-image-a-67_1723325113953.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393801-0-image-a-67_1723325113953.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384907-0-image-a-11_1723303311496.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384907-0-image-a-11_1723303311496.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393313-0-image-a-4_1723323824929.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/22/88393313-0-image-a-4_1723323824929.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88385989-0-image-a-11_1723306540229.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88385989-0-image-a-11_1723306540229.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390133-0-image-a-40_1723315350981.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390133-0-image-a-40_1723315350981.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88389481-0-image-a-31_1723313697822.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88389481-0-image-a-31_1723313697822.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390263-0-image-a-12_1723315963556.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390263-0-image-a-12_1723315963556.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/12/88304427-0-image-a-94_1723115417113.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/08/12/88304427-0-image-a-94_1723115417113.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382709-0-image-a-87_1723296761811.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382709-0-image-a-87_1723296761811.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384745-0-image-a-9_1723302797137.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384745-0-image-a-9_1723302797137.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388863-0-image-a-4_1723312508509.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388863-0-image-a-4_1723312508509.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88389009-0-image-a-14_1723312395945.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88389009-0-image-a-14_1723312395945.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390143-0-image-a-41_1723315573573.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/19/88390143-0-image-a-41_1723315573573.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88386121-0-image-a-4_1723306970108.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88386121-0-image-a-4_1723306970108.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/11/88380391-0-image-a-32_1723286390743.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/11/88380391-0-image-a-32_1723286390743.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88387601-0-image-a-4_1723310241331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88387601-0-image-a-4_1723310241331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373739-0-image-m-35_1723252484089.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373739-0-image-m-35_1723252484089.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88387047-0-image-a-23_1723309081838.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/17/88387047-0-image-a-23_1723309081838.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388077-0-image-a-44_1723311681584.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/18/88388077-0-image-a-44_1723311681584.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88383645-0-image-a-107_1723300057725.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88383645-0-image-a-107_1723300057725.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382345-0-image-a-38_1723295813312.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382345-0-image-a-38_1723295813312.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88383251-0-image-a-59_1723298452246.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88383251-0-image-a-59_1723298452246.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384107-0-image-a-73_1723301356087.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384107-0-image-a-73_1723301356087.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382445-0-image-m-54_1723296214591.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382445-0-image-m-54_1723296214591.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/10/88379445-0-image-a-10_1723282729491.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/10/88379445-0-image-a-10_1723282729491.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/13/88381917-0-image-a-25_1723294143984.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/13/88381917-0-image-a-25_1723294143984.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384401-0-image-a-54_1723301778791.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/15/88384401-0-image-a-54_1723301778791.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382105-0-image-m-14_1723295323446.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382105-0-image-m-14_1723295323446.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384755-0-image-a-8_1723304898048.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/16/88384755-0-image-a-8_1723304898048.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/09/88378567-0-image-a-42_1723279941484.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/09/88378567-0-image-a-42_1723279941484.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382365-0-image-a-4_1723295798381.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/14/88382365-0-image-a-4_1723295798381.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/14/88344539-0-image-m-72_1723211187854.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/14/88344539-0-image-m-72_1723211187854.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373297-0-image-a-25_1723253019260.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373297-0-image-a-25_1723253019260.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/13/88381407-0-image-a-36_1723291892143.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/13/88381407-0-image-a-36_1723291892143.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373945-0-image-m-4_1723254223361.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/02/88373945-0-image-m-4_1723254223361.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/17/88224493-0-image-a-99_1722962309786.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/17/88224493-0-image-a-99_1722962309786.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370941-0-image-a-118_1723243160325.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370941-0-image-a-118_1723243160325.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/10/88379401-0-image-a-29_1723282923783.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/10/88379401-0-image-a-29_1723282923783.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/15/88214685-0-image-m-20_1722953884655.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/15/88214685-0-image-m-20_1722953884655.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88357037-0-image-a-22_1723218495804.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88357037-0-image-a-22_1723218495804.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/14/88261205-0-image-a-12_1723036002211.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/14/88261205-0-image-a-12_1723036002211.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/09/88378477-0-image-a-27_1723279816430.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/09/88378477-0-image-a-27_1723279816430.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88376787-0-image-m-241_1723269421579.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88376787-0-image-m-241_1723269421579.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/22/08/87611605-0-image-a-8_1721632761354.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/07/22/08/87611605-0-image-a-8_1721632761354.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/08/88377735-0-image-a-7_1723276699660.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/08/88377735-0-image-a-7_1723276699660.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/08/88377621-0-image-a-14_1723275649019.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/08/88377621-0-image-a-14_1723275649019.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374429-0-image-a-37_1723256120666.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374429-0-image-a-37_1723256120666.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/07/88377135-0-image-m-21_1723271612103.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/07/88377135-0-image-m-21_1723271612103.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88375081-0-image-m-101_1723268566447.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88375081-0-image-m-101_1723268566447.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/11/88257529-0-image-m-13_1723028043229.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/07/11/88257529-0-image-m-13_1723028043229.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88376703-0-image-a-71_1723268004285.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/06/88376703-0-image-a-71_1723268004285.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374525-0-image-a-59_1723257068106.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374525-0-image-a-59_1723257068106.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374771-0-image-m-181_1723258221944.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374771-0-image-m-181_1723258221944.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374263-0-image-a-24_1723255601539.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/03/88374263-0-image-a-24_1723255601539.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/05/88375679-0-image-a-20_1723262668580.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/05/88375679-0-image-a-20_1723262668580.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/07/88376253-0-image-a-77_1723269633084.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/07/88376253-0-image-a-77_1723269633084.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370417-0-image-a-114_1723242072253.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370417-0-image-a-114_1723242072253.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369333-0-image-a-168_1723239307391.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369333-0-image-a-168_1723239307391.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/05/88376171-0-image-m-229_1723264876140.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/05/88376171-0-image-m-229_1723264876140.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365773-0-image-a-14_1723233539971.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365773-0-image-a-14_1723233539971.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371665-0-image-a-46_1723245872000.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371665-0-image-a-46_1723245872000.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365539-0-image-a-13_1723233302109.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365539-0-image-a-13_1723233302109.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88371033-0-image-a-60_1723243418815.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88371033-0-image-a-60_1723243418815.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371575-0-image-a-79_1723245213972.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371575-0-image-a-79_1723245213972.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358177-0-image-a-95_1723220311602.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358177-0-image-a-95_1723220311602.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365697-0-image-a-56_1723234936284.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365697-0-image-a-56_1723234936284.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372869-0-image-m-253_1723248772491.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372869-0-image-m-253_1723248772491.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88373199-0-image-a-23_1723250197163.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88373199-0-image-a-23_1723250197163.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88353935-0-image-a-24_1723213018952.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88353935-0-image-a-24_1723213018952.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372835-0-image-a-130_1723249598402.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372835-0-image-a-130_1723249598402.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371437-0-image-a-200_1723244459851.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371437-0-image-a-200_1723244459851.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372041-0-image-a-218_1723246530019.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372041-0-image-a-218_1723246530019.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/11/88347865-0-image-m-87_1723201140600.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/11/88347865-0-image-m-87_1723201140600.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372367-0-image-a-12_1723247724935.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372367-0-image-a-12_1723247724935.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372863-0-image-m-2_1723248791760.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372863-0-image-m-2_1723248791760.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372357-0-image-a-66_1723247647693.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88372357-0-image-a-66_1723247647693.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/11/88347297-0-image-a-43_1723199822403.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/11/88347297-0-image-a-43_1723199822403.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358217-0-image-a-1_1723220387070.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358217-0-image-a-1_1723220387070.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365839-0-image-m-137_1723233638154.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365839-0-image-m-137_1723233638154.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369181-0-image-a-21_1723240367158.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369181-0-image-a-21_1723240367158.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372371-0-image-a-21_1723248142057.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372371-0-image-a-21_1723248142057.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372633-0-image-a-96_1723248228684.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/01/88372633-0-image-a-96_1723248228684.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367587-0-image-a-79_1723236647409.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367587-0-image-a-79_1723236647409.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367785-0-image-a-23_1723236949142.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367785-0-image-a-23_1723236949142.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359721-0-image-a-29_1723222611112.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359721-0-image-a-29_1723222611112.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369573-0-image-a-10_1723239562193.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369573-0-image-a-10_1723239562193.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88371385-0-image-a-39_1723244369163.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88371385-0-image-a-39_1723244369163.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371557-0-image-a-16_1723245209290.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/10/00/88371557-0-image-a-16_1723245209290.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367161-0-image-a-34_1723236825674.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367161-0-image-a-34_1723236825674.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370371-0-image-a-40_1723243041500.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/23/88370371-0-image-a-40_1723243041500.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365603-0-image-m-107_1723235776202.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88365603-0-image-m-107_1723235776202.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/10/88345707-0-image-m-82_1723196613374.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/10/88345707-0-image-m-82_1723196613374.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/15/88219221-0-image-a-4_1722954150668.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/06/15/88219221-0-image-a-4_1722954150668.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366679-0-image-a-28_1723237024590.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366679-0-image-a-28_1723237024590.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365637-0-image-a-11_1723233479995.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365637-0-image-a-11_1723233479995.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366097-0-image-a-4_1723234227766.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366097-0-image-a-4_1723234227766.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366843-0-image-a-29_1723236414001.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366843-0-image-a-29_1723236414001.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88354027-0-image-a-37_1723213275903.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88354027-0-image-a-37_1723213275903.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366847-0-image-a-63_1723236336996.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88366847-0-image-a-63_1723236336996.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359819-0-image-a-15_1723222736923.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359819-0-image-a-15_1723222736923.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364473-0-image-a-34_1723231092262.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364473-0-image-a-34_1723231092262.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364621-0-image-a-16_1723231257767.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364621-0-image-a-16_1723231257767.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364577-0-Joaquin_Phoenix_has_dropped_out_of_a_gay_romance_film_just_five_-m-77_1723231241035.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364577-0-Joaquin_Phoenix_has_dropped_out_of_a_gay_romance_film_just_five_-m-77_1723231241035.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88368943-0-image-a-108_1723238770869.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88368943-0-image-a-108_1723238770869.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356363-0-image-a-29_1723217330895.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356363-0-image-a-29_1723217330895.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364439-0-image-a-34_1723231189945.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364439-0-image-a-34_1723231189945.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88363863-0-image-a-99_1723230155203.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88363863-0-image-a-99_1723230155203.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364627-0-image-a-15_1723231284331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364627-0-image-a-15_1723231284331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369367-0-image-a-17_1723239372499.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/22/88369367-0-image-a-17_1723239372499.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88359921-0-image-a-54_1723223104717.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88359921-0-image-a-54_1723223104717.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367437-0-image-a-13_1723236363580.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/21/88367437-0-image-a-13_1723236363580.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362897-0-image-a-61_1723228998875.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362897-0-image-a-61_1723228998875.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364123-0-image-a-29_1723231158542.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88364123-0-image-a-29_1723231158542.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355237-0-image-a-12_1723216083954.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355237-0-image-a-12_1723216083954.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88360753-0-image-a-19_1723224143037.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88360753-0-image-a-19_1723224143037.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362785-0-image-a-9_1723227923805.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362785-0-image-a-9_1723227923805.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362883-0-image-a-18_1723228168596.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362883-0-image-a-18_1723228168596.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355303-0-image-a-29_1723215632728.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355303-0-image-a-29_1723215632728.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362473-0-image-m-59_1723227190530.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/19/88362473-0-image-m-59_1723227190530.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/13/88350965-0-image-m-2_1723208242812.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/13/88350965-0-image-m-2_1723208242812.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361471-0-image-a-26_1723225756635.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361471-0-image-a-26_1723225756635.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365649-0-image-a-101_1723233560221.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/20/88365649-0-image-a-101_1723233560221.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358595-0-image-a-5_1723222219736.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358595-0-image-a-5_1723222219736.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359133-0-image-a-26_1723221990001.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359133-0-image-a-26_1723221990001.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358415-0-image-a-44_1723220849848.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88358415-0-image-a-44_1723220849848.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/09/88343947-0-image-a-52_1723193231688.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/09/88343947-0-image-a-52_1723193231688.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/14/88351281-0-image-m-2_1723210137881.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/14/88351281-0-image-m-2_1723210137881.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361455-0-image-m-74_1723225290687.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361455-0-image-m-74_1723225290687.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361551-0-image-a-66_1723225469514.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361551-0-image-a-66_1723225469514.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361555-0-image-a-1_1723225471282.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/18/88361555-0-image-a-1_1723225471282.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88354003-0-image-a-32_1723213268576.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88354003-0-image-a-32_1723213268576.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355393-0-image-a-61_1723217101402.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88355393-0-image-a-61_1723217101402.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/13/88349841-0-image-a-74_1723205313676.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/13/88349841-0-image-a-74_1723205313676.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359267-0-image-a-12_1723222053331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359267-0-image-a-12_1723222053331.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356557-0-image-a-69_1723218781691.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356557-0-image-a-69_1723218781691.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356069-0-image-a-11_1723216951301.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88356069-0-image-a-11_1723216951301.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359225-0-image-a-32_1723222142680.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88359225-0-image-a-32_1723222142680.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88353603-0-image-m-97_1723213690818.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/15/88353603-0-image-m-97_1723213690818.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88357503-0-image-m-35_1723219517061.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/17/88357503-0-image-m-35_1723219517061.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88357041-0-image-a-2_1723218527569.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/09/16/88357041-0-image-a-2_1723218527569.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/promoboxes/iphone_ad_308x111.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/ebay/ebayUSandGermany_308x111.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/blogs/bn_michaelhanlon_308x76.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/1s/2024/08/11/09/88308529-0-Mr_Doherty_right_with_his_wife_was_last_heard_from_on_Tuesday_ev-a-10_1723366787330.jpg",
"https://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/furniture/misc/logo_cookie_reg.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"dailymail",
"sciencetech",
"Victoria (Australia)",
"Tasmania",
"New South Wales",
"Earth",
"Western Australia",
"Queensland",
"Australia",
"South Australia"
] | null |
[
"Brett Lackey",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2024-05-11T06:51:23+01:00
|
Aurora Australis put on one of its best shows of the last decade on Friday night due to a number of huge solar fares and 'coronial mass ejections' emitted from the sun earlier in the week.
|
/favicon.ico?v=2
|
Mail Online
|
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13406415/Aurora-Australis-Astonishing-natural-light-display-captured-Australian-skies-heres-reason-one-best-ever.html
|
Stargazers were treated to a stunning light display that illuminated the sky in southern Australia courtesy of a severe geomagnetic storm, with more set for tonight.
