identifier
stringlengths 1
43
| dataset
stringclasses 3
values | question
stringclasses 4
values | rank
int64 0
99
| url
stringlengths 14
1.88k
| read_more_link
stringclasses 1
value | language
stringclasses 1
value | title
stringlengths 0
200
| top_image
stringlengths 0
125k
| meta_img
stringlengths 0
125k
| images
listlengths 0
18.2k
| movies
listlengths 0
484
| keywords
listlengths 0
0
| meta_keywords
listlengths 1
48.5k
| tags
null | authors
listlengths 0
10
| publish_date
stringlengths 19
32
⌀ | summary
stringclasses 1
value | meta_description
stringlengths 0
258k
| meta_lang
stringclasses 68
values | meta_favicon
stringlengths 0
20.2k
| meta_site_name
stringlengths 0
641
| canonical_link
stringlengths 9
1.88k
⌀ | text
stringlengths 0
100k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 23 |
https://twitter.com/PrezWisdom/status/1808847276502049031
|
en
|
x.com
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
X (formerly Twitter)
| null | ||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 80 |
http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/monroe.html
|
en
|
James Monroe: Virginia Places Associated With Him
|
[
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroebirthplace.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroebirth.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/washcrossdelaware.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroeatwandm.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroesplaquedescription.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroedoctrine.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monrovia.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe3.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe2.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe4.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Virginia",
"president",
"James",
"Monroe",
"place",
"geography",
"location",
"home"
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe: Virginia Places Associated With Him, material
|
en
| null |
John Vanderlyn painted this portrait in 1816 when James Monroe was elected to his first term as president
Source: National Portrait Gallery, Born and Died on the Fourth of July
James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County in 1758, and lived there until he left to attend the College of William and Mary at the age of 16. He inherited ownership of the site, including the 20-by-58-foot house, when he was orphaned. Monroe sold the home and its surrounding 500 acres on Monroe Creek in 1783.
The College of William and Mary excavated the archaeological site of Monroe's first home in 1976. In 2005, the James Monroe Memorial Foundation negotiated a 99-year lease of the property from Westmoreland County, and built a replica home that was dedicated in 2021.1
James Monroe was born five miles from George Washington's birthplace, also in Westmoreland County
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
a replica of James Monroe's birthplace was dedicated in 2021
Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 096-0046 James Monroe Birthplace (by Calder Loth, 2021)
James Monroe purchased a 1,000 plantation named Highland south of Monticello in 1793, and he lived there at various times between 1799-1823. He expanded it to 3,500 acres, acquiring farmland on the eastern side to Buck Island Creek and on the western side to extend over the crest of Carters Mountain.
He was forced to sell land (and enslaved people working it) to pay debts. In 1826, when he sold the remainder of his plantation at Highland, it consisted of 907 acres. In 1837 another buyer renamed it Ash Lawn. Today the historic site includes 536 acres.2
The mansion house burned in the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Later owners built a new house and renamed the site Ash Lawn. In 1974, the historic site was donated to the College of William and Mary, which Monroe had attended.
For years, tourists visiting the site toured a house described as Monroe's home, though the structure did not match historical descriptions. In 2016, after archeological investigations identified the foundations of the actual home, the interpretation was changed and the site renamed Highland.3
Interpretation after 2016 expanded to include the stories of the enslaved people at Highland, as well as the story of James Monroe. A Council of Descendants was created to help guide the interpretation. One member commented on why she chose to participate:4
I stay involved to help give a voice to the voiceless. The enslaved there had no voice, they had no hope of ever getting their story out or ever being recognized, they were pretty much invisible. This brings them to the forefront, and gives them a say.
After emancipation many of those enslaved at Highland used the name Monroe and lived in Monroeville. In 2017 a guide at Highland visited a church in Monroeville, seeking information about a group of enslaved people that James Monroe had sold to a plantation in Florida. When the guide started asking questions in the church parking lot, she discovered the descendants who were living just 10 miles away from Highland. One commented that day:5
You have come to the right place... We are all Monroes!
The executive director of the African-American Cultural Heritage Action Fund articulated goals for the interpretation of the enslaved experience at Highland and other plantations:6
Most of the narrative about the black experience is about a painful past, but we have an opportunity today to uncover the hidden stories of activism and resistance and black agency rooted in slavery... This is about expanding beyond the typical stories of brutality and injustice to stories of black life and black love and how our community overcame the most difficult chapter in American history.
After the death of George Floyd and the energizing of the Black Lives Movement in 2020, a William and Mary student started a petition, "W&M: Stop Bankrolling a Plantation, Especially with Student Funds." Objections included the cost of supporting the facility (reported to be $400,000 annually from the auxiliary budget), and the appropriateness of hosting weddings and other celebrations at a site created by slave labor. Events, together with admission fees and donations, helped to offset the $1 million annual costs of operating and maintaining Hghlands.7
Some descendants of those enslaved at Highland spoke in favor of retaining James Monroe's name on a residence hall at the William and Mary campus in Williamsburg, as well as a statue of James Monroe there. One member of the Council of Descendant Advisors stated:8
He was a slave owner and we can't change that part of history. The work (the council) is doing is to be inclusive of everything in one's story and mindful of a story. We can't pretend he never existed. He owned slaves as horrible as it was, right or wrong, that is part of the history of one side of my family. That's where our story begins.
Emanuel Leutze imaginatively added James Monroe holding the flag, as Washington crossed the Delaware River
Source: New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Washington Crossing the Delaware
James Monroe is honored by a statue at William and Mary
a plaque explains the friezes underneath the James Monroe statue at William and Mary
President Monroe asserted as doctrine that European nations must consider the Western Hemisphere as the exclusive sphere of interest of the United States
Source: National Archives, Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Links
Google StreetView
Ash Lawn
Ash Lawn-Highland
Internet Public Library Biography
James Monroe Memorial Foundation
James Monroe Highland
Monroe Biography from Outline of American History
National Portrait Gallery
James Monroe Cleans Up: The Conservation of an Early American Engraving
James Monroe: "The Era of Good Feelings"
Oak Hill (purchased later by Lt. Colonel John Walter Fairfax)
Road to Revolution Heritage Trail
James Monroe Birthplace
Virginia Department of Historic Resources
096-0046 James Monroe Birthplace
The White House Biography<.li>
James Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
Portrait of James Monroe
the initial capital of Liberia was named after James Monroe
Source: Library of Congress, Map of Liberia
President James Monroe in his first term
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Goodman & Piggot, 1817)
References
1. "Replica of James Monroe's birthplace now complete," Free Lance-Star, October 4, 2021, https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/reconstruction-of-james-monroes-birthplace-now-complete/article_e2b916b8-ffae-5c84-87a7-1a4576c2efaf.html (last checked October 6, 2021)
2. Christopher Fennell, "An Account of James Monroe's Land Holdings - Ash Lawn-Highland, Albemarle County," http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/highland/ashlawn1.html ; Christopher Fennell, "An Account of James Monroe's Land Holdings - Map Images of Ash Lawn-Highland," http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/highland/ashlawn1a5.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
3. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/; "Discover Highland," James Monroe's Highland, https://highland.org/discover-highland/; "Monroe Timeline," James Monroe's Highland, https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
4. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
5. "James Monroe Enslaved Hundreds. Their Descendants Still Live Next Door," New York Times, July 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/07/us/politics/monroe-slavery-highland.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
6. "James Monroe Enslaved Hundreds. Their Descendants Still Live Next Door," New York Times, July 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/07/us/politics/monroe-slavery-highland.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
7. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
8. "President James Monroe owned slaves. Some of their descendants say they don't want his statue removed from William & Mary's campus," Virginia Gazette, October 15, 2020, https://www.dailypress.com/virginiagazette/va-vg-monroe-wm-1007-20201015-vsiokic2kzew3lzafouevb74vu-story.html (last checked October 15, 2020)
James Monroe, around 1828
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Nicolas Eustache Maurin, c.1828)
James Monroe in 1829
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Chester Harding, 1829)
Places Associated With Famous Virginians
Virginia Places
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 76 |
https://www.facebook.com/HistoricMountVernon/videos/unearthing-james-monroes-life/169118911585904/
|
en
|
Join the Washington Library and James Monroe’s Highland for a virtual talk with Tim McGrath about his new book, James Monroe: A Life. Special Guest Dr....
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Join the Washington Library and James Monroe’s Highland for a virtual talk with Tim McGrath about his new book, James Monroe: A Life. Special Guest Dr....
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yT/r/aGT3gskzWBf.ico
|
https://www.facebook.com/HistoricMountVernon/videos/unearthing-james-monroes-life/169118911585904/
| ||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 18 |
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-after-the-presidency
|
en
|
James Monroe: Life After the Presidency
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-Preston_Daniel-116x116.jpg?itok=hNy5Ftl3"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Daniel Preston"
] |
2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00
|
en
|
/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
Miller Center
|
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-after-the-presidency
|
Monroe decided to follow the precedent set by Washington, Jefferson, and Madison and serve only two terms as President. His decision meant that an incumbent would not be running for the post in 1824. During the last few years of Monroe's tenure, some of his initiatives were defeated or delayed simply because of the maneuverings of those looking forward to the 1824 election. The main contenders during that campaign season were Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, Secretary of Treasury William H. Crawford, Representative Henry Clay, and Senator Andrew Jackson. Monroe declared his intention to remain neutral during the election and did not endorse any candidate.
Following the inauguration of John Quincy Adams as President in 1825, Monroe remained in the White House for three weeks because his wife was too ill to travel. The couple then retired to their estate, Oak Hill, in Loudoun County, Virginia. Monroe was glad to be relieved of the exhausting duties of the presidency. At Oak Hill, he enjoyed spending time with his family and overseeing the activities of his farm.
During much of his later life, Monroe worked to resolve his financial difficulties. He had long served publicly in positions that paid mediocre salaries and demanded expenditures for entertaining and protocol. Consequently, Monroe was deeply in debt when he left the presidency. For the next several years, he spent much of his time pressing the federal government for tens of thousands of dollars due him from past services. Eventually the federal government repaid Monroe a portion of the funds he desired, allowing him to pay off his debts and leave his children a respectable inheritance.
In 1826, Monroe accepted appointment to the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia. He was deeply committed to the university—founded by his friend Thomas Jefferson—and served on the board until he became too ill to continue. In 1829, he became president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention.
After struggling to complete a book comparing the U.S. government to the governments of ancient and modern nations, he abandoned the project and started work on his autobiography. It became the major focus of his later years, but he never completed it. Following his wife's death in 1830, Monroe, age seventy-two, moved to New York City to live with his daughter and son-in-law.
In the early spring of 1831, Monroe's health steadily declined. He died that year on July 4, in New York City. Monroe was the third of the first five Presidents to die on the Fourth of July; John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had died on that day five years earlier. Thousands of mourners followed his hearse up Broadway in Manhattan to the Gouverneur family vault in Marble Cemetery, while church bells tolled and guns fired at Fort Columbus. Monroe's body was later moved to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 54 |
https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/james-monroe/
|
en
|
Georgia Historical Society
|
https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico
|
https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/GHS_Logo_Linear_pantone.jpg",
"https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/georgia-history-footer-logo.png",
"https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/charity_navigator.png",
"https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/georgia-history-footer-logo.png",
"https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/charity_navigator.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"greenmellen"
] |
2016-01-26T16:54:26-04:00
|
Year Erected: 1955 Marker Text: This City of Monroe, settled in 1818 and incorporated Nov. 30, 1821, was named for James Monroe, fifth President. Born in Virginia in 1758 he fought in the Continental Army. He served in the Virginia legislature, in Congress and the Senate, and as Governor of…
|
en
|
https://www.georgiahistory.com/wp-content/themes/georgia-historical-society/images/favicon.ico
|
Georgia Historical Society
|
https://www.georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/james-monroe/
|
Year Erected: 1955
Marker Text: This City of Monroe, settled in 1818 and incorporated Nov. 30, 1821, was named for James Monroe, fifth President. Born in Virginia in 1758 he fought in the Continental Army. He served in the Virginia legislature, in Congress and the Senate, and as Governor of Virginia twice. He was Minister to France, helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase and was Minister to England and Spain. He served as Secretary of State, and later of War for President Madison. He was elected President in 1816 and again in 1820 and is best known as author of the Monroe Doctrine. He died in New York in 1831.
Tips for Finding This Marker: Located on South Broad Street (Georgia Route 11) 0 miles south of East Washington Street in Monroe
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 56 |
https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/presidents/james-monroe-taylor/
|
en
|
James Monroe Taylor
|
[
"https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/james-monroe-taylor_4724365595_o.jpg",
"https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/james-monroe-taylor_4724365595_o-220x300.jpg 220w, https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/james-monroe-taylor_4724365595_o-110x150.jpg 110w, https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/james-monroe-taylor_4724365595_o.jpg 221w",
"https://www.vassar.edu/sites/default/files/2022-10/2022-campaign-logo.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe Taylor’s tenure as Vassar’s fourth president saw the college expand; the student body more than tripled in size to about 1000, many new buildings were erected, and the curriculum was dramatically altered. During his twenty-eight year presidency, Taylor raised Vassar’s reputation and its standard for academic work and held unwavering loyalty and support […]
|
en
|
https://vcencyclopedia.vassar.edu/presidents/james-monroe-taylor/
|
James Monroe Taylor’s tenure as Vassar’s fourth president saw the college expand; the student body more than tripled in size to about 1000, many new buildings were erected, and the curriculum was dramatically altered. During his twenty-eight year presidency, Taylor raised Vassar’s reputation and its standard for academic work and held unwavering loyalty and support from faculty and students.
Taylor was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1848. He attended the seminary at Essex, Connecticut, for five years and completed undergraduate work at the University of Rochester in 1868. In 1871 he was ordained as a Baptist minister upon graduating from the Rochester Theological Seminary. Taylor visited Europe for a year in 1873, and according to Haight, his biographer, “[The trip]…progressed along lines of discouragement and happiness, doubt and hope, and throughout the varied months, the prophecy of Taylor’s teacher at Essex was fulfilled, for the boy had now been ‘made up a man.’”. Upon his return from Europe he married Kate Huntington, with whom he had four children. For the next fourteen years, Taylor preached at various Baptist pastorates in Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Taylor was chosen as the president of Vassar in 1886. Vassar had experienced some administrative strife before Taylor’s arrival; Samuel Caldwell had resigned in 1885 after a troubled tenure, and J. Ryland Kendrick, a Baptist minister on the Board of Trustees, had been acting as the president. Given a relatively free hand by the Board of Trustees, Taylor set to work on the academic program. He abolished the special student and preparatory division of the school, which raised Vassar’s academic standards. Taylor also broadened the curriculum in the areas of social science, history, economics, political science, sociology, religion, art, and music. Art and music were now in fact recognized as academic departments honoring degrees, not just schools. Taylor also advocated the teaching of science on an experimental, laboratory based system. The Mu chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established at Vassar (a first for women’s colleges), as part of Taylor’s agenda to strengthen Vassar’s academic reputation.
“Endow the college” was Taylor’s motto as president. Under his administration, over one million dollars was raised, and his unremitting public speaking tours solidified Vassar’s reputation. Taylor also worked for the endowment of professors, although the Trustees were more interested in erecting buildings. Many building were indeed erected during Taylor’s tenure, including Strong House, Rockefeller Hall, the library, the president’s home, the chapel, and the Student’s Building. Apart from promoting and administering the college, Taylor also conducted daily chapel and taught psychology, ethics, and philosophy. He also wrote several books on psychology, religion, and Vassar history.
Taylor was an immensely popular president. His refusal to the presidency of Brown University in 1899 was met with much celebration on the part of the students and faculty. If Taylor lacked experience in higher education in 1868, he was a veritable expert a few years later; from 1910 to 1914 he served as a member of the Carnegie Foundation, a center for educational policy. Although Taylor was untiring advocate of women’s education, his conservatism was beginning to be felt in the early 1900’s. According to Henry Noble MacCracken, who succeeded Taylor, Taylor’s vision for Vassar graduates were for them “to be cultured but human, not leaders but good wives and mothers, truly liberal in things intellectual but conservative in matters social.” MacCracken continued, “Throughout Taylor’s term Vassar was a college for women developed by men.” The era of Inez Millholland ’09 and Julia Lathrop ’81, heralds of a new progressive women’s movement, was yet to come.
Taylor retired as Vassar’s president in 1914. His demanding schedule and responsibilities surely had an effect on his health; in 1895 and 1905 he took a sabbatical in Europe for a year’s rest. Only two years after his retirement Taylor died of pneumonia. To Vassar he left behind an endowment fund, a library fund, the Taylor Hall of Art, a modern and rigorous curriculum and faculty, an up to date system of residences, and a spirit of educational excellence and idealism.
Related Articles
In 1915, President Taylor wrote about Vassar’s contributions to American higher education.
School of Art & Music
Founder’s Day
Lucy Maynard Salmon
Lincoln Center
Arlington
First Women Trustees
Presidents
Sources
Bruno, Maryann and Elizabeth A. Daniels. Vassar College. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2001. 35-36.
Haight, Elizabeth Hazleton. Life and Letters of James Monroe Taylor; the biography of an educator. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, 1919. 33-50.
“James Monroe Taylor.” Dictionary of American Biography. 1958 ed.
“Vassar College and its Eight Presidents, 1861-1986: An exhibition prepared to honor Frances D. Fergusson on the occasion of her inauguration as the ninth president of Vassar College.” October 11, 1986.Bruno, Maryann and Elizabeth Daniels. Vassar College
LM 2005
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/220px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/James_Monroe%27s_sig.svg/128px-James_Monroe%27s_sig.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Birthplace_of_Monroe_historical_marker.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_Monroe_historical_marker.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg/303px-The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elizabeth_Monroe.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Monroe.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/OakHillfront.jpg/220px-OakHillfront.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/170px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Vanderlyn_-_James_Monroe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Vanderlyn_-_James_Monroe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/220px-Adams_onis_map.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/GSJamesMonroe.jpg/220px-GSJamesMonroe.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MONROE%2C_James-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/300px-MONROE%2C_James-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/James_Monroe_marker_at_Univ._of_VA_IMG_4248.JPG/220px-James_Monroe_marker_at_Univ._of_VA_IMG_4248.JPG",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chester_Harding_-_James_Monroe_-_NPG.2005.44_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/220px-Chester_Harding_-_James_Monroe_-_NPG.2005.44_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg/170px-Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JamesMonroeStatue.jpg/240px-JamesMonroeStatue.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/100px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/100px-James_Madison.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg/100px-Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2001-10-28T06:42:08+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
|
Founding Father, 5th president of the United States
For other people named James Monroe, see James Monroe (disambiguation).
"Senator Monroe" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Monroe (disambiguation).
"President Monroe" redirects here. For the attack transport, see USS President Monroe.
James Monroe ( mən-ROH; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was the last Founding Father to serve as president as well as the last president of the Virginia dynasty. His presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He issued the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of limiting European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe previously served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh secretary of state, and the eighth secretary of war.
During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army. Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783 and subsequently served as a delegate to the Continental Congress as well as a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention. He opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, Monroe won election to the Senate where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election.
As President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size. Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. He unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1808 presidential election, but he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State in 1811. During the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Monroe's wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election.
During Monroe's tenure as president, the Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force and Monroe was re-elected, virtually unopposed, in 1820. As president, he signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the 36°30′ parallel. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor.
Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties and died on July 4, 1831, in New York City—sharing a distinction with Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson of dying on the anniversary of U.S. independence. Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president.
Early life and education
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in his parents' house in a wooded area of Westmoreland County in the Colony of Virginia, to (Andrew) Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones. The marked site is one mile (1.6 km) from the unincorporated community known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. He had one sister, Elizabeth and three younger brothers, Spence, Andrew and Joseph Jones. Monroe's father worked as a craftsman and was a patriot who was involved in protests against the Stamp Act. His mother was the daughter of a Welsh immigrant whose family was one of the wealthiest in King George County.[1][2]
His paternal great-great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century as a Royalist after the defeat of Charles I in the English Civil War,[1] and was part of an ancient Scottish clan known as Clan Munro. In 1650, he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Also among James Monroe's ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700.[2]
At age 11, Monroe was enrolled in Campbelltown Academy, the only school in the county. This school was considered the best in the colony of Virginia, which is why Monroe was later able to immediately take advanced courses in Latin and mathematics at the College of William & Mary.[3] He attended this school only 11 weeks a year, as his labor was needed on the farm. During this time, Monroe formed a lifelong friendship with an older classmate, future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall. In 1772, Monroe's mother died after giving birth to her youngest child and his father died soon after, leaving him as the eldest son in charge of the family. Though he inherited property, including slaves, from both of his parents, the 16-year-old Monroe was forced to withdraw from school to support his younger brothers. His childless maternal uncle, Joseph Jones, became a surrogate father to Monroe and his siblings and paid off his brother-in-law's debts. A member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Jones took Monroe to the capital of Williamsburg, Virginia, and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary in June 1774. Jones also introduced Monroe to important Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Washington.[4]
During this phase of the American Revolution, opposition to the British government grew in the Thirteen Colonies in reaction to the "Intolerable Acts", a series of harsh laws against the Colonies in response to the Boston Tea Party. In Williamsburg, British Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, dissolved the Assembly after protests by the delegates, who then decided to send a delegation to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Dunmore wanted to take advantage of the absence of the Burgesses, who had convened to Richmond, and had soldiers of the Royal Navy confiscate the weapons of the Virginian militia, which alarmed militiamen and students of the College of William & Mary, including Monroe. They marched to the Governor's Palace and demanded that Dunmore return the confiscated gunpowder. When more militiamen arrived in Williamsburg under the leadership of Patrick Henry, Dunmore agreed to pay compensation for the confiscated goods. Monroe and his fellow students were so incensed by the governor's actions that they conducted daily military drills on campus afterward.[4] On June 24, 1775, Monroe and 24 militiamen stormed the Governor's Palace, capturing several hundred muskets and swords.[3]
Revolutionary War service
In early 1776, about a year and a half after his enrollment, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army, despite mourning the death of his brother Spence, who had died shortly before.[3] As the fledgling army valued literacy in its officers, Monroe was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant, serving under Colonel George Weedon and later Captain William Washington. After months of training, Monroe and 700 Virginia infantrymen were called north to serve in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Monroe's regiment played a central role in the Continental Army's retreat across the Delaware River on December 7 in response to the loss of Fort Washington. In late December, Monroe took part in a surprise attack on a Hessian encampment at the Battle of Trenton. Though the attack was successful, Monroe suffered a severed artery in the battle and nearly died. In the aftermath, Washington cited Monroe and William Washington for their bravery, and promoted Monroe to captain.[5]
After recovering for two months, Monroe returned to Virginia to recruit his own company of soldiers. Lacking the wealth to induce soldiers to join his company, Monroe instead asked his uncle to return him to the front. Monroe was assigned to the staff of General William Alexander, Lord Stirling as an auxiliary officer. At the Battle of Brandywine, he formed a close friendship with the Marquis de Lafayette, a French volunteer who encouraged him to view the war as part of a wider struggle against religious and political tyranny. Monroe served in the Philadelphia campaign and spent the winter of 1777–78 at the encampment of Valley Forge, sharing a log hut with Marshall. By late 1777, he was promoted to major and served as Lord Stirling's aide-de-camp. After serving in the Battle of Monmouth, the destitute Monroe resigned his commission in December 1778 and joined his uncle in Philadelphia. After the British captured Savannah, the Virginia legislature decided to raise four regiments, and Monroe returned to his native state, hoping to receive his own command. With letters of recommendation from Washington, Stirling, and Alexander Hamilton, Monroe received a commission as a lieutenant colonel and was expected to lead one of the regiments, but recruitment again proved to be a problem. On Jones's advice, Monroe returned to Williamsburg to study law at the College of William and Mary, becoming a protégé of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson.[6] Jefferson, with whom Monroe soon formed a close and lifelong friendship, advised his protégé to pursue a political career and made his library available to him, where the works of Epictetus in particular had a great influence on Monroe [7]
With the British increasingly focusing their operations in the Southern colonies, the Virginians moved the capital to the more defensible city of Richmond, and Monroe accompanied Jefferson to the new capital. Jefferson appointed Monroe as a military commissioner with the task of maintaining contact with the Southern Continental Army, under the command of General Johann von Kalb, and the Virginia Militia.[8][9] At the end of 1780, the British invaded Virginia and Monroe, who had become a colonel in the meantime, was given command of a regiment for the first time, but he was still unable to raise an army due to a lack of interested recruits, Monroe returned to his home in King George County, and was not present for the British raid on Richmond. As both the Continental Army and the Virginia militia had an abundance of officers, Monroe did not serve during the Yorktown campaign, and, much to his frustration, did not take part in the Siege of Yorktown.[9] Although Andrew Jackson served as a courier in a militia unit at age 13, Monroe is regarded as the last U.S. president who was a Revolutionary War veteran, since he served as an officer of the Continental Army and took part in combat.[10] As a result of his service, Monroe became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.[11][12]
Early political career
Member of Continental Congress
Monroe resumed studying law under Jefferson and continued until 1783.[13][14] He was not particularly interested in legal theory or practice, but chose to take it up because he thought it offered "the most immediate rewards" and could ease his path to wealth, social standing, and political influence.[14] In 1782, Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. After serving on Virginia's Executive Council, he was elected to the Fourth Congress of the Confederation in November 1783 and served in Annapolis until Congress convened in Trenton, New Jersey in June 1784. He had served a total of three years when he finally retired from that office by the rule of rotation.[16] By that time, the government was meeting in the temporary capital of New York City. In 1784, Monroe undertook an extensive trip through Western New York and Pennsylvania to inspect the conditions in the Northwest. The tour convinced him that the United States had to pressure Britain to abandon its posts in the region and assert control of the Northwest.[17] While serving in Congress, Monroe became an advocate for western expansion, and played a key role in the writing and passage of the Northwest Ordinance. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, providing for federal administration of the territories West of Pennsylvania and North of the Ohio River. Another of Monroe's goals in the Confederate Congress was to negotiate American rights to free navigation on the Mississippi River.[18] During this period, Jefferson continued to serve as a mentor to Monroe, and, at Jefferson's prompting, he befriended another prominent Virginian, James Madison.
Marriage and law practice
On February 16, 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830), who came from New York City's high society, at Trinity Church in Manhattan.[20] The marriage produced three children, Eliza in 1786,[21] James in 1799[22] and Maria in 1802.[23] Although Monroe was raised in the Anglican faith, the children were educated according to the teachings of the Episcopal Church.[24] After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, New York, the Monroes returned to New York City to live with her father until Congress adjourned:[25]
In the fall of 1786, Monroe resigned from Congress and moved to his uncle Jones' house in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he successfully passed the bar exam and became an attorney for the state.[26] In 1787, Monroe won election to another term in the Virginia House of Delegates. Though he had become outspoken in his desire to reform the Articles, he was unable to attend the Philadelphia Convention due to his work obligations.[27] In 1788, Monroe became a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, which voted on the adoption of the United States Constitution.[21] In Virginia, the struggle over the ratification of the proposed Constitution involved more than a simple clash between federalists and anti-federalists. Virginians held a full spectrum of opinions about the merits of the proposed change in national government, and those who held the middle ground in the ideological struggle became the central figures. Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton, these "federalists who are for amendments" criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government.[28] Monroe called for the Constitution to include guarantees regarding free navigation on the Mississippi River and to give the federal government direct control over the militia in case of defense. In doing so, he wanted to prevent the creation of a standing army, which proved to be a critical point of contention between the federalists and the anti-federalists. Monroe also opposed the Electoral College, which he viewed as too corruptible and susceptible to state interests, and favored direct election of the president.[29] After Madison reversed his decision and promised to pass a bill of rights, the Virginia Convention ratified the Constitution by a narrow vote, though Monroe himself voted against it.[30]
Senator
In the 1789 election to the 1st United States Congress, anti-federalist Henry Monroe persuaded Monroe to run against Madison, and he had the Virginia legislature draw a congressional district designed to elect Monroe. During the campaign, Madison and Monroe often traveled together, and the election did nothing to diminish their friendship. In the election for Virginia's Fifth District, Madison prevailed over Monroe, taking 1,308 votes compared to Monroe's 972 votes. After this defeat, Monroe moved his family from Fredericksburg to Albemarle County, first to Charlottesville and later to the immediate neighborhood of Monticello, where he bought an estate and named it Highland.[31] After the death of Senator William Grayson in 1790, Virginia legislators elected Monroe to serve the remainder of Grayson's term.[32] Since the Senate, unlike the House of Representatives, met behind closed doors, the public paid little attention to it and focused on the House of Representatives. Monroe therefore requested in February 1791 that Senate sessions be held in public, but this was initially rejected and not implemented until February 1794.[33]
During the presidency of George Washington, U.S. politics became increasingly polarized between the Anti-Administration Party, led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and the Federalists, led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Monroe stood firmly with Jefferson in opposing Hamilton's strong central government and strong executive. The Democratic-Republican Party coalesced around Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe became one of the fledgling party's leaders in the Senate. He also helped organize opposition to John Adams in the 1792 election, though Adams defeated George Clinton to win re-election as vice president. When Monroe took part in congressional investigations into Hamilton's illegal transactions with James Reynolds in November 1792, this led to the uncovering of the first political sex scandal in the United States: The payments had been hush money to keep Hamilton's affair with Reynolds' wife secret. Hamilton never forgave Monroe for this public humiliation, which almost led to a duel between the two.[35] Throughout 1792 and 1793, Monroe and Madison responded to Hamilton's pamphlets accusing Jefferson of undermining Washington's authority with a series of six essays. These sharply worded replies were largely penned by Monroe. As leader of the Republicans in the Senate, Monroe soon became involved in matters of foreign relations. In 1794, he emerged as an opponent of Hamilton's appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom and a supporter of the First French Republic. Since 1791 he had taken sides with the French Revolution in several essays under the pseudonym Aratus.[36]
Minister to France
As the 1790s progressed, the French Revolutionary Wars came to dominate U.S. foreign policy, with British and French raids both threatening U.S. trade with Europe. Like most other Jeffersonians, Monroe supported the French Revolution, but Hamilton's followers tended to sympathize more with Britain. In 1794, hoping to find a way to avoid war with both countries, Washington appointed Monroe as his minister (ambassador) to France, after Madison and Robert R. Livingston had declined the offer.[37] At the same time, he appointed the Anglophile Federalist John Jay as his minister to Britain.[38] Monroe took this position at a difficult time: America's negotiating position was made considerably more difficult by its lack of military strength. In addition, the conflict between Paris and London in America intensified the confrontation between the Anglophile Federalists and the Francophile Republicans. While the Federalists were basically only aiming for independence from Great Britain, the Republicans wanted a revolutionary new form of government, which is why they strongly sympathized with the First French Republic.[37]
After arriving in France, Monroe addressed the National Convention, receiving a standing ovation for his speech celebrating republicanism. Monroe's passionate and friendly message of greeting at the inaugural ceremony before the National Convention was later criticized by Jay for its sentimentality, and Washington viewed the speech as "not well devised" in terms of venue and in light of American neutrality in the First Coalition War.[39] Monroe experienced several early diplomatic successes, including the protection of U.S. trade from French attacks. In February 1795, Monroe used his influence to secure the release of all American citizens imprisoned since the French Revolution and Adrienne de La Fayette, the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette. He had already secured the release of Thomas Paine in July 1794 and took him in, but when Paine worked on a diatribe against Washington despite Monroe's objections, they parted ways in the spring of 1796.[40]
Months after Monroe arrived in France, the U.S. and Great Britain concluded the Jay Treaty, outraging both the French and Monroe—not fully informed about the treaty prior to its publication. Despite the undesirable effects of the Jay Treaty on Franco-American relations, Monroe won French support for U.S. navigational rights on the Mississippi River—the mouth of which was controlled by Spain—and in 1795 the U.S. and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty. The treaty granted the U.S. limited rights to use the port of New Orleans.
Immediately after Timothy Pickering succeeded Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, who had been the only Francophile member of Washington's cabinet, in December 1795, he worked to dismiss Monroe. In 1796, Monroe sent a dispatch summarizing his response to French complaints of the Jay Treaty, but it was incomplete and did not include the French note or Monroe's written response. Pickering saw this as a sign of Monroe's unsuitability and, together with Hamilton, persuaded Washington to replace Monroe as ambassador.[42] Washington decided Monroe was inefficient, disruptive, and failed to safeguard the national interest. He recalled Monroe in November 1796, the letter of dismissal being deliberately delayed in order to prevent his return before the presidential election.[43] Returning to his home in Charlottesville, he resumed his dual careers as a farmer and lawyer.[44] Jefferson and Madison urged Monroe to run for Congress, but Monroe chose to focus on state politics instead.
In 1797, Monroe published A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States: Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5, and 6, which sharply attacked Washington's government and accused it of acting against America's interests. He followed the advice of his friend Robert Livingston who cautioned him to "repress every harsh and acrimonious" comment about Washington. However, he did complain that too often the U.S. government had been too close to Britain, especially regarding the Jay Treaty. Washington made notes on this copy, writing, "The truth is, Mr. Monroe was cajoled, flattered, and made to believe strange things. In return he did, or was disposed to do, whatever was pleasing to that nation, reluctantly urging the rights of his own."[47]
Governor of Virginia and diplomat (1799–1802, 1811)
Governor of Virginia
On a party-line vote, the Virginia legislature elected Monroe as Governor of Virginia in 1799. He would serve as governor until 1802. The constitution of Virginia endowed the governor with very few powers aside from commanding the militia when the Assembly called it into action, but Monroe used his stature to convince legislators to enhance state involvement in transportation and education and to increase training for the militia. Monroe also began to give State of the Commonwealth addresses to the legislature, in which he highlighted areas in which he believed the legislature should act. Monroe also led an effort to create the state's first penitentiary, and imprisonment replaced other, often harsher, punishments. In 1800, Monroe called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebellion, a slave rebellion originating on a plantation six miles from the capital of Richmond. Gabriel and 27 other enslaved people who participated were all hanged for treason.[22] The executions sparked compassionate feelings among the people of Virginia, and Monroe worked with the legislature to secure a location where free and enslaved African Americans suspected of "conspiracy, insurgency, Treason, and rebellion" would be permanently banished outside the United States.[49]
Monroe thought that foreign and Federalist elements had created the Quasi War of 1798–1800, and he strongly supported Thomas Jefferson's candidacy for president in 1800. Federalists were likewise suspicious of Monroe, some viewing him at best as a French dupe and at worst a traitor.[50] With the power to appoint election officials in Virginia, Monroe exercised his influence to help Jefferson win Virginia's presidential electors. He also considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson.[52] Jefferson won the 1800 election, and he appointed Madison as his Secretary of State. As a member of Jefferson's party and the leader of the largest state in the country, Monroe emerged as one of Jefferson's two most likely successors, alongside Madison.[53]
Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain
Shortly after the end of Monroe's gubernatorial tenure, President Jefferson sent Monroe back to France to assist Ambassador Robert Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. In the 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso, France had acquired the territory of Louisiana from Spain; at the time, many in the U.S. believed that France had also acquired West Florida in the same treaty. The American delegation originally sought to acquire West Florida and the city of New Orleans, which controlled the trade of the Mississippi River. Determined to acquire New Orleans even if it meant war with France, Jefferson also authorized Monroe to form an alliance with the British if the French refused to sell the city.[54]
Meeting with François Barbé-Marbois, the French foreign minister, Monroe and Livingston agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million; the purchase became known as the Louisiana Purchase. In agreeing to the purchase, Monroe violated his instructions, which had only allowed $9 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida. The French did not acknowledge that West Florida remained in Spanish possession, and the United States would claim that France had sold West Florida to the United States for several years to come. Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States. Monroe would travel to Spain in 1805 to try to win the cession of West Florida, but found that the American ambassador to Spain, Charles Pinckney, had alienated the Spanish government with crude threats of violence. In the negotiations on the outstanding territorial issues concerning New Orleans, West Florida and the Rio Grande, Monroe made no progress and was treated condescendingly, and with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory.[55]
After the resignation of Rufus King, Monroe was appointed as the ambassador to Great Britain in 1803. The greatest issue of contention between the United States and Britain was that of the impressment of U.S. sailors. Many U.S. merchant ships employed British seamen who had deserted or dodged conscription, and the British frequently impressed sailors on U.S. ships in hopes of quelling their manpower issues. Many of the sailors they impressed had never been British subjects, and Monroe was tasked with persuading the British to stop their practice of impressment. Monroe found little success in this endeavor, partly due to Jefferson's alienation of the British minister to the United States, Anthony Merry. Rejecting Jefferson's offer to serve as the first governor of Louisiana Territory, Monroe continued to serve as ambassador to Britain until 1807.[56]
In 1806 he negotiated the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty with Great Britain. It would have extended the Jay Treaty of 1794 which had expired after ten years. Jefferson had fought the Jay Treaty intensely in 1794–95 because he felt it would allow the British to subvert American republicanism. The treaty had produced ten years of peace and highly lucrative trade for American merchants, but Jefferson was still opposed. When Monroe and the British signed the new treaty in December 1806, Jefferson refused to submit it to the Senate for ratification. Although the treaty called for ten more years of trade between the United States and the British Empire and gave American merchants guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson was unhappy that it did not end the hated British practice of impressment and refused to give up the potential weapon of commercial warfare against Britain. The president made no attempt to obtain another treaty, and as a result, the two nations drifted from peace toward the War of 1812.[57] Monroe was severely pained by the administration's repudiation of the treaty, and he fell out with Secretary of State James Madison.[58]
1808 election and the Quids
On his return to Virginia in 1807, Monroe received a warm reception, and many urged him to run in the 1808 presidential election.[59] After Jefferson refused to submit the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, Monroe had come to believe that Jefferson had snubbed the treaty out of the desire to avoid elevating Monroe above Madison in 1808.[60] Out of deference to Jefferson, Monroe agreed to avoid actively campaigning for the presidency, but he did not rule out accepting a draft effort.[61] The Democratic-Republican Party was increasingly factionalized, with "Old Republicans" or "Quids" denouncing the Jefferson administration for abandoning what they considered to be true republican principles. The Quids, led by John Randolph of Roanoke, tried to enlist Monroe in their cause. The plan was to run Monroe for president in the 1808 election in cooperation with the Federalist Party, which had a strong base in New England. Monroe decided to run against Madison in the 1808 presidential election in order to demonstrate the strength of his political position in Virginia. The regular Democratic-Republicans overcame the Quids in the nominating caucus, kept control of the party in Virginia, and protected Madison's base.[62] Monroe did not publicly criticize Jefferson or Madison during Madison's campaign against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, but he refused to support Madison. Madison defeated Pinckney by a large margin, carrying all but one state outside of New England. Monroe won 3,400 votes in Virginia, but received little support elsewhere.[61]
Monroe, who had fallen out of favor with the majority of Republicans because of his candidacy, withdrew into private life for the next few years. The plan to sell his second house in Loudon County, Oak Hill, in order to renovate and expand Highland with the proceeds, failed due to the low real estate prices.[64] After the election Monroe quickly reconciled with Jefferson, but their friendship endured further strains when Jefferson did not promote Monroe's candidacy to Congress in 1809.[65] Monroe did not speak with Madison until 1810.[58] Monroe devoted his attentions to farming at his Charlottesville estate, experimenting with new horticultural techniques in order to switch from tobacco, whose value was steadily declining, to wheat.[66]
Secretary of State and Secretary of War (1811–1817)
Madison administration
Main article: Presidency of James Madison
In 1810, Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor in 1811, but served only four months, as less than two months into his term, Monroe was asked on Madison's behalf if he would be willing to succeed Robert Smith as Secretary of State.[64] In April 1811, Madison appointed Monroe to his cabinet as Secretary of State in hopes of shoring up the support of the more radical factions of the Democratic-Republicans.[58] Madison also hoped that Monroe, an experienced diplomat with whom he had once been close friends, would improve upon Smith's performance. Madison assured Monroe that their differences regarding the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty had been a misunderstanding, and the two resumed their friendship.[67] The Senate voted unanimously (30–0) to confirm him. On taking office, Monroe hoped to negotiate treaties with the British and French to end the attacks on American merchant ships. While the French agreed to reduce the attacks and release seized American ships, the British were less receptive to Monroe's demands.[68] Monroe had long worked for peace with the British, but he came to favor war with Britain, joining with "war hawks" such as Speaker of the House Henry Clay. With the support of Monroe and Clay, Madison asked Congress to declare war upon the British, and Congress complied on June 18, 1812, thus beginning the War of 1812.[69]
The war went very badly, and the Madison administration quickly sought peace, but were rejected by the British.[70] The U.S. Navy did experience several successes after Monroe convinced Madison to allow the Navy's ships to set sail rather than remaining in port for the duration of the war.[71] After the resignation of Secretary of War William Eustis, Madison asked Monroe to serve in dual roles as Secretary of State and Secretary of War, but opposition from the Senate limited Monroe to serving as acting Secretary of War until Brigadier General John Armstrong won Senate confirmation.[72] Monroe and Armstrong clashed over war policy, and Armstrong blocked Monroe's hopes of being appointed to lead an invasion of Canada. When British warships appeared in the Potomac River estuary in the summer of the same year, Monroe urged that defensive measures be taken for Washington, D.C., and that a military intelligence service should be established to Chesapeake Bay, which Armstrong dismissed as unnecessary. Since there was no functioning reconnaissance, Monroe formed his own small cavalry unit and began scouting the bay until the British withdrew from it.[74] As the war dragged on, the British offered to begin negotiations in Ghent, and the United States sent a delegation led by John Quincy Adams to conduct negotiations. Monroe allowed Adams leeway in setting terms, so long as he ended the hostilities and preserved American neutrality.[75]
When a British fleet of 50 warships and 5,000 soldiers massed in the mouth of the Potomac, Monroe scouted the Chesapeake Bay with a troop and on August 21 sent the President a warning of the impending invasion so that Madison and his wife could flee in time and the state's assets and inhabitants could be evacuated.[76] The British burned the U.S. Capitol and the White House on August 24, 1814, Madison removed Armstrong as Secretary of War and turned to Monroe for help, appointing him Secretary of War on September 27. Monroe resigned as Secretary of State on October 1, 1814, but no successor was ever appointed and thus from October 1814 to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both Cabinet posts. Now in command of the war effort, Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to defend against a likely attack on New Orleans by the British, and he asked the governors of nearby states to send their militias to reinforce Jackson. He also called on Congress to draft an army of 100,000 men, increase compensation to soldiers, and establish a new national bank, the Second Bank of the United States, to ensure adequate funding for the war effort.[79] Months after Monroe took office as Secretary of War, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The treaty resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellum, and many outstanding issues between the United States and Britain remained. Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly due to the news of the treaty reaching the United States shortly after Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the British also ended the practice of impressment. After the war, Congress authorized the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.[80] Monroe resigned as Secretary of War in March 1815 and took over the leadership of the State Department again, emerging from the war politically strengthened and a promising presidential candidate.[81]
Election of 1816
Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. Since there was no longer a serious opposition party due to the decline of the Federalists, who were perceived as disloyal because of their pro-British stance and opposition to the War of 1812, the Democratic-Republican caucus in Congress was crucial to Monroe's victory.[82] Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 electoral votes, winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware.[84]
Since he previously served as an officer of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and as a delegate to the Continental Congress, he became the last president who was a Founding Father. Born in 1758, he was also the last president who belonged to the Republican generation.
Presidency (1817–1825)
Main article: Presidency of James Monroe
Inauguration and cabinet
Monroe's inauguration took place on March 4, 1817. As Monroe was the first president to take office during a period of peace and economic stability, the term "Era of Good Feelings" was soon coined. This period was characterized by the unchallenged dominance of the Republicans, who by the end of Madison's term had adopted some Federalist policies, such as the establishment of a central bank and protective tariffs.[85] Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making federal appointments, which reduced political tensions and augmented the sense of "oneness" that pervaded the United States. He made two long national tours to build national trust, which included ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good-will.[86] Monroe appointed a geographically balanced cabinet, through which he led the executive branch. At Monroe's request, Crawford continued to serve as Treasury Secretary. Monroe also chose to retain Benjamin Crowninshield of Massachusetts as Secretary of the Navy and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as Attorney General. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the early favorite to eventually succeed Monroe. An experienced diplomat, Adams had abandoned the Federalist Party in 1807 in support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy, and Monroe hoped that the appointment would encourage the defection of more Federalists. After General Andrew Jackson declined appointment as Secretary of War, Monroe turned to South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun, leaving the Cabinet without a prominent Westerner. In late 1817 Rush became the ambassador to Britain, and William Wirt succeeded him as Attorney General. With the exception of Crowninshield, the rest of Monroe's initial cabinet appointees remained in place for the remainder of his presidency.
Foreign policy
According to historian William Earl Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.[90]
Treaties with Britain and Russia
Upon taking office, Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812.[91] In 1817, the United States and Britain signed the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and British North America.[92] The Treaty of 1818, also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present Canada–United States border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. The accords also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon Country for the next ten years.[93] Though they did not solve every outstanding issue between the U.S. and Britain, the treaties allowed for greater trade between the United States and the British Empire and helped avoid an expensive naval arms race in the Great Lakes.[91] In the Pacific Northwest, American territorial claims clashed with those of Tsarist Russia, which had trading posts as far south as San Francisco Bay, and those of Great Britain. The situation intensified in the fall of 1821 when Saint Petersburg closed America's Pacific coastal sea north of 51° latitude to foreign ships within a 100-mile zone, thus shifting its territorial claim four degrees of latitude to the south.[94] Late in Monroe's second term, the U.S. concluded the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 with the Russian Empire, setting the southern limit of Russian sovereignty on the Pacific coast of North America at the 54°40′ parallel (the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle).[95]
Acquisition of Florida
Main articles: Adams–Onís Treaty and Seminole Wars
In October 1817, the United States cabinet held several lengthy meetings to address the declarations of independence by former Spanish colonies in South America and the increasing piracy, particularly from Amelia Island. Piracy on the southern border with the Floridas was intensified by smugglers, slave traders, and privateers who had fled from the Spanish colonies over which the mother country had lost control.[96] Spain had long rejected repeated American attempts to purchase Florida. However, by 1818, Spain's troubling colonial situation made the cession of Florida make sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain and the United States. With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States. The Seminole people were also providing sanctuary for runaway slaves, those of which the United States wanted back.[98]
In response to Seminole attacks and their provision of aid to escaped slaves, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. In this expedition, led by Andrew Jackson, the US Army displaced numerous Seminole people from their houses along with burning their towns. Jackson also seized the Spanish territorial capital of Pensacola. With the capture of Pensacola, Jackson established de facto American control of the entire territory. While Monroe supported Jackson's actions, many in Congress harshly criticized what they saw as an undeclared war. With the support of Secretary of State Adams, Monroe defended Jackson against domestic and international criticism, and the United States began negotiations with Spain.[98][99][100] Monroe later fixed the government's official position in a letter from Adams to Spanish Ambassador Luis de Onís, which he edited accordingly by removing all justifications for Jackson's actions. He also emphasized that although Jackson had exceeded his orders, he had come to a new assessment of the situation on the basis of previously unknown information at the scene of the war.[101]
Spain faced revolt in all of its American colonies and could neither govern nor defend Florida. On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States signed the Adams–Onís Treaty, which ceded the Floridas in return for the assumption by the United States of claims of American citizens against Spain to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000 (~$141 million in 2023). The treaty also contained a definition of the boundary between Spanish and American possessions on the North American continent. Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River the line ran along that river to the 32nd parallel, then due north to the Red River, which it followed to the 100th meridian, due north to the Arkansas River, and along that river to its source, then north to the 42nd parallel, which it followed to the Pacific Ocean. The United States renounced all claims to the west and south of this boundary (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Nevada), so Spain surrendered any title she had to the Northwest (Oregon Country).
South American Wars of Independence
In 1810, South America's wars of independence began, inspired by the American and French Revolutionary Wars, but the Madison administration, as well as Monroe himself during his first term in office, treated the conflicts as civil wars and kept the United States neutral.[103] Monroe was deeply sympathetic to the revolutionary movements against Spain, and was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement in Latin American affairs, but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain. Monroe initially refused to recognize the Latin American governments due to ongoing negotiations with Spain over Florida.
Following their respective declarations of independence, the South American republics quickly sent emissaries to Washington to ask for diplomatic recognition and economic and trade relations. In 1818, Monroe assured a representative of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata that his attitude was "impartial neutrality," Although not diplomatically recognized, the young republics enjoyed the advantages of a sovereign nation in economic, trade, and diplomatic relations with the United States.[94] After Spain and America had fully ratified the Adams–Onís Treaty in February 1821 and a liberal government had come to power in Madrid, Monroe officially recognized the countries of Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, all of which had won independence from Spain.[93] Secretary of State Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity".
Monroe Doctrine
Main article: Monroe Doctrine
In January 1821, Adams first expressed the idea that the American double continent should be closed to further colonization by foreign powers. The idea, which was later adopted by Monroe, was influenced by the Adams–Onís Treaty and the negotiations on border disputes in the Oregon Country. Adams emphasized that the further colonization of America, except for Canada, should be in the hands of the Americans themselves. This later became a principle in Monroe's administration. After the Spanish Revolution of 1820 was ended by France, Secretary of War Calhoun and British Foreign Secretary George Canning warned Monroe that European powers might intend to intervene in South America, increasing the pressure on him to speak out on the future of the Western Hemisphere.[106]
For their part, the British also had a strong interest in ensuring the demise of Spanish colonialism, with all the trade restrictions mercantilism imposed. In October 1823, Richard Rush, the American minister in London, corresponded with Canning to work out a common position on a potential French intervention in South America. When Monroe was presented with this correspondence, which had yielded no tangible results, in mid-October 1823, his first reaction was to accept the British offer.[107] Adams vigorously opposed cooperation with Great Britain, contending that a statement of bilateral nature could limit United States expansion in the future. He also argued that the British were not committed to recognizing the Latin American republics and must have had imperial motivations themselves.[108]
Two months later, the bilateral statement proposed by the British became a unilateral declaration by the United States. While Monroe thought that Spain was unlikely to re-establish its colonial empire on its own, he feared that France or the Holy Alliance might seek to establish control over the former Spanish possessions.[103] On December 2, 1823, in his annual message to Congress, Monroe articulated what became known as the Monroe Doctrine. He first reiterated the traditional U.S. policy of neutrality with regard to European wars and conflicts. He then declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master, though he also avowed non-interference with existing European colonies in the Americas.[109] Finally, he stated that European countries should no longer consider the Western Hemisphere open to new colonization, a jab aimed primarily at Russia, which was attempting to expand its colony on the northern Pacific Coast.[93]
Domestic policy
Missouri Compromise
Main article: Missouri Compromise
In the period between 1817 and 1819, Mississippi,[110] Illinois,[111] and Alabama[111] were recognized as new states. This rapid expansion resulted in a growing economic divide between the regions and a change of power in Congress to the detriment of the southern states, which viewed their plantation economy, which was dependent on slavery, as increasingly threatened.[112] In February 1819, a bill to enable the people of the Missouri Territory to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the House of Representatives. During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York "tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings"[113] by offering the Tallmadge Amendment, which prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required that all future children of slave parents therein should be free at the age of twenty-five years. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, which rejected both amendments.[114] A House–Senate conference committee proved unable to resolve the disagreements on the bill, and so the entire measure failed. The ensuing debates pitted the northern "restrictionists" (antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from the Louisiana territories and prohibit slavery's further expansion) against southern "anti-restrictionists" (proslavery legislators who rejected any interference by Congress inhibiting slavery expansion).
During the following session, the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26, 1820, by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. Initially, Monroe opposed any compromise that involved restrictions on slavery's expansion in federal territories. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.[117][a] Southern congressmen sought to force northerners to accept slavery in Missouri by connecting Maine and Missouri statehood. In this plan, endorsed by Monroe, Maine statehood would be held hostage to slavery in Missouri. In February 1820 the Senate passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri. The House then approved the bill as amended by the Senate.[118] Though Monroe remained firmly opposed to any compromise that restricted slavery anywhere, he reluctantly signed the Compromise into law (March 6, 1820) only because he believed it was the least bad alternative for southern slaveholders. The legislation passed, and became known as "the Missouri Compromise", which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories. Monroe's presidential leadership role in drafting the Missouri Compromise is disputed. He viewed the issue of admission conditions more from a political perspective and did not convene a cabinet meeting on this matter.[120]
Internal improvements
As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of internal improvements to help the country develop. Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs.[121] Monroe believed that the young nation needed an improved infrastructure, including a transportation network to grow and thrive economically, but did not think that the Constitution authorized Congress to build, maintain, and operate a national transportation system,[122] Monroe repeatedly urged Congress to pass an amendment allowing Congress the power to finance internal improvements, but Congress never acted on his proposal, in part because many congressmen believed that the Constitution did in fact authorize the federal financing of internal improvements. In 1822, Congress passed a bill authorizing the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road, with the tolls being used to finance repairs on the road. Adhering to stated position regarding internal improvements, Monroe vetoed the bill. In an elaborate essay, Monroe set forth his constitutional views on the subject. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them.
In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that the Constitution's Commerce Clause gave the federal government the authority to regulate interstate commerce. Shortly thereafter, Congress passed two important laws that, together, marked the beginning of the federal government's continuous involvement in civil works. The General Survey Act authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail". The president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Army Corps of Engineers. The second act, passed a month later, appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles. Subsequently, the act was amended to include other rivers such as the Missouri. This work, too, was given to the Corps of Engineers—the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic and, as part of the nation's small army, available to serve the wishes of Congress and the executive branch.[121]
Panic of 1819
At the end of his first term of office, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the Panic of 1819, the first major depression to hit the country since the ratification of the Constitution in 1788. The panic stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices[122] as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[128] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns. Monroe lacked the power to intervene directly in the economy, as banks were largely regulated by the states, and he could do little to stem the economic crisis.[132] As a result, cuts had to be made to the state budget in the following years, primarily affecting the defense budget, whose growth to over 35% of the total budget in 1818 had already shocked the conservative republicans.[133] Monroe's fortification program survived the cutbacks unscathed for the time being, while the target size of the standing army was reduced from 12,656 to 6,000 in May 1819. The next year, the budget for reinforcing and expanding the forts was reduced by over 70%. By 1821, the defense budget had shrunk to $5 million, about half of what it had been in 1818.[134]
Before the onset of the Panic of 1819, some business leaders had called on Congress to increase tariff rates to address the negative balance of trade and help struggling industries. As the panic spread, Monroe declined to call a special session of Congress to address the economy. When Congress finally reconvened in December 1819, Monroe requested an increase in the tariff but declined to recommend specific rates. Congress would not raise tariff rates until the passage of the Tariff of 1824. The panic resulted in high unemployment and an increase in bankruptcies and foreclosures,[122] and provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprises.[140]
Native American policy
Monroe was the first president to visit the American West and entrusted Secretary of War Calhoun with departmental responsibility for this region. In order to prevent the relentless attacks on Native American settlements that accompanied the steadily advancing westward expansion, he advocated dividing up the areas between the federal territories and the Rocky Mountains and assigning them to different tribes for settlement. The districts were each to be given a civil government and a school system. In a speech to Congress on March 30, 1824, Monroe advocated the resettlement of Native Americans living within the territory of the United States to lands beyond the western frontier where they could continue their ancestral way of life.[141] Nonetheless, he shared Jackson and Calhoun's concerns about sovereign Indian nations, believing they were an obstacle to the West's future development. Like Washington and Jefferson, he wished to present the Natives with the benefits of American culture and Western civilization for their own good, as well as to save them from extinction.[142]
Election of 1820
Monroe announced his candidacy for a second term early on. At the Republican Caucus on April 8, 1820, the 40 members unanimously decided not to nominate an opposing candidate to Monroe. The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed,[143] the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire, William Plumer, cast a vote for John Quincy Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the Electoral College.[143] He did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent. Later in the century, the story arose that he had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors.[144] Despite this broad support in the presidential election, Monroe had few loyal supporters and correspondingly little influence in the parallel elected 17th United States Congress.[134]
Post-presidency (1825–1831)
When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill, what is now included in the grounds of the University of Virginia.[145] Monroe spent the first five years of his retirement at his Oak Hill residence in Aldie, Virginia. In August 1825, the Monroes had received the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams as guests there.[145] He devoted himself to reading, with his private library containing over 3,000 books, most of which he had acquired during his stays in Europe. Monroe began work on a book of political theory The People the Sovereigns, Being a Comparison of the Government of the United States with those of the Republics Which Have Existed Before, with the Causes of their Decadence and Fall. The work was designed to highlight the difference between governments and people of the United States and other countries, ancient and modern, to show that certain issues that produced disastrous effects in them were not present in America. In 1829, Monroe abandoned work on The People the Sovereigns after hearing George Hay's unfavorable reaction to the manuscript. Hay suggested that Monroe write an autobiography, which would be more interesting and valuable to posterity. Monroe, delighted with the idea, began working on an autobiography, but died before it could be completed.[146]
In retirement, he was plagued by pressing financial worries. As Minister to France during the 1790s, he had had to take out substantial private loans to fulfill representative duties and diplomatic protocol due to his moderate pay. As early as 1797, he had asked Congress for an expense allowance and had been waiting in vain for a payment ever since. In the last days before handing over to Adams, Monroe wrote to Jefferson and Madison asking them to support him in his claims against Congress if necessary. He sold off his Highland Plantation to the Second Bank of the United States out of financial necessity.[147] It is now owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public as a historic site. Throughout his life, he was financially insolvent, which was exacerbated by his wife's poor health.[148]
Monroe served on the Board of Visitors for the University of Virginia under Jefferson and the second rector, James Madison, both former presidents, nearly until his death. Monroe had previously been a member of the original board of Central College (the predecessor to the University of Virginia[149]) however the demands of the Presidency prevented him from continuing as a board member. At the annual examinations in July, he presided over the Board of Examiners. When there was considerable indiscipline among the students, Monroe suggested in a report in 1830 that military drill be added to the curriculum, but Madison refused.[150]
Although already clearly marked by age and severely impaired by a horse accident in 1828,[151] Monroe was elected as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830. He was one of four delegates elected from the senatorial district made up of his home district of Loudoun and Fairfax County.[152] In October 1829, he was elected by the convention to serve as the presiding officer, until his failing health required him to withdraw on December 8, after which Philip P. Barbour of Orange County was elected presiding officer.[153]
Shortly before his death, Monroe was dealt a severe blow when his son-in-law and close advisor George Hay died on September 21, 1830, and his wife Elizabeth died just two days later.[154] Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to 63 Prince Street at Lafayette Place[155] in New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur.[156] On July 4, 1831, Monroe died at age 73 from heart failure and tuberculosis, thus becoming the third president to have died on Independence Day. His death came 55 years after the United States Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. 27 years later, in 1858, his body was re-interred at the President's Circle in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.[157]
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion," historian Bliss Isely notes, "less is known than that of any other President." No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.[158]
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult, he attended Episcopal churches. Some historians see "deistic tendencies" in his few references to an impersonal God.[159] Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist or infidel. In 1832, James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher".[160]
Slavery
Monroe owned dozens of slaves. He took several slaves with him to Washington to serve at the White House from 1817 to 1825. This was typical of other slaveholding presidents.[161]
Monroe sold his small Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics. Although he owned multiple properties over the course of his lifetime, his plantations were never profitable. Although he owned much more land and many more slaves, and speculated in property, he was rarely on site to oversee the operations. Overseers treated the slaves harshly to force production, but the plantations barely broke even. Monroe incurred debts by his lavish and expensive lifestyle and often sold property (including slaves) to pay them off.[162] The labor of Monroe's many slaves were also used to support his daughter and son-in-law, along with a ne'er-do-well brother, Andrew, and his son, James.[163]
When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia planned to kidnap him, take Richmond, and negotiate for their freedom. Gabriel's slave conspiracy was discovered.[164] Monroe called out the militia; the slave patrols soon captured some slaves accused of involvement. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses, such as an appointed attorney, but they were "hardly 'fair'". Slave codes prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and they were given quick trials without a jury.[165] Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them.[166] Historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves. None of the executed slaves had killed any whites because the uprising had been foiled before it began.[167] An additional 50 slaves charged for their role in the planned rebellion would be spared, as a result of pardons, acquittals, and commutations. One reason for this was influence of a letter Monroe received from Thomas Jefferson urging mercy, telling him "The other states & the world at large will for ever condemn us if we indulge a principle of revenge, or go one step beyond absolute necessity. They cannot lose sight of the rights of the two parties, & the object of the unsuccessful one." Only seven of the executions carried out against the rebels occurred after Monroe received Jefferson's letter.[168]
During the course of his presidency, Monroe remained convinced that slavery was wrong and supported private manumission, but at the same time he insisted that any attempt to promote emancipation would cause more problems. Monroe believed that slavery had become a permanent part of southern life, and that it could only be removed on providential terms. Like so many other Upper South slaveholders, Monroe believed that a central purpose of government was to ensure "domestic tranquility" for all. Like so many other Upper South planters, he also believed that the central purpose of government was to empower planters like himself. He feared for public safety in the United States during the era of violent revolution on two fronts. First, from potential class warfare of the French Revolution in which those of the propertied classes were summarily purged in mob violence and then preemptive trials, and second, from possible racial warfare similar to that of the Haitian Revolution in which blacks, whites, then mixed-race inhabitants were indiscriminately slaughtered as events there unfolded.[citation needed]
As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the dismay of states' rights proponents, he was willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance to emancipate and transport freed slaves to other countries. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union".
Monroe was active in the American Colonization Society, which supported the establishment of colonies outside of the United States for free African Americans. The society helped send several thousand freed slaves to the new colony of Liberia in Africa from 1820 to 1840. Slave owners like Monroe and Andrew Jackson wanted to prevent free blacks from encouraging slaves in the South to rebel. Liberia's capital, Monrovia, was named after President Monroe.
Legacy
Historical reputation
Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Monroe as an above average president.[171][172] Monroe presided over a period in which the United States began to turn away from European affairs and towards domestic issues. His presidency saw the United States settle many of its longstanding boundary issues through an accommodation with Britain and the acquisition of Florida. Monroe also helped resolve sectional tensions through his support of the Missouri Compromise and by seeking support from all regions of the country.[173] Political scientist Fred Greenstein argues that Monroe was a more effective executive than some of his better-known predecessors, including Madison and John Adams.
Memorials
The capital of Liberia is named Monrovia after Monroe; it is the only national capital other than Washington, D.C., named after a U.S. president. Monroe is the namesake of seventeen Monroe counties.[175] Monroe, Maine, Monroe, Michigan, Monroe, Georgia, Monroe, Connecticut, both Monroe Townships in New Jersey, and Fort Monroe are all named for him. Monroe has been depicted on U.S. currency and stamps, including a 1954 United States Postal Service 5¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp.[176]
Monroe was the last U.S. president to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue, a tricorne hat and knee-breeches according to the style of the late 18th century.[177][178] That earned him the nickname "The Last Cocked Hat". He was also the last president who was not photographed.[179]
His participation in George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River and the Battle of Trenton was memorialized in Emanuel Leutze's 1851 painting Washington Crossing the Delaware as well as John Trumbull's painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776.[180]
Notes
References
Bibliography
Main article: Bibliography of James Monroe
Secondary sources
Primary sources
Preston, Daniel, ed. The Papers of James Monroe: Selected Correspondence and Papers (6 vol, 2006 to 2017), the major scholarly edition; in progress, with coverage to 1814.
Writings of James Monroe, edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., 7 vols. (1898–1903) online edition at Internet Archive
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 59 |
https://yarbs.net/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe-death-mask.html
|
en
|
The Real Face of James Monroe - Death Mask Reconstruction
|
[
"https://yarbs.net/images/banners/james-monroe-death-mask-banner.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-1.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-3.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-7.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-8.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-9.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-5.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-6.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/shop-announcement.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/life-mask-featured-john-quincy-adams-thomas-jefferson-voltaire.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/lost-daguerreotype-james-dolley-madison.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/digital-yarbs-prints-featured.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/intimate-history-tours-featured-nathan-bedford-forrest-frederick-douglass.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/all-things-adams-featured-john-quincy-adams.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/jackson-chaney-life-portrait-featured.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/facebook-logo.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/twitter-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/youtube-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/pinterest-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/instagram-logo.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/digital-yarbs-logo.png"
] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rKkqG1J5sJg?rel=0"
] |
[] |
[
"James Monroe",
"Browere Life Mask",
"Death Mask",
"Death Masks"
] | null |
[
"Digital Yarbs"
] | null |
J. I. Browere's death mask of James Monroe
|
en
|
https://yarbs.net/images/icons/favicon.ico
|
https://yarbs.net/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe-death-mask.html
|
>> >> The Real Face of James Monroe - Death Mask Reconstruction
What did Founding Fathers Look Like?
James Monroe
I had not planned to reconstruct a death mask, but due to numerous requests for James Monroe, I decided to undertake the task. The sculptor John Henri Isaac Browere, famous for his life masks of John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other prominent early Americans, created only one death mask, that of James Monroe.
Death mask of James Monroe Source: Cheryl A. Daniel, with special thanks to Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown N.Y.
Monroe spent his final six months residing with his daughter and son-in-law in New York City. He passed away there on July 4, 1831, exactly five years after his friend Jefferson. His death occurred a little after 3 p.m., and he was laid to rest on July 7. During this period, Browere took a death mask. Initially, Browere had hoped to create a life mask of Monroe, but the former president declined to pose, perhaps due to what had befallen Jefferson. Since the soul had departed, Browere never transformed the mask into a portrait bust, leaving the eyes closed and the hair unmodelled. However, as Charles Henry Hart noted, "it is difficult to believe it was made after life was gone, so vibrant with life it seems." In terms of likeness, it compares favorably with the portrait painted by Chester Harding from life in 1829." 1
Having a death mask of an individual supposedly provides an accurate representation of their appearance, right?
Well, the answer is both yes and no. When a person dies, the facial muscles relax and droop, causing the eyes to sink, and wrinkles can soften or even vanish. Some of the most recognizable features of a person become flattened, devoid of the expressions that life once imbued them with.
Death mask of James Monroe Source: Cheryl A. Daniel, with special thanks to Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown N.Y.
Therefore, while many death masks manage to capture a person's likeness with great precision, this is not always the case. Consequently, relying solely on a death mask to authenticate a portrait may not always yield an exact result. This appears to be the situation with James Monroe. It is likely that Monroe was lying down when Browere cast the mask of his face. His eyes and cheeks appeared sunken, and gravity had flattened his nose and lips. Unlike the reconstruction of life masks, death masks necessitate some "artistic license." In other words, the physical structure of the mask needs to be altered. I usually avoid such modifications when reconstructing life masks. In order to transform James Monroe's death mask into a lifelike representation, I had to reverse the effects of gravity and slightly lift the nose and lips. I also had to counteract the effects of death by filling in his eye sockets and cheeks. Since Browere had not opened the eyes in this mask, I utilized the eyes from Chester Harding's 1829 painting, as well as replicating the hairstyle.
Photoshop reconstruction of James Monroes's death mask
"De-aged version of Monroe's death mask.
While it is impossible to create an exact likeness of Monroe, I hope that this reconstructed death mask provides a glimpse of how James Monroe truly appeared in his final years.
A young version of Monroe compared to himself at near death. Slight reductions were made to the nose and ears as these organs continue to grow as one ages. Additionally, the lips were lifted further to convey a more youthful appearance.
Left: Chester Harding's 1829 painting of James Monroe, Right: Death mask overlay
Left: Photoshop reconstruction of James Monroes's death mask, Right: Death mask overlay
Prints and Postcards
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 40 |
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine
|
en
|
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
|
[
"https://www.archives.gov/sites/all/themes/nara/images/nara-print-logo.jpg",
"https://www.archives.gov/files/milestone-documents/images/doc-023-big.jpg",
"https://www.archives.gov/files/education/images/docsteach-logo-square.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-06-25T11:10:53-04:00
|
EnlargeDownload Link Citation: Message of President James Monroe at the commencement of the first session of the 18th Congress (The Monroe Doctrine), 12/02/1823; Presidential Messages of the 18th Congress, ca. 12/02/1823-ca. 03/03/1825; Record Group 46; Records of the United States Senate, 1789-1990; National Archives. View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View
|
en
|
National Archives
|
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine
|
Transcript
Note: The Monroe Doctrine was expressed during President Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress, December 2, 1823:
...At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .
It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the results have been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgement of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security.
The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none of them more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different.
It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in hope that other powers will pursue the same course....
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 15 |
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/james-monroe
|
en
|
Hollywood Cemetery
|
[
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/templates/ac/images/logo.png",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/monroe.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/monroe.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"hollywood cemetery",
"richmond",
"virginia",
"president james monroe",
"president john tyler",
"garden cemetery",
"jefferson davis",
"jeb stuart",
"george pickett",
"monument to the confederate war dead",
"james river",
"the iron dog",
"friends of hollywood cemetery",
"historical walking tours",
"segway tours",
"trolley tours",
"interment options",
"casket burial",
"cremation burial",
"cremation interment",
"palmer chapel",
"hollywood mausoleum",
"presidents circle",
"cremation niches",
"idlewood cremation wall",
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Hollywood Cemetery is a fully operational cemetery located in Richmond, Virginia. Lots, crypts, and niches are available for purchase and tours are held regularly.
|
en
|
/templates/ac/favicon.ico
|
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/james-monroe
|
James Monroe, on New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style...His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye...I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ”
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention, which ratified the Constitution; and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, Monroe was elected a United States senator. As minister to France from 1794 to 1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won reelection in 1820.
Monroe made unusually strong cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as secretary of war, and a Northerner, John Quincy Adams, as secretary of state. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner.
Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. In Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies.
Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress.
The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a Free State, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever.
In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions.
Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid…to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.”
Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “ The American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some twenty years after Monroe died, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
Most of all, the legacy of James Monroe is a model of what a brave leader can do. He dared to do difficult acts and, in return, accomplished even greater feats. Monroe died from heart failure and tuberculosis on July 4, 1831, thus becoming the third president who died on Independence Day. His death came fifty-five years after the US Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of two other Founding Fathers who became presidents: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family’s vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. Twenty-seven years later, in 1858, the body was reinterred in the Presidents Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a US National Historic Landmark.
Sources of information: WhiteHouse.gov, presidential biographies are from The Presidents of the United States of America by Michael Beschloss and Hugh Sidey. The White House Historical Association. Totallyhistory.com.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 17 |
https://www.biography.com/political-figures/james-monroe-biography-facts
|
en
|
13 Facts About James Monroe
|
[
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/search.f1c199c.svg",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/close.38e3324.svg",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/james-monroe-gettyimages-517324078.jpg?crop=0.5625xw:1xh;center,top&resize=640:*",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/pinterest.e8cf655.svg?primary=%2523ffffff",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/play.db7c035.svg?primary=%2523ffffff",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=1024:* 1120w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=1120:* 1200w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656/1da42bf1-9f2f-466a-affa-2347615d7656_image.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=1200:* 1920w",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-adams-1735---1826-robert-morris-1734---1806-alexander-hamilton-1757---1804-and-thomas-jefferson-1743---1826-1774-photo-by-stock-montage_getty-images.jpg?crop=0.4736666666666667xw:1xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/vintage-american-history-painting-of-royalty-free-illustration-1693947567.jpg?crop=0.758xw:0.628xh;0.141xw,0.186xh&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/military-leaders-659473d0abdbb.png?crop=0.494xw:0.987xh;0.250xw,0&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-1302306074jp.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/betsy-ross.jpg?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/samuel-adams-gettyimages-517357384.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/john-adams-gettyimages-3246312.jpg?crop=1xw:0.999537037037037xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-815004690.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/george-rogers-clark-1752-1818-american-revolutionary-hero-news-photo-1686667162.jpg?crop=0.588xw:0.447xh;0.273xw,0.113xh&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/roger-sherman-gettyimages-1318729906.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-3246298.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/gettyimages-176564613.jpg?crop=1xw:1.0xh;center,top&resize=360:*",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo.5ec9b18.svg?primary=%2523ffffff",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/x.3361b6d.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/facebook.a5a3a69.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/instagram.f282b14.svg?primary=%2523ffffff&id=social-button-icon",
"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/network-logo.04aa008.svg?primary=%2523ffffff"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"School: College of William & Mary",
"School: Campbelltown Academy",
"Last Name: Monroe",
"Death Year: 1831",
"Birth Year: 1758",
"Birth Month/Day: April 28",
"Birth City: Westmoreland County",
"Life Events/Experience: Were Injured in Combat",
"Group: American Revolution Figures",
"Group: Founding Fathers",
"Death Month/Day: July 4",
"Birth State: Virginia",
"Life Events/Experience: Held Political Office",
"Industry/Interest Area: U.S. Politics",
"Life Events/Experience: Served in the Army",
"Death City: New York",
"First Name: James",
"Death Month: 7",
"Death State: New York",
"Birth Month: 4",
"Astrological Sign: Taurus",
"Death Country: United States",
"Birth Country: United States"
] | null |
[] |
2015-04-28T04:00:00
|
Learn about the fifth president and Founding Father.
|
en
|
/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/favicon.3635572.ico
|
Biography
|
https://www.biography.com/political-figures/james-monroe-biography-facts
|
James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States and Founding Father. Born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought under George Washington and studied law with Thomas Jefferson. He is remembered for the Monroe Doctrine, as well as for expanding U.S territory via the acquisition of Florida from Spain.
Here are 13 interesting facts about Monroe:
In 1776, Monroe left his studies at William & Mary to enlist in the 3rd Virginia Regiment
During the Revolutionary War, he served under General Washington, fought in several major battles in the northeast, was wounded at the Battle of Trenton — from which he carried shrapnel in his shoulder for the rest of his life — and wintered at Valley Forge, eventually reaching the rank of Colonel in the Virginia service. Monroe did not return to William & Mary but finished his legal training with then Virginia governor Jefferson. William & Mary is nonetheless proud to claim Monroe as an illustrious former student.
Monroe moved to Albemarle County, Virginia to be near his friend and mentor, Jefferson
His farm Highland actually shared a border with Jefferson’s Monticello. With the addition of their colleague James Madison — whose home in Orange County, Virginia was situated on their way to and from Washington — three of the first five United States presidents hailed from Central Virginia.
Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, had a particularly close relationship
Their warm family life is illustrated by his wife and two daughters, Eliza and Maria, accompanying Monroe on nearly all his official travel, including diplomatic assignments in France and Great Britain. During their time in France, the couple attended Napoleon I’s Coronation in Notre Dame Cathedral.
Monroe had a strong interest in the American west and its importance to the growing United States
Not widely known is his significant role in the negotiation of the Louisiana Purchase for the Jefferson administration. In 1803, Jefferson sent him to France to assist Robert Livingston with the negotiation for the port of New Orleans, telling Monroe “All eyes, all hopes, are now fixed on you.” Finding Napoleon strapped for cash and willing to sell the entirety of the Louisiana Territory, Monroe took advantage of a deal that would double the size of the nation.
As Envoy to Spain, Monroe took the journey by mule from Paris to Madrid to negotiate with Spain for the Floridas
The negotiations trip was ultimately unsuccessful. Fifteen years later, Monroe was eventually able to oversee the peaceful acquisition of the Florida territory during his first presidential term when he signed the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819.
Monroe’s first presidential term was coined the Era of Good Feelings
During this period of national unity following the War of 1812, the Federalist party collapsed and the country witnessed a transitory one-party government. In 1820, Monroe saw no opposing candidates, and he was re-elected with all but one electoral votes. This was the last time the United States saw a candidate run without serious opposition — Monroe was the only president besides Washington to do so.
Monroe was the first president to travel by way of steamboat
This momentous occasion occurred while on his goodwill tour of the Southern States. (He also took a tour of the Northern States, making him the first president since Washington to travel so widely among the states. Towns across the country greeted him with parades, lavish dinners, and other grand events. The city of Charleston, South Carolina actually barbecued an ox in honor of his visit.
By the time his two-term presidency ended, Monroe had served his country for 50 years, holding more elected public offices than any president before or after him
He even held two positions in Madison’s presidential cabinet at the same time (Secretary of State and Secretary of War) — Monroe is the only person in history to have held two cabinet positions at once.
One of Monroe’s presidential portraits was painted by Samuel Morse, the inventor of the Morse Code
Morse had an established career as an artist before contributing to the telegraphic invention. He also painted John Adams in the former president’s old age.
Monrovia, Liberia is the only foreign capital in the world named after a United States president
Established by the American Colonization Society during the Monroe administration, the colony of Liberia was founded in 1821 as a destination for freed Black Americans, most of whom were generations removed from their African ancestors.
The foreign policy that bears Monroe’s name did not become known as 'The Monroe Doctrine' until 30 years after its delivery
During Monroe’s annual message to Congress in 1823, he warned Europe (and, consequentially, the rest of the world) to stay out of the Americas for purposes of acquisition, or else the United States would intervene. This message constitutes a firm statement of early U.S. foreign policy.
Monroe was recognizably old-fashioned in choosing his attire
He was the last president to dress in the style of the Revolutionary War era, which, by that time, was considered outdated and earned him the nickname “The Last Cocked Hat.” In 1825, at the Monroes' last New Year’s Day reception at the White House, one guest who shook his hand wrote, “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style, small clothes, silk hose, knee-buckles, and pumps fastened with buckles. His manner was quiet and dignified…”
Considered the last of the founding fathers, Monroe died, coincidentally, on July 4, 1831
Even eerier, Jefferson and Adams also died on the same date five years earlier. On the 100th anniversary of his birth, his body was moved from New York City and reinterred at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 42 |
https://has-fallen.fandom.com/wiki/James_Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/1/14/Olympus_0810-_James_Monroe_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20150910231602
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/1/14/Olympus_0810-_James_Monroe_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/1200?cb=20150910231602
|
[
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210713163954",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/20?cb=20130123191015",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/1/14/Olympus_0810-_James_Monroe_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/180?cb=20150910231602",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Has Fallen Wiki"
] |
2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00
|
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the 5th President of the United States from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States and the last president from the Virginian dynasty and the Republican Generation. Born in Westmoreland County...
|
en
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/olympus-has-fallen/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20211224032515
|
Has Fallen Wiki
|
https://has-fallen.fandom.com/wiki/James_Monroe
|
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the 5th President of the United States from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States and the last president from the Virginian dynasty and the Republican Generation.
Biography[]
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to his shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As an anti-federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government.
He took an active part in the new government, and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate of the first United States Congress. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence as a diplomat in France, when he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. During the War of 1812, Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison.
Appearances[]
In-universe: Monroe is still acknowledged, albeit not mentioned or discussed in Olympus Has Fallen. He is shown in one of the White House's personal bedrooms belonging to Benjamin Asher as he is dressing for a meeting and talking to his son Connor.
See Also[]
List of Presidents of the United States
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 9 |
https://www.loc.gov/item/va0568/
|
en
|
James Monroe Tomb, Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Richmond (Independent City), VA
|
http://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg
|
http://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg
|
[
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/logo-loc-new-branding.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/link.svg",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg#h=728&w=1024",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0521/photos/162749p_150px.jpg#h=121&w=150",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0559/photos/162725p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=119",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0800/va0894/photos/162155p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=119",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0525/photos/162609p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=111",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0573/photos/162779p_150px.jpg#h=120&w=150",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1877090801:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=281&w=204",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1879092701:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=300&w=214",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1881072301:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=305&w=217",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027098:00220720408:1892101501:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=276&w=194",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn84025841:00220720408:1885022101:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=271&w=183",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/email.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/youtube.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/pinterest.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/flickr.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/instagram.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/itunesU.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/congress-gov.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/copyright-gov.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Photo(s): 6 | Color Transparencies: 1 | Data Page(s): 6 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
|
en
|
The Library of Congress
|
https://www.loc.gov/item/va0568/
|
The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.
Ultimately, it is the researcher's obligation to assess copyright or other use restrictions and obtain permission from third parties when necessary before publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the Library's collections.
For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
Reproduction Number: ---
Call Number: HABS VA,44-RICH,92-
Access Advisory: ---
Obtaining Copies
If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site.)
Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library of Congress Duplication Services.
If a digital image is displaying: The qualities of the digital image partially depend on whether it was made from the original or an intermediate such as a copy negative or transparency. If the Reproduction Number field above includes a reproduction number that starts with LC-DIG..., then there is a digital image that was made directly from the original and is of sufficient resolution for most publication purposes.
If there is information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can use the reproduction number to purchase a copy from Duplication Services. It will be made from the source listed in the parentheses after the number.
If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
If there is no information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can generally purchase a quality copy through Duplication Services. Cite the Call Number listed above and include the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the Duplication Services Web site.
Access to Originals
Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm.
Is the item digitized? (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.)
Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions.
As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. They are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images.)
No, the item is not digitized. Please go to #2.
Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, such as microfilm or copy prints?
Yes, another surrogate exists. Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate.
No, another surrogate does not exist. Please go to #3.
If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 20 |
https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-president-james-monroe
|
en
|
The Enslaved Households of President James Monroe
|
[
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/WH-1600-Sessions-Podcast-Cover_WIDE_2024-03-19-170012_wvdq.png",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/1112932_2024-06-05-171824_xyat.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/digital-library-hero.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/20230330_DAG_4315_2024-03-19-170737_upoa.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-planyourvisit-events2.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-bookdecatur-facilitydetails-B.jpg",
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/AshLawnHighland_200225_193735.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Mosby-letter.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/1810-census.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Caldwell-House.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Enslaved-Household-Monroe-White-House.png",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/1820-census-cropped.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Monroe-1820-Census-transcription.png",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/default/_smallImage/Liberia-Map_200225_195514.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/thumbnails/_thumbSmall/dhsq-thumb.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/f/Z/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130602.tif.mSeO87jlMaHBDV9jkAMA.biixDeSEiv.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/d/a/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130603.tif.mSen867lMV3BDV9jkAMA.Mi1sXqq0B2.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/8/h/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1130713.tif.mSeJibPlMYF7DV9jkAMA.nd2khEZC1n.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/b/z/Main%20Index/Presidents/Abraham%20Lincoln/8935.jpg.mSf_qLrlMV91Rd9hkAMA.WROVRkQO2y.jpg",
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/footer-logo.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born in 1758 into an affluent, slave owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His paren...
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
WHHA (en-US)
|
https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-enslaved-households-of-president-james-monroe
|
Matthew Costello Chief Education Officer, The Marlyne Sexton Chair in White House History, Director of the David M. Rubenstein National Center for White House History
This article is part of the Slavery in the President’s Neighborhood initiative. Explore the Timeline
Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born in 1758 into an affluent, slave owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents, Spence and Elizabeth Monroe, had aspirations for their eldest son, sending him to Campbelltown Academy. James’ childhood changed dramatically when both of his parents passed away within a span of two years. In 1774, he inherited land and enslaved people from the estate of his father.1 This turn of events compelled James to look after his siblings until his uncle, Joseph Jones, became a paternal surrogate for the Monroe children. Jones encouraged Monroe to attend the College of William & Mary, which he did until he enlisted in the Continental Army’s Third Virginia Infantry Regiment.2
In terms of military, political, administrative, and diplomatic experience, James Monroe was one of the most qualified individuals to ascend to the presidency during the nineteenth century. He fought in the American Revolution and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton; served in the legislative bodies of the Virginia General Assembly and the United States Senate, as well as Governor of Virginia; held diplomatic posts across Europe for different administrations; and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War (briefly acting in both capacities) during the James Madison administration. He also studied law with Thomas Jefferson—and the two men became close friends. In fact, because of his relationship with Jefferson, Monroe purchased land adjacent to Monticello in Albemarle County. This plantation was named Highland and the Monroes—along with a growing enslaved community—lived here from 1799 to 1823.3 That same year, Monroe was elected governor, and during his tenure he and other Virginia slave owners experienced one of the largest attempted insurrections in United States history. Click here to learn more about the enslaved households of President James Madison. Click here to learn more about the enslaved households of President Thomas Jefferson.
On August 30, 1800, Governor Monroe received alarming news that a slave rebellion was forming in the countryside just outside the capital of Richmond. Gabriel, an enslaved blacksmith who lived on Thomas Prosser’s plantation in Henrico County, had organized and inspired about 150 others to take up arms against their enslavers. Two co-conspirators, Pharoah and Tom, confessed the plot to their owner Mosby Sheppard, who then alerted the governor. Monroe ordered up the militia to patrol the city and safeguard the caches of arms and ammunition. A torrential downpour delayed the start of the insurrection, and as word spread about the patrols, Gabriel’s followers fled or went into hiding. Over the course of the next two days, Virginia militiamen terrorized hundreds of enslaved people in and around Richmond by breaking into the quarters and cabins of anyone suspected of conspiring with Gabriel. Most were innocent and only dealt with having their homes invaded and searched—but more than seventy others were arrested and charged.4
On September 12, five enslaved men—Will, John, Isaac, Michael, and Ned—were executed in Richmond for their roles in the attempted rebellion. Three days later, another five men—Solomon, Billy, Martin, Charles, and Frank—were also executed. As this second group was heading to the gallows, Monroe sought Vice President Jefferson’s advice on the severity of these punishments:
Where to arrest the hand of the Executioner, is a question of great importance. It is hardly to be presumed, a rebel who avows it was his intention to assassinate his master &ca if pardoned will ever become a useful servant. and we have no power to transport him abroad—Nor is it less difficult to say whether mercy or severity is the better policy in this case, tho’ where there is cause for doubt it is best to incline to the former council.5
Writing from Monticello, Jefferson observed that “there is a strong sentiment that there has been hanging enough. the other states & the world at large will for ever condemn us if we indulge a principle of revenge, or go one step beyond absolute necessity.”6 In the end, seventy-two enslaved men were prosecuted, twenty-six of whom were convicted and executed, including Gabriel. Eight were transported to New Orleans to be sold, twenty-five were acquitted, and thirteen were ultimately pardoned by Governor Monroe—but the incident spurred the Virginia General Assembly to pass severe measures to control the free and enslaved African-American communities. One of the changes enacted was allowing transportation as a substitute punishment for certain capital crimes. Based on his writings afterwards, the event shifted Monroe’s attitudes toward slavery. It is also possible that this episode—and the solution of transportation—was the origin of his future support for colonization.7
Several years later, President Jefferson entrusted Monroe and Robert Livingston to acquire territory from France and secure American access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. The men exceeded all expectations, acquiring New Orleans and some 827,000 square miles west of the Mississippi for $15 million.8 The Louisiana Purchase opened up new opportunities for white settlers, often at the expense of Native Americans who had lived on these lands for centuries; but it also created a volatile mix of expansionism and slavery. These intertwined issues remained at the forefront of American politics for the next sixty years.
After he completed his diplomatic assignment in Great Britain, Monroe returned to his private life at Highland. Between 1807 and 1810, Monroe acquired thirty-three additional enslaved people.9 According to the 1810 census, there were forty-nine enslaved individuals at Highland, making Monroe one of the county’s largest slave owners. While he was often away for business or public service, the enslaved carpenters, blacksmiths, maids, cooks, and field workers sustained the plantation during Monroe’s frequent absences.10
After serving as Secretary of State and War for President Madison, Monroe emerged as his political successor and easily won the 1816 election. At the beginning of his presidency, Monroe lived at the Caldwell House, located at 2017 Eye Street NW. This property featured a three-story brick mansion, along with a kitchen wing, garden, stables, and carriage house. Monroe had lived there during his tenure as Secretary of State, and remained there temporarily as the White House was still being rebuilt under the supervision of Irish-born architect James Hoban.11 President Monroe brought several enslaved women to Washington, possibly to work at the Caldwell House or prepare another house for occupancy—unfortunately, they were never identified by name.12 They likely would have cooked, cleaned, and attended to the president and first lady, as well as the many guests who visited with the Monroes. On May 31, President Monroe embarked on a grand tour of the northern United States to examine fortifications, inspect troop detachments, and inspire national fervor.13 In June 1817, these unidentified women were sent back to the Monroe property in Albemarle County—likely because of the president’s extended trip away from Washington. President Monroe returned to the capital on September 17, 1817. A large group of citizens, troops, and dignitaries escorted the president from Georgetown to the President’s House, where he delivered an address to the public and ceremoniously took up residence—though the home wasn’t quite ready yet.14
Just as he relied on enslaved people at Highland and Caldwell House, President Monroe also relied on enslaved labor at the White House. There are surviving household accounts that identify some of the enslaved individuals who worked in the Monroe White House during his first term in office. Three enslaved women—Sucky, Eve, Betsey—are mentioned because of expenses related to shoes and medical care. Four enslaved men—Daniel, Tom, Peter, and Hartford—are listed because of expenditures related to shoes and clothing.15 Unfortunately, these records were only kept during Monroe’s summers away from Washington and tell us very little about who these people were and their responsibilities at the White House.
The 1820 census reveals that there were five enslaved men, one enslaved woman, two free African-American men, and three “foreigners not naturalized”—likely hired servants or staff.16 Two possibilities are Charles Bizet, the president's gardener who was born in France; and steward Joseph Jeater. While Jeater's origins are unclear, many early nineteenth-century White House stewards came from Europe and were considered superior to their American counterparts.17 Employing a mix of free and enslaved domestic staff was common practice by then, as Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Madison had already done so. While we can speculate somewhat about who these white workers were, the identities of the six enslaved individuals and two free African Americans are currently unknown. It is also possible that some of these enslaved individuals recorded in the 1820 census are in fact those identified earlier in the article. While we do not know their names, these enslaved individuals likely would have lived downstairs in the basement, as this level featured the kitchen, laundry, and other adjoined service spaces. There is also evidence that enslaved labor was used for a number of projects on the White House Grounds during Monroe’s presidency. Click here to learn more about the enslaved households of President George Washington.
While the exact moment is unknown, James Monroe began to contemplate possible solutions to end the institution of slavery. Monroe was a nationalist, primarily concerned about preserving the republic. He recognized that slavery fostered sectional animosity, and these tensions were a persistent threat to a rather delicate Union. He believed that abolishing slavery was probably necessary to ensure the survival of the country. However, he also had many concerns about the logistics and possible consequences of emancipation—would it be immediate or gradual? What role would the federal government play in the process? Would slave owners be compensated? What support or security would formerly enslaved individuals receive? How would labor markets, politics, and white society react to a large and growing population of free African Americans? Ultimately, Monroe believed that gradual compensated emancipation and colonization was the best solution, and as president he broadly pursued this policy.18 This approach also meant that Monroe did not envision a United States of America with African Americans in it. This premise was rooted in the dual belief that African Americans were incapable of assimilating into American society, and that whites would never accept their newfound status.
President Monroe gradually became more supportive of colonization during his presidency. This evolution went hand-in-hand with the president’s efforts to suppress the African slave trade, as colonization could not happen if more Africans, legally and illegally, were being forcibly transported to the Western Hemisphere. Working in conjunction with the efforts of the American Colonization Society (ACS), a settlement was established on the west coast of Africa and named Liberia—its capital later named Monrovia. The president also pursued a treaty with Great Britain to declare the slave trade an act of piracy. This agreement would have permitted both countries to search and seize ships suspected of trafficking Africans. The treaty eventually faltered in the Senate, and the president rebuked Congress for its inaction in December 1823, arguing that this measure would ensure the end of the African slave trade.19 It is also worth mentioning that ending the African slave trade would also increase the value of enslaved people already in the United States—including those owned by Monroe—and serve as a boon to the domestic slave trade.