Aurora Australis put on one of its best shows of the last decade on Friday night due to a number of huge solar fares and 'coronial mass ejections' emitted from the sun earlier in the week.
The impressive Southern Lights, usually only seen in Tasmania, were visible in Victoria, SA and WA with the Bureau of Meteorology's Australian Space Weather Forecasting Centre issuing a warning for G5 (extreme) geomagnetic storm conditions on Saturday.
The phenomenon, caused by solar wind disrupting the Earth's ionosphere which agitates gas particles and produces light, is the southern hemisphere's counterpart to the Northern Lights, or Aurora Borealis.
Red light is generally seen at higher altitudes, then green light and blue at the lower levels.
The solar wind can also affect electrical and communications infrastructure such as power grids, satellite signals, GPS services and TV or radio broadcasts.
The bureau issued an updated alert on Saturday.
'Severe geomagnetic storm in progress. Aurora may be observed during night hours in good observing conditions as far as middle latitudes,' the bureau said.
In a media release it said there was no danger to humans.
'The warning issued for this event informs government and critical infrastructure operators so they can take action to mitigate potential impacts on infrastructure assets and essential services,' the release said.
'The Bureau continues to monitor the situation and will provide updates of significant changes.'
While a solar storm does have the potential to cause damage to our power and radio networks, there is no danger to humans.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) in the US through its Space Weather Prediction Center issued a global G4 Geometric Storm Watch for the first time since 2005.
'This is an unusual and potentially historic event,' said Clinton Wallace, NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center director.
There is the potential of seeing the Aurora Australis as far north as Sydney and Perth, mostly in dark sky environments away from cities.
Incredibly, one photographer posted a picture of the phenomenon taken in Karratha in WA's Pilbara region, which is further north than Mackay in Queensland.
The sun is continuously erupting and hurling particles into space, but given that its 93million miles from Earth, it rarely reaches us, and if it does it only causes a minor G1 or G2 storm.
If a geomagnetic storm reaches a level five, satellites could crash into other objects in space or the atmosphere and suffer physical damage from supercharged 'killer electrons' which would hurtle into important sections of hardware, rendering it useless.
The last severe geomagnetic storm occurred in 2022, which destroyed up to 40 Starlink satellites worth more than $50million, sending them back toward Earth but fortunately they burned up in the atmosphere.
People have reported Friday that their Starlink internet has gone down following the first blast from space hitting Earth around 1:45pm ET.
It remains unlikely that wireless connectivity will be directly affected by the storm because these networks rely on different radio frequencies than GPS systems.
Even if GPS features are affected, people will likely still be able to maintain a map showing their rough location.
The electrical grid is more prepared than it was in similar past geomagnetic storms because they now have backup power generators and mobile cell towers that can be put into action if cell towers lose power.
Flight patterns can also be affected during these storms because commercial airlines are warned to stay away from the Earth's poles as they risk losing communication and navigation systems.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 18 |
https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
|
en
|
Why Auroras Look Different on The Camera
|
[
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375w.png",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/hdcache/auroras/PECB6247-BRIGHT.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/auroras/P1540799.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/polar/gunnar_BB78331.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/P1926357-RED.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247-EYE.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247-RAW.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/SQ-PECB6247.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/C1-editing.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/mcache//auroras/PECB6247-C1.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375b.png",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//auroras/P1926479 1.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//ICM/ICM-DSC01452.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//youtube/DSC01738.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//BhutaFlies/BhutaP1109919.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//gh6stars/gh6-uluru-triptic-23.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/pcache//WWM/P1884957.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/10k/sq4/books/4K-A4872.jpg",
"https://ewenbell.com/img/logo375w.png"
] |
[
"https://youtube.com/embed/6_ze-1ga64o",
"https://youtube.com/embed/mcjEbU0XsOU",
"https://youtube.com/embed/1tLZ6XAlNFY"
] |
[] |
[
"Aurora Photography",
"Northern Lights",
"Aurora",
"Nordlys",
"Arctic Norway",
"Norway",
"Photographic Field Guides",
"Photography",
"Practical Philosphies",
"Travel Photography."
] | null |
[
"Ewen Bell"
] | null |
What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
|
/favicon.ico
|
Photography by Ewen Bell
|
https://ewenbell.com/blog/Why_Auroras_Look_Different_on_The_Camera
|
What your eyes see and what your camera sees are typically very different when it comes to the Aurora Borealis. Capturing the Northern lights on camera changes our entire perception of this phenomenon, and mostly for the better. Just a word of caution though if you're heading to the Arctic and expect to see those Photoshop colours with the naked eye.
The Photography Blog
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 95 |
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/10/world/europe/aurora-northern-lights-solar-storm-photos.html
|
en
|
A Solar Storm Lights Up the Night Sky
|
[
"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/05/10/multimedia/10xp-northernlights-photos-003/10xp-northernlights-photos-003-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale",
"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/05/11/11vid-northern-lights-72222-cover/11vid-northern-lights-72222-cover-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg",
"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/05/11/11visualUploader-52973-cover/11visualUploader-52973-cover-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg",
"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/05/11/11visualUploader-34184-cover/11visualUploader-34184-cover-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg",
"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/05/11/11visualUploader-27231-cover/11visualUploader-27231-cover-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"The New York Times",
"www.nytimes.com",
"the-new-york-times"
] |
2024-05-10T00:00:00
|
The unusual sight of aurora borealis was visible around the world.
|
en
|
/vi-assets/static-assets/favicon-d2483f10ef688e6f89e23806b9700298.ico
|
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/10/world/europe/aurora-northern-lights-solar-storm-photos.html
|
People in Britain marveled at the unusual and spectacular sight of the northern lights on Friday night, the consequence of a severe solar storm that was brewing and was expected to continue over the coming days.
The northern lights — also known as aurora borealis — usually don’t reach that far south. They are most often seen in higher latitudes closer to the North Pole. People in other European countries, including Denmark and Germany, also reported seeing the lights.
Onlookers marveled at the sight, posting their surprise, delight and sometimes shock on social media. As one user wrote: “Aurora Borealis? At this time of year? At this time of day? In this part of the country? Localized entirely over Edinburgh?”
The current solar storm is caused by a cluster of sunspots — dark, cool regions on the solar surface. The cluster is flaring and ejecting material every six to 12 hours.
Earlier Friday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center issued a rare warning about the solar outburst, because it could disrupt communications and even power grids.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 97 |
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/spectacular-aurora-australis-lights-up-parts-of-southern-australia/o7jnovkfa
|
en
|
Spectacular Aurora Australis lights up parts of southern Australia
|
https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg
|
https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg
|
[
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/81f6c60/2147483647/strip/true/crop/2000x1125+0+76/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Faf%2F1ff7bfa1492f97c0a0c16ecd5dd6%2Fthe-aurora-australis-illuminates-the-sky-from-brighton-beach-in-melbourne-aap.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/common/appstore-apple-c01039a.svg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/common/appstore-google-4afeabd.svg",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/7f185af/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+214/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb1%2F75%2F603aaa154012ab733a3bbbdf9986%2Fpacific-lawyers-picture-sbs-world-news.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/7f185af/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+214/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb1%2F75%2F603aaa154012ab733a3bbbdf9986%2Fpacific-lawyers-picture-sbs-world-news.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/7f185af/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+214/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb1%2F75%2F603aaa154012ab733a3bbbdf9986%2Fpacific-lawyers-picture-sbs-world-news.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/7f185af/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+214/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb1%2F75%2F603aaa154012ab733a3bbbdf9986%2Fpacific-lawyers-picture-sbs-world-news.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/7f185af/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+214/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fb1%2F75%2F603aaa154012ab733a3bbbdf9986%2Fpacific-lawyers-picture-sbs-world-news.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/9802c11/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F79%2Fbe%2Ffd77249b4dfdb40e8cf764feb9f3%2Fimane-khelif-has-been-at-the-centre-of-a-row-over-her-gender-getty.png&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/9802c11/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F79%2Fbe%2Ffd77249b4dfdb40e8cf764feb9f3%2Fimane-khelif-has-been-at-the-centre-of-a-row-over-her-gender-getty.png&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/9802c11/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F79%2Fbe%2Ffd77249b4dfdb40e8cf764feb9f3%2Fimane-khelif-has-been-at-the-centre-of-a-row-over-her-gender-getty.png&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/9802c11/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F79%2Fbe%2Ffd77249b4dfdb40e8cf764feb9f3%2Fimane-khelif-has-been-at-the-centre-of-a-row-over-her-gender-getty.png&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/9802c11/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F79%2Fbe%2Ffd77249b4dfdb40e8cf764feb9f3%2Fimane-khelif-has-been-at-the-centre-of-a-row-over-her-gender-getty.png&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/91e08cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2F06%2F73e487cb4296b0727c7f3fb65495%2Fhave-you-got-a-horrible-boss-getty.png&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/91e08cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2F06%2F73e487cb4296b0727c7f3fb65495%2Fhave-you-got-a-horrible-boss-getty.png&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/91e08cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2F06%2F73e487cb4296b0727c7f3fb65495%2Fhave-you-got-a-horrible-boss-getty.png&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/91e08cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2F06%2F73e487cb4296b0727c7f3fb65495%2Fhave-you-got-a-horrible-boss-getty.png&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/91e08cb/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1013+0+0/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F74%2F06%2F73e487cb4296b0727c7f3fb65495%2Fhave-you-got-a-horrible-boss-getty.png&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/0f18b51/2147483647/strip/true/flipflop/horizontal/crop/1800x1013+0+94/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7e%2Fe2%2F9a6c518b422ea3db1a8d07529594%2Fgirl-sits-alone-in-a-coffee-shop-getty.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/0f18b51/2147483647/strip/true/flipflop/horizontal/crop/1800x1013+0+94/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7e%2Fe2%2F9a6c518b422ea3db1a8d07529594%2Fgirl-sits-alone-in-a-coffee-shop-getty.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/0f18b51/2147483647/strip/true/flipflop/horizontal/crop/1800x1013+0+94/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7e%2Fe2%2F9a6c518b422ea3db1a8d07529594%2Fgirl-sits-alone-in-a-coffee-shop-getty.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/0f18b51/2147483647/strip/true/flipflop/horizontal/crop/1800x1013+0+94/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7e%2Fe2%2F9a6c518b422ea3db1a8d07529594%2Fgirl-sits-alone-in-a-coffee-shop-getty.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/0f18b51/2147483647/strip/true/flipflop/horizontal/crop/1800x1013+0+94/resize/1280x720!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7e%2Fe2%2F9a6c518b422ea3db1a8d07529594%2Fgirl-sits-alone-in-a-coffee-shop-getty.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/87b6b88/2147483647/strip/false/crop/6336x3564+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F6f%2F2a35b1894ac183926ce0ef838fe1%2F20240224001907212346-original.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/87b6b88/2147483647/strip/false/crop/6336x3564+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F6f%2F2a35b1894ac183926ce0ef838fe1%2F20240224001907212346-original.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/87b6b88/2147483647/strip/false/crop/6336x3564+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F6f%2F2a35b1894ac183926ce0ef838fe1%2F20240224001907212346-original.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/87b6b88/2147483647/strip/false/crop/6336x3564+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F6f%2F2a35b1894ac183926ce0ef838fe1%2F20240224001907212346-original.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/87b6b88/2147483647/strip/false/crop/6336x3564+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fa9%2F6f%2F2a35b1894ac183926ce0ef838fe1%2F20240224001907212346-original.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/98d307e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2982x1677+0+48/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F25%2F58%2F0e7f55804e6db54b2c3b61ac6a4f%2F20240801172012382993-original.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/98d307e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2982x1677+0+48/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F25%2F58%2F0e7f55804e6db54b2c3b61ac6a4f%2F20240801172012382993-original.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/98d307e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2982x1677+0+48/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F25%2F58%2F0e7f55804e6db54b2c3b61ac6a4f%2F20240801172012382993-original.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/98d307e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2982x1677+0+48/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F25%2F58%2F0e7f55804e6db54b2c3b61ac6a4f%2F20240801172012382993-original.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/98d307e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/2982x1677+0+48/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F25%2F58%2F0e7f55804e6db54b2c3b61ac6a4f%2F20240801172012382993-original.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/dbcb034/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4407x2479+0+248/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F77%2F7ef9764d4a4c80058e274986ef6a%2F20240807164933156067-original.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/dbcb034/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4407x2479+0+248/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F77%2F7ef9764d4a4c80058e274986ef6a%2F20240807164933156067-original.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/dbcb034/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4407x2479+0+248/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F77%2F7ef9764d4a4c80058e274986ef6a%2F20240807164933156067-original.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/dbcb034/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4407x2479+0+248/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F77%2F7ef9764d4a4c80058e274986ef6a%2F20240807164933156067-original.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/dbcb034/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4407x2479+0+248/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F93%2F77%2F7ef9764d4a4c80058e274986ef6a%2F20240807164933156067-original.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/c85014b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4551x2560+0+237/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7a%2F1b%2Fdcac160d4caab4c7c53beb3a9dc0%2F20231226001882028730-original.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/c85014b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4551x2560+0+237/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7a%2F1b%2Fdcac160d4caab4c7c53beb3a9dc0%2F20231226001882028730-original.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/c85014b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4551x2560+0+237/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7a%2F1b%2Fdcac160d4caab4c7c53beb3a9dc0%2F20231226001882028730-original.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/c85014b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4551x2560+0+237/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7a%2F1b%2Fdcac160d4caab4c7c53beb3a9dc0%2F20231226001882028730-original.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/c85014b/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4551x2560+0+237/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F7a%2F1b%2Fdcac160d4caab4c7c53beb3a9dc0%2F20231226001882028730-original.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/1ea8267/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2250+0+398/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F78%2Fed1bc0fc450d8eb4e9522d30bc62%2Fgettyimages-2164310476.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/1ea8267/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2250+0+398/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F78%2Fed1bc0fc450d8eb4e9522d30bc62%2Fgettyimages-2164310476.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/1ea8267/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2250+0+398/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F78%2Fed1bc0fc450d8eb4e9522d30bc62%2Fgettyimages-2164310476.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/1ea8267/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2250+0+398/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F78%2Fed1bc0fc450d8eb4e9522d30bc62%2Fgettyimages-2164310476.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/1ea8267/2147483647/strip/false/crop/4000x2250+0+398/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbd%2F78%2Fed1bc0fc450d8eb4e9522d30bc62%2Fgettyimages-2164310476.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/89ba862/2147483647/strip/false/crop/3840x2160+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F22%2F8d%2Fb78147994fbcb86930b4dadc2c9b%2Fhealth-gap-header-website-gfx.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/89ba862/2147483647/strip/false/crop/3840x2160+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F22%2F8d%2Fb78147994fbcb86930b4dadc2c9b%2Fhealth-gap-header-website-gfx.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/89ba862/2147483647/strip/false/crop/3840x2160+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F22%2F8d%2Fb78147994fbcb86930b4dadc2c9b%2Fhealth-gap-header-website-gfx.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/89ba862/2147483647/strip/false/crop/3840x2160+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F22%2F8d%2Fb78147994fbcb86930b4dadc2c9b%2Fhealth-gap-header-website-gfx.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/89ba862/2147483647/strip/false/crop/3840x2160+0+0/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F22%2F8d%2Fb78147994fbcb86930b4dadc2c9b%2Fhealth-gap-header-website-gfx.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/910ee1c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x311+0+165/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F54%2Fb3f07efa453bb6473355de8dff03%2Fimg-7508.jpg&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/910ee1c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x311+0+165/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F54%2Fb3f07efa453bb6473355de8dff03%2Fimg-7508.jpg&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/910ee1c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x311+0+165/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F54%2Fb3f07efa453bb6473355de8dff03%2Fimg-7508.jpg&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/910ee1c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x311+0+165/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F54%2Fb3f07efa453bb6473355de8dff03%2Fimg-7508.jpg&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/910ee1c/2147483647/strip/false/crop/552x311+0+165/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F9b%2F54%2Fb3f07efa453bb6473355de8dff03%2Fimg-7508.jpg&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/fdde19f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5568x3132+0+16/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F86%2F320ccd00491d938901a183ad1d8e%2Ftds-3965.JPG&imwidth=320 320w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/fdde19f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5568x3132+0+16/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F86%2F320ccd00491d938901a183ad1d8e%2Ftds-3965.JPG&imwidth=360 360w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/fdde19f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5568x3132+0+16/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F86%2F320ccd00491d938901a183ad1d8e%2Ftds-3965.JPG&imwidth=600 600w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/fdde19f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5568x3132+0+16/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F86%2F320ccd00491d938901a183ad1d8e%2Ftds-3965.JPG&imwidth=960 960w, https://images.sbs.com.au/dims4/default/fdde19f/2147483647/strip/false/crop/5568x3132+0+16/resize/1280x720!/format/jpg/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsbs-au-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F37%2F86%2F320ccd00491d938901a183ad1d8e%2Ftds-3965.JPG&imwidth=1280 1280w",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/common/app-icon-news-33003a8.svg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/common/app-icon-audio-975d5ac.svg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/common/app-icon-on-demand-0a7cc43.png",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/news/podcast-newsupdates-495060a.jpg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/news/podcast-newsindepth-2a309e2.jpg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/news/podcast-onthemoney-81b87bf.jpg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/news/podcast-newsinenglish-94663b2.jpg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/news/watch-news-4e89a03.jpg",
"https://www.sbs.com.au/_next/static/img/logo_ondemand-c6efd37.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
A massive solar storm has created rare and spectacular auroras around the world. Communities as far north as Queensland saw southern lights often only seen in Tasmania and people across Florida and Alabama also got a rare glimpse of northern lights.
|
en
|
/_next/static/img/news/favicon_48x48-1c81a55.png
|
SBS News
|
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/podcast-episode/spectacular-aurora-australis-lights-up-parts-of-southern-australia/o7jnovkfa
|
A massive solar storm has created rare and spectacular auroras around the world. Communities as far north as Queensland saw southern lights often only seen in Tasmania and people across Florida and Alabama also got a rare glimpse of northern lights.
Listen to Australian and world news, and follow trending topics with
TRANSCRIPT
Earth has experienced its largest solar storm in over twenty years.
Extraordinary colour displays lit up the sky across the world, stunning everyone who managed to catch a glimpse of the rare but spectacular show.
The aurora borealis and aurora australis, also known as the northern and southern lights, are more commonly seen on a much smaller scale.
The southern lights, when they occur, are usually only visible from Tasmania and parts of New Zealand.
The far more famous northern lights are usually only visible from parts of northern Europe and Canada.
But in mid-May the spectacular curtains of purple and green light graced skies as far as Queensland in Australia, as far south as Spain in Europe and all the way down to Florida in the United States.
So, why did it happen?
Well, it has everything to do with solar weather, magnetic fields and far-flung particles from the sun.
Astrophysicist, Cosmologist and research fellow at the Australian National University, Brad Tucker with more on what this really means.
"The sun goes through periods where you get lots of activity, and during these periods the sun is prone to eruption. so, these eruptions attract a whole bunch of gas, heated gas, which is plasma, and this travels through space. Now it's an electrically charged so as it travels through space, it slams into the magnetic bubble of the earth and slams into the Earth's atmosphere and what it does, it excites the gas in Earth's atmosphere causing it to glow and that's what happened over the weekend. "
We often think of the sun as a solid object, in reality, it's more like a really hot ocean with layers of molten plasma being pushed around by the sun’s magnetic fields.
Have a listen to this.
What you're hearing is the sound of the sun, captured by NASA, and those low humming sounds are caused by the constantly moving particles.
Like on Earth, there are several layers to the sun, and from time to time the northern and southern parts of the sun spin a little faster than the middle.
The friction caused by that churning molten plasma can lead to charged particles being tossed into space - and it's the speed of those particles that causes an aurora.
Dr Tucker says that like on Earth, some solar storms are simply larger than others.
"This was a fairly large storm. We don't usually get storms this large the last one was probably about 20 years ago in terms of power and intensity, just like storms on earth you sometimes get that rare really big storm. It's the same in this case that was a large enough storm, and so a lot of energy and that travelled through the Earth's atmosphere, creating the Aurora, really into far northern parts of Australia that generally don't see it so that was kind of unique combination of storm intensity to create those conditions."
The reason this solar storm was so big is linked to the scale and number of what are called a Coronal Mass Ejections.
This type of solar storm rips millions or billions of tonnes of plasma from the sun's atmosphere, catapulting them into the solar system at speeds of up to nine million kilometres per hour.
Nour Rawafi is from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.
"What happened during the last few days, a system of very complex sunspots that came together and formed a huge, active region of the sun. And these are extremely active in the span of a day or a day and a half. They launched, I believe something like seven coronal mass ejections."
Luckily for us, Earth's atmosphere protects us from the storm by absorbing and deflecting the blast well before it reaches the surface.
The Earth's own magnetic fields deflect particles towards the North and South Pole, hence the higher likelihood of seeing auroras in areas further from the equator.
Whilst much of it is somewhat random, there are periods of time in which solar storms occur more frequently.
Dr Tucker says this is to do with what's called the solar cycle.
"The sun goes through this 11 year period where it has a maximum and minimum in terms of activity and we're in that maximum now. And so when you have these periods of maximum activity, the sun generates more storms and more severe storms, just as any other weather system, you know bushfire season and cyclone season. "
Space scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space Weather Prediction Center, Robert Steenburgh says one region has been particularly active.
“During this time in the 11-year solar cycle, we're coming up towards solar maximum. So there are a lot of sunspot regions on the earth-facing side of the sun. And one of these large regions was possessing, perfectly producing flares and associated, what are called coronal mass ejections - big blobs of the solar atmosphere that actually get ejected from the sun into interplanetary space. So this region has been producing lots of the solar flares, particularly strong ones and ejecting blob after blob of plasma of the solar atmosphere aimed at Earth.”
Massive blobs of the solar atmosphere moving at extreme speed towards Earth sounds like something we should be terrified of.
In reality, most solar storms, even of this scale, hit earth with little more than a light show.
Dr Tucker says the colours visible from Earth depend on what gas is charged or excited by the currents.
"You can think of that as we have lots of nitrogen and oxygen in our Earth's atmosphere, and there are different layers so depending on how much energy there is in which layers reach will determine that colour the greens and kind of pinks usually come from oxygen and the more purple or darker red colours come from nitrogen. So that's the gas that is really being excited and charged by the storms and glowing."
Professor of Space Physics at the University of Reading, Matthew Owens says the auroras work similarly to how a neon light works.
“You run an electrical current through a gas and you get it to emit light. But the reason we’ve got these electrical currents flowing through the atmosphere is because the earth’s own magnetic field is being, as you say, battered by these eruptions from the sun that left about three days ago."
Aside from the spectacular displays, solar storms at this scale can also cause technological issues.
But Dr Tucker says it's rare for these to have major impacts.
"For the most part, most of this energy is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and this magnetic protective layer, the magnetic field so we don't have that many effects on earth now if there is even more than what we saw over the weekend, there could be enough energy that does reach the surface. And because it is electrically charged, it can create some interference the usual cases it creates kind of a bit of electrical static, charge in the Earth's atmosphere so sending radio signals can get interfered. It has a lot of interference are satellites that's usually the biggest worry."
The largest solar storm in human history lasted several weeks in 1859 and is known as the Carrington Event, after the amateur astronomer who first connected the solar flares with the technological disturbance.
The Carrington even wreaked havoc on telegraph systems, with reports at the time of sparks showering from telegraph machines, operators receiving electric shocks and papers set ablaze by the rogue sparks.
But a few hundred years ago, the earth was not covered in millions of kilometres of wires carrying electricity.
If a solar storm of that scale were to happen today, experts say it could cause a shutdown of power grids, causing blackouts for weeks or even months.
Robert Steenburgh says centres like the NOAA and Australia's own Space Weather Prediction Centre exist to ensure we know if there's anything to worry about.
“You know, by making folks aware of space weather and by having a facility that, that's our job, we keep an eye on this stuff and let people know again, there are ways to try and mitigate and work around some of these things. So, if everything's going right, you won't notice a whole lot other than the aurora. That's the gift from the sun. But you know, the rest of it, with any luck, will be pretty low profile, at least to the average person.”
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 78 |
https://www.pelican.com/us/en/
|
en
|
Shop Cases, Flashlights, Coolers, and Travel gear
|
https://www.pelican.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.pelican.com/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/gun-ammo-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-dslr-camera-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/cargo-roof-truck-bed-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-carry-on-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-micro-small-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/wine-and-spirit.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/gun-and-ammo-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/camera-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/vehicle-cargo-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/travel-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/accessories-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/small-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/medium-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/large-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/square-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/long-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/protector-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/air-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/storm-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/vault-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/cargo-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/personal-utility-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/hardback-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/micro-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/foam-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/no-foam-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/padded-divider-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/trekpak-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/hybrid-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/organizer-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/hard-coolers.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/soft-coolers.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/wheeled-coolers.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/cooler-accessories.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-tactical-lights.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-safety-lights.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/pelican-right-angle-lights.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/headlamps.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/remote-area-lights.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/flashlight-accessories.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/iphone-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/samsung-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/airtag-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/magsafe-accessories.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/floating-pouches.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/screen-lens-protector.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/put-it-in-a-pelican.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/discover-cases-tile.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/discover-hard-coolers-tile.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/discover-bundle-tile.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/navbar/best-sellers.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/search.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/search.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/account-circle.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/account-circle.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/spacer.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-airtag-tracker-wallet.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/corner-img.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/shop/pelican-module-cases.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/shop/pelican-module-coolers.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/shop/pelican-module-headlamp.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/shop/pelican-module-phone-case.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/shop/pelican-module-drinkware-porter.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/1750/pelican-1750-gen-2-protector-long-case-black-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cooler/70QT/pelican-70qt-cooler-cement-white-01-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/V300P/pelican-v300p-vault-case-pistol-01-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/1535/pelican-air-1535-rolling-carry-on-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/1615/pelican-air-1615-rolling-light-weight-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/V525/pelican-vault-v525-rolling-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/BX135/pelican-cargo-bx135-trunk-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/BX90R/pelican-cargo-bx90r-roof-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cooler/45QW/pelican-45qw-hunting-cooler-outdoor-coolers-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-laptop-sleeves.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-micro-cases.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-back-to-school.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/V800/pelican-vault-v800-ghost-gray-01-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cooler/8QT/pelican-8qt-hard-cooler-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/1745BOW/pelican-air-1745bow-hunting-archery-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/products/cases/1615/pelican-1615-air-case-check-in-airline-case-t.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/corner-img.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-protector-case-series.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-air-case-series.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-storm-case-series.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-vault-case-series.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/pelican-mail-icon.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/read-more.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/read-more.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/read-more.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/home/read-more.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/us-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/eu-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/ca-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/au-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/jp-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/cn-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/la-flag.gif",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-amazon.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-bh-photo.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-cabellas.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-gander-outdoors.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-adorama.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-midway.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-scheels.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-dicks.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-academy.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-sportsmans.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-home-depot.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-optics-planet.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-moosejaw.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-backcountry.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/dealer-logos/logo-rp-lumber.jpg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/pelican-logo-white.png",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-instagram.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-facebook.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-x.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-linkedin.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-youtube.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/footer-tiktok.svg",
"https://media.pelican.com/img/icons/us-flag.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Pelican protects what's valuable. Cases, coolers, phone cases, flashlights, travel gear, luggage, drinkware, and backpacks. Pelican products, made in USA and guaranteed for life.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Pelican
|
https://www.pelican.com/us/en/
|
Ice Storm No Match for Pelican 1510
In early February 2022 an ice storm came through my home town of Memphis which according to the NY Times caused around 60,000 people to lose power for almost a week. I was leaving for a work trip the next morning, so I had already packed the car in expectation to leave for my early flight. The storm hit and in addition to losing power, the accumulation of ice on the trees combined with high winds caused one of my neighbor's trees to fall directly on my SUV in the middle of the night.