Earlier that year, Monroe estimated that he owned “about 60. or 70. young & old, male & female” slaves between his properties in Loudoun and Albemarle Counties.20 While he perceived slavery as a danger to the Union, he also realized that enslaved people were his source of wealth, and like many of his contemporaries, he refused to surrender that status willingly. During his retirement, Monroe continued to demonstrate a strong interest in colonization, and was elected honorary president of the auxiliary chapter of the Colonization Society of Virginia; yet he never took substantial steps to either free those he enslaved or arrange their transportation to Liberia.21 As his health declined in early 1831, he divided his estate between his daughters, Eliza and Maria. He later made a “dying request” that was previously unknown until the discovery of two significant historical documents—a recommendation to employ Peter Marks, his enslaved manservant, and a certification acknowledging Peter’s freedom.22 To date, Peter is the only known individual who was freed by James Monroe.
We have been able to recover the names of a handful of enslaved people from President Monroe’s papers and contemporary sources, but much of the story is still missing. At James Monroe’s Highland, staff are working closely with descendants of the enslaved community to transform the site’s interpretation. Two independent researchers are currently tracing the lineage of several enslaved families that were sold and sent to a plantation in Florida. To learn more about this project, click here. The editorial staff of the Papers of James Monroe are working to publish selected correspondence, and are currently working on volumes eight and nine—which will chronicle his presidential terms in greater detail and provide new research leads into the people who worked in the president’s household. To learn more about the Monroe Papers Project, click here. As new volumes are published, we hope to learn more about the enslaved individuals who lived and worked in the Monroe White House.
Thank you to Daniel Preston and Heidi Stello of the Papers of James Monroe Project for their research assistance; and thank you to Sara Bon-Harper and Nancy Stetz of James Monroe's Highland for their suggestions and contributions to this article.
Share
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 39 |
https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/james-monroe/
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/resources/icjsgwbatch5-0030.jpg",
"https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-icjsgwbatch5-0030-2.jpg",
"http://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-content-images/Monroe22.jpg",
"https://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/styles/home_medium/public/1800-exhibition.JPG?itok=9tkvx-DB",
"https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=Monticello&zoom=12&size=314x236&maptype=roadmap&markers=color:red%7C%7C38.0086043,-78.4531994&key=AIzaSyBmEa9qPbqp5KO2EPHe2J1so5O83oXWCQQ",
"https://www.monticello.org//images/map.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Delve into the life of James Monroe & explore his significant contributions to the American Revolution and American history.
|
en
|
https://www.monticello.org/favicon.ico
|
Monticello
| null |
At this point, Monroe unburdened himself to Thomas Jefferson, his new acquaintance and the governor of Virginia. Jefferson advised Monroe to prepare for a career in public service by studying the law. To that end, Monroe returned to William and Mary in 1780 and joined William Short in studying law under Jefferson's tutelage. In gratitude, Monroe wrote his mentor, "I feel that whatever I am at present in the opinion of others or whatever I may be in future has greatly arose from your friendship."[3] Monroe's value as a military adviser induced Jefferson to appoint his protégé military commissioner for Virginia. Monroe supplied information on troop dispositions and established a military postal service for sending rapid news of enemy actions. With the end of the war, he moved from Williamsburg to his farm in King George County intending to complete his study of the law. Shortly afterwards, in the spring of 1782, he was elected as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates.
Through 1782 and 1783, Monroe was active in state political affairs, particularly in the management of the western lands (his military service had earned him over 5,000 acres of bounty land in Kentucky). He was chosen in June 1783, along with Jefferson and three others, to represent Virginia in the Confederation Congress. The first year, in Annapolis, Jefferson and Monroe shared lodgings. The younger man availed himself of Jefferson's library and practiced his French on Jefferson's hired chef. It was during this time that Jefferson urged Monroe and James Madison to establish a closer relationship. Jefferson recommended Monroe to Madison, writing, "The scrupulousness of his honor will make you safe in the most confidential communication. A better man cannot be."[4] Monroe remained on the Virginia delegation to the Congress for the next three years, an experience that convinced him of the necessity of a strong central government.
In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright of New York. Jefferson was particularly warm in his congratulations. His marriage, however, made Monroe's chronic shortness of money a more pressing concern, and from 1786 until 1790 he divided his attention between public service and his law practice. He was again elected to the House of Delegates in 1787, but was left off the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention. After seeing the document that emerged from Philadelphia, Monroe found that he "had some strong objections to it." In 1788 he brought those objections to the ratifying convention in Richmond. After twenty days of debate, which Monroe said were "conducted generally with great order, propriety and respect of either party to the other," the ratifying convention approved the Constitution by a vote of 89 to 79. Monroe forwarded a copy to Jefferson in Paris.[5] Later that year, Monroe ran for the House of Representatives intending to continue his struggle to modify the Constitution. Madison, his unlikely opponent, also advocated amendment and handily won the election. The former adversaries immediately resumed their friendly correspondence.[6]
In February 1789, Monroe shared some good news with Jefferson: "It has always been my wish to acquire property near Monticello. I have lately accomplish'd it by the purchase of Colo. G. Nicholas improvments in Charlotteville ...."[7] A few months before, Monroe had acquired 800 acres of land that would later become the site of the University of Virginia. Jefferson had been urging Madison and Monroe to settle near him in Albemarle County since the summer of 1784.[8] Monroe took up residence on his property in August 1789. He declined requests from his Albemarle neighbors to run for public office, devoting himself instead to his law practice and new farms. The latter disappointed him. His efforts, he concluded later, should have been applied "to a more grateful soil."[9] Jefferson returned from France in December of 1789 and reported to William Short that Monroe's presence greatly improved the neighborhood.[10]
Most aristocratic Virginians in this period owed their financial well-being to large scale agriculture, and James Monroe was no exception. His father's death in 1774 had left him in possession of slaves. Though opposed to the institution itself, Monroe, like Jefferson, feared the outbreak of violence that could result from immediate abolition. He therefore supported gradual solutions to this societal dilemma. As U.S. president, for example, he endorsed the American Colonization Society's efforts to settle former slaves in Liberia, which led to the capital of that nation being named Monrovia in his honor. His daily interaction with the men and women he owned was unsurprisingly governed by the unwritten standards of conduct pursued by enlightened slave-owners throughout the upper South. This paternalistic philosophy resulted in his protection of family units, a minor amount of self-determination in work assignments, and the provision of medical care. It did not oblige him to free his slaves, an action he, like Jefferson, believed to be irresponsible.[11]
In 1790, Monroe returned to public service as senator from Virginia and held that office until 1794. When he first arrived in Philadelphia, Madison and Jefferson invited their friend and his wife to share lodgings at their boarding house. Throughout this period, Monroe worked closely with Madison (a member of the House of Representatives) and Jefferson (secretary of state) in organizing an opposition political party and in achieving their republican goals. During recesses, these three men visited each other's estates: Madison at Montpelier, Jefferson at Monticello, and Monroe at his residence in Charlottesville. They enjoyed one another's society, but also spent time preparing legislative goals and deciding on strategies to counter the efforts of Hamilton's Federalists. In 1793, Monroe acquired 3,500 acres adjacent to Monticello. Highland, the house he constructed there, was completed in December of 1799.
Monroe's appointment in 1794 as minister to France by Washington's Federalist administration was somewhat unexpected, especially considering Monroe's prominence in the opposition party. His wide legislative experience and republican principles, however, made him the perfect agent for resolving tensions in American-French relations. By 1796 Washington's administration no longer felt comfortable with a Republican holding such an important post. Monroe bitterly resented what he perceived to be an unjustified recall; his resentment was somewhat soothed by the warm reception afforded him by his fellow Republicans when he returned to America in June of 1797.
From 1797 to 1799, Madison and Monroe were frequently at Monticello to confer with Jefferson on party matters. Monroe's friends were anxious to put his talents to work in some high governmental post, and in 1799, Monroe won the governorship of Virginia. Vague reports circulated during the summer of 1800 of an impending slave revolt. When specific details reached him on August 30, Monroe promptly called up the state militia and suppressed "Gabriel's rebellion." He attempted without success to alleviate the severity of the punishments handed down to the captured conspirators. The tied presidential ballot that autumn was another source of alarm for the governor. As Madison in the House of Representatives labored to break the tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson, Monroe prepared the state militia to resist a Federalist coup that never materialized.
Monroe completed his third gubernatorial term in the autumn of 1802 and left office intending to restore his finances by devoting his full attention to his law practice. In January 1803, however, Jefferson appointed him envoy extraordinary to France. Jefferson and Madison (now secretary of state) believed that only Monroe had the reputation and experience to complete the delicate negotiations involved in buying from France a port at the mouth of the Mississippi. "[A]ll eyes, all hopes are now fixed on you," Jefferson told his old friend.[12] Within three weeks of his arrival in France, Monroe and his colleague, Robert Livingston, had completed a treaty that secured the entire Louisiana territory at the cost of $15 million (80 million francs). During the remainder of his stay in France, Monroe visited two comrades from the revolution and forwarded news of them to Jefferson: Lafayette he found recovering from a broken hip, while Thaddeus Kosciusko was involved with his garden.[13]
After the successful negotiations for Louisiana in the spring of 1803, Jefferson transferred Monroe to London to fill the vital post of minister to Great Britain. The two countries enjoyed a precarious peace, and Monroe's main responsibility was to seek the resolution of several issues relating to the sovereignty of the United States. During the last year of his ministry, in 1807, Monroe and William Pinkney negotiated a treaty that Jefferson and Madison could not accept because it failed to address the impressment of American sailors into British ships. Monroe's and Madison's differences of opinion on foreign policy, as well as Monroe's indignation over the perceived slight to his competence, induced him to run for the presidency in 1808 as a Republican alternative to Madison. While his friendship with Jefferson continued to thrive, Monroe and Madison remained estranged until May of 1810, at which time Jefferson's efforts to restore their former amity finally bore fruit.[14] The following January, Monroe was elected once more to the governorship of Virginia, but he held the office for only three months. In March of 1811, Madison offered him the post of secretary of state.
National crisis, particularly the events of the War of 1812, marked the years of Monroe's service in Madison's cabinet. Not surprisingly, he rarely found leisure for lengthy visits in Albemarle County. His family spent the majority of its time at his Oak Hill estate in Loudoun County. With the outbreak of hostilities in 1812, Madison transferred Monroe temporarily to the post of secretary of war. Like Jefferson, Monroe believed that America's successful prosecution of the war depended on an invasion of Canada, but whereas Jefferson believed that such a conquest would be "a mere matter of marching,"[15] Monroe expected a protracted campaign and drew up plans for an army of 30,000 soldiers. Anti-Virginia grumbling in the Senate prevented Monroe's confirmation as secretary of war. His successor, John Armstrong, was a disaster: the secretary of war appointed generals who bungled the invasion of Canada, and his conclusion that the poorly-trained and inadequately-equipped state militias should bear the burden of defending Washington resulted in its virtually uncontested conquest by British regulars in August of 1814. Madison responded to the crisis by once again naming Monroe secretary of war. The latter's industry and organizational skills supplied the means for resisting British thrusts at Baltimore and New Orleans. With peace in 1815, Monroe resumed his direction of international affairs as secretary of state.
Jefferson, meanwhile, had been working on plans for Central College. In 1816, Madison, Monroe, and Jefferson were all named to its first Board of Visitors. Monroe traveled to board meetings from Washington, for he had won the presidency in the election of 1816. As president, Monroe sought to narrow the country's political divisions, a policy that led some contemporaries to speak of his presidency as an "Era of Good Feelings." Not all was well, however. Monroe's administration dealt with such problems as open warfare with the Seminoles, sectional strife over slavery in the debate concerning Missouri's admission to the union, and international tension with Spain over the status of Florida.[16] Monroe's appointments to various governmental positions in the summer of 1824 generated stress of a more personal nature. Jefferson had asked his old friend to give the postmastership of Richmond to one of his creditors, Bernard Peyton. At the time, Jefferson did not know that his own son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph, had also applied for the post.[17] Jefferson told Peyton that Monroe's appointment of a third party "sorely and deeply wounded" him.[18] Even so, the two friends continued to correspond with their usual warmth. In October 1824, for example, Monroe told Jefferson:
It is my warmest desire to visit albermarle, & to pass a day, with you, and one with Mr Madison, before the commenc’ment of the Session. If I do, it must be soon, as I must be back, early in the next month, to prepare for that event.[19]
After several postponements, presidential responsibilities forced Monroe to cancel the projected visit. The following summer, Lafayette made a last visit to Charlottesville before departing for France. Monroe accompanied Lafayette to Monticello and found Jefferson in poor health. This proved to be the last time Monroe and Jefferson saw one another.[20]
Monroe left the presidency in 1825 intending to rectify his personal affairs. The deplorable state of his finances led him to commiserate with Jefferson in February of 1826 over their mutual difficulties.[21] After Jefferson's death, Monroe continued to direct the daily labor of the seventy-seven slaves on his Oak Hill estate. A fall from horseback in 1828 exacerbated his ill health, yet Monroe remained active intellectually. He worked from 1829 until his death on an autobiography, for instance, and refused to let attacks on his administration go unanswered. His continued infirmity combined with his wife's death in September of 1830 induced him to move from Oak Hill to New York to live with his daughter, Maria Hester, and her husband, Samuel Gouverneur. He died there on July 4, 1831.
- J. Boehm, 10/98
Further Sources
Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. Jefferson and Monroe: Constant Friendship and Respect. Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2003.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 77 |
https://www.monroecounty.gov/dot-signalops
|
en
|
Traffic Signal Engineering & Operations
|
[
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/Fairchild%2C%20Jim%20%282024%29%20-%20Cropped.JPG",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/tcc-1000x300.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/backplates-1000x300.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/rrfb-227x400.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/xwy-light-2-337x400.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/files/dot/images/signals-1000x300.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/opioids.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/climate-action-plan.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/contracts-online-button.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/curbside-recycling.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/dmv-info.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/economic-development.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/ecopark.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/email-newsletter.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/rase.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/roc-airport.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/search-official-records.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/seneca-park-zoo.png",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/visit-rochester2.jpg",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/featured/whistleblower-hotline.gif",
"https://www.monroecounty.gov/app/logo/mc-seal-white.svg"
] |
[
"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/page.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMonroeCountyDOT%2F&tabs&width=500&height=70&small_header=true&adapt_container_width=true&hide_cover=false&show_facepile=false&appId=295026477190518"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
The Traffic Signal Engineering and Operations Division is responsible for the construction and maintenance of traffic signals and flasher devices located on county highways and the City of Rochester streets; oversees the Computerized Signal System that continuously monitors traffic signals and traffic flow; and conducts traffic engineering studies and analyses. This Division is also responsible for operating and maintaining highway lighting fixtures along the Rochester area expressway system and some light fixtures on State and County arterial roads.
This Division includes five (5) Sections:
James R. Pond Regional Traffic Operations Center (RTOC) Section
Traffic Signal Maintenance and Operations Section
Traffic Studies Section
Highway Lighting Section
City of Rochester Programs
James R. Pond Regional Traffic Operations Center (RTOC)
Monroe County's James R. Pond Regional Traffic Operations Center (RTOC) opened in 2002. It was renamed in memory of visionary leader James R. Pond, P.E., PTOE on August 8, 2022. RTOC is a state-of-the-art traffic management center that hosts a wide variety of traffic emergency responders under one roof. It serves as the primary traffic management center for the Greater Rochester area. Included within the facility are the Monroe County DOT (MCDOT) traffic signal system and dispatchers, New York State DOT (NYSDOT) dispatchers, traffic signal maintenance shops for MCDOT and NYSDOT, MCDOT's expressway lighting shop, New York State Police Troop E Zone 1 headquarters, and Monroe County Airport operations. These players each contribute a different viewpoint of traffic which, when put togehter, form complete detection and response capabilities for both the daily routine of traffic as well as traffic incident management.
The Monroe County Department of Transportation manages the City and County arterial street network, including operation and maintenance of approximately 630 traffic signals and 175 other devices such as warning flashers and Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs). There are approximately 500 traffic signals and 120 traffic cameras that can be remotely controlled and monitored from RTOC. Maintenance of the expressway lighting system and dispatch of County highway and bridge crews are also based at RTOC;
The New York State Department of Transportation manages the area expressway and primary arterial system, including pavement temperature detection, traffic signals, traffic cameras, dynamic message signs, and the Highway Emergency Local Patrol (HELP) truck program;
The New York State Police are the patrolling agency for the area expresway system. Their presence includes both incident detection and management capabilities;
The Monroe County Airport Authority manages the runways, taxiways, and lights for the Frederick Douglass Greater Rochester International Airport (GRIA). This includes weather and pavement temperature detection.
The Traffic Operations Center Section is responsible for modeling, monitoring, and controlling approximately 500 traffic signals on the County's fiber optic computerized traffic signal system located mostly on major City streets, County roads, and State highways in the Towns of Brighton, Gates, Greece, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Parma, Penfield, Perinton, Pittsford, and Webster. The signal system monitors traffic flow and utilizes signal-timing patterns of various lengths based on traffic conditions and time-of-day. Signal phasing and timing is determined by software modeling, and maintenance concerns are received and dispatched for the remaining 300 signals and devices not on the signal system.
Traffic Signal Maintenance and Operations Section
The Traffic Signal Maintenance and Operations Section is responsible for the construction, maintenance, and operation of approximately 820 traffic signal devices, including approximately 630 3-color traffic signals, approximately 190 flasher devices and Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs), and approximately 130 traffic monitoring cameras located on State highways, County roads, and City streets to ensure a safe road network throughout the County. Work includes the maintenance responsibility for all components of the computerized signal system, the traffic monitoring camera system, and electrical maintenance support for the Colonel Patrick O'Rorke Memorial Bridge and the Irondequoit Bay Outlet Bridge (IBOB).
Traffic Signals Maintained by MCDOT
The Depa rtm ent of Transportation maintains approximately 820 traffic signal devices in the City of Rochester surrounding and Towns within Monroe County, including approximately 630 3-color traffic signals and approximately 190 flasher devices and Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs). See lists of traffic signals that are maintained by Monroe County DOT below, sorted by municipality.
If you experience any problems with these traffic signals, please contact RTOC at 585-753-7760 or [email protected]. RTOC is staffed 24 hours per day, 7 days per week. You can also contact us to report traffic signals that are not maintained by Monroe County DOT; we will forward the information to the proper agency.
Remember: NYS Vehicle and Traffic Law requires that drivers treat a malfunctioning traffic signal that is completely dark (no red, yellow, or green indications) as an all-way stop by stopping at the intersection and yielding to other stopped traffic before proceeding through the intersection.
Monroe County DOT Traffic Signals Map (PDF)
Pedestrian Signals and How to Use Them (PDF)
Please watch the following videos to learn more about modern traffic control devices:
Flashing Yellow Arrows
Leading Pedestrian Intervals (LPIs)
Pedestrian Hybrid Beacons (PHBs) a.k.a. High-Intensity Activated Crosswalks (HAWKs)
Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs)
Rules of the Roundabout
Traffic Studies Section
The Traffic Studies Section reviews, collects, and updates traffic information to ensure that appropriate traffic control devices are in place on City streets and County roads. Work includes conducting traffic engineering studies and analyses, collecting and maintaining traffic counts, and proactively monitoring accident rates on City streets and County roads.
If you have traffic safety concerns on a County road, please email MCDOT at [email protected]. For traffic safety concerns on City streets, please contact the City of Rochester Department of Environmental Services at 585-428-6855 or [email protected].
Highway Lighting Section
The Monroe County Department of Transportation is responsible for operating and maintaining 4,530 light fixtures along the Rochester area expressway system, including 2,815 fixtures outside the City and 1,715 within the City. Both the expressway mainline and the access ramps are included in this lighting system. Most of this lighting is provided on standard light poles, either in the median of the expressway or along its edges. There are also some locations that use high masts, which are very tall light poles used to illuminate a larger area with a single pole.
The County is currently undergoing a series of projects to replace the high pressure sodium light fixtures with LED fixtures. This will result in more visually pleasant lighting, along with a 50% savings in energy costs. Light poles that are located in areas where drivers could potentially collide with them use a breakaway safety base. Upon impact, the base is designed to break off, allowing the pole to fall forward rather than remain rigid. This protects the driver and occupants of the vehicle from injury by dissipating the energy of the collision. In a typical collision, the colliding vehicle passes through before the pole falls, the fallen pole lands out of harm’s way, and the pole can potentially be reset on a new base and used again.
We also fund the cost of operating and maintaining 760 lights along some State arterial highways and 240 lights along some County highways. However, there is no direct correlation between the road jurisdiction and the lighting along the road. Regardless of the road jurisdiction, most street lighting is provided by the Towns and the City of Rochester. Within the Towns, utility companies (primarily RG&E) own most of the infrastructure and perform the actual operation and maintenance activities, including those funded by the County.
To report lighting maintenance problems along the expressway system, please contact RTOC at 585-753-7760 or [email protected]. For all other roads, call your local utility company.
City of Rochester Programs
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 2 |
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-before-the-presidency
|
en
|
James Monroe: Life Before the Presidency
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-Preston_Daniel-116x116.jpg?itok=hNy5Ftl3"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Daniel Preston"
] |
2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00
|
en
|
/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
Miller Center
|
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-before-the-presidency
|
Born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, James Monroe enjoyed all the advantages accruing to the son of a prosperous planter. His father, Spence Monroe, traced his ancestry back to relative who had fought at the side of Charles I in the English civil wars before being captured and exiled to Virginia in 1649. His mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe, was of Welsh heritage but little is known about her. Beginning at the age of 11, Monroe attended a school run by Reverend Archibald Campbell. His time at this school overlapped with that of John Marshall, who later became the chief justice of the United States.
Eager Patriot
Monroe's parents died when he was in his mid-teens, his father having passed away in 1774 and his mother likely doing so some time earlier (though her actual date of death is unknown). James and his siblings shared an inheritance of land and some slaves, and he and his two brothers—his sister had already married—became wards of their uncle, Joseph Jones. Jones became a mentor and friend to James, often offering him advice and support.
In 1774, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. His education took place not only in the classroom but also throughout the town, which was the capital of colonial Virginia. It was an exciting time to be in Williamsburg. Royal Governor Dunmore had fled the capital, fearing that the colonists were a danger to him and his family; after he left, Monroe and some of his fellow classmates helped loot the arsenal at the Governor's Palace. They escaped with 200 muskets and 300 swords, which they donated to the Virginia militia. By the winter of 1776, in the wake of Lexington and Concord, Monroe had joined the Virginia infantry. He became an officer in the Continental Army and joined General George Washington's army in New York.
During the Revolution, Monroe fought with distinction in several important battles, including Trenton, Monmouth, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was severely hurt at the Battle of Trenton, suffering a near fatal wound to his shoulder as he led a charge against enemy cannon. After recuperating, he became a staff officer for General William Alexander. By the end of his service with the Continental Army, he had gained the rank of major; however, because of an excess of officers, he had little possibility of commanding soldiers in the field. He thus resigned his commission in the Continental Army in 1779 and was appointed colonel in the Virginia service. In 1780, Governor Thomas Jefferson sent Monroe to North Carolina to report on the advance of the British.
Quick Jump into Politics
After the war, Monroe studied law, taking Thomas Jefferson as his mentor. He was elected to the Virginia Assembly in 1782 and then served on the Council of State, which advised the governor. Elected to the Continental Congress in 1783, Monroe worked for expanding the power of Congress, organizing government for the western country, and protecting American navigation on the Mississippi River.
While in New York as a member of the Continental Congress, Monroe met Elizabeth Kortright, the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, a prominent local merchant who had lost much of his wealth during the Revolution. She was sixteen at the time, and Monroe was twenty-six; they married the following year, on February 16, 1786. Having passed the Virginia bar in 1782, Monroe and his new bride moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he practiced law.
Among the leading political figures in Virginia, Monroe exhibited an independent streak when he voted against ratifying the U.S. Constitution as a delegate to the state's ratification convention. He wanted a Constitution that allowed for the direct election of senators as well as the President, and the inclusion of a strong bill of rights. After the ratification of the new Constitution, Monroe unsuccessfully challenged James Madison for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. Monroe lost by 300 votes, yet the state legislature appointed him to the U.S. Senate in 1790. He thereafter joined with Madison and Jefferson, with whom he had become friendly in the mid-1780s, to oppose the Federalist policies championed by Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. The three Virginians would remain lifelong friends and allies.
Minister to France and Britain
In 1794, President George Washington sent Monroe to Paris as U.S. minister to France. It was an eventful appointment that lasted two years. When Thomas Paine, the British pamphleteer and supporter of the American Revolution, was imprisoned for having spoken against the execution of King Louis XVI, Monroe won his release and allowed Paine to live for a time with his family at the American minister's residence in Paris.
Monroe's tenure in France was far from easy. Revolutionary France was an unstable place and the new minister had to tread carefully. His mission was to uphold President Washington's policy of strict neutrality toward Britain and France while still assuring the French that America was not favoring Britain. This task became harder when France learned that the United States had signed a new accord— the Jay Treaty—with Great Britain. When France asked Monroe to spell out its details, the President found himself unable to comply: Jay had refused to send him a copy of the document. Although Monroe told the French that the treaty did not alter their agreements, the French were convinced that the United States now favored Britain. In the end, U.S. domestic politics doomed Monroe's tenure in Paris. The Federalists blamed Monroe for deteriorating relations with France, and Washington recalled him.
Out of power momentarily, Monroe returned to Virginia to practice law and attend to his plantations. He was elected governor in 1799 and worked vigorously in support of public education and the election of Thomas Jefferson as President in 1800. In 1803, the victorious Jefferson sent Monroe to France as a special envoy to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe then served as the U.S. minister to Britain from 1803 to 1807 with a brief stint as a special envoy to Spain in 1805. In Spain, Monroe tried to negotiate a treaty to cede the Spanish territory along the Gulf of Mexico to the United States. However, he soon realized that Spain had no intention of signing such a treaty and so returned to Britain.
During his tenure in Britain, he tried to negotiate an end to impressments—the British practice of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to serve in the British Navy. Although Monroe signed a treaty with Britain in 1806 resolving some outstanding issues, the treaty did not include a ban on impressments, and President Jefferson did not even submit the treaty to the U.S. Senate for consideration. Monroe was upset that Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison did not see the treaty as he did—as a first step toward better relations with Britain. But Jefferson and Madison knew that current political attitudes would never support a treaty without a ban on impressments. Although this episode caused a brief rift between the three friends, Monroe recognized that the President had to take domestic politics into account when considering his foreign policy options. Following his return home in 1808, Monroe was tapped by dissident Republicans to oppose Madison for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination. Although Monroe allowed himself to be nominated, he never considered his challenge to Madison seriously and stressed that he differed with Madison only with respect to foreign affairs; in all other areas, the two saw eye-to-eye. Madison easily won the 1808 presidential election. Three years later, in January 1811, Monroe was once again elected governor of Virginia, though he did not serve for long; that April, Madison named him secretary of state.
Secretary of State and Secretary of War
As the nation's chief diplomat, Monroe focused on relations with Britain and France. The two European countries were at war with one another and their fighting infringed upon U.S. shipping and trade. The United States wanted France and Britain to respect American commercial interests as befitted those of a neutral country. Although both nations targeted American trade, the Madison administration concentrated primarily on Britain because of its frequent practice of seizing U.S. sailors and forcing them to serve in the British navy. The United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, but the war was far from popular. Many New Englanders found that it disrupted their access to European markets. Additional numbers thought that neutrality rights were not a sufficient reason to go to war. However, Madison and Monroe both believed that the United States needed to resist British depredations by force of arms.
From the beginning, the war was a disaster for the United States. The army was unequipped and unprepared, and the initial military actions resulted in defeat. When Madison's secretary of war resigned, Monroe took over the office on a temporary basis, from December 1812 to February 1813; he would do so again from August 1814 until March 1815. Monroe was well suited to the demands of the post because of his understanding of the military and his strong organizational skills. He helped reorganize the army and brought new energy to the war effort.
In August 1814, when British troops appeared at the mouth of the Potomac River, Monroe led a scouting party to report on their advance. He sent word to Madison warning that the British were marching toward Washington, D.C. As British troops headed toward the capital, Monroe stayed in the city to help with its evacuation. After the British attacked Washington and burned most of the government buildings, Monroe returned to the city. Madison then placed him in charge of its defenses.
Monroe's popularity rose after the war, due to his tireless service in Madison's cabinet. A new generation of war veterans would remember his leadership with fondness and respect, leaving him well-positioned to receive the Democratic-Republican nomination for President in the 1816 election.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 81 |
https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Monroe__James
|
en
|
Pennsylvania Center for the Book
|
[
"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/sites/default/files/pacftb.jpg",
"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/biosimages/Monroe__James.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/sites/all/themes/custom/f5/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png
| null |
The fifth president of the United States of America, James Monroe, was the last of the revolutionaries to take office and the man responsible for establishing the United States' independence from European policy and influence. Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents, Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones, lived comfortably on a 600-acre plantation with their four children. Spence Monroe, an active patriot, refused the use of English goods until the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the age of sixteen and after the death of his father, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, where his revolutionary feelings dominated his time at school. With a group of 24 men, he stole 200 muskets and 300 swords from the arsenal at the British Governor's Palace and delivered them to the militia in the Virginia colonial capital of Williamsburg. Frustrated with the monotony of college life and charged with patriotism, he left William and Mary after two years to join the Third Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army.
Like George Washington, Monroe was a military man before becoming a politician. Monroe fought as a soldier in battles in New York, before getting seriously wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1777. He was promoted later that year to Major and then became an aide for a year to William Alexander, or Lord Stirling, an American with rights to Scottish earldom that had been denied him by the House of Lords. Washington applauded Monroe's service in a letter to an associate in Virginia: "I take occasion to express to you the high opinion I have of his worth. He has, in every instance, maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible office." Because of his experience and such lofty praise, Monroe was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He rarely received field orders after 1778 and so by 1782 Monroe's military career was over.
After leaving the Army, Monroe moved back to Virginia where he studied law with Thomas Jefferson, a lifelong friend and mentor. Monroe's political career began almost immediately with his election to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and his membership in the Confederation Congress under the Articles of Confederation until 1786. Also in 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortwright. She was a wealthy merchant's daughter and ten years younger than Monroe. The two were very close and rarely spent more than a few weeks apart. After marriage, Monroe began practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Three years later, the couple moved to Albemarle County to be near Jefferson's estate, Monticello. Monroe's two daughters, Eliza and Maria Hester, were born at the estate.
In 1790, Monroe ran for the Senate after narrowly missing an interim appointment available the year before. Senate members like Jefferson and George Mason encouraged Monroe to run and he won the seat easily. Once elected, he collaborated with James Madison to build the Republican Party (also known as the Democratic-Republican Party) to combat Federalist policies. George Washington appointed Monroe as minister of France in 1794 to please those who condemned the administration's neutral stance in regards to revolutionary France. But, many considered Monroe's work in France to be that of a Republican Party spokesman rather than a United States representative. He was recalled by Washington in 1796 despite his efforts to defend his work.
Monroe then returned to Virginia once more to practice law from 1799 to 1802 and was elected Governor of Virginia. As Governor, Monroe checked the threat posed by Gabriel's Rebellion, a slave uprising, and took an interest in colonizing the West with free blacks. His ideas later gave rise to the American Colonization Society. Once he was president, Monroe aided the American Colonization Society in purchasing land for the establishment of a colony in Liberia, West Africa. Emancipated slaves and captured Africans colonized the land until Liberia claimed independence in 1847. The Society named the settlement Monrovia in honor of his aid.
Under Jefferson's first administration, Monroe was sent to France with Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His success in this endeavor made him a national figure. Because of his achievement in foreign affairs, Monroe served as the minister to Great Britain from 1803 to 1807. In 1808, Monroe nearly became President, as many dissenters of the Federalist Party nominated him to run as the Republican candidate. The efforts were in vain because Monroe did not campaign and received very little support. Even though Monroe failed to secure the nomination, another Republican, James Madison, won the presidency. He appointed Monroe as Secretary of State in an effort to calm political hostility. In 1814, Monroe became the first person to hold two cabinet positions: Secretary of State and Secretary of War. William Eustis, the previous Secretary of War was removed for incompetence. Monroe held was the acting Secretary of War from October 1814 to February 1815 until Madison found a replacement. Monroe remained Secretary of State until the day he became president.
Monroe was no longer alone in his desire to change the dynamics between parties and he won the presidency in 1816 after Madison's second term. He was the last president of the Virginia Dynasty and his election year marked an important Republican victory over the Federalist Party. Monroe held the Presidency for two terms and was very well-liked and popular with the American people and political leaders alike. Thomas Jefferson said, "Monroe is so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it." In the election for his second term, he ran uncontested.
His presidency was marked as the "Era of Good Feelings," an expression coined by a Federalist newspaper, because he was the first president to enter the White House with the country in a time of peace. A victory in the War of 1812 and a booming economy allowed Monroe to use his presidency to focus on domestic issues. He was considered a president concerned with helping people of all stations in life, and he proved that through his national tour. In order to increase the "Good Feelings" felt in the United States, Monroe went on a tour of the country, emulating the route taken by George Washington during his presidency. Monroe's biographer, Harry Ammon, described Monroe's reception in cities around the United States: "Monroe had a rare ability of putting men at ease by his courtesy, his lack of condescension, his frankness...his essential goodness and kindness of heart." His tour of the country built support for his administration and almost completely closed political divides. There was very little Party conflict since Monroe's presidency marked the fall of the Federalists.
Despite the appearance of nationalism, the reality was that the United States had difficult times ahead. The "Era of Good Feelings" came to a halt in 1819. Unemployment skyrocketed, leading to foreclosures and bankruptcies from 1819 to 1821, a period known as the Panic of 1819. Monroe felt that the economy would naturally right itself, but many disagreed and criticized him for his laissez-faire approach. Also in 1819, Monroe faced the Missouri Crisis. Monroe clearly stated that Missouri could only become a state if it abolished slavery within its territory. Slave owners felt under attack by Monroe's order. Southern states were afraid that the admission of Missouri as a free state, disturbing the balance of free versus slave states, would threaten their slave-driven economy. Monroe's order was ineffective, so in order to preserve the union, he approved the Missouri Compromise in 1820; admitting Maine as a free-state and Missouri as a state with no restriction. Slavery was then banned in all states north and west of Missouri.
Monroe is known mostly for his success in foreign affairs. In negotiations with Spain he hoped to acquire the state of Florida and to outline the precise boundaries of Louisiana. With Madison's guidance, the Adams-Onis Treaty established good relations with Spain. The Adams-Onis Treaty ceded Florida to the United States while Spain defined the boundaries for Louisiana, and claimed all land west of it. But more significant was the Monroe Doctrine, as it was named twenty years after Monroe's death. Still used in foreign affairs today, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, drafted a policy regarding any further development or colonization of the rest of the Americas, including Latin America. The document contained three main concepts: separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention. Monroe stated in his seventh annual message to Congress in 1823, "And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted." While Europe initially paid little attention to Monroe's words, the Monroe Doctrine became a tenet of American philosophy, permanently changing Europe's role in the Americas.
Following the precedent set by Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, Monroe chose to serve only two terms. John Quincy Adams, Monroe's Secretary of State, was inaugurated in 1825. Monroe was relieved to retire to his estate in Oak Hill, Virginia. His wife Elizabeth was very ill and he wanted to return to overseeing the farm, reading, and spending time with family and friends. Unfortunately he also had a large financial debt to clear since political positions did not pay large salaries at the time. He spent the following years pressuring the government for reimbursements from the presidency, and his debts were eventually paid off.
Monroe avoided political positions during the initial years of his retirement before accepting a position on the Board of Regents at the University of Virginia, the university founded by Thomas Jefferson. Also, in 1829 he became the president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention where he fought the battle of freehold suffrage, which expanded suffrage to those with the future rights to land. The Virginia Constitutional Convention was considered the "last meeting of giants of the Revolutionary generation." He quit both positions once his health began to severely decline.
His wife, Elizabeth, died in 1830, causing Monroe to relocate to New York City to live with his daughter until his death on July 4, 1831. He was first laid to rest in New York City before being moved to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, VA in 1858.
Monroe has been immortalized in multiple ways, like in the naming of Monroe County, Pennsylvania. It is unknown how it was suggested to name the county after Monroe, since he never even visited it. Monroe County, formed from parts of other counties in Pennsylvania, was nearly named Jackson, Fulton or Evergreen before Monroe was selected. The name was passed by the favor of a large majority in 1836, shortly after Monroe's death. It is clear that his dedication to public service and his popularity were factors that secured his place in Pennsylvanian and American history alike.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 97 |
https://www.flickr.com/photos/124651729%40N04/33982187366
|
en
|
Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery - President James Monroe's Grave
|
[
"https://live.staticflickr.com/3941/33982187366_2cf4df56a3.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/3941/33982187366_2cf4df56a3.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"virginia",
"richmond",
"richmondva",
"hollywoodcemetery",
"richmondhollywoodcemetery",
"presidentjamesmonroe",
"jamesmonroe",
"presidentsgrave",
"presidentialgrave",
"jamesmonroegrave",
"thebirdcage",
"cemetery",
"graves",
"graveyard",
"tombstones",
"headstones"
] | null |
[
"Larry Syverson"
] |
2024-07-20T12:43:59.809000+00:00
|
This is the grave of President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. President Monroe died in 1831 and was buried in New York City. It 1859, his body was brought to Richmond.
The president's sarcophagus is enclosed in a Gothic Revival cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock. It has been nicknamed "The Birdcage".
The sides of the cage have a lancet-arch similar to a larger Gothic stained glass window, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch.
|
en
|
https://combo.staticflickr.com/pw/favicon.ico
|
Flickr
|
https://www.flickr.com/photos/124651729@N04/33982187366
|
This is the grave of President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. President Monroe died in 1831 and was buried in New York City. It 1859, his body was brought to Richmond.
The president's sarcophagus is enclosed in a Gothic Revival cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock. It has been nicknamed "The Birdcage".
The sides of the cage have a lancet-arch similar to a larger Gothic stained glass window, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 78 |
https://m.facebook.com/groups/famousgraves/posts/7350420895063022/
|
en
|
Du wurdest vorübergehend blockiert
|
[
"https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y8/r/k97pj8-or6s.png",
"https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
de
| null | ||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 63 |
https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Monroe__James
|
en
|
Pennsylvania Center for the Book
|
[
"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/sites/default/files/pacftb.jpg",
"https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/biosimages/Monroe__James.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/sites/all/themes/custom/f5/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png
| null |
The fifth president of the United States of America, James Monroe, was the last of the revolutionaries to take office and the man responsible for establishing the United States' independence from European policy and influence. Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents, Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones, lived comfortably on a 600-acre plantation with their four children. Spence Monroe, an active patriot, refused the use of English goods until the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the age of sixteen and after the death of his father, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, where his revolutionary feelings dominated his time at school. With a group of 24 men, he stole 200 muskets and 300 swords from the arsenal at the British Governor's Palace and delivered them to the militia in the Virginia colonial capital of Williamsburg. Frustrated with the monotony of college life and charged with patriotism, he left William and Mary after two years to join the Third Virginia Regiment of the Continental Army.
Like George Washington, Monroe was a military man before becoming a politician. Monroe fought as a soldier in battles in New York, before getting seriously wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1777. He was promoted later that year to Major and then became an aide for a year to William Alexander, or Lord Stirling, an American with rights to Scottish earldom that had been denied him by the House of Lords. Washington applauded Monroe's service in a letter to an associate in Virginia: "I take occasion to express to you the high opinion I have of his worth. He has, in every instance, maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible office." Because of his experience and such lofty praise, Monroe was appointed lieutenant-colonel. He rarely received field orders after 1778 and so by 1782 Monroe's military career was over.
After leaving the Army, Monroe moved back to Virginia where he studied law with Thomas Jefferson, a lifelong friend and mentor. Monroe's political career began almost immediately with his election to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and his membership in the Confederation Congress under the Articles of Confederation until 1786. Also in 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortwright. She was a wealthy merchant's daughter and ten years younger than Monroe. The two were very close and rarely spent more than a few weeks apart. After marriage, Monroe began practicing law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Three years later, the couple moved to Albemarle County to be near Jefferson's estate, Monticello. Monroe's two daughters, Eliza and Maria Hester, were born at the estate.
In 1790, Monroe ran for the Senate after narrowly missing an interim appointment available the year before. Senate members like Jefferson and George Mason encouraged Monroe to run and he won the seat easily. Once elected, he collaborated with James Madison to build the Republican Party (also known as the Democratic-Republican Party) to combat Federalist policies. George Washington appointed Monroe as minister of France in 1794 to please those who condemned the administration's neutral stance in regards to revolutionary France. But, many considered Monroe's work in France to be that of a Republican Party spokesman rather than a United States representative. He was recalled by Washington in 1796 despite his efforts to defend his work.
Monroe then returned to Virginia once more to practice law from 1799 to 1802 and was elected Governor of Virginia. As Governor, Monroe checked the threat posed by Gabriel's Rebellion, a slave uprising, and took an interest in colonizing the West with free blacks. His ideas later gave rise to the American Colonization Society. Once he was president, Monroe aided the American Colonization Society in purchasing land for the establishment of a colony in Liberia, West Africa. Emancipated slaves and captured Africans colonized the land until Liberia claimed independence in 1847. The Society named the settlement Monrovia in honor of his aid.
Under Jefferson's first administration, Monroe was sent to France with Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. His success in this endeavor made him a national figure. Because of his achievement in foreign affairs, Monroe served as the minister to Great Britain from 1803 to 1807. In 1808, Monroe nearly became President, as many dissenters of the Federalist Party nominated him to run as the Republican candidate. The efforts were in vain because Monroe did not campaign and received very little support. Even though Monroe failed to secure the nomination, another Republican, James Madison, won the presidency. He appointed Monroe as Secretary of State in an effort to calm political hostility. In 1814, Monroe became the first person to hold two cabinet positions: Secretary of State and Secretary of War. William Eustis, the previous Secretary of War was removed for incompetence. Monroe held was the acting Secretary of War from October 1814 to February 1815 until Madison found a replacement. Monroe remained Secretary of State until the day he became president.
Monroe was no longer alone in his desire to change the dynamics between parties and he won the presidency in 1816 after Madison's second term. He was the last president of the Virginia Dynasty and his election year marked an important Republican victory over the Federalist Party. Monroe held the Presidency for two terms and was very well-liked and popular with the American people and political leaders alike. Thomas Jefferson said, "Monroe is so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it." In the election for his second term, he ran uncontested.
His presidency was marked as the "Era of Good Feelings," an expression coined by a Federalist newspaper, because he was the first president to enter the White House with the country in a time of peace. A victory in the War of 1812 and a booming economy allowed Monroe to use his presidency to focus on domestic issues. He was considered a president concerned with helping people of all stations in life, and he proved that through his national tour. In order to increase the "Good Feelings" felt in the United States, Monroe went on a tour of the country, emulating the route taken by George Washington during his presidency. Monroe's biographer, Harry Ammon, described Monroe's reception in cities around the United States: "Monroe had a rare ability of putting men at ease by his courtesy, his lack of condescension, his frankness...his essential goodness and kindness of heart." His tour of the country built support for his administration and almost completely closed political divides. There was very little Party conflict since Monroe's presidency marked the fall of the Federalists.
Despite the appearance of nationalism, the reality was that the United States had difficult times ahead. The "Era of Good Feelings" came to a halt in 1819. Unemployment skyrocketed, leading to foreclosures and bankruptcies from 1819 to 1821, a period known as the Panic of 1819. Monroe felt that the economy would naturally right itself, but many disagreed and criticized him for his laissez-faire approach. Also in 1819, Monroe faced the Missouri Crisis. Monroe clearly stated that Missouri could only become a state if it abolished slavery within its territory. Slave owners felt under attack by Monroe's order. Southern states were afraid that the admission of Missouri as a free state, disturbing the balance of free versus slave states, would threaten their slave-driven economy. Monroe's order was ineffective, so in order to preserve the union, he approved the Missouri Compromise in 1820; admitting Maine as a free-state and Missouri as a state with no restriction. Slavery was then banned in all states north and west of Missouri.
Monroe is known mostly for his success in foreign affairs. In negotiations with Spain he hoped to acquire the state of Florida and to outline the precise boundaries of Louisiana. With Madison's guidance, the Adams-Onis Treaty established good relations with Spain. The Adams-Onis Treaty ceded Florida to the United States while Spain defined the boundaries for Louisiana, and claimed all land west of it. But more significant was the Monroe Doctrine, as it was named twenty years after Monroe's death. Still used in foreign affairs today, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, drafted a policy regarding any further development or colonization of the rest of the Americas, including Latin America. The document contained three main concepts: separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention. Monroe stated in his seventh annual message to Congress in 1823, "And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted." While Europe initially paid little attention to Monroe's words, the Monroe Doctrine became a tenet of American philosophy, permanently changing Europe's role in the Americas.
Following the precedent set by Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, Monroe chose to serve only two terms. John Quincy Adams, Monroe's Secretary of State, was inaugurated in 1825. Monroe was relieved to retire to his estate in Oak Hill, Virginia. His wife Elizabeth was very ill and he wanted to return to overseeing the farm, reading, and spending time with family and friends. Unfortunately he also had a large financial debt to clear since political positions did not pay large salaries at the time. He spent the following years pressuring the government for reimbursements from the presidency, and his debts were eventually paid off.
Monroe avoided political positions during the initial years of his retirement before accepting a position on the Board of Regents at the University of Virginia, the university founded by Thomas Jefferson. Also, in 1829 he became the president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention where he fought the battle of freehold suffrage, which expanded suffrage to those with the future rights to land. The Virginia Constitutional Convention was considered the "last meeting of giants of the Revolutionary generation." He quit both positions once his health began to severely decline.
His wife, Elizabeth, died in 1830, causing Monroe to relocate to New York City to live with his daughter until his death on July 4, 1831. He was first laid to rest in New York City before being moved to Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, VA in 1858.
Monroe has been immortalized in multiple ways, like in the naming of Monroe County, Pennsylvania. It is unknown how it was suggested to name the county after Monroe, since he never even visited it. Monroe County, formed from parts of other counties in Pennsylvania, was nearly named Jackson, Fulton or Evergreen before Monroe was selected. The name was passed by the favor of a large majority in 1836, shortly after Monroe's death. It is clear that his dedication to public service and his popularity were factors that secured his place in Pennsylvanian and American history alike.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 37 |
https://millercenter.org/president/garfield/death-of-the-president
|
en
|
James A. Garfield: Death of the President
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-justus-doenecke-116x116_0.jpg?itok=RQdEtfvW"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Justus Doenecke"
] |
2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00
|
en
|
/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
Miller Center
|
https://millercenter.org/president/garfield/death-of-the-president
|
On July 2, 1881, at 9:20 a.m., James A. Garfield was shot in the back as he walked with Secretary of State Blaine in Washington's Baltimore and Potomac train station. The proud President was preparing to leave for Williams College—he planned to introduce his two sons to his alma mater. The shots came from a .44 British Bulldog, which the assassin, Charles J. Guiteau, had purchased specifically because he thought it would look impressive in a museum. Garfield's doctors were unable to remove the bullet, which was lodged in the President's pancreas. On September 19, 1881, the President died of blood poisoning and complications from the shooting in his hospital rooms at Elberon, a village on the New Jersey shore, where his wife lay ill with malaria.
Guiteau, age thirty-nine at the time, was known around Washington as an emotionally disturbed man. He had killed Garfield because of the President's refusal to appoint him to a European consulship. In planning this violent act, Guiteau stalked Garfield for weeks. On the day Garfield died, Guiteau wrote to now President Chester A. Arthur, "My inspiration is a godsend to you and I presume that you appreciate it. . . . Never think of Garfield's removal as murder. It was an act of God, resulting from a political necessity for which he was responsible." At his trial, the jury deliberated one hour before returning a guilty verdict. Sentenced to be hanged, Guiteau climbed the scaffold on June 30, 1882, convinced that he had done God's work.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 60 |
https://www.odmp.org/officer/17823-town-marshal-james-monroe-west-jr
|
en
|
Town Marshal James Monroe West, Jr.
|
[
"https://336c5c855b5779d81c79-2f69aaeddb7b46c0053eff946dbce2fe.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com/images/mobile-logo-new.png",
"https://336c5c855b5779d81c79-2f69aaeddb7b46c0053eff946dbce2fe.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com/images/logo-new.png",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/image/officer/17823/orig/west%2C-james-monroe-1925.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/50/agency/5168/5168.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27100/c_edgar-ordonez.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27096/c_robert-sumner.png",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27095/police-officer-matthew-bowen.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27094/detective-fernando-esqueda.jfif",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27091/c_k._palmer.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27085/police-officer-jamieson-ritter.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27084/c_butler-bill.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27083/c_corey-proulx.jpg",
"https://www.odmp.org/media/thumb/125/officer/27071/c_algarin-de-jesus.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Town Marshal James Monroe West",
"Jr.",
"Needles Police Department",
"California",
"Needles",
"Gunfire"
] | null |
[] | null |
Marshal James West succumbed to a gunshot wound that was sustained five days earlier when he attempted to arrest two...
|
/favicon.ico
|
The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP)
|
https://www.odmp.org/officer/17823-town-marshal-james-monroe-west-jr
|
James Monroe West, Jr.
Marshal James West succumbed to a gunshot wound that was sustained five days earlier when he attempted to arrest two men wanted for robbing a service station in Williams, Arizona. The marshal had been alerted that the two would be passing through town.
He located the two men trying to sell the stolen items at a service station in Needles. When he told them they were under arrest, one of them drew a handgun. As Marshal West attempted to draw his own handgun, the man shot him in the head. He was taken by train to San Bernardino where he remained in serious condition until succumbing to the wounds.
A posse of citizens chased the two suspects to the Colorado River where they were taken into custody. Both men were convicted of Marshal West's murder. The accomplice was sentenced to life in prison. The shooter was sentenced to death and executed at San Quentin State Prison on January 7, 1927.
Marshal West had served as marshal of Needles for over 20 years. He was a widower and was survived by his two sons, two sisters, and two brothers.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 79 |
https://www.dupeelaw.com/attorney-profiles/james-monroe/
|
en
|
James E. Monroe
|
[
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/ada-icon.png",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/logos/main.webp",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/james-monroe-headshot.webp",
"https://d78c52a599aaa8c95ebc-9d8e71b4cb418bfe1b178f82d9996947.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/dsk_sharing/icons/ftlg_16.png",
"https://d78c52a599aaa8c95ebc-9d8e71b4cb418bfe1b178f82d9996947.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/dsk_sharing/icons/ftlg_16.png",
"https://d78c52a599aaa8c95ebc-9d8e71b4cb418bfe1b178f82d9996947.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/dsk_sharing/icons/ftlg_16.png",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/logos/main.webp",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/icons/icon-social.webp",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/icons/icon-social.webp",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/icons/icon-cards.webp",
"https://www.dupeelaw.com/wp-content/themes/dm_2023/img/nc/logo-nextclient.webp"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2013-06-28T22:43:47+00:00
|
James E. Monroe practices plaintiff's personal injury litigation, criminal defense & civil rights in Orange County, NY, including auto accidents
|
en
|
/wp-content/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
|
Dupée & Monroe, P.C.
|
https://www.dupeelaw.com/attorney-profiles/james-monroe/
|
Click HERE to download our business card.
James E. Monroe is a partner at Dupée & Monroe. P.C. where he devotes his practice to representing injured plaintiffs in personal injury litigation including auto accidents, construction accidents, products liability, and class action litigation. James also maintains an active criminal defense practice and represents people whose civil rights have been violated. James received his undergraduate degree from Albany State University in 1991 and earned his Juris Doctorate law degree from Thomas M. Cooley Law School in Lansing, Michigan in 1996. In addition to his law practice, James is proud to serve as Vice Chairperson of the Board of Directors of Access: Supports for Living. The Access: Supports for Living. is the fundraising organization of Access: Supports for Living. This 501 (c)(3) organization is led by a volunteer Board of Directors. James also volunteers as an assistant scout leader for Boy Scout Troop 63, Goshen, New York.
Admissions:
New York State Courts
New Jersey State Courts
U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York
U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York
U.S. District Court, Northern District of New York
U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey
U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit
U.S. Supreme Court
Professional Associations/Memberships:
New York State Bar Association
Orange County Bar Association
American Association for Justice
New York State Trial Lawyers Association
National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
Walden Sportsmen’s Club
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 35 |
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/james-monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe facts and photos
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-09-15T15:15:00+00:00
|
Learn about the life and achievements of the fifth president of the United States.
|
en
|
History
|
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/james-monroe
|
EARLY LIFE
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, to a wealthy, slave-owning family in Virginia just as people were starting to speak out against Great Britain’s rule over the 13 North American colonies. Both of his parents died when he was a teenager.
At age 17, Monroe raided the local armory, or weapons supply shop, and stole hundreds of weapons to donate to the Virginia military in their fight for independence against Great Britain. He dropped out of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, the following year to join the Continental Army and fight in the Revolutionary War.
YOUNG REVOLUTIONARY
Monroe served under the command of General George Washington, rising in rank to major. He crossed the Delaware River with Washington’s troops, was severely wounded during a heroic capture of British cannons in the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey, and spent a bitter winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, where thousands of soldiers died because of disease or freezing temperatures.
Near the end of the war Monroe left the army to study law in Thomas Jefferson’s law practice, and later opened his own. He also began his lifelong career of public service. Before being elected president, Monroe served in the Continental Congress, or the group of representatives from the 13 colonies that would eventually become the United States; as a U.S. senator representing Virginia; and as that state’s governor. He also served three of the first four presidents: as Washington’s minister to France, Jefferson’s minister to Great Britain, and secretary of state and secretary of war for James Madison.
ANOTHER VIRGINIAN PRESIDENT
Both Jefferson—the third U.S. president—and his successor, Madison, supported Monroe’s election as the fifth president. Some politicians disagreed and wanted to end the “Virginia Dynasty” of presidents. (Three of the first four presidents had come from Virginia. Eventually seven of the first 12 would be Virginians.) But Monroe’s abilities and experience were more important than where he was born, and he was easily elected in 1816.
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
The United States underwent major geographic changes during Monroe’s leadership. Five new states joined the nation. (The only other administration to add more—six—was Benjamin Harrison’s single term in office.)
Most important, Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, came up with a bold strategy for keeping other governments from meddling in the young country. While giving a speech to Congress, Monroe said that the American continents were off-limits for further colonizing by European nations. This declaration came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine. It set the stage for the expansion of the United States westward to the Pacific Ocean during the next 20 years.
Monroe added to his popularity by taking two “goodwill tours” during his time in office. In 1817 he traveled north and west as far as Maine and Michigan. Two years later he headed south to Georgia, went as far west as the Missouri Territory, and traveled back to Washington, D.C., through Kentucky. Thousands of people showed up to hear him speak during both of these tours.
During his first term, a newspaper credited Monroe with bringing the nation an “era of good feelings.” The phrase stuck and Monroe came to be known as the “Era of Good Feelings president.” He ran for reelection for a second term in 1820 and once again won with an overwhelming number of votes.
CRISIS AND COMPROMISE
Monroe’s presidency did have some controversy, though. The greatest debate of his administration was whether Missouri should join the Union as a state that permitted slavery. Politicians argued along their regional lines—the South was for slavery, the North against.
The debate threatened to divide the nation. If Missouri became a slave state, then more states would allow slavery than didn’t. If Missouri were free, then the free states would gain a majority.
In the end, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Since each side in the debate gained one state, lawmakers felt the country’s balance on slavery had been maintained. They also agreed to prohibit slavery north and west of Missouri’s border—for the time being. The “Missouri Crisis” was the first of many fights among the states that would eventually lead to the Civil War.
LASTING LEGACY
After his second term ended in 1825, Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth, retired to Virginia. Their home, called Highland, was located near Jefferson’s home, Monticello, in Albemarle County and was run by some 200 enslaved people. When Elizabeth died in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria and her family. Within the year he died, too on July 4, 1831. It was exactly five years after the death of both Jefferson and President John Adams.
Monroe’s biggest legacy is said to be the Monroe Doctrine, which shaped the next century of international relations between the United States and other nations and helped the United States become one of the most powerful countries in the world.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 80 |
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/james-monroe-event-timeline
|
en
|
James Monroe Event Timeline
|
[
"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/uc_santa_barbara_wordmark_black_rgb.svg",
"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/styles/doc_img/public/people/james-monroe.jpg?itok=zVYh8ACz",
"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/pictures/uc-santa-barbara-wordmark-white1x.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/james-monroe-event-timeline
|
Inaugural Address. “In contemplating what we have still to perform, the heart of every citizen must expand with joy when he reflects how near our government has approached to perfection; that in respect to it we have no essential improvement to make; that the great object is to preserve it in the essential principles and features which characterize it, and that is to be done by preserving the virtue and enlightening the minds of the people ..."
“Tours” eastern states and territories including Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, Vermont, and Ohio. Promotes national unity between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. The tour has been regarded as the beginning of the “Era of Good Feelings,” a period characterized by a sense of national purpose and a desire for unity among Americans after the War of 1812.
Authorizes three diplomats to go to South America to gather information about the governments in a letter to the acting Secretary of State. The commissioners set sail on August 24th and returning in July 1818.
The First Seminole War begins after U.S. authorities attempt to capture runaway slaves living among the Seminole Indians. The Seminole people had begun hiding runaway slaves who escaped southern plantations. African descendants and Native Americans fought and won repeatedly against the United States military until Florida was forcibly acquired from Spain in 1819.
With Monroe’s agreement, Secretary of War John Calhoun directs General Andrew Jackson to confront the Seminole Indians. “. . . [A]dopt the necessary measures to terminate a conflict which it has ever been the desire of the President. . .to avoid; but which is now made necessary by their Settled hostilities.” [Andrew Jackson Papers, vol IV, p. 163.] In a letter of 12/28/1817, Monroe himself authorized Jackson to take action against the Seminoles.
In a Special Message to Congress, announces the occupation of Amelia Island (on the east coast of Florida) which had become a haven for pirates, and allegedly a haven for Venezuelan revolutionaries. States that Spain was unaware of these activities or “utterly unable to prevent them.”
Execution ordered by General Jackson of two British citizens, Alexander Arbuthnot and Robert Ambrister. Both were convicted by a military tribunal of assisting US enemies in the Seminole War. This caused a diplomatic controversy and was later criticized by a report of a House Committee on Military Affairs.
Signing of the Anglo-American Convention (also known as the Treaty of 1818) between Great Britain and the United States, which established the boundary between the U.S. and Canada, fishing rights, and an economic intervention on the issue of American slaves. The treaty is ratified by the Senate on 01/25/1819.
Second Annual Message to Congress. Recounts the disagreements with Spain, and the US seizure of Amelia Island which had "become the theater of every species of lawless adventure." Also discusses General Jackson's actions in the Seminole War and promises to provide copies of correspondence with the General. Calls for Congress to consider legislation to "prevent the extinction" of "independent savage communities." This would require that "their independence as communities should cease, and that the control of the United States over them should be complete and undisputed." The goal would be "to civilize them."
The Panic of 1819 begins and is the first widespread financial crisis in the U.S. Many factors contribute to this, including overexpansion of credit post-War of 1812, low prices of European imports, and the collapse of the export market, especially cotton prices, starting in the month of January.
Rep. James Tallmadge Jr. (NY) offers two amendments to a Missouri Statehood Bill that catalyze a debate on slavery. One amendment would restrict further slavery in Missouri, and the other would set a timeline for freeing enslaved persons already in the territory.
Signing in Washington City of the Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain, (also known as the Transcontinental Treaty, and ratified in 1821), which ceded Florida to the U.S., renounced claims to Oregon, gained recognition of Spanish sovereignty over Texas, and established the boundary line between the U.S. and New Spain.
Signs the Steerage Act of 1819, (3 Stat 488) the first U.S. law regulating the conditions of travelers arriving and departing by sea. Required U.S. customs agents to produce a written manifesto of the passengers’ demographics and set the stage for quotas and selective bans of ethnic groups.
Signs an act, (3 Stat 532), authorizing the Navy to patrol and implement more control to combat the importation of slaves after its abolition, which was attempted to return African slaves who had been brought to the U.S. illegally after the abolition of the slave trade in 1808.
McCulloch v. Maryland establishes a precedent that states cannot tax federal agencies. The Supreme Court unanimously rules that the Necessary and Proper Clause grants the federal government implied powers and underscores the supremacy of the federal government over those of the states. State governments had proposed taxes on the Bank of the United States in reaction against the Bank recalling loans on land purchased from the Federal government.
Signs the Missouri Compromise (3 Stat 545). The Act attempted to maintain a legislative balance between the pro-slavery South and anti-slavery North by delineating which states would be free and which would not. Maine would only be granted admission into the Union if Missouri was admitted as a slaveholding state. Monroe supported the Compromise.
In a Special Message to the House, points out that under an agreement reached 04/24/1802 with the State of Georgia, there was agreement to "extinguish . . .the Indian title to all lands within [Georgia]." Requests funding adequate to negotiate a treaty with the Creek Indians to return property to citizens of Georgia.
Signs the Tenure of Office Act (“An Act to limit the term of office of certain officers. . . “ 3 Stat 582) limiting the term in office of many appointees to four years, unless they were reappointed.
Signs "an Act for the relief of the purchaser of public lands. . . " (3 Stat 612) permitted land purchasers to relinquish rights to a part of the land purchased with all payments on that relinquished land applied to any debts on other lands the purchaser retains. Interest on the relinquished land will be discharged. (See entry above 01/1819, Panic of 1819)
Vetoes Cumberland Road Appropriation Bill, which would have provided for yearly improvements to the highway with federal funding, as he believed it was unconstitutional for the federal government to become involved in projects that warranted attention by state governments. This was Monroe’s first and only presidential veto.
Seventh Annual Message to Congress articulates the “Monroe Doctrine.” States that the United States would recognize existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere, close the Western Hemisphere to future colonization, would not interfere in the internal affairs of or wars between European powers, and would interpret any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere as a hostile act against the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was met with a positive reception in Congress.
In a Special Message to Congress, addresses the fact that the US have not yet "at their own expense extinguish for the use of Georgia the Indian title to all the lands within the State. . . " This is not for lack of trying, and should not be done by force. "An attempt to remove them by force would, in my opinion, be unjust." The best outcome would be for the tribes "to remove beyond the limits of our present States and Territories."
Signs into law the Tariff of 1824 (4 Stat 25), which supported local manufactures and goods by raising protective tariff rates for such products as glass, lead, iron, and wool. Meant to protect American manufacturing, instead of cheaper British commodities. Gave a source of revenue for the federal government as well as support from northeastern manufacturing states.
Eighth Annual Message to Congress. "It is a cause of serious regret that no arrangement has yet been finally concluded between [the United States and Great Britain] to secure by joint cooperation the suppression of the slave trade." Recommends enlarging the Corps of Engineers in the interest of surveying routes for roads and canals. Recommends making "a provision" for General Lafayette in light of his "important services, losses and sacrifices." Recommends exempting justices of the Supreme Court from circuit court duties. Discusses the interests of the United States on the Pacific Ocean and on the western coast of the continent.
Proclaims the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 (also called the Convention of 1824) which had been signed in St. Petersburg 04/17/1824. The treaty consolidates US claims to the Oregon territory and provides for undisturbed ocean access by US citizens and subjects. (The treaty text can be found in the Statutes at Large vol. 8, p. 302.)
In a Special Message to Congress recommends "removal of the Indian tribes from the lands which they now occupy. . . to the country lying westward and northward thereof, within our acknowledged boundaries. . . Experience has clearly demonstrated that, in their present state, it is impossible to incorporate them in such masses, in any form whatever, into our system . . . Their degradation and extermination will be inevitable.”
In Special Message to the Senate, submits a treaty with the Creek Indians (concluded on 02/12/1825) in which they agreed to surrender their remaining lands. This was later ratified by the Senate on 03/07/1825. The treaty was subsequently recognized as fraudulent and replaced in 1826 by the Treaty of Washington.
Signs an Act ( 4 Stat 101) confirming the incorporation of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, and authorizing the company to extend the canal into the District of Columbia, subject to an investigation to be ordered by the President.
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 23 |
https://npg.si.edu/blog/born-and-died-on-fourth-july
|
en
|
Born and Died on the Fourth of July
|
[
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/all/themes/si_npg/logo.svg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/npg-00106.jpg?itok=bVBQGHxf",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/3rdfloor.jpg?itok=VpukFgtZ",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/dayofdead.jpg?itok=1s4gbX_W",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/johnm.jpg?itok=6zM0cQqs",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/mariamag.jpg?itok=PyRiDmIW",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/promotion/npg-00930.jpg?itok=xL-GISsM",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog_BornAndDied_Adams.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog/6a00e550199efb883301a73de4fb0d970d-800wi.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog/6a00e550199efb883301a73de4fb18970d-800wi.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/signup.jpg",
"https://logs1.smithsonian.museum/dcspo6flobdzpxj37ughfpuai_5o5r/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&WT.tv=10.4.23&dcssip=www.si.edu"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-07-02T12:52:00-04:00
|
John Adams / John Trumbull / Oil on canvas, 1793 / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution The story goes that on his deathbed in Massachusetts, John Adams, the second president of the United States and member of the Continental Congress, spoke of his friend in Charlottesville, Virginia, noting that “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” Old friends who had their share
|
en
|
https://npg.si.edu/favicon.ico
|
https://npg.si.edu/blog/born-and-died-on-fourth-july
|
The story goes that on his deathbed in Massachusetts, John Adams, the second president of the United States and member of the Continental Congress, spoke of his friend in Charlottesville, Virginia, noting that “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” Old friends who had their share of political disagreements on the nature of the new American democracy, they had grown old in their home states, and—ironically and unbeknownst to Adams—died on the same day, July 4, 1826, exactly fifty years after they had ratified the passage of the Declaration of Independence.
That is perhaps the most famous presidential Fourth of the July story, but there are two more.
The second story begins and ends in Virginia. James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, also died on July 4—in 1831. Monroe had a busy career in which he served both Virginia and the young nation for which he fought in the revolution. Monroe had been a United States senator from Virginia, and he had also served as that state’s governor. He had been minister to Great Britain, as well as secretary of state and secretary of war. He served two terms in the White House and retired from service to the nation. Monroe died on Independence Day 1831 in his daughter’s home in New York.
The third story begins in Massachusetts, but it starts with a birth rather than a death.
John Calvin Coolidge—he would later drop the John completely—was born on July 4, 1872. Coolidge was a conservative’s conservative. He believed in small government and a good nap in the afternoon. A civil servant from his mid-twenties to his death, Coolidge committed himself early to his city of Northampton, then to the state of Massachusetts, and finally to the executive office of the United States. A quiet man, Coolidge had a sharp wit, and he was pithy to the end—and beyond. As presidential historian William A. DeGregorio notes, “Coolidge’s last will and testament, executed in December 1926, was just twenty three words in length: Not unmindful of my son John, I give all my estate, both real and personal, to my wife Grace Coolidge, in fee simple.”
—Warren Perry, Catalog of American Portraits, National Portrait Gallery
Cited:
William A. DeGregorio and Sandra Lee Stuart, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 2013).
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 8 |
https://www.alamy.com/the-james-monroe-house-in-new-york-city-at-63-prince-street-president-james-monroe-died-here-in-1831-image367819539.html
|
en
|
The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831 Stock Photo
|
[
"https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"1831",
"63",
"died",
"historical",
"history",
"house",
"james",
"monroe",
"new york city",
"photo"
] | null |
[
"Alamy Limited"
] | null |
Download this stock image: The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831 - 2CABHG3 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.
|
en
|
https://www.alamy.com/the-james-monroe-house-in-new-york-city-at-63-prince-street-president-james-monroe-died-here-in-1831-image367819539.html
|
The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831
Captions are provided by our contributors.
RMID:Image ID :2CABHG3
Image details
Contributor :
Niday Picture Library / Alamy Stock Photo
Image ID :
2CABHG3
File size :
7.7 MB (337.6 KB Compressed download)
Open your image file to the full size using image processing software.
Releases :
Model - no | Property - noDo I need a release?
Dimensions :
1949 x 1380 px | 33 x 23.4 cm | 13 x 9.2 inches | 150dpi
Date taken :
3 August 2020
More information :
This image could have imperfections as it’s either historical or reportage.
Taxes may apply to prices shown.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 82 |
https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/wp/j/James_Monroe.htm
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/528/52847.jpg",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/684/68460.png",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/684/68462.gif",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/0/18.png",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/684/68463.jpg",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/0/18.png",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/684/68465.jpg",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/0/18.png",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/684/68467.jpg",
"https://mirror2.polsri.ac.id/wiki/images/0/18.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"James Monroe",
"Articles with unsourced statements since April 2008",
"VAGovernors",
"USSecState",
"USSecArm",
"USSenVA",
"Madison cabinet",
"USPresidents",
"1758",
"1786",
"1799"
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
../../favicon.ico
| null |
2008/9 Schools Wikipedia Selection. Related subjects: USA Presidents
James Monroe ( April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812.
Early years
The president’s parents, father Spence Monroe (ca. 1727–1774), a woodworker and tobacco farmer, and mother Elizabeth Jones Monroe, had significant land holdings but little money. Like his parents, he was a slaveholder. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe went to school at Campbelltown Academy and then the College of William and Mary, both in Virginia. After graduating from William and Mary in 1776, Monroe fought in the Continental Army, serving with distinction at the Battle of Trenton, where he was shot in his left shoulder. He is depicted holding the flag in the famous painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware. Following his war service, he practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia. James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright on February 16, 1786 at the Trinity Church in New York.
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and served in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786. As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention which ratified the Constitution, and in 1790, was elected United States Senator.
After his term in the Senate, Monroe was appointed Minister to France from 1794 to 1796. His appointment there was made difficult as he had strong sympathies for the French Revolution, but dutifully maintained President Washington's strict policy of neutrality between Britain and France.
Out of office, Monroe returned to practicing law in Virginia until elected governor there, serving from 1799 to 1802.
Under the first Jefferson administration, Monroe was dispatched to France to assist Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe was then appointed Minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) from 1803 to 1807. In 1806 he negotiated a treaty with Britain to replace the Jay Treaty of 1794, but Jefferson rejected it as unsatisfactory, as the treaty contained no ban on the British practice of impressment of American sailors. As a result, the two nations moved closer toward the War of 1812.
Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor of Virginia in 1811, but he resigned a few months into the term. He then served as Secretary of State from 1811 to 1814. When he was appointed to the post of Secretary of War in 1814, he stayed on as the Secretary of State ad interim. At the war's end in 1815, he was again commissioned as the permanent Secretary of State, and left his position as Secretary of War. Thus from October 1, 1814 to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both cabinet posts. Monroe stayed on as Secretary of State until the end of the James Madison Presidency, and the following day Monroe began his term as the new President of the United States.
Presidency 1817–1825: The Era of Good Feelings
Policies
In both the presidential elections of 1816 and 1820 Monroe ran nearly unopposed. Attentive to detail, well prepared on most issues, non-partisan in spirit, and above all pragmatic, Monroe managed his presidential duties well. He made strong Cabinet choices, naming a southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay's refusal to accept a position kept Monroe from adding an outstanding westerner. Most appointments went to deserving Democratic-Republicans, but he did not try to use them to build the party's base. Indeed, he allowed the base to decay, which reduced anxiety and led to the naming of his period as the " Era of Good Feelings". To build good will, he made two long tours in 1817. Frequent stops allowed innumerable ceremonies of welcome and good will. The Federalist Party dwindled and eventually died out, starting with the Hartford Convention. Practically every politician that held a Federal office belonged to the Democratic-Republican Party, but the party maintained its vitality and organizational integrity at the state and local level but dwindled at the federal level due to redistricting. The party's Congressional caucus stopped meeting, and there were no national conventions.
During his presidency, Congress demanded high subsidies for internal improvements, such as for the Cumberland Road. Monroe vetoed the Cumberland Road Bill, which provided for yearly improvements to the road, because he believed it to be "unconstitutional" for the government to pass such a bill.
These "good feelings" endured until 1824, when John Quincy Adams was elected President by the House of Representatives in what Andrew Jackson alleged was a "corrupt bargain." Monroe's popularity, however, was undiminished. Monroe followed nationalist policies. Across the commitment to nationalism, sectional cracks appeared. The Panic of 1819 caused a painful economic depression. The application for statehood by the Missouri Territory, in 1819, as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever. [decades later, the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court].
Monroe began to formally recognize the young sister republics (the former Spanish colonies) in 1822. He and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams had wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded the Floridas to the U.S., which was done in 1821.
Monroe is probably best known for the Monroe Doctrine, which he delivered in his message to Congress on December 2, 1823. In it, he proclaimed the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars and wars between European powers and their colonies, but to consider any new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States.
Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off." Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war." Monroe accepted Adams' advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "... the American continents," he stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power." Some 20 years after Monroe died in 1831 this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
Administration and Cabinet
The Monroe Cabinet Office Name Term President James Monroe 1817–1825 Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins 1817–1825 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams 1817–1825 Secretary of Treasury William H. Crawford 1817–1825 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun 1817–1825 Attorney General Richard Rush 1817 William Wirt 1817–1825 Secretary of the Navy Benjamin W. Crowninshield 1817–1818 Smith Thompson 1819–1823 Samuel L. Southard 1823–1825
Supreme Court appointments
Monroe appointed Smith Thompson to the Supreme Court of the United States.
States admitted to the Union
Mississippi – December 10, 1817
Illinois – December 3, 1818
Alabama – December 14, 1819
Maine – March 15, 1820
Missouri – August 11, 1821
When his presidency was over on March 4, 1825, James Monroe lived at Monroe Hill on the grounds of the University of Virginia. This university's modern campus was Monroe's family farm from 1788 to 1817, but he had sold it in the first year of his presidency to the new college. He served on the college's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and then under the second rector and another former President James Madison, until his death.
Monroe had racked up many debts during his years of public life. As a result, he was forced to sell off his Highland Plantation (now called Ash Lawn-Highland; it is owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public). Throughout his life, he was not financially solvent, and his wife's poor health made matters worse. For these reasons, he and his wife lived in Oak Hill, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death on 23 September 1830.
Death
Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Governor who had married Samuel L. Governor in the first White House wedding. Monroe died there from heart failure and tuberculosis on 4 July 1831, becoming the third president to die on the 4th of July. His death came 55 years after the U.S. Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and 5 years after the death of the Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He was originally buried in New York at the Governor family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. Twenty-seven years later in 1858 he was re-interred to the President's Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia.
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's ...thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President." He burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he might have discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia, and as an adult frequently attended Episcopalian churches, though there is no record he ever took communion. He has been classified by some historians as a Deist, and he did use deistic language to refer to God. Jefferson had been attacked as an atheist and infidel for his deistic views, but never Monroe. Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was not anticlerical.
Famous Quotes by James Monroe
"It is only when the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that they are incapable of exercising their sovereignty. Usurpation is then an easy attainment, and an usurper soon found. The people themselves become the willing instruments of their own debasement and ruin."
"The best form of government is that which is most likely to prevent the greatest sum of evil."
"Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy."
"In this great nation there is but one order, that of the people, whose power, by a peculiarly happy improvement of the representative principle, is transferred from them, without impairing in the slightest degree their sovereignty, to bodies of their own creation, and to persons elected by themselves, in the full extent necessary for the purposes of free, enlightened, and efficient government."
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 16 |
https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/james-monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/WH-1600-Sessions-Podcast-Cover_WIDE_2024-03-19-170012_wvdq.png",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/1112932_2024-06-05-171824_xyat.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/digital-library-hero.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/20230330_DAG_4315_2024-03-19-170737_upoa.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-planyourvisit-events2.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/reso-bookdecatur-facilitydetails-B.jpg",
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/topnav-logo--default.svg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/B/U/Main%20Index/Portraits/31.tif.mSeI_rflMf856c1hIAcA.NMSQTnoMUe.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/_thumbSmall/Podcast-St-Johns-V5-hero.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/_thumbSmall/WHHA-Leadership-Header.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/thumbnails/_thumbSmall/DHCollection-nav-coll-thumb.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/_thumbSmall/IAIN-DALE-HEADER-PHOTO-v4.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/thumbnails/_thumbSmall/nav-coll-Marine-Band-thumb.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/layout/_thumbSmall/Header-PhotoPresident-Ford-toasts-Queen-Elizabeth_07071976_Ford-Library-NARA_1511-copy.jpeg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/u/v/Main%20Index/Events/1139132.tif.mSeHw7XlMYN1u8NjkAMA.-yyWgox02g.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/c/5/Main%20Index/Presidents/1139131.jpg.mSeK2bHlMUN1u8NjkAMA.cdL0XGtxin.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/R/9/Main%20Index/Events/1139133.tif.mSeOzbjlMTl1u8NjkAMA.mk9szgZabv.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/R/h/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139028.jpg.mSeLwrflMQVFhcNjkAMA.rgiD37bZ_o.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/7/i/Main%20Index/Events/1136912.tif.mSeszrvlMSk3B8NjkAMA.dLKaSH76dR.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/1/U/Main%20Index/Events/1137142.tif.mSf4zrflMdExB8NjkAMA.Qu0g7WD4_4.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/I/A/Main%20Index/Presidents/1139134.tif.mSf2krLlMWOvncFjkAMA.SplMYUkGI5.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/P/O/Main%20Index/Presidents/Lyndon%20B%20Johnson/9500.tif.mSfKhbblMbk1K79jkAMA.nrxQ8zSNpY.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/t/H/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138298.tif.mSfGyrPlMYF9Ab9jkAMA.bV9NQX2tMI.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/U/V/Main%20Index/Events/1711.tif.mSeu2bnlMU8ZAb9jkAMA.wSIJHLxiiS.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/x/o/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139022.tif.mSfs0K_lMQnt471jkAMA.xh9nAhQCm1.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/N/u/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139023.jpeg.mSfS9rjlMQnt471jkAMA.niqvMXfmBH.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/r/M/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139024.tif.mSfMya3lMf_r471jkAMA.TpsUdsusdS.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Y/L/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1139025.tif.mSfB27flMeXr471jkAMA.mvC92c-JV1.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/j/d/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139026.tif.mSelqrDlMePr471jkAMA.b8ezX8YI6g.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/g/F/Main%20Index/Presidents/Jimmy%20Carter/1139027.tiff.mSfQpbjlMTnf471jkAMA.tH7xXlMk8A.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Z/X/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138399.tif.mSeYzrXlMcXfY71jkAMA.JkMMzdGhZo.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/n/H/Main%20Index/Presidents/1138400.tif.mSfHvbblMcHfY71jkAMA.cogteQLQhc.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/-/-/Main%20Index/Presidents/1138401.tif.mSfpgbjlMaPfY71jkAMA.6sQ8pppAUp.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/-/Q/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138402.tif.mSeOirvlMaPfY71jkAMA.inkHIGazRv.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/T/1/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138403.tif.mSeoibLlMS3fY71jkAMA.f60jfYhBI7.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/D/2/Main%20Index/Presidents/1138404.tif.mSf207TlMTMdcbtjkAMA.QRc67Ijl3V.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/F/F/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138297.tif.mSeJ4LTlMYnDPbtjkAMA.b2Pkbt67Lj.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/a/a/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138692.tif.mSee2bPlMfHbibljkAMA.01ZCO8cBfc.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Y/f/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138672.tif.mSf7s7PlMeXTibljkAMA.U8ZILKHTC2.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/h/M/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138673.tif.mSfdqbrlMdPTibljkAMA.9ElPqrwKDl.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/s/b/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138674.tif.mSf8-q7lMcvTibljkAMA.VkysJaYni6.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/u/D/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138675.tif.mSfzu7nlMbvTibljkAMA.O2QuIQA0ql.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/D/C/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138676.tif.mSea37rlManTibljkAMA.JmRI1fHO9B.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Z/f/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138677.tif.mSfW_bHlMaPTibljkAMA.0YX7pFSnhh.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/M/W/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138678.tif.mSeS0bTlMZfTibljkAMA.cbF_0mXbhq.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/M/m/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138619.tif.mSf57LblMZHTibljkAMA.8-lAPaBx6y.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/h/O/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138679.tif.mSeR5LnlMYvTibljkAMA.4MtPc_QnPM.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/O/L/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138620.tif.mSfz4bPlMYfTibljkAMA.qcP_1aXEZT.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/7/R/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138621.tif.mSfC46_lMXvTibljkAMA.roSNJOfbPj.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/G/e/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138622.tif.mSfQ567lMXPTibljkAMA.8gff9ck2kC.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/d/9/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138623.tif.mSe056_lMWPTibljkAMA.wWNzpOkXug.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Y/D/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138624.tif.mSfAnbnlMUXTibljkAMA.zRkbFQWU4o.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/T/E/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138627.tif.mSei97blMT3TibljkAMA.AjFyDLqRRK.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/Q/N/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138625.tif.mSf1i7LlMTXTibljkAMA.VijMSXDNHQ.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/r/W/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138626.tif.mSebuLPlMSvTibljkAMA.ooPrMud4dp.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/S/g/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138629.tif.mSf6363lMSXTibljkAMA.JCnwNJbLTm.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/l/L/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138628.tif.mSedg7rlMSPTibljkAMA.MgKKGw9g76.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/N/b/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138630.tif.mSfvprXlMRnTibljkAMA.C9MI3f2usO.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/P/-/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138631.tif.mSeVsbLlMfnRibljkAMA.QG-eEq-jwx.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/k/Y/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138632.tif.mSfznLPlMfHRibljkAMA.pOxT2yUg07.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/U/i/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138633.tif.mSeSuLblMfHRibljkAMA.ljY9EtXawa.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/x/Q/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138634.tif.mSfh-bjlMeXRibljkAMA.iebxSAbDhI.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/r/m/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138635.tif.mSfN3rflMd3RibljkAMA.Ghs-qKmz9k.jpg",
"https://library.whitehousehistory.org/fotoweb/cache/v2/5/7/Main%20Index/Events/Holidays/1138636.tif.mSeFvrHlMdXRibljkAMA.Z9CoMNs1XW.jpg",
"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/images/footer-logo.png",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/24WHHSA-Evergreen-Join-Lightbox-NewTemplate-720x400_2024-05-03-161111_lbhn.jpg",
"https://d1y822qhq55g6.cloudfront.net/24WHHSA-Evergreen-Join-Lightbox-NewTemplate-450x450_2024-05-03-161116_yspg.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 into an affluent, slave-owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia....
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
WHHA (en-US)
|
https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/james-monroe
|
Considered the last “Founding Father” president, James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 into an affluent, slave-owning family in Westmoreland County, Virginia. His parents, Spence and Elizabeth Monroe, had aspirations for their eldest son, sending him to nearby Campbelltown Academy. James’ childhood changed dramatically when both of his parents passed away within two years of each other. Joseph Jones, who became a paternal surrogate for the Monroe children, encouraged James to continue his education by attending the College of William & Mary. Monroe enrolled but later left to enlist in the Continental Army’s Third Virginia Infantry Regiment. After the war, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786; the couple had three children together.
In terms of military, political, administrative, and diplomatic experience, James Monroe was one of the most qualified individuals to ascend to the presidency during the nineteenth century. He fought in the American Revolution and was wounded at the Battle of Trenton; served in the legislative bodies of the Virginia General Assembly and the United States Senate, as well as Governor of Virginia; held diplomatic posts across Europe for different administrations; and served as Secretary of State and Secretary of War (briefly acting in both capacities) during the James Madison administration. He also studied law with Thomas Jefferson—in fact, because of his relationship with Jefferson, Monroe purchased land adjacent to Monticello in Albemarle County, calling it Highland. This plantation was one of several properties that Monroe owned during his lifetime—along with over 200 enslaved people who provided the labor to sustain the family, their guests, and the comforts they enjoyed. Some of these individuals accompanied the Monroes to Washington as well, and later the White House. Click here to learn more about the enslaved households of President James Monroe.
In 1803, President Jefferson entrusted Monroe and Robert Livingston to acquire territory from France and secure access to the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. The men exceeded all expectations, acquiring New Orleans and some 828,000 square miles west of the Mississippi for $15 million. The Louisiana Purchase opened up new opportunities for white settlers—often at the expense of Native Americans—and it also created a volatile mix of expansionism and slavery. As the country expanded westward, the issue of permitting slavery in new territories would continue to threaten a fragile Union. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, signed by President Monroe, temporarily defused the situation.
After the War of 1812, the United States experienced the “Era of Good Feelings”—relative political peace, economic growth, and nationalist fervor. President Monroe invigorated this spirit with goodwill tours throughout the country and ensuring that the public buildings at Washington—including the President’s House—were restored after they were destroyed by the British. Working with Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Monroe professed American sovereignty from European nations while asserting a national right of influence over the western hemisphere. This idea, later called the “Monroe Doctrine,” shaped the next century of international relations between the United States and the world, influencing American presidents and policymakers who sought to make the country a global power.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 58 |
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/elizabeth-kortright-monroe/
|
en
|
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
|
[
"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/wh-outline.svg",
"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/bottomcta-logo.svg",
"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/themes/whitehouse/assets/img/footer-seal.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-01-12T03:40:44+00:00
|
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe served as First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825 as the wife of the fifth President, James Monroe. Romance glints
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
The White House
|
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/elizabeth-kortright-monroe/
|
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe served as First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825 as the wife of the fifth President, James Monroe.
Romance glints from the little that is known about Elizabeth Kortright’s early life. She was born in New York City in 1768, daughter of an old New York family. Her father, Lawrence, had served the Crown by privateering during the French and Indian War and made a fortune. He took no active part in the War of Independence; and James Monroe wrote to his friend Thomas Jefferson in Paris in 1786 that he had married the daughter of a gentleman, “injured in his fortunes” by the Revolution.
Strange choice, perhaps, for a patriot veteran with political ambitions and little money of his own; but Elizabeth was beautiful, and love was decisive. They were married in February 1786, when the bride was not yet 18.
The young couple planned to live in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Monroe began his practice of law. His political career, however, kept them on the move as the family increased by two daughters and a son who died in infancy.
In 1794, Elizabeth Monroe accompanied her husband to France when President Washington appointed him United States Minister. Arriving in Paris in the midst of the French Revolution, she took a dramatic part in saving Lafayette’s wife, imprisoned and expecting death on the guillotine. With only her servants in her carriage, the American Minister’s wife went to the prison and asked to see Madame Lafayette. Soon after this hint of American interest, the prisoner was set free. The Monroes became very popular in France, where the diplomat’s lady received the affectionate name of la belle Americaine.
For 17 years Monroe, his wife at his side, alternated between foreign missions and service as governor or legislator of Virginia. They made the plantation of Oak Hill their home after he inherited it from an uncle, and appeared on the Washington scene in 1811 when he became Madison’s Secretary of State.
Elizabeth Monroe was an accomplished hostess when her husband took the Presidential oath in 1817. Through much of the administration, however, she was in poor health and curtailed her activities. Wives of the diplomatic corps and other dignitaries took it amiss when she decided to pay no calls–an arduous social duty in a city of widely scattered dwellings and unpaved streets.
Moreover, she and her daughter Eliza changed White House customs to create the formal atmosphere of European courts. Even the White House wedding of her daughter Maria was private, in “the New York style” rather than the expansive Virginia social style made popular by Dolley Madison. A guest at the Monroes’ last levee, on New Year’s Day in 1825, described the First Lady as “regal-looking” and noted details of interest: “Her dress was superb black velvet; neck and arms bare and beautifully formed; her hair in puffs and dressed high on the head and ornamented with white ostrich plumes; around her neck an elegant pearl necklace. Though no longer young, she is still a very handsome woman.”
In retirement at Oak Hill, Elizabeth Monroe died on September 23, 1830; and family tradition says that her husband burned the letters of their life together.
The biographies of the First Ladies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The First Ladies of the United States of America,” by Allida Black. Copyright 2009 by the White House Historical Association.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 41 |
https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/
|
en
|
Monroe Timeline
|
[
"https://highland.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Inverse-Wordmark.png",
"https://highland.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/wm_vertical_single_line_white-1024x463.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2013-07-08T19:31:53+00:00
|
James Monroe had an extraordinary career in public service that spanned almost fifty years.
|
en
|
Highland
|
https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/
|
1758 – April 28, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the Northern Neck
1774-76 – Attended William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
1776 – Joined the Continental Army’s Third Virginia Infantry Regiment
1776 – December 26, wounded at the Battle of Trenton
1778 – December, wintered at Valley Forge,
1778 – June 28, fought at the Battle of Monmouth
1779 – January, resigned from the Continental Army; received appointment to lieutenant colonel by Virginia legislature
1780 – Studied law under Governor Thomas Jefferson in Richmond
1782 – Member of Virginia House of Delegates
1783-86 – Delegate to Confederation Congress
1786 – February 16, married Elizabeth Kortright; practiced law in Fredericksburg; November or December, birth of Eliza
1787-89 – Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
1788 – Member of Virginia Convention to ratify the U. S. Constitution; purchased farmland in Albemarle, Virginia
1790-94 – Served as United States Senator from Virginia
1793 – Purchased “Highland” property adjacent to Jefferson’s Monticello
1794-96 – Minister to France for President George Washington
1799 – May, birth of James Spence; November 23, family moved to Highland
1799-1802 – Served as Governor of Virginia for three consecutive one-year terms
1800 – September 28, death of James Spence; Gabriel’s Rebellion
1802 – Birth of Maria Hester
1803 – Envoy to France to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase
1803-07 – Minister to England and Spain for President Jefferson
1804 – December, arrived in Spain to negotiate the purchase of Florida
1808 – September, marriage of Eliza to George Hay at Highland
1810-11 – Served as a member of Virginia House of Delegates
1811 – January to April, served as Governor of Virginia
1811-17 – Beginning in April 1811, served as Secretary of State for President James Madison
1814-15 – September 1814 to March 1815, served as Secretary of War for President Madison
1817 – October 17, laid cornerstone of Pavilion VII, the University of Virginia’s first structure
1817-25 – Served as President of the United States; his presidency became known as the “Era of Good Feelings”
1820 – March 9, marriage of Maria Hester in the White House
1823 – December 2, delivered speech known as the “Monroe Doctrine” in his address to Congress, declared as the first U.S. foreign policy
1826-31 – Served as a member of Board of Visitors, University of Virginia
1828 – Sold Highland to the Bank of the United States
1829 – President of the Virginia Constitutional Convention
1830 – September 23, death of Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
1831 – July 4, death of James Monroe in New York City
1858 – James Monroe’s body re-interred at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 57 |
https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/vice-presidents.htm
|
en
|
U.S. Senate: About the Vice President
|
[
"https://www.senate.gov/resources/images/usFlag.png",
"https://www.senate.gov/resources/images/senate_logo.png",
"https://www.senate.gov/resources/images/senate_logo_footer.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-04-17T00:00:00
|
/resources/images/us_sen.ico
| null |
1. Jefferson ran against Adams for president. Since he received the second highest electoral vote, he automatically became vice president under the system that existed at the time.
2. "Republican" refers to two different parties widely separated in time: Jeffersonian Republicans of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and the present Republican Party, which was founded in the 1850s. The service dates should make clear which of the two parties is intended.
3. In the nation's early years, electors did not differentiate between their votes for president and vice president, and the runner-up for president became vice president. In 1800 Jefferson and Burr each received 73 electoral votes, thus sending the election to the House of Representatives, which selected Jefferson as president. Burr automatically became vice president. This stalemate led to adoption of the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in 1804.
4. George Clinton died in office April 20, 1812 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1813.
5. Elbridge Gerry died in office November 23, 1814 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1817.
6. By 1820 the Federalist Party was defunct, and a period of party realignment began that continued until 1840 when the Whig and Democratic Parties became established. In the interim, party affiliations underwent considerable flux. For much of that time, the split fell between the supporters and opponents of Andrew Jackson. The pro-Jackson forces evolved into the Democratic Party, while those opposing Jackson eventually coalesced into the Whig Party.