Crushproof and Crashproof
I was on my way home from teaching a women’s “stop the bleed” and firearms safety course at the Homestead (Florida) training center for Triad medical training. I had my Pelican 1615 Air Case tied down in the bed of my truck with my range setup inside. I was at a stoplight when I heard two cars coming up behind me at a high rate of speed. I realized they were coming into my lane and not stopping. The lead car struck the rear of my truck spinning me into the intersection and ejecting my Pelican Case from the bed of my truck. My Pelican Case ended up in the middle of the intersection and got dragged under a pickup truck, until it got run over and became dislodged. The gentleman who’s truck it was under noticed the case dislodge from under his truck and took it home. Upon inspection he found my fiancé’s business card in the ID slot and reached out, reuniting me with my gear!
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 34 |
https://www.felixinden.com/blog/blog/some-tips-for-photographing-the-elusive-aurora-borealis
|
en
|
How to photograph the Aurora borealis I Northern Lights — Felix Inden Photography
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/t/5f25dedbd9bc7b2a92b96ac9/1596317424488/Skagsanden-Auroraflections-Kopie.jpg?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/t/5f25dedbd9bc7b2a92b96ac9/1596317424488/Skagsanden-Auroraflections-Kopie.jpg?format=1500w
|
[
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596318417831-IKTUPD4ST7BTWNOH60BE/Photographer+taking+pictures+of+the+northern+lights+on+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596318806765-DVEQD816NCH8OQBTR0M0/Reflections+of+the+northern+lights+on+Skagsanden+beach%2C+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319125107-KF6WC2YWJ8B356VCH6RB/Reflections+of+the+northern+lights+and+the+rising+full+moon+on+Lofoten+islands%2C+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319853631-FK71A1FVSZOLH7NEH8FM/Aurora+borealis+above+a+freezing+stream+in+northern+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596319957941-NWGJ0QCOZQ7LNM1PSEEP/Aurora+borealis+reflecting+on+receding+water+at+Skagsanden+beach%2C+Lofoten+islands+in+Norway",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v2/namespaces/memberAccountAvatars/libraries/5f04edfb9872af3f269a67b6/6782a5ec79cb473cb1453340af07f305/6782a5ec79cb473cb1453340af07f305.jpeg?format=300w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Felix Inden"
] |
2020-08-02T00:15:15+02:00
|
Learn how to take amazing landscape photographs with the Aurora borealis as icing on the cake. Which camera settings are best and which other things do we have to keep in mind in order to not only take a picture of the northern lights, but great landscape photography with the Aurora borealis on top.
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5f04edfd301d58147ee59b4b/1596061369523-LPBUA242T03F69ROWC9G/favicon.ico
|
Felix Inden Photography
|
https://www.felixinden.com/blog/blog/some-tips-for-photographing-the-elusive-aurora-borealis
|
Recommended Camera Settings
You will need to crank up the light sensitivity (ISO) of your camera as far up as your camera allows while still retaining a decent image quality. For entry level cameras that will be something around ISO 800- 1500. With professional cameras like the Nikon D850, Sony A7R4, Canon 5D IV, Canon EOS R 5 and many more, you can also go way further up to ISO3600-8000 and still get a printable result. Then there are also the ISO monster like the Sony Alpha A7S III. These fantastic little night vision devices allow you to go up to ISO 45000 and still retain a nice workable file at a lower resolution.
Open the aperture (f-stop) of your lens as much as you can to let as much light as possible hit the sensor. After all we are talking about night photography, which of course includes shooting in total darkness depending on the moon. Entry level l enses will most like stop at f 4 or f 5.6. This doesn´t mean that it´s impossible to shoot night images with them, but you won´t have much playground compared to more sophisticated lenses. Even a small jump in the aperture will mean significantly less light hitting the sensor of your camera. You´ll most likely be forced to shoot at the higher end of your ISO range and still need to do long exposures of around 30". Most professional lenses will offer at least f2.8. A very popular lens for aurora photography which i almost exclusively use for this purpose is the NIkkor 14-24 2.8.
Even Canon and Sony users often use this Nikon lens on their cameras, as it has had the fame to be the sharpest zoom lens with the best values for coma and corner sharpness. There are also many prime wide angle lenses that offer wider apertures, but many of them face different issues when used wide open. If this interests you, check out Petapixel about how to read MTF charts. I personally don´t give much about all these charts and controlled test examinations. Instead, i´ll always just search for real life user feedback and then rent a lens in order to test it out there in the field- that´s the only thing that matters to me in the end.
The exposure you should go for is depending on the intensity of the Aurora and especially the speed of the movement. The faster it dances- the shorter we have to expose to retain the gorgeus textures preventing rendering the result to nothing more than a colorful blop in the sky.
If the lights are faint and only slowly moving, start with f2.8, ISO1000, 20-30"
When they pick up pace adjust to f2.8, ISO2000, 10-20"
Now the lights go totally crazy like they are likely to do in the next days you will need to play with the settings to stay under 10" exposure for the best results.
Something i have frequently used: f2.8, ISO3600, 2-8"
All this is dependant on your camera gear and most importantly light sources like the moon and also the light pollution of street lamps, cities and even boats on the sea. While searching for tips to shoot the Aurora borealis one will often find people saying that the days around new moon are the best. I disagree with this and prefer to shoot with increasing or decreasing moon- but not at full moon. The landscape will be extremely dark around full moon while it get´s lid up beautyfully when the moonlight shines to gently play with the surrounding landscapes. This effect adds so much to a landscape photograph... in the end the best you can do is extending your trip as much as possible to make sure to get multiple chances to shoot the northern lights- this way you can also learn how much moonlight adds to your scenery and how much it can cause trouble when it´s missing.
How to nail focus in the dark
During the night we will be opening the aperture to collect as much light as possible, which also leads to a shallow depth of field. For most purposes of Aurora photography we will want to have as much of our scene tack sharp as possible. We can achieve this by avoiding to have elements too close to the lens.
The easiest way of focussing in the darkness of the night is searching for a bright light source that is far away from you- some cameras are capable of doing this in liveview using a bright star, for most we´ll have to drop a lamp around 50m from us and then focus on it. Sometimes we can also use the car lights of some other photographers which might be somewhere around or street lamps, houses (which we normally try to avoid- some of the best locations still feature a few of them unfortunately). This will lead to an image that is sharp enough overall and with some sharpening applied in postprocessing it´s totally useable.
Now shooting with wideangle lenses really invites to play with prominent foregrounds- this can result in quite a pain. But luckily there is the great technique of focus stacking. For this you shoot different images at the same settings while adjusting only the focus throughout the scene. I do it manually without even watching it anymore nowadays, but using liveview and a torch to light up the area of interest is also a good technique. This can be very disturbing for other photographers though- so be always conscient about this and don´t overdo it.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 81 |
https://www.mnufc.com/news/know-before-you-go-mnufc2-vs-town-fc
|
en
|
Know Before You Go: MNUFC2 vs. Town FC
|
[
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1648052084/assets/min/logos/MNUFC_PrimaryCrest_RGB.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_editorial_landscape_8_desktop_mobile/f_auto/mls-min/lbpiq9y885gqnror0cso.jpg",
"https://www.mnufc.com/assets/images/share.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_keep-aspect-ratio-e-mobile/f_auto/mls-min/kjkgqbdzmxampkmuw8ok.jpg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_keep-aspect-ratio-e-mobile/f_auto/mls-min/metapc8yezzycngjqpq1.jpg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_keep-aspect-ratio-e-mobile/f_auto/mls-min/yjgnuroy1qcndikpkxf0.jpg",
"https://www.mnufc.com/assets/images/share.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_editorial_landscape_8_desktop_mobile/f_auto/mls-min/dynnwnn56p5musmswise.jpg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_editorial_landscape_8_desktop_mobile/f_auto/mls-min/e2qul6ewpiypciloas68.jpg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/private/t_editorial_landscape_8_desktop_mobile/f_auto/mls-min/vje1qg6abl82tgjgokv8.jpg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1625236583/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/Allianz_gcbzk8.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1625236585/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/Target_t8shlq.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1625236584/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/Allina-Health_pnlgxz.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1625236584/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/bb_pyp697.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1670884270/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/BCBS_Footer_e2vl4t",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1677547310/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/Footer_GrandCasino_gli3wf",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1677547310/assets/min/partner-footer-logos/Adidas_Performance_Logo_BWr.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/ATL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/ATX.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/CLT.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1633105014/assets/chi/logos/CHI_Logo-2021.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/CIN.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/COL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/CLB-Logo-2021-Reversed.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/DAL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/DC.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/HOU.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/LAFC.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/LA.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/MIA.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/MIN.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1668018023/assets/mtl/logos/Montreal-Club-colored_MLS_Crest-480x480.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/NSH.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1637679626/assets/ner/logos/NE_Logo.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1709593596/assets/logos/Primary-Club-Logo-480x480-cqrlan.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/RBNY.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/ORL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/PHI.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/POR.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/RSL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1702414915/assets/SDFC/SanDiego-logo-480x480_rs6qt0.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/SJ.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1702319240/assets/sea/logos/SEA2023-Full_Color-480x480_fk6mpu.png",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/SKC.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/STL.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/TOR.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/assets/logos/VAN.svg",
"https://images.mlssoccer.com/image/upload/v1594889391/assets/crest/MLS-Crest-FFF.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Grace Diersen"
] |
2024-08-07T20:54:39.696000+00:00
|
MNUFC2 kicks off against Town FC at Allianz Field this Thursday, August 8 at 7:00 p.m. CT.
|
en
|
MNUFC
|
https://www.mnufc.com/news/know-before-you-go-mnufc2-vs-town-fc
|
Last time out, the Twos fell to the Tacoma Defiance in a tough 5-1 road loss. MLS NEXT All Star Darius Randell bagged the Loonsâ lone goal of the evening in the 69th minute, with an assist from fellow academy player Will Schmidt. Despite the lopsided scoreline, the Loons continued to gain valuable experience for some of their younger members, and theyâll be ready to prove that theyâve learned a few lessons in this weekâs match. The Town FC is coming to the Twin Cities for MNUFC2âs next MLS NEXT Pro matchup, and itâs set to be a special affair, as the Twos will be taking to the pitch at Allianz Field for the first time this season. The Town have captured 11 of their last 15 possible points, picking up three wins, a shootout victory, and just one loss at the hands of Timbers 2. The opposition is in fine form, but the Allianz Field aura might be the secret sauce the Twos need to find another gear and pull off the upset. Come see if they can reverse their fortunes under the big lights and start a winning streak; get your tickets today at SeatGeek.com. Can't make it to out to Allianz Field? No problem; you can stream the game for FREE on MLSNEXTPro.com.
Autograph Alley
MNUFC2 players will be signing autographs on their way back to the locker room after the match. Fans that want to score some signatures should make their way to the bottom of section 28 at the end of the game, where they will be guided down to the autograph area by event staff. Fans of all ages are invited to participate.