7. All the presidential candidates in 1824 were Republicans—although of varying persuasions—and Calhoun had support for the vice presidency from both the Adams and Jackson camps. As no presidential candidate received the necessary majority of electoral votes, the House of Representatives made the decision. Calhoun, however, received a clear majority (182 of 260) of the vice-presidential electoral votes.
8. John C. Calhoun resigned on December 28, 1832 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1833.
9. The Democratic Party was not yet formally created during Jackson's two terms as president but developed later from his supporters.
10. Since no vice presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral vote in the 1836 election, the U.S. Senate elected Richard M. Johnson as vice president on February 8, 1837. Johnson's election is the only time the Senate has exercised this constitutional authority, granted by the Twelfth Amendment, which provides, "if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President."
11. Although Tyler ran on the Whig ticket, he remained a Democrat throughout his life.
12. John Tyler succeeded to the presidency on April 6, 1841; vice presidency remained vacant until 1845.
13. Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency on July 10, 1850 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1853.
14. William Rufus King died in office on April 18, 1853 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1857.
15. Johnson was a War Democrat, who ran on a fusion ticket with Republican President Abraham Lincoln.
16. Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency on April 15, 1865 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1869.
17. Henry Wilson died in office on November 22, 1875 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1877.
18. Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency on September 20, 1881 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1885.
19. Thomas A. Hendricks died in office on November 25, 1885 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1889.
20. Garret A. Hobart died in office on November 21, 1899 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1901.
21. Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14, 1901 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1905.
22. James S. Sherman died in office on October 30, 1912 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1913.
23. Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency on August 3, 1923 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1925.
24. Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1949.
25. Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency on November 22, 1963 and the vice presidency remained vacant until 1965.
26. Spiro T. Agnew resigned on October 10, 1973 and the vice presidency remained vacant until December 6, 1973.
27. Lyndon Johnson's succession to the presidency in 1963 following the assassination of John F. Kennedy left the vice presidency vacant for the 16th time in U.S. history. To avoid such a vacancy in the future, Congress passed and the states ratified the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1967, allowing for the appointment and confirmation of a new vice president if such a vacancy occurs. Gerald Ford became the first vice president to be nominated by the president and confirmed by the Congress pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Ford took the oath of office as vice president on December 6, 1973, and served until August 9, 1974, when he succeeded to the presidency.
28. Gerald R. Ford succeeded to the presidency on August 9, 1974 and the vice presidency remained vacant until December 19, 1974.
29. Following succession to the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974, Gerald Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller as vice president, as prescribed by the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Rockefeller took the oath of office in the Senate Chamber on December 19, 1974. Television cameras that had been recently installed in the Senate Chamber in anticipation of a possible impeachment trial of Richard Nixon were instead used to televise the swearing in of Vice President Rockefeller. This marked the first time television cameras had been allowed in the Senate Chamber.
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 1 |
https://hollywoodcemetery.org/visit/things-to-see/102-president-james-monroe-s-tomb
|
en
|
President James Monroe's Tomb
|
[
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/templates/ac/images/logo.png",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/templates/ac/images/logo.png",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/header/hero-things-to-see.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/header/hero-things-to-see.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/restored-birdcage.JPG",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/restored-birdcage.JPG",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-1.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-1.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-2.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-2.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-3.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/president-james-monroe-s-tomb-3.jpg",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png",
"https://hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"hollywood cemetery",
"richmond va",
"historic cemetery",
"cemetery",
"tour options",
"cemetery tour",
"president james monroe",
"monroe birdcage",
"national historic landmark",
"president john tyler",
"james river",
"iron dog",
"monument to the confederate war dead",
"davis circle",
"jefferson davis"
] | null |
[] | null |
Hollywood Cemetery is an outdoor museum that spans hundreds of acres in the capital of Virginia. As you plan your visit, there are a few must-see items to add to your list, including some famous gravesites and monuments as well as other spots that are not as well-known.
|
en
|
/templates/ac/favicon.ico
|
https://hollywoodcemetery.org/visit/things-to-see/102-president-james-monroe-s-tomb
|
President James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, was laid to rest in Hollywood Cemetery in 1858, twenty-seven years after his death in New York City. His tomb, locally known as "The Birdcage", was designed by Albert Lybrock and erected in 1859.
The structure is made of a granite sarcophagus that is surrounded by an ornate Gothic-style cage made from cast iron. It was labeled a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1971 due to its unique architecture. In 2015, the tomb was repaired and restored to its original ivory color by the Department of General Services. The Birdcage is located in Presidents Circle overlooking the James River. Monroe's wife, daughter, and son-in-law are buried nearby.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 19 |
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/james-monroe
|
en
|
Hollywood Cemetery
|
[
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/templates/ac/images/logo.png",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://www.paypalobjects.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/monroe.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/monroe.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png",
"https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/images/logo-white.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"hollywood cemetery",
"richmond",
"virginia",
"president james monroe",
"president john tyler",
"garden cemetery",
"jefferson davis",
"jeb stuart",
"george pickett",
"monument to the confederate war dead",
"james river",
"the iron dog",
"friends of hollywood cemetery",
"historical walking tours",
"segway tours",
"trolley tours",
"interment options",
"casket burial",
"cremation burial",
"cremation interment",
"palmer chapel",
"hollywood mausoleum",
"presidents circle",
"cremation niches",
"idlewood cremation wall",
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Hollywood Cemetery is a fully operational cemetery located in Richmond, Virginia. Lots, crypts, and niches are available for purchase and tours are held regularly.
|
en
|
/templates/ac/favicon.ico
|
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/james-monroe
|
James Monroe, on New Year’s Day, 1825, at the last of his annual White House receptions, made a pleasing impression upon a Virginia lady who shook his hand: “He is tall and well formed. His dress plain and in the old style...His manner was quiet and dignified. From the frank, honest expression of his eye...I think he well deserves the encomium passed upon him by the great Jefferson, who said, ‘Monroe was so honest that if you turned his soul inside out there would not be a spot on it.’ ”
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1758, Monroe attended the College of William and Mary, fought with distinction in the Continental army, and practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
As a youthful politician, he joined the anti-Federalists in the Virginia Convention, which ratified the Constitution; and in 1790, an advocate of Jeffersonian policies, Monroe was elected a United States senator. As minister to France from 1794 to 1796, he displayed strong sympathies for the French cause; later, with Robert R. Livingston, he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase.
His ambition and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the presidency in 1816. With little Federalist opposition, he easily won reelection in 1820.
Monroe made unusually strong cabinet choices, naming a Southerner, John C. Calhoun, as secretary of war, and a Northerner, John Quincy Adams, as secretary of state. Only Henry Clay’s refusal kept Monroe from adding an outstanding Westerner.
Early in his administration, Monroe undertook a goodwill tour. In Boston, his visit was hailed as the beginning of an “Era of Good Feelings.” Unfortunately these “good feelings” did not endure, although Monroe, his popularity undiminished, followed nationalist policies.
Across the facade of nationalism, ugly sectional cracks appeared. A painful economic depression undoubtedly increased the dismay of the people of the Missouri Territory in 1819 when their application for admission to the Union as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress.
The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a Free State, and barring slavery north and west of Missouri forever.
In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name, responding to the threat that the more conservative governments in Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her former Latin American colonies. Monroe did not begin formally to recognize the young sister republics until 1822, after ascertaining that Congress would vote appropriations for diplomatic missions.
Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming “hands off.” Ex-presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Secretary Adams advised, “It would be more candid…to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war.”
Monroe accepted Adams’s advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. “ The American continents,” he stated, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” Some twenty years after Monroe died, this became known as the Monroe Doctrine.
Most of all, the legacy of James Monroe is a model of what a brave leader can do. He dared to do difficult acts and, in return, accomplished even greater feats. Monroe died from heart failure and tuberculosis on July 4, 1831, thus becoming the third president who died on Independence Day. His death came fifty-five years after the US Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of two other Founding Fathers who became presidents: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family’s vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. Twenty-seven years later, in 1858, the body was reinterred in the Presidents Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a US National Historic Landmark.
Sources of information: WhiteHouse.gov, presidential biographies are from The Presidents of the United States of America by Michael Beschloss and Hugh Sidey. The White House Historical Association. Totallyhistory.com.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 81 |
https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/products/the-white-house-and-new-york-69
|
en
|
The White House and New York (#69)
|
http://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_grande.jpg?v=1684872911
|
http://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_grande.jpg?v=1684872911
|
[
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/t/248/assets/wholesale_icon_small.png?v=55794650431707182441687449405",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHA_HOL23_06_05T-resized_1_379x362@2x.jpg?v=1699456831",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/Furnishing-the-White-House_Grid-1-resized_379x362@2x.jpg?v=1699456453",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHA_HOL23_04_05T-resized_379x362@2x.jpg?v=1699457326",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/Home_Gifts_2022_Header_1_Col_181x362@2x.jpg?v=1665522191",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHA_HOL23_05_05T-resized_379x362@2x.jpg?v=1699456651",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_400x400_crop_center.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv2_Web_400x400_crop_center.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-BK_Web_400x400_crop_center.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv3_Web_400x400_crop_center.jpg?v=1684872908",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_{height}x{width}_crop_top.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_1000x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv2_Web_{height}x{width}_crop_top.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv2_Web_1000x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-BK_Web_{height}x{width}_crop_top.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-BK_Web_1000x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv3_Web_{height}x{width}_crop_top.jpg?v=1684872908",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv3_Web_1000x.jpg?v=1684872908",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_{width}x{height}.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv2_Web_{width}x{height}.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-BK_Web_{width}x{height}.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv3_Web_{width}x{height}.jpg?v=1684872908",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FT_Web_400x400_crop_center@2x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv2_Web_400x400_crop_center@2x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-BK_Web_400x400_crop_center@2x.jpg?v=1684872911",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHQ69-FTv3_Web_400x400_crop_center@2x.jpg?v=1684872908",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/WHHA_Logo_1Color_Small_No_RTM_239x143.jpg?v=14356535943762386814",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/t/248/assets/WHHA-star.svg?v=107384115277331241591687449410",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/t/248/assets/WHHA-star.svg?v=107384115277331241591687449410",
"https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/t/248/assets/WHHA-star.svg?v=107384115277331241591687449410"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Before there was a 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, or even a City of Washington, some of the earliest chapters of White House history were written in New York City. George Washington took the first presidential Oath of Office at Federal Hall on Wall Street in 1789 and lived in the first presidential mansions on Cherry Street
|
en
|
//shop.whitehousehistory.org/cdn/shop/files/favicon_1_2.png?v=1613795581&width=32
|
White House Historical Association
|
https://shop.whitehousehistory.org/products/the-white-house-and-new-york-69
|
Before there was a 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, or even a City of Washington, some of the earliest chapters of White House history were written in New York City. George Washington took the first presidential Oath of Office at Federal Hall on Wall Street in 1789 and lived in the first presidential mansions on Cherry Street and on Broadway before the young federal government was moved to Philadelphia in 1790. For more than two centuries, New York City has welcomed, accommodated, celebrated, and mourned Washington’s successors. Though all of these later presidents would reside in the White House in Washington, D.C., the lives of many included consequential years in New York. With this issue, White House History Quarterly explores the historical connections between New York City and the White House from the first Oath of Office to the present day.
Our visit to New York opens with a journey expertly led by Matt Green, who since 2011 has walked more than 9,000 miles of the city, block by block, embracing countless chance encounters with presidential history along the way. Through Green’s expedition we, too, discover such easily overlooked places as the site where Chester A. Arthur took the Oath of Office and bodegas named for Barack Obama.
With his article “Before the White House: New York’s Capital Legacy,” presidential historian Thomas J. Balcerski takes us back to the New York that President Washington knew and traces the legacy of the sites where he was inaugurated, served, and lived. “After traveling far and wide in life, James Monroe continued his odyssey in death,” explains historian Scott Harris with his article, which traces a series of temporary entombments that ultimately took the fifth president’s remains from New York to Virginia.
Former White House Curator William G. Allman presents the many New York manufacturers whose works are among the most treasured objects in the White House Collection of decorative arts today. Included are furniture by Duncan Phyfe, pianos by Steinway & Sons, and silver by Tiffany and Sons. One of the most legendary of these New York businesses is the focus of Kayli Rene Rideout’s article “A Tiffany White House Interlude.”
Reminding us that America’s first ladies have long been connected to New York, author Joy Ferro recounts the story of future first lady Nancy Reagan who, in the late 1940s, pursued her early dreams on the stage while living at the Barbizon, a safe and respectable residential hotel for women on the Upper East Side. Author Margaret Strolle takes us to a display on the seventh floor of Bergdorf Goodman to study a letter written by Jacqueline Kennedy, one of many first ladies who turned to New York for fashion.
For our presidential sites feature in this issue, historian Dean Kotlowski takes us to the Waldorf-Astoria, which has welcomed the presidents and first ladies at political and social events for nearly a century. His article “Herbert Hoover, Apt. 31A, and U.S. Presidents at the Waldorf-Astoria” recounts the retirement of President Hoover, who was comfortable there for more than twenty years.
We close the issue with a favorite New York pastime, a crossword puzzle—the first ever for White House History Quarterly
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 77 |
https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/History268/monroe.html
|
en
|
monroe
|
[
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/home.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/exhibits.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/people.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/places.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/organizations.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/documents.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/scholarship.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/home.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/exhibits.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/people.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/places.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/organizations.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/documents.gif",
"https://www2.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/Library/buttons101/scholarship.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
JAMES MONROE
A JOURNEY TO VIRGINIA IN DECEMBER, 1859.
A THURSDAY LECTURE
IT must have been on, or very near, Saturday morning, December 7, I859--indeed I think it was that very morning--that an incident occurred in the parlor of my house, then on South Professor Street, which has taken its place in memory as one of the most pathetic experiences of my life. A father and mother, neighbors whom I knew, came to my door and asked for an interview. They were Mr. and Mrs. John Copeland--people, in part, of African blood, of respectable standing in the community, and of amiable and Christian deportment. A son of these parents is still favorably known among us as a business partner of Mr. Charles Glenn, the builder. As I received them, I saw that they were in deep distress. The mother especially, exhibited such intense suffering--suffering so affecting both body and mind--that it was a question whether she would not sink to the floor, in utter exhaustion, before the conference could be completed. Their story is soon told. A son of the family, John A. Copeland, a young man about twenty-six years of age, had gone, some months before, to Chatham, in Canada, to visit a married sister. While there he had met an agent of John Brown, who invited him to join in the Virginia raid. Enthusiastic for the deliverance of both the races with which he was identified from the curse of slavery, and an ardent admirer of Brown, he accepted the invitation. With the result of the raid we are all acquainted. Brown was executed December 2, 1859, at Charlestown, Virginia. On the sixteenth day of December, came the execution of Copeland, at the same place. I have in my possession a letter, written by him on that day to his parents, brothers, and sisters in Oberlin, within two hours probably of the time of his ascending the scaffold, which, in its exhibition of Christian peace, of a spirit of forgiveness, of domestic affection, and of profound calm, will not compare unfavorably with any of the last utterances of apostles and martyrs. You will see that the day of his execution was the one immediately preceding that of the visit of his parents to me. I have spoken of the extreme suffering of Mrs. Copeland. It was noticeable however, that the grief which tortured her did not spring mainly from the thought of her son's execution. That, comparatively, seemed a tolerable affliction. John Brown had been executed, and so had been many of the great and good. The gallows upon which her son perished seemed irradiated by the goodly fellowship in suffering of prophets and reformers. This could be borne. The intolerable agony was caused by a report, which had come over the wires, and which appeared to be well founded, that the body of her son had been, or soon would be, taken to the medical college at Winchester, Virginia, for the purposes of dissection, About this she seemed to have a feeling akin to superstition. She had lain awake all night, turning the painful subject over in every form that a morbid imagination could suggest, until the torture had become more than brain and heart could endure; and unless some diversion--some relief--could be furnished, both brain and heart, it seemed probable, must give way. Under these circumstances, the parents had come to me to ask that I would go promptly to Winchester, and endeavor to recover the body of their son. I did not covet the undertaking, and I thought it right to explain to them that it would be likely to result in failure. Great excitement still prevailed in Virginia. Soldiers were still marching and counter-marching, military reviews were being held, and that military spirit was being awakened which was maintained from that time until the close of the war. The very presence of a Northern abolitionist in Virginia, upon such an errand in such a state of public feeling, might be regarded as, in itself, a grave offense. It was true that the body of John Brown had been returned to his widow; but special influences had been brought to bear in that case; and besides, Brown had the important advantage that he did not belong to the despised race. I did not fail to present these points to Mrs. Copeland; but they made no impression. She still entreated me to go, and I could not refuse her. I suppose I never pitied any one so much in my whole life.
Having decided to undertake the journey, I at. once made such preparation as I could. From Hiram Griswold, a prominent lawyer of Cleveland who had acted as Brown's attorney during his trial, I obtained a letter of introduction to Judge Parker of Winchester--the Judge who had sentenced both Brown and Copeland. Mr. Copeland, the father, or some friend for him, had telegraphed to Henry A. Wise, then Governor of Virginia, asking permission to send some one into the State to obtain the body of his son. A telegram came in reply which read in substance:--"You may send a man, but he must be a white man." This telegram I took with me, together with a paper from Mr. Copeland authorizing me to act as his agent in receiving the body.
I was now fairly well equipped for my journey, except that I had no money for the payment of expenses; and my friend Copeland was almost as impecunious as I was. In this exigency, James M. Fitch, who was for many years a bookseller and publisher in Oberlin, and whose memory is still held in reverence for his many good works, brought me one hundred dollars which he had somehow obtained in the town. I fear he had secured it by solicitation from door to door among business men and other citizens--a method of raising money which even to this day is something more than a tradition among us.
You will say that I now took the first train for Winchester. But this will be because you are too young to have had any experience of those times. In 1859 a man who got together a hundred dollars to go East had perhaps performed the smaller part of the needed financial operation. That was the period of the state-bank system, or rather of the state-bank systems; for there were as many of them as there were States that chose to legislate upon the subject. The result was that there was an endless variety of paper money, of all degrees of soundness except the highest. In Ohio, besides our own money, we had many kinds of bank bills from Michigan, from Indiana, and from States farther west. Upon these, even when from banks called good, there was a discount of from ten to thirty per cent when exchanged for coin. On looking over the money which I had received, I discovered that it was rich in these varieties, and that it was necessary to ascertain how much its nominal values represented in those which were real; in other words, what was the purchasing power of my hundred dollars. Fortunately for me, we had at that time in Oberlin a business man who was an expert in the quality of paper money. He received the latest counterfeit detectors, and the latest journals giving the rates of discount, at the Eastern money centers, upon all Western bank notes He was our helpful adviser in our financial troubles. To him I took my money. He went over it with me carefully, and gave me all needed information. So far as it seemed probable that he could use my Western bills in the way of business, he gave me New York and other Eastern bills in exchange for them. He very much improved the quality of my money-not, I fear, without some loss to himself.
One incident of our interview I have always thought unique. Among the bank notes which Mr. Fitch had brought me, there was a considerable number of one-dollar bills. Of these perhaps twelve or fifteen were on the Northern Bank of Kentucky. My friend smiled when he saw them. "These," said he, "are all counterfeit. See how distressed the face of old Harry Clay looks on these notes. But although they are counterfeit, you will have no trouble with them. There is such a scarcity of small bills that business men, by common consent, receive them and pay them out."
In regard to the scarcity of small bills at that time, I might add, that it was, in part, due to the decided stand taken by one of the political parties in favor of the use of coin. To promote this, they discouraged, and sometimes prohibited, through the State legislatures, the issuing of small notes, their theory being that, as a vacuum would thus be produced, and as nature abhors a vacuum, gold and silver would flow in to fill it. But gold and silver did not flow in, for it turned out that the vacuum abhorred gold and silver worse than nature abhorred the vacuum. Then, as always, no way was discovered to induce men to use the dearest money that could be found to meet their obligations. The most patriotic Whig or Democrat would not go to a broker's and buy coin at a premium to pay small debts, when, by letting them run until they were larger, he could pay them in depreciated bills of higher denomination, or, perhaps, could pay them at once, by barter.
I was somewhat startled by my friend's liberal views and what he told me of the practice under them. It was an anomaly which only the general financial disorder could have produced. I have thought this the most remarkable case of fiat money of which I have any knowledge. Here there was no government behind these bills declaring them to be money. The only fiat that gave them currency was an understanding tacitly reached by business men, and based upon a supposed public convenience. Our Populist friends would, perhaps, find fresh confirmation for their views, in a case like this.
I left Oberlin for Winchester, Monday, December 19, going by way of Wheeling and Harper's Ferry over the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. Owing to the delay of my train, caused by heavy snows in the Alleghenies, I did not reach Harper's Ferry until afternoon on Wednesday. Then I took the Winchester, Potomac, and Strasburg road, which ran by Charlestown and Winchester. As I took my seat in the car, I discovered the first evidence of the excited condition of the country. When the conductor came to receive my ticket, he said, "Excuse me, sir, but it is made my duty to ask for the name of every stranger entering the State." I gave him my name and it appeared to be entirely satisfactory. In one part of the car there was a group of ladies and gentlemen talking about John Brown. I soon discovered that among them was Captain Avis, the jailer who had charge of Brown during his imprisonment. I heard him say that Brown had spoken of the kindness with which Captain Avis had treated him as a reason why he would not attempt to escape from jail.
It was near sunset when I reached Winchester. I went directly to the Taylor House, having been told that that was the best hotel in the town. As I entered the clerk's office, I was reminded that I must register my name and address. As several rough and rather spirituous looking persons were standing about, it occurred to me, that the word Oberlin written upon the page of the register, for the inspection of such people, might produce a degree of excitement unfavorable to my object in visiting the place. Calling to mind the name of the township in which Oberlin was situated, I went promptly to the clerk's desk, the men dividing to enable me to do so, and wrote in a good bold hand, "James Monroe, Russia." I withdrew, and the crowd went up to examine the record. I left them studying upon it. The landlord told me, the next day, that when they asked him who James Monroe of Russia was, he replied that all he knew about it was I was a Russian. I have already spoken of Judge Parker as residing in Winchester; and having ascertained his address, I went at once to his house. I found him, presented my letter of introduction from Mr. Griswold, and was most courteously received. I told him my story-somewhat as I have told it to you--and explained how entirely my errand was one of humanity--of compassion for an afflicted father and mother. Very sincerely, as I believe, he expressed his sympathy with my object, his readiness to help me in it, and his opinion that it could be accomplished. He invited me to take tea with himself and his family, and proposed that, after tea, we should, together, pay a visit to the President of the Medical College, Dr. McGuire, and if it met his approval, should then send for other members of the Faculty, and have a meeting for consultation in regard to the object of my mission. I of course staid to the evening meal, and the invitation to attend a Faculty Meeting seemed so natural that it made me feel quite at home. I found Mrs. Parker a very agreeable lady, and we had a pleasant social occasion around the family table. After tea, Judge Parker went with me to Dr. McGuire's. On the way I happened to remark that I had sometimes thought that John Brown was not entirely sane. He repudiated this opinion, saying that he had observed Brown closely during the trial, and was convinced that he had a great deal of intelligent malice. The Faculty Meeting was held, and was entirely satisfactory. So far as I could judge, the best feeling existed. It was unanimously agreed that the body of Copeland should be delivered to me to be returned to the home of his parents. The college undertaker was present. He promised that he would work a portion of the night, and that by nine o'clock on the following morning, my sorrowful freight should be decently prepared for delivery at the express office. I was cautioned by one of the professors not to speak of the object of my visit at the hotel. I could readily assure them that I would not, and, within myself, I thought it much more likely that the news would get out through some one of the families of those who were present than through me. Feeling, however, no concern about the matter, I returned to the public house, and went to bed happy. I thought I saw my way clear to take back the body of the young soldier of liberty to his sorrowing family to be buried in the soil of Oberlin. I might say here, that I had already mentioned, more than once, that I bore upon my person the permission of Governor Wise to visit Virginia for the purpose I had in view, and I had perhaps exhibited his telegram. But this permission could, in any event, have only a moral weight, and that proved to be but small in Winchester, as the Governor did not appear to be popular there. In the morning a colored servant entered my room and built a great pine-wood fire in the old-fashioned fireplace. I thought it remarkable that he at once began telling me of his trials and hardships as a slave. It was evident that he thought me a Northern man, or at least one in sympathy with persons in his condition. I took an early breakfast, and was impatiently waiting for the hour at which I was to meet the undertaker, when a message was brought that some gentlemen wished to see me. I received them in the parlor of the hotel. They were a committee of students from the college--half a dozen in number--who had come to give me their view of the situation. A tall, lean, red-haired young man from Georgia acted as their chairman. I had seen committees of students before, but this one seemed rather more excited than any which I had previously met. As the chairman addressed me standing, I also stood. I cannot give an accurate, verbatim report of his speech, but I remember the sentiment and the more remarkable turns of expression. He spoke in substance as follows:--"Sah," said he, " these gentlemen and I have been appointed a committee by the medical students to explain this matter to you. It is evident to us, sah, that you don't understand the facts in the case. Sah, this nigger that you are trying to get don't belong to the Faculty. He isn't theirs to give away. They had no right to promise him to you. He belongs to us students, sah. Me and my chums nearly had to fight to get him. The Richmond medical students came to Charlestown determined to have him. I stood over the grave with a revolver in my hand while my chums dug him up. Now, sah, after risking our lives in this way, for the Faculty to attempt to take him from us, is mo' 'an we can b'ar. You must see, sah, and the Faculty must see, that if you persist in trying to carry out the arrangement you have made, it will open the do' for all sorts of trouble. We have been told that Governor Wise gave you permission to come into this State and get this nigger. Governor Wise, sah, has nothing to do with the matter. He has no authority over the affairs of our college. We repudiate any interference on his part. Now, sah, that the facts are befo' you, we trust that we can go away with your assurance that you will abandon the enterprise on which you came to our town. Such an assurance is necessary to give quiet to our people."
I replied to the gentleman from Georgia that I was glad to hear from all sides of the question; that the view taken by the students was important, and deserved and should have respectful consideration; but that, as my arrangements had been made with the approval of the Faculty, and I had, as yet, no intimation from them that their view of the matter had, in any way, been changed, I thought the young men would agree with me that the courtesy due between gentlemen required that I should not abandon my undertaking without consultation with their teachers. I closed, however, by saying that I would cheerfully promise the committee that I would at once give up my plan when advised to do so by their professors. The chairman of the committee would have been glad to have me say, at once, that I would do nothing further; but I adhered to my purpose. The committee then left, without any discourtesy of language or manner, but as I thought with some suppressed feeling.
I went at once to see Professor Smith, who had shown me much sympathy in my object, and who was on the point of coming to me. He said, "The Faculty would still be willing to make an effort to carry out their contract with you, but they suppose it to be impracticable." He then told me what I had not heard before, that during the night the students had broken into the dissecting rooms of the college, had removed the body of Copeland, and hidden it, it was reported at some place in the country. He added that if, under these circumstances we were to persist in an effort to recover the body, the whole country about us would soon be in a state of excitement. He thought it the wiser course, therefore, that my object should be given up. I believed he was right, and decided to act accordingly. The result was a great disappointment to me; but it seemed to be inevitable.
In thus recording my decision to abandon further effort, it is a satisfaction to add that time has made it more and more evident that Copeland was abundantly worthy of all the interest which we took in his case. Recently the Virginia officials who were connected with his trial, conviction and execution, have been publishing the favorable impression he made upon them. Mr. Andrew Hunter, who was the State prosecutor at the trial, in communications given to the press a few years since, says: "Copeland was the cleverest of all the prisoners. He had been educated at Oberlin. He was the son of a free negro, and behaved better than any man among them. If I had had the power and could have concluded to pardon any, he was the man I would have picked out. * * * He behaved with as much firmness as any of them, and with far more dignity." Judge Parker, in an interview published in the St. Louis "Globe Democrat" in 1888, says: "Copeland was the prisoner who impressed me best. He was a free negro. He had been educated, and there was a dignity about him that I could not help liking. He was always manly."
I was now ready to set my face towards home; but there was no train from Winchester back to Harper's Ferry until the following morning. By taking a carriage, however, in the afternoon, across the country to Martinsburg, I could catch the evening train on the Baltimore and Ohio road for Wheeling. My arrangements were made, therefore, to do this. Professor Smith advised me not to go to a hotel when I should reach Martinsburg. A general military review of all the soldiers who were present at John Brown's execution, and others also, was in progress that day in Martinsburg, and there would be many violent and half-drunken men about the public houses, whom it would be well for me to avoid. He offered to give me a letter of introduction to 'Squire Conrad, a friend of his, a lawyer of high character and standing in that town, and told me to drive directly to his house, and remain there until the hour for the train. This letter I thankfully accepted. As I had still two or three hours to wait for dinner, a young member of the Faculty--I think an associate professor--took me to the college and showed me its various apartments and appliances for instruction. We visited the dissecting rooms. The body of Copeland was not there, but I was startled to find the body of another Oberlin neighbor whom I had often met upon our streets, a colored man named Shields Greene. I had indeed known that he also had been executed at Charlestown, as one of John Brown's associates, but my warm interest in another object had banished the thought of him from my mind. It was a sad sight. I was sorry I had come to the building; and yet who was I, that I should be spared a view of what my fellow-creatures had to suffer? A fine, athletic figure, he was lying on his back--the unclosed, wistful eyes staring wildly upward, as if seeking, in a better world, for some solution of the dark problems of horror and oppression so hard to be explained in this.
After dinner and after the payment of bills, including one of considerable amount from the undertaker, who had made progress, to a certain extent, with his preparations, I was furnished by my landlord with a comfortable carriage and a colored driver, to take me to Martinsburg. The drive of perhaps twenty miles was spirited and enjoyable. It was a fine, clear December day. The sunshine was golden; there was no snow upon the ground, and the temperature was mild. The country, agreeably undulating, diversified with hill and valley, woodland and meadow, and watered by spring-fed ,streams, well deserved the epithet of "beautiful," bestowed upon it by John Brown when on his way to the scaffold on a like golden day of the same December. This region was a part of that beautiful valley of the Shenandoah--the valley of Virginia we called it during the war--which so fearfully expiated its share in the crime of slavery, by the desolation which the constant march of successive armies, Union and Confederate, left upon its fields. The soldiers of Sheridan, Banks, and Milroy, on the one side, and those of Joseph E. Johnston, Stonewall Jackson, and Early, on the other, advanced or retreated over these lands. An intelligent observer once said to me, "There wasn't a fence rail left in the valley of Virginia after the war." General Sheridan, having laid it waste, as a military necessity, wrote to Washington that '"a crow could not find rations" where he had been. Judge Parker, in a paper already quoted, says:-"I have no doubt it is true that Winchester changed hands, as is claimed, more than eighty times, during the war. These were real occupations, not merely the entrance and exit of scouting parties." Along the same road over which I was now passing, General Banks, two or three years later, marched from Winchester to Martinsburg with a portion of the fifth corps of the army of the Potomac. It was for a decision reached by him during this march, that he was charged with violating the Constitution of the United States. It was early in the war, and many people in the North were still sensitive about fine constitutional points. A slave woman came from one of the farms along his route, and climbed upon one of his gun carriages, intending to ride out of the country with "Massa Linkum's army." What was the offense which General Banks committed? He let her ride. Until a few week since, I had been in doubt as to what became of the Winchester Medical College during the war. Recently, I wrote to the postmaster of that town, making inquiry upon the subject. In reply, I received a letter from Dr. Conrad, a gentleman of high standing in Winchester, which I here quote, and which will explain itself:--
WINCHESTER, VA., Sept. 7, 1894.
JAMES MONROE,
DEAR SIR :--The postmaster asked me, as the oldest living graduate of the old Winchester Medical College, to answer your note. The college was burnt by General Banks' army in May, 1862. He himself regretted it, but his New England doctors and chaplains did it--applied the torch with their own hands. They proclaimed that theirs was a Campaign of education. In this manner did that thorough old school of medicine become obliterated. The ground, belonging to the State, was sold, and is now built upon. Only one of the professors now lives--Dr. Hunter McGuire, of Richmond.
I am, sir, respectfully yours, D. B. CONRAD.
I should have been glad to have had a further account of this matter from our own soldiers; but General Banks had just died when I received this note, and I knew not to whom else to write. I think it probable that the building had been used by both sides for military purposes, and this would have justified either the Union or Confederate forces in destroying it. Towards sunset, as I approached Martinsburg, I began to meet successive squads of soldiers--some on horseback, and some in wagons--returning to their homes from the review. As he saw them coming, my colored driver would turn well out upon the side of the road, and stop his horses until they had passed. They were full of Virginia patriotism, and some of them of something else. I put my head out of the carriage, and gazed at them with all the innocent curiosity I could express. They inspected me narrowly. It would have been very natural, in such a time of suspicion and scrutiny, if they had asked my name and residence, and business in the State. This might have been embarrassing, and I was thankful when I had run the gauntlet unquestioned. Having entered Martinsburg, I went, as advised, to the house of 'Squire Conrad, where the letter of Professor Smith procured me a friendly reception. Mr. Conrad introduced me to his daughter--an amiable and intelligent young lady--and to Captain Conrad, his son--a genial, ingenuous, and manly fellow--who had commanded a company at Brown's execution. I was happy, on invitation, to take my evening meal of tea and toast in this kindly social atmosphere. There was, I think, no other member of the family living, except a son who was pursuing a course of study at the Episcopal Theological Seminary at Alexandria. 'Squire Conrad, though a slave-holder, was a decided Union man; but when Virginia voted in favor of secession, the whole family, regretfully, but almost unavoidably, were drawn into the movement. I explained to him the object of my visit to the State, of which he appeared to approve; and he cordially offered me the hospitality of his house until I should wish to take a train for the North. During our conversation, he spoke of the mild character of slavery in his neighborhood, saying, that he had never known but one master who had neglected to provide for his slaves when old, and he had lost standing with his class. During the contest at Harper's Ferry, Colonel Washington, a descendant of a brother of George Washington, and several other citizens, had been held as prisoners for a time, by John Brown, in the arsenal. Referring to some question which had been raised as to whether Colonel Washington had behaved with proper courage, Mr. Conrad said he did not think the Courage of any man bearing the name of Washington could be questioned, but he did wonder how Colonel Washington could have continued to exist thirty hours without whiskey. After tea he excused himself to attend some meeting of his Church, saying, he would leave me in Charge of his son and daughter; and very pleasant young people they were to be left in charge of, as I can certify. I shall never forget the kindness of this family, which, shown to me under these peculiar circumstances, was doubly grateful. We learned that the train would not arrive until ten o'clock, and I suggested to Captain Conrad that as he might have other engagements, and as I could find my way to the train without difficulty, alone, it was not necessary that he should give me the whole evening. He replied that his time was quite at my service; and there was so much excitement among their people, that he thought it better I should not be without the presence of some gentleman who could vouch for me. We had a long talk that evening about John Brown, Governor Wise, and the growing discord between North and South. He thought it unnecessary and impolitic that the authorities should have made such a military display at the time of the execution, and laughed at the stories of abolitionists coming over the mountains to rescue Brown. He paid a striking tribute to their courage of the great fighter for freedom. The incident is a painful one, but it is instructive. An acquaintance of his who stood behind Brown on the scaffold, and who, in the discharge of official duty, had had much of that sad kind of experience, told him that, generally, however firm a condemned man might, in the main, appear, yet as his hands lay bound, one upon the other, behind his back, there was certain to be some nervous movement of the fingers, as the fatal moment drew near; but that, in the case of Brown, the fingers lay as quiet as those of a sleeping child. As the hour of ten approached, Captain Conrad accompanied me to the station, and when the train arrived, to guard against the possible effects of a hostile telegram which might be sent to some town up the road by an evil-disposed person, he went on board the sleeper with me, introduced me to the conductor as a man entitled to courteous treatment, and commended me to his protection. He then bade me good-by. That I was protected I am certain, for, after a good night's sleep, I awoke, safe and sound, the next morning, in the city of Wheeling.
This is perhaps a suitable point to add whatever I have been able to learn of the subsequent history of the Conrad family. When the war broke out both of the sons entered the Confederate army. It must have been before the close of the year 1861, that, in some paper, I accidentally came upon a paragraph, which I suppose had been copied originally from the Virginia press, to the effect that two sons of 'Squire Conrad, of Winchester, officers in the Confederate service, had both been killed in the first Battle of Bull Run; that their bodies had been recovered, had been brought home to Winchester, and buried by moonlight.
Having crossed the Ohio River at Wheeling, and experienced the satisfaction of once more setting my feet upon free soil, I took the cars for Wellsville. Being compelled to wait there an hour or two for a train to Cleveland, I sent two telegrams to Oberlin--one to my family and another to the mayor of the town. I had lost a knowledge of both of these dispatches until Mr. Copeland kindly furnished me with an old copy of the Cleveland "Leader" of December 28, 1859, which contains the telegram to the mayor. It reads as follows:--
WELLSVILLE, OHIO Dec. 23, 1859.
To MAYOR BEECHER:
Obtained consent of the Faculty of Winchester Medical College to take the body. Arrangements nearly completed. Was prevented by the students.
J. MONROE.
|
||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 98 |
https://www.ipl.org/div/potus/jmonroe.html
|
en
|
James Monroe - Presidents of the United States (POTUS)
|
[
"https://assets.ipl.org/1.17/images/logos/ipl/logo-ipl.png",
"https://assets.ipl.org/1.17/images/icons/ipl/magnifying-glass.svg",
"https://assets.ipl.org/1.17/images/icons/user.png",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/potus.small_.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/jmonroe.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://media.ipl.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/inpotus.gif",
"https://assets.ipl.org/1.17/images/logos/ipl/logo-ipl.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Information and resource links for the 5th president of the Unites States, James Monroe.
|
en
|
Internet Public Library
|
https://www.ipl.org/div/potus/jmonroe.html
|
Links immediately following the image of the American Flag ( ) are links to other POTUS sites. All other links lead to sites elsewhere on the Web.
Jump to: Presidential Election Results | Cabinet Members | Notable Events | Internet Biographies | Historical Documents | Other Internet Resources | Points of Interest | FAQs | Related Resources
James Monroe 5th President of the United States (March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1825) Nicknames: “The Last Cocked Hat”; “Era-of-Good-Feeling President” Born: April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia Died: July 4, 1831, in New York, New York
Father: Spence Monroe Mother: Elizabeth Jones Monroe Married: Elizabeth “Eliza” Kortright Monroe (1768-1830), on February 16, 1786 Children: Eliza Kortright Monroe (1786-1835); James Spence Monroe (1799-1800); Maria Hester Monroe (1803-50) Religion: Episcopalian Education: Graduated from College of William and Mary (1776) Occupation: Lawyer Political Party: Democratic-Republican Other Government Positions:
Member of Continental Congress, 1783-86
United States Senator, 1790-94
Minister to France, 1794-96
Governor of Virginia, 1799-1802
Minister to France and England, 1803-07
Secretary of State, 1811-17 (under Madison)
Secretary of War, 1814-15 (under Madison)
Presidential Salary: $25,000/year James Monroe was the last of the US presidents to have taken part in the Revolutionary War. Soon after joining the Continental Army at 18 (cutting short his studies at the College of William and Mary), he took part in, and was wounded during the pivotal Battle of Trenton. Having met Thomas Jefferson whilst in the army, after the war Monroe studied law under his tutelage, forging a close relationship with him and through him, with James Madison as well. Monroe embarked on a long and eventful political career that saw him become the governor of Virginia and then dispatched in a diplomatic capacity to France and Great Britain. He helped negotiate the crucial Louisiana Purchase and a few eventually unratified treaties with Britain. Prior to becoming president, Monroe also served as Secretary of State under old friend James Madison. He held this critical office governing foreign policy jointly with that of the Secretary of War during the War of 1812 against Great Britain and her allies. Taking office during a time dubbed the “Era of Good Feelings” due to burgeoning nationalist pride following the war, Madison oversaw a period when internal divides over the question of slavery began to occupy much public debate fueled by increased expansion to the West. The expansion also led to the US’ first financial crisis, the Panic of 1817. Tensions with European states too were at a high resulting in the Spanish surrender of the territory of Florida and the declaration of the Monroe Doctrine.
Presidential Election Results: YearElectoral Votes1816James Monroe183Rufus King34(Votes Not Cast)41820James Monroe231 John Q. Adams1(Votes Not Cast)3
Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (1817-1825) Cabinet:
Secretary of State
John Quincy Adams (1817-25) [Won the 1824 presidential race. He was the oldest son of John Adams, the second POTUS.]
Secretary of the Treasury
William H. Crawford (1817-25) [Was the Democratic-Republican candidate for president in the 1824 elections. He lost to fellow cabinet member John Quincy Adams.]
Secretary of War
John C. Calhoun (1817-25) [Was an outspoken advocate for slavery and the rights of states to continue the institution. Also created the Bureau of Indian Affairs]
Attorney General
Richard Rush (1817)
William Wirt (1817-25)
Secretary of the Navy
Benjamin W. Crowninshield (1817-18)
Smith Thompson (1819-23)
Samuel L. Southard (1823-25)
Supreme Court Appointments:
Associate Justice
Smith Thompson (1823-43)
Notable Events:
1817
President Monroe embarks on his first national tour.
A position of neutrality is adopted in the case of Latin American countries fighting for independence.
Mississippi is granted statehood.
The First Seminole War begins.
1818
The number of stripes on the U.S. flag is set at 13 by Congress to honor the original colonies.
The Anglo-American Convention sets the border with Canada at the 49th parallel.
Illinois and Alabama become states in the Union.
1819
The Panic of 1819 grips the country.
Debates on the nature of Missouri’s statehood begin in Congress.
Florida is ceded by Spain to the United States as part of the Transcontinental Treaty. The U.S. cancels Spain’s $5 million debt.
1820
The Missouri Compromise is passed.
Maine is granted statehood.
Monroe is reelected.
1821
Missouri is admitted to the Union as a state.
1823
On December 2, the Monroe Doctrine is announced to Congress.
1824
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is created.
Internet Biographies:
James Monroe — from The Presidents of the United States of America
Compiled by the White House.
James Monroe — from American Presidents: Life Portraits — C-SPAN
Biographical information, trivia, key events, video, and other reference materials. Website created to accompany C-SPAN’s 20th Anniversary Television Series, American Presidents: Life Portraits.
James Monroe — from U.S. Presidents
From the Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia, in addition to information on the Presidents themselves, they have first lady and cabinet member biographies, listings of presidential staff and advisers, and timelines detailing significant events in the lives of each administration.
Historical Documents:
First Inaugural Address (1817)
Second Inaugural Address (1821)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Other Internet Resources:
Ash Lawn — Highland
The Virginia home of James Madison from 1799-1826. Contains a short biography of the president, tourist information, and interior photographs of the estate.
James Monroe Museum & Memorial Library
Tourist and exhibit information about the museum, run by the University of Mary Washington.
Points of Interest:
Monroe was the first president to ride on a steamboat.
At sixteen years old, Monroe attended the college of William and Mary.
He was the first president to have been a U.S. senator.
James Monroe was the last of the “Founding Father presidents”.
In the election of 1820 Monroe received every electoral vote except one. A New Hampshire delegate wanted Washington to be the only president elected unanimously.
Monroe’s inauguration in 1817 was the first to be held outdoors.
The bride in the first White House wedding was Monroe’s daughter.
The U.S. Marine Band played at Monroe’s 1821 inauguration and at every inauguration since.
FAQs:
Did James Monroe support slavery?
While he was a slave owner himself, James Monroe recognized the institution of slavery as a threat to the unity and strength of the country. As governor of Virginia, he struggled between treating those who planned a slave insurrection (called Gabriel’s rebellion) with mercy or severity. Over his years as diplomat, and throughout his presidency, James Monroe supported the idea of colonization (transporting enslaved African-Americans to colonies in Africa) and a solution to the issue. In fact, the capital of Liberia, a country resulting from such colonization, was named Monrovia after him. However, he presided over multiple enslaved households (including the White House) throughout his life, having been born into a wealthy slave-owning family, and being dependent on their labor on his farm properties. The only record of him having freed a slave is his deathbed wish that his manservant named Peter Marks be freed and then employed.
What is the Monroe Doctrine?
The Monroe Doctrine is a principle of foreign policy formulated by James Monroe with his Secretary of State John Adams Quincy in 1823. It articulates US intention to stay out of Europe’s internal political matters, and it calls upon the European powers to not attempt further colonization in the Western hemisphere. The principle was not immediately referred to as the Monroe Doctrine. The name was given about 30 years later, during the presidency of James Polk, and has been an important element of the US’ foreign policy since then.
What role did James Monroe play during the War of 1812?
James Monroe was the Secretary of State when the War of 1812 was declared (which he supported). Two years later he was also made the War Secretary, and served both roles simultaneously. Under his instruction, John Adams Quincy travelled to Ghent to negotiate the end of the war. James Monroe’s leadership during the war helped him win the election in 1816.
What is the Missouri Compromise?
The Missouri Compromise is the bill that admitted the states of Missouri and Maine to the Union, the first as a slave state, and the second as a free state. It also prohibited slavery in all other states above the 36 degrees 30 minutes latitude (roughly the southern border of Missouri).
Related Resources:
Essay on the Monroe Doctrine
James Monroe: The Era of Good Feelings
The Conquest of Florida Essay
The Tenuous Black-Indian Alliance In Florida During The 1820s
James Monroe Short Biography
Previous President: James Madison | Next President: John Quincy Adams
©1996-2008. Robert S. Summers. All rights reserved.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 22 |
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/james-monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe facts and photos
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2020-09-15T15:15:00+00:00
|
Learn about the life and achievements of the fifth president of the United States.
|
en
|
History
|
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/james-monroe
|
EARLY LIFE
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, to a wealthy, slave-owning family in Virginia just as people were starting to speak out against Great Britain’s rule over the 13 North American colonies. Both of his parents died when he was a teenager.
At age 17, Monroe raided the local armory, or weapons supply shop, and stole hundreds of weapons to donate to the Virginia military in their fight for independence against Great Britain. He dropped out of the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, the following year to join the Continental Army and fight in the Revolutionary War.
YOUNG REVOLUTIONARY
Monroe served under the command of General George Washington, rising in rank to major. He crossed the Delaware River with Washington’s troops, was severely wounded during a heroic capture of British cannons in the Battle of Trenton in New Jersey, and spent a bitter winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, where thousands of soldiers died because of disease or freezing temperatures.
Near the end of the war Monroe left the army to study law in Thomas Jefferson’s law practice, and later opened his own. He also began his lifelong career of public service. Before being elected president, Monroe served in the Continental Congress, or the group of representatives from the 13 colonies that would eventually become the United States; as a U.S. senator representing Virginia; and as that state’s governor. He also served three of the first four presidents: as Washington’s minister to France, Jefferson’s minister to Great Britain, and secretary of state and secretary of war for James Madison.
ANOTHER VIRGINIAN PRESIDENT
Both Jefferson—the third U.S. president—and his successor, Madison, supported Monroe’s election as the fifth president. Some politicians disagreed and wanted to end the “Virginia Dynasty” of presidents. (Three of the first four presidents had come from Virginia. Eventually seven of the first 12 would be Virginians.) But Monroe’s abilities and experience were more important than where he was born, and he was easily elected in 1816.
THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
The United States underwent major geographic changes during Monroe’s leadership. Five new states joined the nation. (The only other administration to add more—six—was Benjamin Harrison’s single term in office.)
Most important, Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, came up with a bold strategy for keeping other governments from meddling in the young country. While giving a speech to Congress, Monroe said that the American continents were off-limits for further colonizing by European nations. This declaration came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine. It set the stage for the expansion of the United States westward to the Pacific Ocean during the next 20 years.
Monroe added to his popularity by taking two “goodwill tours” during his time in office. In 1817 he traveled north and west as far as Maine and Michigan. Two years later he headed south to Georgia, went as far west as the Missouri Territory, and traveled back to Washington, D.C., through Kentucky. Thousands of people showed up to hear him speak during both of these tours.
During his first term, a newspaper credited Monroe with bringing the nation an “era of good feelings.” The phrase stuck and Monroe came to be known as the “Era of Good Feelings president.” He ran for reelection for a second term in 1820 and once again won with an overwhelming number of votes.
CRISIS AND COMPROMISE
Monroe’s presidency did have some controversy, though. The greatest debate of his administration was whether Missouri should join the Union as a state that permitted slavery. Politicians argued along their regional lines—the South was for slavery, the North against.
The debate threatened to divide the nation. If Missouri became a slave state, then more states would allow slavery than didn’t. If Missouri were free, then the free states would gain a majority.
In the end, the Missouri Compromise of 1820 admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Since each side in the debate gained one state, lawmakers felt the country’s balance on slavery had been maintained. They also agreed to prohibit slavery north and west of Missouri’s border—for the time being. The “Missouri Crisis” was the first of many fights among the states that would eventually lead to the Civil War.
LASTING LEGACY
After his second term ended in 1825, Monroe and his wife, Elizabeth, retired to Virginia. Their home, called Highland, was located near Jefferson’s home, Monticello, in Albemarle County and was run by some 200 enslaved people. When Elizabeth died in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria and her family. Within the year he died, too on July 4, 1831. It was exactly five years after the death of both Jefferson and President John Adams.
Monroe’s biggest legacy is said to be the Monroe Doctrine, which shaped the next century of international relations between the United States and other nations and helped the United States become one of the most powerful countries in the world.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 39 |
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe | Biography, Presidency, & Facts
|
[
"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel/eb-logo/MendelNewThistleLogo.png",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/67/2767-004-89793ED9/James-Monroe-oil-sketch-EO-portrait-Independence-1836.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/00/172700-138-8F7FCBAA/overview-James-Monroe.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/139922-004-CDF36572/events-life-James-Monroe.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/12/153112-004-BE0DEF8E/Elizabeth-Monroe.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/62/173262-004-ADC6B159/Cession-Louisiana-Robert-Livingston-Constantino-Brumidi-minister.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/64/173264-004-8AF1662B/oil-James-Monroe-wood-Gilbert-Stuart-National-1817.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/98/213098-138-C6F8A0DE/Top-questions-answers-Monroe-Doctrine.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/90/152090-004-6231DD57/James-Monroe.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/88/152088-004-70FC3E39/James-Monroe-Wood-engraving-state-New-York-1858.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/24/175524-004-3F8961DA/Oak-Hill-James-Monroe-Virginia.jpg",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/30/9930-004-7C9D4F90/James-Monroe-sketch-E-O-Sully-1836-Independence-Historical-Park-Philadelphia.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-131-7A6008A3/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/09/153009-131-58881A36/Washington-Monument-George-fireworks-obelisk-end-DC.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/39/126139-131-A64CBAE4/portico-side-White-House.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-131-7A6008A3/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/33/181733-131-CAA9FEAA/Theodore-Roosevelt-speech-September-2-1902.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/94/159994-131-8E828D22/Battle-of-New-Orleans-oil-painting-E-1910.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/232222-050-C7D008B3/Hand-ballot-box-vote-election.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/27/243827-050-85467615/President-bingo.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/55/91555-131-C5BCDFC8/Gerald-R-Ford.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/03/64303-050-65ECB7D0/Washington-DC-locator-map-united-states-city.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/68/220368-131-C835E48E/United-States-electoral-college-votes-by-state.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/232222-050-C7D008B3/Hand-ballot-box-vote-election.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/58/156058-131-22083D0A/Adolf-Hitler.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/46/217846-131-DA1A9907/skyline-Detroit-Michigan-circa-2015-2019.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/35/146135-131-BC5E7D00/Baseball-grass-arts-Homepage-blog-entertainment-sports-2010.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/57/203257-131-48B2BCA1/Martin-Luther-King-Jr-marchers-speech-I-August-28th-1963.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/38/114738-131-1EC2D535/assassination-Pres-John-Wilkes-Booth-Abraham-Lincoln-April-14-1865.jpg?w=200&h=200&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/67/2767-004-89793ED9/James-Monroe-oil-sketch-EO-portrait-Independence-1836.jpg?w=400&h=300&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/00/172700-138-8F7FCBAA/overview-James-Monroe.jpg?w=800&h=450&c=crop",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/22/139922-050-5F13898B/events-life-James-Monroe.jpg?w=300",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/12/153112-050-9C714FB9/Elizabeth-Monroe.jpg?w=300",
"https://cdn.britannica.com/44/164744-131-7A6008A3/Richard-M-Nixon-campaign-stop-crowd-gesture-1968.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"James Monroe",
"encyclopedia",
"encyclopeadia",
"britannica",
"article"
] | null |
[
"Samuel Flagg Bemis"
] |
1999-07-28T00:00:00+00:00
|
James Monroe, fifth president of the United States (1817–25), who issued an important contribution to U.S. foreign policy in the Monroe Doctrine.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe
|
Early life and career
Monroe’s father, Spence Monroe, was of Scottish descent, and his mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe, of Welsh descent. The family were owners of a modest 600 acres (240 hectares) in Virginia. At age 16 Monroe entered the College of William and Mary but in 1776 left to fight in the American Revolution. As a lieutenant he crossed the Delaware with General George Washington for what became the Battle of Trenton. Suffering a near fatal wound in the shoulder, Monroe was carried from the field. Upon recovering, he was promoted to captain for heroism, and he took part in the Battles of Brandywine and Germantown. Advanced to major, he became aide-de-camp to General William Alexander (Lord Stirling) and with him shared the suffering of the troops at Valley Forge in the cruel winter of 1777–78. Monroe was a scout for Washington at the Battle of Monmouth and served as Lord Stirling’s adjutant general.
In 1780, having resigned his commission in the army, he began the study of law under Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, and between the two men there developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful influence upon Monroe’s later career. Jefferson also fostered a friendship between Monroe and James Madison.
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and was chosen a member of the governor’s council. From 1783 to 1786 he served in the Congress under the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the new nation. During his term he vigorously insisted on the right of the United States to navigate the Mississippi River, then controlled by the Spanish, and attempted, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce, thereby removing one of the great defects in the existing central government. In 1786 Monroe, 27 years old, and Elizabeth Kortright of New York, 17 years old, were married. They had two daughters, Eliza Kortright and Maria Hester, and a son who died in infancy. Eliza often was at her father’s side as official hostess when he was president, substituting for her ailing mother. Maria’s marriage to a cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in 1820 was the first wedding performed in the President’s House, as the White House was then called.
Britannica Quiz
U.S. Presidents and Their Years in Office Quiz
Retiring from Congress in 1786, Monroe began practicing law at Fredericksburg, Virginia. He was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787 and in 1788 a member of the state convention at which Virginia ratified the new federal Constitution. In 1790 he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he vigorously opposed President George Washington’s administration. Nevertheless, in 1794 Washington nominated him as minister to France.
Minister to France
It was the hope of the administration that Monroe’s well-known French sympathies would secure for him a favourable reception and that his appointment would also conciliate France’s friends in the United States. His warm welcome in France and his enthusiasm for the French Revolution, which he regarded as a natural successor to the American Revolution, displeased the Federalists (the party of Alexander Hamilton, which encouraged close ties not to France but to England) at home. Monroe did nothing, moreover, to reconcile the French to the Jay Treaty, which regulated commerce and navigation between the United States and Great Britain during the French Revolutionary wars.
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now
Without real justification, the French regarded the treaty as a violation of the French-American treaty of commerce and amity of 1778 and as a possible cause for war. Monroe led the French government to believe that the Jay Treaty would never be ratified by the United States, that the administration of George Washington would be overthrown as a result of the obnoxious treaty, and that better things might be expected after the election in 1796 of a new president, perhaps Thomas Jefferson. Washington, though he did not know of this intrigue, sensed that Monroe was unable to represent his government properly and, late in 1796, recalled him.
Monroe returned to America in the spring of 1797 and in the following December published a defense of his course in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States. Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this stratagem, though Monroe’s opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen governor of Virginia and was twice reelected, serving until 1802.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 63 |
https://www.louispicone.com/james-monroe
|
en
|
Louis L. Picone
|
[
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_d7e8e8f462ef4a70918a80dac21e04c8.jpg/v1/fill/w_288,h_230,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_d7e8e8f462ef4a70918a80dac21e04c8.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_a4be1d1aac4742d994009789c85c7935~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_150,h_178,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Louis%20Picone%20Grant's%20Tomb%20author%20pic%20CRO.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_6a72c3847cfa42768f4352cb7a1a492d.jpg/v1/fill/w_476,h_634,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/a8fc72_6a72c3847cfa42768f4352cb7a1a492d.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_3f180e81edd64eb38ac2b0abe7cc56cf~mv2_d_4538_2800_s_4_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_143,h_88,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_3f180e81edd64eb38ac2b0abe7cc56cf~mv2_d_4538_2800_s_4_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_9c6ef23200e84cebbf04dee8865e0684~mv2_d_3456_4608_s_4_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_92,h_123,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_9c6ef23200e84cebbf04dee8865e0684~mv2_d_3456_4608_s_4_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_f36670aad63b444699ff274c66c92640~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_81,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_f36670aad63b444699ff274c66c92640~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_4134c4a7550c48169e7f4489ffd968fb~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_81,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_4134c4a7550c48169e7f4489ffd968fb~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_b053bfc4a1014776b61720bdc03fa68c~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_81,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_b053bfc4a1014776b61720bdc03fa68c~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_5be306c8bd6a4ed1be8fdabf67983e6a~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_81,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_5be306c8bd6a4ed1be8fdabf67983e6a~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_f344a19bc6b241b9815e3e99dd67a05b~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_81,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_f344a19bc6b241b9815e3e99dd67a05b~mv2_d_2048_1536_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_dd1944d27fe041c8a03b4df8bf46f27e~mv2_d_1536_1774_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_125,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_dd1944d27fe041c8a03b4df8bf46f27e~mv2_d_1536_1774_s_2.jpg",
"https://static.wixstatic.com/media/a8fc72_5d3110dec77740fd8dde921e733bc32b~mv2_d_1882_1902_s_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_108,h_109,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,blur_2,enc_auto/a8fc72_5d3110dec77740fd8dde921e733bc32b~mv2_d_1882_1902_s_2.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
Louis L. Picone
|
https://www.louispicone.com/james-monroe
|
Where Monroe's coffin line-in-state for the 1858 re-interment. At the time it was the Church of the Annunciation
95 Crosby Street in Manhattan. Monroe's home was moved here in a desperate attempt to save it. But the slot was too small, and the home was damaged in the move. It was later destroyed. Pretty cool that you can still see the slot it was moved into
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 97 |
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0083
|
en
|
From James Madison to James Monroe, 27 November 1784
|
http://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/Madison-200x200.png
|
http://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/Madison-200x200.png
|
[
"https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/natl-arch-logo.png",
"https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/rotunda-white-on-blue.png",
"https://founders.archives.gov/lib/media/clear.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
From James Madison to James Monroe, 27 November 1784
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0083
|
Your favor of the 15th inst: came to hand by thurdayâs post. Mine by the last post acknowledged your preceding one. The umbrage given to the Comsrs. of the U. S. by the negociations of N. Y. with the Indians was not altogether unknown to me, though I am less acquainted with the circumstances of it than your letter supposes.1 The Idea which I at present have of the affair leads me to say that as far as N. Y. may claim a right of treating with Indians for the purchase of lands within her limits, she has the confederation on her side; as far as she may have exerted that right in contravention of the Genl. Treaty, or even unconfidentially with the Comisrs. of Congs. she has violated both duty & decorum. The fÅderal articles give Congs. the exclusive right of managing all affairs with the Indians not members of any State, under a proviso, that the Legislative authority, of the State within its own limits be not violated. By Indian[s] not members of a State, must be meant those, I conceive who do not live within the body of the Society, or whose Persons or property form no objects of its laws. In the case of Indians of this description the only restraint on Congress is imposed by the Legislative authority of the State. If this proviso be taken in its full latitude, it must destroy the authority of Congress altogether, since no act of Congs. within the limits of a State can be conceived which will not in some way or other encroach upon the authority [of the] States. In order then to give some meaning to both parts of the sentence, as a known rule of interpretation requires, we must restrain this proviso to some particular view of the parties. What was this view? My answer is that it was to save to the States their right of preemption of lands from the Indians. My reasons are. 1. That this was the principal right formerly exerted by the Colonies with regard to the Indians. 2. that it was a right asserted by the laws as well as the proceedings of all of them, and therefore being most familiar, wd. be most likely to be in contemplation of the Parties; 3. that being of most consequence to the States individually, and least inconsistent with the general powers of Congress, it was most likely to be made a ground of Compromise. 4. it has been always said that the proviso came from the Virga. Delegates, who wd naturally be most vigilant over the territorial rights of their Constituents.2 But whatever may be the true boundary between the authority of Congs. & that of N. Y. or however indiscreet the latter may have been, I join entirely with you in thinking that temperance on the part of the former will be the wisest policy. I concur with you equally with regard to the ignominious secession at Annapolis.3 As Congs. are too impotent to punish such offences, the task must finally be left to the States and experience has shown in the case of Howel, that the interposition of Congs. agst. an offender instead of promoting his chastisements, may give him a significancy wch. he otherwise wd. never arrive at and may induce a State to patronize an act which of their own accord they would have punished.4 I am sorry to find the affair of Mr. de Marbââs taking so serious a face. As the insult was comitted within the jurisdiction of Pena. I think you are right in supposing the offender could not be transferred to another jurisdiction for punishment. The proper questions therefore are 1. whether the existing law was fully put in force agst. him by Pa.? 2. whether clear provision has been made by that State agst. like contingenc[i]es? Nothing seems to be more difficult under our new Governments, than to impress on the attention of our Legislatures a due sense of those duties which spring from our relation to foreign nations. Several of us have been labouring much of late in the G. Assembly here to provide for a case with which we are every day threatenâd by the eagourness of our disorderly Citizens for Spanish plunder & Spanish blood. It has been proposed to authorize Congs. whenever satisfactory proof shall be given to them by a foreign power of such a crime being committed by our Citizens within its jurisdiction as by the law of Nations call for Surrender of the Offender, & the for[e]ign power shall actually make the demand, that the Executive may at the instance of Congs. apprehend & deliver up the offender. That there are offences of that class is clearly stated by Vattel in particular, & that the business ought to pass through Congs. is equally clear. The proposition was a few days ago rejected in Committee of the whole. To day in the report of the Comme. it has been agreed to by a small majority. This is the most material question that has agitated us during the week past.5 The Bill for a Religious Assesst. has not been yet brought in. Mr. Henry the father of the Scheme is gone up to his Seat for his family & will no more sit in the H. of Delegates, a circumstance very inauspicious to his offspring. An attempt will be made for circuit Courts, & Mr. Jones has it in contemplation to try whether any change has taken place in the Sentiments of the H. of D on the subject of the Treaty.6 He will write to you by this post & I refer to him for what I may have omitted. With sincere regard & esteem I am Dr. Sir Yr. friend & servt.
J. Madison Jr.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 4 |
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
en
|
Season 3, Episode 5-James Monroe’s Tomb
|
[
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=1536",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11822612_10106424870799335_8670833590336626676_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11051789_10106424871163605_847966083497297562_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11229364_10106424871832265_6266972834561789315_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7588.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7591.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7592.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7593.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7589.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7594.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7595.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7296.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7297.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7298.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7299.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7303.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1334.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1335.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1342.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2425.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2426.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2428.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2429.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2432.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/s-l400.jpg?w=400",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/service-pnp-cwpb-02900-02923v.jpg?w=594",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/richmond-virginia-tomb-of-president-james-monroe-hollywood-cemetery-e82c1e-1024.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/card00352_fr.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/screenshot-3.png?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_8287.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-300x224-1.jpg?w=300",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-exhumed.jpg?w=350",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6885.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6880.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0544.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0543.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7336.jpg?w=448",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7335.jpg?w=450",
"https://storage.buzzsprout.com/xowh3gb5xhkfj6z3qpstt9xi7vgq?.jpg",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_4166.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_iyKqeRdNe7dwkd&asin=045147726X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_qYLcXUXELYdcAj&asin=030681918X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_RC8BqlTCIrkyQh&asin=0813912660&tag=kpembed-20"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2024-03-26T00:00:00
|
Listen to This Episode! Season 3, Episode 5: James Monroe's Tomb Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James' brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite! Make sure to…
|
en
|
Visiting the Presidents
|
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
Listen to This Episode!
Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James’ brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite!
Make sure to listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 1, “James Monroe and Colonial Beach” on his birthplace!
Also, listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 2, “James Monroe and Highland” for his home!
President James Monroe’s Tomb from Hollywood Cemetery.
Monroe’s Tomb from the National Park Service.
From the restoration by BR Howard Conservation.
James Monroe’s first gravesite at New York City’s Marble Cemetery.
From My July 2015 Visit!
From My July 2021 Visit!
From My June 2022 Visit!
From My June 2023 Visit!
James Monroe’s Death Site and NYC Cemetery
Historic Images of James Monroe’s Tomb
Images of the Reburial and Laying in State
James Monroe’s Tomb: Presidents Circle, 412 S Cherry St, Richmond, Virginia.
Check Out the Most Recent Episodes!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb – Visiting the Presidents
"Doctor, I am going. Perhaps it is best.” Our First President to die in a foreign country, John Tyler, 10th President of the United States.! Learn about his tumultuous post-Presidency; his illness and death; his funeral, burial, and commemorations, plus his controversial gravesite!Check out the website at VisitingthePresidents.com for visual aids, links, past episodes, recommended reading, and other information!Episode Page:Season 1's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Greenway Plantation" on his birthplace!Season 2's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Sherwood Forest" on his home!Support the Show.Visit the social media on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb 45:01
BONUS! How I Spent My Christmas Break with Presidential Travels 2024! 21:30
S3 E9 William Henry Harrison's Tomb 49:49
S3 E8 Martin Van Buren's Tomb 49:07
S3 E7 Andrew Jackson's Tomb 53:53
Recommended Reading for James Monroe
Share this:
Like Loading...
Related
Published by visitingthepresidents
I'm a Professor of History at Central Arizona College and someone who loves history and travel; my new blog will combine those interests! View more posts
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 78 |
https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/tag/james-monroe/
|
en
|
James Monroe – Emerging Revolutionary War Era
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=200&ts=1721479419
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=200&ts=1721479419
|
[
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-img_8850.jpeg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/53779ec9bad42.jpg?w=670",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/mcgrath-bio-of-monroe.jpeg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/the-crooked-run-valley-in-northern-fauquier-county-looks-much-as-it-did-when-john-ashby-lived-there-two-centuries-ago-author_s-photo.jpg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/founders-presidents-slaveowners.jpg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1leutze.jpg?w=640",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1trenton.jpg?w=640",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1hessians.jpg?w=640",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/emanuel_leutze_american_schwc3a4bisch_gmc3bcnd_1816e280931868_washington_d-c-_-_washington_crossing_the_delaware_-_google_art_project.jpg?w=640",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2011-12-27-washingtoncrossing.jpg?w=640",
"https://emergingcivilwardotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/revwarwednesdays-header.jpg",
"https://emergingcivilwardotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/revwarwednesdays-header.jpg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/washington-crossing-the-delaware-leutze.jpg?w=640",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Phill Greenwalt",
"Eric Sterner"
] |
2024-06-18T07:00:00-04:00
|
Posts about James Monroe written by Phill Greenwalt, Eric Sterner, and erwguest
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=32
|
Emerging Revolutionary War Era
|
https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/tag/james-monroe/
|
One of the iconic images of the Revolutionary War is Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s 1851 painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware. It is the night of December 25, 1776. The Continental Army is being transported across the Delaware River to attack a Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, some nine miles to the south. In the foreground, anonymous men (and possibly one woman) of varying nationalities and races row an overloaded boat across the river, pushing great slabs of ice out of the way. Two of the boat’s occupants are not anonymous: General George Washington, standing resolutely near the bow, and young Lieutenant James Monroe, holding the stars and stripes.
Leutze’s painting is glorious–and wrong in almost every detail. The river resembles the Rhine more than the Delaware; the boat is too small and of inaccurate design; there is too much light for what was a night crossing; Washington did not cross standing up; the stars and stripes had not yet been adopted by the Continental Congress; and James Monroe was not holding the flag, not in the boat, and not even present with the army.
He was already across the river, and he was busy.
Washington’s plan for a surprise attack on Trenton was a risky attempt to reverse the sagging fortunes of the Patriot cause. During the summer of 1776 British forces, including Hessian mercenaries, had driven the Continental Army from New York across New Jersey and into Buck’s County, Pennsylvania. Expired enlistments and outright desertion had thinned the American ranks, and many of those who remained were despondent. Washington gambled that a successful attack against an isolated British outpost would boost the army’s morale and stiffen the resolve of Congress and the people.
Three Hessian regiments, comprising about 1,400 men, were stationed at Trenton under the command of Colonel Johann Rall (also spelled Rahl). Washington planned to bring 2,400 Continental soldiers across the river overnight at McKonkey’s Ferry, march to Trenton, and attack before dawn. Two other elements of the army were part of the plan. A 1,900-man force under Colonel John Cadwalader would make a diversionary attack against British troops at Bordentown, New Jersey. General James Ewing would lead 700 men across the Delaware at Trenton Ferry, control the bridge over Assunpink Creek, and intercept any Hessian troops retreating from Trenton. Bad weather prevented both of these deployments, meaning that everything would depend on the main body’s effort. The army’s password for the evening was “Victory or Death.”
Washington’s plan included sending a small detachment of troops over the Delaware first to secure the army’s route of march. James Monroe was with this contingent. In his autobiography (written in the third person late in life and not completed before his death), Monroe described the mission:
The command of the vanguard, consisting of 50 men, was given to Captain William Washington, of the Third Virginia Regiment . . . Lieutenant Monroe promptly offered his services to act as a subaltern under him, which was promptly accepted. On the 25th of December, 1776, they passed the Delaware in front of the army, in the dusk of the evening, at [McKonkey’s] ferry, 10 miles above Trenton, and hastened to a point, about one and one-half miles from it, at which the road by which they descended intersected that which led from Trenton to Princeton, for the purpose, in obedience of orders, of cutting off all communication between them and from the country to Trenton.
Monroe noted that the night was “tempestuous,” and that snow was falling. While manning their post, the detachment was accosted by a local resident who thought the Continentals were British troops. Describing the incident many years later at a White House dinner during his presidency, Monroe recalled that the man, whose name was John Riker, was “determined in his manner and very profane.” Upon learning that the soldiers were Americans, he brought food from his house and said to Monroe, “I know something is to be done, and I am going with you. I am a doctor, and I may help some poor fellow.” Dr. Riker proved remarkably prescient.
The main army’s river crossing and march to Trenton took longer than planned, meaning that the attack would occur well after sunup. Outside the town Washington divided his force, sending a division commanded by Major General Nathaniel Greene to attack from the north while the other, led by Major General John Sullivan, attacked from the south. At 8:00 AM the assault began, and here we return to Monroe’s account from his autobiography:
Captain Washington then moved forward with the vanguard in front, attacked the enemy’s picket, shot down the commanding officer, and drove it before him. A general alarm then took place among the troops in town. The drums were beat to arms, and two cannon were placed in the main street to bear on the head of our column as it entered. Captain Washington rushed forward, attacked, and put the troops around the cannon to flight, and took possession of them. Moving on afterwards, he received a severe wound and was taken from the field. The command then devolved upon Lieutenant Monroe, who attacked in like manner at the head of the corps, and was shot down by a musket ball which passed through his breast and shoulder. He was also carried from the field.
Monroe was brought to the same room where William Washington lay, and their wounds were dressed by the army’s surgeon general and Dr. John Riker. Riker’s prediction of helping “some poor fellow” came true as he repaired a damaged artery in Monroe’s shoulder. What neither man realized at the time was that the intrepid physician had saved the life of a future president.
George Washington’s gamble in initiating the Battle of Trenton paid off. The victory was complete, and came at a surprisingly small cost in terms of American casualties. Two enlisted men froze to death during the nighttime march, and two were wounded in combat. The only losses among officers were the nonfatal wounds sustained by William Washington and James Monroe. Washington followed up his success at Trenton with another at Princeton on January 3, 1777, where the Continental Army proved that it could prevail over regular British troops.
The best commentary upon James Monroe’s performance at Trenton, and his Revolutionary War service generally, comes from no less an authority than George Washington. Writing to an acquaintance in 1779, Washington noted Monroe’s “zeal he discovered by entering the service at an early period, the character he supported in his regiment, and the manner in which he distinguished himself at Trenton, where he received a wound.” The general concluded that James Monroe had “in every instance maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible officer.”
Scott H. Harris is the Executive Directors of the James Monroe Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Harris became director of the James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library in July 2011, following ten years as director of the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park (administered by Virginia Military Institute). From 1988 to 2001, Scott was the first curator of the Manassas Museum and later director of historic resources for the City of Manassas, Virginia. Prior to his work in Manassas, he was a consulting historian with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in Richmond and an historical interpreter with the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He has been a board member of the New Market Area Chamber of Commerce, Prince William County/Manassas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Shenandoah Valley Travel Association, and Virginia Civil War Trails, Inc. He is a past president of the Virginia Association of Museums and serves as a peer reviewer for the Museum Assessment and Accreditation programs of the American Association of Museums.
Scott received his BA with honors in History and Historic Preservation from the University of Mary Washington in 1983. In 1988, he received an MA in History and Museum Administration from the College of William and Mary. Scott is also a graduate of the Seminar for Historical Administration, the nation’s oldest advanced museum professional development program.
On Christmas, 1776, George Washington took the greatest gamble of the American Revolution, up to that date. On that cold and snowy night, with an ice-clogged river, and an army teetering on the verge of disintegration, the American commander led his command toward a signature, morale-improving, improbable victory.
He defeated Hessian soldiers, in the service of the British, at Trenton, New Jersey. The call sign –used to enter and exit the American camp– leading up to the offensive movement was “victory or death.”
That was quite an accurate statement to summarize the dire straits the American cause of independence had become by winter 1776. The heroics of that night lent itself to the painting by Emanuel Leutze in 1851 that is chock full of historical inaccuracies. But the painting conjured up images of that noble band of American patriots that followed George Washington across the frozen waterway in 1776.
[Did you know that James Monroe, who would be wounded at the Battle of Trenton, is painted in holding the flag? There is no primary account that puts both men in the same boat that night, though.]
Luckily, famous historical artist Mort Kunstler, took a look at Leutze’s famous painting and decided to make it more historically accurate. Although initially reluctant to tackle the project given the popularity of the previous work, Kunstler studied, tackled history books, and diligently sought such information like the type of boats that would have been used, in the process of creating a more historically accurate depiction.
He succeeded.
So, as you celebrate the holidays, you now need a little more space on the wall for a second painting of Washington and his army crossing the Delaware.
Whether you have the space or not on your wall for two paintings, one thing these great illustrations have in common is showing the fortitude of the American soldier.
That fortitude is still on display to this very date. On Christmas Day 2015 thousands of men and women, in the service of America, will serve around the world, where the call sign of “victory or death” is not a mere anecdote from years past, unfortunately.
Thank you to all the men who crossed that icy river many cold nights ago to help win our independence and to the men and women who keep watch tonight on another cold night around the world.
To the readers of Emerging Revolutionary War, I wish you a Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays. Thank you for reading!
*Great article on Kunstler and the painting can be found here.
**Link to Mort Kunstler’s website can be found here.
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 34 |
https://mrnussbaum.com/president-5-james-monroe-biography-presidents-series
|
en
|
President 5 - James Monroe Biography - Presidents Series
|
[
"https://mrnussbaum.com/images/logo.svg",
"https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/worldimages/monroe.jpg",
"https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/pres/monroeportrait.jpg",
"https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/images/james%20_monroe_stamp.jpg",
"https://mrnussbaum.com/storage/uploads/activities/ads/adthis.png",
"https://mrnussbaum.com/images/white-logo.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia . He attended the College of William and Mary before joining the Continental Army, where he was wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1776.
|
en
| null |
Early Life
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia . He attended the College of William and Mary before joining the Continental Army, where he was wounded at the Battle of Trenton in 1776. It is Monroe who is depicted holding the flag in the famous painting of Washington crossing the Delaware . The image is also depicted on the back of the New Jersey state quarter. After the war, he practiced law in Fredericksburg and married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786.
Numerous Important Political Positions
Monroe's political career moved quickly in the new nation. He participated in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786 and was elected as a Virginia Senator in 1790. From 1794-1796, he served as Minister to France during the French Revolution. From 1799-1802, he served as Virginia's Governor and he served as Minister of the Court of St. James (Ambassador to England) from 1803 to 1807 in Thomas Jefferson's administration. During the Madison administration, Monroe served at various times as Secretary of State and Secretary of War.
Monroe as Minister to France
President During the Era of Good Feeling
In 1816, James Monroe was elected America's fifth president. His presidency lasted two terms from 1817-1825 and was referred to as The Era of Good Feeling because of the relative lack of political bitterness between the Federalists and the Democratic-Republican Party. The "good feeling," however, was short-lived as a painful economic depression swept through the country as a result of the Panic of 1819. That same year, Congress became locked in a bitter debate over the admission of Missouri as a slave state that finally ended with the Missouri Compromise in 1820. As part of the compromise, Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
James Monroe Postage Stamp
The Monroe Doctrine
Monroe is probably best known for the Monroe Doctrine, a document largely written by John Quincy Adams. The document outlined America's foreign policy stance and proclaimed neutrality in European affairs. It also condemned European colonization and declared that such colonization in North and South America was a direct threat to the United States.
The Third of the First Five Presidents to die on July 4th
After his second term in office ended in 1825, Monroe lived at Monroe Hill on the campus of the University of Virginia. The current campus served as Monroe’s farm from 1788 to 1817, when he sold it to the university. Racked by debt, he lived a humble existence before moving to New York City after the death of his wife in 1830. He died on July 4, 1831, of tuberculosis and heart failure, becoming the third president to die on July 4. He was originally buried in New York City but now lies in Richmond, Virginia. In 1824, the capital city of the African nation of Liberia was renamed Monrovia in his honor. It is the only foreign capital named after a US president.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 54 |
https://jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria.fandom.com/wiki/James_Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/c/c7/James_Monroe_smiling.png/revision/latest?cb=20220913021417
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/c/c7/James_Monroe_smiling.png/revision/latest?cb=20220913021417
|
[
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210816195200",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/e/e6/Site-logo.png/revision/latest?cb=20210816195200",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/c/c7/James_Monroe_smiling.png/revision/latest/scale-to-width-down/201?cb=20220913021417",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6a181c72-e8bf-419b-b4db-18fd56a0eb60",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/6c42ce6a-b205-41f5-82c6-5011721932e7",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/464fc70a-5090-490b-b47e-0759e89c263f",
"https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/f7bb9d33-4f9a-4faa-88fe-2a0bd8138668"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Jimmy Dogs Studios presents Histeria! Wiki"
] |
2024-07-03T16:38:30+00:00
|
James Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the 5th president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty and...
|
en
|
https://static.wikia.nocookie.net/jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria/images/4/4a/Site-favicon.ico/revision/latest?cb=20210816195201
|
Jimmy Dogs Studios presents Histeria! Wiki
|
https://jimmy-dogs-studios-presents-histeria.fandom.com/wiki/James_Monroe
|
James Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat and Founding Father who served as the 5th president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas while effectively asserting U.S. dominance, empire, and hegemony in the hemisphere. He also served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the 7th Secretary of State, and the 8th Secretary of War.
Born into a slave-owning planter family in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress. As a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Monroe opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, he won election to the Senate, where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election.
As President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size. Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. He unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1808 presidential election, but in 1811 he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State. During the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. His wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election.
Monroe's presidency was concurrent with the Era of Good Feelings. The Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force during his tenure and Monroe was re-elected, virtually unopposed, in 1820. As president, Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the parallel 36°30′ north. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society, which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor.
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 18 |
https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/exhuming-president-james-monroe-1758-1831-5th-president-of-the-united-states-removed-from-nycs-marble-cemetery-in-1858/
|
en
|
The other President that was buried in NYC. James Monroe (1758-1831) 5th President of the United States. Removed from NYC’s Marble Cemetery in 1858
|
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg
|
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg
|
[
"https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/cropped-unclesamsnewyorkheader02blogger1.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/4.bp.blogspot.com/_OQAiMcEXtec/Sm6Px2m8FZI/AAAAAAAABzc/9bBsceGPLf4/s400/image_resize.php.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/site62b.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/MonroeT.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/CEM46628705_109379338328.1.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/monroejames.jpg",
"https://i0.wp.com/photos1.blogger.com/blogger/8143/2394/400/monroej.0.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/5049/5367315321_0618d71d30_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/5122/5331224942_caf2f2099e_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/5166/5330613563_cd2baacbce_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/5123/5331224008_b09899425c_s.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/5087/5330593791_463cf6677a_s.jpg",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2010-02-08T00:00:00
|
By Jack Stanley Removing the coffin from the vault Monroe's coffin on display at New York's City hall on July 3, 1858. Before the body was taken to Virginia for burial...It must of had a rather musty smell after being in a vault for 27 years...But there seems to be no mention of it. The…
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Uncle Sam's New York Tours
|
https://unclesamsnewyork.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/exhuming-president-james-monroe-1758-1831-5th-president-of-the-united-states-removed-from-nycs-marble-cemetery-in-1858/
|
James Monroe, our fifth President died basically a pauper. He was living with is daughter in New York as his money situation was in terrible shape. He finally died of heart failure on July 4th 1831. 55 years after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence and five years after Jefferson and Adams.
His Presidency was known as the “Era of good feeling”.In his Presidency was perhaps the greatest Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams who wrote the Monroe Doctrine.
Sadly after his Presidency his money situation grew awful. He sold his home in which his wife was buried and moved to New York with his daughter.
His funeral was of great pomp and he was laid to rest in Marble Cemetery in New York City in the Gouverneur family Vault. There he rested till 1858. When a petition from Virginia was settled and his remains were to be brought to state of his birth and most of his life. His coffin was exhumed and brought to New York’s City hall where it was on display for the public to see once again the coffin, not the President. He was then put on to a barge a taken to Virginia.
There were a number of storms and it looked like what was left of Monroe was to be lost…But they made it. It is an odd thing that one of Alexander Hamilton’s grand sons was part of the honor guard and was sadly washed over board during one of these storms.
Then in July of 1858 he was interred in a rather bizarre Cast Iron tomb. His wife and family were buried near to him. But his tomb was made for only one. There he rests to this day…Now in company with John Tyler, who would be buried there at Hollywood, but not honored till many years later with a marker for his tomb
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 15 |
https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/
|
en
|
Burying James Monroe – Again
|
[
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cropped-white-house1.jpg",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/monroe-1.jpg?w=280",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jamesmonroe.jpg?w=364",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jameselizabethmonroe.jpg?w=288",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-reburial-loc.jpg?w=640",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-old.jpg?w=223",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-gravemarker.jpg?w=259",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-hollywood.jpg?w=181",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/65b6b9e2f40be96f0e4426b3611eb5e0ea1e39d1341aea2ad044631070908918?s=40&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9d22f8d8b73c965eab5b12ef466a61e7686cba115f9ea2dc06d0242d070d4e33?s=40&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-10-11T00:00:00
|
A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in…
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Presidential History Blog
|
https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/
|
A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again.
James Monroe, Virginian
Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in numerous positions, from legislator to state senator, and its Governor. Twice.
Then, of course, he was the fifth President of the United States, and part of what was termed the Virginia Triumvirate: Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, serving consecutively for two terms each, covering more than two decades of US leadership.
When he retired from the Presidency in 1825 he was 66, and still in generally good health. His wife, ten years his junior, was becoming frail. Nevertheless, they returned to Oak Hill, their home about 35 miles from Washington. As might be expected, he served on the Board of Visitors for Jefferson’s newly established University of Virginia.
His ties to the state were strong.
Those Last Years
For the better part of five years, Monroe enjoyed his retirement life of “gentleman planter” much like his fellow Virginia Presidents. Also, like his predecessors, Monroe, who had never been wealthy, had incurred several debts throughout his life, and now battled insolvency. He sold his Ash Lawn plantation (close to Monticello) which today is open and managed by the College of William and Mary.
He remained active, serving as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829, but forced to relinquish his role as its presiding officer in 1830, due to failing health.
It was death of his wife Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) that helped precipitate his decline. They had been married more than 40 years, during which time they had seldom been apart for more than brief periods. Even during the two decades (on and off) that Monroe served abroad in ambassadorial positions, Elizabeth was with him.
When she died in 1830, a frail and now-failing James Monroe moved to New York City, to live with his daughter Maria Hester, her husband Samuel Gouverneur and their family. In another historical coincidence, on July 4, 1831 – fifty-five years after the Declaration of Independence was signed – James Monroe died of heart failure, and possibly complications from tuberculosis. He was 73.
His family buried him at a simple ceremony in the Gouverneur family vault at Marble Hill Cemetery in New York. There were no Virginians present. He would lay there for more than a quarter century.
Hollywood: The Cemetery
Cemeteries, including important ones, have been around for millennia. The Egyptians had their pyramids, the Romans their catacombs. Various native tribes had their sacred burial grounds. Once European colonists began to populate the American continent, crypts and cemeteries were usually attached to churches. Many people however, preferred interment on their own property, a la George Washington. Several “modern” presidents choose burial at their associated institutions.
In 1847, a sprawling “garden cemetery” was built in Richmond, VA, near the banks of the James River. Unlike the grid-like cemeteries, this one, sprawled on 135 acres of valleys, hills and stately trees was a new concept of the 19th century that became very popular. They called it Hollywood Cemetery, and today it is recognized as a registered arboretum.
During the next decade, the beautiful cemetery (one of Richmond’s treasures) was growing in “residents” and status. By the mid-1850s, as sectionalism and secession between North and South were creating huge rifts, its Governor Henry A. Wise wanted to make a statement, ostensibly seeking our dear departed Founding Fathers of Virginia to provide a more moderate tone and remembrance.
George Washington being removed from Mount Vernon was out of the question, of course, but both Jefferson’s Monticello and Madison’s Montpelier had been sold and were falling into disrepair. No close family ties remained there. Gov. Wise had hoped to bring the coffins of both Jefferson and Madison (two of Virginia’s favorite sons) to be re-interred at Hollywood, but for various reasons (and perhaps historical serendipity), those efforts failed.
Monroe was a different story, however. He had no ties to New York. Why shouldn’t his earthly remains “come home”? His son-in-law, still living, had no objection.
The Homecoming
So on July 2, 1858, 100 years after James Monroe’s birth, with $2000 authorized by Virginia’s General Assembly, “officials from Virginia and New York joined descendants of Monroe at the cemetery in New York to see the lead coffin dug up and placed in a mahogany casket.”
The following day it was placed on a steamship, appropriately named Jamestown, and brought from New York, through the Chesapeake Bay, and up the James River to Hollywood Cemetery. “On the night of July 4-5, a crowd of Richmonders assembled at the dock for their arrival. Then Gov. Wise and Richmond Mayor Joseph Mayo led the funeral procession through Richmond’s streets to the cemetery, two miles away. Monroe’s coffin was borne in a hearse drawn by six white horses.”
The ceremony was held with a limited number of spectators (not enough room) followed by some gala celebrations in town. Newspapers across the country reported the event, and the desire to “re-unite” the country.
His wife, daughter and son-in-law have been re-buried nearby.
The Birdcage – Hollywood Style
In 1859, Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who emigrated to the USA some years earlier, designed a beautiful and ornate Gothic Revival cage made from cast iron, which surrounds the sarcophagus. It has been nicknamed “The Birdcage”.
It was labeled a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1971 due to its unique and elegant architecture.
In 2015, the State of Virginia appropriated nearly $1 million to repair the structure, and return it to its original beauty.
Sources:
Cresson, W.P. – James Monroe – UNC Press, 1946
Unger, Harlow Giles – The Last Founding Father – DeCapo Press, 2009
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 59 |
https://digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/digital/collection/w0001_2014001/id/10595/
|
en
|
CONTENTdm
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/digital/favicon.ico?v=99
|
//digitalcollections.libraries.ua.edu/digital/collection/w0001_2014001/id/10597/
|
Javascript Required
To experience full interactivity, please enable Javascript in your browser.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 40 |
https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/27/About-Monroe-County
|
en
|
About Monroe County
|
https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/images/favicon.ico
|
https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/images/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34945",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34948",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34952",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34953",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34949",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34951",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34950",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=34947",
"http://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=13755",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=13092",
"https://www.monroecounty-fl.gov/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=34964"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/images/favicon.ico
| null |
Monroe County is broken into five districts. Five commissioners are elected countywide and must reside in the district they represent. The districts are broken down by residential population based on the 10-year census, which will be redrawn in 2020.
The District Breakdown
District 1: East part of Key West, Stock Island, Key Haven
District 2: Boca Chica through 7 Mile Bridge, including the north side of US 1 to 63rd Court in Marathon
District 3: West part of Key West
District 4: Marathon, not including District 2, through Plantation Key with a small west end of Tavernier
District 5: Tavernier through Ocean Reef
Municipalities Within Monroe County
There are five municipalities within Monroe County, which each have their own city managers, elected councils and mayor, and government procedures. The municipality government oversees its own municipal budgets.
City of Key West
Village of Islamorada
City of Marathon
City of Key Colony Beach
City of Layton
Board of County Commissioners
The Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) governs unincorporated Monroe County and the primary County government functions. The BOCC consists of five members elected Countywide for staggering terms of four years in the general election in even years. Should there be no opposition from an opposing party, an election is determined in the primary. Candidates must be registered voters and reside in the district they will represent. The districts are determined based on population every 10 years after each U.S. Census.
The County Administrator, County Attorney, Land Authority, and Tourist Development Council answer directly to the BOCC. The District 16 Medical Examiner is an independent district, which has jurisdiction in Monroe County.
The BOCC approves Monroe County’s budget, which includes the budgets for the constitutional offices.
Constitutional Officers
The County has five elected Constitutional Officers that oversee the county procedures:
Clerk of Court: Kevin Madok
Sheriff: Rick Ramsay
Tax Collector: Sam Steele
Property Appraiser: Scott P. Russell
Supervisor of Elections: Joyce Griffin
Monroe County Mayor
Monroe County Mayor is the title given the chairperson of the BOCC. The position is ceremonial, and the mayor holds the same authority as the rest of the commissioners. At the first BOCC meeting after the general election (and again at any subsequent meeting when desired) one of the commissioners is chosen by a majority vote by the other commissioners to serve as mayor. A mayor pro tem is also designated at the same meeting. The mayor pro tem is like a vice-chair that will proceed as mayor in the event the mayor is unavailable.
The mayor presides over BOCC meetings and serves as the representative of the County on ceremonial occasions. At election time, the chairperson serves on the Canvassing Board. The chairperson is also responsible for signing documents and cosigning, with the County Clerk, all County checks.
County Administrator
Monroe County government adopted a commission-administrator system to carry out the functions of the County. The elected commissioners enact local ordinances and administer them through their appointed county administrator. The commission approves budgets and oversees spending.
In a commission-administrator government, the elected commissioners appoint a separate professional administrator who carries out policies, hires and fires employees, and prepares a budget for the commission’s approval. In Monroe County, the administrator oversees the 24 departments that help Monroe County run smoothly.
BOCC Meetings
Meetings are held once a month on a rotating basis at Murray Nelson Government Center in the Upper Keys, the Marathon Government Center, and the Commission Chambers of the Harvey Government Center at Historic Truman School in Key West. The minutes of the Board of Commissioners’ meetings are available to the public through the Clerk of the Court’s office or can be found at www.monroecounty-fl.gov/meetings.
Public Welcome
The public is always welcome to attend meetings of the Board, and any citizen wishing to speak on an agenda item may, by registering his or her request with the Clerk before the item is called, voice an opinion when the item comes up for discussion. In addition to routine County business, the Board of Commissioners holds public hearings on many subjects, including proposed ordinances, the County Budget, capital projects (public buildings and major improvements) and their acquisition, construction, and equipping, as well as on appeals to decisions of the Planning Commission and for special taxing districts for fire and ambulance service. These boards and committees can be found at www.monroecounty-fl.gov/boardsandcommittees.
Separately Elected Governing Boards in Monroe County
Florida Keys Mosquito Control: Five board members elected countywide but represent their respective districts.
Monroe County School Board: Five board members elected countywide who represent their respective districts and are charged with the mission of giving Florida Keys students the tools they need to become responsible, contributing adults.
Keys Energy Services: The five-seat elected governing board for the Lower Keys electric company represents the 7 Mile Bridge to Key West. In 2020, the board will consist of two positions in the Lower Keys and three in Key West proper.
Florida Keys Electric Cooperative: The nine-person elected electric company board represents four districts in the Middle and Upper Keys that range from the 7-Mile Bridge to Ocean Reef and through the County line on the 18-Mile Stretch.
Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority: Countywide representation with a five-person board appointed by Florida’s governor.
Monroe County State Partners
Florida Department of Health in Monroe County: The Florida Department of Health in Monroe County is responsible for helping to keep the residents in the Florida Keys healthy. From environmental health to preventative planning for those who are pregnant to those looking for elderly care, and everyone in between. The Florida Department of Health in Monroe County is also a partner for special needs care during evacuations events, and in the past has helped Monroe County with issues like screwworm and mosquito-related incidents.
Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission (FWC): FWC has many entities in the Keys, including law enforcement, licenses and permitting, conservation, and research. On the law enforcement side, the FWC officers overlap with Monroe County Sheriff’s Office on the water and near coastal communities. FWC officers have access to shallow water and respond as backup or primary on water-related issues and public safety. With Hurricane Irma, the agency brought in supplemental officers and equipment to support Emergency Management.
On the research side of FWC, the agency keeps track of economically stimulating fisheries like lobster and stone crab, which is important not only for the County but also for the State. It also helps create awareness about invasive species, like lionfish, and is the State agency tasked with testing antibiotics for the recent coral disease outbreak.
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP): The DEP is the State’s lead agency for environmental management and stewardship, divided into three areas: land and recreation, regulatory, and ecosystem restoration. In Monroe County, DEP has been an integral agency for the County’s canal restoration, stormwater, and sustainability projects.
Monroe County Federal Partners
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Weather Service (NWS): For all things wind, water, and weather-related, the County entrusts the experts at NOAA and NWS for updated forecasts and ongoing weather issues. Daily forecasts can be found on the NWS website and During a hurricane event, like Hurricane Irma in 2017, NOAA also provides satellite imagery to help evacuees survey damage from an aerial view. NOAA is also responsible for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, which protects 2,900 nautical miles of Florida Keys coastal and ocean waters. For decades, both have helped Florida Keys fishermen and boaters make informed decisions.
United States Coast Guard: The United States Coast Guard has two stations, one in Islamorada and one in Marathon, and a sector in Key West. Sector Key West has a 55,000 square mile responsibility, including Cuba and the Bahamas. The Coast Guard protects the maritime border, environment, and marine commerce. They conduct search and rescue and law enforcement operations, and in the event of a disaster, Coast Guard works with Monroe County’s Emergency Management team.
United States Navy: Monroe County and Naval Air Station Key West have a long history of cooperation and mutual partnership. This collaboration has contributed economic, public safety, and environmental benefits for the community at large, and has also enhanced operational and readiness requirements for the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, National Guard units, federal agencies, and allied forces supported by Naval Air Station Key West.
United States Customs and Border Protection: In the event of an emergency, U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents become a part of Monroe County’s Emergency Management team. The agency is also responsible for border security and detaining illegal immigrants, preventing human trafficking, and checking people in and out at the Key West Port of Entry.
History of Monroe County
Monroe County is the southernmost county in Florida and the United States. It is made up of the Florida Keys and portions of the Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. These parks are mostly uninhabited mainland areas. Most known are the Florida Keys with its string of islands connected by U.S Highway 1, which ends in Key West, 150 miles southwest of Miami.
In total area, Monroe County is comprised of 3,737 square miles with 73 percent of it being water. The Florida Keys proper are an elongated, curved bow-like-chain of low lying islands over 220 miles in length. They extend from the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula to the Dry Tortugas and lie between the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Key West is the largest of the islands in the chain with a natural deep-water harbor. The keys are islands of rock and sandy beaches are not common. Just miles offshore on the Atlantic side of the keys is the only living coral reef in the continental United States. No point, in the keys, is more than four miles from water.
Because Monroe County only has one highway, accessibility to the county seat (Key West) is time-consuming and difficult. Other county government offices are located in Marathon and Key Largo to handle basic public government functions. Monthly commission meetings are rotated between Key West, Marathon, and Key Largo along with three budget hearings. The county commissioners strive to make themselves available to all county residents.
On his search for the “Fountain of Youth,” in 1513, Spanish Explorer Juan Ponce De Leon sailed along the Florida Keys after he first landed near St. Augustine. Before returning to Spain, he sailed around to Florida’s West Coast, then to Cuba and Puerto Rico[2]. This was the beginning of other wandering Spanish and English explorers looking to colonize new lands and discover trading partners. The “Age of Exploration” helped create a trade route between Europe and Central and South America with a port stop in Cuba, which is 90 miles south of Key West. Ships that sailed the trade route could be met with disaster by hurricanes, reefs, or later on pirates.
During the next three centuries, Spain and Britain claimed Florida as a territory, and in 1821, Spain ceded Florida to the United States according to the terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty. A year later, a small naval depot was created in Key West to help rid the area of pirates.
On July 2, 1823, an act of the Territorial Legislature established Monroe County as the 6th county in the Florida territory. Monroe County was named after then-President James Monroe, our 5th U.S President, who served between 1817 and 1825. The county’s boundaries then were the southern portion of Florida. Over time, other counties were formed within the original Monroe County boundary including Dade, Broward, Collier, Lee, Hendry, and parts of Charlotte, Glades, and Palm Beach[3].
Five years after Monroe County was established, Key West was incorporated and became the county seat. The population at that time was less than 600 people. The main industries by 1830 were salvaging shipwrecks on the reef and fishing. By 1845, Florida was granted statehood.
During the American Civil War, while Florida seceded and joined the Confederate States of America, Key West remained in U.S Union hands because of a Naval base. Fort Zachary Taylor, which still stands today was constructed between 1845-1866 and was an important Key West outpost during the Civil War. But as a result of a wartime population increase, Key West was the largest city in Florida. Monroe County’s population by 1870 was 5,657 and only 641 lived outside of Key West.
In the late 1800s, the economy in Key West was changing from ship salvaging to cigar production. Construction of lighthouses along the reef made the waterway more navigable and it contributed to the decline in the number of shipwrecks. During this time, there was a large number of refugees that fled from Cuba. These refugees brought over with them their skill in hand-rolling cigars.
By 1890, the population of Key West was nearly 18,800 residents and it claimed to be the biggest and richest city in Florida. At the height of the cigar industry in Key West, there were approximately 200 cigar factories producing 100 million hand-rolled cigars annually4. However, manufacturing competition from Tampa and Ybor City put an end of Key West’s hand-rolled cigar industry by 1930. Today, one of these cigar factories is home to county offices, in the Gato Building.
The Florida Keys were perpetually changed with Henry Flagler’s decision to build a railroad to Key West from Miami. Flagler envisioned Key West as a port city when the United States signed an agreement in 1903, to construct the Panama Canal[5]. His trains would provide deliveries throughout the east coast since he had already constructed the rail lines between Jacksonville and Miami. The first train rolled into Key West in 1912. Rail service in the Keys was short-lived when the Hurricane of 1935 destroyed a portion of the railroad in the Upper and Middle Keys. This portion was never rebuilt due to costs.
However, the United States Government rebuilt the rail lines as an automobile highway, which was completed in 1938 and became an extension of U.S Highway 1. This meant that there was a highway along the East Coast of the United States linking Key West to Maine. This helped tourism evolve into the major industry that it is today. ___________________________________________
[1]Source: Florida Statistical Abstract 2004
[2]Source: FactMonster
[3]Source: Monroe County 1999 Annual Report
[4]Source: Wikipedia
[5]Source: Keys History
More About Monroe County
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 52 |
https://npg.si.edu/blog/born-and-died-on-fourth-july
|
en
|
Born and Died on the Fourth of July
|
[
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/all/themes/si_npg/logo.svg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/npg-00106.jpg?itok=bVBQGHxf",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/3rdfloor.jpg?itok=VpukFgtZ",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/page-header/dayofdead.jpg?itok=1s4gbX_W",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/johnm.jpg?itok=6zM0cQqs",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/teaser/mariamag.jpg?itok=PyRiDmIW",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/promotion/npg-00930.jpg?itok=xL-GISsM",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog_BornAndDied_Adams.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog/6a00e550199efb883301a73de4fb0d970d-800wi.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/blog/6a00e550199efb883301a73de4fb18970d-800wi.jpg",
"https://npg.si.edu/sites/default/files/signup.jpg",
"https://logs1.smithsonian.museum/dcspo6flobdzpxj37ughfpuai_5o5r/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&WT.js=No&WT.tv=10.4.23&dcssip=www.si.edu"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-07-02T12:52:00-04:00
|
John Adams / John Trumbull / Oil on canvas, 1793 / National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution The story goes that on his deathbed in Massachusetts, John Adams, the second president of the United States and member of the Continental Congress, spoke of his friend in Charlottesville, Virginia, noting that “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” Old friends who had their share
|
en
|
https://npg.si.edu/favicon.ico
|
https://npg.si.edu/blog/born-and-died-on-fourth-july
|
The story goes that on his deathbed in Massachusetts, John Adams, the second president of the United States and member of the Continental Congress, spoke of his friend in Charlottesville, Virginia, noting that “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” Old friends who had their share of political disagreements on the nature of the new American democracy, they had grown old in their home states, and—ironically and unbeknownst to Adams—died on the same day, July 4, 1826, exactly fifty years after they had ratified the passage of the Declaration of Independence.
That is perhaps the most famous presidential Fourth of the July story, but there are two more.
The second story begins and ends in Virginia. James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, also died on July 4—in 1831. Monroe had a busy career in which he served both Virginia and the young nation for which he fought in the revolution. Monroe had been a United States senator from Virginia, and he had also served as that state’s governor. He had been minister to Great Britain, as well as secretary of state and secretary of war. He served two terms in the White House and retired from service to the nation. Monroe died on Independence Day 1831 in his daughter’s home in New York.
The third story begins in Massachusetts, but it starts with a birth rather than a death.
John Calvin Coolidge—he would later drop the John completely—was born on July 4, 1872. Coolidge was a conservative’s conservative. He believed in small government and a good nap in the afternoon. A civil servant from his mid-twenties to his death, Coolidge committed himself early to his city of Northampton, then to the state of Massachusetts, and finally to the executive office of the United States. A quiet man, Coolidge had a sharp wit, and he was pithy to the end—and beyond. As presidential historian William A. DeGregorio notes, “Coolidge’s last will and testament, executed in December 1926, was just twenty three words in length: Not unmindful of my son John, I give all my estate, both real and personal, to my wife Grace Coolidge, in fee simple.”
—Warren Perry, Catalog of American Portraits, National Portrait Gallery
Cited:
William A. DeGregorio and Sandra Lee Stuart, The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books, 2013).
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 6 |
https://www.loc.gov/item/va0568/
|
en
|
James Monroe Tomb, Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Richmond (Independent City), VA
|
http://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg
|
http://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg
|
[
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/logo-loc-new-branding.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/link.svg",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0568/color/361813cv.jpg#h=728&w=1024",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/original-format/manuscript-mixed-material.svg",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0521/photos/162749p_150px.jpg#h=121&w=150",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0559/photos/162725p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=119",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0800/va0894/photos/162155p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=119",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0525/photos/162609p_150px.jpg#h=150&w=111",
"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/va/va0500/va0573/photos/162779p_150px.jpg#h=120&w=150",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1877090801:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=281&w=204",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1879092701:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=300&w=214",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027093:00220720408:1881072301:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=305&w=217",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn83027098:00220720408:1892101501:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=276&w=194",
"https://tile.loc.gov/image-services/iiif/service:ndnp:dlc:batch_dlc_fairview_ver01:data:sn84025841:00220720408:1885022101:0001/full/pct:3.125/0/default.jpg#h=271&w=183",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/email.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/youtube.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/pinterest.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/flickr.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/instagram.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/itunesU.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/congress-gov.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/copyright-gov.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Photo(s): 6 | Color Transparencies: 1 | Data Page(s): 6 | Photo Caption Page(s): 1
|
en
|
The Library of Congress
|
https://www.loc.gov/item/va0568/
|
The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material.
Ultimately, it is the researcher's obligation to assess copyright or other use restrictions and obtain permission from third parties when necessary before publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the Library's collections.
For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information
Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html
Reproduction Number: ---
Call Number: HABS VA,44-RICH,92-
Access Advisory: ---
Obtaining Copies
If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site.)
Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Library of Congress Duplication Services.
If a digital image is displaying: The qualities of the digital image partially depend on whether it was made from the original or an intermediate such as a copy negative or transparency. If the Reproduction Number field above includes a reproduction number that starts with LC-DIG..., then there is a digital image that was made directly from the original and is of sufficient resolution for most publication purposes.
If there is information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can use the reproduction number to purchase a copy from Duplication Services. It will be made from the source listed in the parentheses after the number.
If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
If there is no information listed in the Reproduction Number field above: You can generally purchase a quality copy through Duplication Services. Cite the Call Number listed above and include the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request.
Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the Duplication Services Web site.
Access to Originals
Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm.
Is the item digitized? (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.)
Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions.
As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. They are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images.)
No, the item is not digitized. Please go to #2.
Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, such as microfilm or copy prints?
Yes, another surrogate exists. Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate.
No, another surrogate does not exist. Please go to #3.
If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 50 |
https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/historian/tompkins
|
en
|
Who Was Daniel D. Tompkins
|
[
"https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/files2/tclogo.png",
"https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/files2/Tompkins%20For%20Website.jpg",
"https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/files2/inline-images/tcoutline.png",
"https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/files2/deglogo.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/files2/tc_icon_0.ico
|
https://www.tompkinscountyny.gov/historian/tompkins
|
Daniel Tompkins was born June 21, 1774 in Scarsdale, then a rural area. He attended Columbia College, where he added a middle initial D. to his name to distinguish him from another student. He graduated valedictorian in 1795 and after study was admitted to the bar two years later. He married Hannah Minthorne, daughter of a merchant and politically-connected Tammany leader, and with that support Tompkins entered political life.
Tompkins was a handsome and popular man. He was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1801, and an Assemblymen, and member of the New York State Supreme Court (1804-07). He was elected the state’s fourth Governor in 1807 with support from the Clinton faction of the Republican Party, and then won the governorship over the next three elections besting Federalist Party contenders.
He was an effective leader of the New York Militia following the attack on the White House in 1813, raising local troops, and often funding them with his own money. With foresight, he fortified New York City from attack.
Tompkins supported benevolent concerns for the less fortunate: as governor, he opposed the death penalty, condemned whipping for petit larceny, and aided the passage of bills that promoted state-wide education. He supported legislation that allowed towns and counties to send the mentally ill to New York state hospitals--far better than placing them in county Poor Houses or restraining them at home. In 1817 he signed legislation that would end slavery within New York State by the year 1827, and he attempted, with little success, to protect the land remaining to Native Americans within the state, leading to a breech with DeWitt Clinton and his allies.
James Madison offered Tompkins the post of Secretary of State in 1814, which Tompkins declined. That same year, Tompkins was thrown from his horse and injured, which led to physical decline, and perhaps to his later dependence on alcohol. Still, in 1816 he sought national prominence, and surrendering the governorship, he became President James Monroe’s Vice President in 1816 and again in 1821.
Tompkins was less than careful concerning state finances and was not totally successful when he sought reimbursement for his own expenditures during the War of 1812. He was not careful, either and his own finances, and he fell into debt while under attack by the Clinton faction. He presided over the New York State Constitutional Convention in 1821.
Because of poor health, Tompkins was infrequently in Washington, although he presided over the U.S. Senate in 1819, 1822, and 1823 and ’24. He far preferred to remain on his estate in Tompkinsville on Staten Island, where he died in 1824.
Daniel Tompkins was, however, both governor of New York and Vice President of the United States in 1817 when Tompkins County was carved out of Tioga, Seneca, and Cayuga counties, and the new entity was named for him. Daniel Tompkins never came west to see the new county. In 2013 our county building, long known as the Old Court House, was named for him becoming the Governor Daniel D. Tompkins Building.
Carol Kammen
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 46 |
https://www.bu.edu/historic/battin.htm
|
en
|
The Historical Society, Boston University
|
[
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_ths_logo_.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_top_hist_soc.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_about_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_journal_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_join_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_hs_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_conf_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_z_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_zz_link.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/side_corn.jpg",
"https://www.bu.edu/historic/hs_title.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"randall stephens"
] | null | null |
Joseph S. Lucas and Donald A. Yerxa, Editors
Randall J. Stephens, Associate Editor
Volume VI, Number 6
July 4, 1826: Explaining the Same-day
Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson*
Margaret P. Battin
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the same day, July 4, 1826. Both were old menAdams was 90, and Jefferson was 83and both were ill, though Adams had been in comparatively robust health until just a few months earlier and Jefferson had been ill for an extended period. They had been rivals, indeed enemies, for some time; Jefferson had defeated Adams in the presidential election of 1800. But they had repaired their differences and had pursued an active correspondence with each other in the years before their deaths. On that final day, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, Adams died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts, and Jefferson died at his home in Monticello, Virginia, the two separated by hundreds of miles and by many days of overland travel time.
Although the fact that Adams and Jefferson died the same day is taught to practically every schoolchild, asking why is not. What could explain this? There are at least six principal avenues to explore, but all of them raise further issues.
Explanation 1: Coincidence
That the two deaths occurred on the same day could be a coincidence, as it is often assumed. But if so, it is a coincidence of considerable magnitude, since it involves three distinct components: same day; same significant date (July 4, Independence Day); and same historic anniversary (fifty years). That any individual dies on a given day of the year has, on average, a probability of about 1 in 365, though in 19th-century Massachusetts deaths typically peaked during the winter and then spiked again during the summer. The statistical probability that two individuals die in the same year is a function of age and health status as well as the size of the background population. Jefferson was seven years younger than Adams, but his overall health was worse. The probability that the two would die on the same significant date is more difficult to quantify, and there are other significant dates in the American calendarChristmas, Easter (Lincoln would be assassinated on Good Friday), Thanksgivingbut Independence Day would have been the date of greatest importance to figures in political life, indeed, former presidents. And the fact that the death dates for both Adams and Jefferson fell on an historic anniversarythe 50th anniversary, not the 49th or 51stmay seem to stretch beyond the point of sheer plausibility the claim that this was mere coincidence. But when appeals to coincidence are insufficient, we must look for explanations in common circumstance or common cause, or for causation from one case to the other.
Explanation 2: Divine Intervention
As the news of the two deaths reached the public, the same-day demise was widely interpreted as a matter of divine intervention. John Quincy Adams, John Adamss son and by then himself president, wrote in his diary the night he heard the news that the fact that his father and Jefferson had died on the same day and that it was the 4th of July could not have been a mere coincidence but was a visible and palpable manifestation of Divine favor.1 In Baltimore, Samuel Smith delivered a eulogy that attributed the timing of Adamss and Jeffersons deaths to an All-seeing Providence, as a mark of approbation of their well spent lives . . . .2 In Boston, Daniel Webster delivered a two-hour eulogy in Faneuil Hall, insisting that the fact that the deaths had occurred on the nations 50th birthday was proof from on high that our country, and its benefactors, are objects of His care.3
Explanation 3: Hanging On
Perhaps the two old men were simply hanging on, waiting for the same important anniversary. When they reached it, they just gave up on the same day and died. There are several possible variations of the hanging on explanation: that each was independently hanging on, trying to reach the significant anniversary; that each was waiting to die but hung on because the anniversary was near; or that they were in effect competing with each other to remain alive until the important day but would each give up if they made it. Indeed, Adamss next-to-last words are said to have been Thomas Jefferson survives, though the last word may have been indistinct.4 Jefferson, on the evening of the 3rd and then again after midnight, asked Is it the 4th?5 Clearly the anniversary would have had a great deal of meaning for each of them. Each had been invited to participate in the 50th anniversary celebrations, for which there was a great deal of public anticipation: Adamss son, John Quincy, would be officiating as president, and Jefferson wrote his famous defense of self-government, though it was only a short letter and even so he would not able to deliver it.
Some contemporary writers interpreted the deaths in this way. In a eulogy delivered in New York City about two weeks after the deaths, C. C. Cambreleng said of Jefferson that The body had wasted awaybut the energies of a powerful mind, struggling with expiring nature, kept the vital spark alive till the meridian sun shone on our 50th Anniversarythen content to diethe illustrious Jefferson gave to the world his last declaration.6
The biopsychosocial model of health and illness purports to show that the will to live is an important factor in remaining alivethat our minds are powerful in determining life and death, health and well-being.7 Recent studies have attempted to document the phenomenon of hanging on, presumably followed by giving up, in connection with birthdays, religious holidays, or other important events. For example, a 1972 study found that for three groups of well-known men, the most famous were least likely to die in the period before their birth monthindeed, they were five times less likely to die in the month before their birthdays than the average person. Another study looked at patterns of death for Jewish men around the time of Passover, a religious family celebration in which the male head of the household plays a major role: it found a 24% decrease in the week before a weekend Passover and a 24% corresponding increase in the week afterward, a pattern interpreted as showing that Jewish men delayed their deaths until after this event of personal significance. Yet another study found that mortality from natural causes in elderly Chinese women dropped by more than a third in the week before the Harvest Moon Festival and increased in the week after it by 35%.8 However, observations of patterns of delay and date-timing of deaths, whether in heart disease, cancer, or other conditions, nevertheless do not explain precisely how this effect occurs, if indeed it does; a 2004 analysis of Ohio cancer deaths between 1989 and 2000, responding to these and similar studies, found no evidence that patients are able to postpone their deaths to survive Christmas, Thanksgiving, or their own birthdays.9
Explanation 4: Being Allowed or Caused to Die by Others
Perhaps, instead, other people were involved. One possible explanation suggests that there could have been a silent conspiracy among physicians, family members, and other caregivers to help their patient make it to the 4th, an effort discontinued when that goal was reached. A more active account asks whether Adamss and Jeffersons respective physicians, Amos Holbrook and Robley Dunglison, could have played a role in their patients deaths, either inadvertently or deliberatelynot out of malice, but perhaps seeking to relieve the sufferings of the dying, and choosing the historic anniversary as the appropriate occasion? Adams wrote to Benjamin Rush in 1810: You Physicians are growing so familiar with Hemlock, and Arsenick, and Mercury Sublimate, and Laudanum, and Brandy and every Thing that used to frighten me, that I know not what you will do with us.10 Could Adams and/or Jefferson have been administered substancesperhaps laudanum, an alcoholic tincture of opiumin an attempt to control pain, with an extra-heavy dose on that historic day? Adamss granddaughter Susan Boylston Clark, who was living in the Adams household at the time, reported that the doctor gave her grandfather a medicine the day before he died, saying both that I should not be surprised, if he did not live twenty-four hours but also that [i]f the medicine which I shall give him operate favourably, he may live a week or two [her italics].11 Dr. Holbrook told John Quincy that his father had suffered much the night before he died; this would make the administration of a heavy dose of opium even more plausible.12 Double-effect intervention by physicians resulting in death, though not intentionally, would be in keeping with contemporary attitudes about the permissibility of the overuse of morphine or other opioids for the control of pain foreseeing though not intending that they may cause death; direct intervention by physicians or others to bring an easieror perhaps more symbolicdeath might also be in keeping with some practices in contemporary medicine, either where euthanasia is underground or where it is legal. Could physicians or family members have done essentially the same thing?
In a letter to his friend Dr. Brockenborough, John Randolph of Roanoke, who had been on an ocean voyage and datelined the letter The Hague, Tuesday, August 8, 1826, wrote: And so old Mr. Adams is dead; on the 4th of July, too, just half a century after our Declaration of Independence; and leaving his son on the throne. This is Euthenasia, indeed. They have killed Mr. Jefferson, too, on the same day, but I dont believe it.13
However, there is no direct evidence for either a double-effect or euthanasia. We do not know what drug Adams was given. Whether Jefferson was given any new medication before his death is not known; indeed, Jefferson is known to have refused the laudanum he had been taking the night before he died.14
Explanation 5: Allowing Oneself to Die
In 1813, at age 77some thirteen years before he actually diedAdams wrote a letter to the physician Benjamin Rush (a mutual friend of both Adams and Jefferson), a letter ostensibly penned by his horse Hobby. Perhaps I should do him a favor, Adams imagines Hobby as saying: perhaps I should stumble (and thus cause his death). Could this provide evidence that Adams hoped his death would be brought about or that circumstances would be set up that would allow him to die? Hobby is foreseeing his masters future burden of years:
Add such another 12 [years] and you make him 89: withered, faded, wrinkled, tottering, trembling, stumbling, sighing, groaning, weeping! Oh! I have some scruples of Conscience, whether I ought to preserve him : whether it would not be Charity to stumble, and relieve him from such a futurity . . . . Remember too it is a Horse that asks the question, and that Horse is Hobby.15
Adamss concerns, translated into Hobbys words, might be interpreted in a variety of ways: that Adams wished to die, that he perceived himself as a burden, that he feared the illness and decrepitude that old age would bring, that he was depressed. But they also hint at one mechanism of allowing to die: exposing oneself to the risk of death that might come about through a carefully disguised accidentfor example, one brought about knowingly and deliberately, indeed loyally, by Adamss trusted horse.
Jefferson also had concerns about the debilities of aging. In a letter dated June 1, 1822, Jefferson wrote to Adams describing the evidently senile Charles Thomson, who was then about 93:
It is at most but the life of a cabbage, surely not worth a wish. When all our faculties have left, or are leaving us, one by one, sight, hearing, memory, every avenue of pleasing sensation is closed, and athumy, debility and malaise left in their places, when the friends of our youth are all gone, and a generation is risen around us whom we know not, is death an evil?
When one by one our ties are torn,
And friend from friend is snatched
forlorn
When man is left alone to mourn,
Oh! then how sweet it is to die!
When trembling limbs refuse their
weight,
And films slow gathering dim the sight,
When clouds obscure the mental light
Tis natures kindest boon to die!16
Could Jeffersons wish to die have been an active one? In a eulogy delivered in Richmond a week after the deaths, John Tyler said of Jefferson, One other theme dwelt on his lips until they were motionlessIt was the Fourth of JulyHe often expressed the wish to die on the day.17 Could Jeffersons refusal to take his medications in his last hours be interpreted as a more direct effort to allow his own death to occur, or even to bring it about? Of course, it cannot be supposed that the medications were actually efficacious in keeping him alive; nevertheless, the refusal of further medication might seem to be evidence of what contemporary bioethicists would describe as withholding or withdrawing treatment or allowing to die. However, the historical record provides no more direct evidence for this explanation or any indication of Jeffersons intention to refuse medication.
In mid-June 1822, about ten days after Jefferson had written to Adams with the poem just quoted, Adams, also clearly burdened by ill health, replied:
I answer your question, Is Death an Evil? It is not an Evil. It is a blessing to the individual, and to the world. Yet we ought not to wish for it till life becomes insupportable; we must wait the pleasure and convenience of this great teacher. Winter is as terrible to me, as to you. I am almost reduced in it, to the life of a Bear or a torpid swallow. I cannot read, but my delight is to hear others read . . . .18
What remains unclear is whether Adamss view that one ought not to wish for [death] till life becomes insupportable would or would not countenance allowing oneself to die, whether by refusing medication or in any other way: ought one not wish for it at all, or not wish for it until truly bad circumstances prevail?
Explanation 6: Causing Oneself to Die
Could the two old men have hastened their own deaths, or deliberately brought them about? They might each have seemed to have some reason for suicide. Adams was familiar with tragic, apparently self-caused death in his family. His son Charles had been driven to an early demise, ending his life in an alcoholic stupor in 1800. His grandson, George Washington Adams, may have committed suicide in 1829 by jumping off a ship in Long Island Sound. Adamss daughter Abigail died from breast cancer in 1813, having already had a breast removed without anesthesia, and his wife Abigail died in 1818. Meanwhile, Jefferson, who had also lost a child during his presidency, was afflicted by many troubles toward the end of his life in addition to his failing health: his political world was collapsing; enrollments were poor at the institution he had been heavily involved in founding, the University of Virginia; and his debts were so substantial that a public raffle was instituted to try to save Monticello.
Of course, causing oneself to die need not carry the pejorative label suicide; it can be seen, rather, as a matter of self-deliverance in preference to the sufferings and indignities of protracted dying. Adams, a deeply religious man, would probably not have conceived of ending his life in a comparatively deliberate way as suicide, something that was universally denounced by the clergy of the era. Jeffersons religiosity was far more idiosyncratic. Still, it is not clear that their religious views would have played an active role in ending their own lives.
Indeed, some writers have intimated that these men did play active roles in their own deaths. Among the eulogists of the time, Caleb Cushing hints at this in saying that these lines could truly have been written of each:
Nothing in his life
Became him like the leaving it.
He died
As one that had been studied in his death.19
Joseph Ellis calls Adamss expiring on the 4th the last and most symbolic act of his life, particularly because he was willing to die on the 4th, not the 2nd (Adams had initially viewed July 2 as the date of real importance in the birth of the United States, since it was on that date that he had persuaded the Congress to adopt the Declaration of Independence; the document was merely signed on the 4th). Ellis also describes Adams, who was sitting in his favorite chair in his upstairs study on the morning of the day he would die, as perhaps trying to resist the swells of satisfaction he might be expected to feel on that special day20though this hardly explains how he could go from a condition of such alertness and good feeling to death within a few hours: Adams was dead by 6:20 that evening. And Fawn Brodie writes, If ever two men in history chose and controlled the moment of their dying, they were John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.21
While such comments may seem to be sheer speculation, perhaps there is something to the argument that Adams and/or Jefferson hastened their own deaths. Adams was apparently familiar with lethal drugs. In 1811 he wrote to Benjamin Rush in connection with Rushs anti-alcohol campaign that The Table of Cyder and Health and Poison and Death I have given to Dr. Tuft [Dr. Cotton Tufts], who will propagate it. It is a concise but very comprehensive Result of long Experience, attentive observation and deep and close Thought.22 In 1813 Jefferson wrote to Dr. Samuel Brown about the matter of lethiferous drugs:
The most elegant thing of that kind is a preparation of the Jamestown weed [Jimson weed], Datura Stramonium, invented by the French in the time of Robespierre. Every man of firmness carried it constantly in his pocket to anticipate the guillotine. It brings on the sleep of death as quietly as fatigue does the ordinary sleep, without the least struggle or motion. Condorcet, who had recourse to it, was found lifeless on his bed a few minutes after his landlady had left him there, and even the slipper which she had observed half suspended on his foot, was not shaken off. It seems far preferable to the Venesection of the Romans, the Hemlock of the Greeks, and the Opium of the Turks. I have never been able to learn what the preparation is, other than a strong concentration of its lethiferous principle. Could such a medicament be restrained to self-administration, it ought not to be kept secret. There are ills in life as desperate as intolerable, to which it would be the rational relief, e.g., the inveterate cancer . . . .23
However, there is no evidence that either Adams or Jefferson took such a drug on July 4, 1826.
* * *
Each of these six explanations for the same-day deaths of Adams and Jefferson is inadequate on its face: the coincidence is too great; divine intervention requires background theological assumptions beyond the scope of rational explanation; hanging on and giving up require pathophysiological assumptions not well understood; and the various forms of direct-causation explanations, including inadvertent or deliberate allowing to die, physician or family-performed euthanasia, and suicide, all suffer from a lack of compelling evidence. It isnt necessary that the explanation of the cause of death be the same for both Adams and Jefferson; yet whatever each explanation involves, it must attend to the remarkable synchrony of their deaths.
Furthermore, the issue of synchronywhatever the individual explanations for their deathsalso leaves us with the further question of coordination. Did Adams and Jefferson think alike but act independently? Could they have had some joint understanding, reached perhaps in 1813when each had been corresponding with a physician, Adams with Benjamin Rush about a horses deliberate stumble and Jefferson with Samuel Brown about lethal drugsthat they then recalled later on? Did their physicians or families think alike but act independently, or perhaps in concert? Could their families and caregivers have lied about the precise dates of their deaths, seeking to lend their demises a greater grandeur? Or was there a more orchestrated plan here, known only to these two men or to their physicians and families, that accounts for the extraordinary coincidence or grand design of their deaths? Could it have been the mode, so to speak, to die on the 4th if at all possible, by whatever means? After all, not just Adams and Jefferson, but three of the first five presidents of the young United States died on the 4th of July. In 1831, just five years after the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, James Monroe, the fifth president, did so as well.
Given the insufficient historical evidence available, we cant know the truth about why Adams and Jefferson died on the same day. But we can reflect on whether it would make a difference to us if one or another of these explanations turned out to be true. After all, the six possibilities these explanations raise are central to the very questions about death and dying that are so controversial today: disputes over withdrawing and withholding treatment, allowing one to die, the overuse of morphine, terminal sedation, physician-assisted suicide, and euthanasia.
Two quite different postures are in competition in these disputes. One insists that the patient play a comparatively passive role in accepting death when it comeswhether it is explained as the product of divine intervention, sheer coincidence, or failure to hang on. The other casts the patient in a potentially active role, as the intender or designer or cause of his own death, whether he deliberately gives up or actively brings about death. Where we stand with respect to these two basic postures may influence how we explain the deaths of Adams and Jefferson.
On the one hand, if we assume that Adams and Jefferson simply let death come to them, we need a more persuasive account of either coincidence or divine intervention. Or, on the other hand, could some more active process have been at work? Did physicians or family caregivers play a causal role in the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, deliberately allowing or helping them to die? Did Adams and Jefferson themselves not only will themselves to die on that day but do something to make it occur? Did they refuse treatment with that intention? Suppose they took a drug like Condorcet used: would we count that as suicide or self-deliverance, and if so, should that have bearing on the currently volatile issue of physician-assisted suicide? If we think they could have done this, even discreetly and without clear evidence in the historical record, why shouldnt we allow ourselves to die in the same way?
Thus what we say about Adams and Jefferson, in the absence of compelling historical evidence, may in the end reflect what we want to say about ourselves. In our current legal and political climate, in which the original intent of the Founding Fathers is treated with extraordinary gravity, what we believe about the deaths of Adams and Jefferson (and Monroe) may play a very large role in our views about what we call the right to die.
Margaret Pabst Battin is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and adjunct professor of internal medicine, Division of Medical Ethics, at the University of Utah. She is the author of The Least Worst Death: Essays in Bioethics on the End of Life (Oxford University Press, 1994) and recipient of the Rosenblatt Award. She is at work on a historical sourcebook on ethical issues in suicide.
Notes
1 Allan Nevins, ed., The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794-1845 (Scribner, 1951), 360, cited in David McCullough, John Adams (Simon & Schuster, 2001), 647.
2 Baltimore, Maryland, July 20, 1826, in A Selection of Eulogies, Pronounced in the Several States, In Honor of Those Illustrious Patriots and Statesmen, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (Hartford, 1826), 88-89.
3 Boston, Faneuil Hall, August 2, 1826, in A Selection of Eulogies, 156.
4 Susan Boylston Adams Clark to Abigail Louisa Smith Adams Johnson, July 9, 1826, A. B. Johnson papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, cited in McCullough, John Adams, 646; Andrew Burstein in Americas Jubilee: How in 1826 a Generation Remembered Fifty Years of Independence (Alfred A. Knopf, 2001), 266-274, examines the evidence for this claim and finds it wanting; it is established only that Adams spoke the name Thomas Jefferson but what followed apparently was inarticulate.
5 Burstein, Americas Jubilee, 263.
6 C. C. Cambreleng, Selection of Eulogies, 66.
7 Oakley Ray, How the Mind Hurts and Heals the Body, American Psychologist 59 (January 2004):37.
8 Studies cited in Ray, How the Mind Hurts and Heals the Body, 37.
9 Donn C. Young and Erin M. Hade, Holidays, Birthdays, and Postponement of Cancer Death, Journal of the American Medical Association 292 (2004): 3012-16.
10 John Adams to Benjamin Rush, August 6, 1810, in Alexander Biddle, Old Family Letters (Philadelphia, 1892), 23.
11 Susanna Boylston Adams Clark to Abigail Louisa Smith Adams Johnson, July 9, 1826, Quincy, Mass., Massachusetts Historical Society.
12 Burstein, Americas Jubilee, 266.
13 Hugh A. Garland, The Life of John Randolph of Roanoke (New York, 1850) 2: 273.
14 Sarah N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson (University Press of Virginia, 1978), 428, cited in McCullough, John Adams, 646.
15 John Adams to Benjamin Rush, January 4, 1813, in Biddle, Old Family Letters, 333-34.
16 Jefferson to Adams, Monticello, June 1, 1822, in Lester J. Cappon, ed., The Adams-Jefferson Letters (University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 578.
17 John Tyler, pronounced at Richmond, Virginia, July 11, 1826, in Selection of Eulogies, 16.
18 Adams to Jefferson, Montezillo, June 11, 1822, Selection of Eulogies, 579.
19 Caleb Cushing, pronounced at Newburyport, Massachusetts, July 15, 1826, in Selection of Eulogies, 22-23.
20 Joseph J. Ellis, Passionate Sage. The Character and Legacy of John Adams (Norton, 1993), 234, 215.
21 Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (Norton, 1974), 468.
22 John Adams to Benjamin Rush, Quincy, Mass., July 31, 1811, in Biddle, Old Family Letters, 342.
23 Jefferson to Dr. Samuel Brown, Monticello, July 14, 1813, in Albert Ellery Bergh, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Definitive Edition (The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 13: 310-11.
* This essay is excerpted from July 4, 1826: Explaining the Same-Day Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (and What Could This Mean for Bioethics?) in Margaret P. Battin, Ending Life: Ethics and the Way We Die (Oxford University Press, 2005), 175-185, reprinted with permission from Oxford University Press. I thank Herbert Sloan, Dominic Albo MD, Celeste Walker, Sam Karlin, Brooke Hopkins, Beverly Hawkins, Mary-Jane Forbyn, Vince Cheng, Jay Jacobson MD, Peter von Sievers, Eric Hutton, and many others for discussions of this topic.
|
||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 13 |
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
en
|
Season 3, Episode 5-James Monroe’s Tomb
|
[
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=1536",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11822612_10106424870799335_8670833590336626676_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11051789_10106424871163605_847966083497297562_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11229364_10106424871832265_6266972834561789315_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7588.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7591.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7592.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7593.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7589.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7594.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7595.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7296.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7297.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7298.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7299.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7303.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1334.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1335.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1342.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2425.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2426.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2428.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2429.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2432.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/s-l400.jpg?w=400",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/service-pnp-cwpb-02900-02923v.jpg?w=594",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/richmond-virginia-tomb-of-president-james-monroe-hollywood-cemetery-e82c1e-1024.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/card00352_fr.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/screenshot-3.png?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_8287.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-300x224-1.jpg?w=300",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-exhumed.jpg?w=350",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6885.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6880.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0544.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0543.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7336.jpg?w=448",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7335.jpg?w=450",
"https://storage.buzzsprout.com/xowh3gb5xhkfj6z3qpstt9xi7vgq?.jpg",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_4166.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_iyKqeRdNe7dwkd&asin=045147726X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_qYLcXUXELYdcAj&asin=030681918X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_RC8BqlTCIrkyQh&asin=0813912660&tag=kpembed-20"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2024-03-26T00:00:00
|
Listen to This Episode! Season 3, Episode 5: James Monroe's Tomb Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James' brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite! Make sure to…
|
en
|
Visiting the Presidents
|
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
Listen to This Episode!
Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James’ brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite!
Make sure to listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 1, “James Monroe and Colonial Beach” on his birthplace!
Also, listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 2, “James Monroe and Highland” for his home!
President James Monroe’s Tomb from Hollywood Cemetery.
Monroe’s Tomb from the National Park Service.
From the restoration by BR Howard Conservation.
James Monroe’s first gravesite at New York City’s Marble Cemetery.
From My July 2015 Visit!
From My July 2021 Visit!
From My June 2022 Visit!
From My June 2023 Visit!
James Monroe’s Death Site and NYC Cemetery
Historic Images of James Monroe’s Tomb
Images of the Reburial and Laying in State
James Monroe’s Tomb: Presidents Circle, 412 S Cherry St, Richmond, Virginia.
Check Out the Most Recent Episodes!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb – Visiting the Presidents
"Doctor, I am going. Perhaps it is best.” Our First President to die in a foreign country, John Tyler, 10th President of the United States.! Learn about his tumultuous post-Presidency; his illness and death; his funeral, burial, and commemorations, plus his controversial gravesite!Check out the website at VisitingthePresidents.com for visual aids, links, past episodes, recommended reading, and other information!Episode Page:Season 1's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Greenway Plantation" on his birthplace!Season 2's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Sherwood Forest" on his home!Support the Show.Visit the social media on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb 45:01
BONUS! How I Spent My Christmas Break with Presidential Travels 2024! 21:30
S3 E9 William Henry Harrison's Tomb 49:49
S3 E8 Martin Van Buren's Tomb 49:07
S3 E7 Andrew Jackson's Tomb 53:53
Recommended Reading for James Monroe
Share this:
Like Loading...
Related
Published by visitingthepresidents
I'm a Professor of History at Central Arizona College and someone who loves history and travel; my new blog will combine those interests! View more posts
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 11 |
https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/james-monroe/
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/resources/icjsgwbatch5-0030.jpg",
"https://monticello-www.s3.amazonaws.com/files/pages/square-xsml-icjsgwbatch5-0030-2.jpg",
"http://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-content-images/Monroe22.jpg",
"https://www.monticello.org/sites/default/files/styles/home_medium/public/1800-exhibition.JPG?itok=9tkvx-DB",
"https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=Monticello&zoom=12&size=314x236&maptype=roadmap&markers=color:red%7C%7C38.0086043,-78.4531994&key=AIzaSyBmEa9qPbqp5KO2EPHe2J1so5O83oXWCQQ",
"https://www.monticello.org//images/map.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Delve into the life of James Monroe & explore his significant contributions to the American Revolution and American history.
|
en
|
https://www.monticello.org/favicon.ico
|
Monticello
| null |
At this point, Monroe unburdened himself to Thomas Jefferson, his new acquaintance and the governor of Virginia. Jefferson advised Monroe to prepare for a career in public service by studying the law. To that end, Monroe returned to William and Mary in 1780 and joined William Short in studying law under Jefferson's tutelage. In gratitude, Monroe wrote his mentor, "I feel that whatever I am at present in the opinion of others or whatever I may be in future has greatly arose from your friendship."[3] Monroe's value as a military adviser induced Jefferson to appoint his protégé military commissioner for Virginia. Monroe supplied information on troop dispositions and established a military postal service for sending rapid news of enemy actions. With the end of the war, he moved from Williamsburg to his farm in King George County intending to complete his study of the law. Shortly afterwards, in the spring of 1782, he was elected as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates.
Through 1782 and 1783, Monroe was active in state political affairs, particularly in the management of the western lands (his military service had earned him over 5,000 acres of bounty land in Kentucky). He was chosen in June 1783, along with Jefferson and three others, to represent Virginia in the Confederation Congress. The first year, in Annapolis, Jefferson and Monroe shared lodgings. The younger man availed himself of Jefferson's library and practiced his French on Jefferson's hired chef. It was during this time that Jefferson urged Monroe and James Madison to establish a closer relationship. Jefferson recommended Monroe to Madison, writing, "The scrupulousness of his honor will make you safe in the most confidential communication. A better man cannot be."[4] Monroe remained on the Virginia delegation to the Congress for the next three years, an experience that convinced him of the necessity of a strong central government.
In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright of New York. Jefferson was particularly warm in his congratulations. His marriage, however, made Monroe's chronic shortness of money a more pressing concern, and from 1786 until 1790 he divided his attention between public service and his law practice. He was again elected to the House of Delegates in 1787, but was left off the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention. After seeing the document that emerged from Philadelphia, Monroe found that he "had some strong objections to it." In 1788 he brought those objections to the ratifying convention in Richmond. After twenty days of debate, which Monroe said were "conducted generally with great order, propriety and respect of either party to the other," the ratifying convention approved the Constitution by a vote of 89 to 79. Monroe forwarded a copy to Jefferson in Paris.[5] Later that year, Monroe ran for the House of Representatives intending to continue his struggle to modify the Constitution. Madison, his unlikely opponent, also advocated amendment and handily won the election. The former adversaries immediately resumed their friendly correspondence.[6]
In February 1789, Monroe shared some good news with Jefferson: "It has always been my wish to acquire property near Monticello. I have lately accomplish'd it by the purchase of Colo. G. Nicholas improvments in Charlotteville ...."[7] A few months before, Monroe had acquired 800 acres of land that would later become the site of the University of Virginia. Jefferson had been urging Madison and Monroe to settle near him in Albemarle County since the summer of 1784.[8] Monroe took up residence on his property in August 1789. He declined requests from his Albemarle neighbors to run for public office, devoting himself instead to his law practice and new farms. The latter disappointed him. His efforts, he concluded later, should have been applied "to a more grateful soil."[9] Jefferson returned from France in December of 1789 and reported to William Short that Monroe's presence greatly improved the neighborhood.[10]
Most aristocratic Virginians in this period owed their financial well-being to large scale agriculture, and James Monroe was no exception. His father's death in 1774 had left him in possession of slaves. Though opposed to the institution itself, Monroe, like Jefferson, feared the outbreak of violence that could result from immediate abolition. He therefore supported gradual solutions to this societal dilemma. As U.S. president, for example, he endorsed the American Colonization Society's efforts to settle former slaves in Liberia, which led to the capital of that nation being named Monrovia in his honor. His daily interaction with the men and women he owned was unsurprisingly governed by the unwritten standards of conduct pursued by enlightened slave-owners throughout the upper South. This paternalistic philosophy resulted in his protection of family units, a minor amount of self-determination in work assignments, and the provision of medical care. It did not oblige him to free his slaves, an action he, like Jefferson, believed to be irresponsible.[11]
In 1790, Monroe returned to public service as senator from Virginia and held that office until 1794. When he first arrived in Philadelphia, Madison and Jefferson invited their friend and his wife to share lodgings at their boarding house. Throughout this period, Monroe worked closely with Madison (a member of the House of Representatives) and Jefferson (secretary of state) in organizing an opposition political party and in achieving their republican goals. During recesses, these three men visited each other's estates: Madison at Montpelier, Jefferson at Monticello, and Monroe at his residence in Charlottesville. They enjoyed one another's society, but also spent time preparing legislative goals and deciding on strategies to counter the efforts of Hamilton's Federalists. In 1793, Monroe acquired 3,500 acres adjacent to Monticello. Highland, the house he constructed there, was completed in December of 1799.
Monroe's appointment in 1794 as minister to France by Washington's Federalist administration was somewhat unexpected, especially considering Monroe's prominence in the opposition party. His wide legislative experience and republican principles, however, made him the perfect agent for resolving tensions in American-French relations. By 1796 Washington's administration no longer felt comfortable with a Republican holding such an important post. Monroe bitterly resented what he perceived to be an unjustified recall; his resentment was somewhat soothed by the warm reception afforded him by his fellow Republicans when he returned to America in June of 1797.
From 1797 to 1799, Madison and Monroe were frequently at Monticello to confer with Jefferson on party matters. Monroe's friends were anxious to put his talents to work in some high governmental post, and in 1799, Monroe won the governorship of Virginia. Vague reports circulated during the summer of 1800 of an impending slave revolt. When specific details reached him on August 30, Monroe promptly called up the state militia and suppressed "Gabriel's rebellion." He attempted without success to alleviate the severity of the punishments handed down to the captured conspirators. The tied presidential ballot that autumn was another source of alarm for the governor. As Madison in the House of Representatives labored to break the tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson, Monroe prepared the state militia to resist a Federalist coup that never materialized.
Monroe completed his third gubernatorial term in the autumn of 1802 and left office intending to restore his finances by devoting his full attention to his law practice. In January 1803, however, Jefferson appointed him envoy extraordinary to France. Jefferson and Madison (now secretary of state) believed that only Monroe had the reputation and experience to complete the delicate negotiations involved in buying from France a port at the mouth of the Mississippi. "[A]ll eyes, all hopes are now fixed on you," Jefferson told his old friend.[12] Within three weeks of his arrival in France, Monroe and his colleague, Robert Livingston, had completed a treaty that secured the entire Louisiana territory at the cost of $15 million (80 million francs). During the remainder of his stay in France, Monroe visited two comrades from the revolution and forwarded news of them to Jefferson: Lafayette he found recovering from a broken hip, while Thaddeus Kosciusko was involved with his garden.[13]
After the successful negotiations for Louisiana in the spring of 1803, Jefferson transferred Monroe to London to fill the vital post of minister to Great Britain. The two countries enjoyed a precarious peace, and Monroe's main responsibility was to seek the resolution of several issues relating to the sovereignty of the United States. During the last year of his ministry, in 1807, Monroe and William Pinkney negotiated a treaty that Jefferson and Madison could not accept because it failed to address the impressment of American sailors into British ships. Monroe's and Madison's differences of opinion on foreign policy, as well as Monroe's indignation over the perceived slight to his competence, induced him to run for the presidency in 1808 as a Republican alternative to Madison. While his friendship with Jefferson continued to thrive, Monroe and Madison remained estranged until May of 1810, at which time Jefferson's efforts to restore their former amity finally bore fruit.[14] The following January, Monroe was elected once more to the governorship of Virginia, but he held the office for only three months. In March of 1811, Madison offered him the post of secretary of state.
National crisis, particularly the events of the War of 1812, marked the years of Monroe's service in Madison's cabinet. Not surprisingly, he rarely found leisure for lengthy visits in Albemarle County. His family spent the majority of its time at his Oak Hill estate in Loudoun County. With the outbreak of hostilities in 1812, Madison transferred Monroe temporarily to the post of secretary of war. Like Jefferson, Monroe believed that America's successful prosecution of the war depended on an invasion of Canada, but whereas Jefferson believed that such a conquest would be "a mere matter of marching,"[15] Monroe expected a protracted campaign and drew up plans for an army of 30,000 soldiers. Anti-Virginia grumbling in the Senate prevented Monroe's confirmation as secretary of war. His successor, John Armstrong, was a disaster: the secretary of war appointed generals who bungled the invasion of Canada, and his conclusion that the poorly-trained and inadequately-equipped state militias should bear the burden of defending Washington resulted in its virtually uncontested conquest by British regulars in August of 1814. Madison responded to the crisis by once again naming Monroe secretary of war. The latter's industry and organizational skills supplied the means for resisting British thrusts at Baltimore and New Orleans. With peace in 1815, Monroe resumed his direction of international affairs as secretary of state.
Jefferson, meanwhile, had been working on plans for Central College. In 1816, Madison, Monroe, and Jefferson were all named to its first Board of Visitors. Monroe traveled to board meetings from Washington, for he had won the presidency in the election of 1816. As president, Monroe sought to narrow the country's political divisions, a policy that led some contemporaries to speak of his presidency as an "Era of Good Feelings." Not all was well, however. Monroe's administration dealt with such problems as open warfare with the Seminoles, sectional strife over slavery in the debate concerning Missouri's admission to the union, and international tension with Spain over the status of Florida.[16] Monroe's appointments to various governmental positions in the summer of 1824 generated stress of a more personal nature. Jefferson had asked his old friend to give the postmastership of Richmond to one of his creditors, Bernard Peyton. At the time, Jefferson did not know that his own son-in-law, Thomas Mann Randolph, had also applied for the post.[17] Jefferson told Peyton that Monroe's appointment of a third party "sorely and deeply wounded" him.[18] Even so, the two friends continued to correspond with their usual warmth. In October 1824, for example, Monroe told Jefferson:
It is my warmest desire to visit albermarle, & to pass a day, with you, and one with Mr Madison, before the commenc’ment of the Session. If I do, it must be soon, as I must be back, early in the next month, to prepare for that event.[19]
After several postponements, presidential responsibilities forced Monroe to cancel the projected visit. The following summer, Lafayette made a last visit to Charlottesville before departing for France. Monroe accompanied Lafayette to Monticello and found Jefferson in poor health. This proved to be the last time Monroe and Jefferson saw one another.[20]
Monroe left the presidency in 1825 intending to rectify his personal affairs. The deplorable state of his finances led him to commiserate with Jefferson in February of 1826 over their mutual difficulties.[21] After Jefferson's death, Monroe continued to direct the daily labor of the seventy-seven slaves on his Oak Hill estate. A fall from horseback in 1828 exacerbated his ill health, yet Monroe remained active intellectually. He worked from 1829 until his death on an autobiography, for instance, and refused to let attacks on his administration go unanswered. His continued infirmity combined with his wife's death in September of 1830 induced him to move from Oak Hill to New York to live with his daughter, Maria Hester, and her husband, Samuel Gouverneur. He died there on July 4, 1831.
- J. Boehm, 10/98
Further Sources
Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. Jefferson and Monroe: Constant Friendship and Respect. Charlottesville: Thomas Jefferson Foundation, 2003.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 44 |
https://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/James-Monroe-Final-years.html
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://www.presidentprofiles.com/bs/i/presidents-sm.png",
"https://a.advameg.com/matomo.php?idsite=42&rec=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
| null |
During Monroe's last two years as president the struggle over the succession degenerated into what could be called the Era of Bad Feelings. Although Monroe was not a candidate, he was subjected to criticism—often of a petty nature. Crawford, Clay, and Jackson all saw it to their advantage to oppose administration policies. Adams and Calhoun (who withdrew from the campaign early in 1824) remained loyal to Monroe and restrained their supporters. The Crawfordites were especially bitter, since they felt that Monroe owed a particular debt to Crawford for not opposing him in 1816. Monroe remained neutral but the impression prevailed that he preferred Adams.
It was a combination of congressional supporters of Jackson and Crawford who raised questions impugning the president's integrity in the management of the so-called Furniture Fund, money appropriated in 1817 and 1818 for the refurnishing of the White House. The investigation was handled in such a way as to leave a cloud of suspicion, although it was apparent that the only error had been inadequate bookkeeping by the agent Monroe engaged to manage the fund.
The Crawfordites managed to generate considerable embarrassment for the president over the discovery that Ninian Edwards, a Calhoun supporter, had been the author of the "A.B. Letter," which questioned Crawford's management of the Treasury. The subsequent investigation, controlled by Crawford's friends, left the basic issues unanswered but placed the administration in the position of prodding Edwards, just appointed the first minister to Mexico, to resign. A further unpleasantness, stirred up by the Georgia delegation, was aimed at Calhoun but involved an attack on Monroe for refusing to force the Cherokee to agree to land cessions stipulated in earlier treaties.
After the harassments of his last two years in office, it was with a sense of relief that Monroe relinquished the office to Adams in March 1825, happy to retire to Oak Hill and the life of a country gentleman, which he so much loved. He stayed aloof from the political squabbles of the day in spite of all efforts to involve him. He busied himself with the affairs of the University of Virginia, Jefferson's cherished educational project, attending the meetings of the Board of Visitors and serving as rector. Visits to Charlottesville were occasions of joyous reunions with Madison, the two being drawn together in an even closer bond after Jefferson's death in 1826. Monroe's last public service was as a member of the Virginia constitutional convention of 1829, also attended by Madison. Monroe was chosen president but was too feeble to preside, although he did speak on several occasions.
After Monroe's retirement his most pressing concern was to lift the heavy debt, now amounting to $75,000, which had been accumulating since his first mission to France. The depressed state of Virginia land values made it impossible for him to sell Highlands. His efforts to obtain recompense for expenses of his past diplomatic missions (his accounts had never been settled with the State Department) were frustrated by the opposition of Jacksonians and Crawfordites. Finally, in February 1831, as news of the former president's financial plight became generally known, Congress appropriated $30,000 in settlement of his claims. The Bank of the United States took over Highlands in lieu of a $25,000 debt.
The death of Monroe's wife early in 1830 prostrated him with grief; rarely had they ever been separated since their marriage. Monroe's health began to fail so rapidly that he moved to New York to live with his younger daughter, Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur. Oak Hill was put up for sale to pay the balance of his debts. Sadly he notified Madison in April 1831 that he would not be able to attend the meeting of the Board of Visitors. When Adams saw his predecessor at that time, he found Monroe extremely weak but nonetheless anxious to discuss the recent revolutions in Europe. On 4 July 1831—the fifth anniversary of the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson—Monroe died. The funeral, which took place in New York City, was attended by state and civic officials. Vast crowds lined the streets as the cortege made its way to the cemetery. Throughout the country his passing was observed by days of mourning, memorial services, and eulogies, the most moving of which was delivered in Boston by John Quincy Adams. In 1858, Governor Wise of Virginia planned to have Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe reburied in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, but only Monroe's remains were reinterred.
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 85 |
https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2016/01/12/james-monroe-at-the-battle-of-trenton/
|
en
|
James Monroe at the Battle of Trenton
|
[
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/cropped-img_8850.jpeg",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1leutze.jpg?w=640&h=410",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1trenton.jpg?w=640&h=504",
"https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1hessians.jpg?w=640&h=425",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/c006d58e16220671130835b2e4b6c1ac7a1beffe7761e8ddf19554200fc5b00c?s=60&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=50&d=https%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Flogo%2Fwpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2016-01-12T00:00:00
|
One of the iconic images of the Revolutionary War is Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's 1851 painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware. It is the night of December 25, 1776. The Continental Army is being transported across the Delaware River to attack a Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, some nine miles to the south. In the foreground,…
|
en
|
https://secure.gravatar.com/blavatar/eedc05230941a9e7bd32b889a9816a481b795155eb55bfa88a9a65e50e650e3b?s=32
|
Emerging Revolutionary War Era
|
https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2016/01/12/james-monroe-at-the-battle-of-trenton/
|
One of the iconic images of the Revolutionary War is Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s 1851 painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware. It is the night of December 25, 1776. The Continental Army is being transported across the Delaware River to attack a Hessian garrison at Trenton, New Jersey, some nine miles to the south. In the foreground, anonymous men (and possibly one woman) of varying nationalities and races row an overloaded boat across the river, pushing great slabs of ice out of the way. Two of the boat’s occupants are not anonymous: General George Washington, standing resolutely near the bow, and young Lieutenant James Monroe, holding the stars and stripes.
Leutze’s painting is glorious–and wrong in almost every detail. The river resembles the Rhine more than the Delaware; the boat is too small and of inaccurate design; there is too much light for what was a night crossing; Washington did not cross standing up; the stars and stripes had not yet been adopted by the Continental Congress; and James Monroe was not holding the flag, not in the boat, and not even present with the army.
He was already across the river, and he was busy.
Washington’s plan for a surprise attack on Trenton was a risky attempt to reverse the sagging fortunes of the Patriot cause. During the summer of 1776 British forces, including Hessian mercenaries, had driven the Continental Army from New York across New Jersey and into Buck’s County, Pennsylvania. Expired enlistments and outright desertion had thinned the American ranks, and many of those who remained were despondent. Washington gambled that a successful attack against an isolated British outpost would boost the army’s morale and stiffen the resolve of Congress and the people.
Three Hessian regiments, comprising about 1,400 men, were stationed at Trenton under the command of Colonel Johann Rall (also spelled Rahl). Washington planned to bring 2,400 Continental soldiers across the river overnight at McKonkey’s Ferry, march to Trenton, and attack before dawn. Two other elements of the army were part of the plan. A 1,900-man force under Colonel John Cadwalader would make a diversionary attack against British troops at Bordentown, New Jersey. General James Ewing would lead 700 men across the Delaware at Trenton Ferry, control the bridge over Assunpink Creek, and intercept any Hessian troops retreating from Trenton. Bad weather prevented both of these deployments, meaning that everything would depend on the main body’s effort. The army’s password for the evening was “Victory or Death.”
Washington’s plan included sending a small detachment of troops over the Delaware first to secure the army’s route of march. James Monroe was with this contingent. In his autobiography (written in the third person late in life and not completed before his death), Monroe described the mission:
The command of the vanguard, consisting of 50 men, was given to Captain William Washington, of the Third Virginia Regiment . . . Lieutenant Monroe promptly offered his services to act as a subaltern under him, which was promptly accepted. On the 25th of December, 1776, they passed the Delaware in front of the army, in the dusk of the evening, at [McKonkey’s] ferry, 10 miles above Trenton, and hastened to a point, about one and one-half miles from it, at which the road by which they descended intersected that which led from Trenton to Princeton, for the purpose, in obedience of orders, of cutting off all communication between them and from the country to Trenton.
Monroe noted that the night was “tempestuous,” and that snow was falling. While manning their post, the detachment was accosted by a local resident who thought the Continentals were British troops. Describing the incident many years later at a White House dinner during his presidency, Monroe recalled that the man, whose name was John Riker, was “determined in his manner and very profane.” Upon learning that the soldiers were Americans, he brought food from his house and said to Monroe, “I know something is to be done, and I am going with you. I am a doctor, and I may help some poor fellow.” Dr. Riker proved remarkably prescient.
The main army’s river crossing and march to Trenton took longer than planned, meaning that the attack would occur well after sunup. Outside the town Washington divided his force, sending a division commanded by Major General Nathaniel Greene to attack from the north while the other, led by Major General John Sullivan, attacked from the south. At 8:00 AM the assault began, and here we return to Monroe’s account from his autobiography:
Captain Washington then moved forward with the vanguard in front, attacked the enemy’s picket, shot down the commanding officer, and drove it before him. A general alarm then took place among the troops in town. The drums were beat to arms, and two cannon were placed in the main street to bear on the head of our column as it entered. Captain Washington rushed forward, attacked, and put the troops around the cannon to flight, and took possession of them. Moving on afterwards, he received a severe wound and was taken from the field. The command then devolved upon Lieutenant Monroe, who attacked in like manner at the head of the corps, and was shot down by a musket ball which passed through his breast and shoulder. He was also carried from the field.
Monroe was brought to the same room where William Washington lay, and their wounds were dressed by the army’s surgeon general and Dr. John Riker. Riker’s prediction of helping “some poor fellow” came true as he repaired a damaged artery in Monroe’s shoulder. What neither man realized at the time was that the intrepid physician had saved the life of a future president.
George Washington’s gamble in initiating the Battle of Trenton paid off. The victory was complete, and came at a surprisingly small cost in terms of American casualties. Two enlisted men froze to death during the nighttime march, and two were wounded in combat. The only losses among officers were the nonfatal wounds sustained by William Washington and James Monroe. Washington followed up his success at Trenton with another at Princeton on January 3, 1777, where the Continental Army proved that it could prevail over regular British troops.
The best commentary upon James Monroe’s performance at Trenton, and his Revolutionary War service generally, comes from no less an authority than George Washington. Writing to an acquaintance in 1779, Washington noted Monroe’s “zeal he discovered by entering the service at an early period, the character he supported in his regiment, and the manner in which he distinguished himself at Trenton, where he received a wound.” The general concluded that James Monroe had “in every instance maintained the reputation of a brave, active, and sensible officer.”
Scott H. Harris is the Executive Directors of the James Monroe Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Harris became director of the James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library in July 2011, following ten years as director of the New Market Battlefield State Historical Park (administered by Virginia Military Institute). From 1988 to 2001, Scott was the first curator of the Manassas Museum and later director of historic resources for the City of Manassas, Virginia. Prior to his work in Manassas, he was a consulting historian with the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in Richmond and an historical interpreter with the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. He has been a board member of the New Market Area Chamber of Commerce, Prince William County/Manassas Convention and Visitors Bureau, Shenandoah Valley Travel Association, and Virginia Civil War Trails, Inc. He is a past president of the Virginia Association of Museums and serves as a peer reviewer for the Museum Assessment and Accreditation programs of the American Association of Museums.
Scott received his BA with honors in History and Historic Preservation from the University of Mary Washington in 1983. In 1988, he received an MA in History and Museum Administration from the College of William and Mary. Scott is also a graduate of the Seminar for Historical Administration, the nation’s oldest advanced museum professional development program.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 26 |
http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/tag/james-monroe/
|
en
|
Oberlin Heritage Center Blog
|
http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LangstonLincoln1.jpg
|
[
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/OHC_LOGO_LARGE_edits.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/social-icons.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/bloggerIcon.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/pinterest.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/flickr.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/facebook.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/OHC_LOGO_LARGE_edits.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Monroe.jpeg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LangstonLincoln1.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/WarnerTransparency1.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/LincolnFuneralCleveland-cro.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/NettletonCowles.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Monroe.jpeg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/SheriffHarmonEBurr-resized.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/outofjail-resized.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/LeavittVallandigham.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/printerfriendly.gif",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/rss_logo.jpg",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/bloggerIcon.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/pinterest.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/flickr.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/facebook.png",
"http://www.oberlinheritagecenter.org/images/aam.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
by Ron Gorman, Oberlin Heritage Center volunteer docent, researcher and trustee
The recent Presidential election, in which Ohio continued its recent trend of flip-flopping between blue and red every 8 years, got me thinking about early Ohio history. It was even worse back then actually – with the flip-flops often happening every two years. In particular, I thought about the election of 1857, another biennial flip with accompanying flop, where the issues of the day were much more divisive than the issues we face today (as hard as that may be to believe!) The 1857 election would arguably turn out to be particularly significant to Oberlin, but it didn’t go Oberlin’s way at all. Nevertheless Oberlin would face the problem with characteristic steady and calm resolve, and ultimately Oberlin would prevail. (Note: This topic was originally covered in great detail in my Northern States’ Rights three-part series of blogs three years ago, but in light of recent events I thought it was worth revisiting from a new perspective with some additional information.)
The election of 1857 was a state election, not a national one. State elections were more significant then, as many Ohioans, including most Oberlinites, had given up on the federal government altogether and put their faith in the state to protect their rights. The federal government at that time seemed hopelessly wedded to the “slave power”, run by Democrats at a time when the Democratic party was unabashedly pro-slavery. The 1850s had seen an endless stream of intrusions by the Democratic “slaveocracy” on the liberties of the northern states and western territories, beginning with the notorious Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which denied accused fugitive slaves even the most basic legal rights and proscribed stiff penalties for anyone who assisted them, or even refused to assist in their capture. Even at the time of the 1857 election, Democratic President James Buchanan was doing everything in his power to force an oppressive pro-slavery state constitution and legislature on the overwhelmingly anti-slavery inhabitants of Kansas Territory.
But there was one ray of hope amidst all this angst for Ohio’s anti-slavery residents. In 1854, a new anti-slavery party called the Republicans had formed. And the statewide elections of 1855 saw an extraordinary flip where this brand new party took control of the governorship and both houses of the state General Assembly from the Democrats. Over the next two years, the Republican General Assembly passed four “personal liberty laws”, which partially counteracted the federal Fugitive Slave Law and restored some basic legal rights to Ohio’s black residents, hundreds of whom resided in Oberlin. The most radical of these laws, a “Habeas Corpus act”, was written by Oberlin’s own favorite son, Representative James Monroe, an Oberlin College Professor (see my Northern States’ Rights, Part 2 blog for details).
James Monroe (courtesy Oberlin College Archives)
All of this was in jeopardy, however, with the statewide election of October, 1857, as every state Representative and Senator was up for re-election. Without today’s sophisticated polling techniques (and yes, my eyes were rolling as I typed that), it’s hard to know exactly what the people of 1857 expected from the election, but clearly Oberlin hoped for another Republican victory and did its share by reelecting James Monroe to his seat. The rest of Ohio didn’t come through, however. There’s some indication of Republican complacency and low turnout, and some indication that the Democrats were particularly motivated to repeal the personal liberty laws, but whatever the case, the Democrats regained control of both houses of the General Assembly. (The Republican governor did manage to win reelection by a slim margin, but the governorship at that time was a relatively weak office, with no veto power.) [1]
If there was any adverse reaction in Oberlin to the election results, it’s not apparent from the historical record. Instead, James Monroe would return to his seat in Columbus and fight to keep Ohio Democrats from overturning the personal liberty laws, and Oberlin would quietly go about its usual business as if nothing had changed: assisting freedom seekers who appeared on its doorstep, and sending out abolitionist missionaries, teachers, preachers, journalists, lawyers, etc., to spread the anti-slavery message throughout Ohio and the northern states.
But elections have consequences, and the consequences of this one would be severe for Oberlin. Returning to his seat in Columbus in January, 1858, James Monroe, now a member of the minority party, knew he would face an uphill fight. The Democrats wasted no time in proving him right. Within days of their arrival at the capitol, they introduced a bill to repeal one of the Republican personal liberty laws, leaving no doubt that they intended to repeal the others as well and potentially turn Ohio’s citizens into “bloodhounds” for the “slaveocracy”. So Monroe addressed the Ohio House of Representatives and in his characteristic style issued the Democrats a stern warning:
When God created me, he set me erect upon two feet. I have never had any reason to doubt the wisdom of the arrangement. At least, I will never so far disown my own manhood, as to prostrate myself into a barking quadruped upon the bleeding footsteps of a human brother struggling to be free…
I believe you are pursuing a course well adapted to ruin your own party in the State, and restore the law-making power to the hands of the Republicans. When I came to the Legislature this Winter, I expected you to engage in a moderate share of Pro-slavery action; but this is an immoderate share of it… Even though, as a party, you should feel under the necessity of eating your peck of dirt, why should you – for that reason – volunteer to swallow a bushel? I have strong hope that you will not…
Some of the [news]papers in this part of the State, after the last election, complained, with good reason, that in some portions of the [Western] Reserve the Republicans did not turn out to the election. But gentlemen, if you will only pass this bill, and repeal the Habeas Corpus Act and the law to prevent slaveholding in the State of Ohio, and indorse Mr. Buchanan’s Kansas policy, there will be no complaint, two years hence, about the Republicans of the Reserve not turning out. The Yankees of Ashtabula, instead of staying at home to make cider on the second Tuesday of October, will leave the cider to work on its own account, and, thronging to the polls in a mass together with their fellow Republicans throughout the State, will, by triumphantly returning a majority to this General Assembly, rebuke this disposition to extend and fortify the slave power. [2]
Monroe’s mention of Ashtabula, a county in the staunchly abolitionist, far northeastern corner of the state, appears to have had some merit. “We are ashamed,” lamented an Ashtabula County correspondent the day after the election, “but we cannot help it. It rained hard nearly all day, and our lazy fellows could not be got out.” But the problem extended well beyond Ashtabula. [3]
Monroe also distributed a pamphlet urging the General Assembly not to repeal his own Habeas Corpus personal liberty law, describing a hypothetical situation that could play out without the protection that the personal liberty laws provided against the “unjust” and “hated” Fugitive Slave Law:
A law breathes its own spirit into all the proceedings under it. The deep hatred of the community, also, against an unjust law, often exhibiting itself in unmistakeable [sic] expressions of hostility, will sometimes justify, in the opinion of the officers of such a law, hasty and extraordinary proceedings. A United States marshal who should be sent to Greene County to seize a supposed fugitive, would be tempted, unless a man of uncommon courage, to enter the county in the night, seize the first colored man that he could find alone and unarmed, and leave before morning, without making any very extensive inquiry, as to whether he had taken the right man or not. [4]
The Democrats ignored Monroe’s warnings. They went ahead with their agenda and repealed three of the Republican personal liberty laws, leaving only the most conservative one standing. Not content with turning the clock back to 1854, they also took aim at an Ohio tradition that dated back sixteen years. “We are unalterably opposed to negro suffrage and equality, without reference to shade or proportion of African blood,” they proclaimed. Although Ohio’s state constitution had restricted voting rights to white men only from its very inception, the Ohio Supreme Court had ruled in 1842 that any mixed-race man who was “nearer white than black” was white enough to vote. Now in 1859, the Democratic General Assembly passed a law overturning that decision. [5]
As if that wasn’t enough, the federal government took the opportunity to pile on. Federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law had always been lax in the Western Reserve, and overt slavecatcher activity had been virtually non-existent in Oberlin for over a decade. Even in southern Ohio, President Buchanan had backed down from a confrontation with Ohio authorities over Monroe’s radical personal liberty law in 1857. But now that would all change. In the spring of 1858, while Ohio Democrats were earnestly repealing the Republican personal liberty laws, President Buchanan felt emboldened enough to appoint an aggressive new federal marshal named Matthew Johnson to the Northern District of Ohio. Johnson intended to go after fugitives from slavery not just in the Western Reserve, but specifically in Oberlin. To that end, he appointed a disgruntled Oberlin insider named Anson Dayton as his deputy. The election of 1857 was about to come home to Oberlin. [6]
Oberlin would stand firm, however. Dayton’s direct attempts to capture freedom seekers within the borders of Oberlin village in the summer of 1858 met with stiff resistance from Oberlin’s black community. By the end of summer he had grown more cautious, helping only to identify an alleged Oberlin fugitive named John Price to a visiting pair of Kentucky slavecatchers. It would be another U.S. marshal from Columbus who would join the Kentuckians in a duplicitous scheme to lure Price out of Oberlin, ambush him, and put him on a southbound train in nearby Wellington – actions eerily reminiscent of the hypothetical situation James Monroe had described just six months earlier. In an event that gained national notoriety as the “Oberlin-Wellington Rescue”, scores of Oberlinites rushed to Price’s assistance in Wellington. Although they succeeded in rescuing Price from his captors and escorting him safely to Canada, Oberlin and Wellington now found themselves in the crosshairs of an irate Buchanan Administration. A federal grand jury convened in Cleveland and indicted 37 men for violating the Fugitive Slave Law. [7]
The Buchanan Administration could scarcely have made a more damaging move to their own cause, however. Oberlin, whose purpose from its inception as a colony was to “exert a mighty influence” on American spirituality, seized upon this event as an opportunity to exert a mighty influence on American public opinion regarding the “slave power” as well. After holding a defiantly jolly “Felon’s Feast”, the indicted men cheerfully turned themselves in to federal authorities, and as their trials dragged into April, 1859, they literally dared the federal government to jail them pending the verdicts, which the federal government compliantly did. [8]
It was a public relations bonanza. In Painesville, just a stone’s throw from Ashtabula County, a meeting of citizens “large in numbers, and earnest in spirit” responded two weeks later by passing the following resolutions:
Resolved, That the act of the Federal Court in causing the arrest and imprisonment of our fellow citizens of Lorain county, for no crime, but for the performance of a duty clearly required by Religion and Humanity, is an outrage…
Resolved, That the events now transpiring in Ohio, remind us of the duty of strenuous efforts for the return of a Legislature at our next election that will enact a Personal Liberty bill, providing for the political disfranchisement and outlawry of any citizen who shall in any way attempt the enforcement upon the free soil of Ohio of the hated Fugitive Law. [9]
The next month, thousands of Ohioans flocked to Cleveland, just blocks from where the Rescuers were being held in jail, to rally in support of the Rescuers and condemn the actions of the federal government. Republican Governor Salmon Chase addressed the angry crowd and reminded them: “The great remedy is in the people themselves, at the ballot box. Elect men with backbone who will stand up for [your] rights, no matter what forces are arrayed against [you].” [10]
Five months later, In the statewide election of October, 1859, Ohioans would do just that, fulfilling James Monroe’s prophesy of the year before. Not only the “Yankees of Ashtabula”, but “Republicans throughout the State”, left “the cider to work on its own account” and headed to the polls, “triumphantly returning a majority to this General Assembly.”
The Republicans returned with renewed energy and enthusiasm, but also tempered by their previous defeat. They would pass only one new personal liberty law* to join the lone personal liberty law that the Democrats were previously unable to repeal. (That unrepealed law, by the way, was instrumental in getting the charges dropped against the Oberlin-Wellington Rescuers.) The more radical personal liberty laws, like Monroe’s, the Republicans would leave on the shelf. But Ohio Republicans would also “demand the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.” The General Assembly did its part in accommodating that wish, electing Republican Salmon Chase, the country’s most vocal opponent of the Fugitive Slave Law, to the United States Senate (as U.S. Senators at that time were elected by state legislatures, not by popular vote). The Republican Ohio Supreme Court also pitched in, striking down the Democratic law of early 1859 that had denied the vote to any “persons having a mixture of African blood.” [11]
Republican enthusiasm flourished right on into the 1860 Presidential election, when Ohio elected by a wide margin the first ever Republican President, Abraham Lincoln. And the rest, as they say, is history.
But history repeats itself, as another saying goes, over and over again. Great progress is never linear, but a series of forward steps interrupted occasionally by the inevitable and often disheartening backstep. History teaches us that antebellum Ohio’s progress was no more linear than today’s – in fact far less so. But history also teaches us that progress can resume after a backslide, if its advocates use the opportunity to regroup and re-energize, to constructively “exert a mighty influence” on public opinion, to listen to the grievances of their opponents, and to accommodate those grievances that are reasonable while standing firm and courageous against those grievances that are not.
In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “We may stumble and fall, but shall rise again; it should be enough if we did not run away from the battle.” [12]
* Historians have traditionally taken the stance that this General Assembly passed no new personal liberty laws – a claim that I myself repeated in my Part 3 blog. Since then I have discovered that the Republicans discreetly passed what amounted to a low-key personal liberty law in 1860. [13] This law would have an impact on the infamous Lucy Bagby case of 1861, and will be discussed in detail in a future blog.
SOURCES CONSULTED:
Ron Gorman, Kidnapped into Slavery: Northern States’ Rights, Part 1
Ron Gorman, Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law: Northern States’ Rights, Part 2
Ron Gorman, “Odious Business” in Oberlin: Northern States’ Rights, Part 3
James Monroe, “Speech of Mr. Monroe of Lorain, In the House of Representatives, Jan 12, 1858”, Oberlin College Archives, RG30/22, Series 5, Subseries 3, Box 27
James Monroe, Speech of Mr. Monroe of Lorain, upon the bill to repeal the Habeas Corpus Act of 1856
“The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue 1858“, Oberlin Heritage Center
Jacob Rudd Shipherd, Oberlin Wellington Rescue
Steven Lubet, The “Colored Hero” of Harper’s Ferry
Stephen Middleton, The Black Laws: Race and the Legal Process in Early Ohio
“Public Voice of the People. Public Meeting at Painesville”, Cleveland Daily Leader, Apr 28, 1859, p. 2
“Benighted Ashtabula”, Ohio State Journal, Oct. 16, 1857, p. 2
The Ohio Platforms of the Republican and Democratic Parties, from 1855 to 1881 Inclusive
Joseph Patterson Smith, History of the Republican Party in Ohio, Volume 1
“Alfred J. Anderson v. Thomas Milliken and Others”, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Ohio, Volume 9
Acts of the State of Ohio, Volume 57
James H. Fairchild, Oberlin: The Colony and the College, 1833-1883
Gaye Williams Ortiz and Clara A. B. Joseph, Theology and Literature: Rethinking Reader Responsibility
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Gorman, Part 3
[2] Monroe, “Speech…Jan 12, 1858”, pp.4, 7-8
[3] “Benighted Ashtabula”
[4] Monroe, Speech…Habeas Corpus Act of 1856, p. 5
[5] Ohio Platforms, p. 9; Middleton, pp. 130-131
[6] Lubet, pp. 58, 65, 77; Gorman, Part 3; Gorman, Part 2
[7] Gorman, Part 3; The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue 1858
[8] Fairchild, p. 19 (quoting John J. Shipherd)
[9] “Public Voice”
[10] Shipherd, p. 255
[11] Gorman, Part 3; Smith, p. 91; “Alfred J. Anderson”, p. 458
[12] Ortiz, p. 126
[13] Acts…Volume 57, pp. 108-109
by Ron Gorman, Oberlin Heritage Center volunteer docent and researcher
[Warning – the following text contains some racist language in its original, historic context]
In the evening mist of April 11, 1865, Oberlin’s African American political leader, John Mercer Langston, stood among a crowd on the White House lawn and listened to the words of President Abraham Lincoln as he delivered, by candlelight from a second story window, a “grave and thrilling” speech. In it, Lincoln outlined his general philosophy for Reconstruction of the Union after four years of bloody civil war – a policy made imminent by the surrender two days earlier of Robert E. Lee’s Confederate army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Acknowledging that his Reconstruction plan was a work in progress, Lincoln nevertheless defended it against critics who saw it as too lenient and conservative. “It is also unsatisfactory to some that the elective franchise is not given to the colored man,” the President confessed. “I would myself prefer that it were now conferred on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers. . .The colored man, too, in seeing all united for him, is inspired with vigilance, and energy, and daring, to the same end. Grant that he desires the elective franchise, will he not attain it sooner by saving the already advanced steps toward it, than by running backward over them?” It might not have been everything that Langston, an elected public official himself, hoped for. But in contrast to what any American President had ever said before, Lincoln’s words struck him as spoken “like a prophet, reminding one of the ancient Samuel as he called the people to witness his integrity.” Not far from where Langston stood, however, another listener had a very different reaction to Lincoln’s words. “That means nigger citizenship,” he hissed to his companions. And he added a vow: “That is the last speech he will ever give.” His name was John Wilkes Booth and, sadly, he was right about that. [1]
Meanwhile, back in Oberlin, the air was electric with the flush of victory and the promise of peace. A new term had just begun at Oberlin College, but students were finding it difficult to concentrate on their studies amid all the excitement of the recent news. First the Confederate capitol of Richmond, Virginia had fallen on April 2nd, then Lee’s army surrendered on April 9th. The long, bloody rebellion, like the Confederacy itself, was in its death throes. Oberlin College student Lucien Warner described the atmosphere:
“In the spring I returned to Oberlin to complete the last six months of my college course. We had hardly commenced our term when Petersburg and then Richmond fell, and the terrible four years’ war was ended. Victory rang through the nation, and people everywhere celebrated it in the most extravagant ways they could invent. Everything that could make a noise was called into commission, from horns and tin pans to old anvils. Such rejoicing comes to a nation but once in many generations. The whole land took on new light and hope, and we felt that we really were again one nation.” [2]
Ohio Governor John Brough proclaimed an official day of Thanksgiving to be observed on Good Friday, April 14th – the four year anniversary of the fall of Fort Sumter which had signaled the start of the Civil War. Oberlin went enthusiastically about the business of preparing for the celebration. When the appointed day arrived, there was something for everybody, as described by the Lorain County News:
“The day was opened by the firing of a salute at 6 A.M. At half past ten the people gathered at the First Church to join in religious exercises and listen to addresses. Prof. [James H.] Fairchild, Prof. Morgan, and Principal [E. Henry] Fairchild each delivered brief, appropriate, and eloquent addresses, and at the close of the meeting a liberal collection was taken up for the Christian Commission. In the afternoon a prayer meeting was held in the First Church, and exercises were also held in the Second Church. The rejoicings were opened in the evening by the firing of a salute and the ringing of the bells. A general illumination of the College buildings, stores and private dwellings soon followed, and a procession representing beautiful designs, mottoes, transparencies of almost every description, moved through the principal streets, preceded by martial music, and brought up on Tappan Square, where patriotic speeches by citizens and students were listened to, fire-works and balloon ascensions were witnessed, and a huge bon-fire brilliantly lit up the entire square. Not an accident or disorderly act occurred to mar the spirit of the occasion, and although every one seemed to celebrate and rejoice with a hearty good will, there was observable a mingling of serious earnestness, and quiet joy, which is rarely seen on such occasions.” [3]
Lucien Warner described the festivities in a letter home to his mother:
“Last Friday was appointed by the Governor of this State for public Thanksgiving. All businesses were suspended and every one rejoiced as best he was able. In Cleveland every one rejoiced by getting drunk, but we remained sober and rejoiced. In the evening almost every house, tree and door-yard was illuminated, and flags, banners and transparencies were without number. There were about ten thousand candles burning all at once in the illumination.” [4]
Oberlin went to bed that night and slept in a state of blissful peace.
But while Oberlinites slept, the telegraph did not:
Washington – April 15, 12:30 A.M. The President was shot at a theatre to-night and is perhaps mortally wounded.
——————————————————————–
Washington – April 15, 3:00 A.M. The President is not expected to live through the night. He was shot at a theatre. Secretary Seward was also assassinated. There were no arteries cut. Particulars soon.
——————————————————————–
WAR DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, April 15
To Maj Gen Dix;
Abraham Lincoln died this morning at twenty-two minutes after seven o’clock.
EDWIN M. STANTON, Sec’y of War [5]
——————————————————————–
There was no daily newspaper published in Oberlin at that time, so the awful tidings traveled by word of mouth the following morning. The sudden shock of the tragic news, in contrast to the jubilation of the night before, was still vividly recalled by Reverend Roselle T. Cross, then an Oberlin College student, 28 years later:
“Who that was present can forget the rejoicing of April 14th? Who can forget the illuminations of that night, or the great bonfire in Tappan Square, around which four thousand people were gathered. And who can forget the awful shock of the next morning when news came of Lincoln’s assassination; all day it rained; recitations were suspended. All day we walked the streets aimlessly, scarcely recognizing our friends when we met them. All day long the college bell tolled.” [6]
The Lorain County News described the mood in its next issue, published the following Wednesday:
“But who will attempt to describe our feelings on the reception of the crushing news early on the following day? At first it seemed incredible. The sudden transition from overflowing joy, and praise and gratitude to God, to the overwhelming grief which the terrible tidings brought upon us, was too much for the great heart of the people to bear, and all sank beneath it like a crushed reed. The stars and stripes were lowered half-mast, the chapel bell tolled solemnly and mournfully throughout the long, weary day, recitations were suspended in the Institution, crowds hurried to the [train] depot, to get a sight of the morning paper, business was nearly suspended, the land was overshadowed with dark and weeping clouds, and all nature seemed to mourn.” [7]
Lucien Warner, who had seen President Lincoln in person the year before while serving a 100 day enlistment in the Union army defenses of Washington, D.C., learned the news at the end of his morning recitation:
“The next morning at nine o’clock we received the sad intelligence of the assassination of President Lincoln. It was as though a clap of thunder had stunned every person. The news was brought to our class at the close of a recitation. For nearly five minutes we sat motionless, forgetting that the class had been dismissed. I have loved other public men, but the death of no one could have affected me like that of President Lincoln. Ever since I looked upon his honest, genial countenance I have loved him like an intimate friend; and so I suppose did every loyal man. I think there were but few in this town but that shed tears on that day. Further study was out of the question.” [8]
Throughout the day, as the chapel bell tolled and the students “put on crepe”, details trickled in about the assassinations. The President had been shot in the back of the head by an actor named John Wilkes Booth. Secretary of State William Seward had been the victim of a savage knife attack at approximately the same time by another assassin – one of Booth’s companions at Lincoln’s final speech, it would turn out. Later that Saturday morning the telegraph brought news that Secretary Seward had also died. It wouldn’t be until Monday that it was learned that Seward had survived, to the relief of “the overburdened public mind”. [9]
The assassinations would be the main topic of two sermons delivered the next day, Easter Sunday, by Reverend Charles G. Finney at First Church. Finney was one of those who believed that “Mr. Lincoln was a man so intensely kind & accommodating that many of us felt that he might be induced to leave the power of the great slave holders unbroken, by too lenient an exercise of the pardoning power.” And now he told his congregation: “We must show the world that rebellion is a fearful, terrible thing. The President was an amiable man, tender, kind-hearted, but perhaps he stood in God’s way of dealing with the Rebels just as they ought to be dealt with for the good of the nation, and for the good of humanity.” [10]
John Mercer Langston was still in Washington, D.C. when John Wilkes Booth made good his vow – three nights after Lincoln delivered that fateful speech. Langston had gone there before the surrender of Robert E. Lee with a bold proposal (for that era) – requesting a colonel’s commission and the command of a combat regiment of United States Colored Troops (USCT). Just months earlier, Sergeant Milton Holland, one of several men Langston had recruited into the 5th USCT infantry regiment, had been denied a promotion to captain because the War Department was reluctant to appoint African Americans as combat officers. (See my Battle of New Market Heights blog.) But with the hearty endorsement of Ohio abolitionist General James A. Garfield (who himself would be assassinated as President sixteen years later), Langston received an encouraging reception from Secretary of War Stanton, and Langston and Garfield left the interview “with the belief firmly settled in their minds” that Langston’s proposal “would receive the sanction and approval of the authorities.” With the surrender of Lee, however, the army immediately began to scale down, and Langston noted that “the department very properly concluded not to adopt the measure”. On the heels of this came what Langston called “the horror of horrors” – “the assassination of the immortal Abraham Lincoln.” While it was no secret among abolitionists that Lincoln himself shared some of the racial prejudices of his day, Langston saw him as “a statesman without an equal; a leader, as grand in the immense proportions of his individuality as Moses himself; an emancipator of a race.” [11]
Another Oberlin political leader, James Monroe, didn’t learn of the assassinations until more than a month after the fact, having been appointed by Lincoln as U.S. consul to Rio de Janeiro. When the news finally reached Brazil of the “monstrous crimes”, Monroe declared: “Our strong men wept, and every one felt that he had experienced a great personal calamity.” Back in 1861, Monroe had had the honor of accompanying President-elect Lincoln on part of his railroad journey from his hometown of Springfield, Illinois to his inauguration in Washington, D.C. But by the time Monroe learned of Lincoln’s death, the Lincoln funeral train had already retraced the inaugural route back to Springfield, including a stop in Cleveland where thousands of mourners paid their final respects. Among those mourners were some from Oberlin, including Oberlin College student John G. Fraser, who recorded in his diary: [12]
“The crowd was the largest I ever saw and by far the most quiet and orderly. The very skies seemed to be weeping for the good man’s fall. I looked upon his face three times. It has a quiet, peaceful look upon it, as though he were at peace with his God, himself and all the world. How could an assassin have the heart to kill such a man?”