Postgame PKs
Once the players have cleared the field after Autograph Alley, fans between the ages of 3 and 15 will have the chance to take a PK on the very same turf that the team plays on. After signing a waiver, participants gathered at the bottom of section 36 of the seating bowl will be guided down to the field by event staff.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 22 |
https://www.enriquepacheco.com/blog/about-aurora-borealis
|
en
|
About Aurora Borealis — Enrique Pacheco
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/6051ddb2a7dc6251dc593360/60732bc56c0d160d0cb9236c/1618497706765/Aurora-thumb.jpeg?format=1500w
|
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/6051ddb2a7dc6251dc593360/60732bc56c0d160d0cb9236c/1618497706765/Aurora-thumb.jpeg?format=1500w
|
[
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1615971481144-9E0DCCVAVOZIGGL3BA92/logo-enrique-pacheco1.png?format=1500w",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1615971481144-9E0DCCVAVOZIGGL3BA92/logo-enrique-pacheco1.png?format=1500w",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1618422358558-DPTWYRO7Y41E4W4V6FHV/Aurora_Borealis-1.jpeg",
"https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/1618422399580-S8JAISQIU079UAE9RPKC/AuroraSky-2.jpeg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Enrique Pacheco"
] |
2013-09-23T10:57:00+02:00
|
Lee en español
|
en
|
https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6051c2ec56bd3d3e4928cf80/29d9955a-843d-45b1-acae-0aaa984f9575/favicon.ico?format=100w
|
Enrique Pacheco
|
https://www.enriquepacheco.com/blog/about-aurora-borealis
|
In more than ten years as a professional photographer, I’ve had the opportunity to contemplate and photograph lots of different scenes and breathtakingly beautiful places. In my images, I always try to not only show the beauty of the landscape, but to transmit the emotion I felt while shooting as well.
Aurora Borealis are a natural phenomena that move and touch the spectator as no other scenery. I have seen the Northern Lights countless times over the years, yet I still experience them just like the first time: with childlike wonder, fascination and euphoria.
Aurora Borealis awake lots of questions in the photographer and traveller. I’m not an astronomy expert, but I’ll try to share what I have learned while hunting and capturing Auroras.
How do Aurora Borealis happen?
Auroras are a natural light phenomena that can be seen on the Earth Poles. The North Pole ones are called Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights, and the ones in the South Pole are known as Aurora Australis or Southern Lights. They appear as a result of a particle collision between the solar wind and Earth’s magnetic fields.
Where can Aurora Borealis be seen?
Aurora Borealis become more visible the closer we get to the Earth Poles. As the Antarctica is an underpopulated place, very difficult to access, most of the pictures of Aurora Borealis we see have been taken not in Antarctica, but as close as possible to the North Pole.
In some cases, Aurora Borealis have been seen on lower latitudes, in places like the United Kingdom. However, without a doubt the best places to see them are Alaska, Norway and of course, Iceland. Iceland is considered the most comfortable country to see the Northern Lights, for its more welcoming and relatively mild climate. Thanks to the proximity to the Gulf Stream, in Iceland we can see Aurora Borealis at -10ºC, compared to -25ºC (or lower) for the same conditions in Norway or Alaska.
When is the best date to see Aurora Borealis?
Aurora Borealis might be visible at any time of the year, as long as the sky is dark enough. Contrary to what people think, there is not a time of the year when they are more frequent. The crucial factor is the light. Close to the Arctic the sun doesn’t go down in summer, which means that during the summer months of the year the northernmost countries don’t see the night. This, consequently, prevents the visibility of the Northern Lights. When the night falls, the Auroras appear. When planning an Aurora hunting trip, I usually choose November and March, because these are months with lots of night hours but not as cold as December or January. Additionally, the winter months have much less light hours, and that makes planning the trip additionally difficult.
Can Aurora Borealis be predicted?
There are internet pages that predict the appearance of Aurora Borealis with accuracy. The sun wind creating the Auroras takes two days to reach Earth from the Sun. As the Sun is observed and analyzed constantly by astronomers, when a sun storm or an explosion happens, it’s possible to know that two days after, there will be a lot of Aurora Borealis activity.
The website I use is the Geophysical Institute, Alaska University.
How can we photograph Aurora Borealis?
Aurora Borealis appear in very low light conditions. That will definitely put our photography equipment to the test, and we’ll need the best equipment we can afford. That is to say: low light lenses and sensitive cameras with a low noise level. Besides, Aurora Borealis move quite fast, so we can’t use long exposures or we won’t capture them with enough definition, and that definition is essential in achieving a stunning image. The ideal picture should show an Aurora with defined limits.
I know many of you are expecting the proper Exif data, so I’m going to share what works in most cases, but remember, the best you can do is to evaluate the scene and adapt to it.
ISO: The higher your camera allows for an acceptable level, in my case with a Sony a99 I can go up to 3200ISO with a reasonable noise level, easily rectifiable with Lightroom.
Fstop: The faster that your lens permit, keeping in mind the definition loss with high diaphragm aperture. There are lenses that open 1.4, like the Canon 24mm, but loosing a lot of quality, best results at f2. I use Zeiss 16-35mm f2.8, that offers a great quality even with the highest aperture.
Shutter Speed: This depends on the brightness the Aurora Borealis that we are photographing. In some cases, I had to use only 5s of exposition, when the usual is between 15 and 20s. We will always have to bear in mind that if we use very long exposures the Aurora will look blurry and soft, with no definition, and we are also have the risk of showing moved stars in our picture.
|
||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 20 |
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/photographing-the-aurora
|
en
|
Photographing the Aurora
|
[
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vHomepage_Nav_OM1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.gx_Q5ozP5-_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_PEN_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.chBxNaguFt_1_.webp",
"https://explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/Nav_Lenses_20200206.jpg",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tough_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.bJffX1Cpln_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_ws852_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.AtF2xcgNVa.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_lsp4_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.cvJwPR-TAM.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_as2400_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.C4lEfrDcec.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_ds9000_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.YOqPf2vhos.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vHomepage_Nav_OM1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.gx_Q5ozP5-_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tough_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.bJffX1Cpln_1_.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_lsp4_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic.cvJwPR-TAM.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_pro_20200206.jpg.pagespeed.ic._P9PDbbPzQ.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Tips.jpg.pagespeed.ic.kutIvMFch8.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Events.jpg.pagespeed.ic.qoze62RX8z.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_PhotoGeneres.jpg.pagespeed.ic.-Cw6Sp7cYF.webp",
"https://us-en.explore.omsystem.com/media/wysiwyg/menu/vNav_Pros.jpg.pagespeed.ic.X39_YD1b3R.webp",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_1.jpg?itok=bQWtPwYH 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_1.jpg?itok=VJYUbDAd 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_1.jpg?itok=VKHTZfk7 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_1.jpg?itok=t65_hBYs 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_2.jpg?itok=KQQFMzgE 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_2.jpg?itok=2PkdxUdV 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_2.jpg?itok=IMdeFzVv 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_2.jpg?itok=CmrGrfyG 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_3.jpg?itok=UJl_zdqD 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_3.jpg?itok=0B2eyXG6 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_3.jpg?itok=ZLy6GJp_ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_3.jpg?itok=kuSU7-eR 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_4.jpg?itok=WIbQmTHO 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_4.jpg?itok=yBLPteST 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_4.jpg?itok=fikOgZxb 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_4.jpg?itok=pVLTZBIo 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_5.jpg?itok=OcH4xHxt 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_5.jpg?itok=_pOegFqq 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_5.jpg?itok=c9pJUiJB 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_5.jpg?itok=XfnB96iU 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_6.jpg?itok=RPN7ZJIq 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_6.jpg?itok=1cvlAewi 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_6.jpg?itok=7sU6nyPJ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_6.jpg?itok=YCzMsx2N 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_7.jpg?itok=fNiXSx8s 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_7.jpg?itok=_MsltIUM 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_7.jpg?itok=dsTMRRCG 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_7.jpg?itok=BLdoK5LR 1490w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_8.jpg?itok=rJe8lE5a 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_8.jpg?itok=NVtctbl1 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_8.jpg?itok=vEte-nof 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_8.jpg?itok=ttI7u27N 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_9.jpg?itok=6cOrWgOh 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_9.jpg?itok=uq1ZDRL6 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_9.jpg?itok=ETYj3Nqk 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_9.jpg?itok=qe7P9V8f 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_10.jpg?itok=x310d6fw 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_10.jpg?itok=UallnP5Y 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_10.jpg?itok=S7p6hMtP 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_10.jpg?itok=Qle3DLWU 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_11.jpg?itok=WPlCljJg 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_11.jpg?itok=XoHzEojC 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_11.jpg?itok=tbNvwHce 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_11.jpg?itok=HRhN6bub 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_12.jpg?itok=ZHcpny1A 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_12.jpg?itok=6UcXfqGU 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_12.jpg?itok=JRmxYgBZ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_12.jpg?itok=66claZub 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_13.jpg?itok=bx5xfCAV 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_13.jpg?itok=o1xTqyvi 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_13.jpg?itok=M_YToeDu 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_13.jpg?itok=iV6RRE2g 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_14.jpg?itok=ArjFKZM7 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_14.jpg?itok=vZzqcv9V 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_14.jpg?itok=2Mb2Xcn7 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_14.jpg?itok=JqsYRYKY 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_15.jpg?itok=9ACSAAQY 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_15.jpg?itok=mcmHzw5P 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_15.jpg?itok=b2rWL4sQ 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_15.jpg?itok=MC_iVlSz 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_16_1.jpg?itok=QQJ8axN9 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_16_1.jpg?itok=5-vMGHtw 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_16_1.jpg?itok=29J_g_ZS 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_16_1.jpg?itok=qIau7_5L 1500w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_20.jpg?itok=OpQAJi0D 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_20.jpg?itok=z85ffm9m 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_20.jpg?itok=1eegN7qH 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_20.jpg?itok=jbNKUYGp 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_18.jpg?itok=YZjcFIhM 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_18.jpg?itok=b-b-iKUO 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_18.jpg?itok=c-THZhnN 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_18.jpg?itok=LfkVyb3f 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_19.jpg?itok=osQvj74t 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_19.jpg?itok=cK7tpckJ 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_19.jpg?itok=eLuh3gYm 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_19.jpg?itok=LL3LOHgu 1500w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/2023-04/aurora_17.jpg?itok=TMdjoHaV 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/2023-04/aurora_17.jpg?itok=YCgXPSPD 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/2023-04/aurora_17.jpg?itok=J9r9N8m0 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/2023-04/aurora_17.jpg?itok=gY-vKw43 1500w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_450px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430Peter-Baumgarten.jpg?itok=G0CnmBtQ 450w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_768px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430Peter-Baumgarten.jpg?itok=Zmk1Q26H 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_900px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430Peter-Baumgarten.jpg?itok=sd5krxMX 900w, /sites/default/files/styles/rectangular_1536px/public/images/2022/04/article_authorcredit1200x430Peter-Baumgarten.jpg?itok=3ZAu_qeN 1200w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/small_square/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=0te2sO7d 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=lCdqAajv 640w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=CyiswtZu 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/small_square_2x/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=fOa_3AlM 800w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square_2x/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=YV-hruN1 1280w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square_2x/public/2021-04/astro101_-_11.jpg?itok=QXyNSKry 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/small_square/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=6EWt63wi 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=ZQWc07nO 640w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=B8LNWvxj 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/small_square_2x/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=a78cuBlr 800w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square_2x/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=oH_-pT8v 1280w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square_2x/public/2022-04/computational_1.jpg?itok=vvQPvBLH 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/styles/small_square/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=luzW7juH 400w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=g6myysuq 640w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=a3DM2cLK 768w, /sites/default/files/styles/small_square_2x/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=Ktlpruum 800w, /sites/default/files/styles/medium_square_2x/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=pB0t4qDF 1280w, /sites/default/files/styles/large_square_2x/public/2022-08/milkway_photographer_tom_ormerod.jpg?itok=n1Gq5QST 1536w",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/thawte.png",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-americanexpress.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-mastercard.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-visa.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-discover.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/profiles/platform/orchard/themes/custom/olympus_orchard/dist/assets/logo-paypal.svg",
"https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/sites/default/files/images/2022/03/OMSYSTEM_footer.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/sites/default/files/TypeA_Black_Letters.png
|
https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/astrophotography/photographing-the-aurora
|
Astro-landscape photography is one of my favorite styles of photography and it has become a very popular style for photographers of all skill levels. Simply put, it means capturing the night sky in a landscape setting. The “night sky” however, can involve a number of different subjects; the milky way, meteor showers, the moon, comets, and constellations. I enjoy photographing all of these, but for me, there is one phenomenon that is the crown jewel of night photography, and that is the aurora. Unfortunately, it is also the most frustrating subject to try and capture. All of the other celestial subjects are quite predictable. With a bit of research, it is easy to figure out exactly where and when they will appear in the night sky. The northern lights are far less predictable, and even though forecasting has improved in recent years the forecasts are not always accurate (hmmm… sounds like the weather!).
The What, Where and When
The aurora is caused by explosions on the surface of the sun called coronal mass ejections. These large expulsions of plasma and electrically charged particles from the sun’s corona can travel great distances in space and eventually collide with the earth’s magnetic field. Most are deflected, but some are captured by the magnetic field and driven down toward the poles where they collide with molecules in the atmosphere. These molecules enter an ‘excited’ state and begin to glow. Oxygen molecules tend to glow green, while nitrogen glows purple, pink and red. The characteristic pillars and curtains of light are caused by the lines of force in the magnetic field. The strength of the CME will determine the intensity of the aurora. Geomagnetic activity is measured using the Kp Index, a scale that goes from 0 to 9. The greater the CME, the greater the kP value and the more intense the resulting aurora will be.
Since solar storms are somewhat random it can be difficult to predict when the aurora will occur. Several apps and websites exist that can improve your chance of seeing the northern (or southern) lights. My preferred ones are;
• App – My Aurora & Alerts (Android and iOS)
• Websites – Soft Serve News
Your chances of seeing a good display increases at higher latitudes. Alaska, northern Canada, Iceland and Norway are popular destinations for those wishing to witness the northern lights. Although the aurora is not seasonal, the longer nights of winter can be a great time to plan a trip to these locations. At these latitudes the aurora can be seen at Kp2 and Kp3, which is fairly common. A solar storm is needed in order to view the northern lights at more southerly latitudes. I live at 45 degrees north and require at least Kp5 in order to view the aurora and even at that level they are rather faint. At Kp7 the aurora can be viewed in the northern U.S. Extreme storms of Kp8 and Kp9 are quite rare, but the resulting displays are incredible to witness… and to photograph.
Viewing and Photographing the Aurora
With all night sky photography there are certain things that will increase your chances of success. First and foremost is the need to be in a dark sky area. The aurora cannot compete with the artificial light in urban areas. Of course, moonlight can also interfere with your viewing. And nothing is more frustrating than to have a blanket of clouds covering you when you know the lights are dancing in the sky, so check out weather forecasts and satellite images. As well, be prepared to wait. Even if the sky conditions are perfect it is not unusual for the aurora to wane for a period of time during a solar storm. Also, keep in mind that the aurora is never as bright and colourful to the naked eye as it is in photographs. Our cameras can see the night sky in ways that we just can’t.
Camera Settings When I first started my journey into astro-landscape photography I clearly recall being intimidated by which camera settings I should use when shooting at night. I quickly discovered that once you know the settings for your camera/lens combination they hardly ever change. This is because once it’s dark out you can shoot for hours under identical lighting conditions. This certainly applies for most situations where I am photographing the milky way. Unfortunately, when it comes to photographing the aurora, things aren’t quite that simple. The intensity of the northern lights can change dramatically through the night, or from one display to the next. As such there isn’t a specific formula that you can use, unlike for general astro shooting. The basics of night sky photography is beyond the scope of this article, so if you are new to this style of photography check out the following, Astrophotography 101.
With extra light hitting your sensor you can get away with shorter shutter speeds and lower ISO settings. How much will depend on the situation, but generally I try to keep the shutter speed between 5 and 10 seconds. The pillars and curtains of light can move fairly quickly and with longer shutter speeds they will blur together and create a ‘mushy’ feel to the image.
As for gear, I usually use the OM SYSTEM OM-1, although all of the cameras in the OM SYSTEM line-up are quite capable of capturing the beauty of the night sky. Your choice of lens will have a bigger impact on your image. My three favorite lenses for shooting at night are the M.Zuiko 8mm F1.8 PRO Fisheye, the 12mm F2, and the 17mm F1.2 PRO. They are all faster lenses with a wide field of view. A lens with a maximum aperture of f/2.8 or greater will work, but you will need to increase your ISO, shutter speed, or both. The chart below illustrates my typical settings when shooting with the OM-1 and 12mm F2 for both the milky way and the aurora.
Milky Way Aurora Shutter Speed 15s 5 - 8s ISO 3200 640 - 1600 Aperture f/2 f/2 White Balance 3800K 3800K Noise Reduction Off On
As mentioned there is some variability in my settings when photographing the aurora because each display is different. For my milky way shots, I keep noise reduction off because I stack images in post to help reduce noise. This is not as effective when shooting the aurora so I ensure the NR is on. Make sure to take a test shot and examine it carefully in the viewfinder, especially to make sure that the stars are in focus. If your camera has Starry Sky AF, be sure to use it.
Once you have the best settings dialed in for the conditions, and you’ve taken a couple of test shots, it’s time to compose that killer shot.
Composition
Now comes the fun part, and for me, the most important part. After each major aurora event there will be a flood of images on social media. Getting yours to stand out will depend in large part on how you compose the shot, more specifically what you put in your foreground. I view photographing the northern lights in the same way as I look at capturing a spectacular sunset. The colors make a great backdrop, but it is your foreground that will make or break the shot. A flat horizon with a sky full of color may show off the beauty of the aurora, but makes for a rather uninteresting and forgettable photograph.
Keep the following in mind;
• Choose a location with one or more points of interest. A silhouetted tree, a mountain peak, a reflection in a tree-lined lake, an abandoned farm house – these are all great foregrounds that will add interest and staying power to your aurora photo.
• Know your location and scout out possible options during the day. It can be surprisingly difficult to find that really cool tree in the middle of field when it’s dark out.
• For some subjects a bit of light painting or low-level lighting might help bring out some interesting details.
• Have one or two backup locations in mind if your primary spot isn’t working out as you imagined it would.
Post-Processing
Every image of the night sky will require some post-processing in order to bring out the details. When it comes to my photos of the aurora I use a three-step approach. Using Adobe Lightroom Classic I first apply some basic global adjustments, then I apply a mask to the sky and make adjustments that will best bring out the details and colours in the aurora. Finally, I will copy and invert that mask and make adjustments to the foreground. In some instances, I will finish it off by making a few more refinements to the overall image. The screenshots below illustrate the process used for the very first image in this article.
Final Thoughts and Images
The surface of the sun is full of intense activity; sunspots, solar flares and coronal mass ejections. This activity fluctuates in intensity on an 11-year solar cycle. 2025 marks the solar maximum. That means that the aurora should increase in frequency and intensity until that time and gradually decrease after that for a few years before increasing again. I have found that capturing the northern lights is one of the most rewarding experiences that I have had as a photographer. It can be incredibly frustrating when the conditions prevent them from being seen, or worse, to find out that I have slept through an incredible display, but that just gets me more excited for the next one. And there will always be a next one.
|
||||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 39 |
https://theconversation.com/phone-cameras-can-take-in-more-light-than-the-human-eye-thats-why-low-light-events-like-the-northern-lights-often-look-better-through-your-phone-camera-230068
|
en
|
Phone cameras can take in more light than the human eye − that’s why low-light events like the northern lights often look better through your phone camera
|
[
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg",
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/@theconversation/ui/dist/esm/logos/logo-en-b159aca2598f351db37072c75294e4c8.svg",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/595266/original/file-20240520-17-xtj2z3.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=49%2C0%2C5551%2C3681&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip",
"https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1521248/width170/image-20240326-28-tn1nsn.jpg",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/595241/original/file-20240520-21-30uolf.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/595256/original/file-20240520-19-fvrsq5.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/595780/original/file-20240522-17-9fix3b.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://images.theconversation.com/files/595263/original/file-20240520-23-f8ybsb.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/337389371/logo-1520549009.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/336998628/TC_rescaled_logo_for_Jobboard_copy_TRANSPARENT.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/336930475/CC_logo.png",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/335860244/AUT-logo-block-international.jpg",
"https://jobs.theconversation.com/uploads/job/logo/335398166/3_monash.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Douglas Goodwin"
] |
2024-05-23T12:29:41+00:00
|
Phone cameras are an example of what’s called computational photography. Digital tools built into these cameras can enhance your images in real time.
|
en
|
The Conversation
|
https://theconversation.com/phone-cameras-can-take-in-more-light-than-the-human-eye-thats-why-low-light-events-like-the-northern-lights-often-look-better-through-your-phone-camera-230068
|
Smartphone cameras have significantly improved in recent years. Computational photography and AI allow these devices to capture stunning images that can surpass what we see with the naked eye. Photos of the northern lights, or aurora borealis, provide one particularly striking example.
If you saw the northern lights during the geomagnetic storms in May 2024, you might have noticed that your smartphone made the photos look even more vivid than reality.
Auroras, known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis) occur when the solar wind disturbs Earth’s magnetic field. They appear as streaks of color across the sky.
What makes photos of these events even more striking than they appear to the eye? As a professor of computational photography, I’ve seen how the latest smartphone features overcome the limitations of human vision.
Your eyes in the dark
Human eyes are remarkable. They allow you to see footprints in a sun-soaked desert and pilot vehicles at high speeds. However, your eyes perform less impressively in low light.
Human eyes contain two types of cells that respond to light – rods and cones. Rods are numerous and much more sensitive to light. Cones handle color but need more light to function. As a result, at night our vision relies heavily on rods and misses color.
The result is like wearing dark sunglasses to watch a movie. At night, colors appear washed out and muted. Similarly, under a starry sky, the vibrant hues of the aurora are present but often too dim for your eyes to see clearly.
In low light, your brain prioritizes motion detection and shape recognition to help you navigate. This trade-off means the ethereal colors of the aurora are often invisible to the naked eye. Technology is the only way to increase their brightness.
Taking the perfect picture
Smartphones have revolutionized how people capture the world. These compact devices use multiple cameras and advanced sensors to gather more light than the human eye can, even in low-light conditions. They achieve this through longer exposure times – how long the camera takes in light – larger apertures and increasing the ISO, the amount of light your camera lets in.
But smartphones do more than adjust these settings. They also leverage computational photography to enhance your images using digital techniques and algorithms. Image stabilization reduces the camera’s shakiness, and exposure settings optimize the amount of light the camera captures.
Multi-image processing creates the perfect photo by stacking multiple images together. A setting called night mode can balance colors in low light, while LiDAR capabilities in some phones keep your images in precise focus.
LiDAR stands for light detection and ranging, and phones with this setting emit laser pulses to calculate the distances to objects in the scene quickly in any kind of light. LiDAR generates a depth map of the environment to improve focus and make objects in your photos stand out.
Artificial intelligence tools in your smartphone camera can further enhance your photos by optimizing the settings, applying bursts of light and using super-resolution techniques to get really fine detail. They can even identify faces in your photos.
AI processing in your smartphone’s camera
While there’s plenty you can do with a smartphone camera, regular cameras do have larger sensors and superior optics, providing more control over the images you take. Camera manufacturers like Nikon, Sony and Canon typically avoid tampering with the image, instead letting the photographer take creative control.
These cameras offer photographers the flexibility of shooting in raw format, which allows you to keep more of each image’s data for editing and often produces higher-quality results.
Unlike dedicated cameras, modern smartphone cameras use AI while and after you snap a picture to enhance your photos’ quality. While you’re taking a photo, AI tools will analyze the scene you’re pointing the camera at and adjust settings such as exposure, white balance and ISO, while recognizing the subject you’re shooting and stabilizing the image. These make sure you get a great photo when you hit the button.
You can often find features that use AI such as high dynamic range, night mode and portrait mode, enabled by default or accessible within your camera settings.
AI algorithms further enhance your photos by refining details, reducing blur and applying effects such as color correction after you take the photo.
All these features help your camera take photos in low-light conditions and contributed to the stunning aurora photos you may have captured with your phone camera.
While the human eye struggles to fully appreciate the northern lights’ otherworldly hues at night, modern smartphone cameras overcome this limitation. By leveraging AI and computational photography techniques, your devices allow you to see the bold colors of solar storms in the atmosphere, boosting color and capturing otherwise invisible details that even the keenest eye will miss.