Lincoln funeral reception – Cleveland
Some in that mournful throng may have recalled back to the inaugural train journey of four years earlier and a brief, impromptu, perhaps prophetic speech President-elect Lincoln delivered in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where the Declaration of Independence was signed and the nation was born. But when Lincoln spoke there in 1861 the nation’s survival seemed uncertain, with several slaveholding states having declared themselves seceded from the Union because, as their own newly elected President, Jefferson Davis, explained it, “the sacred Declaration of Independence has been invoked to maintain the position of the equality of the races.” [13] Speaking on Washington’s birthday, with the prospect of civil war looming and rumors of assassination plots abounding, President-elect Lincoln re-affirmed his commitment to that “sacred Declaration”: [14]
“I have never had a feeling politically that did not spring from the sentiments embodied in the Declaration of Independence… which gave liberty, not alone to the people of this country, but, I hope, to the world, for all future time. It was that which gave promise that in due time the weight would be lifted from the shoulders of all men. This is a sentiment embodied in the Declaration of Independence. Now, my friends, can this country be saved upon that basis? If it can, I will consider myself one of the happiest men in the world, if I can help to save it. If it cannot be saved upon that principle, it will be truly awful. But if this country cannot be saved without giving up that principle, I was about to say I would rather be assassinated on this spot than surrender it…
My friends, this is wholly an unexpected speech… I may, therefore, have said something indiscreet. I have said nothing but what I am willing to live by and, if it be the pleasure of Almighty God, die by.” – Abraham Lincoln, February 22, 1861
SOURCES CONSULTED:
“Oberlin Local: The Thanksgiving and Celebration”, Lorain County News, April 19, 1865, p. 2
John Mercer Langston, From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol
David Herbert Donald, Lincoln
Lucien Calvin Warner, Personal Memoirs of Lucien Calvin Warner
Robert Samuel Fletcher, A History of Oberlin College From its Foundation through the Civil War, volume 2
“Last Public Address”, Abraham Lincoln Online
“Assassination of President Lincoln and Secretary Seward”, Lorain County News, April 19, 1865, p. 2
Rev R. T. Cross, “The Fourth Decade”, The Oberlin Jubilee 1833-1883
Charles G. Finney to James Barlow, June 22, 1865, The Gospel Truth
“Address in Independence Hall”, Abraham Lincoln Online
“Jefferson Davis’ Farewell Address”, The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol, January 21, 1861
“The Great Sorrow”, Lorain County News, April 19, 1865, p. 2
James Monroe, Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses, and Essays
“Building Erected for the Reception of the Body of the President at Cleveland”, Library of Congress
“Lincoln Parade Transparency, 1860”, Smithsonian: The National Museum of American History
Catherine M. Rokicky, James Monroe: Oberlin’s Christian Statesman and Reformer, 1821-1898
William Cheek and Aimee Lee Cheek, John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom: 1829-1865
Jacob Henry Studer, Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources and Progress
James H. Fairchild, Oberlin: The Colony and the College, 1833-1883
General Catalogue of Oberlin College: 1833- 1908
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Langston, pp. 220-221; “Last Public“; Donald, pp. 581-588
[2] Warner, p. 45
[3] “Oberlin Local”
[4] Warner, p. 45
[5] “Assassination”
[6] Cross, p. 220
[7] “Oberlin Local”
[8] Warner, pp. 45-46
[9] Fletcher, p. 883; “The Great Sorrow”
[10] Charles G. Finney; Fletcher, p. 883
[11] Langston, pp. 219-223
[12] Monroe, pp. 206-207; Rokicky, pp. 65-66; Fletcher, pp. 883-884
[13] “Jefferson Davis’ Farewell Address”
[14] “Address in Independence Hall”
by Ron Gorman, Oberlin Heritage Center volunteer docent
It was February 4, 1861, and the United States of America was coming unglued. On this date Oberlin residents gathered together to pray and discuss their response. Three months earlier the country, Oberlin included, had elected a Republican President for the first time in its history. He was Abraham Lincoln, and he ran on a platform that opposed the expansion of slavery into the national territories (the majority of land west of the Mississippi River). But just six weeks after that, South Carolina seceded from the Union, stating as a reason that the Northern states had elected a “President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.” This was followed by Mississippi on January 9, 1861, then Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas within the next four weeks. Altogether there were 15 slaveholding states. If they all followed the lead of the Deep South states, it would likely be the end of the American Union. What to do about it was a question that vexed the nation, Ohio, and Oberlin. [1]
The delegates to Georgia’s secession convention had proposed a potential solution. On January 18, they enumerated a list of “satisfactory guarantees” that might keep them “permanently in this Union.” Among the guarantees they sought were “that Congress shall have no power to abolish or prohibit slavery in the territories.” They also insisted that “each State shall be bound to surrender fugitive slaves,” and that all states should “purge their statute books” of personal liberty laws, which were laws that had been passed by many of the Northern states to circumvent the federal Fugitive Slave Law (see my Kidnapped into Slavery blog for details). [2]
Variations of these demands were considered by numerous committees and conventions, called together to attempt to coax the seceded states back into the Union, or at least discourage more slaveholding states from joining them. But in their February 4th meeting, Oberlin residents, led by Mayor Samuel Hendry and Reverend Miner Fairfield (soon to be pastor of Oberlin’s Second Congregational Church), made it clear exactly how they felt about concessions: “we solemnly protest against any concessions to slavery, or to the demands made by the abettors in any form whatever, and especially against making such concessions at the behest of traitors in arms against the Union.” [3]
This protest was printed in both of Oberlin’s newspapers, the Oberlin Evangelist, and the Lorain County News (both published by publishers V. A. Shankland and J. F. Harmon). The Lorain County News, edited by Oberlin College student Alvred Nettleton, gave its full-fledged support to the residents’ protest, calling it “the expression of God fearing men who are imbued with an unflinching devotion to the principles of freedom.” The Oberlin Evangelist, edited by former Oberlin College professor Henry Cowles, said “there ought to be at least ten thousand such meetings held in the free North.” [4]
The Oberlin Evangelist also editorialized its own sentiments: “Concession, not compromise, is really the word now… We oppose it utterly. To make one new concession now to the demands of the Slave Power, be it ever so small, would practically break down the Federal Government.” [5] And they made it clear that their anti-concession stance extended to the Fugitive Slave Law and the personal liberty laws as well:
“It has been often intimated that the personal liberty laws of several of the Free States are the special grievance… But they cannot be repealed. They exist as the demand of our times. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 puts the personal liberties of free men in peril in every Free State. While that act remains in force, no Free State ought to repeal the personal liberty laws. That act provides facilities for kidnapping free men, and utterly fails to provide due safeguards for determining the great question of personal freedom.” [6]
The Lorain County News agreed: “The Fugitive Slave Act is an outrage upon rights, an arrogant imposition on enlightened consciences and a burden which is intolerable to all high minded men and women.” [7]
James Monroe(courtesy Oberlin College Archives)
So it would sound as if Oberlin was united against any compromises or concessions, right? Well, not exactly. There was at least one conciliatory voice, and ironically it came from Oberlin’s leading politician, Ohio state Senator James Monroe, a Republican abolitionist. On January 12, 1861, Monroe addressed the Ohio Senate and said:
“Civil war even now threatens us. Fortifications that were all erected by the same fraternal hands and whose thunders should never be awakened except against a common and a foreign foe, now stand frowning defiance at each other in Charleston harbor [South Carolina – Fort Sumter]… Let us then act at once, and act unitedly… let us send along the wires throughout the whole Country the firm but friendly words of these Resolutions.”
The resolutions to which he referred were a series of resolutions that he had co-authored, designed to “send words of encouragement and cheer to citizens of Slave States who are struggling to hold back States from the vortex of secession.” The “friendly” resolutions would “disclaim all right or intention to abolish slavery in the States where it exists” and “commend the course of President Buchanan in all that he has done to resist the spirit of disunion.” (For an Oberlin Republican to commend the staunchly pro-slavery Democratic President James Buchanan was quite a departure in itself!)
But another resolution was even more dramatic, although it might not appear so at first sight. Monroe proclaimed that “the Constitution and all laws made in pursuance thereof, must be carried out in all States and Territories.” As vague and innocuous as this may sound to us today, and perhaps to some of his constituents back then, it had a very specific meaning to the slaveholding states. The U.S. Constitution included a clause that required fugitive slaves to be returned to their owners, and the federal Fugitive Slave Law was one of those “laws made in pursuance thereof.” Thus this resolution was meant to convey to the slaveholding states Ohio’s support for enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law. [8]
And Monroe took it even further. He also called “for the repeal in all States of all unconstitutional enactments.” To the slaveholding states, this meant repeal of the personal liberty laws, which they considered to violate the constitutional obligation to return fugitive slaves. This was quite a stunning reversal for the man who had just five years earlier drafted and defended Ohio’s most radical personal liberty law, which had been repealed by the Democratic-controlled Ohio General Assembly after being challenged by a United States District Judge. (See my Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law blog for details.) Monroe’s about-face had to come as quite a shock to U.S. Representative Joshua Giddings from Ashtabula County, who had entreated Monroe: “If you do anything I hope and trust you will assert our rights and call on other states to do the same instead of advising them to repeal their [Personal] Liberty bills. This is no time for cowardice.” [9]
So what was up with Monroe, anyway? Was it really “cowardice”? Perhaps not. For one thing, Monroe was only one of several co-authors of these bipartisan resolutions, and he admitted that “the Resolutions are not in all respects what I would personally have preferred.” For another thing, we’ve only looked at the “friendly” resolutions so far, but as Monroe stated, there were “firm” resolutions as well. One such resolution “denounce[d] secession as impossible under our form of government”, and another one “pledge[d] the entire power and resources of Ohio to aid the Federal Government by whomsoever administered in preserving the Union in its integrity.”
Perhaps most important though is what the resolutions didn’t say. Some legislators wanted to add wording to support the “Border State Propositions”, which were a series of proposed Constitutional amendments guaranteeing support for the institution of slavery – most notably allowing its expansion into the national territories. This was a proposition that was vehemently rejected by President-elect Lincoln, who had won election on a non-expansion platform. Monroe postulated that the Ohio “Senate can never unite upon these propositions.” Per Monroe’s request, the Border State Propositions were excluded, and the resolutions Monroe advocated were passed almost unanimously by the Ohio General Assembly. [10]
So Monroe appeared willing to make concessions on the Fugitive Slave Law and the personal liberty laws, but like the Oberlin residents and newspapers, he was unwilling to concede on allowing slavery to expand into the territories. And Monroe also appeared to be taking a firm stance against secession. How did the Oberlin newspapers feel about that issue? Let’s start with the Oberlin Evangelist:
“As to the more remote future, we expect a Southern Confederacy. We do not expect concession enough from the free States to satisfy the demands of the slave States… They have in imagination a glorious ideal of the blessings of independence. They must try it in the reality…
They will have opportunity to learn how much it costs to carry on and out the system of forced labor with no help from the free States in footing their bills. This will be a new experience – we hope, instructive.” [11]
They were advocating, in the words of Horace Greeley, to “let the erring sisters go in peace”, rather than the use of force (“coercion”) to keep them in the Union. (Hey, maybe Oberlin wasn’t “the town that started the Civil War” after all!) The Lorain County News struck a similar chord:
“But as our wrath cools, we are beginning to doubt whether coercive measures are, after all, the best methods to employ against the traitors. We question whether the country would ever be compensated for the mutual hate, the pecuniary expenses and the rivers of blood which coercion would be likely to cost. We begin to see, too, that the worst punishment which could possibly be inflicted on the rampant treason would be a good letting alone, and that if the southern forts and arsenals should be given up to the traitors and their political existence should be distinctly recognized, they would soon plunge into a ruin which would be a standing warning against the danger of basing a State on injustice and cruelty.” [12]
This in fact was the anti-coercion policy of President Buchanan (who they ironically called an “imbecile” in the same article). But even President Buchanan acknowledged that secession was unconstitutional and that it would render the nation a “rope of sand, to be penetrated and dissolved by the first adverse wave of public opinion in any of the States.” [13] And of course Monroe had taken it even further when he declared that secession was “impossible under our form of government”. To this sentiment, the Oberlin Evangelist replied:
“But it is said, if secession is to be allowed, then our government is a failure. It has no power for self-preservation. It is true that our government has its limitations – it can do some things, and others it cannot do. It was designed for a free, self-governing people, intelligent in regard to their real interests and ready to accord to others what they ask for themselves. It cannot hold, by the hand of power, States or provinces of unwilling subjects. If a State refuses to be governed, our government cannot help it, and was never intended to do so. It is not adapted to a people where the barbarism of slavery exists and extends itself. Its power cannot work and control such a people, for its power must be exerted through the people themselves. Coercion might succeed, if a single insignificant State, like South Carolina, were affected with the mania of secession, with a division of sentiment within itself; but when vast sections of the Union move with a common impulse, however unjustifiable or unconstitutional the movement, we must let them go, and adjust ourselves to the new condition as we can…
Our first great danger is in compromise – our next in coercion.” [14]
Clearly there was a divide between Monroe and at least a sizable portion of his Oberlin constituency. The James Monroe of 1858 would have been more in sync with them, at least on the issue of the Fugitive Slave Law and the personal liberty laws. But Monroe, who would become the namesake of Oberlin’s “Monroe Rifles” in the ensuing civil war, had changed his tune by 1861. In fact, he was now echoing the more conservative policies of President-elect Lincoln, who he actively campaigned for in the general election and would tour the state with in the following month. If secession was to be resisted, it was wise to make some concessions and compromises to achieve as much unity as possible for prosecuting the civil war that might result. If, on the other hand, you were willing to “let the erring sisters go in peace”, as were the Oberlin newspapers (and perhaps the general Oberlin populace), no compromises or concessions were necessary.
It bears repeating, however, that all of these players were rock solid in their commitment to prevent the expansion of slavery into the national territories, which Lincoln believed would put slavery on “the course of ultimate extinction”. And on April 12, 1861, when the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter, these men were all united behind the United States soldiers who would fight to put down the rebellion. (See our “Lorain on Fire!! War Spirit at Oberlin!!!” blog for details on how these leading Oberlinites reacted.)
Five years later, when the dust, smoke and fog of civil war finally cleared, it would appear that the Oberlin Evangelist had been prophetic as to the end result, even though they didn’t envision the means by which it would be achieved: “It is so plain that even wayfaring men can see it – that God is preparing to use secession as a battering ram upon the entire system of American Slavery.” – The Oberlin Evangelist, January 2, 1861 [15]
(If you would like to hear more about the controversy over the Fugitive Slave Law and Monroe’s personal liberty law, especially as it related to Oberlin, please join me and the Oberlin Heritage Center at the Heiser Auditorium at Kendal at Oberlin, at 7:15 PM, Tuesday, June 3rd, for a presentation commemorating the 150th anniversary of the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law.)
SOURCES CONSULTED:
“Remarks of Mr. Monroe”, The Lorain County News, Vol 1, No. 48, page 1, January 30, 1861
“Prayer and Protest”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Feb 13, 1861, p. 31
“Protest”, The Lorain County News, February 6, 1861
“Are We Disunionists?”, The Lorain County News, February 6, 1861
“The Great Crisis. Secession”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Jan 2, 1861, p. 5
“Coercion”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Jan 30, 1861, pp. 22-23
“The Future of these once United States, and the Duty of the Hour”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Jan 30, 1861, p. 22
“Compromise and Concession”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Feb 13, 1861, p. 28
“What is the Federal Union Worth?”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Jan 2, 1861, p. 7
Catherine M. Rokicky, James Monroe: Oberlin’s Christian Statesman & Reformer, 1821-1898
“Journal of the Public and Secret Proceedings of the Convention of the People of Georgia, Held in Milledgeville and Savannah in 1861, Together with the Ordinances Adopted”
“Declaration of Causes of Seceding States“, The American Civil War Homepage
Roy Franklin Nichols, The Disruption Of American Democracy
President James Buchanan, “Fourth Annual Message” (December 3, 1860)
“The Border State Convention”, The Lorain County News, February 6, 1861
“Shall the Impending War be a Good or an Unmitigated Evil?”, The Oberlin Evangelist, Apr 24, 1861, p. 70
George Frederick Wright, A Standard History of Lorain County, Ohio
Robert Samuel Fletcher, A History of Oberlin College
“Republican Party Platform of 1860“, The American Presidency Project
FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Declaration”
[2] “Journal”
[3] “Prayer”
[4] “Protest”; “Prayer”
[5] “Compromise”
[6] “The Great Crisis”
[7] “Are We Disunionists?”
[8] “Remarks”
[9] “Remarks”; Rokicky, p. 63
[10] “Remarks”; Nichols, p. 456; Rokicky, p. 64
[11] “The Future”
[12] “Are We Disunionists?”
[13] Buchanan
[14] “Coercion”
[15] “What is the Federal Union Worth”
by Ron Gorman, Oberlin Heritage Center volunteer docent
“An act to prevent slaveholding and kidnapping in Ohio” – REPEALED!
“An act to prohibit the confinement of fugitives from slavery in the jails of Ohio” – REPEALED!
Monroe’s 1856 Habeas Corpus Act – REPEALED!
In early 1858 the newly elected Democratic Ohio General Assembly wasted no time attacking Ohio’s personal liberty laws, which had been passed by the prior Republican legislature to counteract the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law. (See my Northern States’ Rights, Part 1 and Part 2 blog posts). Between February and April they repealed the three laws listed above. They also attempted to repeal a fourth law, “An act to prevent kidnapping”, but were unsuccessful at that, making it the only Ohio personal liberty law left standing. [1]
Although this might sound like a massive backlash on the part of the Ohio electorate, it might not have been quite as dramatic as it appears. Ohio had a long history of flip-flopping between anti-slavery and anti-black legislatures from one election to the next. Ohio historian William Cochran also attributed it to voter “apathy” in an off-year election, and to the Republicans “pat[ting] themselves on the back and go[ing] to sleep.” But it’s also clear that the Democrats made a campaign issue of Republican policies, including the personal liberty laws, and it’s reasonable to assume that at least some conservative Ohioans were energized to vote Democratic by their apprehensions over the “radical” anti-slavery policies of the Republican legislature. [2]
One thing was certain though, the repeal of the personal liberty laws by the Democratic legislature opened up Ohio as a potential hunting ground for slavecatchers. Oberlin, in particular, was vulnerable, both because it was widely known to be a haven for people seeking freedom from slavery, and also because one of Oberlin’s few pro-slavery residents, Anson P. Dayton, had just been appointed U.S. Deputy Marshal by the pro-slavery administration of President James Buchanan. [3]
The years prior to 1858 had been very quiet in northeast Ohio in terms of slavehunting activities. The Cleveland Leader noted that “during the whole of President Pierce’s and the half of Mr. Buchanan’s Administration no efforts were made in these parts, in a business so odious to the people.” But that would change now. According to John Mercer Langston, who was Town Clerk at the time, in the Spring of 1858 “alarm was created by the presence of negro-catchers from Kentucky and other neighboring Southern States, who were prowling in stealth and disguise about this holy place in search of their fleeing property.” In mid August, an attempt was made to capture the Wagoner family, and on August 20, Marshal Dayton and 3 cohorts attempted unsuccessfully to seize an African American woman and her children. The attempt was repeated three nights later. But Oberlin demonstrated that it could hold its own even without the support of state law, as all of these attempts were thwarted by a vigilant community. In one case, James Smith, on hearing that Marshal Dayton was conspiring with slaveholders in North Carolina to capture him, chased the Marshal into the Palmer House (at the site of the present day Oberlin Inn) and struck him with a cane. [4]
In September, another Oberlin resident noted that “it was also universal town talk that there were several Southerners at [Chauncey] Wack’s tavern, whose business it was supposed to be to seize and carry off some of the citizens of the place.” [5] And indeed one of those Southerners would conspire with a U.S. Marshal and two other men to abduct John Price, an alleged fugitive slave living in Oberlin. The abduction and rescue of Price is a much publicized event known as the “Oberlin-Wellington Rescue”, so I won’t go into details here, but I thought it might be interesting to examine how the Rescue related to Ohio’s personal liberty laws. (For details about the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, see The Oberlin-Wellington Rescue 1858)
As we shall see, Monroe’s Habeas Corpus Act might have been written for just such an event as the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue, and it’s interesting to note that the Republican Governor and the Republican state supreme court proceeded as if that law had never been repealed! They defied the Buchanan Administration in Washington D.C. and the slaveholder dominated United States Supreme Court, and opened the door for a potential armed confrontation between the state and federal governments that could have dwarfed the “Battle of Lumbarton“, fought two years earlier.
After dozens of Oberlin and Wellington men were arrested by the federal government for rescuing John Price from his captors, the Ohio Supreme Court issued writs of habeas corpus to bring two of the rescuers before it to determine for itself whether the federal government had a right to imprison them. According to historian Thomas D. Morris in his acclaimed study of the personal liberty laws of the North, this was in direct defiance of the United States Supreme Court, which had just weeks earlier, in another Fugitive Slave Law case, ruled that a state court had no authority to interfere with, or even question, a detention once it learned that the prisoners were held under authority of the federal government (Abelman v. Booth). In addition, the writs weren’t directed to the federal law enforcement officers who had arrested the rescuers (and who likely would have ignored the writs); instead they were directed to the Cuyahoga County Sheriff, who had jurisdiction over the jail the rescuers were being held in. This is exactly what would have happened under the Monroe law. The Buchanan Administration angrily protested that “the State Court have no authority to meddle with this business.” But the Sheriff, who was sympathetic to the rescuers, voluntarily complied with the writs. (He would have been required to under the Monroe law.) This left the federal law enforcement agents with no choice but to accompany the Sheriff and their prisoners to the state court in Columbus. However, they were under strict orders from the Buchanan Administration that the rescuers “must under no circumstances be surrendered”, even if the Ohio Supreme Court ordered them released. [6]
While all this was going on, Ohio Governor Salmon Chase was publicly telling a large crowd in Cleveland that he would go along with whatever the Ohio Supreme Court decided, and that if they decided the rescuers should be set free, then “so long as Ohio was a Sovereign State, that process should be executed.” [7] Chase, of course, knew that the federal law enforcement officers would never free the rescuers voluntarily, and thus it would appear he was prepared to use force to free them, as would have been authorized by the terms of Monroe’s repealed law. As it turns out though it was all a moot point, since the Ohio Supreme Court decided by a 3 to 2 margin that the imprisonment of the rescuers was indeed authorized by the U.S. Constitution (in spite of the judges’ own personal feelings). Thus another armed confrontation between the federal government and the state of Ohio was avoided, but it was nonetheless a disheartening verdict for the rescuers and a sad day for Oberlin.
But all was not yet lost. There was still one arrow left in the quiver. Ohio still had one lonely personal liberty law left on the books, the 1857 “act to prevent kidnapping”. If you recall from Part 1 of this series, that law mandated a minimum sentence of three years hard labor in the state penitentiary for anyone who should “forcibly or fraudulently carry off or decoy out of this state any black or mulatto person… claimed as fugitives from service or labor, or shall attempt to [do so], without first taking such black or mulatto person or persons before the court, judge or commissioner of the proper circuit, district or county.” In February, 1859, a Lorain County Grand Jury issued an indictment under that law against the four men (including the U.S. Marshal) who had captured John Price. Since these men were frequently coming to northeast Ohio to testify against the rescuers at their trials, it set up an interesting cat-and-mouse game where Lorain County Sheriff Harmon Burr (an Oberlin College alumnus) tried to arrest the slavecatchers, while the federal government tried to protect the slavecatchers so they could testify against the rescuers. This led the anti-Oberlin Cleveland Plain Dealer to scoff, “Oberlin has now taken up and become the champion of the Southern doctrine of ‘State Rights’.” [8]
Lorain County Sheriff Harmon Burr
(from Lorain County Sheriff’s Office)
Ultimately Sheriff Burr did succeed in arresting the slavecatchers and in convincing them that an angry Lorain County jury would almost certainly convict them at their trial, which was scheduled to begin in July. The slavecatchers wanted no part of a three to eight year sentence of hard labor in the notorious Ohio State Penitentiary, so they accepted a deal where the county would drop the charges against them if they persuaded the federal government to drop the charges against the rescuers. Since the testimony of the slavecatchers was essential to the case against the rescuers, the federal government had no choice but to comply with their request. And so it was that the most conservative of Ohio’s personal liberty laws ultimately led to the liberty of the Oberlin-Wellington Rescuers. News of Oberlin’s triumph spread nationwide and even overseas, with the Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican exulting, “So ends the famous rescue cases and it may be safely set down as a fixed fact that they are the last of the sort in Ohio. The persecution of Christian men for showing kindness to runaway negroes is a losing operation socially and politically.” [9]
Poster announcing celebration for Rescuers
(courtesy Oberlin College Archives)
And it was indeed a “losing operation” for the Democrats, as the Republicans regained control of the Ohio General Assembly in the elections of 1859. Voter disgust at the Fugitive Slave Law and the treatment of the rescuers by the federal government was a contributing factor to yet another electoral flip-flop. Beginning their new term in early 1860, James Monroe and other “radical” Republicans now looked to try and reinstate the repealed personal liberty laws. But the situation was different than it had been the last time the Republicans were in control. Now the Republicans were looking towards the Presidential election of 1860 and the very real possibility of a first-time ever Republican victory placing an anti-slavery President in the White House – IF they played their cards right. And that meant playing no cards that would lead the public to perceive them as being too radical. This was especially true after John Brown’s raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October, 1859. Republicans wanted to distance themselves from radical and violent abolitionism as much as possible. As a result, the Republican Ohio General Assembly passed no personal liberty laws*, and other northern states refrained from radical legislation as well. [10]
The strategy paid off, and Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected to the Presidency in November. But almost immediately after his election, slaveholding states started seceding from the Union. Despite the fact that Republicans had shown restraint in passing new personal liberty laws, the seceding states included the personal liberty laws in a list of grievances justifying their secession. Texas, in its “Declaration of the Causes” of secession, claimed the following:
“[Texas] was received [into the federal Union] as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery– the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits– a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time… But what has been the course of the government of the United States, and of the people and authorities of the non-slave-holding States, since our connection with them? …
The States of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan and Iowa, by solemn legislative enactments, have deliberately, directly or indirectly violated the [fugitive slave clause] of the federal constitution, and laws passed in pursuance thereof; thereby annulling a material provision of the compact, designed by its framers to perpetuate the amity between the members of the confederacy and to secure the rights of the slave-holding States in their domestic institutions– a provision founded in justice and wisdom, and without the enforcement of which the compact fails to accomplish the object of its creation. Some of those States have imposed high fines and degrading penalties upon any of their citizens or officers who may carry out in good faith that provision of the compact, or the federal laws enacted in accordance therewith.
In all the non-slave-holding States, in violation of that good faith and comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those States, based upon an unnatural feeling of hostility to these Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of African slavery…” [11]
The secession of the slaveholding states ultimately led to civil war, and civil war moved the Fugitive Slave Law controversy to a new forum and its combatants to new battlefields. But finally, in 1864, the United States Congress repealed the notorious Fugitive Slave Law. The next year the 13th amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified, abolishing slavery nationwide. And two months after that, the Ohio General Assembly finally retired its lone surviving personal liberty law, “An Act to prevent kidnapping” – the law that had brought to Oberlin one of the greatest triumphs and most joyous celebrations of its rich and colorful history.
* Historians have traditionally taken the stance that this General Assembly passed no new personal liberty laws. Since I wrote this, however, I’ve discovered that the Republicans discreetly passed what amounted to a low-key personal liberty law in 1860. This law would have an impact on the infamous Lucy Bagby case of 1861, and will be discussed in detail in a future blog. – Ron Gorman, Nov. 19, 2016
SOURCES CONSULTED:
William Cox Cochran, The Western Reserve and the Fugitive Slave Law
Nat Brandt, The Town that Started the Civil War
Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North 1780-1861
“A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union”, Declaration of Causes of Seceding States, University of Tennessee
John Mercer Langston, From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol
William Cheek, John Mercer Langston and the Fight for Black Freedom, 1829-65
Jacob Rudd Shipherd, History of the Oberlin Wellington Rescue
James Monroe, Speech of Mr. Monroe of Lorain, upon the Bill to Repeal the Habeas Corpus Act of 1856
James Monroe, Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses, and Essays
Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity
Acts of the State of Ohio, Volume 63
The public statutes at large, of the state of Ohio [1833-1861], Volume 4
“Harmon E. Burr”, Whiteside County Biographies
General catalogue of Oberlin college, 1833 [-] 1908, Oberlin College Archives
Robert Samuel Fletcher, A history of Oberlin College: from its foundation through the Civil War, Volume 1
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Public, Vol 4, pp. 3028, 3036; Cochran, p. 118
[2] Cochran, p. 118; Monroe, Speech, pp. 3, 4, 13
[3] Cheek, p. 316
[4] Cochran, pp. 119, 121; Fletcher, Chapter XXVI; Langston, p. 183
[5] Shipherd, p. 32
[6] Morris, p. 187; Finkelman, p. 178; Brandt, p. 202
[7] Cochran, p. 186
[8] Cochran, pp. 197-198; Brandt, pp. 172-173; General Catalogue, p. 336; “Harmon”
[9] Cochran, p. 201
[10] Cochran, pp. 209-210; Monroe, Thursday, p. 121; Morris, pp. 188-190, 219-222
[11] “A Declaration”
by Ron Gorman, Oberlin Heritage Center volunteer docent
It was May 27, 1857, four years before the start of the American Civil War. On this day an armed confrontation over the issue of states’ rights would occur between forces of the United States federal government and local law enforcement officers at South Charleston. But this wasn’t South Charleston, South Carolina, it was South Charleston, Ohio, about midway between Columbus and Dayton. The confrontation, which involved the exchange of gunfire and the serious injury of a county sheriff, would be called the “Battle of Lumbarton”, or the “Greene County Rescue”. A United States District Judge would blame the fighting on a “strange and anomalous” law passed a year earlier by the Ohio General Assembly. That law was written by Oberlin College Professor James Monroe, a freshman state legislator, with the support of Governor Salmon P. Chase. It was a “personal liberty law”, designed to counteract the effects of the 1850 federal Fugitive Slave Law (see my Kidnapped into Slavery blog post). But its critics would call it “shocking in its hideousness, loathsome in its practices, and dangerous in its designs.” This blog will examine that law and the battle that ensued. [1]
On its surface, there was nothing about this law that would suggest the “hidden treachery” its critics accused it of. Certainly nothing about its name would evoke anything but a deep yawn: “An act further to amend and supplementary to an act entitled an act securing the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus.” Nor was its author, Professor Monroe, the kind of fire-eating hot-head who you might expect would write a “statute of sedition and discord.” [2]
In fact this law, as its tortuous name suggests, was an amendment to an existing state law – the 1811 “act securing the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus.” The writ of habeas corpus is an ancient and revered legal custom that allows a judge to order a prisoner who is being detained to be brought before him so that the judge can determine if the detention is lawful. If the judge decides it isn’t, the prisoner is released. The writ of habeas corpus became a flashpoint in the late 1850s when northern states began to resist the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law and question the legality of the detentions of accused fugitive slaves held in custody by the federal government. [3]
In one particularly high-profile Ohio case, the 1856 Margaret Garner tragedy (see my Lucy Stone and the Margaret Garner tragedy blog post), a local judge issued a writ of habeas corpus to bring before him the Garner family, who were being held as alleged fugitive slaves, but they were returned to slavery instead. This infuriated Ohio’s abolitionist Governor, Salmon P. Chase, who found himself powerless to do anything about it. So Chase asked James Monroe to draft an amendment to the 1811 law that would give him the power to forcefully execute the writ of habeas corpus if the need were ever to arise again in the future. The result was the law described above, which is commonly known as the 1856 Habeas Corpus Act, or Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law. [4]
In the late 1850s, when Monroe was defending his law against critics who called it “a disgrace to our State” and demanded its repeal, he tried to downplay its radical nature, saying: “The late law amends and repeals only one section of the original act, and the amendment in this case is an unimportant one.”[5] But thirty years later he was singing a different tune. Here’s how he described his law to an Oberlin audience at that time:
The effective provision of the new bill was that whenever any judge or a State court who is about to issue the writ of Habeas Corpus for the relief of any person alleged to be unlawfully deprived of liberty by an officer, shall become convinced, by affidavit or otherwise, that such officer will not obey the writ, he shall direct it to the sheriff of the county, who shall proceed with the “power of the county” that is, all the able-bodied citizens of the vicinage, and take the person detained out of the custody of the officer detaining him, and bring him before the judge issuing the writ…
It is easy to see that any county like Lorain, where the anti-slavery sentiment was strong, would furnish a pretty lively company to be the sheriff’s posse. Neither slavery, nor the Fugitive Slave Law, nor even the United States Courts were named in the bill, but it was nevertheless a vigorous procedure. The bill had not much growl or bark in it, but it had plenty of teeth. [6]
Aha! So it wasn’t “unimportant” after all. It was a “vigorous procedure” with “plenty of teeth”. When you consider that the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law effectively made the federal government slavecatcher-in-chief, and that it prohibited federal officers who were holding alleged fugitive slaves from letting them go free, it can be seen that this law could indeed lead to armed conflict between the federal government and a “sheriff’s posse” made up of “all the able-bodied citizens” of an anti-slavery community. In fact, it could be called a state-sponsored rescue!
So let’s look at how it played out in the Battle of Lumbarton. The action began on May 27, 1857 in Mechanicsburg, Ohio, when a U.S. Deputy Marshal and his posse arrested four citizens for violating the Fugitive Slave Law by allegedly helping a fugitive slave to escape. The Marshal and his posse then headed out cross-country with their prisoners towards Cincinnati.
Word spread rapidly of the arrest, and a county judge issued a writ of habeas corpus ordering the county sheriff to bring the prisoners before him, so he could determine if the arrest was lawful. The Clark County Sheriff, John Layton, gathered a posse and went after the Marshal and his prisoners. They caught up with them near South Charleston. Gunshots were fired, but apparently nobody was hit. Sheriff Layton, however, was severely beaten during the altercation by the U.S. Marshal and his posse. The Marshal then continued on his way, with his prisoners, while the seriously injured Sheriff was attended to by his comrades.
Word spread once again, and a larger posse was gathered to pursue the Marshal as he and his entourage crossed into Greene County. This posse was led by Sheriff Lewis, who caught up with his quarry near Lumbarton (a.k.a. Lumberton). This time the U.S. Marshal surrendered without injury. Sheriff Lewis took the Marshal and his posse to Springfield and jailed them there for the assault on Sheriff Layton. The Marshal’s prisoners (the four Mechanicsburg men who had been arrested for helping a freedom seeker escape from slavery) were taken before a Judge in Urbana, who released them.
The case of the U.S. Marshal and his posse, held in jail in Springfield, now came to a hearing before a United States District Judge, Humphrey Leavitt. Arguing in favor of the Marshal was attorney and politician Clement Vallandigham, a Democrat. Arguing against the Marshal was Ohio Attorney General Christopher Wolcott, a Republican.
But the case quickly evolved into something much bigger in scope as Vallandigham launched into an excoriating attack on James Monroe’s 1856 Habeas Corpus Act, which he claimed was responsible for the violence:
The heat of the times demanded something of a higher mettle; and the act of 1856 is produced from the same loins, and engendered in the same spirit, but an offspring of far lustier and more vigorous birth. This act requires the writ [of habeas corpus] in certain cases to be addressed to the Sheriff or Coroner, even where the party is in custody of an officer by virtue of judicial process. It is therefore a hybrid – a monstrosity in legislation and jurisprudence… It is not a habeas corpus, because it is not addressed to the party who detains the prisoner… But it is called a habeas corpus, because that is a holy name and embalmed in the hearts of the people. It has a wicked and treasonable purpose to subserve, and it must assume a sacred name and garb… But the motives and the results expected from it cannot be thus concealed; and, in a court of law, it must be stripped of its disguises, and set forth in its true character – a statute of sedition and discord. [7]
Judge Leavitt basically agreed with Vallandigham and ordered the release of the U.S. Marshal and his posse. He also denounced Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law as being the cause of the violence:
To understand the nature of this conflict, it should be remembered that the deputy marshals, by their official oaths, were under a positive and paramount obligation to retain their prisoners, and to oppose all attempts to rescue them… The sheriff had a writ which commanded him to take the prisoners from the custody of these officers of the United States. It was not the usual and well-known writ of habeas corpus, … but a writ requiring them to be taken, forcibly, if necessary, from those having the prior and lawful custody… So the sheriff understood it; and hence he and his assistants deliberately armed themselves, as a preparation for the conflict which they foresaw was inevitable…
… the writ under the extraordinary Ohio law of 1856, requiring the officer to whom it is directed to take the prisoners, no matter by whom or by what authority they are detained, is a wholly different thing. This act seems to have been inconsiderately passed, and in its practical execution must lead to frequent conflicts between the national and state authorities. It might, with great propriety, be designated as an act to prevent the execution of laws of the United States within the state of Ohio. [8]
It bears mentioning that Judge Leavitt acknowledged that “it cannot be assumed as a fact” that the judge who issued the writ of habeas corpus knew that the prisoners were in the custody of a U.S. Marshal, leading James Monroe to argue that it could not be “assumed as a fact” that the Sheriff was operating under the 1856 Habeas Corpus Act. Governor Chase also voiced dissatisfaction with Judge Leavitt’s ruling, saying that it “denied the right of the State to execute its own criminal process or civil process, where the execution interfered with the claims of masters under the fugitive slave law.” However Chase did eventually meet with President James Buchanan, a pro-Southern Democrat, and negotiate a compromise whereby the federal government and the state of Ohio would drop all charges against all participants. (Although Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law was actually intended to free alleged fugitive slaves, in this case it freed four people who were accused of assisting fugitive slaves.) [9]
Judge Leavitt’s attack of the 1856 Habeas Corpus Act would play a role in the state elections of 1857, as James Monroe noted that “it was freely scattered about upon our desks, like other electioneering documents.” The Democrats would regain control of both houses of the General Assembly, and among their first orders of business when they took office in early 1858 was to attempt to repeal Monroe’s Personal Liberty Law. Professor Monroe wrote an eloquent (and sometimes witty) speech in defense of his law, but the Democrats brought it to a vote without discussion, so the speech was never delivered. But I thought it might be nice, a century and a half later, to post some excerpts from that undelivered speech. In addition to downplaying the radicality of the law (as has already been quoted), he intended to say the following: [10]
I see nothing in the character of the Fugitive Slave Act or its officers, which should make unlawful imprisonment or restraint less probable under that act than under others. There is no reason, so far as I can discover, why the business of slave-catching should make one engaged in it so much more intelligent and so much more tender of the liberty of his fellow men than others would be, as to exempt him from all danger of acting without proper authority. I think a slave-catcher, even though fortified with the virtuous consciousness of being a Buchanan Democrat, would still be subject to human infirmity… Partial and oppressive laws are very apt to be executed in an illegal and oppressive manner. A law breathes its own spirit into all the proceedings under it…
The provisions of a Habeas Corpus Act will be sufficiently stringent in every country where the people are not slaves, to secure obedience to the Writ, and they will be made especially vigorous in times when some great usurpation is stalking through the land, and crushing personal liberty under its elephantine tread…
If I understand this decision, it virtually robs us of the Writ of Habeas Corpus altogether. If a man is only a United States officer he may seize whomsoever he pleases without any legal authority whatever, and all the Writs which our State courts can issue will be of no avail for the protection of the injured party because he is in the custody of a United States officer…
But I shall be told that Judge Leavitt is against the law of 1856. This I admit without hesitation, and I hope without alarm. I shall endeavor to console myself for the want of such an ally by the high authorities I have quoted, and the arguments I have employed…
If there is danger of conflict between the State of Ohio and the Federal Government, it is because that Government is not willing to be confined within its constitutional limits – because in its zeal for the interests of its Southern masters, it is willing to put in peril the liberty of the people. This course, if persisted in, undoubtedly will produce a “conflict.” Tyrants have always had occasion to complain that the people would not submit to be enslaved quietly…
We have been frequently told… that the act of 1856 is an act of nullification, and that its friends are nullifiers – enemies of the Constitution and the Union… They have spoken as if they had a sort of monopoly of the American eagle – as if they were on terms of particular confidence with that bird, and we were men of too unclean lips to invoke her name… Sir, no man shall outdo me in attachment to the American eagle. The truly national eagle – the eagle of Washington, and Jefferson, and Franklin, is a bird that I admire… But the eagle of the Buchanan Democracy is a bird of a very different species and of very different tastes… a bird of Stygian form and hue, with blood shot eye and discordant scream and hideous and unshapely proportions, burying her sharpened beak and talons in the bleeding back of a fleeing, ghastly, famished negro, and beating her dusky wings upon his shrunken sides. To such an eagle I freely acknlowledge I profess no allegiance. She shall never spread her wings upon the banner under which I march. I avow myself a traitor to such a symbol of authority; and to all the consequences of such an avowal, I will cheerfully submit. – James Monroe
(In the next and final blog of this series, we’ll see the fate of this law and Ohio’s three other personal liberty laws, and the dramatic impact these laws had on Oberlin.)
SOURCES CONSULTED:
James Monroe, Speech of Mr. Monroe of Lorain, upon the Bill to Repeal the Habeas Corpus Act of 1856
“Ex parte Sifford” [5 Am. Law Reg. 659]
James Monroe, Oberlin Thursday Lectures, Addresses, and Essays
Clement L. Vallandigham, SPEECHES, ARGUMENTS, ADDRESSES, AND LETTERS OF CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGHAM
“An act further to amend and supplementary to an act entitled an act securing the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus”, Acts of the State of Ohio, Volume 53, p. 61
“John E. Layton and the Greene County Rescue Case of 1857”, Springfield, Ohio Community Website – History of Clark County
“Battle of Lumbarton”, Ohio History Central
“Clark County Sheriff was felled by federal marshals”, Springfield News-Sun, June 2, 2013
Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North 1780-1861
Jacob William Shuckers, The Life and Public Service of Salmon Portland Chase
Catherine M. Rockicky, James Monroe: Oberlin’s Christian Statesman & Reformer, 1821-1898
FOOTNOTES:
[1] “John E. Layton”; “Ex parte Sifford”; Monroe, Speech, p. 4
[2] Monroe, Speech, p. 4; “An act”; Vallandigham, p. 145
[3] Morris, pp. 168-180
[4] Shuckers, pp. 172-174; Monroe, Thursday, p. 115
[5] Monroe, Speech, pp. 4, 10
[6] Monroe, Thursday, pp. 119-120
[7] Vallandigham, pp. 144-145
[8] “Ex parte Sifford”
[9] Monroe, Speech, p. 13; Shuckers, p. 182
[10] Monroe, Speech, pp. 5, 8-9, 12, 13, 14
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 87 |
https://yarbs.net/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe-death-mask.html
|
en
|
The Real Face of James Monroe - Death Mask Reconstruction
|
[
"https://yarbs.net/images/banners/james-monroe-death-mask-banner.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-1.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-3.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-7.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-8.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-9.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-5.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe/james-monroe-death-mask-6.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/shop-announcement.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/life-mask-featured-john-quincy-adams-thomas-jefferson-voltaire.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/lost-daguerreotype-james-dolley-madison.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/digital-yarbs-prints-featured.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/intimate-history-tours-featured-nathan-bedford-forrest-frederick-douglass.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/all-things-adams-featured-john-quincy-adams.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/featured/jackson-chaney-life-portrait-featured.jpg",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/facebook-logo.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/twitter-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/youtube-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/pinterest-icon.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/icons/instagram-logo.png",
"https://yarbs.net/images/digital-yarbs-logo.png"
] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/embed/rKkqG1J5sJg?rel=0"
] |
[] |
[
"James Monroe",
"Browere Life Mask",
"Death Mask",
"Death Masks"
] | null |
[
"Digital Yarbs"
] | null |
J. I. Browere's death mask of James Monroe
|
en
|
https://yarbs.net/images/icons/favicon.ico
|
https://yarbs.net/life-mask-reconstructions/james-monroe-death-mask.html
|
>> >> The Real Face of James Monroe - Death Mask Reconstruction
What did Founding Fathers Look Like?
James Monroe
I had not planned to reconstruct a death mask, but due to numerous requests for James Monroe, I decided to undertake the task. The sculptor John Henri Isaac Browere, famous for his life masks of John Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other prominent early Americans, created only one death mask, that of James Monroe.
Death mask of James Monroe Source: Cheryl A. Daniel, with special thanks to Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown N.Y.
Monroe spent his final six months residing with his daughter and son-in-law in New York City. He passed away there on July 4, 1831, exactly five years after his friend Jefferson. His death occurred a little after 3 p.m., and he was laid to rest on July 7. During this period, Browere took a death mask. Initially, Browere had hoped to create a life mask of Monroe, but the former president declined to pose, perhaps due to what had befallen Jefferson. Since the soul had departed, Browere never transformed the mask into a portrait bust, leaving the eyes closed and the hair unmodelled. However, as Charles Henry Hart noted, "it is difficult to believe it was made after life was gone, so vibrant with life it seems." In terms of likeness, it compares favorably with the portrait painted by Chester Harding from life in 1829." 1
Having a death mask of an individual supposedly provides an accurate representation of their appearance, right?
Well, the answer is both yes and no. When a person dies, the facial muscles relax and droop, causing the eyes to sink, and wrinkles can soften or even vanish. Some of the most recognizable features of a person become flattened, devoid of the expressions that life once imbued them with.
Death mask of James Monroe Source: Cheryl A. Daniel, with special thanks to Fenimore Art Museum, Cooperstown N.Y.
Therefore, while many death masks manage to capture a person's likeness with great precision, this is not always the case. Consequently, relying solely on a death mask to authenticate a portrait may not always yield an exact result. This appears to be the situation with James Monroe. It is likely that Monroe was lying down when Browere cast the mask of his face. His eyes and cheeks appeared sunken, and gravity had flattened his nose and lips. Unlike the reconstruction of life masks, death masks necessitate some "artistic license." In other words, the physical structure of the mask needs to be altered. I usually avoid such modifications when reconstructing life masks. In order to transform James Monroe's death mask into a lifelike representation, I had to reverse the effects of gravity and slightly lift the nose and lips. I also had to counteract the effects of death by filling in his eye sockets and cheeks. Since Browere had not opened the eyes in this mask, I utilized the eyes from Chester Harding's 1829 painting, as well as replicating the hairstyle.
Photoshop reconstruction of James Monroes's death mask
"De-aged version of Monroe's death mask.
While it is impossible to create an exact likeness of Monroe, I hope that this reconstructed death mask provides a glimpse of how James Monroe truly appeared in his final years.
A young version of Monroe compared to himself at near death. Slight reductions were made to the nose and ears as these organs continue to grow as one ages. Additionally, the lips were lifted further to convey a more youthful appearance.
Left: Chester Harding's 1829 painting of James Monroe, Right: Death mask overlay
Left: Photoshop reconstruction of James Monroes's death mask, Right: Death mask overlay
Prints and Postcards
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 4 |
https://www.virginia.org/listing/james-monroe-birthplace-park-%2526-museum/4823/
|
en
|
James Monroe Birthplace Park & Museum
|
[
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vifl-logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/email-outline-red.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vg-icon.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/close-icon.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-red.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-white.svg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/vguide_9848cc29-9cac-4c97-9acb-a53cad537141.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/enews_9e1b07bc-cff1-4de0-b79a-c4b80a09f04b.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-white.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vg-icon-sticky.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/email-solid-white.svg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/vguide_9848cc29-9cac-4c97-9acb-a53cad537141.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/Merch_Image_170e711c-09e7-4bcf-b5e9-a90480d69739.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vifl-logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/made-by-sv-white.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, son of Spence and Elizabeth Monroe. The Mission of the James Monroe Memorial Foundation is to preserve and honor the life, ideals, works and memory of the fifth President of the United States of America, James Monroe, through a variety of means; to educate the American public about the continued relevance of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823; to create a living memorial for President James Monroe which shall have both a physical manifestation and also shall be an active and influential voice of advocacy for sound American diplomacy and governmental values; to create an organizational structure and a plan to raise funds to support these worthy objectives; to create a plan of action to implement these objectives, and then to act upon this plan to fully execute them. Each year, the James Monroe Memorial Foundation celebrates the birth of President James Monroe at the Birthplace, located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. We hope that you will join us in remembering this great statesman.
|
en
|
https://www.virginia.org/listing/james-monroe-birthplace-park-%26-museum/4823/
|
This site uses cookies to enhance the user experience and measure marketing activities. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. To find out more, please see our Privacy Policy.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 68 |
https://www.sethkaller.com/item/1581-24256-James-Monroe-Defends-his-Actions-in-Futile-Defense-of-Washington-in-War-of-1812
|
en
|
James Monroe Defends his Actions in Futile Defense of Washington in War of 1812
|
[
"https://www.sethkaller.com/item/images/facebook-icon.png",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/item/images/linkedin-icon.png",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/item/images/twitter-icon.png",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/item/images/rss-icon.png",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/item/images/pinterest-icon.png",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/images/items/p-1581-001-24256_p1_w.jpg",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/images/items/t-1581-001-24256_p1_w.jpg",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/images/items/t-1581-002-24256_p2_w.jpg",
"https://www.sethkaller.com/images/items/t-1581-003-24256_p4_detail_w.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe Defends his Actions in Futile Defense of Washington in War of 1812
|
images/favicon.ico
| null |
“I stand responsible for my own acts only. [Secretary of War John Armstrong] claims credit for the measures which had been taken for defense of this place. Those measures were not proposed by him but the President....”
James Monroe, then Secretary of State, led a scouting expedition in August 1814 that revealed the British marching towards the nation’s capital. His warning allowed President James Madison to evacuate and save America’s founding documents. In the face of criticism, Monroe here discusses his role, trying to avoid blame for the crushing loss and destruction of the Capitol.
JAMES MONROE. Autograph Letter Signed as Secretary of State, to [Charles Everett], Washington, D.C., September 16, 1814. 2 pp., 7½ x 10 in.
Inventory #24256 Price: $10,000
Complete Transcript
Washington Sepr 16 1814
Dear Sir
I receivd yours of the 14 yesterday. It has been owing to the extent & purpose of my duties that I have not been able to answer your former sooner.
I will make a single remark on my conduct in the past. I advanc’d myself on the lines &c. because I not only thought I might be useful, but that there appeared to me to be a necessity for it. It was in that way that my little military experience, not simply by communicating intelligence, but by forming opinions on facts, might have some influence on our affairs on so important a crisis. For what occurr’d while Armstrong remained here, I had no responsibility. I stand responsible for my own acts only. He claims credit for the measures which had been taken for defense of this place. Those measures were not proposed by him but the President. This is communicated in confidence, solely for the purpose of putting in possession of facts.
My future course will not be marked by any <2> will of my own. I shall follow that of my friends in remaining where I am, or taking any other station.
Mr. Jenning has recd. of this dept every cent to which he is intitled. It was not known that he had borrowed any money on acct of the UStates. I mention this in confidence.
Major Wheatons bill for 5000 dolrs has been lately paid. He receives his supplies thro Swann at Norfolk.
Joseph was detain’d here by me till very recently. He has probably called on our sisters family in Caroline on his return.
your friend
Jas Monroe
Historical Background
Drawn into the conflict between the world’s superpowers Great Britain and France, the young nation was frustrated with the British practice of impressing sailors from neutral American ships. The United States declared war on Great Britain in June 1812. By the spring of 1814, with Napoleon Bonaparte defeated and in exile, Great Britain could devote more attention to North America. In July, President James Madison met with his cabinet to discuss the increased threat. Secretary of War John Armstrong was convinced the British would not attack Washington but would focus on the important commercial port of Baltimore.
On August 20, 1814, at Aquasco Mills, Maryland, Monroe observed the British landing their invasion force from 30 or 40 barges at Benedict, three miles away. On August 22, he wrote President Madison warning “you had better remove the records” of the government. On August 24, both President Madison and Secretary of State Monroe were present with American defenders at Bladensburg, Maryland. Monroe adjusted the deployment of the defending soldiers, marines and militiamen. Although outnumbering the British, the American forces were too inexperienced, too poorly led, and too widely dispersed to reinforce one another. The British quickly crossed the Potomac River bridge and engaged the American forces at Bladensburg in stages. Untrained defending militiamen soon broke and fled, leading to a general rout and an open road to the nation’s capital, eight miles away.
On August 24, 1814, the British burned most government buildings to the ground, including the Executive Mansion and the Capitol. One saving grace was that Madison had heeded the advice to move America’s government papers, which were sent to Rokeby Mansion outside of Leesburg, Virginia, thirty-five miles from the capital. Clerks at the State Department had stuffed the records of the Confederation and Continental Congresses, George Washington’s papers as Commander of the Continental Army, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution into coarse linen sacks and carted them out of harm’s way.
After the British left, Monroe – who had remained with the army - returned, and Madison placed him in charge of defending the destroyed city. Impressed by Monroe’s performance, President Madison appointed him as Secretary of War on September 27, 1814, making Monroe the only person to hold the positions of Secretary of State and Secretary of War simultaneously. He remained Secretary of War until March 2, 1815, and Madison appointed William H. Crawford to the position in August 1815.
James Monroe (1758-1831), fifth President (1817-25). Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia Monroe served as an officer in Revolution, then U.S Senator (1790-94) and governor of Virginia (1799-1802). In 1803 he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase for President Jefferson. Monroe served as Madison’s Secretary of State (1811-17) and Secretary of War (1814-15). Elected President in 1816 and again in 1820, receiving 231 out of 232 electoral votes. His and his party’s ascendancy was heralded as the “Era of Good Feelings.” It is remembered for the recognition of the new Latin American republics and, of course, the Monroe Doctrine - written by his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. In Monroe’s Annual Message of 1823, he responded to European threats of encroachment on Latin American land by declaring that the American continents, “by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” In reality, Monroe could do little to back up these statements, and it was not until the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt that this policy was given military muscle.
Charles Everett (1767-1848) was a physician in Albemarle County, Virginia. As early as 1804, he began practicing in Charlottesville, where he attended the Monroe and Jefferson families. In 1811, he purchased a nearby plantation and lived there for the rest of his life. Appointed a magistrate in 1807, he served in the House of Delegates from 1813 to 1818. He was a close friend of James Monroe and later served for a time as his private secretary (1822-1823). Everett never married and left his estate to his nephew, a Philadelphia physician. He emancipated his slaves in his will, and his nephew settled sixty-three former slaves in an experimental community called Pandenarium in Mercer County, Pennsylvania, in 1854.
James Madison (1751-1836), fourth President (1809-1817). Born in Port Conway, Virginia, he studied at Princeton University, entered politics in 1776 and played a major role in the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Later known as the “Father of the Constitution,” he authored the Federalist Papers along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Madison helped found Thomas Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican party in opposition to Hamilton’s financial proposals. Madison’s tenure as Jefferson’s Secretary of State (1801-1809), and Madison’s presidency, saw the culmination of Anglo-American tensions that resulted in the War of 1812, which officially began on June 18, 1812.
John Armstrong (1758-1843) was born in Pennsylvania and served in the Continental Army and rose to the rank of major. In 1789, he married into the powerful Livingston family of New York. He served in the U.S. Senate from 1800 to 1804, when President Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Minister to France, where he served until 1810. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, Armstrong rejoined the military as a brigadier general. In 1813, President James Madison appointed him as Secretary of War. Frustrated by Armstrong’s failure to defend Washington, Madison forced Armstrong to resign on September 27, 1814, and replaced him with James Monroe, who was already Secretary of State. He was the last surviving delegate to the Continental Congress.
Jonathan Jennings (1784-1834) studied law before immigrating to the Indiana territory in 1806. He worked in the federal land office in Vincennes and as clerk of the territorial legislature but quickly came into conflict with Indiana territorial governor William Henry Harrison. Jennings served as the territorial representative to Congress from 1809 to 1816. After serving as president of the Indiana constitutional convention in 1816, he won election as the new state’s first governor. He served as governor until 1822, and then represented Indiana in Congress from 1822 to 1831. As territorial delegate for Indiana during the War of 1812, Jennings pressed the claims of citizens who wanted protection from the Indian nations on the frontier.
Joseph Wheaton (1755-1828) was born in Rhode Island and served as a lieutenant in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. He was sergeant at arms of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1789 to 1809. During the War of 1812, he served as a deputy assistant quartermaster general in the army. In October 1814, President Madison nominated him as deputy quartermaster general in the Army, but the Senate rejected the nomination in January 1815.
Joseph J. Monroe (1764-1824) was an attorney and a younger brother of James Monroe. After studying at the University of Edinburgh from 1783 to 1789, he returned to Virginia and read law with his brother. Admitted to the bar in 1791, the younger Monroe practice law in Albemarle County. He served as his brother’s private secretary in Washington for two years before moving to Missouri in 1820.
Published in Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine 4 (April 1923): 410–11.
Provenance
The Estate of Nelson Doubleday Jr.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 67 |
https://www.loc.gov/collections/maps-of-liberia-1830-to-1870/articles-and-essays/history-of-liberia/1820-to-1847/
|
en
|
History Of Liberia: A Time Line
|
http://www.loc.gov/static/images/favicons/open-graph-logo.png
|
http://www.loc.gov/static/images/favicons/open-graph-logo.png
|
[
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/logo-loc-new-branding.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/link.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/maps-of-liberia-1830-to-1870/images/monrovia.gif",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/collections/maps-of-liberia-1830-to-1870/images/cpalmas.gif",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/email.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/youtube.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/pinterest.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/flickr.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/instagram.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/itunesU.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/congress-gov.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/copyright-gov.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
From Colony to Republic
|
en
|
The Library of Congress
| null |
The American Colonization Society sent its first group of immigrants to Sherbro Island in Sierra Leone. The island's swampy, unhealthy conditions resulted in a high death rate among the settlers as well as the society's representatives. The British governor allowed the immigrants to relocate to a safer area temporarily while the ACS worked to save its colonization project from complete disaster. See African-American Mosaic: Personal Stories and ACS New Directions. See African-American Mosaic: Personal Stories and ACS New Directions.
The American Colonization Society (ACS) dispatched a representative, Dr. Eli Ayres, to purchase land farther north up the coast from Sierra Leone. With the aid of a U.S. naval officer, Lieutenant Robert F. Stockton, Ayres cruised the coastal waters west of Grand Bassa seeking out appropriate lands for the colony. Stockton took charge of the negotiations with leaders of the Dey and Bassa peoples who lived in the area of Cape Mesurado. At first, the local leaders were reluctant to surrender their peoples' land to the strangers, but were forcefully persuaded -- some accounts say at gun-point -- to part with a "36 mile long and 3 mile wide" strip of coastal land for trade goods, supplies, weapons, and rum worth approximately $300. See "The fourth annual report of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States: with an appendix."
See "The fourth annual report (African-American Perspectives) of the American Society for colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States: with an appendix.
Believing that the colonial agent had allocated town lots and rationed provisions unfairly, a few of the settlers armed themselves and forced the society's representative to flee the colony. The disagreements were resolved temporarily when an ACS representative came to investigate the colony's problems and persuaded Ashmun to return. Steps were initiated to spell out a system of local administration and to codify the laws. This resulted, a year later, in the Constitution, Government, and Digest of the Laws of Liberia. In this document, sovereign power continued to rest with the ACS's agent but the colony was to operate under common law. Slavery and participation in the slave trade were forbidden. The settlement that had been called Christopolis was renamed Monrovia after the American president, James Monroe, and the colony as a whole was formally called Liberia.
Christopolis was renamed Monrovia after President James Monroe and the colony was formally called Liberia (the free land). (Nelson) See the Map of Liberia with Monrovia.
Slave states in North America, increasingly interested in getting rid of their free African-American populations, encouraged the formation of colonization societies. These groups organized themselves independently of the ACS and founded their own colonies in Liberia for transplanting free African-Americans. Some of the "volunteers" were emancipated only if they agreed to emigrate. The Maryland State Colonization Society established its colony in Cape Palmas, Liberia. Virginia and Mississippi also established Liberian colonies for former slaves and free blacks.
See "The tenth annual report (African-American Perspectives) of the American Society for Colonizing the Free People of Colour of the United States: with an appendix." and named after the state. Virginia and Mississippi also founded colonies for former slaves in Liberia. (Liebenow, 17; Nelson, 15).
The colonies established by the Virginia Colonization Society, the Quaker Young Men's Colonization Society of Pennsylvania, and the American Colonization Society merged as the Commonwealth of Liberia and claimed control over all settlements between Cestos River and Cape Mount. The Commonwealth adopted a new constitution and a newly-appointed governor in 1839. See African-American Mosaic: Liberia.
Former Virginian Joseph Jenkins Roberts (America's First Look into the Camera), a trader and successful military commander, was named the first lieutenant governor and became the first African-American governor of the colony after the appointed governor died in office (1841).
The commonwealth received most of its revenue from custom duties which angered the indigenous traders and British merchants on whom they were levied. The British government advised Liberian authorities that it did not recognize the right of the American Colonization Society, a private organization, to levy these taxes. Britain's refusal to recognize Liberian sovereignty convinced many colonists that independence with full taxing authority was necessary for the survival of the colony and its immigrant population.
In October, Americo-Liberian colonists voted in favor of independence.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 88 |
https://shannonselin.com/2015/09/james-monroe-and-napoleon/
|
en
|
James Monroe and Napoleon
|
[
"https://shannonselin.com/wp-content/themes/shannonselin/images/shannon_selin-logo.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/James_Monroe.jpg",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Napoleon_in_America_cover.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/amazon.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/barnes1.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/indiebound.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/itunes.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/kobo.png",
"https://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Screenshot-2024-06-04-at-16.28.57.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/cache/2014/03/ECDA-Fiction-Feb-2014/2251661938.png",
"https://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Screenshot-2024-06-04-at-16.28.57.png",
"http://shannonselin.com/wp-content/uploads/cache/2014/03/ECDA-Fiction-Feb-2014/2251661938.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Shannon Selin",
"www.facebook.com",
"shannonselinauthor?ref=hl"
] |
2015-09-25T07:21:09+00:00
|
President James Monroe met Napoleon when he was negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. He later became alarmed at Napoleon's ambition.
|
en
|
Shannon Selin
|
https://shannonselin.com/2015/09/james-monroe-and-napoleon/
|
When Napoleon Bonaparte lands in New Orleans in Napoleon in America, James Monroe is president of the United States. Imagining how he might have reacted to Napoleon’s request for asylum required looking into what he thought about Napoleon.
A Francophile
James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on April 28, 1758. He fought in the American Revolution, during which he became friends with the Marquis de Lafayette. After the war, Monroe – along with his friend and political ally Thomas Jefferson – criticized the American government’s coolness towards revolutionary France. As a senator, Monroe wrote a series of essays calling on Americans to aid their French republican allies.
Whoever owns the principles of one revolution must cherish those of the other; and the person who draws a distinction between them is either blinded by prejudice, or boldly denies what at the bar of reason he cannot refute. (1)
In 1794, to appease the Jeffersonians in Congress, President George Washington appointed James Monroe as American minister to France. Monroe arrived in Paris just after the end of the Reign of Terror. He tried to assure the French government of American neutrality in the war between France and Britain. He also tried to present the French Revolution in a favourable light to Americans, emphasizing the progress the French were making towards republicanism.
Monroe enrolled his daughter Eliza (born in 1786) in the elite Parisian boarding school run by Madame Campan. There she became a friend of Hortense de Beauharnais, the daughter of Napoleon’s first wife Josephine. Napoleon’s sister Caroline was also a student at the school.
Monroe and his wife Elizabeth helped to obtain the release of Madame de Lafayette from prison. They also purchased considerable French furniture, porcelain and plate, which they brought back to the United States after Monroe’s appointment ended in December 1797.
Monroe returned to France in 1803, when President Jefferson appointed him a special envoy to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans. Monroe and the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, succeeded in buying all of the Louisiana Territory.
Conversations with Napoleon
On May 1, 1803, the day after signing the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, Monroe was presented to First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who peppered him with questions.
When the Consul came round to me, Mr. Livingston presented me to him, on which the Consul observed that he was glad to see me…. ‘You have been here 15 days?’ I told him I had. ‘You speak French?’ I replied ‘A little.’ ‘You had a good voyage?’ Yes. ‘You came in a frigate?’ No in a merchant vessel charged for the purpose. Col. Mercer was presented; says he ‘He is Secretary of legation?’ No but my friend. He then made enquiries of Mr. Livingston & his secretary how their families were, and then turned to Mr. Livingston & myself & observed that our affairs should be settled.
We dined with him. After dinner when we retired into the saloon, the first Consul came up to me and asked whether the federal city grew much. I told him it did. ‘How many inhabitants has it?’ It is just commencing, there are two cities near it, one above, the other below, on the great river Potomack, which two cities if counted with the federal city would make a respectable town, in itself it contains only two or three thousand inhabitants. ‘Well; Mr. Jefferson, how old is he?’ About sixty. ‘Is he married or single?’ He is not married. ‘Then he is a [boy].’ No he is a widower. ‘Has he children?’ Yes two daughters who are married. ‘Does he reside always at the federal city?’ Generally. ‘Are the public buildings there commodious, those for the Congress and President especially?’ They are. ‘You the Americans did brilliant things in your war with England, you will do the same again.’ We shall, I am persuaded, always behave well when it shall be our lot to be in war. ‘You may probably be in war with them again.’ I replied I did not know, that that was an important question to decide when there would be an occasion for it. (2)
Monroe was presented to Napoleon again on June 24, for the purpose of taking leave of him. Monroe had accepted an appointment as American minister to Great Britain (where Nicholas Biddle served him as a temporary secretary). Napoleon said:
‘You are about going to London?’ I told him I had lately received the orders of the President, in case our affairs here were amicably adjusted, to repair to London – that the resignation of our Minister there, & there being no one charged with our affairs made it necessary that I should go immediately that I was ordered before my departure to call & assure him of the respect & esteem which the President & United States entertained for him & the French nation, & of his earnest desire to preserve peace & friendship with them.
He said that no one wished more than him the preservation of a good understanding &c that the cession he had made was not so much on account of the price given, as motives of policy &c. He wished friendship between the Republics. That he regarded the President as a virtuous enlightened man, a friend of liberty and equality &c. That we must not give our flag to the British. (3)
On December 2, 1804, passing through Paris on his way to Spain, James Monroe (with Elizabeth) attended Napoleon’s coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral. By then differences over the Spanish Floridas had cooled Napoleon’s relationship with the United States. The Monroes’ names were struck from the invitation list. After Monroe protested, two invitations arrived placing them “in the gallery, in a great measure out of sight, and not with those in our grade, the Foreign Ministers.” (4)
Napoleon’s downfall
In 1811, Monroe became Secretary of State under President James Madison. America’s relations with both Britain and France were strained. In the attempt to strangle each other’s trade, the warring Europeans were seizing neutral American ships and their cargoes. In 1809, Monroe had written to Jefferson:
Both [France and England] wish our overthrow or at least that of our free system of government. … From Bonaparte himself I have recd. much kindness & attention of which proofs have been afforded by his notice of me to others since I left the country. For the nation I have high consideration & respect & for many friends there the sincerest regard. But these circumstances will not blind me to the dangers, or make me insensible to what I owe my country. (5)
In 1814, Monroe and Madison were pleased to learn of Napoleon’s abdication.
It is utterly repugnant to the interests of the United States that France should acquire the preponderance over the powers of the continent to which the emperor of France evidently aspired. … The danger to which we have alluded…is now at an end. Another object, connected with the future fortune of France claims attention. To what precise limits she ought to be reduced is a question in which we take no part. We will express our wish only that she may not be reduced (an event we deem altogether improbable) below the condition of a great nation. (6)
When news of Napoleon’s return to France from Elba reached Washington, Monroe was so alarmed at “the overweaning ambition & gigantic usurpations of Bonaparte” that he urged Madison to delay reductions in the army and call a special session of Congress. (7) Madison thought such action premature. Monroe was relieved when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. He had not expected Napoleon’s removal would be so easy. Both Monroe and Madison prudently ignored Joseph Bonaparte’s presence in the United States after 1815.
James Monroe as president
In March 1817, James Monroe took up office as the fifth president of the United States. He put together a capable cabinet, including John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State and John C. Calhoun as War Minister. Monroe was not a distinguished speaker and relied heavily on personal contact to exert influence. Though he never enjoyed anything like Jefferson’s popularity, he was widely respected. Attorney General William Wirt wrote of Monroe:
His countenance, when grave, has rather the expression of sternness and irascibility; a smile, however (and a smile is not unusual with him in a social circle) lights it up to very high advantage, and gives it a most impressive and engaging air of suavity and benevolence. … He is a man of soft, polite, and even assiduous attentions…. Nature has given him a mind neither rapid nor rich; and therefore, he cannot shine on a subject which is entirely new to him. But to compensate him for this, he is endued with a spirit of restless emulation, a judgement strong and clear, and a habit of application which no difficulties can shake, no labours can tire. (8)
Monroe regarded the European monarchies as hostile to the American republic. He believed the United States should do whatever it could to make European governments regard it as a nation of consequence. Monroe set out to strengthen America’s defences, the weaknesses of which had been revealed in the War of 1812. He had no qualms about hiring Napoleonic General Simon Bernard to improve the country’s fortifications. Monroe defined American boundaries vis-à-vis Britain and Spain, acquiring territory from the latter. Though officially neutral on the question, Monroe was in favour of the revolutions in Spain’s American colonies and never doubted that the Latin Americans would win their freedom. He took steps to suppress piracy and the slave trade. In 1823, he enunciated what became known as the Monroe Doctrine (you’ll see how that unfolds in the sequel to Napoleon in America).
Monroe’s affinity for France was evident in his refurbishment of the White House, to which British troops had set fire in 1814. He ordered furniture, carpets and decorations from France, including Empire chairs adorned with gold eagles (the symbol of Napoleon), handsome mantelpieces and Empire clocks. James Fenimore Cooper described a dinner at the Monroe White House in 1825.
The conversation was commonplace, and a little sombre. … The dinner was served in the French style, a little Americanized. The dishes were handed round, though some of the guests, appearing to prefer their own customs, very coolly helped themselves to what they found at hand. Of the attendants there were a good many. They were neatly dressed, out of livery, and sufficient. To conclude, the whole entertainment might have passed for a better sort of European dinner party, at which the guests were too numerous for general, or very agreeable discourse, and some of them too new to be entirely at their ease. (9)
James Monroe retired from the presidency in March 1825. He was succeeded by John Quincy Adams. On July 4, 1831, Monroe died from heart failure and tuberculosis in New York, where he was living with his daughter Maria. He was 73 years old. Originally buried in the New York City Marble Cemetery, his body was re-interred to the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia in 1858. For more about the life and presidency of James Monroe, see the websites of the Miller Center and the James Monroe Museum.
You might also enjoy:
The Humour of President James Monroe
When the Great Plains Indians Met President Monroe
John Quincy Adams and Napoleon
John C. Calhoun: War Hawk
Simon Bernard, Napoleon’s General in the US Army
Canada and the Louisiana Purchase
The Presidential Election of 1824
Lafayette’s Visit to America in 1824-25
A Skeleton City: Washington DC in the 1820s
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 93 |
https://www.geni.com/people/James-Monroe-5th-President-of-the-USA/4239120304610034677
|
en
|
James Monroe, 5th President of the USA
|
[
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets11.geni.com/images/contact_icons/twitter.svg?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/transparent.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/icn_help.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/myheritage/share_family_tree.png?1713210639",
"https://www.geni.com/images/transparent.gif",
"https://media.geni.com/3b/3f/d4/1c/4096164519230082001/cuh65hik/3b3fd41c71926cb3_medium.jpg?hash=2cb24a0f54ace03d9bf5444c5001cb359f9a77d1c135464d3eebd44558357186.1745132399",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/citation_note.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/citation_note.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/citation_note.gif?1713210639",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn83021167/1831/07/14/1/2_96x_dded7acc.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn83021167/1831/07/14/1/2_96x_dded7acc.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84024649/1831/07/18/1/1_96x_866d71cf.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84024649/1831/07/18/1/1_96x_866d71cf.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/pdf/newspapers2/advantage-archives/USA/New%20York/Anti%20Masonic%20Telegraph/1831/07/13/issue1/0002_jpg/0000_96x_2a3bbe42.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/pdf/newspapers2/advantage-archives/USA/New%20York/Anti%20Masonic%20Telegraph/1831/07/13/issue1/0002_jpg/0000_96x_2a3bbe42.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn83021167/1831/07/14/1/1_96x_ca93767a.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn83021167/1831/07/14/1/1_96x_ca93767a.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84024649/1831/07/14/1/2_96x_a84b3592.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84024649/1831/07/14/1/2_96x_a84b3592.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84020071/1831/07/14/1/3_96x_04c61588.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/resize/converted_newspapers/jp2/newspapers1/chronicling_america/sn84020071/1831/07/14/1/3_96x_04c61588.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/collections/assets/AA/supersearchassets/0/898/d63/898d63f0a47a84339b691fe4647afa3f.png",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/usa_newspapers/sn85025006/1831/07/11/ed-1/seq-2_96x_5be8f84e.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/usa_newspapers/sn85025006/1831/07/11/ed-1/seq-2_96x_5be8f84e.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/usa_newspapers/sn85025006/1831/07/07/ed-1/seq-2_96x_bed5ee88.jpg",
"https://cf.myheritageimages.com/records/thumb/usa_newspapers/sn85025006/1831/07/07/ed-1/seq-2_96x_bed5ee88.jpg",
"https://media.geni.com/p9/1319/718/5344483791d385c4/Elizabeth_Kortright_Monroe_t2.jpg?hash=2d195868fcefb677365b898eb4fbd0c96faad519f55e239d775214b0e8da2940.1745132399",
"https://media.geni.com/3d/09/f2/d2/4096164519230082001/weg83tuj/3d09f2d2362f3e38_t2.jpg?hash=6371cc9bbda8711521d7fea1da896db9dca7a3556f6787a006ae724f47deef1a.1745132399",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_m_thumb2.gif",
"https://media.geni.com/3d/09/ef/f9/4096164519230082001/bay79rah/3d09eff9c2eb822b_t2.jpg?hash=38c167e042847d808514ec94a630666f0791e0366a8f169d7d831115aeb53cf5.1745132399",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif",
"https://media.geni.com/p14/1d/18/7d/07/53444862e63f2014/b0efbe07-1af6-41de-8b86-29465d1a46c9_t2.jpg?hash=efbec992625189b8a804606bf5310a18f97cf25cad741ab5e606a01fff5e7453.1745132399",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_m_thumb2.gif",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_m_thumb2.gif",
"https://media.geni.com/p13/b0/e3/01/1c/5344484c36574ed4/monroe_joseph_jones_bro_of_pres_monroe_t2.jpg?attribution=A%2Bhistory%2Bof%2BMissouri%2B%253A%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bearliest%2Bexplorations%2Band%2Bsettlements%2Buntil%2Bthe%2Badmission%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bstate%2Binto%2Bthe%2BUnion%2B%2528via%2BAncestry.com%2529&hash=9f2eae525d03a780c637229ba731d6cc78f705aa454dada6980e9e50fb1725ca.1745132399",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif",
"https://assets10.geni.com/images/photo_silhouette_f_thumb2.gif",
"https://assets13.geni.com/images/external/twitter_bird_small.gif?1713210639",
"https://assets12.geni.com/images/facebook_white_small_short.gif?1713210639"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"family tree",
"genealogy",
"trace your ancestry",
"family tree maker",
"family tree search",
"family tree charts",
"family statistics",
"ancestors",
"research"
] | null |
[] |
2023-03-27T09:49:34-07:00
|
Genealogy for James Monroe, President (1758 - 1831) family tree on Geni, with over 255 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.
|
en
|
/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
geni_family_tree
|
https://www.geni.com/people/James-Monroe-5th-President-of-the-USA/4239120304610034677
|
A Patriot of the American Revolution for VIRGINIA with the rank of LIEUTENANT COLONEL. DAR Ancestor #: A081100
"The day after Christmas in 1811, hundreds of Virginia’s most prominent citizens thronged into the rickety Richmond Theater. Among the holiday crowd of soldiers, slaves, statesmen, and debutantes were the families of Governor George Smith, Chief Justice John Marshall, and President James Madison. The audience prepared for an evening of comedy and merriment, little supposing when the play began that the evening would end in tragedy. During the second act of “The Bleeding Nun,” a tiny fire kindled behind the scenery, raced to the ceiling timbers, and swallowed the trapped audience in ravenous flames."
“The disaster & grief seem to be universal. None has entirely escaped. Very many years will pass away before the town recovers from the gloom into which it has been plunged.” James Monroe, January 1, 1812.
Wikipedia Biographical Summary:
"...James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States, serving two terms from 1817 to 1825. Monroe was the last Founding Father of the United States, the last one from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation to become the U.S. President. His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation in 1823 of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.
Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe fought in the American Revolutionary War. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served in the Continental Congress. As an anti-Federalist delegate to the Virginia convention that considered ratification of the United States Constitution, Monroe opposed ratification, claiming it gave too much power to the central government. Nonetheless, Monroe took an active part in the new government and in 1790 he was elected to the Senate, where he joined the Jeffersonians. He gained experience as an executive as the Governor of Virginia and rose to national prominence when as a diplomat in France he helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
During the War of 1812 Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison. Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions and embarked on a tour of the country. He was well received everywhere, as nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued. The Panic of 1819 struck and the dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection. In 1823, he announced the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties. He died in New York City on July 4, 1831.
Biography
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in a wooded area of Westmoreland County, Virginia. The site is marked and is one mile from what is known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia.
Monroe's father, Spence Monroe (1727–1774) was a moderately prosperous planter who also learned the carpentry trade. His mother, Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730–1774), married Spence Monroe in 1752. They had four children live to maturity:
Elizabeth Monroe Buckner – of Caroline County, Virginia
James Monroe
Spence Monroe, Jr. – Died at age 1
Andrew Monroe – of Albemarle County, Virginia
Joseph Jones Monroe – clerk of the District Court of Northumberland County, Virginia; private secretary to President Monroe; later settled in Missouri.
His paternal 2nd great-grandfather immigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century: Major Andrew Monroe (c1625–1688) who was descended from Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis (c1518-c1547), chief of an ancient Scottish highland clan. In 1650 Andrew Monroe patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia.
Education
Between the ages of 11 and 16, Monroe studied at Campbelltown Academy, a school run by the Reverend Archibald Campbell of Washington Parish. There he excelled as a prodigious pupil and progressed through Latin and mathematics at a rate faster than that of most boys his age. John Marshall, later Chief Justice of the United States, was among his classmates. At the age of 16, Monroe enrolled in the College of William and Mary. However in 1774, the atmosphere on the Williamsburg campus was not conducive to study, and the prospect of rebellion against King George charged most of the students, including Monroe, with patriotic fervor.
American Revolution
In June 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, Monroe joined 24 older men in raiding the arsenal at the Governor's Palace. The 200 muskets and 300 swords they appropriated helped arm the Williamsburg militia. The following spring, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the Continental army. He never returned to earn a degree. Between 1780 and 1783, he studied law under Thomas Jefferson.
Monroe was the last U.S. President to really fight in the War of Independence, serving with distinction at the Battle of Trenton, where he was shot in his left shoulder. He spent three months in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, recuperating from his wound. In John Trumbull's version of the Battle of Trenton Monroe can be seen lying wounded at left center of painting.
He is depicted holding the flag in the famous painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware. Following his war service, he practiced law in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
Marriage and children
James Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830), daughter of Laurence Kortright and Hannah Aspinwall Kortright, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the Monroes returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned. The Monroes had the following children:
Eliza Monroe Hay (1786–1835) – married George Hay in 1808 and substituted as official White House host for her ailing mother.
James Spence Monroe (1799–1801)
Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur (1803–1850) – married her second cousin Samuel L. Gouverneur on March 8, 1820, in the first wedding ever performed in the White House.
Monroe fulfilled his youthful dream of becoming the owner of a large plantation and wielding great political power, but his efforts in agriculture were never profitable. He sold his small inherited Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics, and though he owned land and slaves and speculated in property he was rarely on-site to oversee the operation. Therefore the slaves were treated harshly to make them more productive and the plantations barely supported themselves if at all. His lavish lifestyle often necessitated selling property to pay debts.
Early political career
Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1782 and served in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1786.
In Virginia the struggle in 1788 over the ratification of the proposed new Constitution involved far more than a simple clash between federalists and anti-federalists. Virginians held a full spectrum of opinions about the merits of the proposed change in national government. George Washington and James Madison were leading supporters; Patrick Henry and George Mason were leading opponents. The central actors in the ratification fight were those who held the middle ground in the ideological struggle. Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton, these "federalists who are for amendments," criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government. Virginia ratified the Constitution in June 1788, largely because these men suspended their reservations and vowed to press for changes after the new government had been established.
Virginia narrowly ratified the Constitution and Monroe ran for a House seat in the 1st Congress but was defeated by Madison. In 1790 he was elected United States Senator. He soon joined the "Democratic-Republican" faction led by Jefferson and Madison and by 1791 was the party leader in the Senate.
Ambassador to France
Monroe resigned his Senate seat after being appointed Minister to France in 1794. As ambassador, Monroe secured the release of Thomas Paine when the latter was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI.
He managed to free all the Americans held in French prisons, including Madame Lafayette. He issued American passports for the Lafayette family, (since they had been granted citizenship), before she traveled to Lafayette's place of imprisonment, in Olmutz.
A strong friend of the French Revolution, Monroe tried to assure France that Washington's policy of strict neutrality did not favor Britain. But American policy had come to favor Britain, and Monroe was stunned by the signing of the Jay Treaty in London. With France and Britain at war, the Jay Treaty alarmed and angered the French. Washington discharged Monroe from his office as Minister to France due to inefficiency, disruptive maneuvers, and failure to safeguard the interests of his country.
Monroe had long been concerned about untoward foreign influence on the presidency. He was alarmed at Spanish diplomat Don Diego de Gardoqui who in 1785 tried to convince Congress to allow Spain to close the Mississippi River to American traffic for 30 years. Here Monroe saw Spain overinfluencing the republic, which could have risked the loss of the Southwest or dominance of the Northeast.[14] Monroe placed faith in a strong presidency and the system of checks and balances. In the 1790s he fretted over an aging George Washington being too heavily influenced by close advisers like Hamilton who was too close to Britain. Monroe favored France and so opposed the Jay Treaty in 1795. He was humiliated when Washington criticized him for his support of revolutionary France while he was minister to France. He saw foreign and Federalist elements in the genesis of the Quasi War of 1798–1800 and in efforts to keep Thomas Jefferson away from the presidency in 1801. As governor he considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson. Federalists responded in kind, some seeing Monroe as at best a French dupe and at worst a traitor. Monroe thus contributed to a paranoid style of politics.
Governor of Virginia and Diplomat
Out of office, Monroe returned to practicing law in Virginia until elected governor there, serving from 1799 to 1802. He called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebellion. Gabriel and 26 other enslaved people who participated were hanged. In reaction, the Virginia and other legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks and the education, movement and hiring out of the enslaved.
Under the first Jefferson administration, Monroe was dispatched to France to assist Robert R. Livingston to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe was then appointed Minister to the Court of St. James (Britain) from 1803 to 1807. In 1806 he negotiated a treaty with Britain to replace the Jay Treaty of 1794, but Jefferson rejected it in 1807 as unsatisfactory, as the treaty contained no ban on the British practice of impressment of American sailors. As a result, the two nations moved closer toward the War of 1812.
"Old Republicans" in the South, who claimed to adhere to the traditional party "principles of 1798", tried to coopt Monroe and have him elected president in the 1808 election. John Randolph of Roanoke took the lead in the movement to thwart President Jefferson's choice of James Madison as his successor. Jefferson had snubbed Monroe on foreign policy in 1807 and thereby alienated Monroe from the administration. Regular Democratic-Republican control of key Virginia politicians, along with several other factors, however, insured Madison's 1808 electoral success.
Secretary of State and Secretary of War
Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor of Virginia in 1811 but served only four months. In April 1811 he became Secretary of State. When he was appointed to the post of Secretary of War in September 1814, he stayed on for three more days as the Secretary of State as well. He left his position as Secretary of State on October 1 but no successor was ever appointed. Thus from October 1, 1814, to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both cabinet posts. At the end of February 1815 Monroe resigned as Secretary of War and was formally reappointed Secretary of State. Monroe stayed on as Secretary of State until the end of the James Madison Presidency, and the following day Monroe began his term as the new President of the United States.
Presidential elections of 1816 and 1820
During the administrations of Jefferson and Madison the congressional nominating caucus experienced little opposition. However in 1816, this situation changed. Not only Federalists objected to the caucus system but so did an indeterminate number of anti-Virginia Republicans led by the New York delegation. Disorganization and failure to agree on William H. Crawford, Daniel Tompkins, Henry Clay, or another possible contender weakened opposition to Monroe. The boycott by Virginia delegates of the March 12 caucus removed opponents' chances and Monroe received the caucus nomination four days later.[19] With the Federalist Party in disarray due to the unpopularity of their opposition to the War of 1812, he was easily elected. The Federalists did not even name a candidate, though Rufus King of New York did run in opposition to Monroe under the Federalist banner. King carried but three states (Connecticut, Delaware, and Massachusetts) and won only 34 of 217 electoral votes cast.[20] (See United States presidential election, 1816.)
The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed, the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire cast a vote for John Quincy Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the electoral college. (See United States presidential election, 1820.)
Presidency 1817–1825: The Era of Good Feelings
Monroe made balanced Cabinet choices, naming a southerner, John C. Calhoun, as Secretary of War, and a northerner, John Quincy Adams, as Secretary of State. Only Henry Clay's refusal to accept a position kept Monroe from adding an outstanding westerner. He allowed the lower posts to take on diverse political appointees, which reduced anxiety and led to the naming of this period in American history as the "Era of Good Feelings". To build national trust, he made two long national tours in 1817. Frequent stops allowed innumerable ceremonies of welcome and good will. All the while, the Federalist Party continued to diminish; it maintained its vitality and organizational integrity at the state and local level, but dwindled at the federal level due to redistricting. The party's Congressional caucus stopped meeting, and there were no notable national conventions after Monroe's last term.
Internal Improvements
During his presidency, Congress demanded high subsidies for internal improvements, such as for the improvement of the Cumberland Road. Monroe vetoed the Cumberland Road Bill, which provided for yearly improvements to the road, because he believed it to be unconstitutional for the government to have such a large hand in what was essentially a civics bill deserving of attention on a state by state basis. This defiance underlined Monroe's populist ideals and added credit to the local offices that he was so fond of visiting on his speech trails.
Missouri Compromise
The era of "good feelings" endured until 1824, and carried over to John Quincy Adams who was elected President by the House of Representatives in what Andrew Jackson alleged to be a "corrupt bargain." Monroe's popularity, however, was undiminished even when following difficult nationalist policies as the country's commitment to nationalism was starting to show serious fractures. The Panic of 1819 caused a painful economic depression. The application for statehood by the Missouri Territory, in 1819, as a slave state failed. An amended bill for gradually eliminating slavery in Missouri precipitated two years of bitter debate in Congress. The Missouri Compromise bill resolved the struggle, pairing Missouri as a slave state with Maine, a free state, and barring slavery north of the latitude 36/30' N forever. The Missouri Compromise lasted until 1857, when it was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court as part of the Dred Scott decision.
Foreign policy
After the Napoleonic wars (which ended in 1815), almost all of Latin America revolted against Spanish or Portuguese rule and declared independence. Americans welcomed this development as a validation of the spirit of Republicanism. Adams suggested delay in formal recognition until Florida was secured in 1819. The whole problem of imperial invasion was intensified by a Russian claim to the Pacific coast down to the fifty-first parallel and simultaneous European pressure to have all of Latin America returned to its colonial status.
In March 1822 Monroe informed Congress that permanent stable governments had been established in the United Provinces of La Plata (present-day Argentina), Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Mexico. John Quincy Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers (ambassadors) to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. The articulation of an "American system" distinct from that of Europe was a basic tenet of Monroe's policy toward Latin America. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity."
In his message to Congress on December 2, 1823, Monroe formally announced what was later called the Monroe Doctrine. He proclaimed that the Americas should be free from future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars and wars between European powers and their colonies, but to consider new colonies or interference with independent countries in the Americas as hostile acts toward the United States.
Although it is Monroe's most famous contribution to history, the speech was written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, who designed the doctrine in cooperation with Britain. Monroe and Adams realized that American recognition would not protect the new countries against military intervention to restore Spain's power. In October 1823 Richard Rush, the American minister in London, advised that Foreign Secretary George Canning was proposing that the U.S. and Britain jointly declare their opposition to European intervention. Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming a "hands off" policy. Galvanized by the British initiative, Monroe consulted with American leaders and then he and Adams formulated a plan. Ex-Presidents Jefferson and Madison counseled Monroe to accept the offer, but Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of the British man-of-war." Monroe accepted Adams' advice. Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "...the American continents," he stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
In 1823 the Monroe Doctrine pertained more to the Russians in North America than to the former Spanish colonies in South America. The result was a system of American isolationism under the sponsorship of the British navy. The Monroe Doctrine held that the United States considered the Western Hemisphere as no longer a place for European colonization; that any future effort to gain further political control in the hemisphere or to violate the independence of existing states would be treated as an act of hostility; and finally that there existed two different and incompatible political systems in the world. Therefore the United States promised to refrain from intervention in European affairs and demanded Europe to abstain from interfering with American matters. In the event there were few serious European attempts at intervention.
Spain and Florida
The relations with Spain over the purchase of Florida proved to be more troublesome, especially after General Andrew Jackson invaded that territory on what he believed to be the president's authorization, which Monroe later denied giving. But largely through the skillful work of John Quincy Adams, a treaty was signed with Spain in 1819 by which Florida was ceded to the United States in return for the assumption of $5,000,000 in claims and the relinquishment of any claims to Texas.
Monroe began to formally recognize the young sister republics (the former Spanish colonies) in 1822. He and Adams had wished to avoid trouble with Spain until it had ceded Florida to the U.S., which was done in 1821.
Seminole Wars
Monroe sparked a constitutional controversy when, in 1817, he sent General Andrew Jackson to move against Spanish Florida to pursue hostile Seminole Indians and punish the Spanish for aiding them. News of Jackson's exploits ignited a congressional investigation of the 1st Seminole War. Dominated by Democratic-Republicans, the 15th Congress was generally expansionist and more likely to support the popular Jackson. Ulterior political agendas of many congressmen dismantled partisan and sectional coalitions, so that Jackson's opponents argued weakly and became easily discredited. After much debate, the House of Representatives voted down all resolutions that condemned Jackson in any way, thus implicitly endorsing Monroe's actions and leaving the issue surrounding the role of the executive with respect to war powers unanswered.
Monroe believed that the Indians must progress from the hunting stage to become an agricultural people, noting in 1817, "A hunter or savage state requires a greater extent of territory to sustain it than is compatible with progress and just claims of civilised life." His proposals to speed up the assimilation process were ignored by Congress.
Later life
When his presidency was over on March 4, 1825, James Monroe lived at Monroe Hill on the grounds of the University of Virginia. This university's modern campus was Monroe's family farm from 1788 to 1817, but he had sold it in the first year of his presidency to the new college. He served on the college's Board of Visitors under Jefferson and then under the second rector and another former President James Madison, until his death.
Monroe had racked up many debts during his years of public life. As a result, he was forced to sell off his Highland Plantation (now called Ash Lawn-Highland; it is owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public). Throughout his life, he was not financially solvent, and his wife's poor health made matters worse.
For these reasons, he and his wife lived in Oak Hill, Virginia, until Elizabeth's death on September 23, 1830. In August 1825, the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams, were guests of the Monroes there.
Death
Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur in the first White House wedding. In April 1831, John Quincy Adams visited him there.
Monroe died there from heart failure and tuberculosis on July 4, 1831, becoming the third president to die on July 4. His death came 55 years after the U.S. Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and 5 years after the death of the Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. He was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. Twenty-seven years later in 1858 the body was re-interred to the President's Circle at the Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's ..thoughts on religion," Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President." He burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he might have discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult frequently attended Episcopalian churches, though there is no record he ever took communion. He has been classified by some historians as a Deist, and he did use deistic language to refer to an impersonal God. Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist and infidel for his deistic views. An exception came in 1832 when James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher."
As Secretary of State Monroe dismissed Mordecai Manuel Noah from his post as consul to Tunis in 1815, for the apparent reason that he was Jewish. Noah protested and gained letters from Adams, Jefferson, and Madison supporting church-state separation and tolerance for Jews.
Slavery
On October 15, 1799, some slave traders attempted to transport a group of slaves from Southampton to Georgia when they revolted and killed the slave traders. According to Scheer's article on the subject, the slave patrol responded and killed ten slaves on the spot in extra judicial killings without the benefit of trial. Concerning the five men taken alive, Scheer says that were tried in an oyer and terminer court without the benefit of a jury, and that Governor Monroe postponed their executions to check their identities, granting a pardon to one, and allowing two to hang, while the other died in jail from exposure to the cold. Scheer's argument is that Monroe "help[ed] secure a modicum of civil protection for slaves sentenced to death for capital crimes."
When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia intended to kidnap Governor Monroe, take Richmond, and negotiate for their freedom. Due to a storm on August 30th, they were unable to attack. This is known as Gabriel's slave conspiracy.
Monroe called out the militia and slave patrols captured some slaves. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses like an appointed attorney, but were "hardly 'fair'". Slave codes prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and had quick trials without a jury.[38] Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them. Nonetheless, historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves.
Monroe owned dozens of slaves, and according to William Seale, took some of his slaves to serve him when he resided at the White House from 1817-1825; this was not unique, as other slave owning presidents also had the custom of bringing their slaves to work for them since there was no demestic staff provided for the presidents at that time.
As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the extreme chagrin of states' rights proponents, he was even willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance in emancipating and deporting the slaves. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union."
Monroe was part of the African Colonization Society formed in 1816, which included members like Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. These men were not abolitionists, but they did find common ground with some abolitionists who supported colonisation, and together they helped send several thousand freed slaves to Africa from 1820-1840. The concern slave owners like Monroe and Jackson had was to prevent free blacks from influencing slaves to rebel in southern states. With about $100,000 in Federal grant money, the organisation also bought land for those people in what is today Liberia. The capital of Liberia was named Monrovia after him.
Legacy
Since its 1824 renaming in his honor, the capital city of the West African country of Liberia has been named Monrovia. It is the only non-American capital city named after a U.S. President.
On December 12, 1954, the United States Postal Service released a 5¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Monroe.
The James Monroe Building in Richmond, Virginia, was named after him.
Trivia
Monroe was the last U.S. President to wear a powdered wig and knee breeches according to the men's fashion of the eighteenth century.
Quotations
"It is only when the people become ignorant and corrupt, when they degenerate into a populace, that they are incapable of exercising their sovereignty. Usurpation is then an easy attainment, and an usurper soon found. The people themselves become the willing instruments of their own debasement and ruin."
"The best form of government is that which is most likely to prevent the greatest sum of evil."
"Never did a government commence under auspices so favorable, nor ever was success so complete. If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy."
"In this great nation there is but one order, that of the people, whose power, by a peculiarly happy improvement of the representative principle, is transferred from them, without impairing in the slightest degree their sovereignty, to bodies of their own creation, and to persons elected by themselves, in the full extent necessary for the purposes of free, enlightened, and efficient government."
"The earth was given to mankind to support the greatest number of which it is capable, and no tribe or people have a right to withhold from the wants of others more than is necessary for their own support and comfort." ..."
SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
Biographical Summary #2:
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; the admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812.
James Monroe (son of Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones) was born April 28, 1758 in Monroe's Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia, and died July 04, 1831 in New York, NY. He married Elizabeth Kortright on February 16, 1786 in Trinity Episcopal Church, New York, NY, daughter of Lawrence "Laurens" Kortright and Hannah Aspinwall.
Marriage: February 16, 1786, Trinity Episcopal Church, New York, NY.
Children of James Monroe and Elizabeth Kortright are:
Eliza Kortright Monroe, b. July 27, 1787, Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania Co., Virginia, d. 1835, Paris, France.
James Spence Monroe, b. May 1799, d. September 28, 1800, Richmond, Virginia.
Maria Hester Monroe, b. 1803, Paris, France, d. 1850, Oak Hill, Leesburg, Virginia.
Ash Lawn–Highland, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, and adjacent to Thomas Jefferson's Monticello, was the estate of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. Purchased in 1793, Monroe and his family permanently settled on the property in 1799 and lived at Ash Lawn–Highland for twenty-four years. Personal debt forced Monroe to sell the plantation in 1825. Before and after selling Highland, Monroe spent much of his time living at Oak Hill.
President Monroe simply called his home "Highland." It did not acquire the additional name of "Ash Lawn" until after his death.
The estate is now owned, operated and maintained by Monroe's alma mater, the College of William and Mary.
Sources:
"Biography of James Monroe". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jm5.html. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
"MONROE, James - Biographical Information". United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000858. Retrieved 2009-07-24.
"American President: James Monroe: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
"The administration of James Monroe." Bancroft, Hubert H., ed. (1902). "The Great Republic by the Master Historians". http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_th....
"Cumberland Road". Cyclopædia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers. 1899. http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy338.html.
D. L. Birchfield. "Choctaws". http://www.everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Choctaws.html. Retrieved 2008-05-07.
Remini, Robert. "Expansion and Removal". Andrew Jackson. History Book Club. p. 395. ISBN 0965063106.
Cushman, Horatio (1999). "The Choctaw". History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 149-150. ISBN 0806131276.
White, Earl. "Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma". Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. http://www.choctawnation.com/History/index.cfm?fuseaction=HArticle&.... Retrieved 2008-02-25.
Clarke, Hewitt (1995). "Chapter 1, "The Death of Koosa Town"". Thunder at Meridian. Lone Star Press. p. 51-52. ISBN 0964923106.
http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/11188/James-Monroe.html
5th President of the United States of America
American statesman who served from 1817 to 1825 as the fifth President of the United States. Monroe was the last president among the Founding Fathers of the United States
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 30 |
https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/587/Monroe-County-History
|
en
|
Monroe County History
|
https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/images/favicon.ico
|
https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/images/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=27",
"https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=67",
"https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=70",
"https://www.co.monroe.mi.us/ImageRepository/Document?documentId=68"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Read a brief history of Monroe County.
|
en
|
/images/favicon.ico
| null |
Prior to Establishment
French missionaries came to this territory as early as 1634. They named the river the River Aux Raisin because of the many grapes in this locality. A trading post and fort were established here in 1778. Francois Navarre was the first white settler in 1780. The first settlement was called Frenchtown when about 100 French families came here from Detroit and Canada. The American Flag was first raised in Michigan at Monroe in honor of President James Monroe. St. Antoine's Church on the banks of the River Raisin was the second church in the state.
Early Records
First records on file in the County Clerk's Office:
Birth Records: 1874
Death Records: 1867
Marriage Records: 1818
Establishment
Monroe County was established in July, 1817 as one of the first steps in the organization of the Michigan territory after the War of 1812. The old settlement of Frenchtown, which centered upon the square of the present Courthouse, took the name of Monroe and became the County Seat in September 1817
The original Courthouse was a two-story structure, built of logs and located across the street from the present Courthouse at the current site of the Presbyterian Church. It housed not only the Court, but also the jail and the jailer's quarters, and served as such from 1818 to 1839. A new stone Courthouse was constructed in 1839 on the site of the present Courthouse. It served Monroe County until February 28, 1879 when it was almost destroyed by fire. There still remains, in the County Clerk's Office, some of the partially burned records, and some records dating back to 1856, which are still legible and are used for historical facts. The present courthouse was built in 1880, and there have since been three additions. The first was built in 1954 directly behind the structure along Washington Street. The second was constructed in 1966 along First Street and the most recent was built in 1986 on the site of the former jail.
During the early morning hours of April 13, 1992, an arsonist set fire to the Monroe County Courthouse. Fires were set in four separate locations, with extensive damage to the Probate Court, the Historic Circuit Courtroom, Treasurer's Office and main entrance. The restoration and remodeling took some ten months to complete, at a cost of $930,000.00. The arsonist has yet to be apprehended, despite the offering of a $25,000.00 reward by the County Board of Commissioners for information leading to the arrest, prosecution and conviction of the person(s) responsible.
In addition to the County Courthouse, several other buildings have been built or acquired to house County offices. The Johnson-Phinney home was purchased with other adjacent property in 1960 and was then known as the Courthouse Annex. This historic structure was moved in 1977 from its original location next to the Courthouse to the corner of Second and Cass Streets, where it housed the Monroe County Chamber of Commerce for some time. The Stoner-Kemmerling Building, across from the Courthouse, was purchased in 1970, and extensive remodeling of that facility began in late 1988 and was completed in 1989.
The population of the County has grown from 1,340 in 1810 to 154,814 in 2005, based upon estimates of the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments.
Development of County Government in Michigan
We trace the beginnings of the Michigan local government system to the adoption of the Northwest Ordinance in 1785 and 1787, the Continental Congress' charter for the settling and governing of the lands west of Pennsylvania to the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. The Northwest Ordinance provided for the temporary rule of these lands by the national government until states were organized in the territory.
Thomas Jefferson, then a member of the Continental Congress, was enamored with the experiment of direct democracy being practiced in the New England Towns. He envisioned a time when the subdivided units of the Northwest Territory would also develop into "pure and elementary republics," much like those in Massachusetts and the rest of New England. He was, therefore, influential in having the Ordinance include provisions that would set the stage for such a town type of government to develop; lands were to be surveyed into townships with one of the sections in each township to be set aside to support a local school system. A collection of townships was partitioned off to become counties upon reaching population thresholds.
In 1796, the acting territorial governor officials set the boundaries for Wayne County--it included virtually all of the state of Michigan and parts of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. Wayne County, with the Detroit settlement as its center, would be the "regional" headquarters for governing this part of the territory.
Gradually, as the lands became settled, state borders were set and new counties were established. The final boundaries for Wayne County were established in 1826. In 1830 there were 12 counties in Michigan, Michilimackinac then having the largest land area. By 1852, the boundaries of most of the counties in the southern part of the Lower Peninsula had been set and in 1891 the last (Dickinson) of Michigan's present 83 counties was organized.
The 1835 Constitution
Michigan's first state constitution provided for the continuation of many of the county officers already established under the territorial government. The 1835 Constitution required the election of a county clerk, treasurer, sheriff, register of deeds, surveyor, and at least one coroner. The governor appointed the prosecuting attorneys. This constitution was also influential in setting the pattern for the system of courts.
The 1835 Constitution, however, did not address the matter of how the county board was to be constituted; so it is little wonder that we in Michigan also had a battle over this question. The legislative council of the Northwest Territory had provided for the supervisors of organized townships to constitute the county board. But in 1838 the state legislature changed the system to provide for the election of commissioners from the county at large. This lasted only four years, when the legislature re-established the supervisor system. Township supervisors sat as members of the county boards until 1966, with the board structure surviving two additional state constitutions.
The 1850 Constitution
By 1850 it was time for a new constitutional convention. The 1850 Constitution reaffirmed most of the patterns that had developed to that point, added the prosecutor as an elected official, and deleted the coroner and surveyor from the list. The statues that the legislature enacted following the adoption of this constitution became fundamental in terms of the powers and duties of the elected officers. To this day many of those statues remain in effect.
The 1908 Constitution
The early 1900s was a period of reaction and reform--reaction to the patronage abuses that flowered under Jacksonian philosophies (Andrew Jackson), and reform in terms of values of "good government" and the idea that government should be managed and run in a "businesslike" way.
The 1908 convention gave home rule or charter government powers to cities and villages but not to counties or townships, although delegates thought about it. In their "address to the people," the delegates stated that they were giving the county boards of supervisors the authority to set their own salaries as "an extension of the right of home rule.
This convention was also notable for its assignment of health and welfare activities to counties. The 1908 Constitution authorized counties to establish "charitable hospitals, sanatoria, and other institutions," as well as an "Infirmary for the care and support of their indigent poor and unfortunate." Otherwise the new constitution left the counties pretty much unaffected; that is, counties retained the same powers and officers accorded them by the 1850 Constitution.
Present Era of Government
We can date the present era of county government in Michigan to the 1963 State Constitution. Although this constitution requires the state legislature to provide home rule for counties, it was not this new constitution that characterized county government as we find it in Michigan today. Other factors were more important.
One of these was the requirement in the national constitution that led to the U.S. Supreme Court's deciding that county commissioners and other legislative bodies had to be elected on the basis of one person--one vote. This decision resulted in the shift from county boards of supervisors to county boards of commissioners and the direct election of county commissioners.
Another important factor was the expansion of the federal role in domestic programming during the 1960s and 1970s, often referred to as active or new federalism. The increased involvement federally resulted in two impacts. First, federal funds flowing directly or indirectly to county government expanded the service and employment levels of county government. Secondly, with funds flowing through the state, was an expansion of the state's role in county government was also expanded. In some program areas, the state assumed full program responsibility. In others, the state developed a kind of state-county partnership. For counties this has meant an involvement in a broader range of programs and services than had previously been the case. It has also produced an increase in state regulations and requirements, with some loss in county board discretion authority. During this period, the expansion of county-state cost sharing arrangements emerged and additional grant programs initiated.
As a result of the 1963 constitution's requirement for home rule, we have seen some changes in the organizational arrangements of county government. The 1973 Optional Unified County Forms Act has led to the election of county executives in Oakland and Bay Counties. And revisions in the county home rule legislation in 1980 paved the way for the formation of the first charter county in the county of Wayne. Thus, the first elected executive under a county charter took office with the beginning of 1983.
The late 1980's brought about a change in the federal-state-local relationship with the elimination of the federal revenue sharing program in 1986 and a reorganization of the numerous categorical grouts into six block grants. The loss of Federal Revenue Sharing in 1986 coupled with a substantial devaluation of agriculture land between 1986 and 1988 served to destabilize county budgets. The rising demand in the late 1980's and early 1990's for county services, especially law enforcement, corrections and courts have served to exacerbate county financial problems. The enactment of Proposal A school funding and property tax reform, especially the established of capped assessments and the prohibition on millage roll-ups has further restricted county revenue capacity relative to previous decade.
As county government enters the new millennium, the role of county government providing services to citizens on behalf of state government will continue. No doubt the mix of services will change as new needs emerge, however, county government will remain an "agent of the state" that is, carrying out functions and duties on behalf of state government, a responsibility that has lasted since the first Territorial Legislature was created.
The County Reapportionment Board will have the opportunity in 2002 to change the number of county legislators (commissioners), a process that occurs only once every decade following the census. Over the past four decades since the One-Person - One Vote rule, the total number of county commissioners has declined from 1,026 to the present number of 694.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 1 |
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-in-brief
|
en
|
James Monroe: Life in Brief
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
https://millercenter.org/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://millercenter.org/sites/default/files/styles/square_thumb_2x_360x360/public/auth-Preston_Daniel-116x116.jpg?itok=hNy5Ftl3"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Daniel Preston"
] |
2016-10-04T16:15:18-04:00
|
en
|
/themes/custom/miller/favicon.ico
|
Miller Center
|
https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life-in-brief
|
James Monroe was the last American President of the “Virginia Dynasty”—of the first five men who held that position, four hailed from Virginia. Monroe also had a long and distinguished public career as a soldier, diplomat, governor, senator, and cabinet official. His presidency, which began in 1817 and lasted until 1825, encompassed what came to be called the "Era of Good Feelings." One of his lasting achievements was the Monroe Doctrine, which became a major tenet of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere.
Early Revolutionary
James Monroe was born in 1758 to prosperous Virginia planters. His parents died when he was a teenager, leaving him part of the family farm. He enrolled at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg in 1774, and almost immediately began participating in revolutionary activities. With a group of classmates, he raided the arsenal at the British Governor's Palace, escaping with 200 muskets and 300 swords, which the students presented to the Virginia militia. He became an officer in the Continental Army in early 1776 and, shortly thereafter, joined General George Washington's army at New York. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Trenton.
Monroe was promoted to captain and then major, and was assigned to the staff of General William Alexander, where he served for more than a year. After resigning his commission in the Continental Army in 1779, he was appointed colonel in the Virginia service. In 1780, Governor Thomas Jefferson sent Monroe to North Carolina to report on the advance of the British.
After the war, Monroe studied law with Jefferson and was elected to the Continental Congress in 1783. While a delegate to the Congress, then meeting in New York, he met Elizabeth Kortright, the daughter of a New York City merchant. A year later they were married; he was twenty-seven and she was seventeen. The newlyweds moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, where Monroe practiced law.
High Political Office
In 1787, Monroe began serving in the Virginia assembly and was chosen the following year as a delegate to the Virginia convention considering ratification of the new U.S. Constitution. He voted against ratification, holding out for the direct election of presidents and senators, and for the inclusion of a bill of rights. Partly due to politicians, such as Monroe, who brought attention to the omission of such constitutional guarantees, the Bill of Rights became the first ten amendments of the Constitution upon ratification in 1791. Although Monroe narrowly lost a congressional election to James Madison in 1790, the Virginia state legislature appointed him to the U.S. Senate. As a member of that body, he allied himself with Madison and Thomas Jefferson, his close personal friends, against the Federalist faction led by Vice President John Adams and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. In 1794, President Washington sent Monroe to Paris as U.S. minister to France. Monroe's actions as minister angered the Federalists, however, and Washington recalled him in 1797. In 1799, he was elected governor of Virginia, where he served three one-year terms. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson sent him back to France to help negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. Monroe continued to serve his government in Europe, representing the United States as U.S. minister to Britain from 1803 to 1807, with a brief stint as special envoy to Spain in 1805. After he returned home, dissident Republicans nominated him to oppose James Madison for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination in 1808. Monroe, however, never considered the challenge serious, and Madison won the election easily. Monroe was once again elected governor of Virginia in January 1811, but headed back to Washington, D.C., that April, when President Madison named him secretary of state. Monroe served in that capacity, and also for a time as secretary of war, until 1817.
Easy Race to the White House
When President Madison announced his decision to continue the custom of serving only two terms, Monroe became the logical candidate for the Democratic-Republicans. After some maneuvering within the party, Monroe prevailed to win the nomination. He had little opposition during the general election campaign. The Federalists were so out of favor with the public that a majority had abandoned the party name altogether. They ultimately nominated New York's Rufus King, but the result was a foregone conclusion. In the Electoral College, Monroe carried sixteen states to King's three. Monroe began his presidency by embarking on a presidential tour, a practice initiated by George Washington. His trip through the northern states took fifteen weeks, by which time more Americans had seen him than they had any other sitting President. A newspaper in Boston described Monroe's reception there as the beginning of a new "Era of Good Feelings" for the nation. The President later made two similar tours, one of the Chesapeake Bay area in 1818 and one of the South and West in 1819.
Era of Good Feelings
At the beginning of Monroe's presidency, the nation had much to feel good about. It had declared victory in the War of 1812 and its economy was booming, allowing the administration to turn its attention toward domestic issues. The economy was booming. The organized opposition, in the form of the Federalists, had faded largely from sight, although the government had adopted many Federalist programs, including protective tariffs and a national bank. The President, moreover, was personable, extremely popular, and interested in reaching out to all the regions of the country. Monroe faced his first crisis as President with the Panic of 1819, which resulted in high unemployment as well as increased foreclosures and bankruptcies. Some critics derided Monroe for not responding more forcefully to the depression. Although he believed that such troubles were natural for a maturing economy and that the situation would soon turn around, he could do little to alleviate their short-term effects. Monroe's second crisis came the same year, when the entrance of Missouri to the Union as a slave state threatened to disrupt the legislative balance between North and South. Congress preserved that equilibrium, negotiating a compromise in which Massachusetts allowed its northernmost counties to apply for admission to the Union as the new free state of Maine. The Missouri Compromise also called for the prohibition of slavery in the western territories of the Louisiana Purchase above the 36/30' north latitude line. Monroe worked in support of the compromise and, after ascertaining that the provisions were constitutional, signed the bill. In trying to sustain the "Era of Good Feelings," Monroe had hoped to preside over the decline of political parties. However, his administration offered only a brief respite from divisive partisan politics. The rancor surrounding the 1824 presidential election was a reminder that strong feelings still animated American political life even without the existence of two distinct parties. In fact, the Monroe presidency stood at the forefront of a transition from the first party system of the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists to the second party system of the Democrats and the Whigs.
Spanish Florida and the Monroe Doctrine
In 1818, President Monroe sent General Andrew Jackson to Spanish Florida to subdue the Seminole Indians, who were raiding American settlements. Liberally interpreting his vague instructions, Jackson led his troops deep into areas of Florida under the control of Spain and captured two Spanish forts. In addition to securing greater protection for American settlements, the mission pointed out the vulnerability of Spanish rule in Florida. Monroe and his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, used that vulnerability to pressure Spain into selling Florida to the United States. As Spain's dominion in the America's continued to disintegrate, revolutions throughout its colonies brought independence to Argentina, Peru, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. When European powers threatened to form an alliance to help Spain regain its lost domains, Monroe, with the prodding of Secretary of State Adams, declared that America would resist European intervention in the Western Hemisphere. Announced in the President's message to Congress on December 2, 1823, the Monroe Doctrine thus became a cornerstone of American foreign policy. Leaving Washington after a lifetime of public service, Monroe and his wife retired to their estate in Loudoun County, Virginia. Monroe returned to private life deeply in debt and spent many of his later years trying to resolve his financial problems. He petitioned the government to repay him for past services, with the government eventually providing a portion of the amount he sought. After his wife died in 1830, Monroe moved to New York City to live with his daughter. He died there on July 4, 1831.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 47 |
https://www.virginia.edu/
|
en
|
The University of Virginia
|
[
"https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1321292634581794&ev=PageView&noscript=1",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/fadeolympics.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/dawnvcancer.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/climategng.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/funny.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/registeringforclasses.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/default/files/styles/news_slideshow_tablet/public/news/smdr_lupus.jpg?itok=E_Gz_Xj6×tamp=1721307992",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/all/themes/custom/uva/images/social-white/social-youtube-white.png",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/all/themes/custom/uva/images/social-white/social-x-white.png",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/all/themes/custom/uva/images/social-white/social-facebook-white.png",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/all/themes/custom/uva/images/social-white/social-instagram-white.png",
"https://www.virginia.edu/sites/all/themes/custom/uva/images/social-white/social-linkedin-white.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
The University of Virginia
|
https://www.virginia.edu/
|
Glance: Olympics 2024 Aggregation Page
Submitted by cc8tq on Mon, 07/15/2024 - 14:02
Glance: 2024 With UVA Discovery, We May Be One Good Solution Closer to Solving Climate Change
Submitted by cc8tq on Mon, 04/22/2024 - 13:15
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 45 |
https://twitter.com/PrezWisdom/status/1808847276502049031
|
en
|
x.com
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
X (formerly Twitter)
| null | ||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 48 |
https://www.alamy.com/the-james-monroe-house-in-new-york-city-at-63-prince-street-president-james-monroe-died-here-in-1831-image367819539.html
|
en
|
The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831 Stock Photo
|
[
"https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/logos/1.68.0/alamy.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/mastercard.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/visa.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/amex.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/paypal.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/apple-pay.svg",
"https://s.alamy.com/assets/latest/footer/google-pay.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"1831",
"63",
"died",
"historical",
"history",
"house",
"james",
"monroe",
"new york city",
"photo"
] | null |
[
"Alamy Limited"
] | null |
Download this stock image: The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831 - 2CABHG3 from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors.
|
en
|
https://www.alamy.com/the-james-monroe-house-in-new-york-city-at-63-prince-street-president-james-monroe-died-here-in-1831-image367819539.html
|
The James Monroe House in New York City at 63 Prince Street. President James Monroe died here in 1831
Captions are provided by our contributors.
RMID:Image ID :2CABHG3
Image details
Contributor :
Niday Picture Library / Alamy Stock Photo
Image ID :
2CABHG3
File size :
7.7 MB (337.6 KB Compressed download)
Open your image file to the full size using image processing software.
Releases :
Model - no | Property - noDo I need a release?
Dimensions :
1949 x 1380 px | 33 x 23.4 cm | 13 x 9.2 inches | 150dpi
Date taken :
3 August 2020
More information :
This image could have imperfections as it’s either historical or reportage.
Taxes may apply to prices shown.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 33 |
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php%3Ffbid%3D10158861221217406%26id%3D47948657405%26set%3Da.10151429087027406
|
en
|
Bei Facebook anmelden
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
[
"https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/y1/r/4lCu2zih0ca.svg",
"https://facebook.com/security/hsts-pixel.gif?c=3.2.5"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Melde dich bei Facebook an, um dich mit deinen Freunden, deiner Familie und Personen, die du kennst, zu verbinden und Inhalte zu teilen.
|
de
|
https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/yv/r/B8BxsscfVBr.ico
|
Facebook
|
https://www.facebook.com/login/web/
| |||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 66 |
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
en
|
Season 3, Episode 5-James Monroe’s Tomb
|
[
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=1536",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11822612_10106424870799335_8670833590336626676_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11051789_10106424871163605_847966083497297562_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/11229364_10106424871832265_6266972834561789315_n.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7588.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7591.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7592.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7593.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7589.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7594.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7595.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7301.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7296.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7297.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7298.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7299.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7303.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1334.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1335.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_1342.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2425.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2426.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2428.jpeg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2429.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_2432.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/s-l400.jpg?w=400",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/service-pnp-cwpb-02900-02923v.jpg?w=594",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/richmond-virginia-tomb-of-president-james-monroe-hollywood-cemetery-e82c1e-1024.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/card00352_fr.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/screenshot-3.png?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_8287.jpg?w=600",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-300x224-1.jpg?w=300",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/monroe-exhumed.jpg?w=350",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6885.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_6880.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0544.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_0543.jpeg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7336.jpg?w=448",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_7335.jpg?w=450",
"https://storage.buzzsprout.com/xowh3gb5xhkfj6z3qpstt9xi7vgq?.jpg",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/img_4166.jpg?w=450",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_iyKqeRdNe7dwkd&asin=045147726X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_qYLcXUXELYdcAj&asin=030681918X&tag=kpembed-20",
"https://read.amazon.com/kp/card?preview=inline&linkCode=kpd&ref_=k4w_oembed_RC8BqlTCIrkyQh&asin=0813912660&tag=kpembed-20"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2024-03-26T00:00:00
|
Listen to This Episode! Season 3, Episode 5: James Monroe's Tomb Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James' brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite! Make sure to…
|
en
|
Visiting the Presidents
|
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2024/03/26/season-3-episode-5-james-monroes-tomb/
|
Listen to This Episode!
Where has James Monroe been?! Our fourth President to die and the first to be buried in another state, as well as our first exhumed and relocated President! Learn about James’ brief post-Presidency, his death, his reburial, and his distinctive gravesite!
Make sure to listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 1, “James Monroe and Colonial Beach” on his birthplace!
Also, listen to James Monroe’s “Visiting the Presidents” Episode from Season 2, “James Monroe and Highland” for his home!
President James Monroe’s Tomb from Hollywood Cemetery.
Monroe’s Tomb from the National Park Service.
From the restoration by BR Howard Conservation.
James Monroe’s first gravesite at New York City’s Marble Cemetery.
From My July 2015 Visit!
From My July 2021 Visit!
From My June 2022 Visit!
From My June 2023 Visit!
James Monroe’s Death Site and NYC Cemetery
Historic Images of James Monroe’s Tomb
Images of the Reburial and Laying in State
James Monroe’s Tomb: Presidents Circle, 412 S Cherry St, Richmond, Virginia.
Check Out the Most Recent Episodes!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb – Visiting the Presidents
"Doctor, I am going. Perhaps it is best.” Our First President to die in a foreign country, John Tyler, 10th President of the United States.! Learn about his tumultuous post-Presidency; his illness and death; his funeral, burial, and commemorations, plus his controversial gravesite!Check out the website at VisitingthePresidents.com for visual aids, links, past episodes, recommended reading, and other information!Episode Page:Season 1's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Greenway Plantation" on his birthplace!Season 2's John Tyler Episode-"John Tyler and Sherwood Forest" on his home!Support the Show.Visit the social media on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram!
S3 E10 John Tyler's Tomb 45:01
BONUS! How I Spent My Christmas Break with Presidential Travels 2024! 21:30
S3 E9 William Henry Harrison's Tomb 49:49
S3 E8 Martin Van Buren's Tomb 49:07
S3 E7 Andrew Jackson's Tomb 53:53
Recommended Reading for James Monroe
Share this:
Like Loading...
Related
Published by visitingthepresidents
I'm a Professor of History at Central Arizona College and someone who loves history and travel; my new blog will combine those interests! View more posts
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 3 |
https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/site62.htm
|
en
|
The Presidents (Monroe Tomb)
|
[
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/AH_large_black.gif",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/menu1.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/menu2.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/menu3.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/menu4.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/menu5.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/presidents.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/nhl.gif",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/site62.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/site62a.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/site62b.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/previous.jpg",
"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/presidents/images/next.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
Monroe Tomb
Virginia
Monroe Tomb
Hollywood Cemetery, 412 South Cherry Street, Richmond.
This tomb, a small-scale architectural masterpiece, contains the remains of President James Monroe. Upon his death in New York City on July 4, 1831, his body was interred in that city's Marble (Second Street) Cemetery. In 1858, the 100th anniversary of his birth, municipal officials and representatives of the State of Virginia decided that the remains should be returned to his home State for reburial. The Virginia legislature appropriated funds for this purpose. On July 5 the body, accompanied by the 7th Regiment of the New York National Guard, arrived in Richmond on the steamboat Jamestown. That same day, an impressive burial ceremony, highlighted by a speech delivered by Gov. Henry A. Wise of Virginia, was held at the gravesite, on a high bluff overlooking the James River, in Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery.
Monroe Tomb (National Park Service, Edward F. Heite, 1969.)
The tomb is an ornate Gothic Revival structure. Designed by Alsatian architect Albert Lybrock, it was erected in 1859. The innovative and imaginative use of cast iron, obtained from the Philadelphia firm of Wood and Perot, provided the opportunity for a delicacy and intricacy of design that was not possible on the same scale in stone.
The exhumed body of President Monroe, who had died in 1831, lies in state in New York City's City Hall in 1858, before being returned to his home state, Virginia, for reburial. (Engraving, in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, July 17, 1858, Library of Congress.)
The tomb is in the form of a rectangular "cage" surrounding Monroe's simple granite sarcophagus. Each facade is decorated with a lancet arch in the style of a cathedral window. At the top of each of these arches is a rose window tracery; below each tracery are three round arches. On the two longer sides of the rectangle, two subordinate lancet arches flank the main ones. At each of the four corners, a colonette supports a small tabernacle that rises above the top of the facades. The "cage" sits on a solid but elaborately decorated base and is surmounted by an ogive canopy featuring delicate tracery. A low stone wall encircles the tomb.
Hollywood Cemetery, on a rolling ridge overlooking the James River, also contains the graves of President John Tyler, near that of Monroe; Jefferson Davis; Gen. J. E. B. Stuart; and thousands of other Confederate soldiers.
|
||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 89 |
https://richmondmagazine.com/news/richmond-history/the-last-founder/
|
en
|
The Last Founder
|
[
"https://richmondmagazine.com/api/design-e817d5b2b077f192d8bf89d857645519/richmond-magazine-logo-2986cc-878787.svg",
"https://richmondmagazine.com/api/design-e817d5b2b077f192d8bf89d857645519/richmond-magazine-logo-2986cc-878787.svg",
"https://richmondmagazine.com/downloads/14981/download/Local_Flashback_JamesMonroe_VALENTINE_rp0117.jpg?cb=95f258f44590bf124197697353d20b96&w={width}&h={height}",
"https://richmondmagazine.com/downloads/14982/download/Local_Flashback_JamesMonroe2_NPS%5CLoC%5CEdwardFHeite_rp0117.jpg?cb=66635009d52ee5fb9aba33f935f66ceb&w={width}&h={height}",
"https://richmondmagazine.com/downloads/36373/download/richmond-magazine-logo-2986cc-878787.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Flashback",
"cemeteries",
"James Monroe",
"Harry Kollatz Jr.",
"Tina Eshleman",
"history"
] | null |
[
"Harry Kollatz Jr",
"Tina Eshleman",
"richmondmagazine.com",
"harry-kollatz-jr.-author",
"tina-eshleman-author"
] |
2017-01-20T09:02:00
|
An ‘era of good feelings’ followed James Monroe’s inauguration 200 years ago — but shadows loomed.
|
en
|
richmondmagazine.com
|
https://richmondmagazine.com/news/richmond-history/the-last-founder/
|
James Monroe, a son of Westmoreland County and former Fredericksburg lawyer, was a lifelong friend and Valley Forge bunkmate of John Marshall. Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall swore in Monroe as the nation’s fifth president on March 4, 1817, at the first outdoor inauguration.
It was four decades after the Declaration of Independence and 28 years since the Constitution went into effect. The White House was under reconstruction after being set on fire by British troops during the summer of 1814.
Monroe entered office as a popular war hero. He carried shrapnel in his shoulder from a near-fatal wound in the Revolutionary War’s Battle of Trenton. During the War of 1812, while serving as secretary of state, Monroe packed his wife and daughters off from Washington, D.C., and picked up his sword, rifle and side arms to rally the defense despite incompetent officers and untrained soldiers. The effort allowed President James Madison and his wife, Dolley, to flee the city.
In 1817, a Boston newspaper designated the beginning of Monroe’s term as “The Era of Good Feelings.” When the president toured the country not long after his inauguration, veterans lined up to shake his hand and announce where they met the enemy, “Monmouth” or “Brandywine,” rendering him speechless.
But the honeymoon didn’t last. As president, Monroe contended with economic collapse, a heel-dragging Congress and hotheads like Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford, a former Georgia senator. At a contentious White House meeting about patronage appointments for customs officers in the Northeast, the president dismissed Crawford’s list, saying he’d decide. Crawford — who’d killed a man in a duel — demanded to know Monroe’s choices. The president replied, “Sir, that is none of your damn business.” Crawford, whipping his cane at Monroe, shouted, “You damned infernal old scoundrel!” and Monroe hefted fireplace tongs to defend himself. Navy Secretary Samuel Southard intervened and dragged Crawford from the office.
So much for good feelings. Earlier, in 1797, Monroe almost fought a duel with Alexander Hamilton because secret papers given to Monroe detailing the then-Treasury Secretary Hamilton’s affair with a married woman and the money he paid to keep the husband quiet suddenly appeared in print five years later — perhaps by Thomas Jefferson’s instigation. Aaron Burr talked them down.
“Monroe took offense readily,” author and former U.S. Sen. Gary Hart writes in a 2005 biography. “He became especially prickly when his conduct was questioned or his judgments second-guessed.” He defended against perceived slights with long letters and voluminous reports.
This is the stuff they write musicals about. But no anthem-filled “Monroe Doctrine” exists alongside “Hamilton” and “Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson.”
The fifth president didn’t possess the charismatic heft of George Washington, the polymath brilliance and Machiavellian conniving of Thomas Jefferson or the profound philosophic intensity of James Madison. At center, Monroe was a soldier and a stalwart defender of the republic. Hart calls him the first “national security president.”
As commander in chief, he tended toward a hands-off administration that emphasized building consensus. His Cabinet included representatives from each region of the nation. He picked John Quincy Adams for secretary of state, the industrious John C. Calhoun for secretary of war (after Hanover County native Henry Clay rejected the post and remained House speaker), and retained the mercurial Crawford. The proto-“team of rivals” included slavery supporters and anti-slavers.
Monroe, a paternalistic slaveholder, knew the practice needed to end — but he wouldn’t be the one to do it. He was governor of Virginia during Gabriel’s revolt and capture in August 1800. After the escaped slave’s apprehension, Gabriel said he’d speak of his actions only with Monroe — but that interview never took place. Instead Richmond’s special slave court ordered 27 men to the gallows. Gabriel hanged, without being dropped through the scaffold.
During Monroe’s presidency, controversy ensued during the 1819 and 1820 discussions about admitting Missouri and Maine into the union, one allowing slaves and one not. The issue resulted in vehement orations in Congress, and Virginia Sen. James Barbour urged the secession of slave states. The eventual Missouri Compromise accepted the state with its constitution validating slavery and Maine as free. John Quincy Adams, an abolitionist, viewed the compromise as the “title page to a great tragic volume.”
Monroe also witnessed how western movement pushed American Indians farther away from homelands and the devastation and death wreaked upon them. Deep in his second presidential term, he sought the establishment of territories where “the aborigines within our limits” might be induced to reside.
In the realm of international relations, Monroe proclaimed that Europe had no business in the Western Hemisphere and that the U.S. needn’t involve itself in internal squabbles overseas. The five-point “Principles of 1823,” which became known as the “Monroe Doctrine,” have been used and abused by almost every successive president.
Five years after his term ended, Monroe’s often ill but splendid wife, Elizabeth Kortwright Monroe, died on Sept. 23, 1830, at their Oak Hill estate in Loudoun County. By then physically frail himself, Monroe became hysterical and urged his children to seal him in the vault with her. Crazed with grief, he burned her diaries, scrapbooks and letters they had written to each other when they were apart.
Monroe, not a typical Virginia blueblood planter, sold Oak Hill to cover overwhelming debts, a substantial portion of which he accrued while serving as ambassador to France. Emotionally exhausted and destitute, he moved to New York City to live with his younger daughter, Maria, and her husband, former Monroe administration private secretary Samuel Laurence Gouverneur. He died, perhaps of undiagnosed pneumonia, on July 4, 1831, five years to the day after the deaths of Jefferson and John Adams.
The rise of sectional pride that threatened to fracture the country also inspired Virginia Gov. Henry A. Wise (who signed the death warrant for radical abolitionist John Brown) to bring the Monroes to Richmond for re-interment at Hollywood Cemetery. The simple sarcophagus is in an elaborate iron “birdcage” designed by German-born Albert Lybrock. Elizabeth is outside.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 8 |
https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/
|
en
|
Burying James Monroe – Again
|
[
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/cropped-white-house1.jpg",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/monroe-1.jpg?w=280",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jamesmonroe.jpg?w=364",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/jameselizabethmonroe.jpg?w=288",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-reburial-loc.jpg?w=640",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-old.jpg?w=223",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-gravemarker.jpg?w=259",
"https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/jmonroe-grave-hollywood.jpg?w=181",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/65b6b9e2f40be96f0e4426b3611eb5e0ea1e39d1341aea2ad044631070908918?s=40&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://0.gravatar.com/avatar/9d22f8d8b73c965eab5b12ef466a61e7686cba115f9ea2dc06d0242d070d4e33?s=40&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://s2.wp.com/i/logo/wpcom-gray-white.png",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-10-11T00:00:00
|
A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again. James Monroe, Virginian Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in…
|
en
|
https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
|
Presidential History Blog
|
https://featherschwartzfoster.blog/2021/10/11/burying-james-monroe-again/
|
A quarter century after James Monroe died, he was buried. Again.
James Monroe, Virginian
Like his close friends and Revolutionary companions Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, James Monroe (1758-1831) had strong ties to Virginia. Monroe could arguably considered the one with the tightest tie to the Old Dominion, having served in its state government in numerous positions, from legislator to state senator, and its Governor. Twice.
Then, of course, he was the fifth President of the United States, and part of what was termed the Virginia Triumvirate: Jefferson, Madison and Monroe, serving consecutively for two terms each, covering more than two decades of US leadership.
When he retired from the Presidency in 1825 he was 66, and still in generally good health. His wife, ten years his junior, was becoming frail. Nevertheless, they returned to Oak Hill, their home about 35 miles from Washington. As might be expected, he served on the Board of Visitors for Jefferson’s newly established University of Virginia.
His ties to the state were strong.
Those Last Years
For the better part of five years, Monroe enjoyed his retirement life of “gentleman planter” much like his fellow Virginia Presidents. Also, like his predecessors, Monroe, who had never been wealthy, had incurred several debts throughout his life, and now battled insolvency. He sold his Ash Lawn plantation (close to Monticello) which today is open and managed by the College of William and Mary.
He remained active, serving as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention in 1829, but forced to relinquish his role as its presiding officer in 1830, due to failing health.
It was death of his wife Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830) that helped precipitate his decline. They had been married more than 40 years, during which time they had seldom been apart for more than brief periods. Even during the two decades (on and off) that Monroe served abroad in ambassadorial positions, Elizabeth was with him.
When she died in 1830, a frail and now-failing James Monroe moved to New York City, to live with his daughter Maria Hester, her husband Samuel Gouverneur and their family. In another historical coincidence, on July 4, 1831 – fifty-five years after the Declaration of Independence was signed – James Monroe died of heart failure, and possibly complications from tuberculosis. He was 73.
His family buried him at a simple ceremony in the Gouverneur family vault at Marble Hill Cemetery in New York. There were no Virginians present. He would lay there for more than a quarter century.
Hollywood: The Cemetery
Cemeteries, including important ones, have been around for millennia. The Egyptians had their pyramids, the Romans their catacombs. Various native tribes had their sacred burial grounds. Once European colonists began to populate the American continent, crypts and cemeteries were usually attached to churches. Many people however, preferred interment on their own property, a la George Washington. Several “modern” presidents choose burial at their associated institutions.
In 1847, a sprawling “garden cemetery” was built in Richmond, VA, near the banks of the James River. Unlike the grid-like cemeteries, this one, sprawled on 135 acres of valleys, hills and stately trees was a new concept of the 19th century that became very popular. They called it Hollywood Cemetery, and today it is recognized as a registered arboretum.
During the next decade, the beautiful cemetery (one of Richmond’s treasures) was growing in “residents” and status. By the mid-1850s, as sectionalism and secession between North and South were creating huge rifts, its Governor Henry A. Wise wanted to make a statement, ostensibly seeking our dear departed Founding Fathers of Virginia to provide a more moderate tone and remembrance.
George Washington being removed from Mount Vernon was out of the question, of course, but both Jefferson’s Monticello and Madison’s Montpelier had been sold and were falling into disrepair. No close family ties remained there. Gov. Wise had hoped to bring the coffins of both Jefferson and Madison (two of Virginia’s favorite sons) to be re-interred at Hollywood, but for various reasons (and perhaps historical serendipity), those efforts failed.
Monroe was a different story, however. He had no ties to New York. Why shouldn’t his earthly remains “come home”? His son-in-law, still living, had no objection.
The Homecoming
So on July 2, 1858, 100 years after James Monroe’s birth, with $2000 authorized by Virginia’s General Assembly, “officials from Virginia and New York joined descendants of Monroe at the cemetery in New York to see the lead coffin dug up and placed in a mahogany casket.”
The following day it was placed on a steamship, appropriately named Jamestown, and brought from New York, through the Chesapeake Bay, and up the James River to Hollywood Cemetery. “On the night of July 4-5, a crowd of Richmonders assembled at the dock for their arrival. Then Gov. Wise and Richmond Mayor Joseph Mayo led the funeral procession through Richmond’s streets to the cemetery, two miles away. Monroe’s coffin was borne in a hearse drawn by six white horses.”
The ceremony was held with a limited number of spectators (not enough room) followed by some gala celebrations in town. Newspapers across the country reported the event, and the desire to “re-unite” the country.
His wife, daughter and son-in-law have been re-buried nearby.
The Birdcage – Hollywood Style
In 1859, Albert Lybrock, an Alsatian architect who emigrated to the USA some years earlier, designed a beautiful and ornate Gothic Revival cage made from cast iron, which surrounds the sarcophagus. It has been nicknamed “The Birdcage”.
It was labeled a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service in 1971 due to its unique and elegant architecture.
In 2015, the State of Virginia appropriated nearly $1 million to repair the structure, and return it to its original beauty.
Sources:
Cresson, W.P. – James Monroe – UNC Press, 1946
Unger, Harlow Giles – The Last Founding Father – DeCapo Press, 2009
https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Monroe
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org/
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 64 |
http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/monroe.html
|
en
|
James Monroe: Virginia Places Associated With Him
|
[
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroebirthplace.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroebirth.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/washcrossdelaware.png",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroeatwandm.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroesplaquedescription.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroedoctrine.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monrovia.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe3.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe2.jpg",
"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/places/graphics/monroe4.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Virginia",
"president",
"James",
"Monroe",
"place",
"geography",
"location",
"home"
] | null |
[] | null |
James Monroe: Virginia Places Associated With Him, material
|
en
| null |
John Vanderlyn painted this portrait in 1816 when James Monroe was elected to his first term as president
Source: National Portrait Gallery, Born and Died on the Fourth of July
James Monroe was born in Westmoreland County in 1758, and lived there until he left to attend the College of William and Mary at the age of 16. He inherited ownership of the site, including the 20-by-58-foot house, when he was orphaned. Monroe sold the home and its surrounding 500 acres on Monroe Creek in 1783.
The College of William and Mary excavated the archaeological site of Monroe's first home in 1976. In 2005, the James Monroe Memorial Foundation negotiated a 99-year lease of the property from Westmoreland County, and built a replica home that was dedicated in 2021.1
James Monroe was born five miles from George Washington's birthplace, also in Westmoreland County
Source: ESRI, ArcGIS Online
a replica of James Monroe's birthplace was dedicated in 2021
Source: Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 096-0046 James Monroe Birthplace (by Calder Loth, 2021)
James Monroe purchased a 1,000 plantation named Highland south of Monticello in 1793, and he lived there at various times between 1799-1823. He expanded it to 3,500 acres, acquiring farmland on the eastern side to Buck Island Creek and on the western side to extend over the crest of Carters Mountain.
He was forced to sell land (and enslaved people working it) to pay debts. In 1826, when he sold the remainder of his plantation at Highland, it consisted of 907 acres. In 1837 another buyer renamed it Ash Lawn. Today the historic site includes 536 acres.2
The mansion house burned in the middle of the Nineteenth Century. Later owners built a new house and renamed the site Ash Lawn. In 1974, the historic site was donated to the College of William and Mary, which Monroe had attended.
For years, tourists visiting the site toured a house described as Monroe's home, though the structure did not match historical descriptions. In 2016, after archeological investigations identified the foundations of the actual home, the interpretation was changed and the site renamed Highland.3
Interpretation after 2016 expanded to include the stories of the enslaved people at Highland, as well as the story of James Monroe. A Council of Descendants was created to help guide the interpretation. One member commented on why she chose to participate:4
I stay involved to help give a voice to the voiceless. The enslaved there had no voice, they had no hope of ever getting their story out or ever being recognized, they were pretty much invisible. This brings them to the forefront, and gives them a say.
After emancipation many of those enslaved at Highland used the name Monroe and lived in Monroeville. In 2017 a guide at Highland visited a church in Monroeville, seeking information about a group of enslaved people that James Monroe had sold to a plantation in Florida. When the guide started asking questions in the church parking lot, she discovered the descendants who were living just 10 miles away from Highland. One commented that day:5
You have come to the right place... We are all Monroes!
The executive director of the African-American Cultural Heritage Action Fund articulated goals for the interpretation of the enslaved experience at Highland and other plantations:6
Most of the narrative about the black experience is about a painful past, but we have an opportunity today to uncover the hidden stories of activism and resistance and black agency rooted in slavery... This is about expanding beyond the typical stories of brutality and injustice to stories of black life and black love and how our community overcame the most difficult chapter in American history.
After the death of George Floyd and the energizing of the Black Lives Movement in 2020, a William and Mary student started a petition, "W&M: Stop Bankrolling a Plantation, Especially with Student Funds." Objections included the cost of supporting the facility (reported to be $400,000 annually from the auxiliary budget), and the appropriateness of hosting weddings and other celebrations at a site created by slave labor. Events, together with admission fees and donations, helped to offset the $1 million annual costs of operating and maintaining Hghlands.7
Some descendants of those enslaved at Highland spoke in favor of retaining James Monroe's name on a residence hall at the William and Mary campus in Williamsburg, as well as a statue of James Monroe there. One member of the Council of Descendant Advisors stated:8
He was a slave owner and we can't change that part of history. The work (the council) is doing is to be inclusive of everything in one's story and mindful of a story. We can't pretend he never existed. He owned slaves as horrible as it was, right or wrong, that is part of the history of one side of my family. That's where our story begins.
Emanuel Leutze imaginatively added James Monroe holding the flag, as Washington crossed the Delaware River
Source: New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Washington Crossing the Delaware
James Monroe is honored by a statue at William and Mary
a plaque explains the friezes underneath the James Monroe statue at William and Mary
President Monroe asserted as doctrine that European nations must consider the Western Hemisphere as the exclusive sphere of interest of the United States
Source: National Archives, Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Links
Google StreetView
Ash Lawn
Ash Lawn-Highland
Internet Public Library Biography
James Monroe Memorial Foundation
James Monroe Highland
Monroe Biography from Outline of American History
National Portrait Gallery
James Monroe Cleans Up: The Conservation of an Early American Engraving
James Monroe: "The Era of Good Feelings"
Oak Hill (purchased later by Lt. Colonel John Walter Fairfax)
Road to Revolution Heritage Trail
James Monroe Birthplace
Virginia Department of Historic Resources
096-0046 James Monroe Birthplace
The White House Biography<.li>
James Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
Portrait of James Monroe
the initial capital of Liberia was named after James Monroe
Source: Library of Congress, Map of Liberia
President James Monroe in his first term
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Goodman & Piggot, 1817)
References
1. "Replica of James Monroe's birthplace now complete," Free Lance-Star, October 4, 2021, https://fredericksburg.com/news/local/reconstruction-of-james-monroes-birthplace-now-complete/article_e2b916b8-ffae-5c84-87a7-1a4576c2efaf.html (last checked October 6, 2021)
2. Christopher Fennell, "An Account of James Monroe's Land Holdings - Ash Lawn-Highland, Albemarle County," http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/highland/ashlawn1.html ; Christopher Fennell, "An Account of James Monroe's Land Holdings - Map Images of Ash Lawn-Highland," http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/highland/ashlawn1a5.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
3. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/; "Discover Highland," James Monroe's Highland, https://highland.org/discover-highland/; "Monroe Timeline," James Monroe's Highland, https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
4. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
5. "James Monroe Enslaved Hundreds. Their Descendants Still Live Next Door," New York Times, July 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/07/us/politics/monroe-slavery-highland.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
6. "James Monroe Enslaved Hundreds. Their Descendants Still Live Next Door," New York Times, July 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/07/us/politics/monroe-slavery-highland.html (last checked November 2, 2020)
7. "Examining Highland's legacy: College's ownership of James Monroe's Highland sparks community discourse," The Flat Hat, October 12, 2020, http://flathatnews.com/2020/10/12/examining-highlands-legacy-colleges-ownership-of-james-monroes-highland-sparks-community-discourse/ (last checked October 13, 2020)
8. "President James Monroe owned slaves. Some of their descendants say they don't want his statue removed from William & Mary's campus," Virginia Gazette, October 15, 2020, https://www.dailypress.com/virginiagazette/va-vg-monroe-wm-1007-20201015-vsiokic2kzew3lzafouevb74vu-story.html (last checked October 15, 2020)
James Monroe, around 1828
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Nicolas Eustache Maurin, c.1828)
James Monroe in 1829
Source: Smithsonian Institution, James Monroe (by Chester Harding, 1829)
Places Associated With Famous Virginians
Virginia Places
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 28 |
https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/
|
en
|
Monroe Timeline
|
[
"https://highland.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Inverse-Wordmark.png",
"https://highland.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/wm_vertical_single_line_white-1024x463.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2013-07-08T19:31:53+00:00
|
James Monroe had an extraordinary career in public service that spanned almost fifty years.
|
en
|
Highland
|
https://highland.org/monroe-timeline/
|
1758 – April 28, born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the Northern Neck
1774-76 – Attended William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
1776 – Joined the Continental Army’s Third Virginia Infantry Regiment
1776 – December 26, wounded at the Battle of Trenton
1778 – December, wintered at Valley Forge,
1778 – June 28, fought at the Battle of Monmouth
1779 – January, resigned from the Continental Army; received appointment to lieutenant colonel by Virginia legislature
1780 – Studied law under Governor Thomas Jefferson in Richmond
1782 – Member of Virginia House of Delegates
1783-86 – Delegate to Confederation Congress
1786 – February 16, married Elizabeth Kortright; practiced law in Fredericksburg; November or December, birth of Eliza
1787-89 – Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
1788 – Member of Virginia Convention to ratify the U. S. Constitution; purchased farmland in Albemarle, Virginia
1790-94 – Served as United States Senator from Virginia
1793 – Purchased “Highland” property adjacent to Jefferson’s Monticello
1794-96 – Minister to France for President George Washington
1799 – May, birth of James Spence; November 23, family moved to Highland
1799-1802 – Served as Governor of Virginia for three consecutive one-year terms
1800 – September 28, death of James Spence; Gabriel’s Rebellion
1802 – Birth of Maria Hester
1803 – Envoy to France to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase
1803-07 – Minister to England and Spain for President Jefferson
1804 – December, arrived in Spain to negotiate the purchase of Florida
1808 – September, marriage of Eliza to George Hay at Highland
1810-11 – Served as a member of Virginia House of Delegates
1811 – January to April, served as Governor of Virginia
1811-17 – Beginning in April 1811, served as Secretary of State for President James Madison
1814-15 – September 1814 to March 1815, served as Secretary of War for President Madison
1817 – October 17, laid cornerstone of Pavilion VII, the University of Virginia’s first structure
1817-25 – Served as President of the United States; his presidency became known as the “Era of Good Feelings”
1820 – March 9, marriage of Maria Hester in the White House
1823 – December 2, delivered speech known as the “Monroe Doctrine” in his address to Congress, declared as the first U.S. foreign policy
1826-31 – Served as a member of Board of Visitors, University of Virginia
1828 – Sold Highland to the Bank of the United States
1829 – President of the Virginia Constitutional Convention
1830 – September 23, death of Elizabeth Kortright Monroe
1831 – July 4, death of James Monroe in New York City
1858 – James Monroe’s body re-interred at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 72 |
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668
|
en
|
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
|
https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image
|
https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image
|
[
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12668/34236/main-image",
"https://www.metmuseum.org/Rodan/dist/svg/rolling-0.9s-30px.svg",
"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/f34562cd2cb90b41c387d48763be4bd5ecebc140-250x305.jpg?w=250&fit=crop",
"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/4d6ab187e34104a0182d18508dbfe73e1676f539-250x323.jpg?w=250&fit=crop",
"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/403bde63c3db12ba8f59e410f8653a0379eefa98-250x335.jpg?w=250&fit=crop",
"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/d558b42a926a96ac373b15af48dd894728744683-250x365.jpg?w=250&fit=crop",
"https://cdn.sanity.io/images/cctd4ker/production/5891b663963787501fe8b2b4af4b633c974dd49e-250x340.jpg?w=250&fit=crop",
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/3970/preview",
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12664/preview",
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12669/preview",
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12661/preview",
"https://collectionapi.metmuseum.org/api/collection/v1/iiif/12662/preview",
"https://www.metmuseum.org/-/media/images/about-the-met/collection-areas/american-wing/the-american-wing-court_teaser.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Stuart",
"Gilbert",
"Oil",
"Canvas",
"Paintings",
"North and Central America",
"United States",
"New York",
"New York City"
] | null |
[] | null |
John Doggett, Boston, 1820–1839; Abel Phillips, Boston, by 1839; Honorable Peter A. Porter, Niagara Falls, New York, 1851–1856; A. B. Douglas, Brooklyn, until 1857; Abiel Abbot Low, Brooklyn, 1857–died 1893; his son, Abiel Augustus Low, Brooklyn; his wife, Mrs
|
en
|
https://www.metmuseum.org/content/img/presentation/icons/favicons/favicon.ico?v=3
|
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
|
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12668
|
The fifth president of the United States, James Monroe, was a Virginian who enjoyed the advantages of being the disciple and political protégé of Thomas Jefferson. Before becoming president, he had held many diplomatic posts, including service as ambassador to France and to England. The year after this picture was completed, he issued the famous Monroe Doctrine, a statement against any intervention from foreign governments in the affairs of the hemisphere. The three-quarter pose at a desk with books and papers, the billowing drapery, and the liberal use of strong, pure red are all elements of a formula that Stuart, like the Spanish Goya, frequently employed in portraits of statesman.
|
||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 84 |
https://www.explorelouisiana.com/articles/louisiana-cities-and-towns-whats-in-the-names
|
en
|
Louisiana City Names: Origins & Meanings
|
[
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/2024-06/kayaking-paddling.jpg?itok=Tbl1nCK4",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/2024-07/biking-downtown-covington.jpg?itok=tQ24cAFk",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/legacy_images/Seafood-gumbo_web.jpg?itok=9eCBzl_H",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/legacy_images/Boudin_on_Grill%2C_by_Ian_McNulty_0.jpg?itok=hFUAmjt9",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/legacy_images/Frog-Jump-RayneFrogfest_web.jpg?itok=VozYz_hV",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/2022-07/Blessing%20of%20the%20Fleet%20at%20the%202019%20Shrimp%20%26%20Petroleum%20Festival.jpg?itok=tu_wpi2q",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/legacy_images/louisianastateparkcabin_povertypointreservoir_statepark_web-V2.jpg?itok=jn_29ieH",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/mega_menu_teaser/public/2023-09/image_9-28-23_at_10.20_pm.jpeg?itok=K4wUO_Y1",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/content_slideshow/public/legacy_images/BR_SouthernU_Red_Stick.jpg?itok=-tlYYCFK",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/content_slideshow/public/legacy_images/Street%20sign.jpg?itok=nuCWqIC4",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/2023-06/vbr_fireworks.jpeg?itok=3Rl3UbRg",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/legacy_images/tipitina%27s_Kermit_Ruffins_reduced-x.jpg?itok=lfftNGyE",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/2021-03/AftonVillaGardens-09.jpg?itok=-NmmpPV7",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/legacy_images/emerilheadshot.jpg?itok=3gX8jd8j",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/2023-06/tabasco_1_0.jpeg?itok=_vUMoW20",
"https://www.explorelouisiana.com/sites/default/files/styles/related_popular_content/public/legacy_images/Casino_Gaming_L%27Auberge_2.jpg?itok=C2dW29Zq"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-07-25T12:54:11+00:00
|
Discover the history on behind the names of some of Louisiana's most popular towns!
|
en
|
/themes/custom/mmg8_cog/favicon.ico
|
Louisiana Official Travel and Tourism Information
|
https://www.explorelouisiana.com/articles/louisiana-cities-and-towns-whats-in-the-names
|
You may know that Louisiana was named for French King Louis XIV. The territory was named in his honor by French explorer La Salle, who claimed the territory to the west of the Mississippi River in the 1680s for France. The huge land tract—the Louisiana Purchase—would later form all or parts of 15 states and two Canadian provinces.
But the cities and towns inside Louisiana have some interesting stories behind their names as well.
French Names for Louisiana Cities and Towns
New Orleans was founded in 1718 as Nouvelle-Orléans by the French explorer Bienville. He named the city in honor of another French official, then Prince Regent of France Philip II, Duke of Orleans.
Louisiana’s capital city, Baton Rouge, means “red stick” in French. The red stick refers to a blood-stained pole that French explorer Iberville found on the bank of the Mississippi River in 1699 at the city’s present location. There are conflicting stories about the stick’s purpose. One theory is that it was a dividing line between lands occupied and hunted by the Bayougoula and Houma Native American tribes in south Louisiana. Another is that it was possibly placed to mark the passing of a respected tribal elder. Either way, the stick was placed by the Native Americans.
French explorers named Maringouin (“mosquito”) for the pesky swarms of the insects they encountered there. Other towns with interesting French names are Cocodrie, meaning “alligator,” and Grosse Tete, or “big head.” The latter refers to the black-bellied plover that migrates to the nearby Atchafalaya River Basin from northern Maine, where, interestingly enough, the bird is also commonly called an American big head.
Louisiana Cities and Towns Named for People
Shreveport’s name is tied to a 160-mile log jam on the Red River in northwest and central Louisiana in the early 1800s. A steamboat captain and hundreds of men under his command successfully cleared the log jam opening river navigation southward to the Mississippi River. They established a port community north of the jam named for the jam-clearing captain—Henry Miller Shreve.
Lafayette was originally named Vermilionville, for the Cajun community that formed on Bayou Vermilion in the late 1700s. In the early 1800s, locals wanted to rename the small town to recognize the Marquis de Lafayette. The Frenchman aided the U.S. in the Revolutionary War and was subsequently invited on a multi-state tour in his honor as then-President James Monroe celebrated the nation’s 50-year anniversary.
Speaking of President Monroe, the Louisiana city of Monroe is indirectly named in his honor. The then-young outpost took its name from the James Monroe, a steam-powered paddle wheeler that visited via the Ouachita River in 1819 and showed locals the river could transform the outpost into a bustling town.
Cities and Towns in Louisiana Named for Other Places
Located in Jefferson Davis Parish, Roanoke (as in American history’s “the lost colony of”) is said to have also been named by settlers who migrated from Virginia. Similarly, eastern Calcasieu Parish settlers named Iowa after the northern Midwest state from which they migrated. Oddly enough, Louisiana’s Iowa has a long “a” (pronounced eye-way).
Zwolle in Sabine Parish was indirectly named by a respected Dutch businessman who visited the former railroad logging town in the 1800s. He told local officials the region’s scenic beauty was similar to that of his hometown—Zwolle, Holland.
Plain Dealing is said to be named after a plantation formed nearby in the late 1830s by a family from the East Coast. The plantation’s name—that of the family’s former plantation in Virginia—referred to a plain dealing or principle of conducting business with honesty and integrity.
White Castle is another town with a name tied to a former antebellum plantation. Historical accounts say the white castle was the area’s most notable structure, a massive gabled and columned mansion with encircling galleries and a quarter-mile driveway lined with willow trees. The mansion no longer exists. It was moved four times during the early 1800s due to flooding threats from the Mississippi River, and the home decreased in size with each move until, allegedly, it was eventually reduced to two somewhat ordinary sized houses on the other side of town. But the former mansion’s heritage lives on indirectly—Nottoway Plantation in White Castle is the largest surviving antebellum home in the South.
Indigenous Names for Louisiana Cities and Towns
Several Louisiana cities owe their names to Louisiana’s first American Indian residents including Bayou Goula, Houma, Natchitoches, Opelousas, Coushatta, Jena and Ponchatoula. Bogalusa is named for Washington Parish’s Bogue Lusa creek, which is Choctaw for “dark” or “smoky water.” Another town with a named tied to the Choctaw is Shongaloo, which is said to be a derivative of shakaio—the Choctaw word for cypress tree. Catahoula, a name for both a Louisiana town and parish, is Choctaw for “sacred lake.”
Louisiana Cities and Towns Named for Geographical Features
Louisiana has places named for nearby natural resources, such as Louisiana’s Lake Charles, Lake Providence and Lake Arthur. Louisiana even has one central Louisiana 1800s sawmill town named for a defective natural resource. It’s said that a water wheel was built to power the mill, but the creek on which it sat would stop flowing and become a dry prong every summer. The water wheel was moved to a year-round flowing creek but the town name Dry Prong stuck. Saline in Winn Parish originated as a mining community, named for the large salt dome on which the town sits. Sulphur in Calcasieu Parish was another large mining site early in its history that was named for its rich sulfur deposits.
In the case of New Roads, it was named for a highway that was to connect its local lake, False River, with the nearby Mississippi River. Cut Off gets its name from a proposed canal that would serve as a shortcut between Bayou Lafourche and New Orleans. The canal never materialized but the name stuck to the community at the canal’s planned starting point.
Unique Backstories of Louisiana Towns and Cities
A then-new railroad depot in Avoyelles Parish was named Bunkie by a prominent landowner in the late 1800s. It is said the wealthy man’s young daughter had a pet monkey but her unpolished vocabulary skills resulted in her calling the pet “bunkie” instead of “monkey,” much to the amusement of the family. When the rail company asked the landowner to name the depot which sat on his land, he chose “Bunkie,” which had become the family’s nickname for his little girl.
Local lore says that Waterproof in Tensas Parish got its name from a Mississippi River captain who was meeting an early community resident, Abner Smalley, to get cordwood to fuel his steamboat. It’s said when the ship captain met Smalley on a very small isle, surrounded on all sides by the river, the captain joked “Well, Abner, I see you’re waterproof.” Whether that story is fact or fiction, there’s no question the name Waterproof carries irony: It’s said the current town is about three miles from its original location and that the town moved twice during its history to avoid being swallowed up by the mighty river.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 27 |
https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/discover-the-rooms/james-monroe-namesake/
|
en
|
Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State
|
[
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/flag.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/dos-badge-rect.png",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13211948/RR-1961.0026_01.jpg",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13170108/RR-2004.0005_01.jpg",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13213615/RR-1967.0049_01.jpg",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13210858/RR-1971.0142_01.jpg",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13171610/RR-1986.0012_01.jpg",
"https://d2rcltyodjzmvo.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/13211758/RR-1967.0059.1_01.jpg",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Facebook.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Twitter.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Instagram.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Youtube.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Flickr.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/social/Vimeo.png",
"https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/wp-content/themes/drr/img/footer-dos-seal.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2021-07-05T15:48:16+00:00
|
James Monroe was the last of the Founding Fathers to be president, and had the good fortune to preside over what was called the Era of Good Feelings
|
en
|
Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State
|
https://www.diplomaticrooms.state.gov/discover-the-rooms/james-monroe-namesake/
|
Life & Contributions
James Monroe was the last of the Founding Fathers to be president and the last of the so-called Virginia dynasty, for, like Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison, he was from Virginia. As a young man he joined the Continental Army under General Washington’s command. He then studied law under Jefferson and, elected to the Confederation Congress, began a long career in public service. Monroe was a member of the Virginia convention that ratified the Constitution and subsequently served as a senator from Virginia.
Monroe’s diplomatic service began in 1794, when Washington appointed him minister to France. He arrived in Paris just after the Reign of Terror ended, the most radical phase of French Revolution. There he helped secure the release from prison of Thomas Paine, whose Common Sense had called for American independence, and of the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, who had aided its cause. In a second assignment to France, Monroe helped negotiate the purchase of Louisiana in 1803. Next he was sent to London, to serve as minister to Great Britain. His years of diplomatic service were marked by a series of international threats to the new republic. As secretary of state in Madison’s administration, Monroe recognized that another war — to end British interference with U.S. commerce on the high seas — was necessary, and during the War of 1812 he took on the added position of acting secretary of war.
Elected president in 1816, Monroe had the good fortune to preside over what was called the Era of Good Feelings. The successful conclusion of the war prompted an outburst of patriotism and an end to the partisan divisions that had preceded it. With his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, Monroe negotiated the acquisition of Florida from Spain and announced the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers to stay out of the Western hemisphere.
Monroe died on July 4, Independence Day, just as Presidents Jefferson and John Adams had before him. He was the last of their generation — the last of the presidents to wear knee-breeches in the White House.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 25 |
https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-monroe-papers/articles-and-essays/provenance-of-the-james-monroe-papers/
|
en
|
Provenance of the James Monroe Papers
|
http://www.loc.gov/static/images/favicons/open-graph-logo.png
|
http://www.loc.gov/static/images/favicons/open-graph-logo.png
|
[
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/logo-loc-new-branding.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/link.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/share/email.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/facebook.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/twitter.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/youtube.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/pinterest.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/flickr.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/instagram.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/social-media/itunesU.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/congress-gov.svg",
"https://www.loc.gov/static/images/copyright-gov.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
How did the James Monroe papers come to the Library of Congress? This essay by Dorothy S. Eaton, a former curator in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, tells the story. The essay is included in the Index to the James Monroe Papers (1963).
|
en
|
The Library of Congress
| null |
How did the James Monroe papers come to the Library of Congress? This essay by Dorothy S. Eaton, a former curator in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, tells the story. The essay is included in the Index to the James Monroe Papers (1963).
When James Monroe retired from the Presidency on March 4, 1825, he returned to Oak Hill, his estate in Loudoun County,Va.1 In the years that followed, his attempts to pay his debts and to better his financial condition must have required the steady use of a great many of the papers he had accumulated during his long years of public service, particularly those which could further the investigation of his accounts that he had asked Congress to make. Annotations on many of the papers give evidence that Monroe made some attempt to organize them; this was doubtless done during the years of his retirement.
To stimulate action by Congress he wrote a long paper on his "unsettled claims" in the summer of 1826 and sent it to Gales and Seaton in Washington for publication.2 The following year he undertook the preparation of two additional papers which he hoped would raise money through sales. The first of these was a comparison of the Government of the United States with other, older, republics;3 the second was his autobiography.4
Another means of raising money was suggested to him in correspondence with Nicholas P. Trist, who wrote him on January 27, 1828, from Monticello:
I suppose you have kept copies of all yr. letters to Mr. J[efferson] — There are among them numerous evid[en]ces of the pure disinterestedness of yr. course, & of the fact that in taking those steps wh. launched you irrevocably on the sea of public life, you were actuated solely by devotion to yr. country, to the well understood disparagemt. of yr. individual interests. That you may reap a reward somewhat commensurate with these sacrifices is with me more a wish than a hope. Will you permit me to ask however whether you cd. not at once avail yourself of the value of yr. papers, by pledging the proceeds of their future public[atio]n, in consid[eratio]n of a loan? If I mistake not, such a measure would be far from unexampled; wd. it be impracticable?
In Monroe's reply, on February 8, he wrote: "I have examined my papers, and find that I have, as I believe, all the letters, that were ever written to me by Mr. Jefferson. The first bears date in 1780, while I was reading the law under him. . . . I have copies, but I am satisfied, that I have not, of a fifth, of them I wrote him." He offered to send Jefferson's letters to Thomas Jefferson Randolph if he would be gratified to possess them, an offer that was apparently not accepted, and he added: "Your suggestion as to the sale of my papers, or pledge of them, merits attention."5
Monroe's study of republics and his autobiography were incomplete, and his claims before Congress were still unresolved, when Mrs. Monroe died in September 1830. Two months later financial difficulties and ill health forced him to leave Oak Hill and to make his home with his younger daughter, Maria, and her husband, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in New York City. The latter was acting as Monroe's agent in dealing with the several committees of Congress investigating his claims, and for this purpose Monroe had supplied his son-in-law with selections from his papers from time to time, as shown in letters exchanged by the two men. In addition to papers that might already have been in New York, it is reasonable to suppose that Monroe took with him when he left Virginia such papers as he would need to continue work on his autobiography. Nevertheless, an undetermined number of his papers were at Oak Hill when Monroe died in New York City on July 4, 1831.6
In his will, Samuel L. Gouverneur was named "sole and exclusive executor" and was asked to care for Monroe's older daughter Elizabeth, whose husband, Judge George Hay, had died the previous autumn. The Monroe papers were mentioned somewhat obliquely in the following provision: "... with respect to the works in which I am engaged and leave behind, I commit the care and publication of them to my son in law Samuel L. Gouvernieur [sic], giving to him one third of the profits arising therefrom for his trouble in preparing them for publication, one third to my daughter Maria and one third to my daughter Elizabeth."7
In the first month of Gouverneur's proprietorship of the papers, he lent a small number to John Quincy Adams, who was to deliver a eulogy to Monroe in Boston at the invitation of the city government. On July 19, Gouverneur wrote: "As a means of affording you all the interesting details of Mr. Monroe's early life, in the most ample form, and with the greatest precision, I have taken the liberty to enclose you the first 60 or 70 sheets of a sketch prepared by himself, & which together with all his other interesting papers, he entrusted to my special charge. . . . With the history of his life for the later years, you are well acquainted. He has left copious notes & a most extensive correspondence but he was prevented by death, from completing that portion of his career, even in the shape, which the present has assumed." Apparently he sent additional papers a week later, because Adams, in a letter of August 30, wrote that he was returning "the papers transmitted to me with your letter of the 26th. ulto." and added that "The manuscript of Mr. Monroe shall be returned in the course of a few days — By a private hand if an opportunity should present itself. Before the end of the week I hope to forward a printed Copy of the Eulogy."
Early the following year Richard Rush, writing from York, Pa., asked Gouverneur to return the personal letters he had written to Monroe while he was minister to England: "I wrote often to him, and with a freedom that would not have been justifiable in my public despatches. . . . It is on this account that I should be glad to have them in my possession, lest by any chances hereafter any portion of them should come to be mixed up with his manuscripts . . . and in that way run the risk of publicity." The nature of Gouverneur's reply is suggested by the next letter he received from Rush: "Its obliging sentiments . . . leave me no anxiety on the score of the private and confidential letters alluded to. . . . if any parts of them can, in the judgement of others, be made subsidiary to the better understanding of any of Mr. Monroe's services, there is no scruple even that I would not forego on my part; so much did I honor him as a statesman, revere him as a patriot, and love him as a man. At the same time the promise you are so good as to give that no use will be made of any paper from me without my approbation . . . is a relief."
Gouverneur was again reminded of his responsibilities as custodian of the Monroe papers three years later, when he received an anonymous letter written by "A Virginian" in "Alexandria, District of Columbia," on June 11, 1835: ". . . the character of your illustrious kinsman is already marked a victim for the sacrifice.
Let me implore you as you revere his name and reverence his memory — let me intreat you as patriot and an honorable man — let me caution you as you value your own reputation hold on to every scrap of writing that may be in your possession in any manner connected with his private or public life — preserve every paper that concerns him, for as you life [sic], if you respect his memory you will have use for them.
Apparently Gouverneur did some work toward preparing the papers for publication during the 1830's and a manuscript relating to Monroe, which he started to, write, is said to have survived.8 He was busy with other pursuits, however — he was Postmaster of New York City from 1828 to 1836 and part owner of the Bowery Theatre there — and he seems not to have found work on the Monroe papers a congenial occupation. Nevertheless there is no evidence that he was ready to accept the offer of help he received from Barnabus Bates of New York City, who, in a letter of February 13, 1839, agreed to prepare and publish a memoir on Monroe "upon terms which shall be mutually advantageous and satisfactory." Bates had heard through Commodore Charles Goodwin Ridgely, then in charge of the Navy Yard at New York, that Gouverneur possessed "a very interesting correspondence between Presdts. Jefferson and Monroe in relation to the Gun Boat system recommended by the former," and he suggested that Gouverneur "procure while in Virginia any papers necessary to accomplish the object."
In contrast Gouverneur took positive action in regard to the papers during the following decade.
Elizabeth Kortright Hay, Monroe's older daughter, died in 1840 and in the same year Samuel and Maria Gouverneur moved from New York City to Washington, where they lived in the De Menou buildings on H Street.9 They also spent periods of each year at Oak Hill. Gouverneur worked in the Consular Bureau of the Department of State from 1844 to 1849, when he resigned because of the "afflicted state" of his family and because a promised advancement had not materialized.10
It must have been about the time he entered Government service that Gouverneur became acquainted with Henry O'Reilly (or O'Rielly, as he later spelled his name), a vigorous young man who had been editor of the Rochester Daily Advertiser in Rochester, N.Y., and who was active in many causes. According to a long, rather rambling memorandum O'Reilly wrote many years later, Gouverneur first tried to persuade him to occupy the farm at Oak Hill and to assist in disposing of the property, and later Gouverneur sought his help in connection with the Monroe papers: "In the course of our acquaintance Mr. Gouverneur suggested to me, without any solicitation on my part, that he & others wished me to take charge & control of the Ex-President's records & other Papers with a view to the Publication of A Selection from those papers along with a memoir of Mr. Monroe &c in case it should be found that a sale of the whole mass could not be made to the Government. . . ."11
Gouverneur did indeed turn over to O'Reilly what appears to have been in the major part of the Monroe papers, probably in 1844 or 1845. In the latter year O'Reilly also entered into a contract with Samuel F. B. Morse and Amos Kendall to raise capital for telegraph lines from Eastern Pennsylvania to St. Louis and the Great Lakes, and his work in this connection must have left him little time to give to the Monroe papers. Even their exact location during the mid-1840's is uncertain although glancing references in some of his letters make it likely that O'Reilly deposited them somewhere in New York City while his work of erecting telegraph lines took him from place to place. Samuel L. Gouverneur himself seems not to have known where they were being stored. His concern is evident in a letter he wrote to O'Reilly on May 17, 1847, in which he also outlined terms for the treatment of the papers:
I should have written you before — but from the uncertainty where a letter would find you — I see by the papers (notices of arrivals, etc.) that you are in New York [actually this letter was forwarded to Philadelphia].
I propose in reply to yours that we should divide the proceeds — first deducting 1/8 to be allowed to the Estate of Mr. Monroe. This is on the supposition that the Heirs at law might expect something, & I should agree to fix the sum at that. I also wish it stipulated that the entire control of published matter in reference to Mr. Monroe should be vested in me — I mean that no papers should be published without my assent first had. This I consider just & right, especially as some matter might refer to questions of a personal or delicate nature. Let me have your reply to the above.
I hope you have the papers all in a place of perfect security as I value them very highly, & would be unwilling to run the risk of loss or accident to them when will you be this way — I should be glad to have a talk with you. . . .
Not having heard from O'Reilly, Gouverneur wrote again nearly five months later, on October 14, asking him to drop a line and Aassure me respecting which, I feel some anxiety, that all my papers, are safely deposited, where no accident can befall them." This letter apparently reached O'Reilly in Cincinnati, Ohio.12
The first and apparently only substantial use that was made of the Monroe Papers while they were in Gouverneur's custody occurred the following year. Gouverneur requested O'Reilly to make transcripts of a number of papers for Senator James D. Westcott, Jr., of Florida, and he himself lent the Senator a parcel of original manuscripts he had retained. The texts or references to these were incorporated in Westcott's speech of July 25, 1848, on the territorial government
of Oregon.13
The stalemate on making effective arrangements to publish or sell the Monroe papers seems finally to have been broken in 1848. Doubtless an important factor in this matter was the purchase made by the Government that year of papers of James Madison (a second segment), of Alexander Hamilton, and of Thomas Jefferson. On December 14, Richard Smith, the executor of Elizabeth K. Hay's estate, agreed to accept one-eighth of the proceeds of any publication or sale (rather than the one-third share specified in James Monroe's will) provided the estate was exonerated from any costs connected with the transactions.14 This was followed on December 28 by a formal agreement between Samuel L. Gouverneur and Henry O'Reilly, by which any profits resulting from publication of the papers would be divided so as to give three-eighths to O'Reilly, one-eighth to the estate of President Monroe, and four-eighths to Gouverneur. If, however, the papers were sold for not less than $20,000, O'Reilly was to get thirty percent of the proceeds and to pay one-third of this amount to Eliab Kingman and others assisting in the sale, while Gouverneur was to get the other seventy percent and to pay from this sum one-eighth of the entire proceeds to the estate of James Monroe.15
Upon completion of these arrangements Gouverneur addressed a petition to Congress on January 1, 1849, asking aid from the Government in publishing the manuscript papers of James Monroe.16 Presented by Senator John A. Dix of New York on January 3, the petition was ordered to be printed and referred to the Committee on the Library.17 Gouverneur apparently learned later that month that the Congress preferred to purchase the manuscripts rather than subscribe to their publication, and at this point O'Reilly, through an agent, formally relinquished his rights under the contract with Gouverneur so that the purchase could proceed without complication.18 On February 28 the Senate, by a vote of 28 to 20, approved the purchase of the Monroe papers for $20,000. On March 2 the House concurred in an amendment proposed by the Committee of Ways and Means that the purchase be limited to papers not of a private character;19 and on the following day it was enacted, as part of the act making appropriations for the civil and diplomatic expenses of Government for the year ending June 30, 1850, that "the manuscript books and papers of the late James Monroe" be purchased for the above amount and be deposited in the Department of State.20 On March 13 Gouverneur signed an indenture of bargain and sale of "all the said Manuscript Books & Papers of the said James Monroe together with all copyright, title, interest, property, claim & demand whatsoever of, in, and to the same," and on the same day the transaction was completed when Secretary of State John M. Clayton signed a receipt for the material and First Auditor William Collins signed a certificate that the sum of $20,000 was payable to Samuel L. Gouverneur as executor of the estate of James Monroe.21
Historian James Schouler was perhaps the first person to use the Monroe papers for historical research while they were in the Department of State. In 1882 he described them as "a huge mass of interesting matter relative to our earlier national history, which lies unassorted in the Department of State and for whose editorial supervision and publication it is to be fervently hoped that Congress will some day make suitable provision."22
This situation was rectified when Congress, by acts approved March 2, 1889, and August 30, 1890, appropriated money for the repair, mounting, and binding of the papers.23 They were arranged in two chronological series (one comprising manuscripts by Monroe, the other manuscripts addressed or referred to him) and were bound in 22 volumes. A calendar of the papers, which reflected the two series but with entries arranged alphabetically by writer of each manuscript, was prepared and published by the Department of State in preliminary form in 1889 and in a corrected edition in 1893.24 Seven years later the Librarian of the Department of State prepared a seven-volume unofficial edition of the writings of Monroe.25
As a result of an Executive Order of March 9, 1903, the Monroe Papers were transferred to the Library of Congress. The 22 volumes were received in the Manuscript Division on November 5, 1903, and were associated with two letterbooks (now designated as Series 3 of the papers), which had been acquired by the Library from an undetermined source some time before 1898.26 Less than a year after their receipt, the Library published a chronological list of the papers which had been received by transfer (slightly more than 2,650 manuscripts), the items included in the letterbooks, and a few Monroe manuscripts located in other collections in the Library.27
At this point in the story it is necessary to consider the papers which were deemed to be of a "private character," and which were therefore retained by Samuel L. Gouverneur. Maria Monroe Gouverneur died on June 20, 1850, at Oak Hill. She was survived by her husband and three children, a daughter Elizabeth and two sons, Samuel L. Gouverneur, Jr., and James Monroe Gouverneur. In 1852 Oak Hill, the former Monroe estate, was sold28 and at some time during the following year Samuel L. Gouverneur married Mary Digges Lee, a granddaughter of Governor Thomas Sim Lee. The couple made their home at the Lee estate of Needwood, near Petersville, Md., and Gouverneur, who was presumably custodian of the remaining Monroe papers, died there on September 29, 1865.29 His will, filed among records of the Orphan's Court of Frederick County, Md., shows that he bequeathed his entire estate to the second Mrs. Gouverneur.
Samuel L. Gouverneur, Jr., brought an action of replevin against Mrs. Mary Digges Lee Gouverneur in the Circuit Court of Frederick County in 1866 to recover his mothers' patrimony. The record of this case, which was decided in his favor in October 1868, shows that he sought the return of furniture, paintings, and other household ornaments. The Monroe papers were not mentioned.30 One may assume, moreover, from the preface to his edition of Monroe's The People the Sovereigns (1867) that he had only this one manuscript from his grandfather's papers and that it had been in his possession for some years. Nevertheless, three years after his death in 1880, there appeared a published reference to an important segment of Monroe papers which were then in the possession of his widow, Mrs. Marian Campbell Gouverneur.31 This lends credence to the family tradition that several hundred Monroe papers were found in secret compartments of the desk on which the address that incorporated the Monroe Doctrine was signed.32
Some time before 1889 these papers were deposited in the Department of State, where a calendar of them was prepared.33 They had evidently been returned to Mrs. Gouverneur by 1892; Acting Secretary of State William F. Wharton referred to the "Gouverneur collection" as having been in her possession when he complied with a Senate request of February 3, 1892, for information about unpublished Monroe papers.34
Former President Rutherford B. Hayes called the attention of the Librarian of Congress to Mrs. Gouverneur's manuscripts in 188835 and on two occasions (in 1902 and from 1922 to 1927) the entire group was deposited in the Library with a view to purchase and for safekeeping.36 Purchase was not effected.37
Prior to the death of Mrs. Samuel L. Gouverneur, Jr., the "Gouverneur collection" of Monroe papers was given to her three daughters, Maud Campbell Gouverneur, Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes, and Mrs. Ruth Monroe Johnson. It was kept as a unit until the death of Mrs. Hoes, after which a division was made. Mrs. Hoes' share was divided between her two sons, Gouverneur and Laurence Gouverneur Hoes, and the latter also was given' the share inherited by his aunt, Maud C. Gouverneur. Mrs. Johnson gave her share to her son, Monroe Johnson.38
That portion of the "Gouverneur collection" which came into the possession of Laurence G. Hoes is now in the James Monroe Memorial Library in Fredericksburg, Va. He has generously allowed the Library to make photocopies of this group and these now comprise Series 2 of the Library's Monroe papers. The portion which had belonged to Major Gouverneur Hoes (205 manuscripts) was purchased by the Library from his widow, Mrs. Gourley Edwards Hoes, in 1950; these papers have been interfiled in the chronologically arranged Series 1, where they can be identified by the legend "Ac. 9405" on the lower left corner of the first page of each document. Of the one-third share of the original "Gouverneur collection" given to Monroe Johnson the Library purchased a total of 184 pieces from him in 1931 ("Ac. 4167A" appears on the first page of each of these manuscripts, filed in Series 1 ), and in 1932 Mr. Johnson deposited what was presumably the remainder of his holding of Monroe papers — 95 manuscripts — in the Library of the College of William and Mary.
The Monroe papers that remained at Needwood when Samuel L. Gouverneur, Sr., died in 1865 became the property of his widow, Mrs. Mary Digges Lee Gouverneur. It has not been possible to determine the exact number of manuscripts that composed this segment, although there is evidence that it was considerably larger than the segment that formed the "Governeur collection."
Three months after Mrs. Gouverneur died at Needwood on October 4, 189839 a part of the Monroe papers she owned was mentioned in correspondence between her nephew, John Lambert Cadwalader of New York, and the executor of her estate, Charles O'Donnell Lee of Baltimore,40 Mrs. Gouverneur's nephew. On January 11, 1899, the former wrote:
. . . When the papers to which I referred in a previous letter, were received by me, now two or three years ago, I intended to have them examined by an expert, and there was some sort of an understanding that something should be done with them in so far as they were of a public character. One or two documents were given away with Mrs. Gouverneur's consent, not of any particular value, and I had it in mind to suggest to her some distribution of the papers in one or two public places, leaving, as she expressed it to me, some considerable part for yourself.
However nothing was done, nor were the papers during her lifetime ever entirely examined by any experts. I have since had the papers examined, through Dr. Billings, the Director of the New York Public Library, and I enclose his memorandum [in which the papers were valued at $750]. . . .
Of course, these papers, although a part of the papers of my uncle, Mr. Gouverneur, and which he received from Mr. Monroe, are, nevertheless, a part of Mrs. Gouverneur's estate, and I do not know what disposition you propose to make of them. Should you desire on behalf of Mrs. Gouverneur's estate to sell all of the papers, I would be glad to take them, so that Mr. Monroe's papers would find a proper resting place. . . .
Lee decided that as executor he should first examine the papers "in their relation to many more I have here," and they were returned to him for that purpose. After going over them, however, he decided to accept Cadwalader's offer and wrote on January 24 that he was returning the package "contents exactly as rec'd!" The latter presented them that year to the New York Public Library, of which he was a trustee. The manuscripts in the gift were estimated to number about 1,200.41
The "many more" papers Charles O'Donnell Lee retained are reported to have been divided into five portions, one going to each of the five Lee children who survived their parents. Two of the portions have since been acquired by Laurence Gouverneur Hoes, and the originals, like the other Monroe papers that he received, are now in the James Monroe Memorial Library and reproductions are in Series 2 of the Monroe Papers in the Library of Congress.
A number of important manuscripts that once were part of the Monroe Papers have at some time or times been separated from the segment retained by the family. Among these are Monroe's diary notes dating from March 1804 to May 1805 and his letterbook for the period from November 1804 to May 1805, which are now in the New York Public Library.42 In addition to the two letterbooks mentioned above, the Library of Congress has acquired from various sources during this century, by purchase and gift, a volume containing Monroe's diary notes dating from June 1794 to July 1796 (with additional notes for 1801-2) and an account of his expenses from 1794 to 1802, as well as the recipients' copies of eighteen letters to Monroe and four brief memoranda in his hand.
The Library modified the arrangement of the Monroe Papers made by the Department of State by combining the two chronological series into one chronology (which included the segment acquired from Monroe Johnson in 1931) and the correspondence was rebound, in 37 volumes, in 1941.
As part of the Library's program to ensure safety of its most valuable manuscript holdings during World War II, the entire body of Monroe Papers was removed from Washington in December 1941 and stored in the Alderman Library of the University of Virginia until 1944, when the group was returned to Washington under the direction of Alvin W. Kremer, then Keeper of the Collections.43
During 1958-60 the arrangement of the manuscripts-which now number 3,821-was studied and perfected and a microfilm of the Monroe Papers in this arrangement was released in November 1960, so that greater accessibility of the material would be ensured.
Since the James Monroe papers were microfilmed and indexed additional material has been added to the collection. These items are classified as Series 4, Addenda. For a detailed description of the contents of Series 4 see the Scope and Contents section of the Finding Aid. Series 4 was not microfilmed or indexed, but the original items are being digitized and will be viewable on this website.
Written by Dorothy S. Eaton*
*Reprinted from the Index to the James Monroe Papers (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1963). Lightly edited by Julie Miller, 2014.
Notes
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 70 |
https://www.virginia.org/plan-your-trip/about-virginia/famous-virginians/presidents/
|
en
|
Virginia Is For Lovers
|
[
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vifl-logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/email-outline-red.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vg-icon.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/close-icon.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-red.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-white.svg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/vguide_9848cc29-9cac-4c97-9acb-a53cad537141.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/enews_9e1b07bc-cff1-4de0-b79a-c4b80a09f04b.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/nav/menu-icon-white.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vg-icon-sticky.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/email-solid-white.svg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,g_xy_center,h_24,q_20,w_20,x_2560,y_1706/v1/clients/virginia/NV20103001V_137_1df5e375-2df3-42c8-bfe0-527a1073ec2e.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,g_xy_center,h_38,q_20,w_20,x_1024,y_786/v1/clients/virginia/NV16070505V_013_c656c2b2-1be5-4efb-ab16-882a240f4318.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,g_xy_center,h_38,q_20,w_20,x_880,y_636/v1/clients/virginia/CN16062205V_003_a80a0f22-b1df-400f-971f-f5b3f19f92e4.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,g_xy_center,h_38,q_20,w_20,x_1017,y_483/v1/clients/virginia/CN17112105V_011_7ed82684-3c98-4e1a-a3c2-3d27ce9be9da.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_38,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/CN22012405P_125_8b39f828-ed44-43cd-b86a-4e624abae33a.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_38,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/berkeleyplantation_d4e6a29e-19fb-4af8-b497-64817abd8f4b.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_38,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/sherwoodforest_fdfee945-7733-40cd-9bfc-2a16af045375.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_38,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/wilsonlibrary_cbcb67db-37e1-4925-bc02-72cda1a5291b.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_17,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/Lynchburg8_0dc78e2a-8a3a-420e-8da6-e63ca21ecf72.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,e_blur:100,f_jpg,h_17,q_20,w_20/v1/clients/virginia/wilsonlibrary_cbcb67db-37e1-4925-bc02-72cda1a5291b.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/vguide_9848cc29-9cac-4c97-9acb-a53cad537141.jpg",
"https://assets.simpleviewinc.com/simpleview/image/upload/c_fill,h_310,q_75,w_640/v1/clients/virginia/Merch_Image_170e711c-09e7-4bcf-b5e9-a90480d69739.jpg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/logos/vifl-logo.svg",
"https://www.virginia.org/includes/public/assets/shared/made-by-sv-white.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Virginia: The Mother of Presidents Eight U.S. Presidents were born in Virginia and most of their homes can be visited today.
| null |
Virginia Is The Mother Of Presidents
As the first, largest and most prosperous of the British colonies in America, Virginia provided four of the first five presidents of the United States — eight in all, more than any other state.
Enjoy a trip to any historic home, church, tavern or other building frequented by a president and you'll gain important insight into the character of these early American leaders:
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 87 |
https://www.flickr.com/photos/124651729%40N04/33982187366
|
en
|
Richmond's Hollywood Cemetery - President James Monroe's Grave
|
[
"https://live.staticflickr.com/3941/33982187366_2cf4df56a3.jpg",
"https://live.staticflickr.com/3941/33982187366_2cf4df56a3.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"virginia",
"richmond",
"richmondva",
"hollywoodcemetery",
"richmondhollywoodcemetery",
"presidentjamesmonroe",
"jamesmonroe",
"presidentsgrave",
"presidentialgrave",
"jamesmonroegrave",
"thebirdcage",
"cemetery",
"graves",
"graveyard",
"tombstones",
"headstones"
] | null |
[
"Larry Syverson"
] |
2024-07-20T12:43:40.463000+00:00
|
This is the grave of President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. President Monroe died in 1831 and was buried in New York City. It 1859, his body was brought to Richmond.