|
|||||
1605
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 83 |
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/southern-lights
|
en
|
Download Free Images on Unsplash
|
[
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2152515127/photo/southern-lights-over-lake-te-anau.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=q2HiU0HwsbP2WnA7sBTgVLlDEtnn7HbOKccO8Fkgkr0=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2152540144/photo/aurora-australis-dancing-in-the-sky-over-cape-schanck-lighthouse.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=4fbs9HruDMNa4f_XxEsQITcImI8tj8gYiWvU6wrlINQ=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1508351595/photo/northern-lights-mt-cook-national-park-new-zealand.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=9Q3ooB71ZVjI8xs2O7ah0Ww7OSA42eM1kTMxdKnV4KY=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/641712994/photo/southern-lights.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=Dz3G-a9H4YAMy3PG6AWEoZbDPjE4upOzA6Liuy0t1gk=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1534975402/photo/fence-auroras.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=ZEV8tfU-K78eMU5Oc_mdavbzJhMgxa_Mht_vau-qnxI=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1646430723/photo/exploring-the-moving-sky.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=vnRnGQq9ULguCRsbPQzqOFefhZJ0IYIfpddeBu0QNxE=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/516873095/photo/aurora-australis-in-new-zealand.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=UsxbTiUJo2heJeeAENpCa9QRdYy12SFL0LniWzEkxmI=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2156594994/photo/multi-colored-aurora-australis-reflected-in-lake-new-zealand.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=mF00N9XKbHhyrTdcc4PESAuIyd4-9uqhnQj9Qx5_lPU=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1486236457/photo/aurora-australis.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=_reiiXVs6jbuTEb31Jb5mTaPVQrkumqbzOZJmJ-f82Q=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/691684632/photo/mount-cook-and-lake-matheson-new-zealand-with-milky-way.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=ACagzIUcTZZ9GEgGZR5hiJfKWktyDgYdYnuHYokBtZc=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2152480132/photo/rare-aurora-australis-southern-light-with-milky-way-long-exposure-photo-near-fox-glacier-new.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=SZtjfqQVfodVLLBhDiDIG6FhU2ovOA8N_RHWTMpAORI=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1362976258/photo/the-southern-lights-or-aurora-australis-appears-in-the-skies-over-tasmania-australia-on.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=8Ov9dhG9n8tEClGvI_2F64l9Wjq8ijkdfVPRExi8BqM=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1042162008/photo/aurora-in-the-night-sky-of-queenstown-new-zealand.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=FLOTMDSxV1nCup9m8NDvrOhVFPYGEaX83qnDi7Kp6yw=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1483129132/photo/aurora-borealis-background.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=Y3QXAth2LzMRRwpSxdbKf6ZY-rSiggiibTT8pBAMdso=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1319584193/photo/aurora-over-rakiura-stewart-island-aotearoa-new-zealand.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=FeEaIg8k3GUbUO0clcoqEDlOvIkb3Fx5kfashwDUMIY=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2153634901/photo/aurora.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=JCNiIYTEzVgl-6xSHrngbiuGvlkGf47Vt1EapLjCsDY=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/537114667/photo/penguin-under-southern-lights.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=NsRoR18ngLiupacxKFaDL7KOD_E8kPoOPM4eLPv9yIU=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/455112697/photo/aurora-australis-and-milky-way-church-of-the-good-shepherd.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=znPc6BT6bx75kwgWjenhsxKWhl447XX_R1_YJESWmts=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/157674580/photo/the-aurora-borealis-paints-the-night-sky-with-green.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=v_DNxXbNW81_aM3Ydaij9hWe7qO-Ou7uS4ijRzjtHpc=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/938352382/photo/aurora-australis.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=a3TqM-yT69lJ-ooMzcCt-c_Tyqf-gi_md92KUSc1_j4=",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1679603692411-ac2a2e2b0d18image?w=16&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1679603692411-ac2a2e2b0d18image?w=16&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1716257908848-c373b23825c3image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1716257908848-c373b23825c3image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1715345360286-309796a63546image?w=16&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1715345360286-309796a63546image?w=16&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1605468029308-d961c84b7188image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1605468029308-d961c84b7188image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1588008975352-a99ced548e0fimage?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1588008975352-a99ced548e0fimage?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1696755492293-53be9e358528image?w=16&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1696755492293-53be9e358528image?w=16&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1588008975352-a99ced548e0fimage?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1588008975352-a99ced548e0fimage?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1661537276190-b27bf63fd940image?w=16&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1661537276190-b27bf63fd940image?w=16&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-fb-1591676158-164d2ab64c0b.jpg?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1634538532762-6a9b5e3f28c8image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1670236743900-356b1ee0dc42image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1670236743900-356b1ee0dc42image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1644189579276-23ef0268f169image?w=16&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1644189579276-23ef0268f169image?w=16&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=16&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1690286280726-f299a93ba448image?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1690286280726-f299a93ba448image?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1574617745209-42d2e8da884dimage?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1574617745209-42d2e8da884dimage?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1550948807680-179561e5855a?w=32&dpr=1&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 1x, https://images.unsplash.com/profile-1550948807680-179561e5855a?w=32&dpr=2&crop=faces&bg=%23fff&h=32&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3 2x",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1663954641509-94031ddb2028?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921749597-b62356ff9be2?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8N3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1682092623187-e76d6895c85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTN8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1676198153022-d92737932e57?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTd8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1692453624122-b532ff0074ca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTl8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1716257614492-134939beb36a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Mnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1718471110464-70610580a85b?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1644671084435-29a6a7c6a310?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8Nnx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://plus.unsplash.com/premium_photo-1717575510029-a9f5ff99c763?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OXx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682842279709-de0c55eb5d08?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTJ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1588351829783-6edb9bd6af6a?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTZ8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1553009043-706fe04b071f?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MjB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010401320-3a4656032e16?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8M3x8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010394123-cba0173b73a9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8NHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1677932394762-64ff2b2250be?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8OHx8c291dGhlcm4lMjBsaWdodHN8ZW58MHx8MHx8fDA%3D 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1686061404551-614848d83cbc?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTB8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1687170570291-25fa0b2ac336?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTF8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1645010548947-704b44dca5e9?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTR8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1682921201224-b80a827b7bca?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTV8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=100&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 100w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=300&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 300w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=500&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 500w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=700&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 700w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=900&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 900w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1000w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1200&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1200w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1400&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1400w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1600&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1600w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=1800&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 1800w, https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1527467779599-34448b3fa6a7?w=2000&auto=format&fit=crop&q=60&ixlib=rb-4.0.3&ixid=M3wxMjA3fDB8MHxzZWFyY2h8MTh8fHNvdXRoZXJuJTIwbGlnaHRzfGVufDB8fDB8fHww 2000w",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1135268747/photo/panoramic-nature-landscape-in-south-island-new-zealand-with-milky-way.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=gNPnWWwljZyh3AOr24Q3PE-VnEzaU4zgYYhb2xbpoMA=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/497944494/photo/aurora-australis.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=h08e2FtqvYqNBMoc4Y06Qc3u2jC68tBzVDnNH68_fIw=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1495203362/photo/aurora-borealis-seen-in-northern-canada-yukon-territory-northern-lights.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=MnGq4-S3ESVcglfF2_FGCwOUZSQldMppWyeO-qNq0II=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/507308654/photo/aurora-over-mt-wellington.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=sxCbLRPCI_QTk7HizZ83drvCGIl9IGk6BbBJV8bJnv4=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1135268747/photo/panoramic-nature-landscape-in-south-island-new-zealand-with-milky-way.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=gNPnWWwljZyh3AOr24Q3PE-VnEzaU4zgYYhb2xbpoMA=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/497944494/photo/aurora-australis.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=h08e2FtqvYqNBMoc4Y06Qc3u2jC68tBzVDnNH68_fIw=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1495203362/photo/aurora-borealis-seen-in-northern-canada-yukon-territory-northern-lights.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=MnGq4-S3ESVcglfF2_FGCwOUZSQldMppWyeO-qNq0II=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/507308654/photo/aurora-over-mt-wellington.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=sxCbLRPCI_QTk7HizZ83drvCGIl9IGk6BbBJV8bJnv4=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/155381517/photo/aurora-borealis-on-iceland.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=WtekkVTYuDyTezwxsuj2ch66W3-Y0iL_vOMyGbKB9ew=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2152632946/photo/southern-lights-in-chile-during-may-2024-solar-storms.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=T0TliJWRvGkriNn0nmO5GuG_kvqfjfFSswQBl0Ggzy4=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/2152863969/photo/aurora-australis-over-puketapu-mountain-in-palmerston-otago-on-11-may-2024.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=0dLU_cGpLGl185labTGZqARHFqgLQ4E3pXS1Ixgqxaw=",
"https://media.istockphoto.com/id/1530815659/photo/flying-in-outer-space-through-aurora-planets-and-stars-seen-on-the-bakcground.webp?b=1&s=170667a&w=0&k=20&c=D37P3bctPIcLT3l0t0ywaAAhzFi3tMUJiA95zpZuSdg=",
"https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adServer/adServerESI.aspx?script=false&bannerID=11757573&rnd=1723370716238&redir=https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adserver/1pixel.gif",
"https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adServer/adServerESI.aspx?script=false&bannerID=11758046&rnd=1723370716238&redir=https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adserver/1pixel.gif",
"https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adServer/adServerESI.aspx?script=false&bannerID=12236445&rnd=1723370716238&redir=https://secure.insightexpressai.com/adserver/1pixel.gif",
"https://secure-gl.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?ca=nlsn530690&cr=crtve&ce=nielsen&pc=nielsen_plc0001&ci=nlsnci2891&am=3&at=view&rt=banner&st=image&r=1723370716238"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Download the perfect southern lights pictures. Find over 100+ of the best free southern lights images. Free for commercial use ✓ No attribution required ✓ Copyright-free ✓
|
en
|
https://unsplash.com/s/photos/southern-lights
|
Browse premium images on iStock | 20% off at iStock ↗Browse premium images on iStock
20% off at iStock ↗
|
||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 58 |
https://www.vroomvroomvroom.com/car-rental/woodburn/
|
en
|
Car hire at its best and cheapest!
|
[
"https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40.png 1x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40_2x.png 2x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40_3x.png 3x",
"https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40.png 1x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40_2x.png 2x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40_3x.png 3x",
"https://www.vroomvroomvroom.com/images/logo.png",
"https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40.png 1x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40_2x.png 2x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/ios-120x40_3x.png 3x",
"https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40.png 1x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40_2x.png 2x, https://files.vroomvroomvroom.com/assets/logos/android-120x40_3x.png 3x"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Woodburn rental cars",
"cheap Woodburn car rentals",
"Woodburn rental depots",
"Woodburn content",
"compare",
"book",
"awesome",
"easy",
"simple",
"save time",
"Woodburn"
] | null |
[] | null |
Woodburn Car Rental Comparison. Compare the cheapest car rental in Woodburn. Here are the Top Attractions within Woodburn, Oregon.
|
/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?_=20150915
|
VroomVroomVroom US
|
https://www.vroomvroomvroom.com/car-rental/woodburn/
|
Woodburn is a city located in Marion County, Oregon, United States of America. It is situated in the Willamette Valley, between Portland and Salem. The city of Woodburn was incorporated in 1889, after the 1871 settlement that was made due to the railroad built in the area. In presents, Woodburn has about 24,000 residents and an area of 5.2 square miles, all land. Woodburn has a large population of Latinos, which make the majority of the residents and also a large number of Russian Orthodox Old Believers. Notable residents of Woodburn include the first woman that climbed Mount Everest, Stacy Allison and singer Kat Bjelland. If you plan visiting Woodburn, here is what you can see.
Top Attractions within Woodburn
La Fiesta Mexicana is the most important Latino event in the area of Woodburn. Each edition of this festival has a queen. The tradition started in 1964 with Francisca Gonzalez, when the fiesta only lasted for one day. In present, this Woodburn event lasts approximately a week, in order to celebrate the Latino culture with music, theater plays and a lot of food.
Williamette Ballet Academy is a ballet school, the only one in Woodburn. It was founded in 1982 by Rick and Deborah van Winkle to learn the locals and their children different ballet techniques. The school offers with a regular basis great ballet representations with its best students.
Jesse H. Settlemier House is a wonderful museum of history of Woodburn. This Woodburn attraction depicts the history of the city and its development through the years. The building was raised in Woodburn, in 1892 by Jesse H. Settlemier, in a Queen Anne style.
|
|||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 74 |
https://www.camping.org/campgrounds/virginia/annandale/pine-ridge-park
|
en
|
Pine Ridge Park in Annandale, VA – Camping.org
|
[
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?zc=1&q=100&w=150&src=/images/logos/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?src=images/logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?zc=1&w=200&src=/images/logos/footer-logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?zc=1&q=100&h=100&src=/images/partner-logos/fishing-logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?zc=1&q=100&h=100&src=/images/partner-logos/shooting-logo.png",
"https://www.camping.org/show_image.php?zc=1&q=100&h=100&src=/images/partner-logos/coc-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Pine Ridge Park is located at 3401 Woodburn Road, Annandale VA 22003. Pine Ridge Park can be contacted at or
|
en
|
https://www.camping.org/campgrounds/virginia/annandale/pine-ridge-park
| |||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 56 |
https://allincu.com/locations/dothan-west.html
|
en
|
Dothan South Woodburn
|
[
"https://allincu.com/img/All-In-Logo-Official.png",
"https://allincu.com/img/All-In-Logo-Official.png",
"https://allincu.com/content/images/default/DothanWoodburn.png",
"https://allincu.com/img/ncua-white-transparent.png",
"https://allincu.com/img/ehl-white-transparent.png",
"https://allincu.com/img/logo-NCUA-blue.svg",
"https://allincu.com/img/logo-EHO-dark.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
Be aware of callers pretending to be from All In Security asking to verify credit or debit card activity. Call or text us at 334.598.4411 or visit your local branch if you have concerns.
|
||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 0 |
https://www.travelmath.com/cities/Woodburn,%2BOR
|
en
|
Woodburn, Oregon latitude
|
https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/travelmath-sm.jpg",
"https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/icons/swap.gif",
"https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/trippy.gif",
"https://travelmath.gumlet.io/img/travelmath-gray.jpg"
] |
[
"https://www.google.com/maps/embed/v1/view?key=AIzaSyDm4lvrFlhdPEaWYdSA4SGTa2oX_seVJH8¢er=45.143864,-122.854785&zoom=11"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Find the latitude and longitude of Woodburn, Oregon, United States to calculate the travel distance between cities.
|
en
|
https://www.travelmath.com/favicon.ico
|
https://www.travelmath.com/cities/Woodburn,+OR
|
Where to stay in Woodburn?
road trips from Woodburn
cities near Woodburn
distance to Woodburn
50 miles from Woodburn
100 miles from Woodburn
Woodburn, OR
Do you live in Woodburn, Oregon? Help us verify the data and let us know if you see any information that needs to be changed or updated.
County: Marion County
State: Oregon
Country: United States
Latitude: 45.143864
Longitude: -122.854785
Time zone: US/Pacific
Current time zone offset: UTC/GMT -7 hours
The current time and date in Woodburn is 5:58 AM on Wednesday, August 28, 2024.