The president's sarcophagus is enclosed in a Gothic Revival cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock. It has been nicknamed "The Birdcage".
The sides of the cage have a lancet-arch similar to a larger Gothic stained glass window, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch.
|
en
|
https://combo.staticflickr.com/pw/favicon.ico
|
Flickr
|
https://www.flickr.com/photos/124651729@N04/33982187366
|
This is the grave of President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. President Monroe died in 1831 and was buried in New York City. It 1859, his body was brought to Richmond.
The president's sarcophagus is enclosed in a Gothic Revival cast iron cage, designed by Albert Lybrock. It has been nicknamed "The Birdcage".
The sides of the cage have a lancet-arch similar to a larger Gothic stained glass window, with a rose window pattern at the top of the arch.
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 24 |
https://www.amny.com/news/monroes-gone-but-not-forgotten-on-e-second-st/
|
en
|
Monroe’s gone, but not forgotten, on E. Second St.
|
[
"https://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-b9L3JGn1-4d-_.gif",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/amnymetro-july-19-2024.jpg?w=300",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/amNY-logo-v2.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/amNY-logo-white-antialiased.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/amnymetro-july-19-2024.jpg?w=300",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/amNY-logo-v2.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/amNY-logo-white-antialiased.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/amNY-logo-v2.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/amNY-logo-white-antialiased.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/amNY-logo-mini-sq.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/july-2006-08-08_z.gif?w=410",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DSC08226-copy-2-copy.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/susan-zhuang-arrest.jpg?w=1200",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Photo-Jul-19-2024-4-39-27-PM.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/AP24122833771415.webp?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/20240401_140803.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/doodles-1a-email-red-white-trans.png",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/2024-06-01T190419Z_1170873994_MT1USATODAY23443798_RTRMADP_3_MLB-ARIZONA-DIAMONDBACKS-AT-NEW-YORK-METS.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-13T215212Z_434111617_MT1USATODAY23735761_RTRMADP_3_MLB-NEW-YORK-YANKEES-AT-BALTIMORE-ORIOLES.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-06-24T080722Z_1656581159_MT1USATODAY23610184_RTRMADP_3_SOCCER-COPA-AMERICA-USA-VS-BOLIVIA.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2023-10-22T164714Z_1566200976_MT1USATODAY21710599_RTRMADP_3_NFL-WASHINGTON-COMMANDERS-AT-NEW-YORK-GIANTS.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-07-18T034743Z_2001010264_MT1USATODAY23766826_RTRMADP_3_MLS-CF-MONTREAL-AT-NEW-YORK-RED-BULLS.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/villagercover_2024_07_19_am.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://qns.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IMG_2316.jpg?w=1200",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/RRmural.jpg?w=1200",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/GettyImages-1130426476.jpg?w=1200",
"https://qns.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Long_News_Sequence7.webp?w=1194",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DSC08226-copy-2-copy.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/susan-zhuang-arrest.jpg?w=1200",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Photo-Jul-19-2024-4-39-27-PM.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/1871-24-Assault-45-Pct_Photo-3-7-18-24.jpg?w=192&h=192&crop=1",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screen-Shot-2024-07-19-at-10.12.18-AM.png?w=1200",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/villagercover_2024_07_19_am.jpg?w=700",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/IMG_5493-rotated.jpeg?w=525",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/MG_7122.jpeg?w=700",
"https://www.amny.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/jonathangregg-bobkrasner-2024-5.jpg?w=700",
"https://www.bxtimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/20210507_101133-scaled.jpg?w=700",
"https://qns.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/435963355_25759448973653666_8078986292354103114_n.jpg?w=700",
"https://www.brooklynpaper.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/susan-zhuang-arrest.jpg?w=700",
"https://gaycitynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Irena-Nayfeld.webp?w=560"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"amNY"
] |
2006-08-08T00:00:00-04:00
|
Last month, several dozen people gathered in the spacious, peaceful confines of the Marble Cemetery on Second St. between First and Second Aves. to
|
en
|
amNewYork
|
https://www.amny.com/news/monroes-gone-but-not-forgotten-on-e-second-st/
|
By Jefferson Siegel
Last month, several dozen people gathered in the spacious, peaceful confines of the Marble Cemetery on Second St. between First and Second Aves. to commemorate the 175th anniversary of the interment there of President James Monroe.
After the death of his wife, Monroe, the nation’s fifth president, came to New York and lived the last year of his life on Prince St. with his daughter and son-in-law, Samuel Gouverneur. Monroe died on July 4, 1831. It was during that year that Marble Cemetery, the city’s second nonsectarian burial ground, was opened. Monroe, who was buried in the Gouverneur vault, was one of the first to be interred there, boosting the cemetery’s prestige.
Ian Fraiser, president of Marble Cemetery’s board of directors, gave a history of the cemetery and introduced speaker John Pearce, director of the James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library in Fredericksburg, Va. Pearce offered a vivid history of President Monroe, including his active political life and the fact that he was the only American president to have a city in Africa named after him, Monrovia, in Liberia.
Hendrik Booraem, a historian and author also on the Marble Cemetery board, noted that in addition to his presidency for two terms from 1817-1825, Monroe was minister to France and England.
Three members of the Police Department’s Emerald Society Pipes and Drums Corps marched through the cemetery grounds, the sound of their bagpipes echoing off the far walls. They performed several patriotic numbers, including a medley of George M. Cohan tunes, “Give My Regards to Broadway,” “You’re a Grand Old Flag” and “Over There,” as well as “When the Saints Come Marching in.”
A color guard of members of the State of New York Veteran Corps of Artillery marched to the marker over Monroe’s vault and placed a wreath by it.
On hand for the July 8 ceremony were two Monroe descendents: Jake Gouverneur of Washington Heights, a great-great-great-great-great-grandson of Monroe, and Sarah Cohen of Brooklyn Heights, a great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Monroe.
Marble Cemetery is the oldest public, nonsectarian cemetery in the city, and has 2,060 people interred. Most interments took place between 1830 and 1870. The last was in 1937. All burials are in 156, below-ground vaults made of white Tuckahoe marble. There are no gravestones; vaults are marked with white square slabs embedded in the ground. Most of the markers have faded over time, with some names barely discernable. Plaques mounted on surrounding walls bear the names of original vault owners.
According to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission’s March 4, 1969, designation report, which dubbed the cemetery an official city landmark, in 1857, a group of Virginians living in New York deciding to erect a monument over Monroe’s vault. This move, in turn, prompted the Virginia Legislature to pass a resolution to have the ex-president’s remains returned to Virginia.
The Gouverneur family agreed, and on July 2, 1858, Monroe’s body was removed to the Church of the Annunciation on 14th St., while church bells tolled and every ship in the harbor flew its flag at half mast, the L.P.C. designation report states. It lay there in state for several days and was finally sent by steamer to Virginia, preceded in another ship by its escort, the 7th Regiment. Monroe’s body was reburied at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Va.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 26 |
https://www.cvillepedia.org/James_Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
https://www.cvillepedia.org/favicon.ico
|
https://www.cvillepedia.org/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.cvillepedia.org/images/thumb/James_Monroe.JPG/250px-James_Monroe.JPG",
"https://www.cvillepedia.org/images/Wikipedia_text.jpg",
"https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-sa/3.0/88x31.png",
"https://www.cvillepedia.org/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) lived in Charlottesville after serving in the Revolutionary War. Monroe was the fifth president of the United States of America from 1817 to 1825.[1]
Friends with Thomas Jefferson, Monroe had moved to Charlottesville to study law under Jefferson (1780 to 1783). Following his presidency, Monroe lived at Monroe Hill, which is now Brown College at Monroe Hill, on the grounds of the University of Virginia.[2]
In 2016, the nonprofit organization that operates his estate changed the name back to Highland, its name when Monroe lived there (a subsequent owner had at one point renamed it to Ash Lawn-Highland). Monroe had lived there from 1799 to 1823, selling the house as he exited the presidency.[3]
Dr. Charles Everett served as a physician and private secretary for Monroe.
Time in Charlottesville and Albemarle County
Monroe's first purchase of real estate in the area was made in 1790, when he bought Lots 17 and 18 (as well as the accompanying Stone House situated thereupon) from George Nicholas. At the same time, Monroe purchased from Nicholas (who already owned over 2,000 acres in different sections across Albemarle County) the farm on which the university now stands. Monroe made Stone House his first residence until he was ready to move into the farm with his furniture and family. It was not until nearly 20 years after Nicholas' death that James Morrison, his executor, gave title to the heirs of his vendees. Perhaps due to Monroe's nationwide fame or to the property already having changed hands several times, no deed was ever recorded for the land purchased by Monroe.
While on the site that would become the University of Virginia, Monroe lived at what is now Monroe Hill. In 1793, he purchased land on the east side of Carter Mountain, in the process becoming a closer neighbor of Thomas Jefferson (Monroe did not receive the deed for this property until 1827). Part of this land Monroe had bought from Jefferson and the other part from William C. Carter, with the house Monroe built upon the property being named Highland. There he lived until the end of his presidency, when all of his lands within the county (amounting to between 4,000 and 5,000 acres in total) were transferred to the United States Bank in payment of his debts.
At the expiration of his second term, Monroe moved to Oak Hill, a farm he had purchased in Loudoun County. The College of William and Mary manages his Highland property today.
Family and descendants
Monroe was married to Elizabeth, the daughter of a captain in the British army named Lawrence Kortright, and had two children with her named Eliza and Maria. Eliza was married to George Hay, the United States Attorney for the district of Virginia, at Monroe's Highland property in 1808. Maria married Samuel L. Governeur of New York in Washington, D.C. while Monroe was president.
Monroe had an elder brother named Andrew who, in 1781, purchased a farm near Batesville, where he lived for the next four years. In 1816, he was residing on a farm which Monroe had purchased on Limestone, below Milton. Andrew died in 1828. One of his sons, Augustine G. was admitted to the Albemarle bar in 1815. Another son, James, born within the county, served as an officer in the United States army, acting as Monroe's private secretary. James married a daughter of James Douglass (an adopted son of Reverend William Douglass) of Ducking Hole, Louisa County and settled in New York City, where he became active in political affairs and was appointed a member of the Peace Convention in 1861.
Joseph Jones, another brother of Monroe, became a member of the Albemarle bar and married Elizabeth, the daughter of James Kerr. In 1811, Joseph was appointed the Commonwealth's Attorney as successor to Judge Dabney Carr, being succeeded himself by William F. Gordon the following year. In 1812, Joseph's daughter Harriet was married to Edward Blair Cabell in Charlottesville, with the couple then moving to Keytesville, Missouri. Joseph lated moved to Missouri himself, where he died in Franklin County in 1824.[4]
Community History Series
In 1973, the Jefferson Cable Corporation filmed a brief documentary narrated by Bernard Chamberlain describing the history of James Monroe.
<vimeo>52416526</vimeo>
In 1974, Bernard Chamberlain hosted Jane Ikenberry in this conversation about Ash Lawn-Highland, the home of James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States.
<vimeo>65089858</vimeo>
|
||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 73 |
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCJQ-JT3/president-james-monroe-1758-1831
|
en
|
President James Monroe (1758â1831) ⢠FamilySearch
|
[
"https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/heritage.svg",
"https://ancestors.familysearch.org/static/media/traditional-dress.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-05-02T00:00:00
|
Discover life events, stories and photos about President James Monroe (1758â1831) of Westmoreland, Virginia, British Colonial America.
|
FamilySearch
|
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LCJQ-JT3/president-james-monroe-1758-1831
|
When President James Monroe was born on 28 April 1758, in Westmoreland, Virginia, British Colonial America, his father, Spence Monroe, was 31 and his mother, Elizabeth Jones, was 29. He married Elizabeth Kortright on 16 February 1786, in New York City, New York County, New York, United States. They were the parents of at least 1 son and 2 daughters. He died on 4 July 1831, in New York City, New York, United States, at the age of 73, and was buried in New York City Marble Cemetery, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States.
Do you know James? Do you have a story about him that you would like to share? Sign In or Create a FREE Account
1775
"Patrick Henry made his ""Give me Liberty or Give me Death"" speech in Richmond Virginia."
1776
Thomas Jefferson's American Declaration of Independence endorsed by Congress. Colonies declare independence.
1781 · The First Constitution
Serving the newly created United States of America as the first constitution, the Articles of Confederation were an agreement among the 13 original states preserving the independence and sovereignty of the states. But with a limited central government, the Constitutional Convention came together to replace the Articles of Confederation with a more established Constitution and central government on where the states can be represented and voice their concerns and comments to build up the nation.
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 30 |
https://southern.libguides.com/presidency/monroe
|
en
|
Research Guides at Southern Adventist University
|
https://southern.libguides.com/ld.php?screenshot=hjijch.png&size=facebook&cb=1721479457
|
https://southern.libguides.com/ld.php?screenshot=hjijch.png&size=facebook&cb=1721479457
|
[
"https://syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=0700607285/LC.GIF&client=springshare",
"https://syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=9781596981928/LC.GIF&client=springshare"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jessica Spears"
] | null |
A topic guide covering the Presidents of the United States. This is an ongoing project. As such, additional individuals will be added over time.
|
en
|
//d2jv02qf7xgjwx.cloudfront.net/apps/common/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
|
https://southern.libguides.com/presidency/monroe
| ||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 9 |
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/president-james-monroe/
|
en
|
James Monroe – Fifth President of the United States – Legends of America
|
[
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/cropped-LOA_Hat_logo-transparentV2-150.png",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/JamesMonroeJames-Monroe-The-White-House-Historical-Association1819-242x300.jpg",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ContinentalArmyHenryOgden1897-275.jpg",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Elizabeth-KortrightMonroe-227x300.jpg",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/George-Washington-500-215x300.jpg",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/JamesMonroeHighlandHome.jpg",
"https://www.legendsofamerica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/MonroeDoctrineClyde-De-Land1912-300x205.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"James Monroe",
"president",
"founding father",
"politician",
"lawyer",
"diplomat",
"attorney",
"united states",
"biography",
"history",
"life"
] | null |
[] | null |
The fifth president of the United States, James Monroe, was a statesman, lawyer, and diplomat who served as the fifth president of the United States from 18
|
https://www.legendsofamerica.com/president-james-monroe/
|
The fifth president of the United States, James Monroe, was a statesman, lawyer, and diplomat who served as president from 1817 to 1825. He was the last president who was a Founding Father and, like four of his predecessors in office, was a native of Virginia.
He was born at home in Westmoreland County on April 28, 1758, to Spence and Elizabeth Jones Monroe. One of five children, the family lived about one mile from the present-day unincorporated community of Monroe Hall, Virginia. His father was a moderately prosperous planter and slave owner who also practiced carpentry.
He was first tutored at home by his mother, Elizabeth, and between the ages of 11 and 16, he studied at Campbell town Academy. He attended this school only 11 weeks a year, as his labor was needed on the farm. During this time, Monroe formed a lifelong friendship with an older classmate, John Marshall.
Monroe’s mother died in 1772, and his father died two years later. Inheriting their property, including slaves, 16-year-old Monroe was forced to withdraw from school to support his younger brothers. His childless maternal uncle, Judge Joseph Jones, became a surrogate father to Monroe and his siblings. A member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Jones took Monroe to the capital of Williamsburg, Virginia, and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary. Jones also introduced Monroe to important Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Washington.
In 1774, opposition to the British government grew in the Thirteen Colonies in reaction to the “Intolerable Acts,” and Virginia sent a delegation to the First Continental Congress. Monroe became involved in opposing Lord Dunmore, Virginia’s colonial governor, and stormed the Governor’s Palace.
In early 1776, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment under General George Washington in the Revolutionary War. He was not 19 years old when, as a lieutenant at the Battle of Trenton, he led a squad of men who captured a Hessian battery as it was about to open fire. During the battle, both Monroe and George Washington were wounded. After recuperating from his wound, Monroe joined the Virginia Militia in 1777 and was appointed lieutenant colonel. In the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, he was distinguished for bravery and skill. He soon left the army and commenced the study of law with Thomas Jefferson.
In 1780 the British invaded Richmond, and as Governor, Jefferson commissioned Monroe as a colonel to command the militia and act as a liaison to the Continental Army in North Carolina. Afterward, Monroe resumed studying law under Jefferson. In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. The following year, when he was 25 years old, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress and was present at Annapolis, Maryland, when George Washington resigned from his military commission.
He originated the first movement in 1785, which led to the constitutional convention in 1787.
On February 16, 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright, the daughter of Hannah Aspinwall Kortright, and Laurence Kortright, a wealthy trader and a former British officer. Monroe met her while serving in the Continental Congress. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, New York, the Monroes returned to New York City to live with her father until Congress adjourned. The couple would eventually have three children.
He was a member of the Virginia legislature in 1787, and the following year he was a delegate in the State convention to consider the Federal Constitution. He took part with Patrick Henry and others in opposition to its ratification, yet he was elected one of the first United States Senators from Virginia, under that instrument, in 1789. At that time, he moved his family to Charlottesville, Virginia.
He was elected as a senator on November 9, 1790, and became a Democratic-Republican Party leader. He left the Senate in May 1794 to serve as President George Washington’s ambassador to France. President George Washington recalled him in 1796.
Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Thomas Jefferson’s candidacy in the 1800 presidential election. He served as governor for three years when President Thomas Jefferson appointed him envoy extraordinary to act with Mr. Livingston at the court of Napoleon. As President Jefferson’s special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size.
In 1799, he bought an estate in Charlottesville, Virginia, known as Ash Lawn-Highland.
In 1808, he unsuccessfully challenged James Madison for the Democratic-Republican presidential nomination. However, in 1811 he joined Madison’s administration as Secretary of State. During the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison’s Secretary of State and Secretary of War. His wartime leadership, ambition, and energy, together with the backing of President Madison, made him the Republican choice for the Presidency in 1816. He was re-elected in 1820.
As president, Monroe signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery north and west of Missouri forever. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a conciliation policy with Britain and expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams-Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States’ opposition to European colonialism in the Americas while effectively asserting U.S. leadership and dominance in the hemisphere. This became a landmark in American foreign policy.
At the end of his second term, in 1825, Monroe retired from office and made his residence in Loudon County, Virginia. He was soon plagued by financial difficulties. His wife Elizabeth died in 1830, and James moved to New York City in early 1831, where he lived with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur. Monroe’s health began to fail by the end of the 1820s.
He died on July 4, 1831, at age 73, from heart failure and tuberculosis. He shared his death date with Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, who also died on the anniversary of U.S. independence.
Monroe was initially buried in New York at the Gouverneur family’s vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. However, 27 years later, in 1858, his body was re-interred at the President’s Circle in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.
Historians have generally ranked James Monroe as an above-average president.
©Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated January 2023.
Also See:
American History
American Revolution
American Revolution Timeline
Who’s Who in American History
Sources:
|
|||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 93 |
https://www.austintexas.gov/page/officers-killed-line-duty
|
en
|
Officers Killed in the Line of Duty
|
https://www.austintexas.gov/themes/custom/coa/favicon.ico
|
https://www.austintexas.gov/themes/custom/coa/favicon.ico
|
[
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/styles/department_hero/public/2020-05/Hodges%20and%20Fong3.jpg?itok=sHl8_hxZ",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Fahey.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Gaines.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Allen.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Littlepage(1).jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Stuart.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Cummings.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Morrison.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Communications/Tucker0003.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Carpenter.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Speed.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Birtong.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Anderson.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Ablanedo.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Smith.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Martinez_Jr.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Bolin.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Jones.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Hunter.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Hall.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/Donovan.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/images/Police/padron.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/Crabb%2C%20Clay%203841.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/senior-police-officer-amir-abdul-khaliq.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/Traylor_7258_Final%20copy.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/Boyd_Final%20copy.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/Urias_Final%20copy.jpg",
"https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/Lindsey_Final%20copy.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The following is a list of officers killed during their course of duty at the Austin Police Department: Officer Cornelius L. Fahey, 35, (March 8, 1875)
|
en
|
/themes/custom/coa/favicon.ico
|
https://www.austintexas.gov/page/officers-killed-line-duty
|
The following is a list of officers killed during their course of duty at the Austin Police Department:
Officer Cornelius L. Fahey, 35, (March 8, 1875)
Officer Fahey, a native of Cork, Ireland, was shot through the abdomen on an unknown block of Congress Avenue between the hours of 12 a.m. and 1 a.m. on Sunday, March 7, 1875. His assailant, a "whiskey-crazed" man named Mark Tiner, fled the scene on horseback and was captured in Hancock's pasture approximately 3 ½ miles north of the city. Fahey was able to identify Tiner before dying of his wounds. Officer Fahey, according to local press, "was an efficient officer, and fell while in the discharge of his duty." He is the first Austin police officer known to have died in the line of duty. Memorial located at APD Headquarters, 715 E. 8th St.
Officer John Gaines, 50, (November 19, 1913)
Officer John Gaines, the only African American officer on the Austin police force, was shot by George Booth, a deputy constable, at 6th Street and Trinity Street on November 19, 1913. Booth, who had been making a disturbance, shot Officer Gaines while Gaines was on the telephone summoning help from the police station. At that time, African-American officers were not allowed to arrest Caucasians. Officer Gaines and his wife, Sarah, were originally from Big Spring, Texas. Memorial located at 401 E. 6th St. (Southeast corner of E. 6th and Trinity Streets)
Officer Tom Allen, age unknown, (October 24, 1915)
Officer Tom Allen, Austin's only African-American police officer since the death of John Gaines two years earlier, was shot and killed at Jennings' Drug Store in the 400 block of East 6th Street. The shooting followed an argument between Officer Allen and the editor of a black newspaper in San Antonio. Officer Allen was angered by reports that he had mistreated several African-American women he had arrested. After a confrontation with the editor by the wagon yard near Red River Street, Officer Allen followed the man to Jennings' drugstore. The editor, arriving first, drew a handgun from a briefcase he had left at the store and shot Officer Allen as he entered, his own gun drawn and ready. According to a newspaper story of the time, Officer Allen was killed only thirty feet from the site where Officer John Gaines had died two years earlier. Memorial located at 401 E. 6th St. (Southeast corner of E. 6th and Trinity Streets)
Chief James N. Littlepage, 67, (October 9, 1928)
Chief James Littlepage was killed during a shooting rampage in South Austin on October 9, 1928. Chief Littlepage and several officers set out from City Hall on report that a crazed man wielding a shotgun had killed two women near the 300 block of Elizabeth Street. Officers chased the man along a creek bed while Chief Littlepage drove his automobile around to head the man off. When Chief Littlepage confronted the fleeing man at the 2500 block of Wilson Street, he attempted to talk him into surrendering. The gunman shot the Chief twice in the abdomen, then ran on to a house at 1800 Newton Street, where he shot and killed a carpenter working outside the home. Eventually the gunman, barricaded in yet another house, took his own life as police closed in.
Sergeant William Murray Stuart, 29, (October 16, 1933)
Sergeant William Stuart was killed in the line of duty when his motorcycle was struck by a car at the 1000 block of South Congress Avenue. Officer Stuart was attempting to pull over a speeding truck when he was struck by the car. The driver of the car was charged with negligent homicide. Memorial located at 1000 Block S. Congress (West curb line)
Officer James R. Cummings, 31, (December 3, 1933)
Officer James Cummings was killed in the line of duty when the motorcycle he was riding en route to an emergency call collided with a car at the intersection of 14th Street and Red River Street. Despite efforts by Cummings' partner and the occupants of the car to carry Officer Cummings to nearby Brackenridge Hospital, he died almost instantly from his wounds. Officer Cummings was the second motorcycle officer to be killed in the line of duty in less than two months. Memorial located at 1313 Red River St. (East curb line)
Officer Elkins P. Morrison, 29, (February 2, 1936)
Officer Elkins Morrison was killed in the line of duty when he was struck by a car at the 300 block of Congress Avenue. Officer Morrison was on detective duty when he was struck crossing the street. Darkness, fog and rain were blamed for poor visibility leading to the accident.
Officer Walter Lee Tucker, 26, (October 14, 1948)
Officer Walter Tucker was killed in the line of duty when the motorcycle he was riding collided with a car at the intersection of Monroe and South Congress Avenue. Tucker, a two-year veteran, was on traffic patrol when the collision occurred. Memorial located at 1522 S. Congress (South side of building)
Officer Donald Eugene Carpenter, 28, (January 30, 1964)
Officer Donald Carpenter was killed at the site of a burglary in progress. As officers surrounded the business, a suspect inside shouted that he was coming out, but instead opened fire. Officer Carpenter was just exiting his patrol car when he was struck by gunfire from inside the building. Another officer already on the scene was seriously wounded. Officer Carpenter, shot in the head, died two days later. Memorial located at 1722 S. Congress (South side of building)
Officer Billy Paul Speed, 22, (August 1, 1966)
Officer Billy Speed was eating lunch at a cafe near the University of Texas campus when he heard gunfire. While investigating the shooting coming from the University of Texas Tower, he was struck and killed by a rifle bullet, making him one of the first victims of Charles Whitman, the infamous tower sniper. Whitman went on that day to kill a total of 16 and to wound more than 30 others.
Officer Thomas Wayne Birtong, 31, (August 23, 1974)
Officer Thomas Birtong was killed in a traffic collision at 15th and Trinity Street while responding to an officer's call for assistance. Officer Birtong's patrol car was operating "Code 3" - lights flashing and siren on-when the collision occurred. Memorial located at 15th @ Trinity (Northeast corner)
Officer Leland Dale Anderson, 26, (June 6, 1975)
Officer Leland Anderson was killed when he was attacked by three men at the intersection of 8th Street and Congress Avenue. Officer Anderson had observed one of the subjects selling papers and had stopped to check if he was in compliance with City ordinances. When Officer Anderson attempted to arrest one of the men on outstanding traffic warrants, a fight ensued. One of the subjects gained control of Officer Anderson's gun and shot him. Despite Officer Anderson's bulletproof vest, one bullet entered between the front and rear panel and penetrated his chest. The subjects were arrested following a pursuit in which gunfire was exchanged.
Officer Ralph A. Ablanedo, 26, (May 18, 1978)
Officer Ralph Ablanedo was killed in the line of duty during a traffic stop in the 900 block of Live Oak Street. Officer Ablanedo had ticketed the driver of the car, Sheila Meinert, for driving without a license, then ran a routine check on the passenger, David Lee Powell, who had warrants for misdemeanor theft and hot checks. As Officer Ablanedo spoke on his radio, Powell opened fire with a fully automatic AK-47, penetrating Officer Ablanedo's bulletproof vest. Despite his injuries, Officer Ablanedo was able to give officers a description of the car before he lost consciousness and died. Powell opened fire on a second officer when he was stopped a short time later, and also tossed a hand grenade, which failed to explode. His companion, Meinert, surrendered, and Powell fled on foot, only to be arrested a few hours later after an extensive manhunt. Powell was eventually convicted of murder and sentenced to death. Memorial located at 900 Block E. Live Oak St.
Officer Lee Craig Smith, 28, (December 15, 1979)
Officer Lee Smith, a motorcycle officer, died as a result of injuries suffered in an accident while on duty. While pursuing a motorist on the newly completed Mopac freeway, Officer Smith lost control of his motorcycle. A defective steering part caused the accident. Although Officer Smith had seemingly recovered from his injuries, he died suddenly at his home some months later as a result of the accident. Memorial located at 715 E. 8th St.
Officer Robert Martinez Jr., 26, (February 25, 1989)
Officer Robert Martinez Jr. was killed in the line of duty when his patrol car struck a tree. Martinez, who was en route to assist another officer, swerved to avoid a pick up truck that had pulled into his path. At the time of the collision, Officer Martinez was working the last hour of his last shift before a scheduled transfer to Walking Beat. Memorial located at 201 Chicon
Officer Drew Alan Bolin, 25, (June 2, 1995)
Officer Drew Bolin was killed in the line of duty when he was struck by drunk driver while directing traffic at a collision site in the 4800 block of IH-35. The driver of the vehicle, Cessilee Hyde, was convicted of intoxication manslaughter. Officer Bolin was in his fifth month of service as a commissioned officer of the Austin Police Department at the time of his death. Memorial located at 4700 Block N IH-35
Officer William DeWayne Jones Sr. (May 28, 2000)
Officer William Jones was shot and killed while conducting a traffic stop at Zilker Park. Officer Jones was speaking with the driver of the vehicle when the driver opened fire, striking him in the chest twice and the neck once. Officer Jones, who was not wearing a vest, was transported to a local hospital where he was pronounced dead. More than 200 youth soccer teams were attending an international soccer tournament at the park at the time of the shooting. The suspect fled the scene, but was spotted several hours later near Houston, Texas, approximately 150 miles away. After a short chase the suspect committed suicide. He had already served time in prison and was currently wanted by another jurisdiction for sexual assault. Officer Jones had been employed with the Austin Park Police Department for three years, and is survived by his wife and three children. Memorial located at 600 BLK Robert E. Lee Rd.
Officer Clinton Warren Hunter, 22, (November 29, 2001)
Officer Clinton Hunter died from fatal injuries sustained when a vehicle, driven by a suspect attempting to flee from patrol officers, struck him. Officer Hunter was in his 14th month of service as a commissioned officer of the Austin Police Department at the time of his death. The suspect, Herschel Hinkle, eventually pleaded guilty of intoxication manslaughter and was sentenced to life in prison. Memorial located at 11215 S. IH35 (Northbound frontage road)
Sergeant Earl Hall, 50, (March 4, 2002)
Sergeant Earl Hall suffered a fatal heart attack shortly after responding to a burglary alarm in the downtown area of Austin. After determining the call was a false report, Sergeant Hall and his partner returned to the station to attend a meeting. Sergeant Hall collapsed during the meeting and was rushed to a nearby hospital where he died approximately one hour later. Sergeant Hall had been with the Austin Police Department for 21 years. Memorial located at 715 E. 8th St.
Officer Amy Donovan, 37, (October 31, 2004)
Officer Donovan was killed when she was accidentally struck by a police cruiser during a foot chase. At approximately 10:48 p.m., Officer Donovan and a fellow officer observed a suspicious person in the 1300 block of Poquito Street. Officer Donovan began a foot chase of the suspect and her fellow officer followed in a patrol unit. During the chase, the patrol car struck Officer Donovan. Officer Donovan later died as a result of her injuries. Officer Donovan was in her fifth month of service as a commissioned officer of the Austin Police Department at the time of her death. Memorial located at 812 Springdale Road
Officer Jaime Padron, 40, (April 6, 2012)
Senior Police Officer Jaime Padron was shot and killed after responding to a Wal-Mart store on the I-35 Frontage Road to investigate reports of an intoxicated, suspicious man. Upon encountering Officer Padron, the suspect immediately attempted to flee on foot but was tackled by Officer Padron and they both fell to the floor. During the ensuing struggle the man produced a small handgun from his pocket, shot Officer Padron, and then fired at the store employees. As Officer Padron laid mortally wounded, two Wal-Mart employees tackled the suspect, held him down and used Officer Padron's radio to notify dispatchers of the shooting. Responding units arrived to take the suspect into custody who was subsequently charged with capital murder.
Lieutenant Clay Crabb, 42, (October 16, 2013)
Lieutenant Clay Crabb was on his way to check a low water crossing during a period of heavy rain and flooding when he was involved in a fatal crash on Highway 290 near Sawyer Ranch Road. Lt. Crabb began his career with APD in July of 1998 and was assigned to Region IV (Southeast and Southwest Austin) as the Operational Lieutenant. Before joining APD, he worked patrol with the San Angelo Police Department from September 1994 – July 1998. While at APD, Lt. Crabb earned a total of sixteen commendations and awards.
Officer Amir Abdul-Khaliq (September 4, 2016)
Senior Police Officer Amir Abdul-Khaliq succumbed to injuries sustained four days earlier in a police motorcycle crash at the intersection of Burnet Road and Ohlen Road. He was providing an escort for a funeral and was attempting to reach the next intersection when a car attempted to turn left through the procession. The car pulled directly into his path, causing him to strike it. He was transported to University Medical Center Brackenridge where he remained until succumbing to his injuries. The driver who caused the crash was cited for failing to yield to an emergency vehicle. Officer Abdul-Khaliq was a U.S. Marine Corps veteran and had served with the Austin Police Department for 17 years. He is survived by his five children.
Officer Lewis "Andy" Traylor (July 28, 2021)
Police Officer Andy Traylor succumbed to injuries sustained in a vehicle crash while responding to an emergency call for service at about 2:10 am. He was traveling on FM 969 when a tractor-trailer attempted to make a U-turn in front of him at Decker Lane. Officer Traylor was unable to avoid a collision and his patrol car became pinned beneath the trailer. He was extricated from the vehicle and transported to a local hospital. He remained on life support and passed away on July 31st, 2021, after his organs were donated.
Officer Randolph Boyd Jr. (August 25, 2021)
Senior Police Officer Randy Boyd died from complications as the result of contracting COVID-19 while working patrol. Beginning in early 2020, thousands of law enforcement officers and other first responders throughout the country began to contract COVID-19 during the worldwide pandemic. Due to the nature of their job, law enforcement officers were required to work and interact with the community even as the majority of the country was self-quarantined. As a result, hundreds of officers died from COVID-related illnesses and other complications.
Officer Steve Urias (August 26, 2021)
Senior Sergeant Steve Urias died as the result of contracting COVID-19 in the line of duty. Beginning in early 2020, thousands of law enforcement officers and other first responders throughout the country began to contract COVID-19 during the worldwide pandemic. Due to the nature of their job, law enforcement officers were required to work and interact with the community even as the majority of the country was self-quarantined. As a result, hundreds of officers died from COVID-related illnesses and other complications.
Officer Eric Lindsey (December 5, 2021)
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
1
| 65 |
https://thehistorymom.com/2023/05/17/hollywood-cemetery-richmond/
|
en
|
Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond)
|
[
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3241.jpeg?resize=1100%2C825&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3243.jpeg?resize=1100%2C1467&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=600&ssl=1 600w,https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=900&ssl=1 900w,https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=1200&ssl=1 1200w,https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=1500&ssl=1 1500w,https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=1800&ssl=1 1800w,https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3162.jpeg?strip=info&w=2000&ssl=1 2000w",
"https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=600&ssl=1 600w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=900&ssl=1 900w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=1200&ssl=1 1200w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=1500&ssl=1 1500w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=1800&ssl=1 1800w,https://i1.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3164.jpeg?strip=info&w=2000&ssl=1 2000w",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3165.jpeg?resize=1100%2C904&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3160.jpeg?resize=1100%2C1467&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3161.jpeg?resize=1100%2C1467&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3144.jpeg?resize=1100%2C825&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3166.jpeg?resize=1100%2C1467&ssl=1",
"https://i0.wp.com/thehistorymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/img_3154.jpeg?resize=1100%2C825&ssl=1",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a3b26e8c619094df59658d0d030476e0?s=80&d=identicon&r=g",
"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5afad716d89ddfef3db4e231180bb189?s=48&d=identicon&r=g"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jayda Justus",
"The History Mom"
] |
2023-05-17T00:00:00
|
Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia is the final resting spot for two US Presidents. Read my new review to plan a visit to this picturesque spot along the James River.
|
en
|
The History Mom
|
https://thehistorymom.com/2023/05/17/hollywood-cemetery-richmond/
|
https://www.hollywoodcemetery.org
Richmond is known for its hills with sweeping vistas of the James River. One of the most picturesque sights in the city is Hollywood Cemetery, the final resting place for two presidents.
History
Hollywood Cemetery was established in 1847 and is known as a garden cemetery along the rolling hills and rapids on the James River. It became a fashionable place to be buried after President James Monroe was reinterred there in 1858, twenty-seven years after his death in New York City. He is buried along with his wife in what’s now known as Presidents Circle.
The cemetery really grew during the Civil War years as Richmond turned into one big hospital with thousands of soldiers dying every day. When President John Tyler, a former president turned Confederate representative, died during the war, he was buried near Monroe.
The cemetery is now on the National Register of Historic Places and is one of the biggest attractions in Richmond. Its peaceful landscape and winding paths make it a quiet and contemplative place for any history enthusiast.
Visit
Hollywood Cemetery began on the outskirts of Richmond, but it’s now in the middle of the bustling city near the campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. It’s still an active cemetery so be sure to be respectful and quiet during any visit.
I highly recommend downloading the cemetery’s tour map before your trip. With kids, be sure to download the Virginia Mysteries Guide tour booklet which corresponds with one of my favorite middle grade series. Your kids will love to walk in the footsteps of Derek, Sam, and Caitlin! There’s also a Girls Scout tour guide for the cemetery. I also recommend taking one of the recommended guided tours of the cemetery. I love The Valentine Museum’s tours and the others look interesting, especially the tuk-tuk!
You can use your own vehicle to navigate the cemetery’s many streets. It’s quite a large place (130+ acres!), so a car is recommended. There is parking available at the more visited sights.
Of course, with my focus on presidential and first lady history, I am always drawn first and foremost to the Presidents Circle located on a high hill overlooking the James River.
This is where James Monroe, fifth president of the United States (and so much more including Continental soldier, senator, ambassador to France and Britain, and Secretary of State and War – at the same time) is buried in an elaborate birdcage-style tomb.
His beautiful wife, Elizabeth Kortright Monroe, is buried nearby. I have become fascinated with this amazing yet little-known first lady during this month as I have read all that I can about her (which isn’t much!). Be sure to check out my Booking It Through History: First Ladies post coming at the end of the month.
Adjacent to the Monroes’ grave is the final resting place of President John Tyler, the fifth president of the United States. Tyler is the only president to be buried under a different flag (he died during the Civil War and was a Confederate representative).
His second wife, Julia Gardiner Tyler, is buried beside him. She married Tyler after her father, a senator from New York, was killed in an explosion on a ship in the Potomac River while she and the president were also on board. With the huge gap in ages (thirty years!), it’s a fascinating marriage, and I can’t wait to read more about her in a few months.
If you are a Civil War historian, the cemetery has graves of many of the people who were involved in the war, including Seddon, Pickett, and Stuart. As Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy, many Confederate generals and thousands of soldiers are buried here. A tour of the cemetery pairs well with a visit to the nearby American Civil War Museum to delve deeper into the Civil War and slavery.
The largest of these graves is Jefferson Davis who served as the president of the Confederate states. As someone who is more interested in what women went through during the war, I like to focus on his wife, Varina Davis’ grave. I studied her extensively while writing my Civil War historical fiction book, and her life and opinions were interesting, especially for a woman in her position. I can’t help but think she’s not too happy to be buried in a city that she disliked. She would be more at home in New York City which is where she lived in her final years – and where she was friends with Julia Grant, wife of Union General Ulysses S. Grant.
The Davis children, including young Joseph, are also buried here. Joseph died at the age of five after falling from the White House of the Confederacy’s porch railing (you can learn more about this as part of the American Civil War Museum tour).
If you’re around Richmond, you know the name of tobacco millionaire Lewis Ginter because of the beautiful Lewis Ginter Botanical Gardens. Ginter is buried here in one the most ornate mausoleums.
One of the more whimsical grave statues is the iron dog statue at the grave of a little girl who died in 1862. Legend has it that the statue was moved to her grave to prevent it from being melted down for bullets during the Civil War.
Other notable Virginians buried here include John Randolph (Jefferson’s nemesis), Ellen Glasgow (famed author), and two Supreme Court justices.
A few years ago, I made a Travel with Books video featuring the Virginia Mysteries books and a virtual walking tour of Hollywood Cemetery. Be sure to check it out!
If you’re visiting Richmond, take the time to walk the paths of Hollywood Cemetery. The quiet broken only by the rushing of the rapids is as close as you can get to how Richmond was hundreds of years ago. Read my post about making this stop part of a Virginia Presidential Sites Road Trip!
Helpful hints:
Cost: Free
Recommended: ages 10 and up
Tour time: 1 hour
No gift shop
Transportation: A car is preferred to tour the cemetery. It is within walking distance of downtown and several recommended hotels (including Ginter’s Jefferson Hotel).
Dining options: You’re just a few blocks from West Main Street where there are several restaurants, including our family’s favorite pizzeria, Pupatella. Also along West Main is another of our favorites, Home Team Grill.
Nearby hotels: See my Richmond guide for details. My top recommendation, the Jefferson Hotel, is within walking distance.
Nearby attractions include: American Civil War Museum, Virginia War Memorial, Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia, and Maymont
Books to Read:
All links are Amazon affiliate links. Check out my shop on Bookshop.org, especially my Virginia books list, to support independent bookstores and creators.
Adults/Young Adults:
True Richmond Stories: Historic Tales from Virginia’s Capital
Hidden History of Richmond
A History Lover’s Guide to Richmond
A Short History of Richmond
Presidential Grave Hunter: One Kid’s Quest to Visit the Tombs of Every President and Vice President
Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies’ Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause
Middle Grade:
Ghosts of Belle Isle (The Virginia Mysteries)
Secret of the Staircase (The Virginia Mysteries)
Virginia is for Adventurers
Picture Books:
Richmond and the State of Virginia: Cool Stuff Every Kid Should Know
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 91 |
https://clui.org/projects/executive-decisions/presidential-gallery/james-monroe
|
en
|
The Center for Land Use Interpretation
|
[
"https://clui.org/themes/custom/clui2022/logo.svg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-00-55.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-07-59-53.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-00-10.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-01-41.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-11-37.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-10-38.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-02-01.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-04-23.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-05-35.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-05-27.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-01-10.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-03-36.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-06-40.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-08-08-07-41.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-22-53.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-31-16.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-35-49.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-53-14.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-36-51.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-39-47.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-40-25.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-02-43-20.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-23-21-19.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-23-22-15.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/clui/presentation/james%20monroe/2016-05-09-23-24-59.jpg",
"https://clui-files.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2022-08/CLUI%20logo.001_0.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
en
|
https://clui.org/projects/executive-decisions/presidential-gallery/james-monroe
| ||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 67 |
http://www.mountolivethistory.com/stories-in-stone-blog/the-gouverneur-doctrine
|
en
|
The "Gouverneur" Doctrine
|
http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-193.jpg?1616994920
|
http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-193.jpg?1616994920
|
[
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/mountolivet-logofinal-5-master-jpg.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-193.jpg?1616994920",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/editor/1200px-james-monroe-white-house-portrait-1819.jpg?1616981441",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/washington-crossing-the-delaware-by-emanuel-leutze-mma-nyc-1851_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.jpg?1616982077",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/1200px-maria-hester-monroe-gouverneur_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/fullsizeoutput-1c7e-medium.jpg?1616982259",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/oak-hill-james-monroe-house-rear-view-1915_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/death-james-monroe-inrare-1831-1-a64ca5b0fe439c73c1379f1fe418a490_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/restored-birdcage_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/needwood-forest-02-orig_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/st-marks-episcopal-church-petersville-md_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8702_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-193.jpg?1616983702",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/marion-gouveneur.jpg?1616983676",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/foochow-arsenal_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/os01-040.jpg?1616984203",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/foochow-morrison.jpg?1616984235",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-199_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/12-141willowdaledrive-2037-new1lowres.jpg?1616984371",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/1911-autobiography-marian-gouverneur-1-4ec3b33425137f6998bcd5247e51f643_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-181.jpg?1616986652",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/screenhunter-179.jpg?1616986523",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-184_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8584_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/guv-1870-census-2_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/guv-1870-census_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-183_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-190_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-1801-mar-26-17-09_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/new-york-times-mar-14-1914-p-11_orig.jpeg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8713_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/24776037-120355114854-1.jpg?1616987292",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8703_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/news-april-1-1947-p-2_orig.jpeg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8704_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/news-february-28-1949-p-1-1.jpeg?1616988485",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/news-february-28-1949-p-1-1.jpeg?1616988690",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8628_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8583_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/evening-star-sat-oct-20-1917_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/fred-post-oct-22-1917-pt-1.jpg?1616989729",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/fred-post-oct-22-1917-pt-2_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/the-washington-herald-sat-oct-20-1917_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/the-west-virginian-wed-oct-24-1917-1_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/osborn-ingle.jpg?1616990686",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/screenhunter-195_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/117335086-137963338683.jpg?1616990768",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/unnamed_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/james-addison-ingle-yin-teh-sen-first-bishop-of-the-missionary-district-of-hankow-china-1913-14801752913_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/117335086-137963358209.jpg?1616991432",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/will-page-1.jpg?1616991498",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/editor/will-pg-2.jpg?1616991569",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/the-washington-post-wed-may-8-1918.jpg?1616991852",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/w020160309600431242698_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/st-michaels_orig.png",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/published/the-spirit-of-missions-vol-85-jan-1920-by-the-board-of-missions.jpg?1617047254",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/img-8586_orig.jpg",
"http://www.mountolivethistory.com/uploads/7/6/2/0/76204475/ch-bookshelf_orig.jpg",
"http://cdn2.editmysite.com/images/old/bg_feed.gif"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
As some of our readers of this blog know, I’ve been known to switch gears abruptly with these historical forays into those buried here in Mount Olivet. In this “Story in Stone,” I’m prepared...
|
en
|
Mount Olivet Cemetery
|
http://www.mountolivethistory.com/4/post/2021/03/the-gouverneur-doctrine.html
|
As some of our readers of this blog know, I’ve been known to switch gears abruptly with these historical forays into those buried here in Mount Olivet. In this “Story in Stone,” I’m prepared to connect the dots between one of our country’s first presidents, a handful of his descendants and a very unique, first-generation immigrant laid to rest here in our fair “garden cemetery.” On this latter point, I can attest that we have immigrants galore buried here, but this particular individual really made an impression on me as I just “discovered” her here this past week after receiving a lead from my friend Theresa “Treta” Mathias Michel.
Many are able to rattle off the names of our first three presidents in Washington, Adams and Jefferson—two having known relatives and/or “in-laws” here, and in one case, the other has a potential (and extremely interesting descendant) buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery. I haven’t made a direct connection to fourth president James Madison quite yet, but have documented a handful of descendants of James Monroe, our fifth president and veteran of the Revolutionary War.
As for Mr. Monroe, many confuse him with James Madison because of the same first name and a last name starting with “M.” There’s also, of course, that Virginia connection. In fact, Monroe served as President Madison’s Secretary of War during the War of 1812, the conflict that helped Francis Scott Key’s resume exponentially.
James Monroe left college in 1776 to participate in the American Revolution. In late December, 1776, Monroe crossed the Delaware River with Gen. George Washington and took part in a surprise attack on a Hessian encampment at the Battle of Trenton (New Jersey). Though the attack was successful, Monroe suffered a severed artery in the battle and nearly died. In the aftermath, Washington cited Monroe for his bravery, and promoted him to captain.
An 18 year-old James Monroe is pictured holding the flag behind Washington in Emanuel Leutze's immortal "Washington Crossing the Delaware" painted in 1851.
On February 16th, 1786, Monroe married a woman he had first met while serving in the Continental Congress, Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830) of New York City. They moved to Virginia, eventually settling in Charlottesville in 1789, after buying an estate known as Ash Lawn–Highland. The Monroes had three children, the first of whom was Eliza Monroe Hay (1786-1840). In 1808, she married George Hay, a prominent Virginia attorney who had served as prosecutor in the trial of Aaron Burr and later as a US District judge.
The second Monroe child, James Spence Monroe, was born in 1799 and died sixteen months later in 1800. The third product of this union was Maria Hester Monroe (1804–1850) and she is of particular interest to our story. Maria married her first-cousin, Samuel Laurence Gouverneur, on March 8th, 1820, in the East Room of the White House, the first president's child to marry here.
Maria Hester Monroe
Samuel L. Gouverneur, Sr
Gouverneur served as a member of the New York State Legislature and also as a private secretary to his uncle/father-in-law President James Monroe who would serve two consecutive terms as president from March 4th, 1817 until March 4th, 1825. The Gouverneurs eventually moved from Washington, DC back to New York, specifically Manhattan. Together, Samuel and Maria were the parents of three children: James Monroe Gouverneur (1822–1885), a deaf-mute who died at the Spring Grove Asylum in Baltimore, Maryland; Elizabeth Kortright Gouverneur (1824–1868), who married three times (Dr. Henry Lee Heishell, James M. Bibby, and Colonel G. D. Sparrier); and Samuel Laurence Gouverneur, Jr. (1826–1880)—more on him in a moment.
Oak Hill Plantation
President Monroe’s wife (Elizabeth) died in 1830 at Monroe’s plantation called Oak Hill, located roughly nine miles south of Leesburg, VA near present-day Aldie. James Monroe would then head to New York and live with the Gouverneurs until his own death in 1831 a year later.
New York Post obituary (July 5, 1831)
James Monroe's gravesite in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond (VA)
Both Samuel L. Gouverneur, Sr. and Samuel, Jr. would move to Frederick County, where they lived out their lives and are buried here. On June 20th, 1850, Monroe’s daughter Maria Gouverneur died at the same Oak Hill estate where her mother had passed two decades earlier. In September, 1851, widower Samuel Gouverneur, Sr. married Mary Digges Lee (1810–1898), a granddaughter of former Maryland governor Thomas Sim Lee (1745–1819). They retired to the Lee estate called "Needwood Forrest", located just south of Burkittsville. Mr. Gouverneur died in 1865 and is buried in Petersville's St. Mark's Episcopal Cemetery
Needwood, one-time home of S. L. Gouverneur, Sr
St. Mark's, Petersville (MD)
President Monroe’s grandson, Samuel Jr., would eventually move to Frederick where he lived in a recognizable former estate west of town in the early 1860s. The property has operated as a modern-day apartment complex for nearly 40 years now. As for Mr. Gouverneur, Jr., he is buried here in Mount Olivet in Area G/Lot 118.
Samuel Gouverneur, Jr. was born in New York City and eventually served as a Lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Artillery Regiment during the Mexican War and was present at the capture of Mexico City and the National Palace. In 1847, he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant for his bravery at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco.
Marian (Campbell) Gouverneur
After the war, Gouverneur married Miss Marian Campbell of New York in 1855, and fathered three daughters. His first two children, Maud (b. 1857) and Ruth (b. 1858), were born in Washington, DC. Mr. Gouverneur soon became the first United States consul in Fuzhou (pronounced and once spelled as Foo Chow), China, during the administration of President Franklin Buchanan.
Chinese port at Fuzhou (ca. 1860)
US Consulate in Fuzhou (late 1880s)
Fuzhou, China
While abroad, a third daughter, named Rose de Chine Gouverneur, was born in 1860. Her name would forever bear witness to her foreign birthplace. The family would be here until 1863, at which point Mr. Gouverneur requested a return to the US because the semi-tropical climate of Fuzhou did not agree with his health. He supposedly was in a weakened state as a result of time spent during the Mexican War. Mrs. Gouverneur and her daughters returned to the United States first, and Samuel came a few months later. Special care had to be taken because the American Civil War was in full tilt, and the family had to return on ships sailing under British flags so as not to be harassed by Confederate ships.
The family would reside back in Washington, DC, but the story goes that the couple became particularly impressed with Frederick County while visiting Phillip F. Thomas, a friend of Mr. Gouverneur who lived about two miles west of Frederick City. This was late 1863, and the family soon took up residence at a plantation named Waverley, featuring a spacious Georgian manor house that had been constructed in 1776. Of course, you may know this structure now as the community center and namesake of the development known as “The Residences at the Manor,” located at the intersection of today’s Key Parkway and Willowdale Drive. The former outlying grounds to the west of the house comprise Waverley Gardens, developed in the 1970s.
The former home of the Gouverneur family west of Frederick (courtesy of "The Residences at the Manor" website)
Marian Gouverneur published a book in 1911, and wrote of her time at “the Manor,” especially interesting during the Civil War. I found a clipping in the Frederick Post written by social column author Elsie Haines White (also a Mount Olivet resident) from February 7th, 1964 which adds a bit of color to the habitation of the Gouverneurs here at that time.
Frederick Post (Feb 7, 1964)
I found Mrs. Gouverneur’s chapter on China very interesting as well in which she talks about the Chinese culture and, in addition, the opium and slave trades, religious missionary work and typhoons including one that destroyed a portion of the consulate. Here is a link to Marian Gouverneur’s book (entitled As I Remember) found on the Library of Congress’s website: https://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbcb.24385/?sp=1
As I said, of particular interest are chapters on the family’s time in China (pg. 314-338) and in Frederick (pg. 339-362).
The Gouverneurs perhaps may have wished at times that they had stayed in China a little longer as Frederick was not the best place to be in 1864. That summer, Gen. Jubal Early and his rebels would ransom Frederick for $200,000, and the Battle of Monocacy would be fought just south of town and within earshot of the Gouverneur’s farm. Closer to home for the family and their Po-ne-sang plantation at this time (July, 1864), the Union Army camped nearby and made visits before retreating as the larger Confederate Army passed right by the Gouverneur’s place, with various visits from officers. The concern over looting and absconding with either farm servants or horses or both was a chief threat, and a documented skirmish was fought a short distance away near Linden Hills. The family made a hasty retreat to their basement after hiding said servants and horses in advance of the Confederate Army’s arrival in early July, leaving the plantation dependent upon the services of one, lone, Chinese maid.
A page from Marian Gouverneur's memoirs "As I Remember"
I had heard a bit about this family servant, but had no name. Mrs. Treta Michel said that there was an interesting story pertaining to this young woman brought back to the United States by the Gouverneur family. Mrs. Michel went on to tell me that she recalled someone telling her that this Chinese domestic was buried in Mount Olivet. This truly piqued my interest, but I had no name. I checked the Gouverneur family lot in Area G within our computer records, but she wasn’t there.
To my amazement, luck was soon on my side, as I truly found this proverbial “needle in the haystack” while on a walk in the cemetery last week. In Area T, my eye miraculously caught a prominent gravestone with the name Sara Leleng on its face. The verbiage carved along with a death date of October 18th, 1917 said that the decedent was a native of Amoy, China. Once back in the office, I found census records with Miss Leleng living with the family.
1870 US Census showing Gouverneur family living in Frederick with their domestic "Lelenge"
More on Sarah Leleng in a moment as I want to wrap up the Gouverneur family here in Frederick. After the war, a decision was made to simply use "Po-ne-sang” as a summer residence to escape the oppressive heat of Washington, DC. This lasted one year before the family decided to move into Frederick City because in Mrs. Gouverneur’s words: “He (her husband) knew nothing of farming, and I knew nothing of cooking.” She proclaimed her desire to live in a more civil and social setting for her talents, and was glad to have the assistance of her Chinese maid to assist with cooking and caring for her daughters. The society life better fit the Gouverneurs, and believe it or not, Frederick had a definitive social scene at that time.
Gouverneur sisters (L-R Maud, Rose and Ruth)
Apparently, the Gouverneur children attended the Frederick Female Seminary, site of Winchester Hall, today’s seat of county government. In 1870, Samuel Gouverneur, Jr. decided to publish his own newspaper, having been inspired by the presidential campaign of Horace Greeley, who would visit him here in town in October of 1871. Mr. Greeley had been invited to give the agricultural address at the annual Frederick Fair that year. The Maryland Herald newspaper had been started as an independent offering with the catchphrase: ”Independent in all things-neutral in nothing.” Gouverneur’s paper endorsed the Liberal Republican movement in 1872 and supported Mr. Greeley in his bid for the presidency. After Greeley’s defeat to incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872, Mr. Gouverneur ceased publishing his paper.
The following year, the family returned to Washington, DC permanently, taking up residence on Corcoran Street near 14th Street.
1414 Corcoran St, home to the Gouverneur family in NW Washington, DC
Mr. Gouverneur does not appear in the 1880 census as he died on April 5th, 1880 in Washington. His body would be brought to his former adopted home of Frederick, and laid to rest in Mount Olivet not far from soldiers lost during the late war.
1880 US Census showing Marian Gouverneur and family living in Washington, DC
Mrs. Gouverneur played a role in Washington Society with her daughters. She also lived with Maud and Rose up through her death.
New York Times (March 14, 1914)
The New York native and author would die on March 12th, 1914 and was brought back to Frederick to be buried next to her husband in Area G.
Rose Gouverneur Hoes is worthy of a separate article which I have planned to write. She died on May 26th, 1933 and is buried here with her parents and her son, Roswell Randall Hoes, Jr. (1891-1901), who died in childhood.
Maud Campbell Gouverneur never married and lived to the ripe old age of 90, passing on March 29th, 1947.
Frederick News (April 1, 1947)
The final daughter of Samuel and Marian Gouverneur, Ruth Monroe, married a local Frederick gentleman with deep roots here, Dr. Thomas Crawford Johnson (1856-1943). Dr. Johnson served as a physician to the School for the Deaf, the Home for the Aged and the All Saints’ Orphanage. The family lived at 111 Record Street, the former home of Dr. William Tyler. Ruth was a founding member of the Frederick Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution in September, 1892. She died here in this house on February 28th, 1949.
Frederick Post (Feb 28, 1949)
The graves of Dr. and Ruth G. Crawford in Area E/Lot 64
Of all these individuals, I am uniquely interested in the earlier mentioned Sarah Leleng, I told you about. Sarah was a domestic servant brought back to the United States by the Gouverneurs. Her name is somewhat of a mystery as she is referred to as Le Leng in the 1880 census and Sarah Gouverneur a decade earlier. I could not find her in the 1900 and 1910 census records, but I did find a laundress named Lee Leng in 1900 in Washington, however the record says this is a male. I wonder about this as the profession of laundress denotes a female and the date of birth seems reasonable at 1849? Regardless, I wish I had been able to find Sarah in the 1910 census, but she appears not to be living with any Gouverneur family members.
As I said earlier, I found Sarah’s gravesite and date of death of October 18th, 1917. She is buried here in Area T/Lot 44. Our records confirmed that she was unmarried and passed at age 73, making her birthday around 1844 showing that some of the census records have her age incorrect, a common mistake of the time.
Sarah Leleng died of carcinoma and our records show that she was working as a domestic at the time of death. Her gravesite was purchased by her estate at the time of death. Most interesting are the obituaries that appeared in the Washington and Frederick papers. Of special note, she is proclaimed as being the first Chinese woman to come to the US. Secondly, she had amassed a good fortune over her lifetime.
Washington Evening Herald (Oct 20, 1917)
Frederick Post (Oct 22, 1917)
Washington Herald (Oct 20, 1917)
In her will, Sarah had made provisions to send most of her fortune back to her hometown in China in order to construct a mission chapel under the auspices of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Of greater connection to Frederick is the fact that Sarah wanted this to be done to honor former Frederick native James Addison Ingle.
Rev. Ingle was a friend of the family, the son of the beloved Osborn Ingle (1837-1909), longtime minister of Frederick’s All Saints’ Protestant Episcopal Church. I wrote a piece a few years back chronicling the tragedy the reverend suffered as he would lose his wife and seven children between 1881-1883. His residence at the time was the All Saints Rectory located at 113 Record Street and next door to Dr. William Crawford Johnson and wife Ruth Gouverneur Johnson. The reverend would live here for more than four decades.
111 and 113 Record Street in Frederick
Bishop Ingle (center)
Sadly, Rev. Ingle died less than a year later on December 7th, 1903, and was buried in the Old International Cemetery in Hankow. This was the original foreign cemetery used by the cities of Hankow (west bank of Yangtze north of Hanshui River), Wuchang (east bank), and Hanyang (south of Hanshui River). The three cities were later merged and renamed Wuhan. The cemetery was removed in the early 20th century but the whereabouts of Rev. Ingle's remains are unknown.
Rt. Rev. Logan Herbert Roots succeeded Ingle as bishop of Hankow. A memorial service was held in his honor at Emmanuel Church, Baltimore, during which Rev. Arthur M. Sherman mentioned Rev. Ingles' dedication to building a native church, and his efforts after the Boxer Rebellion. His Frederick, Maryland parish donated funds to establish a scholarship at the Boone Divinity School in China in his memory, which was mentioned at the All Saints’ Day services in both his parishes.
Last will and testament of Sarah Leleng
Washington Post (May 8, 1918)
Did Miss Sarah Leleng’s gift make possible a new chapel which stands today? Or did it go towards something at Boone College as did the contribution from All Saints' Church here in Frederick? I have searched quite a bit but can't find anything definitive. However, an Episcopal mission church was erected in Wuhan in 1918 and named St. Michael's. Could Miss Leleng's money gone toward this project?
I found this reference online within a volume of reports pertaining to the Board of Missions.
The Spirit of Missions (Vol. 85 Jan 1920) by the Board of Missions
Whatever the case, I have another interesting piece of Mount Olivet trivia in the fact that we are the final resting place of the first Chinese woman to be admitted to the United States. I am also very confident in theorizing that she is also the first Asian-American buried in Frederick, definitively Mount Olivet. Who would have known— thanks for the tip Ms. Michel.
|
|||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 2 |
https://enewspaper.latimes.com/infinity/article_popover_share.aspx%3Fguid%3D77802cc8-f7b9-49a1-8be5-17ca0bb47178
|
en
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null | ||||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 88 |
https://www.kqed.org/arts/13882779/the-3-presidents-who-died-on-the-fourth-of-july-and-other-strange-fatalities
|
en
|
The 3 Presidents Who Died on the Fourth of July (And Other Strange Fatalities)
|
[
"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/2/2020/07/dead-presidents-800x495.jpg",
"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Arts-Culture-Newsletter-Signup-Mobile@2x.jpg",
"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Arts-Culture-Newsletter-Signup-Desktop@1x.jpg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Rae Alexandra"
] |
2020-07-02T16:42:21-07:00
|
Thomas Jefferson, John Adams and James Monroe all died on July 4—and the first two went within five hours of each other.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.kqed.org/arts/13882779/the-3-presidents-who-died-on-the-fourth-of-july-and-other-strange-fatalities
|
Independence Day: America’s birthday, the most terrifying 24 hours of the year for dogs, and the day that American presidents are most likely to kick the bucket.
That’s right. The Fourth of July has the strange distinction of being the day that three presidents died. Two of them—John Adams and Thomas Jefferson—passed just five hours apart in 1826. The third, James Monroe, died exactly five years later. The fact that the men were all founding fathers, and served as the second, third and fifth U.S. presidents makes the coincidence even more odd. (The fourth president, James Madison, died on June 28, 1836. Imagine if he’d held on for six days!)
While Harry S. Truman and Gerald Ford both died on December 26 (in 1972 and 2006, respectively), and Millard Fillmore and William Howard Taft both died on March 8 (the former in 1874; the latter in 1930), the close cluster of July 4 deaths is definitely stranger. Especially given the historic importance of the day.
The first to go, Thomas Jefferson, was 83 at the time of his death and had been bedridden for a month with a variety of physical ailments. He caught a fever on July 3 and succumbed the next day, at 12:50pm at home in Monticello, Virginia. Meanwhile, 569 miles away in Quincy, Massachusetts, 90-year-old John Adams was also on his death bed. He died soon after his friend, entirely unaware of Jefferson’s passing. Adams’ oblivious last words were reportedly: “Thomas Jefferson still survives.” It was the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
President John Quincy Adams, struck by his father and Thomas Jefferson dying not just on the same day, but on such a historic occasion, called the timing “visible and palpable remarks of divine favor.” Senator Daniel Webster agreed, remarking in a eulogy a month after Adams’ and Jefferson’s deaths that they were “proofs that our country and its benefactors are objects of His [God’s] care.”
Though the timing of the three deaths remains surprising even today, creepy coincidences are something of a tradition when it comes to American presidents. One such example is that of Theodore Roosevelt’s wife and mother dying on the same day in 1884—on Valentine’s Day, no less.
The most infamous set of eerie parallels, however, can be drawn between the lives of Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. They include the following:
Both were elected to Congress in ’46 (granted, in different centuries).
Both became President in ’60.
Both lost sons while living in the White House. (Lincoln’s 11-year-old son William died of typhoid; Kennedy lost 2-day-old Patrick to infant respiratory distress syndrome.)
Both are remembered primarily for their work to advance civil rights.
Both were shot in the head on a Friday, while their wives were present.
Both were succeeded by Presidents named Johnson (Andrew and Lyndon B. respectively) who were born in ’08.
Both of their assassins were known by three names—John Wilkes Booth and Lee Harvey Oswald—comprised of 15 letters total.
Both murders involved theaters. (Booth shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre, Washington, D.C.; Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested at the Texas Theatre in Dallas directly following Kennedy’s murder.)
Happy Independence Day, everyone! (And happy birthday to both Malia Obama and Calvin Coolidge—the only president to ever be born on the Fourth of July.)
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 50 |
https://web.pdx.edu/~davide/gene/Evans_James_Monroe.htm
|
en
|
James Monroe Evans
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null | null |
By all accounts, James Monroe Evans was the oldest child of Drewery and Theodocia Jacobs Evans. Many researchers place his birth in 1811. However, in the 1810 US Census for Montgomery County, Virginia, a very young male child was included within the household of Drury (viz., Drewery) Evans. Although it is possible that this indicates an older sibling who died young and, therefore, is otherwise unknown to history, it seems plausible to identify this child with James Monroe. Moreover, in later census records, James Monroe stated his age in 1850 as forty, in 1860 as forty-nine, and in 1870 as fifty-nine. An age of forty in 1850 is consistent with a birth year of either 1809 or 1810 and, ages forty-nine and fifty-nine in 1860 and 1870, respectively, are consistent with a birth year of either 1810 or 1811. Considering all of these records together, it seems probable that James Monroe Evans was born in Montgomery County, Virginia, in 1810. As a small child, he would have accompanied his parents and grandparents to Overton, later Fentress, County, Tennessee, and it seems likely that he grew up in this locality. There is also evidence that sometime around 1830 the household of Drewery Evans may have relocated for a short time to Morgan County, Illinois. Presumably, this included James Monroe as well as his brothers and sisters. It is not known why the family did not remain in Illinois, but returned to the vicinity of Fentress County, Tennessee, and Clinton County, Kentucky, before 1840. Perhaps, the violence of the Black Hawk War, which occurred in northern and western Illinois in the summer of 1832, motivated their return, but this is purely speculation.
James Monroe Evans and Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield were probably married in Fentress County, Tennessee, about 1836. It is family tradition that she was distantly related to the Hatfield family that later became embroiled in the famous (or infamous) feud with the McCoys. Concomitantly, a household headed by James Evans was included in the 1840 US Census for Fentress County, Tennessee, and, moreover, consisted of a young adult couple, both in their twenties, and a male and a female child, both under five years of age. Obviously, this is in exact accordance with the known family of James Monroe Evans. Alternatively, a household also headed by James Evans appeared in the 1840 US Census for Clinton County, Kentucky, and contained two very young children along with a young adult couple. (As indicated elsewhere, the households of "Drewry" and Carter Evans were also resident in Clinton County in 1840.) However, both children were identified as females in the population schedule, which is evidently inconsistent with identification of the oldest child of James Monroe and Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield Evans as a son, Thomas. Nevertheless, it is plausible that this could simply be an error and, accordingly, this household should be identified as that of James Monroe Evans. (Of course, the purpose of early federal censuses was merely the determination of congressional representation, therefore, such a mistake would not have been considered serious.) Within this context, it would seem certain that one (or both) of these households was, indeed, that of James Monroe and Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield Evans, but all things considered, a location in Tennessee seems more likely. (It is not impossible that they were included in the population schedules for both counties, particularly if they were relocating in the census year.) In the 1840's the extended family of Drewery Evans, including James M. and Sarah Hatfield Evans and their children, migrated to Casey County, Kentucky. Several land patents were granted to family members by the Casey County Court, among which was Kentucky Land Patent No. 13156, issued on June 29, 1849, to James Evans, which conveyed one hundred acres along Riffe Creek and the Green River. The confluence of Riffe Creek with the Green River is slightly less than two miles westward and across the main channel from the present village of Dunnville, Kentucky. A more vexing issue is that the name, "John M. Evans", appeared in the population schedule of the 1850 US Census for Casey County, instead of James M. Evans as would have been expected. In addition, no separate listing for any James Evans can be found; however, upon examination of the age and birthplace of John M. Evans and the names, ages, and birthplaces of other members of his household and comparison of these with independent sources, it seems almost certain that this name was recorded in error and that John M. Evans was, in fact, James Monroe Evans. Indeed, his wife's name was given as Sarah and the names of the children were Thomas, Rebecca J., Louis C., William B., Dudly, Disha, and John. Clearly, this closely accords with oral family tradition.1 Subsequently, the family of James M. and Sarah Evans can be found in the 1860 US Census for Casey County in which the children were listed as Rebecca, Lewis C., William, Doctor D., Therissa, John, Christopher C., and Mary M. Furthermore, in these census records it is evident that Therissa and Disha (or Dosha/Doshia) obviously must have been the same individual. Undoubtedly, these names are misspellings or derivatives of "Theodocia", which was her grandmother's given name. (Also, in subsequent census and cemetery records, the birth year for Doshia Evans appears as 1849; however, censuses of both 1850 and 1860 clearly indicate that it must have been instead 1847.) Concomitantly, it is evident that the oldest son, Thomas, must have died and a son, Christopher, and daughter, Mary, must have been born during the 1850's. Moreover, additional consideration of subsequent census records clearly supports the presumption that the first five children of James M. and Sarah Hatfield Evans were born before the family settled in Casey County, which implies their arrival after January of 1845. Even so, not long after the end of the Civil War, James Monroe and Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield Evans, together with all their surviving children and grandchildren left Casey County and moved to Scott County, Illinois. According to Mary Margaret, their youngest daughter, this happened about 1867 or 1868. The journey required more than a month and the first place the family settled after their arrival was on land presently in Winchester Township and later known as the Jake Peak farm.2 Moreover, Larry M. Evans in his research notes indicates that this would have been two or three miles southwest of the town of Winchester near the Frame Cemetery (which is located in Section One in Township Thirteen of Range Thirteen). This is supported by a plat map of Scott County published in 1873. According to further family tradition, it is said that James Monroe and his sons quickly set about clearing the land and making improvements. Subsequently, in the 1870 US Census for Scott County the households of James, Lewis, and William Evans appeared and can be identified with those of James Monroe Evans and his two sons, Lewis Carter and William Bramlet Evans. Previously, Lewis Carter Evans had married in Casey County a widow, Nancy Ann Davis Henson. She had a son and daughter from her first marriage and these two step-children, along with four younger children of their own were listed in the population schedule; all born in Kentucky. (Although, it is family tradition that one child was born on the journey from Casey County, which to be consistent would correspond to the youngest child for the household, listed in the census as "Holland", but which from more reliable family sources and later census records is known to have been named Harlan and born in April of 1868.) William Bramlet Evans married Mary Ann Northcutt in Scott County late in 1869 and the couple had no children at the time of the 1870 census. A more perplexing difficulty is presented by the apparent presence of a son, Jacob, instead of a daughter, Doshia, in the household of James M. and Sarah Hatfield Evans according to the 1870 population schedule. Indeed, there has been some confusion as to exact name of this child both in previous census records and family tradition, however, there has been no confusion as to gender. Nevertheless, the corresponding individual was clearly listed in these census records erroneously as a male. To remedy this difficulty, some researchers assert that the Doshia's middle name was Jacob or as is more likely, Jacobs, which was the maiden name of her grandmother. If this is so, presuming that she was not immediately present when the family was described for the census, it might have been assumed from this name that she was a male. This seems more credible if one recalls that in 1870 the Evans family would have been relative newcomers to Scott County and, consequently, would almost certainly not have been well known to the enumerator, who was presumably a local resident. Furthermore, it seems evident that the son, Christopher C., present in the household of James Monroe and Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield Evans in 1860, must have died sometime in the intervening decade since he was absent in 1870.3 A further difficulty with the 1870 population schedule is the apparent reappearance of a son named Thomas in the household. His age was given as nine, which would imply a birth year of 1860 or 1861. In contrast, in the 1900 census, Sarah Elizabeth Evans stated that she had given birth to nine children, seven of whom were then still living. Clearly, this is in conflict with identification of this child as a son of James Monroe and Sarah Elizabeth Evans (although it is possible that he was a relative).4 Moreover, in support of this conclusion, there is no evidence of this son in any later record nor at this time in history does it seem likely that the same name would have been conferred a second time to a child in the same immediate family. In passing, four other Evans households appeared in the 1870 US Census for Scott County, viz., Carter, Stephen, Drury, and William Evans. Of these, Carter H. and Malinda Rhodes Evans can definitely be identified as the younger brother and sister-in-law of James Monroe Evans. Likewise, Stephen Madison and Drury Sampson Evans were their sons and, hence, nephews of James Monroe Evans. William Evans, who was born in Tennessee, not Kentucky, was almost certainly a cousin that had become closely associated with this branch of the Evans family through marriage and, perhaps, military service. Furthermore, according to Ms. Elaine Ortman, a descendant of both James Monroe and William M. Evans, all of these Evans families migrated from Kentucky to Illinois together.
James Monroe Evans reportedly died about 1875, but the year is uncertain. He was reportedly buried in Baker Cemetery, although there seems to be no marker or record confirming this other than settled family tradition. (Baker Cemetery is also known as West Rutledge Cemetery and is located in Scott County about three to four miles west northwest of the county seat, Winchester, and two miles east of the former village of Bloomfield.) Sarah Elizabeth Hatfield Evans survived her husband until August of 1906. She reportedly lived the last few years of her life at the southwest corner of the intersection at the west end of Peak's Lane. On current maps of Scott County, it appears that this location corresponds to the intersection of Peak Lane and Moore Road about two miles southwest of Winchester. Larry M. Evans also reported that he was told by an individual who remembered the children of James M. and Sarah Evans well that they were of great size with all of the men being over six feet, four inches in height. Doctor Dudley was said to be the largest, standing six feet, seven inches tall and weighing some three hundred pounds.
1. Thomas Evans, born ~1837 in Fentress Co., TN. Evidently died as a child.
2. Rebecca Jane Evans, born 22 Feb 1839 in TN, died 14 Nov 1915 in Decatur, Macon Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co.; married on 23 Jan 1873 in Scott Co., IL, John Hankins, born ~1836 in IL, died 28 May 1905.
3. Lewis Carter Evans, born 22 Apr 1841 in Fentress Co., TN, died 23 Jun 1913 in Scott Co., IL; buried in Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 28 Sep 1860 in Casey Co., KY, Mrs. Nancy Ann Davis Henson, born 8 Jan 1839 in Fentress Co., TN, died 18 Mar 1901 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL.
4. William Bramlet Evans, born Jan 1843 in Fentress Co., TN, died 1 May 1901 in Scott Co., IL, buried Baker Cem.; married on 18 Nov 1869 in Scott Co., IL, Mary Ann Northcutt, born 20 Feb 1845 in Scott Co., IL, died 11 Jun 1916 in Scott Co., IL, buried Baker Cem.
5. Doctor Dudley Evans, born 3 Jan 1845 in Fentress Co., TN, died 5 Mar 1901 in Scott Co., IL, buried Baker Cem.; married on 25 Aug 1881 in Casey Co., KY, Mabel Ann Overstreet, born 16 Jan 1857 in KY, died 26 Sep 1943 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.
6. Theodocia Jacobs Evans, born 8 May 1849 in Casey Co., KY, died 11 Oct 1906, buried Bowers Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 10 Apr 1884 in Scott Co., IL, Andrew Jackson Long, born 1 May 1833, died 12 May 1913, buried Bowers Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had no children.
7. John Washington Evans, born 20 May 1850 in Casey Co., KY, died 4 Oct 1916 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL; married on 25 Dec 1872 in Scott Co., IL, Julia Ann Northcutt, born 2 May 1855 in Buckhorn Twp., Brown Co., IL, died 27 Jun 1947 in Scott Co., IL, buried in Winchester City Cem.
8. Christopher C. Evans, born 11 Dec 1853 in Casey Co., KY. Apparently died before 1870.
9. Mary Margaret Evans, born 15 Aug 1857 in Casey Co., KY, died 4 May 1944 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 27 Sep 1879 in Scott Co., IL, John Thomas Blackburn, born 2 Jan 1853 in Adair Co., KY, died 3 Feb 1934 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.
a. In the population schedule of the 1900 US Census for Scott County, Illinois, Andrew J. and "Dosa" J. Long were living in Manchester Precinct with his widowed sister, Elizabeth Vester. Both women indcated that they had never had any children. (1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 222B, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 837) & 1910 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 274B, (microfilm: roll T624_317; img. 1097).)
Second Generation
2. Rebecca Jane Evans* married John Hankins. He evidently was the father of three children from a previous marriage, viz., Julia, John, and Elizabeth (Lizzie) Hankins. Furthermore it has been reported that John and Rebecca Jane Evans Hankins had a fifth son, Jack, born in 1883; however, in the population schedule of 1900 Rebecca stated that she was the mother of four children, all still living, which implies that this is an error. In addition, there are two civil war era stones set in Winchester City Cemetery, viz., one for Corp. Jno Hankins and one for Corp. John S. Hankins. Both affirm service in Company K of the 154th Illinois Infantry. Moreover, one of these appears considerably more recent, therefore, it is likely that they refer to one and the same person, viz., John Hankins husband of Rebecca Jane Evans.
2-1. Robert Joseph Hankins, born 5 Mar 1874 in Scott Co., IL, died 13 Nov 1928 in Decatur, Macon Co., IL; married Lillesh Bell *****. Resident at 853 N. Water St., Decatur, IL, in Sep 1918. They had one known daughter: Thelma Hankins.
2-2. James C. Hankins, born Jan 1876 in IL, died 6 Nov 1915 in DeWitt Co., IL; married Susan H. *****. Reportedly was killed on the way to visit his dying mother.
2-3. Albert L. Hankins, born Dec 1878 in IL, died 4 Feb 1947 in Peoria, Peoria Co., IL. In 1920, widowed, without children, and living with a cousin in the city of Peoria, IL.
2-4. Jesse Weaver Hankins, born 3 Feb 1881 in Scott Co., IL, died 15 May 1969 in Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married Magdalena Tritsch, born 25 Aug 1877 Durmersheim, Rastatter Landkreis, Baden-Württemberg (Germany), died 16 Jul 1932 in Morgan Co., IL. Resident at 321 N. West St., Jacksonville, IL, in Sep 1918. They had a daughter who survived to adulthood and a son that died as a child: Pauline and Lawrence Hankins.
*"The death of Mrs. Rebecca J. Hankins occurred Sunday evening at the home of her son, R. J. Hankins, 853 North Water street. She was seventy-six years old and her death was caused by apoplexy. She had been ill since last April and her death had been expected at any time during the past few days.
Mrs. Hankins was born on Feb. 22, 1839 in Tennessee, but the family moved to Kentucky when she was a little girl and most of her youth was spent in that state. She and John Hankins were married at Winchester, Ill. in 1873. His death occurred on May 28, 1905. Four sons were born to them, three of whom are living. They are R. J. Hankins of Decatur; J. W. Hankins of Jacksonville, and A. L. Hankins of Peoria.
Another son, J. C. Hankins, was killed by an interurban car near Clinton a week ago last Saturday while on his way to visit his mother. Besides her own children, she leaves three stepchildren, J. H. Hankins of Wilson, Kan. and Mrs Julia Carlton and Mrs. Lizzie Canasiy (sic), both of Winchester, Ill. Mrs. Hankins was a member of the Methodist church at Winchester. She was well known there and had many friends. The body will be taken to Winchester at 7 o'clock Tuesday morning and the funeral services will be held there." (obituary: The Review, Decatur, IL, Mon., Nov. 15, 1915.)
b. Descendants of John and Rebecca Jane Evans Hankins can be identified in subsequent census records. (1880 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 515A, (microfilm: roll T9_250; img. 515) & 1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 276B, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 945).)
c. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1613194; img. 611 & roll IL-1614435; img. 3098).
3. Lewis Carter Evans married Mrs. Nancy Ann Davis Henson. She had previously married John Wesley Henson on 3 Sep 1855 in Allen Co., KY. Her first husband evidently died in 1859, after which she married Lewis Carter Evans.
3-1. Robert Monroe Evans, born 15 Jul 1861 in Casey Co., KY, died 12 May 1936 at Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married 9 Oct 1892 in Scott Co., IL, Ida Belle Priest, born 1869 in Scott Co., IL, died 15 Aug 1952 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Lecie W. (married Mann), Henry Clay, Charity M. (married Pidcock) and Robert D. (Doss) Evans.
3-2. James William Evans, born 20 Dec 1863 in Casey Co., KY, died 10 Mar 1923 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married (1) 23 Nov 1892, Katie Young and had Lennie and Clarence Evans, then divorced; married (2) Emma S. Kruger, born 1874 in IL, died 1952 in IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Herman, Gracie (married Smith), and Nancy (married Gorr) Evans.
3-3. Sarah (Sally) Elizabeth Evans, born 8 Jan 1866 in Casey Co., KY, died 4 Feb 1931, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 15 Sep 1886 in Scott Co., IL, John Thomas (Tom) McClure. They had Herbert and Carter McClure.
3-4. Harlan Hudson Evans, born 22 Apr 1868 in KY, died 3 May 1947 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 3 Mar 1892 in Scott Co., IL, Florence McEvers, born Dec 1867, died 1949, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Cecil (married Lawson), Orval, and Zula (married Sid Elliott) Evans.
3-5. Laura Florence Evans, born 17 Sep 1871 in Scott Co., IL, died 26 Feb 1950 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 1 Mar 1893 in Scott Co., IL, Timothy Martin Hester, died 16 Oct 1928 in Scott Co., IL. They had Russell, Ruby (married Upchurch), and Bessie (married Coultas) Hester.
3-6. Charles Bruce Evans, born 3 Sep 1873 in Scott Co., IL, died 5 May 1936 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married (1) on 9 Jan 1898 in Scott Co., IL, Florence Gerard, born 1879, died 1900, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Ernest and Gilbert Evans; married (2) on 14 Jan 1904 in Pike Co., IL, Artie Della Franklin, born 1 Sep 1885 in Pike Co., IL, died Mar 1969, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Merle, Earl Fredrick, Elsie M. (married Killebrew), C. Raymond, Cordell, and Dale Franklin Evans.
3-7. Grant Wilson Evans, born 3 Nov 1875 in Scott Co., IL, died 27 Oct 1947 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 27 Nov 1902 in Scott Co., IL, Flossie Havens, born 23 Dec 1880 in Scott Co., IL, died 27 Dec 1947 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Rita (married Hamilton), Rowena (married Summers), Roland, Ralph, and Rena (married Thomas) Evans.
3-8. Eva Mayme Evans, born 6 May 1878 in Scott Co., IL, died Sep 1973 in Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co.; married on 26 May 1917, John R. Shull, born 1856, died 1925, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had one daughter, June (married Gibson) Shull.
d. Children of Lewis Carter and Nancy Evans can be confirmed from later census records. (1870 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 338A, (microfilm: roll M593_276; img. 679); 1880 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 521B, (microfilm: roll T9_250; img. 530); 1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 211A, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 814); & 1910 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 289A, (microfilm: roll T624_317; img. 1119).)
e. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1614576; imgs. 3466 & 3473).
4. William Bramlet Evans married Mary AnnNorthcutt. William enlisted in July of 1862 and served fourteen months in Company M of the Eighth Redgiment of Kentucky Cavalry**. He was honarably discharged in Lebanon, Kentucky, in September of 1863. He migrated to Scott County, Illinois, with his parents in 1867 or 1868 and married Mary Ann Northcut, daughter of Edward D. and Christiana Slagle Northcut on November 18, 1869, in Scott County.
4-1. Sarah Jane Evans#, born 12 Sep 1869 in Scott Co., IL, died 23 Aug 1947 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 4 Dec 1890 in Scott Co., IL, Richard Wiley Jackson, born 8 Apr 1871 in KS, died 22 Apr 1939 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had William, Chester, Kenneth, Ray, John, and Richard Jackson.
4-2. John Wesley Evans, born 11 Mar 1872 in Scott Co., IL, died 5 Mar 1960, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 23 Aug 1914 in Scott Co., IL, Mary Eunice Northcutt, born 1895, died 1963, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had twin sons, Ralph and Robert, a daughter, Emeline, that died as an infant, and a daughter, Polly (married Witwer) Evans.
4-3. Joseph Edward Evans, born 10 Jun 1874 in Scott Co., IL, died 4 May 1960; married on 11 Dec 1906, Pearl Francis Anders or Andrews. They had Lorraine, Louise, Helen, Roy, Mary, Raymond, and Catherine Evans.
4-4. Doctor Randolph Evans, born 23 Aug 1876 in Scott Co., IL, died 1958, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married (1) on 12 Dec 1900 in Scott Co., IL, Bettie Smith and had two sons: Claude and Audey Evans; married (2) Percie Woodard. They had Mary Ann, Bill, Clement, and Mildred Evans.
4-5. Lora A. Evans, born ~Apr 1879 in IL, died Jan 1880 in IL.
4-6. Pearl (Perly) Lee Evans, born 31 Mar 1882 in Scott Co., IL,died Jan 1971 in Scott Co., IL, buried Baker Cem.; married on 23 Dec 1904, Wiley Washington Hoots, born 25 Jan 1877 in Scott Co., IL, died 20 Jul 1961 in Scott Co., IL, buried Baker Cem.. They had Ona, Edward Joseph, Mary Ella, Delbert, Clyde, Orville, and Rosa Bell Hoots.
4-7. Ora McCullough Evans, born 14 Feb 1884 in Scott Co., IL, died 6 Dec 1945 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married Edna Jane Kelley, born 1 Aug 1888 in Scott Co., IL, died 9 Oct 1934 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had two daughters: Maybelle and Eloise Evans.
**"Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky Volume I, 1811 - 1866", Frankfort, KY; reprinted by McDowell Publications, Utica, KY, 1984: pgs. 226-8. (Judith Shamp(tr), www.geocities.com/~etelamaki_home/comroster.html, 2000.) Both Lewis Carter and William Bramlet Evans served as privates in Company M, Third Battalion, Eighth Kentucky Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. They were mustered in together on September 8, 1862, and mustered out on September 17, 1863. In addition, their first cousins, Stephen Madison and Drury Sampson Evans both served in this same regiment, which was a Union loyal border state unit and served in Kentucky and Tennessee.
# "Mrs. Wiley Jackson Sarah Jane Evans Jackson, the daughter of the late William and Mary Ann Evans, was born Sept. 12, 1869, and passed away Aug. 23, 1947, at 9:10 a. m., at the home of her son Kenneth Richard Jackson, in Winchester, Ill., at the age of 77 years, 11 months and 10 days.
She was a member of the Bloomfield Baptist church for 40 years or more. She was united in marriage to Wiley Jackson in 1890, at Glasgow, Ill., who preceded her in death eight years ago. To this union were born nine children, four of whom have preceded their mother in death.
Those who survive are, namely: William, Chester, Kenneth and Ray of Winchester, John of Jacksonville. She also leaves two grandsons, one great grandson, seven step grandchildren, one sister, Mrs. Pearl Hoots, of Winchester, three brothers, John Wesley, Edward and Doctor Randolph Evans, all of Winchester, also a host of friends.
Funeral services were conducted from the Assembly of God church Monday afternoon, Aug. 25, 1947, at two o'clock, Rev. Otis Modlin officiating. The music was by Mrs. Modlin and daughter.
The flowers were in charge of Mrs. Myrtle McDade, Mrs. Bessie Evans, Mrs. Eva Cummings, Mrs. Polly Witwer, Mrs. Rose Hoots and Mrs. Almeta Eddinger. Interment was in the Winchester cemetery, the casket bearers being Clyde and Albert Hoots, Roy, Raymond, Jack and Ralph Evans." Newspaper unknown (Winchester Cemetery Obituaries, Morgan Area Genealogy, www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ilmaga/scott/cemeteries/winchester/obits/, 2009.)
f. Surviving children of William and Mary Ann Northcutt Evans can be confirmed from later census records. (1870 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 339A, (microfilm: roll M593_276; img. 681); 1880 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 523A, (microfilm: roll T9_250; img. 533); & 1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 180B, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 753).)
g. The 1880 Scott County mortality schedule reveals the death of Lora A. Evans, an infant of only eight months of age who, thus, would have been born about the month of April in the year 1879. Furthermore, the death was reported to have occurred in "Township 13 Range 13", which is located in the southwestern corner of Scott County and corresponds precisely with the residence of William Bramlet and Mary Northcutt Evans as reported in the corresponding population schedule as well as other sources. Within this context, it has been reported by other researchers that an unnamed infant was born to William and Mary Northcutt Evans in 1886 and in addition that this child died at or shortly after birth. Indeed, this presumption is further supported by the population schedule of the 1900 US Census for Scott County in which Mary Northcutt Evans stated that she had been the mother of seven children, six of whom were then still living. Of course, several other related and unrelated Evans families were resident in Scott County in 1880. Of these only William's two brothers, Carter and John, were resident contemporaneously in "Township 13 Range 13" and, as such, could have been parents of the infant. All of the others seem to have been living elsewhere within the county, particularly in the town of Winchester, and several seem to have been too old in any case. Moreover, the birth chronology of these families strongly suggests that this child was the daughter of William and Mary Northcutt Evans. Therefore, it seems likely that Lora A. Evans was in fact the unnamed infant putatively born to William and Mary Evans in 1886 and that later family researchers have simply proposed an incorrect chronology. (1880 US Census Mortality Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: (microfilm: roll T1133_64; img. 54).)
h. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1614576; imgs. 3469, 3470, & 3480).
5. Doctor Dudley Evans married Mabel Ann Overstreet. She was twelve years his junior and after the death of her first husband, Mabel married Daniel E. Adams on June 24, 1904, in Scott County.
5-1. John Homer Evans, born 1 Sep 1882 in Scott Co., IL, died 26 Jan 1938, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 2 Mar 1907, Bessie M. Jackson. They had Margaret Imogene#* (married Roy W. Wade), Martha (married Pratt), Evelyn (married Ed Haggard), Lavern (married Bob Albers), John, Jr., Edwin, and Doctor Dudley (D. D.) Evans. In 1918 his occupation was given as "ordained minister".
5-2. Tamsy Alice Evans, born 24 May 1885 in Scott Co., IL, died 4 Jul 1981 in White Hall, Greene Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co.; married on 22 Nov 1903, John Criton Shepherd, born 9 Dec 1877 in Smith Co., TN, died 4 Apr 1946 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Mary (married Day), Mabel (married Immons), Eileen (married Hardister), Mildred (married Hardy), Clarence, Russell, Grace Marie (married Little), and Annabel Sheperd.
5-3. Logan Lee Evans, born 4 Aug 1890 in IL, died 10 Feb 1975 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married Effie Mae Richards##, born 1888, died 1979, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Stanley and Bernice (married Murphy) Evans.
5-4. Willis Clay Evans, born 27 Aug 1895 in IL, died 1959, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married Ethel Blake. They had Billie and Dorothy, who died as small children, Joe, Bert, Leo, Tommy, Lois (married Fearneyhough), Margie (married Stevens), Barbara (married Sparks) Evans.
5-5. Mary Eliza Evans, born ~1896, died before 1900.
#* "MARGARET IMOGENE WADE, 84 of Winchester died Monday, June 1, 1992 at the Scott Co. Nursing Center. She was born Dec. 24, 1907 in Scott Co., a daughter of Homer and Bessie Jackson Evans. She married Roy W. Wade on June 28, 1930 in Pittsfield. He died Dec. 25, 1962. She is survived by two sons, Billie Homer Wade of Rock Island and Jimmie Duane Wade of Glenarms; three grandchildren, ...; two great-grandchildren; two brothers, Doctor Dudley Evans of Freeport and Edwin Evans of Winchester; ... sisters; Mrs. Bob [Lavern] Albers of Jacksonville and Mrs. Ed [Evelyn] Haggard of Winchester. She was preceeded in death by a infant daughter, Leota and one brother, John Jr. Evans. Mrs. Wade was a member of the Sandridge Bapt. Church. She worked at Brown Shoe Co. in Pittsfield for 25 years and was an aide at Jacksonville State Hospital until her retirement in 1982. Funeral services were held at 11 a.m. Wed. at Coonrod Funeral Home in Winchester with burial at Winchester City Cemetery. Memorials may be made to the Winchester Emerg. Medical Services." (obituary: Winchester Times; Vol. 108, Winchester, IL, Fri., Jun. 5, 1992.)
## Bruce York has asserted that Effie Mae Richards Evans was born November 28, 1904, and died on August 6, 1935, in Fentress County, Tennessee, and, further, was buried in Frogge's Chapel Cemetery. However, this would seem a mistaken identification. Indeed, according to census records of 1930 there was an Effie Evans, aged twenty-five years and married to J. C. Evans, resident in Fentress County. However, she cannot be the same individual as Effie Evans, wife of Logan Lee Evans, since this couple appeared in both the 1920 and 1930 Scott County population schedules and there is no evidence that they ever lived outside of Illinois. Moreover, Effie Mae Richards Evans was more than ten years older that Effie Evans, wife of J. C. Evans. (unpublished notes)
i. Children of Docter D. and Mabel Evans can be confirmed from later census records. (1880 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 560A, (microfilm: roll T9_250; img. 607) & 1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 279B, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 951).)
j. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1614576; imgs. 3477, 3479, & 3483).
7. John Washington Evans, born 20 May 1850 in Casey Co., KY, died 4 Oct 1916 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried in Winchester City Cem.; married on 25 Dec 1872 in Scott Co., IL, Julia Ann Northcutt, born 2 May 1855 in Buckhorn Twp., Brown Co., IL, died 27 Jun 1947 in Scott Co., IL, buried in Winchester City Cem. She was the daughter of Edward D. Northcutt and Christiana Slagle.
7-1. Ollie Winchester Evans, born 28 Jun 1874 in Scott Co., IL, died 31 Aug 1896. Apparently never married.
7-2. Jackson Lee Evans, born 26 Oct 1876 in Scott Co., IL. died 6 Sep 1969 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 18 Nov 1900, Eva May Evans§, born 1882, died 1972, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Russell, Chester, Oscar, Isabel (married Price), Marie (married Campbell), Theodore, and Warren Dean Evans.
7-3. Emma or Emily Jane Evans, born 11 Sep 1879 in Scott Co., IL; died 14 Jun 1969 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 12 Sep 1897 in Scott Co., IL, Albert A. Walker. They had Earl, Francis, Roy, Fred, Ray, Eva (married Gumm), and Mildred (married Summers) Walker.
7-4. Daisy Mae Evans, born 25 Apr 1883 in Scott Co., IL, died 26 Jan 1983 in Galesburg, Knox Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married (1) on 7 Jul 1901, William (Dick) D. Richards§*, born 14 Nov 1873 at Dunnville, Casey Co., KY, died 19 Nov 1943 in Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Stella (married Clyde Mitchell) Richards, but then evidently divorced§#. Married (2) in 1906,Thomas Allen Edmonson, born 18 Sep 1876, died 1952, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Iva (married Hardister) and Naomi (married Waites) Edmonson.
7-5. Walter Young Evans, born 16 Jun 1886 in Scott Co., Illinois; died 25 Jun 1977 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married (1) in 1909, Waneta (Neta) Gertrude Hudson, born 1896, died 1935, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Floyd, Glen, and Clayton Evans; married (2) Mrs. Nellie Leer Templin Hoots, born 25 Sep 1893 in Scott Co.IL, died 25 Mar 1979 in Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL.
7-6. Benjamin Harrison (Harry) Evans, born 28 Sep 1889 in Scott Co., IL, died 19 or 20 Apr 1949 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 5 Apr 1908, Etha Fitch, born 1887, died 1961, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL.
§ Eva May Evans was the daughter of William M. and Amanda Henson Evans; granddaughter of James Long and Elizabeth Kidd Evans; great-granddaughter of John and Sarah Davidson Evans; great-great-granddaughter of Thomas and Jane Howerton Evans and, therefore, third cousin to her husband.
§* "Wm. D. Richards, a former resident of Scott county, and at one time engaged in business west of the Burlington depot, died Friday morning at 9:45 o'clock at Maplewood sanitorium, Jacksonville, where he had been employed the past 14 months. He had been ill five weeks.
Mr. Richards resided at 1316 South Main Street. He left Winchester in 1908 and engaged in the grocery business on South Main street in Jacksonville, retiring in 1942.
Mr. Richards was born in Dunnville, Ky., Nov. 14, 1873, the son of William and Margaret Evans Richards. He was married to Anna Austin. Surviving are two daughters, Mrs. Clyde Mitchell of Alton and Mrs. Dorothy Bossart of Los Angeles, and one brother, James P. Richards of Liberty, Ky.
Funeral services were conducted by Rev. Andrew Caraker at the Gillham Funeral home Sunday afternoon at two o'clock, with interment in the Winchester cemetery, where Rev. F. V. Wright conducted the services." (obituary: Newspaper unknown)
§# It has been asserted that Daisy Mae Evans was widowed when she married Thomas Edmonson in 1906; however, census and cemetery records clearly indicate that her first husand, William D. Richards, survived until 1943. Therefore, William and Daisy Evans must have divorced after only a few years of marriage. Indeed, their daughter, Stella Richards, born ~1902, appears in subsequent census population schedules as resident in in the household of Thomas and Daisy Edmonson. Concomitantly, William Richards can be identified as the youngest son of William D. and Margaret Emma Evans Richards of Casey County, Kentucky; hence, William, was Daisy's first cousin once removed. Subsequently, William lived in Jacksonville, Illinois, and married Anna M. Austin in 1912. Moreover, in the 1940 census William stated that he was divorced, presumably from Anna, and was the owner of a tavern. (1910 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 287A, (microfilm: roll T624_317; img. 1115), 1910 US Census Population Schedule for Morgan County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 231A, (microfilm: roll T624_313; img. 1047), 1920 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 156A, (microfilm: roll T625_408; img. 302), 1920 US Census Population Schedule for Morgan County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 218B, (microfilm: roll T625_395; img. 1014); & 1940 US Census Population Schedule for Morgan County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 237B, (microfilm: roll T627_861; img. 428).)
k. Children of John and Julia Northcutt Evans can be confirmed from later census records. (1880 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 522A, (microfilm: roll T9_250; img. 531); 1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 279A, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 950); & 1910 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 292A, (microfilm: roll T624_317; img. 1125).)
l. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1614576; imgs. 3465, 3475, & 3482).
9. Mary Margaret Evans, born 15 Aug 1857 in Casey Co., KY, died 4 May 1944 in Winchester, Scott Cp., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 27 Sep 1879 in Scott Co., IL, John Thomas Blackburn§§, born 2 Jan 1853 in Adair Co., KY, died 3 Feb 1934 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.
9-1. Minnie Blackburn, born Jul 1880 in IL, died 1913, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 15 Dec 1902 in Scott Co., IL, Arthur Carl Brown, born 9 Sep 1883 in Scott Co., IL, died 9 May 1956 in Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Mabel, Dale D., Louise, James Ralph, and Margaret Brown.
9-2. Maude Blackburn, born 26 Jul 1883 in IL, died Apr 1975 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married George Edward Yelm, born 1883, died 16 Jan 1940 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Hester, Delmar, Meredith, and Lucille Yelm.
9-3. Myrtle Gertrude Blackburn, born 3 Jul 1885 in IL, died 17 Apr 1958, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married James Monroe Pyle or Pile, born 9 Sep 1883, died 24 Mar 1961, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had Bernice, Kathleen, Virginia, Madeline, and Robert Pyle.
9-4. Fred Blackburn, born 18 Oct 1887 in IL, died Jan 1964, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married ~1914 in IL, Florence Viola Templin, born 19 Feb 1896 in Scott Co., IL, died 18 Sep 1948 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Lloyd, Paul, and Roy Blackburn.
9-5. Bessie Blackburn, born Oct 1889 in IL; married Ed Gregory.
9-6. Lincoln Blackburn, born 28 Nov 1892 in Scott Co., IL, died 20 May 1974 in Winchester, Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.; married on 31 May 1913 in Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL, Bessie J. Templin, born 11 Sep 1897 in Scott Co., IL, died 27 Jul 1970 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem. They had Richard C., Vivian, and Clement Blackburn.
9-7. Lola Blackburn, born 8 Jan 1895 in IL, died 6 Jan 1935 in Jacksonville, Morgan Co., IL, buried Winchester Cem., Scott Co., IL; married Guy Adams, born 1 Jul 1887, died 1945, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL. They had one known daughter who died as an infant 29 Sep 1916.
9-8. Richard Blackburn, died as a young child.
9-9. Arthur Blackburn§§*, born 3 Nov 1899 in IL, died 6 Aug 1944, buried Winchester City Cem., Scott Co., IL; married on 21 Dec 1922, Doris Vey Six, born 2 Jul 1905 in Scott Co., IL, died 5 Jul 1990 in Scott Co., IL, buried Winchester City Cem.
§§ "James (sic - John) Thomas Blackburn, son of John and Margaret Blackburn, was born Jan. 2, 1853, in Adair county, Kentucky. He came with his parents to Illinois when quite young and has since been a resident of Scott county, living near Winchester where he is well known. He quietly passed away Saturday, Feb. 3, 1934, at 2 p.m., at his home, four and one-half miles southwest of Winchester, aged 80 years, eight months and one day. Thus closes the life story of one more of our number. "We spend our year as a tale that is told." "Uncle Jim" as we knew him was always a hard working man until his health failed, several years ago, a good farmer, and a good friend, to those in need. A man deeply devoted to his home and family.
He was united in marriage with Mary Margaret Evans, Sept. 28, 1879, and unto them were born nine children, seven of whom still live, two having gone on before. Mrs. Minnie Brown, the oldest daughter passed away in 1914. One son, Richard, died in infancy. Those left behind to mourn the loss of a devoted father are Mrs. Geo. Yelm, Mrs. Monroe Pyle, Mrs. Edward Gregory, Mrs. Lola Adams, Fred, Lincoln and Arthur Blackburn, all of Winchester. He was of a family of seven children, four brothers and three sisters, all of them have preceded him in death except one sister, Mrs. Susan Hamilton, a well known resident of Winchester. Thus this lone sister, seven children, 34 grandchildren, 17 great grandchildren and his faithful companion, who walked with him through 53 years of wedded life, remain to mourn his loss, with a great number of near relatives and friends." (op. cit. (Winchester Cemetery Obituaries))
§§* "Arthur Blackburn, son of James and Mary Margaret Blackburn, was born Nov. 3, 1899, and departed this life, August 6, 1944, at the age of 44 years, nine months and three days. He was united in marriage to Doris Six on December 21, 1922, and to this union were born three children- one son, Dean, who is in the service at Dodge City, Kansas, and two daughters, Mardell and Fern, at home. His father preceded him in death in 1934, and his mother three months ago. Two sisters, Mrs. Minnie Brown and Lola Adams and one brother, Richard, also preceded him in death. He leaves besides his immediate family, three sisters, Mrs. Maude Yelm, Mrs. Myrtle Pile and Mrs. Bess Gregory. Two brothers, Lincoln and Fred, all of Winchester. "Aut" as he was known to his friends and family was loved by all who knew him, and to his friends and neighbors, he will be remembered as being ever ready to help at any time. Although during the greater part of his life he was ill, he always was cheerful and patient. His passing leaves a place vacant in the home circle and in the hearts of all who knew and loved him that can never be replaced. Funeral services were held at the Christian church at 2:30 o'clock Wednesday afternoon, Aug. 9, 1944, Eld. Harley Ford of St. Louis officiated and was assisted by Rev. R. L. Schwab, pastor of the church. Selections were sung by Misses Eileen Patrick and Rhoda Cowhick, accompanied by Mrs. Nora Bean. Those in charge of the flowers were Mary Ida Adams, Maxine Cockerill, Hester Yelm, Mabel Neece, Louise Daniels and Agnes Ann O'Donnell. The casket bearers were Charles Bates, Melvin Parker, Fred Cockerill, Monroe Piles, Edward Gregory and Martin Rueter.
Interment was in the Winchester cemetery." (op. cit. (Winchester Cemetery Obituaries))
m. The family of John and Mary Margaret Blackburn Evans is revealed by subsequent census records. (1900 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 279A, (microfilm: roll T623_344; img. 950); 1910 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pgs. 292A-B, (microfilm: roll T624_317; imgs. 1125-6); & 1920 US Census Population Schedule for Scott County, Illinois, National Archives, Washington DC: pg. 215A, (microfilm: roll T625_408; img. 420).)
n. World War I Draft Registration Cards, National Personnel Records Center, National Archives-Southeast Region, Morrow, GA, (microfilm: roll IL-1614576; imgs. 3093, 3097, & 3098).
o. Spouses and children in all of the preceding descendancy identified by Mrs. Doris Six Blackburn. (op. cit. (Private correspondence with Marilyn Placke))
p. Death Master File, Social Security Administration, Washington, DC, continuously updated.
(unpublised notes)
back to bio.
4. The identity of this "son" remains a vexing issue. Indeed, Mr. Bruce York has identified Thomas Evans, son of James Monroe Evans, as alive in Fentress County, Tennessee, in 1900; however, it seems more likely that this is a mistaken identification. In particular, this individual gave the place and time of his birth as Tennessee in October of 1862. Of course, at this time the family of James Monroe and Sarah Hatfield Evans were resident in Casey County, Kentucky. More problematical is that the census record actually stated his name as "Than" Evans. In all probability this is a diminutive for Jonathan and not Thomas. Although it is not impossible that some of the descendants of James Monroe and Sarah Hatfield Evans might have returned to Tennessee, there is no evidence that any of them did so. (Bruce York; database - bruceyork; worldconnect.genealogy.rootsweb.com, 2006.)
back to bio.
|
||||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 52 |
https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/shooter-found-guilty-in-stray-bullet-death-of-college-bound-nyc-teen-basketball-star/5088996/
|
en
|
Shooter found guilty in stray bullet death of college-bound NYC teen basketball star
|
[
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Dark.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all&w=162&h=40",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2019/09/NYC_aerial-1-1.png?fit=2060%2C847&quality=85&strip=all&w=400&h=44&crop=1",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=130&h=73&crop=1 130w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=170&h=96&crop=1 170w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=210&h=118&crop=1 210w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=250&h=141&crop=1 250w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=290&h=163&crop=1 290w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=2121%2C1414&w=330&h=186&crop=1 330w",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=130&h=73&crop=1 130w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=170&h=96&crop=1 170w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=210&h=118&crop=1 210w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=250&h=141&crop=1 250w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=290&h=163&crop=1 290w, https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&fit=1920%2C1080&w=330&h=186&crop=1 330w",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/NY-web@3x.png?fit=766%2C72&quality=85&strip=all",
"https://nbcu.tmsimg.com/assets/p25613591_b_h10_aa.jpg?w=960&h=540",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/AP22013732233500.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/Utica-shooting.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2023/07/GettyImages-685023881.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/East-hanover-generic.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/07/GettyImages-464183066.jpg?quality=85&strip=all&resize=100%2C56",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Light.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all",
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035083&cv=2.0&cj=1",
"https://media.nbcnewyork.com/2024/04/WNBC-Dgtl-Oly-On-Light.png?fit=486%2C120&quality=85&strip=all"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"Bronx",
"Crime and Courts",
"Gun violence"
] | null |
[
"Myles Miller, NBC New York Staff",
"Myles Miller",
"NBC New York Staff"
] |
2024-01-30T13:30:00
|
Nahjim Luke was convicted on first-degree manslaughter and second-degree weapon possession, the Bronx district attorney's office said. Prosecutors alleged Luke...
|
en
|
NBC New York
|
https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/shooter-found-guilty-in-stray-bullet-death-of-college-bound-nyc-teen-basketball-star/5088996/
|
A Bronx man was found guilty in the shooting death of a 17-year-old high school basketball star and academic standout who was killed after he was shot with a stray bullet at a barbecue.
Nahjim Luke was convicted on first-degree manslaughter and second-degree weapon possession, the Bronx district attorney's office said Monday. The 26-year-old was found guilty of firing the shots that killed Brandon Hendricks, who was killed just days after he graduated from high school and had been set to play college basketball for St. John's University.
Prosecutors alleged Luke fired shots at a group of people who had gathered for a barbecue on Davidson Avenue the evening of June 28, with one of the bullets striking Hendricks in the back. He was pronounced dead at a hospital less than an hour later.
Luke immediately fled the scene and was taken into custody about a week later, authorities previously said. He faces up to 25 years in prison.
Attorney information for Luke was not immediately clear.
Hendricks had graduated from James Monroe High School earlier in the month. He was a point guard for the Eagles, helping them make the playoffs his final season before the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted athletics programs. His social media accounts showed a deep love for the game, full of highlight videos and reports of peers going on to college offers.
A senior NYPD official said Hendricks had never had any interactions with the police in his young life. His family and friends were left reeling after his death -- and wondering for whom the deadly bullet had been intended in the first place.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 44 |
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe
|
en
|
Presidency, Facts & Political Party
|
[
"https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=3005002&cs_ucfr=1&cv=3.6&cj=1",
"https://www.history.com/assets/images/history/logo.svg",
"https://www.history.com/assets/images/history/logo.svg",
"https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=640&height=426.66666666666663&crop=640%3A426.66666666666663%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 640w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=750&height=500&crop=750%3A500%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 750w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=828&height=552&crop=828%3A552%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 828w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=1080&height=540&crop=1080%3A540%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 1080w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=1248&height=624&crop=1248%3A624%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 1248w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=1920&height=960&crop=1920%3A960%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 1920w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=2048&height=1024&crop=2048%3A1024%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 2048w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2009/10/gettyimages-3071924.jpg?width=3840&height=1920&crop=3840%3A1920%2Csmart&quality=75&auto=webp 3840w",
"https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=16&quality=75&auto=webp 16w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=32&quality=75&auto=webp 32w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=48&quality=75&auto=webp 48w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=64&quality=75&auto=webp 64w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=96&quality=75&auto=webp 96w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=128&quality=75&auto=webp 128w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=256&quality=75&auto=webp 256w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=392&quality=75&auto=webp 392w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=640&quality=75&auto=webp 640w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=750&quality=75&auto=webp 750w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=828&quality=75&auto=webp 828w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=1080&quality=75&auto=webp 1080w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=1248&quality=75&auto=webp 1248w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=1920&quality=75&auto=webp 1920w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp 2048w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2023/03/2019-hvault-us-presidents-16x9-1.jpg?width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp 3840w",
"https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=16&quality=75&auto=webp 16w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=32&quality=75&auto=webp 32w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=48&quality=75&auto=webp 48w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=64&quality=75&auto=webp 64w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=96&quality=75&auto=webp 96w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=128&quality=75&auto=webp 128w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=256&quality=75&auto=webp 256w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=392&quality=75&auto=webp 392w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=640&quality=75&auto=webp 640w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=750&quality=75&auto=webp 750w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=828&quality=75&auto=webp 828w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1080&quality=75&auto=webp 1080w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1248&quality=75&auto=webp 1248w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=1920&quality=75&auto=webp 1920w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=2048&quality=75&auto=webp 2048w, https://assets.editorial.aetnd.com/uploads/2024/06/IHBANNER-1.jpg?width=3840&quality=75&auto=webp 3840w"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"James Monroe - Presidency, Facts & Political Party",
"History.com Editors"
] |
2009-10-29T12:28:48+00:00
|
James Monroe (1758-1831), the fifth U.S. president, oversaw major westward expansion of the U.S. He also strengthened American foreign policy in 1823 with the Monroe Doctrine, a warning to European countries against further colonization and intervention in the Western Hemisphere.
|
en
|
HISTORY
|
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/james-monroe
|
Early Years
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Spence Monroe (1727-74), a farmer and carpenter, and Elizabeth Jones Monroe (1730-74). In 1774, at age 16, Monroe entered the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. He cut his college studies short in 1776 to join the Continental Army and fight for independence from Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83).
During the war, Monroe saw action in battles in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He was wounded at the Battle of Trenton, New Jersey, in 1776, and was with General George Washington (1732-99) and his troops at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, during the difficult winter of 1777 to 1778.
During his time with the army, Monroe became acquainted with Thomas Jefferson, then the governor of Virginia. In 1780, Monroe began studying law under Jefferson, who would become his political mentor and friend. (Over a decade later, in 1793, Monroe bought a farm, named Highland, located next to Monticello, Jefferson’s Charlottesville, Virginia, estate.)
The Virginia Politician
Following his military service, Monroe embarked on a career in politics. In 1782, he became a delegate in the Virginia Assembly and the following year was chosen as a Virginia representative to the Congress of the Confederation, America’s governing body from 1781 to 1789.
In 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), the teenage daughter of a New York merchant. The couple had two daughters and a son who died as an infant.
While in Congress, Monroe supported the efforts of fellow Virginia politician (and the future fourth U.S. president) James Madison (1751-1836) to create a new U.S. constitution. However, once written, Monroe felt the document gave too much power to the government and did not sufficiently protect individual rights. Despite Monroe’s opposition, the Constitution was ratified in 1789, and in 1790 he took a seat in the U.S. Senate, representing Virginia.
As a senator, Monroe sided with Madison, then a U.S. congressman, and Jefferson, then the U.S. secretary of state, both of whom were against greater federal control at the cost of state and individual rights. In 1792, Monroe joined forces with the two men to found the Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed Alexander Hamilton (1755-1804) and the Federalists who were fighting for increased federal power.
A Leader at Home and Abroad
In 1794, President George Washington (1732-99) appointed Monroe as minister to France, in an effort to help improve relations with that nation. At the time, France and Great Britain were at war. Monroe had some initial success in strengthening Franco-American ties; however, relations soured with the November 1794 signing of the controversial Jay’s Treaty, an agreement between the U.S. and Britain that regulated commerce and navigation. Monroe, who was critical of the treaty, was released from his post by Washington in 1796.
Monroe resumed his political career in 1799 when he became governor of Virginia. He held this office for three years until President Thomas Jefferson requested that Monroe return to France to help negotiate the purchase of the port of New Orleans. In France, Monroe learned that French leader Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) wanted to sell the entire Louisiana Territory (the land extending between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico to present-day Canada), not only New Orleans, for $15 million.
Monroe and the U.S. minister to France, Robert R. Livingston, did not have time to gain presidential approval for such a large purchase. Instead, they approved and signed the Louisiana Purchase agreement themselves in 1803 and effectively doubled the size of the United States.
Monroe, who garnered acclaim for the Louisiana Purchase, then became the minister to Great Britain and drafted a treaty that would help strengthen the bonds between Britain and the U.S. Jefferson, however, did not approve the treaty because it did not stem Britain’s practice of capturing American sailors for its own navy. Monroe was upset by Jefferson’s actions and his friendship with both Jefferson and his secretary of state, Madison, soured.
In 1808, still angry about how his treaty was handled by Jefferson and Madison, Monroe ran for president against Madison. He lost. However, the ill feelings between the two men did not last. In 1811, Madison asked Monroe, who was once again governor of Virginia, to be his secretary of state. Monroe agreed and proved to be a strong asset to Madison as America battled Britain in the War of 1812.
During his tenure as secretary of state, which lasted until March 1817, Monroe also served as secretary of war from 1814 to 1815. The previous holder of that post, John Armstrong, was forced to resign following the burning of Washington, D.C., by the British in August 1814.
The 'Era of Good Feelings'
In 1816, Monroe ran for president again, as a Democratic-Republican, and this time handily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King (1755-1827). When he was sworn into office on March 4, 1817, Monroe became the first U.S. president to have his ceremony outdoors and give his inaugural address to the public.
The new president and his family could not take up immediate residence in the White House, because it had been destroyed by the British in 1814. Instead, they lived in a home on I Street in Washington, until the rebuilt White House was ready for occupancy in 1818.
Monroe’s presidency ushered in what was known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” The U.S. had a new sense of confidence from its various victories during the War of 1812 and was growing quickly and offering new opportunities to its citizens. Additionally, fighting between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists was finally beginning to ebb.
One issue Monroe had to contend with during his first term in office was deteriorating relations with Spain. Conflicts arose between the U.S. military in Georgia and pirates and Native Americans in the Spanish-held territory of Florida. In 1819, Monroe was able to successfully address the problem by negotiating for the purchase of Florida for $5 million, further expanding U.S. territories.
With all the expansion came significant money troubles. Speculators were borrowing large sums of money to purchase land to sell to settlers and banks were leveraging assets they did not have in order to loan the money. This, along with diminished trade between the U.S. and Europe, led to a four-year economic downturn, known as the Panic of 1819.
Slavery was also becoming a contentious issue during Monroe’s presidency. The North had banned slavery, but the Southern states still supported it. In 1818, Missouri wanted to join the Union; the North wanted it to be declared a free state while the South wanted it to be a slave state. Finally, an agreement was made allowing Missouri to join the Union as a slave state and Maine to join as a free state.
The Missouri Compromise soon followed, outlawing slavery in the Louisiana Territory above the parallel 36°30′ north, excluding the state of Missouri. Although Monroe did not think Congress had the constitutional authority to impose such conditions on Missouri’s admission to the Union, he signed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 in an effort to avoid civil war.
A Second Term and the Monroe Doctrine
In 1820, though the U.S. economy was suffering, Monroe ran unopposed and was elected to a second term as president. During this term, he wanted to exert the growing power of the U.S. in the world arena and make a statement of support for free governments in the Americas. Monroe was helped greatly with foreign policy by his secretary of state, John Quincy Adams (1767-1848). With Adams’ assistance, Monroe addressed Congress in 1823 with what became known as his Monroe Doctrine, which in part developed out of his concern that European powers would want to re-establish Spanish control of South America.
In this address, Monroe declared an end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and forbid European countries from intervening in the American continents, including any U.S. territories and Central and South America. The Monroe Doctrine formally established a special relationship between the United States and Central and South America, and the U.S. would use this opportunity to invest in Latin America and assist with military intervention when necessary.
In turn, Monroe promised that the U.S. would not interfere with European territories or any wars among them. The Monroe Doctrine was well received and became an important tool in later disputes over American territory.
In addition, Monroe continued to lead the U.S. in expanding westward across the continent. He helped build transportation infrastructure and laid the foundation for America to become a world power. Five states entered the Union during Monroe’s time in office: Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820) and Missouri (1821).
Later Years
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
0
| 13 |
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2022/10/10/visiting-new-york-citys-presidents/
|
en
|
Visiting New York City’s Presidents
|
[
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/6ea151c3-80df-4028-846f-6370153c2249.jpeg?w=1568",
"https://storage.buzzsprout.com/xowh3gb5xhkfj6z3qpstt9xi7vgq?.jpg",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_1713-edited.jpeg",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_1730.jpeg?w=768",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_4431.jpg?w=764",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_1705.jpeg?w=768",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_1777.jpeg?w=768",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/img_1858-1.jpeg?w=768",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://visitingthepresidents.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/cropped-170219821_10118140886599755_1671695552849874456_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"View more posts"
] |
2022-10-10T00:00:00
|
https://www.buzzsprout.com/1617841 Heading to the Big Apple, and want to Visit the Presidents?! Look no further! In this Episode, I tell you about the Presidents who were born, lived, died, and are buried here in New York City! In collaboration with Ryan Purcell and The Gotham Center for New York City History. With Ryan Purcell and…
|
en
|
Visiting the Presidents
|
https://visitingthepresidents.com/2022/10/10/visiting-new-york-citys-presidents/
|
Heading to the Big Apple, and want to Visit the Presidents?! Look no further! In this Episode, I tell you about the Presidents who were born, lived, died, and are buried here in New York City!
In collaboration with Ryan Purcell and The Gotham Center for New York City History.
Featured Visits!
Other Sites Mentioned
John Adams & Thomas Jefferson’s Homes in New York City.
James Monroe’s Home (63 Prince Street) and First Grave (Marble Cemetery-52 E. 2nd Street).
Ulysses Grant Home (3 E. 66th Street).
Herbert Hoover’s Home at the Waldorf Astoria (301 Park Avenue).
Franklin Roosevelt Home (49 E. 65th Street).
John F. Kennedy’s Home (277 Park Avenue).
Richard Nixon’s Home (810 Fifth Avenue).
Barack Obama’s Home (142 W. 109th Street).
Donald Trump’s Home at Trump Tower (725 Fifth Avenue).
Visit The New York Presidents!
Click on the Dot to find the President and address!
Check Out:
Check Out: Daytonian in Manhattan blog for James Monroe, Ulysses Grant, and Chester Arthur and Bowery Boys History for George Washington and John Adams.
|
|||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
2
| 0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
|
en
|
James Monroe
|
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/220px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819_%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/James_Monroe%27s_sig.svg/128px-James_Monroe%27s_sig.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Birthplace_of_Monroe_historical_marker.jpg/220px-Birthplace_of_Monroe_historical_marker.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg/303px-The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elizabeth_Monroe.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Monroe.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/OakHillfront.jpg/220px-OakHillfront.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/170px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Vanderlyn_-_James_Monroe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Vanderlyn_-_James_Monroe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/220px-Adams_onis_map.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/GSJamesMonroe.jpg/220px-GSJamesMonroe.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MONROE%2C_James-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/300px-MONROE%2C_James-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/James_Monroe_marker_at_Univ._of_VA_IMG_4248.JPG/220px-James_Monroe_marker_at_Univ._of_VA_IMG_4248.JPG",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Chester_Harding_-_James_Monroe_-_NPG.2005.44_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg/220px-Chester_Harding_-_James_Monroe_-_NPG.2005.44_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg/170px-Monroe_Tomb_02.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/JamesMonroeStatue.jpg/240px-JamesMonroeStatue.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/100px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/100px-James_Madison.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg/100px-Jamesmonroe-npgallery.jpg",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png",
"https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki.svg"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"
] |
2001-10-28T06:42:08+00:00
|
en
|
/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe
|
Founding Father, 5th president of the United States
For other people named James Monroe, see James Monroe (disambiguation).
"Senator Monroe" redirects here. For other uses, see Senator Monroe (disambiguation).
"President Monroe" redirects here. For the attack transport, see USS President Monroe.
James Monroe ( mən-ROH; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman, lawyer, diplomat, and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. He was the last Founding Father to serve as president as well as the last president of the Virginia dynasty. His presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings, concluding the First Party System era of American politics. He issued the Monroe Doctrine, a policy of limiting European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe previously served as governor of Virginia, a member of the United States Senate, U.S. ambassador to France and Britain, the seventh secretary of state, and the eighth secretary of war.
During the American Revolutionary War, he served in the Continental Army. Monroe studied law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783 and subsequently served as a delegate to the Continental Congress as well as a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention. He opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution. In 1790, Monroe won election to the Senate where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington's ambassador to France but was recalled by Washington in 1796. Monroe won the election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election.
As President Jefferson's special envoy, Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, through which the United States nearly doubled in size. Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain. He unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the Democratic-Republican nomination in the 1808 presidential election, but he joined Madison's administration as Secretary of State in 1811. During the later stages of the War of 1812, Monroe simultaneously served as Madison's Secretary of State and Secretary of War. Monroe's wartime leadership established him as Madison's heir apparent, and he easily defeated Federalist candidate Rufus King in the 1816 presidential election.
During Monroe's tenure as president, the Federalist Party collapsed as a national political force and Monroe was re-elected, virtually unopposed, in 1820. As president, he signed the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and banned slavery from territories north of the 36°30′ parallel. In foreign affairs, Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams favored a policy of conciliation with Britain and a policy of expansionism against the Spanish Empire. In the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain, the United States secured Florida and established its western border with New Spain. In 1823, Monroe announced the United States' opposition to any European intervention in the recently independent countries of the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy. Monroe was a member of the American Colonization Society which supported the colonization of Africa by freed slaves, and Liberia's capital of Monrovia is named in his honor.
Following his retirement in 1825, Monroe was plagued by financial difficulties and died on July 4, 1831, in New York City—sharing a distinction with Presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson of dying on the anniversary of U.S. independence. Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president.
Early life and education
James Monroe was born on April 28, 1758, in his parents' house in a wooded area of Westmoreland County in the Colony of Virginia, to (Andrew) Spence Monroe and Elizabeth Jones. The marked site is one mile (1.6 km) from the unincorporated community known today as Monroe Hall, Virginia. The James Monroe Family Home Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. He had one sister, Elizabeth and three younger brothers, Spence, Andrew and Joseph Jones. Monroe's father worked as a craftsman and was a patriot who was involved in protests against the Stamp Act. His mother was the daughter of a Welsh immigrant whose family was one of the wealthiest in King George County.[1][2]
His paternal great-great-grandfather Patrick Andrew Monroe emigrated to America from Scotland in the mid-17th century as a Royalist after the defeat of Charles I in the English Civil War,[1] and was part of an ancient Scottish clan known as Clan Munro. In 1650, he patented a large tract of land in Washington Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Also among James Monroe's ancestors were French Huguenot immigrants, who came to Virginia in 1700.[2]
At age 11, Monroe was enrolled in Campbelltown Academy, the only school in the county. This school was considered the best in the colony of Virginia, which is why Monroe was later able to immediately take advanced courses in Latin and mathematics at the College of William & Mary.[3] He attended this school only 11 weeks a year, as his labor was needed on the farm. During this time, Monroe formed a lifelong friendship with an older classmate, future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall. In 1772, Monroe's mother died after giving birth to her youngest child and his father died soon after, leaving him as the eldest son in charge of the family. Though he inherited property, including slaves, from both of his parents, the 16-year-old Monroe was forced to withdraw from school to support his younger brothers. His childless maternal uncle, Joseph Jones, became a surrogate father to Monroe and his siblings and paid off his brother-in-law's debts. A member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, Jones took Monroe to the capital of Williamsburg, Virginia, and enrolled him in the College of William and Mary in June 1774. Jones also introduced Monroe to important Virginians such as Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and George Washington.[4]
During this phase of the American Revolution, opposition to the British government grew in the Thirteen Colonies in reaction to the "Intolerable Acts", a series of harsh laws against the Colonies in response to the Boston Tea Party. In Williamsburg, British Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, dissolved the Assembly after protests by the delegates, who then decided to send a delegation to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Dunmore wanted to take advantage of the absence of the Burgesses, who had convened to Richmond, and had soldiers of the Royal Navy confiscate the weapons of the Virginian militia, which alarmed militiamen and students of the College of William & Mary, including Monroe. They marched to the Governor's Palace and demanded that Dunmore return the confiscated gunpowder. When more militiamen arrived in Williamsburg under the leadership of Patrick Henry, Dunmore agreed to pay compensation for the confiscated goods. Monroe and his fellow students were so incensed by the governor's actions that they conducted daily military drills on campus afterward.[4] On June 24, 1775, Monroe and 24 militiamen stormed the Governor's Palace, capturing several hundred muskets and swords.[3]
Revolutionary War service
In early 1776, about a year and a half after his enrollment, Monroe dropped out of college and joined the 3rd Virginia Regiment in the Continental Army, despite mourning the death of his brother Spence, who had died shortly before.[3] As the fledgling army valued literacy in its officers, Monroe was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant, serving under Colonel George Weedon and later Captain William Washington. After months of training, Monroe and 700 Virginia infantrymen were called north to serve in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Monroe's regiment played a central role in the Continental Army's retreat across the Delaware River on December 7 in response to the loss of Fort Washington. In late December, Monroe took part in a surprise attack on a Hessian encampment at the Battle of Trenton. Though the attack was successful, Monroe suffered a severed artery in the battle and nearly died. In the aftermath, Washington cited Monroe and William Washington for their bravery, and promoted Monroe to captain.[5]
After recovering for two months, Monroe returned to Virginia to recruit his own company of soldiers. Lacking the wealth to induce soldiers to join his company, Monroe instead asked his uncle to return him to the front. Monroe was assigned to the staff of General William Alexander, Lord Stirling as an auxiliary officer. At the Battle of Brandywine, he formed a close friendship with the Marquis de Lafayette, a French volunteer who encouraged him to view the war as part of a wider struggle against religious and political tyranny. Monroe served in the Philadelphia campaign and spent the winter of 1777–78 at the encampment of Valley Forge, sharing a log hut with Marshall. By late 1777, he was promoted to major and served as Lord Stirling's aide-de-camp. After serving in the Battle of Monmouth, the destitute Monroe resigned his commission in December 1778 and joined his uncle in Philadelphia. After the British captured Savannah, the Virginia legislature decided to raise four regiments, and Monroe returned to his native state, hoping to receive his own command. With letters of recommendation from Washington, Stirling, and Alexander Hamilton, Monroe received a commission as a lieutenant colonel and was expected to lead one of the regiments, but recruitment again proved to be a problem. On Jones's advice, Monroe returned to Williamsburg to study law at the College of William and Mary, becoming a protégé of Virginia Governor Thomas Jefferson.[6] Jefferson, with whom Monroe soon formed a close and lifelong friendship, advised his protégé to pursue a political career and made his library available to him, where the works of Epictetus in particular had a great influence on Monroe [7]
With the British increasingly focusing their operations in the Southern colonies, the Virginians moved the capital to the more defensible city of Richmond, and Monroe accompanied Jefferson to the new capital. Jefferson appointed Monroe as a military commissioner with the task of maintaining contact with the Southern Continental Army, under the command of General Johann von Kalb, and the Virginia Militia.[8][9] At the end of 1780, the British invaded Virginia and Monroe, who had become a colonel in the meantime, was given command of a regiment for the first time, but he was still unable to raise an army due to a lack of interested recruits, Monroe returned to his home in King George County, and was not present for the British raid on Richmond. As both the Continental Army and the Virginia militia had an abundance of officers, Monroe did not serve during the Yorktown campaign, and, much to his frustration, did not take part in the Siege of Yorktown.[9] Although Andrew Jackson served as a courier in a militia unit at age 13, Monroe is regarded as the last U.S. president who was a Revolutionary War veteran, since he served as an officer of the Continental Army and took part in combat.[10] As a result of his service, Monroe became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.[11][12]
Early political career
Member of Continental Congress
Monroe resumed studying law under Jefferson and continued until 1783.[13][14] He was not particularly interested in legal theory or practice, but chose to take it up because he thought it offered "the most immediate rewards" and could ease his path to wealth, social standing, and political influence.[14] In 1782, Monroe was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates. After serving on Virginia's Executive Council, he was elected to the Fourth Congress of the Confederation in November 1783 and served in Annapolis until Congress convened in Trenton, New Jersey in June 1784. He had served a total of three years when he finally retired from that office by the rule of rotation.[16] By that time, the government was meeting in the temporary capital of New York City. In 1784, Monroe undertook an extensive trip through Western New York and Pennsylvania to inspect the conditions in the Northwest. The tour convinced him that the United States had to pressure Britain to abandon its posts in the region and assert control of the Northwest.[17] While serving in Congress, Monroe became an advocate for western expansion, and played a key role in the writing and passage of the Northwest Ordinance. The ordinance created the Northwest Territory, providing for federal administration of the territories West of Pennsylvania and North of the Ohio River. Another of Monroe's goals in the Confederate Congress was to negotiate American rights to free navigation on the Mississippi River.[18] During this period, Jefferson continued to serve as a mentor to Monroe, and, at Jefferson's prompting, he befriended another prominent Virginian, James Madison.
Marriage and law practice
On February 16, 1786, Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright (1768–1830), who came from New York City's high society, at Trinity Church in Manhattan.[20] The marriage produced three children, Eliza in 1786,[21] James in 1799[22] and Maria in 1802.[23] Although Monroe was raised in the Anglican faith, the children were educated according to the teachings of the Episcopal Church.[24] After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, New York, the Monroes returned to New York City to live with her father until Congress adjourned:[25]
In the fall of 1786, Monroe resigned from Congress and moved to his uncle Jones' house in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where he successfully passed the bar exam and became an attorney for the state.[26] In 1787, Monroe won election to another term in the Virginia House of Delegates. Though he had become outspoken in his desire to reform the Articles, he was unable to attend the Philadelphia Convention due to his work obligations.[27] In 1788, Monroe became a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, which voted on the adoption of the United States Constitution.[21] In Virginia, the struggle over the ratification of the proposed Constitution involved more than a simple clash between federalists and anti-federalists. Virginians held a full spectrum of opinions about the merits of the proposed change in national government, and those who held the middle ground in the ideological struggle became the central figures. Led by Monroe and Edmund Pendleton, these "federalists who are for amendments" criticized the absence of a bill of rights and worried about surrendering taxation powers to the central government.[28] Monroe called for the Constitution to include guarantees regarding free navigation on the Mississippi River and to give the federal government direct control over the militia in case of defense. In doing so, he wanted to prevent the creation of a standing army, which proved to be a critical point of contention between the federalists and the anti-federalists. Monroe also opposed the Electoral College, which he viewed as too corruptible and susceptible to state interests, and favored direct election of the president.[29] After Madison reversed his decision and promised to pass a bill of rights, the Virginia Convention ratified the Constitution by a narrow vote, though Monroe himself voted against it.[30]
Senator
In the 1789 election to the 1st United States Congress, anti-federalist Henry Monroe persuaded Monroe to run against Madison, and he had the Virginia legislature draw a congressional district designed to elect Monroe. During the campaign, Madison and Monroe often traveled together, and the election did nothing to diminish their friendship. In the election for Virginia's Fifth District, Madison prevailed over Monroe, taking 1,308 votes compared to Monroe's 972 votes. After this defeat, Monroe moved his family from Fredericksburg to Albemarle County, first to Charlottesville and later to the immediate neighborhood of Monticello, where he bought an estate and named it Highland.[31] After the death of Senator William Grayson in 1790, Virginia legislators elected Monroe to serve the remainder of Grayson's term.[32] Since the Senate, unlike the House of Representatives, met behind closed doors, the public paid little attention to it and focused on the House of Representatives. Monroe therefore requested in February 1791 that Senate sessions be held in public, but this was initially rejected and not implemented until February 1794.[33]
During the presidency of George Washington, U.S. politics became increasingly polarized between the Anti-Administration Party, led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and the Federalists, led by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. Monroe stood firmly with Jefferson in opposing Hamilton's strong central government and strong executive. The Democratic-Republican Party coalesced around Jefferson and Madison, and Monroe became one of the fledgling party's leaders in the Senate. He also helped organize opposition to John Adams in the 1792 election, though Adams defeated George Clinton to win re-election as vice president. When Monroe took part in congressional investigations into Hamilton's illegal transactions with James Reynolds in November 1792, this led to the uncovering of the first political sex scandal in the United States: The payments had been hush money to keep Hamilton's affair with Reynolds' wife secret. Hamilton never forgave Monroe for this public humiliation, which almost led to a duel between the two.[35] Throughout 1792 and 1793, Monroe and Madison responded to Hamilton's pamphlets accusing Jefferson of undermining Washington's authority with a series of six essays. These sharply worded replies were largely penned by Monroe. As leader of the Republicans in the Senate, Monroe soon became involved in matters of foreign relations. In 1794, he emerged as an opponent of Hamilton's appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom and a supporter of the First French Republic. Since 1791 he had taken sides with the French Revolution in several essays under the pseudonym Aratus.[36]
Minister to France
As the 1790s progressed, the French Revolutionary Wars came to dominate U.S. foreign policy, with British and French raids both threatening U.S. trade with Europe. Like most other Jeffersonians, Monroe supported the French Revolution, but Hamilton's followers tended to sympathize more with Britain. In 1794, hoping to find a way to avoid war with both countries, Washington appointed Monroe as his minister (ambassador) to France, after Madison and Robert R. Livingston had declined the offer.[37] At the same time, he appointed the Anglophile Federalist John Jay as his minister to Britain.[38] Monroe took this position at a difficult time: America's negotiating position was made considerably more difficult by its lack of military strength. In addition, the conflict between Paris and London in America intensified the confrontation between the Anglophile Federalists and the Francophile Republicans. While the Federalists were basically only aiming for independence from Great Britain, the Republicans wanted a revolutionary new form of government, which is why they strongly sympathized with the First French Republic.[37]
After arriving in France, Monroe addressed the National Convention, receiving a standing ovation for his speech celebrating republicanism. Monroe's passionate and friendly message of greeting at the inaugural ceremony before the National Convention was later criticized by Jay for its sentimentality, and Washington viewed the speech as "not well devised" in terms of venue and in light of American neutrality in the First Coalition War.[39] Monroe experienced several early diplomatic successes, including the protection of U.S. trade from French attacks. In February 1795, Monroe used his influence to secure the release of all American citizens imprisoned since the French Revolution and Adrienne de La Fayette, the wife of the Marquis de Lafayette. He had already secured the release of Thomas Paine in July 1794 and took him in, but when Paine worked on a diatribe against Washington despite Monroe's objections, they parted ways in the spring of 1796.[40]
Months after Monroe arrived in France, the U.S. and Great Britain concluded the Jay Treaty, outraging both the French and Monroe—not fully informed about the treaty prior to its publication. Despite the undesirable effects of the Jay Treaty on Franco-American relations, Monroe won French support for U.S. navigational rights on the Mississippi River—the mouth of which was controlled by Spain—and in 1795 the U.S. and Spain signed Pinckney's Treaty. The treaty granted the U.S. limited rights to use the port of New Orleans.
Immediately after Timothy Pickering succeeded Secretary of State Edmund Randolph, who had been the only Francophile member of Washington's cabinet, in December 1795, he worked to dismiss Monroe. In 1796, Monroe sent a dispatch summarizing his response to French complaints of the Jay Treaty, but it was incomplete and did not include the French note or Monroe's written response. Pickering saw this as a sign of Monroe's unsuitability and, together with Hamilton, persuaded Washington to replace Monroe as ambassador.[42] Washington decided Monroe was inefficient, disruptive, and failed to safeguard the national interest. He recalled Monroe in November 1796, the letter of dismissal being deliberately delayed in order to prevent his return before the presidential election.[43] Returning to his home in Charlottesville, he resumed his dual careers as a farmer and lawyer.[44] Jefferson and Madison urged Monroe to run for Congress, but Monroe chose to focus on state politics instead.
In 1797, Monroe published A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States: Connected with the Mission to the French Republic, During the Years 1794, 5, and 6, which sharply attacked Washington's government and accused it of acting against America's interests. He followed the advice of his friend Robert Livingston who cautioned him to "repress every harsh and acrimonious" comment about Washington. However, he did complain that too often the U.S. government had been too close to Britain, especially regarding the Jay Treaty. Washington made notes on this copy, writing, "The truth is, Mr. Monroe was cajoled, flattered, and made to believe strange things. In return he did, or was disposed to do, whatever was pleasing to that nation, reluctantly urging the rights of his own."[47]
Governor of Virginia and diplomat (1799–1802, 1811)
Governor of Virginia
On a party-line vote, the Virginia legislature elected Monroe as Governor of Virginia in 1799. He would serve as governor until 1802. The constitution of Virginia endowed the governor with very few powers aside from commanding the militia when the Assembly called it into action, but Monroe used his stature to convince legislators to enhance state involvement in transportation and education and to increase training for the militia. Monroe also began to give State of the Commonwealth addresses to the legislature, in which he highlighted areas in which he believed the legislature should act. Monroe also led an effort to create the state's first penitentiary, and imprisonment replaced other, often harsher, punishments. In 1800, Monroe called out the state militia to suppress Gabriel's Rebellion, a slave rebellion originating on a plantation six miles from the capital of Richmond. Gabriel and 27 other enslaved people who participated were all hanged for treason.[22] The executions sparked compassionate feelings among the people of Virginia, and Monroe worked with the legislature to secure a location where free and enslaved African Americans suspected of "conspiracy, insurgency, Treason, and rebellion" would be permanently banished outside the United States.[49]
Monroe thought that foreign and Federalist elements had created the Quasi War of 1798–1800, and he strongly supported Thomas Jefferson's candidacy for president in 1800. Federalists were likewise suspicious of Monroe, some viewing him at best as a French dupe and at worst a traitor.[50] With the power to appoint election officials in Virginia, Monroe exercised his influence to help Jefferson win Virginia's presidential electors. He also considered using the Virginia militia to force the outcome in favor of Jefferson.[52] Jefferson won the 1800 election, and he appointed Madison as his Secretary of State. As a member of Jefferson's party and the leader of the largest state in the country, Monroe emerged as one of Jefferson's two most likely successors, alongside Madison.[53]
Louisiana Purchase and Minister to Great Britain
Shortly after the end of Monroe's gubernatorial tenure, President Jefferson sent Monroe back to France to assist Ambassador Robert Livingston in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase. In the 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso, France had acquired the territory of Louisiana from Spain; at the time, many in the U.S. believed that France had also acquired West Florida in the same treaty. The American delegation originally sought to acquire West Florida and the city of New Orleans, which controlled the trade of the Mississippi River. Determined to acquire New Orleans even if it meant war with France, Jefferson also authorized Monroe to form an alliance with the British if the French refused to sell the city.[54]
Meeting with François Barbé-Marbois, the French foreign minister, Monroe and Livingston agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million; the purchase became known as the Louisiana Purchase. In agreeing to the purchase, Monroe violated his instructions, which had only allowed $9 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida. The French did not acknowledge that West Florida remained in Spanish possession, and the United States would claim that France had sold West Florida to the United States for several years to come. Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States. Monroe would travel to Spain in 1805 to try to win the cession of West Florida, but found that the American ambassador to Spain, Charles Pinckney, had alienated the Spanish government with crude threats of violence. In the negotiations on the outstanding territorial issues concerning New Orleans, West Florida and the Rio Grande, Monroe made no progress and was treated condescendingly, and with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory.[55]
After the resignation of Rufus King, Monroe was appointed as the ambassador to Great Britain in 1803. The greatest issue of contention between the United States and Britain was that of the impressment of U.S. sailors. Many U.S. merchant ships employed British seamen who had deserted or dodged conscription, and the British frequently impressed sailors on U.S. ships in hopes of quelling their manpower issues. Many of the sailors they impressed had never been British subjects, and Monroe was tasked with persuading the British to stop their practice of impressment. Monroe found little success in this endeavor, partly due to Jefferson's alienation of the British minister to the United States, Anthony Merry. Rejecting Jefferson's offer to serve as the first governor of Louisiana Territory, Monroe continued to serve as ambassador to Britain until 1807.[56]
In 1806 he negotiated the Monroe–Pinkney Treaty with Great Britain. It would have extended the Jay Treaty of 1794 which had expired after ten years. Jefferson had fought the Jay Treaty intensely in 1794–95 because he felt it would allow the British to subvert American republicanism. The treaty had produced ten years of peace and highly lucrative trade for American merchants, but Jefferson was still opposed. When Monroe and the British signed the new treaty in December 1806, Jefferson refused to submit it to the Senate for ratification. Although the treaty called for ten more years of trade between the United States and the British Empire and gave American merchants guarantees that would have been good for business, Jefferson was unhappy that it did not end the hated British practice of impressment and refused to give up the potential weapon of commercial warfare against Britain. The president made no attempt to obtain another treaty, and as a result, the two nations drifted from peace toward the War of 1812.[57] Monroe was severely pained by the administration's repudiation of the treaty, and he fell out with Secretary of State James Madison.[58]
1808 election and the Quids
On his return to Virginia in 1807, Monroe received a warm reception, and many urged him to run in the 1808 presidential election.[59] After Jefferson refused to submit the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, Monroe had come to believe that Jefferson had snubbed the treaty out of the desire to avoid elevating Monroe above Madison in 1808.[60] Out of deference to Jefferson, Monroe agreed to avoid actively campaigning for the presidency, but he did not rule out accepting a draft effort.[61] The Democratic-Republican Party was increasingly factionalized, with "Old Republicans" or "Quids" denouncing the Jefferson administration for abandoning what they considered to be true republican principles. The Quids, led by John Randolph of Roanoke, tried to enlist Monroe in their cause. The plan was to run Monroe for president in the 1808 election in cooperation with the Federalist Party, which had a strong base in New England. Monroe decided to run against Madison in the 1808 presidential election in order to demonstrate the strength of his political position in Virginia. The regular Democratic-Republicans overcame the Quids in the nominating caucus, kept control of the party in Virginia, and protected Madison's base.[62] Monroe did not publicly criticize Jefferson or Madison during Madison's campaign against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, but he refused to support Madison. Madison defeated Pinckney by a large margin, carrying all but one state outside of New England. Monroe won 3,400 votes in Virginia, but received little support elsewhere.[61]
Monroe, who had fallen out of favor with the majority of Republicans because of his candidacy, withdrew into private life for the next few years. The plan to sell his second house in Loudon County, Oak Hill, in order to renovate and expand Highland with the proceeds, failed due to the low real estate prices.[64] After the election Monroe quickly reconciled with Jefferson, but their friendship endured further strains when Jefferson did not promote Monroe's candidacy to Congress in 1809.[65] Monroe did not speak with Madison until 1810.[58] Monroe devoted his attentions to farming at his Charlottesville estate, experimenting with new horticultural techniques in order to switch from tobacco, whose value was steadily declining, to wheat.[66]
Secretary of State and Secretary of War (1811–1817)
Madison administration
Main article: Presidency of James Madison
In 1810, Monroe returned to the Virginia House of Delegates and was elected to another term as governor in 1811, but served only four months, as less than two months into his term, Monroe was asked on Madison's behalf if he would be willing to succeed Robert Smith as Secretary of State.[64] In April 1811, Madison appointed Monroe to his cabinet as Secretary of State in hopes of shoring up the support of the more radical factions of the Democratic-Republicans.[58] Madison also hoped that Monroe, an experienced diplomat with whom he had once been close friends, would improve upon Smith's performance. Madison assured Monroe that their differences regarding the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty had been a misunderstanding, and the two resumed their friendship.[67] The Senate voted unanimously (30–0) to confirm him. On taking office, Monroe hoped to negotiate treaties with the British and French to end the attacks on American merchant ships. While the French agreed to reduce the attacks and release seized American ships, the British were less receptive to Monroe's demands.[68] Monroe had long worked for peace with the British, but he came to favor war with Britain, joining with "war hawks" such as Speaker of the House Henry Clay. With the support of Monroe and Clay, Madison asked Congress to declare war upon the British, and Congress complied on June 18, 1812, thus beginning the War of 1812.[69]
The war went very badly, and the Madison administration quickly sought peace, but were rejected by the British.[70] The U.S. Navy did experience several successes after Monroe convinced Madison to allow the Navy's ships to set sail rather than remaining in port for the duration of the war.[71] After the resignation of Secretary of War William Eustis, Madison asked Monroe to serve in dual roles as Secretary of State and Secretary of War, but opposition from the Senate limited Monroe to serving as acting Secretary of War until Brigadier General John Armstrong won Senate confirmation.[72] Monroe and Armstrong clashed over war policy, and Armstrong blocked Monroe's hopes of being appointed to lead an invasion of Canada. When British warships appeared in the Potomac River estuary in the summer of the same year, Monroe urged that defensive measures be taken for Washington, D.C., and that a military intelligence service should be established to Chesapeake Bay, which Armstrong dismissed as unnecessary. Since there was no functioning reconnaissance, Monroe formed his own small cavalry unit and began scouting the bay until the British withdrew from it.[74] As the war dragged on, the British offered to begin negotiations in Ghent, and the United States sent a delegation led by John Quincy Adams to conduct negotiations. Monroe allowed Adams leeway in setting terms, so long as he ended the hostilities and preserved American neutrality.[75]
When a British fleet of 50 warships and 5,000 soldiers massed in the mouth of the Potomac, Monroe scouted the Chesapeake Bay with a troop and on August 21 sent the President a warning of the impending invasion so that Madison and his wife could flee in time and the state's assets and inhabitants could be evacuated.[76] The British burned the U.S. Capitol and the White House on August 24, 1814, Madison removed Armstrong as Secretary of War and turned to Monroe for help, appointing him Secretary of War on September 27. Monroe resigned as Secretary of State on October 1, 1814, but no successor was ever appointed and thus from October 1814 to February 28, 1815, Monroe effectively held both Cabinet posts. Now in command of the war effort, Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson to defend against a likely attack on New Orleans by the British, and he asked the governors of nearby states to send their militias to reinforce Jackson. He also called on Congress to draft an army of 100,000 men, increase compensation to soldiers, and establish a new national bank, the Second Bank of the United States, to ensure adequate funding for the war effort.[79] Months after Monroe took office as Secretary of War, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The treaty resulted in a return to the status quo ante bellum, and many outstanding issues between the United States and Britain remained. Americans celebrated the end of the war as a great victory, partly due to the news of the treaty reaching the United States shortly after Jackson's victory in the Battle of New Orleans. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the British also ended the practice of impressment. After the war, Congress authorized the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.[80] Monroe resigned as Secretary of War in March 1815 and took over the leadership of the State Department again, emerging from the war politically strengthened and a promising presidential candidate.[81]
Election of 1816
Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. Since there was no longer a serious opposition party due to the decline of the Federalists, who were perceived as disloyal because of their pro-British stance and opposition to the War of 1812, the Democratic-Republican caucus in Congress was crucial to Monroe's victory.[82] Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 electoral votes, winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware.[84]
Since he previously served as an officer of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War and as a delegate to the Continental Congress, he became the last president who was a Founding Father. Born in 1758, he was also the last president who belonged to the Republican generation.
Presidency (1817–1825)
Main article: Presidency of James Monroe
Inauguration and cabinet
Monroe's inauguration took place on March 4, 1817. As Monroe was the first president to take office during a period of peace and economic stability, the term "Era of Good Feelings" was soon coined. This period was characterized by the unchallenged dominance of the Republicans, who by the end of Madison's term had adopted some Federalist policies, such as the establishment of a central bank and protective tariffs.[85] Monroe largely ignored old party lines in making federal appointments, which reduced political tensions and augmented the sense of "oneness" that pervaded the United States. He made two long national tours to build national trust, which included ceremonies of welcome and expressions of good-will.[86] Monroe appointed a geographically balanced cabinet, through which he led the executive branch. At Monroe's request, Crawford continued to serve as Treasury Secretary. Monroe also chose to retain Benjamin Crowninshield of Massachusetts as Secretary of the Navy and Richard Rush of Pennsylvania as Attorney General. Recognizing Northern discontent at the continuation of the Virginia dynasty, Monroe chose John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts as Secretary of State, making Adams the early favorite to eventually succeed Monroe. An experienced diplomat, Adams had abandoned the Federalist Party in 1807 in support of Thomas Jefferson's foreign policy, and Monroe hoped that the appointment would encourage the defection of more Federalists. After General Andrew Jackson declined appointment as Secretary of War, Monroe turned to South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun, leaving the Cabinet without a prominent Westerner. In late 1817 Rush became the ambassador to Britain, and William Wirt succeeded him as Attorney General. With the exception of Crowninshield, the rest of Monroe's initial cabinet appointees remained in place for the remainder of his presidency.
Foreign policy
According to historian William Earl Weeks, "Monroe evolved a comprehensive strategy aimed at expanding the Union externally while solidifying it internally". He expanded trade and pacified relations with Great Britain while expanding the United States at the expense of the Spanish Empire, from which he obtained Florida and the recognition of a border across the continent. Faced with the breakdown of the expansionist consensus over the question of slavery, the president tried to provide both North and South with guarantees that future expansion would not tip the balance of power between slave and free states, a system that, Weeks remarks, did indeed allow the continuation of American expansion for the best of four decades.[90]
Treaties with Britain and Russia
Upon taking office, Monroe pursued warmer relations with Britain in the aftermath of the War of 1812.[91] In 1817, the United States and Britain signed the Rush–Bagot Treaty, which regulated naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain and demilitarized the border between the U.S. and British North America.[92] The Treaty of 1818, also with Great Britain, was concluded October 20, 1818, and fixed the present Canada–United States border from Minnesota to the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel. The accords also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of Oregon Country for the next ten years.[93] Though they did not solve every outstanding issue between the U.S. and Britain, the treaties allowed for greater trade between the United States and the British Empire and helped avoid an expensive naval arms race in the Great Lakes.[91] In the Pacific Northwest, American territorial claims clashed with those of Tsarist Russia, which had trading posts as far south as San Francisco Bay, and those of Great Britain. The situation intensified in the fall of 1821 when Saint Petersburg closed America's Pacific coastal sea north of 51° latitude to foreign ships within a 100-mile zone, thus shifting its territorial claim four degrees of latitude to the south.[94] Late in Monroe's second term, the U.S. concluded the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 with the Russian Empire, setting the southern limit of Russian sovereignty on the Pacific coast of North America at the 54°40′ parallel (the present southern tip of the Alaska Panhandle).[95]
Acquisition of Florida
Main articles: Adams–Onís Treaty and Seminole Wars
In October 1817, the United States cabinet held several lengthy meetings to address the declarations of independence by former Spanish colonies in South America and the increasing piracy, particularly from Amelia Island. Piracy on the southern border with the Floridas was intensified by smugglers, slave traders, and privateers who had fled from the Spanish colonies over which the mother country had lost control.[96] Spain had long rejected repeated American attempts to purchase Florida. However, by 1818, Spain's troubling colonial situation made the cession of Florida make sense. Spain had been exhausted by the Peninsular War in Europe and needed to rebuild its credibility and presence in its colonies. Revolutionaries in Central America and South America were beginning to demand independence. Spain was unwilling to invest further in Florida, encroached on by American settlers, and it worried about the border between New Spain and the United States. With only a minor military presence in Florida, Spain was not able to restrain the Seminole warriors who routinely crossed the border and raided American villages and farms, as well as protected southern slave refugees from slave owners and traders of the southern United States. The Seminole people were also providing sanctuary for runaway slaves, those of which the United States wanted back.[98]
In response to Seminole attacks and their provision of aid to escaped slaves, Monroe ordered a military expedition to cross into Spanish Florida and attack the Seminoles. In this expedition, led by Andrew Jackson, the US Army displaced numerous Seminole people from their houses along with burning their towns. Jackson also seized the Spanish territorial capital of Pensacola. With the capture of Pensacola, Jackson established de facto American control of the entire territory. While Monroe supported Jackson's actions, many in Congress harshly criticized what they saw as an undeclared war. With the support of Secretary of State Adams, Monroe defended Jackson against domestic and international criticism, and the United States began negotiations with Spain.[98][99][100] Monroe later fixed the government's official position in a letter from Adams to Spanish Ambassador Luis de Onís, which he edited accordingly by removing all justifications for Jackson's actions. He also emphasized that although Jackson had exceeded his orders, he had come to a new assessment of the situation on the basis of previously unknown information at the scene of the war.[101]
Spain faced revolt in all of its American colonies and could neither govern nor defend Florida. On February 22, 1819, Spain and the United States signed the Adams–Onís Treaty, which ceded the Floridas in return for the assumption by the United States of claims of American citizens against Spain to an amount not exceeding $5,000,000 (~$141 million in 2023). The treaty also contained a definition of the boundary between Spanish and American possessions on the North American continent. Beginning at the mouth of the Sabine River the line ran along that river to the 32nd parallel, then due north to the Red River, which it followed to the 100th meridian, due north to the Arkansas River, and along that river to its source, then north to the 42nd parallel, which it followed to the Pacific Ocean. The United States renounced all claims to the west and south of this boundary (Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, Utah, Nevada), so Spain surrendered any title she had to the Northwest (Oregon Country).
South American Wars of Independence
In 1810, South America's wars of independence began, inspired by the American and French Revolutionary Wars, but the Madison administration, as well as Monroe himself during his first term in office, treated the conflicts as civil wars and kept the United States neutral.[103] Monroe was deeply sympathetic to the revolutionary movements against Spain, and was determined that the United States should never repeat the policies of the Washington administration during the French Revolution, when the nation had failed to demonstrate its sympathy for the aspirations of peoples seeking to establish republican governments. He did not envisage military involvement in Latin American affairs, but only the provision of moral support, as he believed that a direct American intervention would provoke other European powers into assisting Spain. Monroe initially refused to recognize the Latin American governments due to ongoing negotiations with Spain over Florida.
Following their respective declarations of independence, the South American republics quickly sent emissaries to Washington to ask for diplomatic recognition and economic and trade relations. In 1818, Monroe assured a representative of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata that his attitude was "impartial neutrality," Although not diplomatically recognized, the young republics enjoyed the advantages of a sovereign nation in economic, trade, and diplomatic relations with the United States.[94] After Spain and America had fully ratified the Adams–Onís Treaty in February 1821 and a liberal government had come to power in Madrid, Monroe officially recognized the countries of Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Mexico, all of which had won independence from Spain.[93] Secretary of State Adams, under Monroe's supervision, wrote the instructions for the ministers to these new countries. They declared that the policy of the United States was to uphold republican institutions and to seek treaties of commerce on a most-favored-nation basis. The United States would support inter-American congresses dedicated to the development of economic and political institutions fundamentally differing from those prevailing in Europe. Monroe took pride as the United States was the first nation to extend recognition and to set an example to the rest of the world for its support of the "cause of liberty and humanity".
Monroe Doctrine
Main article: Monroe Doctrine
In January 1821, Adams first expressed the idea that the American double continent should be closed to further colonization by foreign powers. The idea, which was later adopted by Monroe, was influenced by the Adams–Onís Treaty and the negotiations on border disputes in the Oregon Country. Adams emphasized that the further colonization of America, except for Canada, should be in the hands of the Americans themselves. This later became a principle in Monroe's administration. After the Spanish Revolution of 1820 was ended by France, Secretary of War Calhoun and British Foreign Secretary George Canning warned Monroe that European powers might intend to intervene in South America, increasing the pressure on him to speak out on the future of the Western Hemisphere.[106]
For their part, the British also had a strong interest in ensuring the demise of Spanish colonialism, with all the trade restrictions mercantilism imposed. In October 1823, Richard Rush, the American minister in London, corresponded with Canning to work out a common position on a potential French intervention in South America. When Monroe was presented with this correspondence, which had yielded no tangible results, in mid-October 1823, his first reaction was to accept the British offer.[107] Adams vigorously opposed cooperation with Great Britain, contending that a statement of bilateral nature could limit United States expansion in the future. He also argued that the British were not committed to recognizing the Latin American republics and must have had imperial motivations themselves.[108]
Two months later, the bilateral statement proposed by the British became a unilateral declaration by the United States. While Monroe thought that Spain was unlikely to re-establish its colonial empire on its own, he feared that France or the Holy Alliance might seek to establish control over the former Spanish possessions.[103] On December 2, 1823, in his annual message to Congress, Monroe articulated what became known as the Monroe Doctrine. He first reiterated the traditional U.S. policy of neutrality with regard to European wars and conflicts. He then declared that the United States would not accept the recolonization of any country by its former European master, though he also avowed non-interference with existing European colonies in the Americas.[109] Finally, he stated that European countries should no longer consider the Western Hemisphere open to new colonization, a jab aimed primarily at Russia, which was attempting to expand its colony on the northern Pacific Coast.[93]
Domestic policy
Missouri Compromise
Main article: Missouri Compromise
In the period between 1817 and 1819, Mississippi,[110] Illinois,[111] and Alabama[111] were recognized as new states. This rapid expansion resulted in a growing economic divide between the regions and a change of power in Congress to the detriment of the southern states, which viewed their plantation economy, which was dependent on slavery, as increasingly threatened.[112] In February 1819, a bill to enable the people of the Missouri Territory to draft a constitution and form a government preliminary to admission into the Union came before the House of Representatives. During these proceedings, Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York "tossed a bombshell into the Era of Good Feelings"[113] by offering the Tallmadge Amendment, which prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and required that all future children of slave parents therein should be free at the age of twenty-five years. After three days of rancorous and sometimes bitter debate, the bill, with Tallmadge's amendments, passed. The measure then went to the Senate, which rejected both amendments.[114] A House–Senate conference committee proved unable to resolve the disagreements on the bill, and so the entire measure failed. The ensuing debates pitted the northern "restrictionists" (antislavery legislators who wished to bar slavery from the Louisiana territories and prohibit slavery's further expansion) against southern "anti-restrictionists" (proslavery legislators who rejected any interference by Congress inhibiting slavery expansion).
During the following session, the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, introduced on January 26, 1820, by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. Initially, Monroe opposed any compromise that involved restrictions on slavery's expansion in federal territories. The question had been complicated by the admission in December of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states equal. In addition, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.[117][a] Southern congressmen sought to force northerners to accept slavery in Missouri by connecting Maine and Missouri statehood. In this plan, endorsed by Monroe, Maine statehood would be held hostage to slavery in Missouri. In February 1820 the Senate passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment enabling the people of Missouri to form a state constitution. Before the bill was returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north (the southern boundary of Missouri), except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri. The House then approved the bill as amended by the Senate.[118] Though Monroe remained firmly opposed to any compromise that restricted slavery anywhere, he reluctantly signed the Compromise into law (March 6, 1820) only because he believed it was the least bad alternative for southern slaveholders. The legislation passed, and became known as "the Missouri Compromise", which temporarily settled the issue of slavery in the territories. Monroe's presidential leadership role in drafting the Missouri Compromise is disputed. He viewed the issue of admission conditions more from a political perspective and did not convene a cabinet meeting on this matter.[120]
Internal improvements
As the United States continued to grow, many Americans advocated a system of internal improvements to help the country develop. Federal assistance for such projects evolved slowly and haphazardly—the product of contentious congressional factions and an executive branch generally concerned with avoiding unconstitutional federal intrusions into state affairs.[121] Monroe believed that the young nation needed an improved infrastructure, including a transportation network to grow and thrive economically, but did not think that the Constitution authorized Congress to build, maintain, and operate a national transportation system,[122] Monroe repeatedly urged Congress to pass an amendment allowing Congress the power to finance internal improvements, but Congress never acted on his proposal, in part because many congressmen believed that the Constitution did in fact authorize the federal financing of internal improvements. In 1822, Congress passed a bill authorizing the collection of tolls on the Cumberland Road, with the tolls being used to finance repairs on the road. Adhering to stated position regarding internal improvements, Monroe vetoed the bill. In an elaborate essay, Monroe set forth his constitutional views on the subject. Congress might appropriate money, he admitted, but it might not undertake the actual construction of national works nor assume jurisdiction over them.
In 1824, the Supreme Court ruled in Gibbons v. Ogden that the Constitution's Commerce Clause gave the federal government the authority to regulate interstate commerce. Shortly thereafter, Congress passed two important laws that, together, marked the beginning of the federal government's continuous involvement in civil works. The General Survey Act authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail". The president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Army Corps of Engineers. The second act, passed a month later, appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles. Subsequently, the act was amended to include other rivers such as the Missouri. This work, too, was given to the Corps of Engineers—the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic and, as part of the nation's small army, available to serve the wishes of Congress and the executive branch.[121]
Panic of 1819
At the end of his first term of office, Monroe faced an economic crisis known as the Panic of 1819, the first major depression to hit the country since the ratification of the Constitution in 1788. The panic stemmed from declining imports and exports, and sagging agricultural prices[122] as global markets readjusted to peacetime production and commerce in the aftermath of the War of 1812 and the Napoleonic Wars. The severity of the economic downturn in the U.S. was compounded by excessive speculation in public lands,[128] fueled by the unrestrained issue of paper money from banks and business concerns. Monroe lacked the power to intervene directly in the economy, as banks were largely regulated by the states, and he could do little to stem the economic crisis.[132] As a result, cuts had to be made to the state budget in the following years, primarily affecting the defense budget, whose growth to over 35% of the total budget in 1818 had already shocked the conservative republicans.[133] Monroe's fortification program survived the cutbacks unscathed for the time being, while the target size of the standing army was reduced from 12,656 to 6,000 in May 1819. The next year, the budget for reinforcing and expanding the forts was reduced by over 70%. By 1821, the defense budget had shrunk to $5 million, about half of what it had been in 1818.[134]
Before the onset of the Panic of 1819, some business leaders had called on Congress to increase tariff rates to address the negative balance of trade and help struggling industries. As the panic spread, Monroe declined to call a special session of Congress to address the economy. When Congress finally reconvened in December 1819, Monroe requested an increase in the tariff but declined to recommend specific rates. Congress would not raise tariff rates until the passage of the Tariff of 1824. The panic resulted in high unemployment and an increase in bankruptcies and foreclosures,[122] and provoked popular resentment against banking and business enterprises.[140]
Native American policy
Monroe was the first president to visit the American West and entrusted Secretary of War Calhoun with departmental responsibility for this region. In order to prevent the relentless attacks on Native American settlements that accompanied the steadily advancing westward expansion, he advocated dividing up the areas between the federal territories and the Rocky Mountains and assigning them to different tribes for settlement. The districts were each to be given a civil government and a school system. In a speech to Congress on March 30, 1824, Monroe advocated the resettlement of Native Americans living within the territory of the United States to lands beyond the western frontier where they could continue their ancestral way of life.[141] Nonetheless, he shared Jackson and Calhoun's concerns about sovereign Indian nations, believing they were an obstacle to the West's future development. Like Washington and Jefferson, he wished to present the Natives with the benefits of American culture and Western civilization for their own good, as well as to save them from extinction.[142]
Election of 1820
Monroe announced his candidacy for a second term early on. At the Republican Caucus on April 8, 1820, the 40 members unanimously decided not to nominate an opposing candidate to Monroe. The collapse of the Federalists left Monroe with no organized opposition at the end of his first term, and he ran for reelection unopposed,[143] the only president other than Washington to do so. A single elector from New Hampshire, William Plumer, cast a vote for John Quincy Adams, preventing a unanimous vote in the Electoral College.[143] He did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent. Later in the century, the story arose that he had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors.[144] Despite this broad support in the presidential election, Monroe had few loyal supporters and correspondingly little influence in the parallel elected 17th United States Congress.[134]
Post-presidency (1825–1831)
When his presidency ended on March 4, 1825, James Monroe resided at Monroe Hill, what is now included in the grounds of the University of Virginia.[145] Monroe spent the first five years of his retirement at his Oak Hill residence in Aldie, Virginia. In August 1825, the Monroes had received the Marquis de Lafayette and President John Quincy Adams as guests there.[145] He devoted himself to reading, with his private library containing over 3,000 books, most of which he had acquired during his stays in Europe. Monroe began work on a book of political theory The People the Sovereigns, Being a Comparison of the Government of the United States with those of the Republics Which Have Existed Before, with the Causes of their Decadence and Fall. The work was designed to highlight the difference between governments and people of the United States and other countries, ancient and modern, to show that certain issues that produced disastrous effects in them were not present in America. In 1829, Monroe abandoned work on The People the Sovereigns after hearing George Hay's unfavorable reaction to the manuscript. Hay suggested that Monroe write an autobiography, which would be more interesting and valuable to posterity. Monroe, delighted with the idea, began working on an autobiography, but died before it could be completed.[146]
In retirement, he was plagued by pressing financial worries. As Minister to France during the 1790s, he had had to take out substantial private loans to fulfill representative duties and diplomatic protocol due to his moderate pay. As early as 1797, he had asked Congress for an expense allowance and had been waiting in vain for a payment ever since. In the last days before handing over to Adams, Monroe wrote to Jefferson and Madison asking them to support him in his claims against Congress if necessary. He sold off his Highland Plantation to the Second Bank of the United States out of financial necessity.[147] It is now owned by his alma mater, the College of William and Mary, which has opened it to the public as a historic site. Throughout his life, he was financially insolvent, which was exacerbated by his wife's poor health.[148]
Monroe served on the Board of Visitors for the University of Virginia under Jefferson and the second rector, James Madison, both former presidents, nearly until his death. Monroe had previously been a member of the original board of Central College (the predecessor to the University of Virginia[149]) however the demands of the Presidency prevented him from continuing as a board member. At the annual examinations in July, he presided over the Board of Examiners. When there was considerable indiscipline among the students, Monroe suggested in a report in 1830 that military drill be added to the curriculum, but Madison refused.[150]
Although already clearly marked by age and severely impaired by a horse accident in 1828,[151] Monroe was elected as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830. He was one of four delegates elected from the senatorial district made up of his home district of Loudoun and Fairfax County.[152] In October 1829, he was elected by the convention to serve as the presiding officer, until his failing health required him to withdraw on December 8, after which Philip P. Barbour of Orange County was elected presiding officer.[153]
Shortly before his death, Monroe was dealt a severe blow when his son-in-law and close advisor George Hay died on September 21, 1830, and his wife Elizabeth died just two days later.[154] Upon Elizabeth's death in 1830, Monroe moved to 63 Prince Street at Lafayette Place[155] in New York City to live with his daughter Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur, who had married Samuel L. Gouverneur.[156] On July 4, 1831, Monroe died at age 73 from heart failure and tuberculosis, thus becoming the third president to have died on Independence Day. His death came 55 years after the United States Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and five years after the deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. Monroe was originally buried in New York at the Gouverneur family's vault in the New York City Marble Cemetery. 27 years later, in 1858, his body was re-interred at the President's Circle in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia. The James Monroe Tomb is a U.S. National Historic Landmark.[157]
Religious beliefs
"When it comes to Monroe's thoughts on religion," historian Bliss Isely notes, "less is known than that of any other President." No letters survive in which he discussed his religious beliefs. Nor did his friends, family or associates comment on his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written after the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.[158]
Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia before the Revolution. As an adult, he attended Episcopal churches. Some historians see "deistic tendencies" in his few references to an impersonal God.[159] Unlike Jefferson, Monroe was rarely attacked as an atheist or infidel. In 1832, James Renwick Willson, a Reformed Presbyterian minister in Albany, New York, criticized Monroe for having "lived and died like a second-rate Athenian philosopher".[160]
Slavery
Monroe owned dozens of slaves. He took several slaves with him to Washington to serve at the White House from 1817 to 1825. This was typical of other slaveholding presidents.[161]
Monroe sold his small Virginia plantation in 1783 to enter law and politics. Although he owned multiple properties over the course of his lifetime, his plantations were never profitable. Although he owned much more land and many more slaves, and speculated in property, he was rarely on site to oversee the operations. Overseers treated the slaves harshly to force production, but the plantations barely broke even. Monroe incurred debts by his lavish and expensive lifestyle and often sold property (including slaves) to pay them off.[162] The labor of Monroe's many slaves were also used to support his daughter and son-in-law, along with a ne'er-do-well brother, Andrew, and his son, James.[163]
When Monroe was Governor of Virginia in 1800, hundreds of slaves from Virginia planned to kidnap him, take Richmond, and negotiate for their freedom. Gabriel's slave conspiracy was discovered.[164] Monroe called out the militia; the slave patrols soon captured some slaves accused of involvement. Sidbury says some trials had a few measures to prevent abuses, such as an appointed attorney, but they were "hardly 'fair'". Slave codes prevented slaves from being treated like whites, and they were given quick trials without a jury.[165] Monroe influenced the Executive Council to pardon and sell some slaves instead of hanging them.[166] Historians say the Virginia courts executed between 26 and 35 slaves. None of the executed slaves had killed any whites because the uprising had been foiled before it began.[167] An additional 50 slaves charged for their role in the planned rebellion would be spared, as a result of pardons, acquittals, and commutations. One reason for this was influence of a letter Monroe received from Thomas Jefferson urging mercy, telling him "The other states & the world at large will for ever condemn us if we indulge a principle of revenge, or go one step beyond absolute necessity. They cannot lose sight of the rights of the two parties, & the object of the unsuccessful one." Only seven of the executions carried out against the rebels occurred after Monroe received Jefferson's letter.[168]
During the course of his presidency, Monroe remained convinced that slavery was wrong and supported private manumission, but at the same time he insisted that any attempt to promote emancipation would cause more problems. Monroe believed that slavery had become a permanent part of southern life, and that it could only be removed on providential terms. Like so many other Upper South slaveholders, Monroe believed that a central purpose of government was to ensure "domestic tranquility" for all. Like so many other Upper South planters, he also believed that the central purpose of government was to empower planters like himself. He feared for public safety in the United States during the era of violent revolution on two fronts. First, from potential class warfare of the French Revolution in which those of the propertied classes were summarily purged in mob violence and then preemptive trials, and second, from possible racial warfare similar to that of the Haitian Revolution in which blacks, whites, then mixed-race inhabitants were indiscriminately slaughtered as events there unfolded.[citation needed]
As president of Virginia's constitutional convention in the fall of 1829, Monroe reiterated his belief that slavery was a blight which, even as a British colony, Virginia had attempted to eradicate. "What was the origin of our slave population?" he rhetorically asked. "The evil commenced when we were in our Colonial state, but acts were passed by our Colonial Legislature, prohibiting the importation, of more slaves, into the Colony. These were rejected by the Crown." To the dismay of states' rights proponents, he was willing to accept the federal government's financial assistance to emancipate and transport freed slaves to other countries. At the convention, Monroe made his final public statement on slavery, proposing that Virginia emancipate and deport its bondsmen with "the aid of the Union".
Monroe was active in the American Colonization Society, which supported the establishment of colonies outside of the United States for free African Americans. The society helped send several thousand freed slaves to the new colony of Liberia in Africa from 1820 to 1840. Slave owners like Monroe and Andrew Jackson wanted to prevent free blacks from encouraging slaves in the South to rebel. Liberia's capital, Monrovia, was named after President Monroe.
Legacy
Historical reputation
Polls of historians and political scientists tend to rank Monroe as an above average president.[171][172] Monroe presided over a period in which the United States began to turn away from European affairs and towards domestic issues. His presidency saw the United States settle many of its longstanding boundary issues through an accommodation with Britain and the acquisition of Florida. Monroe also helped resolve sectional tensions through his support of the Missouri Compromise and by seeking support from all regions of the country.[173] Political scientist Fred Greenstein argues that Monroe was a more effective executive than some of his better-known predecessors, including Madison and John Adams.
Memorials
The capital of Liberia is named Monrovia after Monroe; it is the only national capital other than Washington, D.C., named after a U.S. president. Monroe is the namesake of seventeen Monroe counties.[175] Monroe, Maine, Monroe, Michigan, Monroe, Georgia, Monroe, Connecticut, both Monroe Townships in New Jersey, and Fort Monroe are all named for him. Monroe has been depicted on U.S. currency and stamps, including a 1954 United States Postal Service 5¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp.[176]
Monroe was the last U.S. president to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue, a tricorne hat and knee-breeches according to the style of the late 18th century.[177][178] That earned him the nickname "The Last Cocked Hat". He was also the last president who was not photographed.[179]
His participation in George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River and the Battle of Trenton was memorialized in Emanuel Leutze's 1851 painting Washington Crossing the Delaware as well as John Trumbull's painting The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776.[180]
Notes
References
Bibliography
Main article: Bibliography of James Monroe
Secondary sources
Primary sources
Preston, Daniel, ed. The Papers of James Monroe: Selected Correspondence and Papers (6 vol, 2006 to 2017), the major scholarly edition; in progress, with coverage to 1814.
Writings of James Monroe, edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., 7 vols. (1898–1903) online edition at Internet Archive
|
||||||
correct_death_00070
|
FactBench
|
3
| 46 |
https://davesjoint.net/2024/04/01/the-city-game-james-monroe-campus-establishes-themselves-citywide/
|
en
|
The City Game: James Monroe Campus Establishes Themselves Citywide
|
[
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=108",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5706-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5979-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_5636-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6310-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6242-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/mg_6522-1.jpg?w=682",
"https://1.gravatar.com/avatar/ab7624c9e3751363c98c37ad7ed2e4eadfd8256c7e0adc53446617a69c578210?s=46&d=identicon&r=G",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://davesjoint.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cropped-13631498_10210066924173723_3176050382832076278_n.jpg?w=50",
"https://pixel.wp.com/b.gif?v=noscript"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2024-04-01T00:00:00
|
Photo courtesy of Dave's Joint. By David Cordova In this installment of our series, “The City Game,” as we will be talking about James Monroe Campus, as they are in the midst of a renaissance with their coach and are gaining attention around the city with their play. This season, there were plenty of high…
|
en
|
https://davesjoint.net/2024/04/01/the-city-game-james-monroe-campus-establishes-themselves-citywide/
|
Photo courtesy of Dave’s Joint.
By David Cordova
In this installment of our series, “The City Game,” as we will be talking about James Monroe Campus, as they are in the midst of a renaissance with their coach and are gaining attention around the city with their play.
This season, there were plenty of high school teams that had plenty of pizzazz, plenty of fight on the court, plenty of grit, and just a winning attitude. There’s plenty of teams that aren’t expected to win, there’s teams that make something out of so little. One of those teams is the Eagles of James Monroe Campus of The Bronx. If you knew the origins of their rise, you would see why they have that hunger.
When you’ve been down for so long and toiled in obscurity for years and years, it feels great to get some recognition. Such is the case for Monroe, who from the start of the season until the end, hit the ground running.
This is the journey of the Eagles.
The South Bronx is the place where hip-hop got started and it is also the place where many got their start before making the big-time, especially in sports and entertainment.
One area in particular in the South Bronx that is very historical for the hip-hop scene is the Bronx River Houses, a NYCHA housing project in the Soundview area that is between various MTA subway lines, such as the 6 train that stops at Elder Avenue, which is a walk away from the projects and the 2 & 5 trains that stop at 174th Street, which is a long walk or a short bus ride on the BX 36 bus.
Bronx River is the place that produced famed hip-hop DJ Afrika Bambataa, and also some great entertainers such as Judy Craig of the R&B group, The Chiffons, and also DJ Jazzy Jay, and also famed streetball emcee, Joe Pope.
But across the street from the Bronx River Houses are the grounds of one of the borough’s most historic high school buildings in James Monroe Educational Campus, which was once James Monroe High School.
The original James Monroe High School opened in 1924, and was a huge building once upon a time where many from the area went and got a good high school education. It is the alma mater of such famous people such as actor Danny Aiello, former District Attorney and current New York Supreme Court justice Robert Johnson, and athletes, including baseball players such as Hank Greenberg and Ed Kranepool, who both played in the Major Leagues for many years, and also Danny Almonte, a former Little League star who was also a standout for the school in the mid-2000’s, and also basketball players such as the late Lennie Rosenbluth, who was a key member of the first-ever national championship team at the University of North Carolina in 1957, and also famed streetballer, Malloy “Future” Nesmith, who scored 61 points in a high school game in 1987, before going on to be a standout on the New York City playground scene in the late 1980’s and going into the 21st century.
The original James Monroe High School closed down in 1997, due to poor academic performance, and the building on 172nd Street & Boynton Avenue now is hone to seven different schools, which includes a night school for overaged and under-credited high schoolers trying to finish out their high school diplomas.
When you get past the metal detectors, you see an old-school vibe in the building. In the hallway on the first floor of the building, there is a plaque which has pictures of famous alumni, and also a case that showcases the exploits of the school’s athletics programs, including the varsity basketball program’s 2002-03 city championship team, in which the Eagles won the PSAL “B” division title and earned a chance to go on to the New York State Federation Tournament up in Glens Falls, a town in upstate New York.
When you go upstairs to the gym, you have to go up to the second floor and it’s a maze and go past another staircase to get into the place where the Eagles do their seasonal work.
Walking into the gym, you’ll see plenty of pictures of the Eagles’ exploits from the past couple of years, as well as a shrine dedicated to the late Brandon Hendricks, a beloved member of the program and a standout who was killed just two days after his high school graduation in the early morning hours of June 28th, 2020.
Since his passing, a local community organization called the Bronx Rising Initiative has named a scholarship in his honor, and awards high school seniors $20,000 ($5,000 per year) in scholarship money to help them through four years of college. Hendricks’ name also has been immortalized in songs by rappers, most notably Columbia Records recording artist, “B-Lovee.” For a time afterwards, Monroe players could be seen wearing t-shirts in his honor, with the words, “B. Diddy,” and the No. 5 on the back as a fitting tribute.
Another unique thing about the gym is the balcony in the gym. Whenever there’s a big game in the gym, it’s standing-room only, with students and people from the community packing the bleacher seats and adjacent areas to the baseline to see the Eagles in action.
But one of the keys to the program is the man on the sideline.
When one thinks of Christopher “Glasses” Salgado, some things that can be said about him is that he is a guy that is big on family and unity and is someone that cares about the youth.
A 2009 graduate of James Monroe Educational Campus, he definitely has pride for his alma mater, which is why he is on the sidelines building the program today. Although Nigel Thompson and Jeremy Howard are listed as the head coaches on the PSAL website, the man they call “Glasses,” has helped tremendously to bring attention to what’s going on at 1300 Boynton Avenue.
When he’s not coaching Monroe, he’s also the commissioner of the high school division at the Watson Basketball Classic, a Nike-sponsored tournament located just a few blocks away from Monroe Campus. Salgado also runs his own summer-league team, Road To Riches/B5 Elite, which is known for their great play on the asphalt.
Whether coaching or running a tournament, Salgado definitely is about spreading positivity and leading the youth to greater heights. Last summer, on August 30th, to be exact, he led his Eagles into the championship game of the Smartball Classic, a prestigious summer league in Harlem that takes place prior to the school year.
In the matchup against their borough rivals, Eagle Academy I, Monroe outplayed their counterparts, banging on the boards, and also getting clutch baskets, which would aid them in the 67-61 victory. Following the game, the team celebrated as if they had won the PSAL championship. However, it was a small step towards something greater. Salgado taught his players how to be a family. When the chips are down, unity will stand the test of time.
The Eagles’ roster consists of a bunch of hard-working and talented players that will be ready to put in work on the floor, anywhere, anytime. In the backcourt, there was the tandem of junior guards Amadou Barry and Muhamed Jaiteh and sophomore guard Mohamed Rashid and senior guard Bryan Baugh.
In the front court, were players such as junior forward Harvin Guevara, senior forward Al-Hassan Jalloh, junior forward Karifala Conde and sophomore forward Jaydyn Coronado.
On the floor, the Eagles were one of the best teams in the borough of The Bronx, as they finished 16-12 overall, with an 11-3 record in the PSAL Bronx/Manhattan 4A division, finishing second to Eagle Bronx.
However, many in the city and in surrounding areas would know just how special Monroe’s team was, as they were able to play in many non-league events, and played against tough teams such as Newark Arts (NJ), Brooklyn Collegiate, South Shore, Cardinal Hayes, Nazareth and Christ the King and Pocono Mountain West. In a sense, the Eagles were road warriors. Wherever they were invited, they played. And they played tough.
Although they lost some of those games that they played, those games were moral victories, because they played tough and lost by close margins. They did end up beating Nazareth, who would be the CHSAA’s regular-season champions and this year’s finalists in the AA division.
As a result of their rise, they would be named one of the few Nike Elite teams in New York City, which means that they were given gear, which contained backpacks, sweatsuits, sneakers, socks, compression shorts, etc. And also, being that they played in the Swoosh Classic on Jan. 6th at Christ the King High School in Middle Village, Queens, they were part of a video montage with all of the teams that played in the event, with plenty of highlights from past games.
Unfortunately, their season would come to a bittersweet end on March 7th, in the second round of the PSAL 4A playoffs, as they lost to South Shore, whom they played back in January during MLK Weekend, also in Brooklyn.
No matter what lies ahead of them, the Eagles are on the rise. As Coach Salgado and his troops get ready to play in summer asphalt tournaments, they will also be in the school gym on the second floor on Boynton Avenue, preparing for the next school year and season that awaits. Their success shows that good things can happen in the Soundview section of The Bronx.
In the next installment of “The City Game,” we will chronicle the St. Peter’s Eagles, the most dominant program in the borough of Staten Island that has continued to have success year in and year out and also represent their borough in the CHSAA.
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.