Local map of Woodburn
Related links
Hotels near Woodburn, OR
Airports near Woodburn, OR
Cities near Woodburn, OR
Cities in Oregon
Cities in the United States
Cities
Travelmath provides a database of major and local cities around the world. You can find the latitude and longitude of any world city, and check the city distance by comparing the flight distance between cities with the driving distance to see how far two cities are from each other. You can also figure out the time change if you're moving to a new city, or browse other cities in the surrounding area if you're planning a road trip. If you're traveling overseas, look up all the major cities in any country to find the best places to travel on your next vacation.
|
|||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 15 |
https://bloomington.in.gov/crm/tickets%3Fsort%255Blocation%255D%3Dasc%3Bstatus%3Dclosed%3Bdepartment_id%3D33%3Bcategory_id%3D19
|
en
|
uReport:
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
open #193183
Animal Control & Neglected Pets
723 W Allen ST
Case Date:
8/28/2024
Dead raccoon on Patterson between W. Allen St. And W. 2nd St.
open #193182
Street & Traffic Signs
215 N Indiana AVE
Case Date:
8/28/2024
At 7th and Indiana (corner of Dunn Meadow) someone has hit a stop sign, it's bent and scuffed up. Thanks Jill.
open #193181
Trash
703 N Keystone CT
Case Date:
8/28/2024
Trash on Keystone Court not picked up
open #193180
City Construction Projects
401 N Morton ST
Case Date:
8/28/2024
What is happening again on Clarizz street. How much money and time has the city wasted on what ever project this is. Surely we have better uses for our resources. Connie Clark
open #193179
Trash
Park ave and Atwater
Case Date:
8/28/2024
Trash blocking sidewalk
open #193178
Website & Web Services Feedback
5249 N Mary ST
Case Date:
8/28/2024
This says I am outside city limits, however I have a Bloomington address?
open #193177
Other
719 N Grant ST
Case Date:
8/28/2024
Orange fiber optic conduit exposed at SW corner of Grant/11th Streets intersection.
open #193176
Other
700 N Washington ST
Case Date:
8/28/2024
The fiber optic installation in the neighborhood appears to be over, but they left an orange conduit sticking out of the ground at the NE corner of Wasjington/Cottage Grove intersection.
closed #193175
Street & Traffic Signs
301 E Cottage Grove AVE
Case Date:
8/28/2024
Street name signage has been stolen.
|
|||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 98 |
https://m.facebook.com/groups/capebretonoutdoor/posts/macnaughton-brook-falls/2279932962229087/
|
en
|
Facebook
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
| null | |||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 79 |
https://www.turbinegenerator.org/solar/oregon/woodburn/
|
en
|
Solar Power in Woodburn, Oregon
|
[
"https://www.turbinegenerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Logo_large.png",
"https://www.turbinegenerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Logo_large.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2018-10-24T18:57:07+00:00
|
To install solar panels in Woodburn it is important to know peak sun hours to predict the efficiency of solar power. Woodburn solar insolation averages 5 hours.
|
en
|
https://www.turbinegenerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/favicon.ico
|
TurbineGenerator
|
https://www.turbinegenerator.org/solar/oregon/woodburn/
|
Woodburn Solar Power Information & Peak Sun Hours
Solar Green Energy Summary for Woodburn, Oregon
Lattitude: 45.1477
Sunlight
Fixed Tilt Sunlight Hours: 5 hours per day
1-Axis Tilt Sunlight Hours: 6.7 hours per day
2-Axis Tilt Sunlight Hours: 7.2 hours per day
It goes without saying that throughout the year the amount of sunlight in any given day is going to vary. The time of year and weather will have a strong influence on daily sunshine. Looking at the average amount of peak sunshine hours in a day during an entire year stretch is a valuable exercise when trying to determine the amount and type of solar panels you need to install to power your business or your home. 5 peak sun hours means that in Woodburn on average there are 5 hours a day where the sun is strong enough for solar panels to harness its energy. This number is less than the amount of total sunlight hours in a day because there are times during the day (ex. sunrise and sunset) where the sun is not strong enough to benefit solar panels.
Your latitude is an indicator of when the sunrises and sunsets and certain times of the year. If you live near the equator with a latitude of near zero, the sun will rise and set close to the same time all year resulting in consistent total sunlight hours per day. If you live near the poles, the time of sunrise and sunset will vary dramatically with each season, resulting in long days for part of the year and very short days at other times. So, locations closer to the equator will have more consistent amounts of peak sun hours throughout the year than locations closer to the poles.
There are a few ways to increase average peak sun hours per year for your solar power system. One way is to use a tracking mount solar panel instead of a fixed tilt solar panel. A 1-axis mount will track the sun throughout the sky from sunrise to sunset, giving your panel a more efficient facing direction towards the sun throughout the day. A 2-axis solar panel will track the sun in the sky throughout the day, but also change and follow the angle of the sun in the sky throughout the year. Both of these axis system solar panels will produce higher average peak sun hours than a fixed solar panel.
Weather is a big determinate of average peak sun hours each day. There are many aspects of weather that can increase or lessen the peak sun hours in a day in a particular location. For example cloud coverage is a crucial variable. And more importantly, what type of cloud coverage; thin scattered clouds will have less diminishing power on the solar insolation than thick rainy storm clouds. Sometimes long periods of sunny days are rare in certain locations, this would increase average peak sun hours for that time-frame
The average daily peak sunlight hours in Woodburn, Oregon is 5 hours. Use this number when trying to calculate your solar needs in Woodburn. As you can see above, if you were to use a 1-Axis or 2-Axis panel then the daily average would increase to 6.7 hour and 7.2 hours, respectively.
Solar Businesses in Woodburn, Oregon
Be the first to hear about the latest green energy news, technology and offers.
[mc4wp_form id="2942"]
By providing your email you consent to receiving occasional promotional emails & newsletters.
No Spam. Just good stuff. We respect your privacy & you may unsubscribe at any time.
|
||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 76 |
https://ess.science.energy.gov/coastal/
|
en
|
Coastal Systems - Environmental System Science Program
|
[
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ESS-logo.png",
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/KirkpatrickMarsh_ChesBay-400x300.jpg",
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/LakeSuperior-400x300.jpg",
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/openwatersheds232x302.png",
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/TAI_Workshop2016.jpg",
"https://ess.science.energy.gov/wp-content/themes/burano/images/doe-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-01-27T18:08:44+00:00
|
en
|
Environmental System Science Program
|
https://ess.science.energy.gov/coastal/
|
Virtual SSRL-EMSL Workshop: Spectroscopy and Modeling for Molecular Insight into Environmental Processes – January 26, 2021. Further information and agenda. [12/20]
ESS Program Manager Position (Physical Scientist GS-13/14)
Full announcement. [12/20]
DE-FOA-0002431 – DOE EPSCoR (Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research) Implementation Grants
Now accepting applications. Pre-Application Due: December 15, 2020, 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. [12/20]
Call for White Papers on AI for Earth System Predictability
More details. [12/20]
|
||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 8 |
https://citylatitudelongitude.com/VA/index.htm
|
en
|
latitude for this city is: , longitude: , , Virginia gps coordinates, , Virginia longitude and latitude, , Virginia map info, gps info in , Virginia, Latitude and Longitude for , Virginia
|
[
"https://citylatitudelongitude.com/images/cll1.jpg",
"https://citylatitudelongitude.com/images/logo3.jpg",
"http://c.statcounter.com/10702584/0/07144d7b/1/"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"<tag_city>"
] | null |
[] | null |
<tag_city>, Virginia gps information <tag_city>, Virginia latitude information, <tag_city>, Virginia longitude info, <tag_city>, Virginia coordinates, <tag_city>, Virginia GPS Information">
<link href=
| null |
Welcome to CityLatitudeLongitude.com. Simply put, you can find the latitude and longitude for any city in the United States. Search any State and City in the US by clicking the State Code links and then the links for the resulting cities. For each state, you will see a list of up to several hundred cities. Simply select the city you want from the list of links to get the GPS coordinates. You may select a specific city here.
|
|||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 82 |
https://rocketfizz.com/locations/
|
en
|
Rocket Fizz
|
[
"https://rocketfizz.com/images/Logo.png",
"https://rocketfizz.com/wp-content/uploads/sl-uploads/images/loading.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
» Locations | Soda Pop and Candy Shops
|
en
|
https://rocketfizz.com/locations/
|
Enter Your Zip Code or Address Above.
|
||||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 16 |
https://www.pendletonhistoricfoundation.org/woodburn
|
en
|
Pendleton Historic Foundation
|
[
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_9a86fef779f74b54a92885d3ebf4c9ca~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_174,h_116,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/logo_final_print%20(2)_edited.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_f6e0c0e24ab34083953091b0929d166f~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_147,h_98,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/21e735_f6e0c0e24ab34083953091b0929d166f~mv2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_494a6dec274b4a1fbb94ae8993d09e44~mv2.jpg/v1/fit/w_480,h_436,q_90/21e735_494a6dec274b4a1fbb94ae8993d09e44~mv2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_2b3dd55463464643a0e2a412f7233a42~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_480,h_640,fp_0.74_0.69,q_90/21e735_2b3dd55463464643a0e2a412f7233a42~mv2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_38c89be58a38423ba796c5ff39c21f33~mv2.jpg/v1/fit/w_480,h_640,q_90/21e735_38c89be58a38423ba796c5ff39c21f33~mv2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_0063c7d4c06a438ca9b7d49daaf91e57~mv2.jpg/v1/fit/w_480,h_640,q_90/21e735_0063c7d4c06a438ca9b7d49daaf91e57~mv2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/21e735_549f8d98828b4083a2386e1b79367fd6~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_230,h_150,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/logo_final_print%20(2)_edited_edited.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Woodburn is a graceful four-story clapboard plantation house (c.1830) conveniently located on twelve acres of land just off of US76, across from the TriCounty Technical College campus and just nine miles north of I-85 (Exit 19B). Tours must be arranged in advance by calling (864) 646-7249 or emailing pendleton.hf@gmail.com.
|
en
|
Pendleton Historic
|
https://www.pendletonhistoricfoundation.org/woodburn
|
Woodburn is a graceful four-story clapboard plantation house (c.1830) conveniently located on twelve acres of land just off of US76, across from the TriCounty Technical College campus and just nine miles north of I-85 (Exit 19B). Get Turn-by-Turn Directions to Woodburn.
HOURS
Tours must be arranged in advance by calling (864) 646-7249 or emailing pendleton.hf@gmail.com
Admission (per house)
Adults - $10
Students & Kids 6-10 - $7
Children under 5 are admitted free
|
|||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 1 |
https://database.earth/countries/united-states/regions/indiana/cities/woodburn
|
en
|
Woodburn (GPS Coordinates, Nearby Cities & Power Plants)
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Woodburn is a city in Indiana, inUnited States. Woodburn is located on the latitude of 41.12533 and longitude of -84.8533.
|
en
|
/img/favicon.ico
|
database.earth
|
https://database.earth/countries/united-states/regions/indiana/cities/woodburn
|
Woodburn
Woodburn is a city in Indiana, in United States.
GPS Coordinates of Woodburn, Indiana, United States
Woodburn is located on the latitude of 41.12533 and longitude of -84.8533 and has a geohash of dp79vnesqv1t.
Cities and Towns near Woodburn
The nearest significant population center from Woodburn is Harlan in Indiana, United States, located 9 kilometers or 5 miles ↖ NW of the city. Other locations in close proximity include Grabill (Indiana, United States) located 13 km (8 mi) ↖ NW and New Haven (Indiana, United States) located 14 km (9 mi) ↙ SW of Woodburn.
In total, we found 50 cities near Woodburn in our database.
Power Plants near Woodburn
We found a total of 26 utility scale power plants in close proximity of Woodburn.
|
||||
4377
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 22 |
https://locations.oreillyauto.com/or/woodburn/wiper-installation-2981.html
|
en
|
Woodburn Windshield Wiper Blades Replacement Near You
|
[
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/shape-right-arrow.svg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/shape-right-arrow.svg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/shape-right-arrow.svg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/shape-right-arrow.svg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/wiper-install-hero-mobile.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Wiper-Install-Hero-desktop.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/shape-right-arrow.svg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/wipers-faq-1.png",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/wipers-faq-2.png",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Bosch-ICON.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Bosch-Spectrum-DirectFit-product.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Bosch-PureVision-product.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Bosch-Focus-product.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/Rain-X-Latitude-product.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/TRICO-Force-product.jpg",
"https://assets.oreillyauto.com/images/when-to-change-wipers.png",
"https://rstatic.oreillyauto.com/domain/5691_1556_TurtleWax-HybridSolutions3in1Detailer-TUR53413.jpg",
"https://rstatic.oreillyauto.com/domain/5691_1555_CRC-ThrottleBody&AirIntakeCleaner-CRC5078.jpg",
"https://rstatic.oreillyauto.com/domain/5691_1553_PowerTorque-4Pk1_x10'HeavyDutyRatchetStraps-PTT9482800.jpg",
"https://rstatic.oreillyauto.com/domain/5691_1557_Slime-AnalogTireRepairKit-SLI50122.jpg",
"https://rstatic.oreillyauto.com/domain/5691_1554_CustomAccessories-WindowDashMount-CA24502.jpg",
"https://www.oreillyauto.com/img/icn_facebook.png",
"https://www.oreillyauto.com/img/icn_twitter.png",
"https://www.oreillyauto.com/img/icn_instagram.png",
"https://www.oreillyauto.com/img/icn_youtube.png",
"https://www.oreillyauto.com/img/icn_pinterest.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"woodburn auto parts store near me",
"woodburn auto parts near me",
"woodburn auto parts stores",
"woodburn o'reilly auto parts"
] | null |
[] | null |
Find an O'Reilly Auto Parts location near you at 1090 North Pacific Hwy. We offer a full selection of automotive aftermarket parts, tools, supplies, equipment, and accessories for your vehicle.
|
en
|
/img/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://locations.oreillyauto.com/or/woodburn/wiper-installation-2981.html
|
When Should I Replace My Windshield Wipers?
Luckily, failing wiper blades are noticeable since they are so crucial to seeing clearly no matter if you live in Woodburn, OR, or anywhere else. If you see a windshield wiper that is cracked, split, or dry, or if your windshield is not being cleared well enough when using the wipers, it is time to replace both wiper blades to ensure consistent, long-lasting visibility. It’s recommended that you change your windshield wiper blades every six months, or according to your vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation, which is included in the owner’s manual. If you’ve noticed your windshield wipers not performing as they should, we can help you choose the best wiper blades for your vehicle, and our free wiper installation can ensure the proper fit and performance.
Your Windshield Wiper Experts at O’Reilly Auto Parts
Trust O’Reilly Auto Parts to deliver the best quality and right-priced wiper blades for your car, truck, or SUV. Our selection of replacement windshield wiper blades are designed to fit your vehicle’s original equipment, and come in beam, hybrid, and conventional designs, as well as rear wiper blades. We stock the best available windshield wiper replacements for your car, including brands like Bosch, Rain-X, and TRICO. Our wide selection of wiper blade options both in-store and online can help you make the perfect choice, so you can stay safe on the road with a clear, streak-free windshield. Find the best windshield wiper blades with help from O’Reilly Auto Parts, and have them installed for free so you can get back on the road with a clear line of sight.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.